
BookJ/Vv^3 
Copyright N"X' 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSrr 






r 



^eh0m'0 practical 2Dictionarp 

A 

PRACTICAL DICTIONARY 

OF THE 

ENGLISH LANGUAGE 

GIVING THE CORRECT 

SPELLING, PRONUNCIATION AND DEFINITIONS OF WORDS 

BASED ON 

THE UNABRIDGED DICTIONARY 

OF 

NOAH WEBSTEE, LL.D. 

EDITED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF 

NOAH PORTER, D.D., LL.D. 

President of Yale College 
BY 

DORSEY GARDNER 

WITH NEARLY FIFTEEN HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS 

ALSO AN 

APPENDIX COMPRISING 

AVRONOUXnXG GAZETTEER OF THE WORLD; SPECIAL DICTIOXARIES OF 

"rRISTtx CLASSICAL A.O MVTHOLOGICAL, ANB FAMOUS HISTORICAL 

^M ^ InD familiar phrases ; LISTS OF BUSINESS AND LAW 

TERMS, OF FOREIGN WORDS AXD PHRASES, OF ABBREVIATIONS ; 

A VARIETY OF INFORMATION AS TO WEIGHTS AND 

MEASURES, COINS, UNITED STATES HISTORY AND 

STATISTICS, PARLIAMENTARY ORDER, ETC. 




CHICAGO 

THE REILLY & BRITTON CO. 

SPRINGFIELD, MASS. : G. & C. MERRIAM CO. 

1910 



/«) /o 



Copyright, 1884, 
By G. & C. MERRIAM & CO. 

Copyright, 1906, 
By G. & C. MERRIAM CO. 

Copyright, 1910, 
By G. & C. MERRIAM CO. 



Web. Pract, Diet. 



Electrotj'ped by H. 0. Houghton & Company. 



(§)CIA265939 






n 






PREFACE, 



The purpose of this volume is to supply, in as compact a form as is consistent with clearness, 
the orthography, pronunciation, and meaning of all English words which are likely to be en- 
countered by the general reader or the student, Words of an exclusively technical or scientific 
nature are in general omitted, — both to reserve space for the adequate treatment of words in 
general use, and because the limited class of persons who desire information of this kind would in 
any case refer to encyclopedias or glossaries devoted to an especial field. 

Although the book is small, it will be found to contain a more copious vocabulary and fuller 
definitions of the essential vjords, than many dictionaries of greater bulk. The illustrations, which 
have been profusely used wheiever they could aid the imderstanding of the subject, will be found 
in many cases to afford a clearer explanation than could be given by the use of words. 

Arrangement of Words. — The great condensation of the book is due in part to the exclusion 
of definitions of derived words, which are in fact self-explanatory as soon as the root-word is 
thoroughly defined. For instance, under the vocabulary word Blame (p. 38), Blamable is de- 
fined, but not Blamableness or Blamably ; Blameless, but not Blamelessly or Blameless- 
ness ; Blameworthy, but not Blamewortlliness : the words, however, are given ; also their 
prommciation is invariably indicated by accents, or by respelling when necessary ; so also is the 
part of speech, by the conventional signs uniformly employed. — But the principal saving of space 
is due to the system of referring words, formed upon a common prefix, to the first of these words 
which occurs alphabetically ; explaining there the prefix fully and once for all. For example, 
the inseparable prefix In-, having a negative force, is fuUy accounted for in its regular alphabet- 
ical place ; its euphonic changes (into i- before gn- ; il- before I- ; im- before m and p ; and ir- 
before r-) are described ; and then reference is made to the five vocabulary words under whicb 
such f ormatives are grouped : viz. : — 

Ignoble, covering 13 words, and occupsang | of a column. 

niaudable, covering 20 words, and occupying | of a column. 

Immaculate, covering 132 words, and occupying 3 columns. 

Inability, covering 415 words, and occupying 10| columns. 

Irrational, covering 34 words, and occupying 1| columns. 

Total ... . 614 words, occupying 14| columns. 

In the Unabridged Dictionary the corresponding words, as ascertained by measurement, fill 147 
of its much ampler columns ; and — by reason of the strictly alphabetical arrangement of that 
work — extend over 65 pages (words of different derivation being of course intermingled with 
them), as against 7^ pages of tJ is volume. 

Another similar economy, which has effected the saving of much space, is iUustrated by the 
following entry (p. 32) : — 

Be-, prefix, has sometimes an intensive force, as besprinkle. Prefixed to tioutis or adjectives, it often has 
the meaning to make, and transforms them into verbs : thus Bedim, Befool, mean to make dim, to make a 
fool of. Sometimes it has the meaning of by, as Besidk. For words beginning with Be- not found in this vo- 
cabulary, see the original word : thus, for Bedaub, Bedim, etc., see Daub, Dim, etc. 

A like saving has been effected in the case of many of these prolific prefixes. Thus, Re-, with 
its form Red-, having been accounted for (p. 335), the generality of words so constructed aro 



IV' PREFACE. 

disposed of by the note : " It may be prefixed to abnost any verb and many substantives, the word 
60 formed being usually self-explanatory." Still, when a difference in either pronimciation or 
meaning has taken place, both forms are given and defined : for instance, Rec'ollect' and Re- 
collect' are combined in a single paragraph (p. 337), as being of identical derivation; but their 
widely divergent meanings are adequately defined ; while their primitive meaning is left to be 
sought imder Collect. 

System of Grouping. — A saving similar to that made by associating words having the same 
prefix has been accomplished by consolidating into one paragraph words derived from the same 
root, provided they have the same initial letter. Thus, under the noun Air (p. 10) are given, 
first, the direct derivatives, the verb, To Air, the noun Air ing, adjective Airy, adverb Airily, 
noun Airiness ; then follow, alphabetically, the derived compounds — viz. : Airliath, -bed, 
-bladder, etc., — of which there are 16 ; and the result is that 21 words are adequately accounted 
for in 42 lines, although a space equal to 5 of these lines is given to an illustration showing the 
construction of an Am-pujip ; whereas the corresponding words occupy just 200 lines of the broader 
colvunns of the Unabridged. Again, under Water (p. 499), this book covers 49 words in 190 lines, 
or about 2 columns, including 6 illustrations ; while in the Unabridged the word and its deriva- 
tions fill 7| colunms, or 837 lines. — It must be explained, however, that, while words of identical 
etymology have been thus systematically grouped, great care has been taken to indicate the dif- 
ference between words having the same spelling and pronunciation, but a different etymology. 
Thus, on page 399, there are 4 separate paragraphs headed Sound, both the meaning and origin 
of these words and their derivations being totally distinct. There are also 3 entirely different 
words, Smack (p. 392), yet of the same pronunciation. This point is dwelt upon because, in many 
elaborate dictionaries, words from totally different sources and of dissimilar meanings have been 
grouped as if they were of identical origin — which is hopelessly confusing to a student of the 
language. — It should, however, be understood that only words having the same initial letter are 
thus associated ; but reference is made to cognate words, if they begin with a different prefix or 
compound, so as to show their common origin, however widely they may be separated alphabeti- 
cally. For instance, the paragraph Stand (p. 410) includes 20 words and phrases which fall al- 
phabetically under stand- ; and these fill but 55 lines, or about two thirds of a column. To trace 
out the significance of this group of allied words, the student should examine each of them, 
with its derivatives. For example, in the case of Stajtd, its derivatives Understand, Undee- 
6TANDING, etc, are grouped among the 67 words associated under the leading word Under; as 
are Withstand, etc., under With. By this system many pages have been saved in the aggregate. 
WhUe words have been thus grouped in accordance with their etjTnologies, the etymologies 
themselves have necessarily been omitted, in order to secure the extreme brevity of the work. 
Those who desire the etymologies will find them given, with a fullness not sought in much 
bulkier works, in the slightly larger Condensed Dictionary of the English Language, of which the 
present volume is an abridgment. 

Pronunciation. — The marks indicating pronunciation have been made as few and as simple as 
is consistent with clearness and precision. The leading word of each paragraph is respelled pho- 
netically ; but subsequent words \\athin the paragraph are respelled only in instances where the 
pronunciation changes, or where for any reason it might be doubtful.* — An unmarked vowel, 
followed by a consonant in the same syllable, is short (as am, end, in, odd, sun) : an unmarked 
vowel forming a syllable by itself, or ending a syllable, is long, or has its name sound (as a, he, 
di-al, no, fu-el, by) ; but a, not under the accent, forming or ending a syllable, has a brief sornid 
of a in far, or in some cases a brief sound of long a in fate. Vowel sounds which are not thus ex- 
plained by their position, also the sounds of such consonants as have more than one sound, are 
marked in accordance with the key-line at the foot of each two adjoining pages. The diacritical 
marks there employed are self-explanatory, with the exception of that which designates the nasal 
sound Ulustrated in the key-line by the French word &ox&on. This n indicates that the preceding 
vowel is nasal, but care should be taken that the back part of the tongue is not pressed against 
the palate as is done in producing the English ng. For example, in making the French sound 

* Where alternative pronunciations are given for the leading word, the choice between them is understood 
to apply to the subsequent words in the paragraph, unless these are otherwise marked. For instance, in the 
paragraph Retroact (p. 348), the pronunciation of the first two syllables of all words in the paragraph may 
be either re^tro- or rSt^ro-. 



PREFACE. 



¥ 



ON we may proceed as if about to say 07ig (as in song), but stop before t!ie sound 7i(j is jjroduced. 
Similarly the other French nasal vowels can be produced. 

For the sake of brevity, the second part of a compound word in the body of a paragraph is not 
respelled, if its true pronunciation is given in its alphabetical place in the vocabulary : thus, in 
the paragraph Sheep (p. 37'J), the compounds Sheep-walk, Sheep's-eye, are presumed to require 
no respelUug, since the few persons unaware of the pronunciation of the second word in the com- 
pound can seek it in its own place in the vocabulary. But in cases where there is a deviation 
from the sound of the original word, this is indicated by respelling, — as in Housewife, under the 
vocabulary word House (p. 183). — In the large class of verbs and verbal adjectives spelled alike 
and terminating in -ate (as Degenerate, Duplicate, Elaborate), the attempt lias not been made 
to mark the different quantity of the a in the final syllable, which is always given its long sound, 
as found in the verb ; but, in fact, it has a less prolonged sound in the adjectives, derived adverbs, 
and abstract nouns — approximating or falling into that of short e. 

The editor's thanks are due to Mr. Zenas W. Bliss, of The Riversidfe Press, Cambridge, Mass., for 
many valuable suggestions and criticisms made while the book was passing through the press 
under his critical eye. 

The Appendix. — After the conclusion of the vocabulary, there is given an A^^pendix, which 
contains a large number of special vocabularies, lists, tables, and condensed statements of useful 
everyday information, too many for enumeration here, but catalogued in full in the Table of Con- 
tents on page 521, immediately preceding the Appendix. The facts in this Appendix have been 
carefully gathered from the latest authoritative eourcest 




ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK. 



a adjective. 

ahhr abbreviated. 

a}jl ablative. 

ace accusative. 

adc adverb. 

Agric Agriculture. 

Ale/ Algebra. 

Am., Aiiiffi- ... .America., American. 

Atiat Anatomy. 

Antiq Antiquities. 

aor aorist. 

appl applied to. 

Arclt Architecture. 

Aritli Arithmetic. 

Astrol Astrology. 

Astroii Astronomy. 

Bib Biblical. 

Bot. Botany. 

Carp Carpentry. 

Cf. Confer (compare). 

Ckem Chemistry. 

Civ Civil. 

Colloq., coll Colloquial, colloqui- 
ally. 

Cotn Commerce, Com- 
mon. 

comp compound, com- 
pounded. 

compar comparative. 

Conch Conchology. 

conj conjunction. 

contr contracted, contrac- 

fion. 

co)Te.'*p corresponding to. 

corrupt corrupted, corrup- 
tion. 

dat dative. 

dial dialect. 

dim diminutive. 

disting distinguished,as dis- 
tinguished from. 

E English, East. 

Eccl Ecclesiastical. 

Eccl. Hist Ecclesiastical His- 
tory. 

e. g ....exempli gratia (for 

example). 

Elec Electricity. 

Eag England, English. 

Engin Engineering. 

Entom Entomology. 

ecpdr equivalent. 

esp..., especially. 

etym etymology. 

/. feminine. 

Fig Figurative, figura- 
tively. 



Fort Fortification. 

fr from. 

freq frequentative. 

fut future. 

Galv Galvanism. 

gen generally, genitive. 

Geog Geograph}^ 

Geol Geology. 

Geom Geometry. 

Gram Grammar. 

Her Heraldry. 

HL-it History. 

Hort Horticulture. 

Ichf.h Ichthyology. 

i.e id est (that is). 

imp imperfect. 

incept inceptive. 

inf. infinitive. 

intens intensive. 

interj interjection. 

Join Joinery. 

lit literally. 

m masculine. 

Mack Machinery. 

Mar Maritime. 

Math Mathematics. 

Mech Mechanics. 

Med Medicine. 

Metal Metallurgy. 

Meta-iik Metaphysics. 

Meteor Meteorology. 

Mil Military. 

Min Mineralogy. 

Mvs Music. 

Myth Mythology. 

N. New, North. 

n noun. 

Nat. Hist Natural History. 

Naut Nautical. 

neut neuter. 

Numis Numismatics. 

O Old. 

Obs Obsolete. 

Onomat Onomatopoetic, 

named from its 

sound. 

Opt Optics. 

orig original, originally. 

Omith Ornithology. 

p participle. 

p. a participial adjective 

Paint Painting. 

Paleon Paleontology. 



pass passive. 

Fathol Pathology. 

perh perhaps. 

pers person. 

pert pertaining. 

PhUos Philosophy. 

Phatog Photography. 

Phren Phren ology . 

Physiol Physiology. 

pi plural. 

Poet Poetry, poetical. 

Pol PoUsh. 

Polit. £con.... Political Economy 

p.p -participle past. 

p. pr iparticiple present. 

pr^. prefix. 

prep preposition. 

pret preterit. 

Print Printing. 

priv privative. 

prdb probably. 

pron pronunciation , pro 

nounced; pronoun 

prop , properly. 

Pros Prosody. 

Prov Provincial. 

q. V quodvideivi'hich.&e.e:) 

Rhet Rhetoric. 

Rom Roman. 

R. Cath Roman Catholic. 

RR Railroads. 

Russ Russ. 

S Saxon, South. 

Scot Scotland, Scotti.sh. 

Script Scripture , scriptural 

Sculp) Sculpture. 

sing singular. 

s.rt from the same rootap 

superl superlative. 

Surg Surgery .- 

Surv Surveying. 

term termination. 

Theol Theology. 

Trans Translation. 

Typjog Typography. 

U. S United States. 

V verb. 

vb. H verbal noun. 

v.i verb intransitive. 

V. t verb transitive. 

W. Welsh, West. 

Zool Zoology. 

= ^...egualto. thesameaa 



A 



PRACTICAL DlCTlOiNARY 



OF 



THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



ccoocco- 



-cooeeoeeoe 



A. An adjective, commonly called the indefinite arti- 
cle, and signifying one or any, but less emphati- 
cally: it is a contraction of the Anglo-Saxon an, one, 
and is used before words beginning with a consonant 
sound. See An. — A 1, a-wun. An underwriter's 
registry mark for seaworthy vessels of the first or 
highest class, inferior grades being indicated by A 2, 
A 21, etc.: first-rate; prime. 

Aback, a-bak', adv. (Naut.) Backward, as of sails 
caught in reverse by a change of wind. — Taken 
aback. Taken by surprise, unexpectedly baffled. 

Abacus, ab'a-kus, n. A calculating-frame with sliding 
counters, for compu- 
ting. (Arch.) The up- 
per plate upon the cap- 
ital of .a column, sup- 
porting the architrave. 

— Ab'acist, -sist, w. 

One wlio computes by Abacus, 

an abacus. ^ ^ 

Abaft, a-baff, prep. (Naut.) Towards the stern 
from ; back of. 

Abalienate, ab-aKyen-at, v. t. {Law.) To transfer 
the title of. 

Abandon, a-ban'dun, v. t. [abandoned (-ban'dund), 
-DONiNO.] To give up wholly and finally; to relin- 
quish, forsake, forego. — Aban'^doned, -dund, p. a. 
Given up entirely, as to a vice ; depraved ; repro- 
bate. — Aban'donee', -dun-e', n. (Law.) One to 
whom a thing is abandoned. — Abaii''doner, n. One 
who, etc. — Aban'doninent, n. Act of, or state of 
being, etc. : desertion. — Abandon, a-baN-d6N', n. 
Complete_absorption in some object or emotion. 

Abase, a-bas', v. t. [abased (-basf), abasi.ng.1 To 
bring low, as to the ground; to cast down, degrade. 

— Abase'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 
Abash, a-bash', v. t. [abashed (-bashf), abashing.] 

To strike with sudden shame or fear ; to confuse, 
confound. — Abash'ment.n. Confusion from shame. 
Abate, a-baf, v. t. To bring down or reduce to a 
lower state, number, degree, etc.; to diminish; les- 
sen. {Law.) To cause to fail, as a writ; to destroy, 
as a nuisance.— v. i. To decrease, become less in 
strength, subside; to fail, as a writ. — Abate'ment, n. 
Act of abating ; deduction ; mitigation ; discount. 

— Abafable, a. — Abat'er, -or, -er, n. 

Abatis, Abattis, ab-'a-tis, or ab-a-te', n. {Fort.) A row 
of sharpened branches of trees turned outward for 
defense. 
Abattoir, ab-at-war'', n. A slaughter-house. ■ 
Abbot, ab'but, w. The head of a society of monks; 
governor of an abbey. — Ab'bacy, -sT, n. The con- 
dition or privileges of, etc. — Ab'bess, n. The gov- 
erness of a nunnery.— Ab'T)ey,-bT,M.; pi. Ab^beys. 
A residence of monks or nuns; monastery; a church 
attached to a monastery. — Abb6, ab'ba, n. Orig. an 
abbot ; now an ecclesiastic without charge, devoted 
to teaching, literature, etc. 



ABIETIN 

Abbreviate, ab-bre^vT-at, v. t. To make shorter ; to 
reduce by contraction or omission; to abridge.— 
Abbre'via'tion, n. Act of abbreviating ; the form 
to which a word or phrase is reduced by contraction 
or omission. (.Mti.i.) A dash through the stem of a 
note, dividing it into quavers, seiin-quavers, etc. — 
Abbre'viator, -fer, n. One who, etc. — Abbre'via- 
tory, a. Abbreviating ; shortening. — Abbre'via- 
ture, -chur, n. An abridgment ; compend. 

Abdicate, ab'dl-kat, v. t. To give up right or claim 
to ; to witlidraw from ; to relinquish, as sovereign 
authority. — Abdica'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Ab'- 
dicative, -tiv, a. Causing, or implying abdication. 

Abdomen. ab-do'mcn, 7i. (Aimi.) Tiie belly. (Entom.) 
The posterior of the sections into which the body is 
divided.— Abdom'inal, a. Pert, to, etc. — ?t. Fish, 
like salmon, etc., with ventral fins back of the pec- 
toral. — Abdom'inous, -nus, a. Having a big belly. 

Abduce, ab-dus' [abduced (-dust'), -ducing], Ab- 
duct, -dukf, t'. t. To take away by stealth or by 
unlawful force. — Abduc'tion, n. Act of, etc.; a car- 
rying away, esp. of a person, by fraud, stealth, or 
force. — Abduc'tor, n. One who, etc. (Anat.) A 
muscle which draws a part from the median line of 
the body. — Abdu'cent, -sent, a. Separating; draw- 
ing back. 

Abeam, a-bem', ar/f. (iVa««.) On the beam; at rignt 
angles to the keel. 

Abecedarian, a'be-se-da'rT-an, n. One who teaches 
or who learns the A, B, C, or letters of the alphabet. 

Abed, a-bed'', adv. In bed ; on the bed. 

Aberrance, ab-er'ans, 71. Deviation from rectitude. 

— Aber'rant, a. Straying from right; exceptional; 
abnormal. — Aberra'tion, n. Act of wandering, esp. 
from truth or moral rectitude, or from the natural 
state. {Med.) Partial alienation of mind. {Astron.) 
A small periodical change of position in a heavenly 
body. 

Abet, a-bef, v. t. To encourage, aid, further ; — 
used chiefly in a bad sense. (Law.) To encourage 
to commit a crime. — Abet'ment, n. Act of abetting; 
support. — Abet'ter, -tor, -er, n. One who, etc.; an 
accomplice; accessary. 

Abeyance, a-ba'ans, n. State of suspension, or tem- 
porary extinction with the expectation of revival. 

Abhor, ab-h6r'', v. t. [abhokked (-h6rd''), -horring. 

— To regard with horror: to dislike or hate ex- 
tremely ; to detest. — Abhorrence, -hSr^rens, n. 
Great hatred. — Abhor'rent. «. Detesting; contrary; 
repugnant; — with to. — Abhorrer, -hor'^er, n. One 
who, etc. 

Abide, a-bTd', r. i. [abode ('bod'), abiding.] To con- 
tinue in a place; to dwell; to continue firm or stable. 

— %■>. t. To endure or bear; to await firmly. — Abid'- 
er, n. One who abides. — Abode', n. Place of resi- 
dence; dwelling. 

Abietin, -tine, a-bi'e-tin, ra. (Chem.) A resinous sub- 
stance obtained from turpentine. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; §nd, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 
sQn, cube, full ; moon, fdbt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



ABIGAIL 



ABSORB 



Abigail, ab'T-^al, n. A lady's waiting-maid. 
Abiuty, a-biKt-tt, n. Power to act, wliether physical, 

moral, intellectual, conventional, or legal ; might ; 

talent; efficiency. 
Abiogenesis, ab'T-o-jen'e-sis, Abiogeny, -oj''e-n1, n. 

Production of life from inorganic matter. — Abiog'- 

enist, n. A believer in, etc. 
Abiiritate, ab-ir'rt-tat, v. t. (Med.^ To diminish the 

sensibility of; to debilitate. — Abir'tita'tiver-tiv, a. 

Wanting in irritation; debilitated. — Abir'rita'tion, 

n. Want of strength. 
Abject, ab'jekt, a. Sunk to a low condition ; mean; 

worthless; groveling. — n. One in a miserable state. 

— Abjec'tion, n. Meanness of spirit; baseness. — 
Ab'jectly, ac?u. — AbJ'jectness, n. 

Abjudicate, ab-joo'di-kat, v. t. To give away in judg- 
ment. — Abjudica'^tion, n. Act of, etc. 

Abjure, ab-jobr', v. t. I abjured (-joord'), -juring.] To 
renounce under oath, or with solemnity. — AbjuT'er, 
n. One who, etc. — Abjura'tion, n. Act of, etc. — 
Abjur'atory, a. Containing abjuration. 

Ablative, ab'la-tiv, a. ( Gram.) Applied to the 6th 
case of Latin nouns, in which words signifying car- 
ryvif) away or taking from, are used. 

Ablaut, ab'lowt, n. A change of the root-vowel in a 
word, — esp. to denote change of tense in a verb, of 
number in_a noun, etc.: as, yet, gat, got; man, men. 

Ablaze, a-blaz', adv. In a blaze; highly excited. 

Able, a'bl, a. [abler ; ablest.] Having ability of 
any kind ; possessing sufficient power, means, skill, 
etc., to accomplish some end; qualified; efficient; ef- 
fective. — Ably, a''bll, ady. — A'ble-bodied, -bod'id, 
«. Having a sound, strong body ; robust. 

Ablepsy, ab'lep-sT, M. Want of sight; blindness. 

Ablution, ab-lu'shun, n. Act of cleansing or wash- 
ing ; religious purification ; water used in cleans- 
ing. — Ab''luent, a. Cleansing ; purifying. — n. 
{Med.) A purifier of the blood; a detergent. 

Abnegate, ab'ne-gat, v. t. To deny and reject. — Ab- 
nega'tion, n. Denial and renunciation. — Abnega'- 
tor, -tgr, n. One who, etc. 

Abnormal, ab-nSr^mal, a. Contrary to rule, law, or 
system ; irregular. — Abnormal''ity, -nor'mity, n. 
State or quality of being, etc.; irregularity; deform- 
ity. — Abnor^'mably, -mally, adv. 

Aboard, a-bord', acZi;. In a vessel; on board — prep. 
On board of. 

Abode, a-bod'. See under Abide. 

Abolish, a-boKish, v. t. [abolished (-boKisht), -iSH- 
ING.] To do away with utterly; to put an end to, 
destroy, make void, annul. — AboKishable, a. Ca- 
pable of being, etc. — Abel''i3her, n. One who. etc. 

— Abolishment, n. Act of, etc. — Abolition, 
-lish''un, n. Act of , or state of being, etc.; a doing 
away with forever. — esp. of slavery.— Abolitionism, 
-lish^un-izm, n. The principles or measures of an 
abolitionist. — Aboli'tionist, n. One who favors 
abolition, — esp. of slavery. — Aboli'tionize, -iz, v. t. 
To imbue with the principles of the abolitionists. 

Abomasum, ab-o-ma'sum, -ma^'sus, n. The fourth 
stomach of a ruminant animal. 

Abominate, a-bom't-nat, v. t. To turn from, as omi- 
nous of evil; to detest, abhor. — Abom'inable, -na-bl. 
a. Execrable; hateful; shocking. — Abom'^inably, 
adv. — Abom'ina'tion, w. Act of abominating; an 
object of disgust. 

Aboriginal, atHO-rij''T-nal, a. First original; primitive. 

— n. First or original inhabitant. — Aborlg'^ines, 
-nez, w. 7)Z. The original inhabitants of a country. 

Abort, a-bSrt', v. i. To miscarry in birth. — Abor'- 
tion, n. Act of miscarrying ; an immature product 
of conception: anything which fails to come to ma- 
turity. — Abor'tive, -tiv, a. Immature; ineffectual; 
pert, to or causing abortion. — Abor'tively, adv. — 
Abor'^tiveness, n. — Abor''ticide, -sTd, n. One who 
destroys, or the act of destroying, the life of a fetus 
before birth ; feticide. 

Abound, a-bownd', v. i. To be in great plentv ; to be 
prevalent ; to possess in abundance, — usually with 
in or with. — Abun'dance, n. Overflowing fullness; 
plenty; riches. — Abun''dant, a. Fully sufficient; 
exuberant ; ample. — Abnn'^dantly, adv. 

About, a-bowf, prep. Around ; surrounding ; near; 
concerning ; on the point of. — adv. Around ; here 
and theres nearly. 



BKACADABRA 

ABRACADABE 

ABRACADAB 

ABRACADA 

A B R A C A D 

A B R A C A 

A B R A C 

A B R A 

A B R 

A B 

A 



Above, a-buv', jsrep. Higher in place than ; superior 

to. — adv. Overhead ; m a higher place ; before in 

order of place; higher in rank or power. — Above'- 

board, -bord, adv. Not concealed; openly.— Above'- 

ground. Alive ; not interred. 
Abracadabra, ab'ra-ka-dab'- 

ra, n. A cabalistic word, 

formerly used as a charm, 

arranged in the form of a 

triangle. 
Abrade, a-brad'', v. t. To 

rub or wear off. — Abra''- 

dant, n. That which 

abrades; esp. powder used 

in grinding and polishing. 

— Abra'sion, -zhun, n. A 
rubbing or scraping oft'; 
substance worn oft by attrition. 

Abreast, a-bresf, adv. Side by side on a line. 

Abridge, a-brij', v. t. [abridged (-brijd'), abridg- 
ing.] To bring within less space ; to shorten, esp. 
by using fewer words ; to deprive, cut off ; — with 
of. {Math.) To reduce to a more simple expression. 

— Abridgement, n. A shortening or diminution; 
restriction ; a work abridged or epitomized ; sum- 
mary; synopsis. 

Abroach, a-broch', adv. Broached ; letting out 
liquor ; in a state to be diffused. 

Abroad, a-brawd', adv. At large ; unconfined; out 
of a house or other inclosure; in foreign countries. 

Abrogate, ab''ro-^at, v. t. To annul by an authori- 
tative act ; to abolish ; revoke ; repeal. — Abroga'- 
tion, n. Act of, etc. — Ab'rogativo, -tiv, a. Tend- 
ing to, etc. 

Abrupt, ab-rupt'', a. Broken ; steep ; sudden ; un- 
connected.— Abrupfly, arfy. — Abrup'tion, n. A 
sudden breaking off ; violent separation of bodies. 

— Abrupt'ness, n. Steepness ; suddenness ; great 
haste. 

Abscess, abuses, n. A collection of pus or purulent 
matter in an accidental cavity of the body. 

Abscind, ab-sind', v. t. To cut off. — Abscission, 
-sizh^un, n. A cutting off. {Rhet.) A figure of 
speech, by which the speaker stops abruptly, as sup- 
posing the matter sufficiently understood. 

Absciss, ab'sis, w. ; pi. Abscisses, ab'sis-ez. Ab- 
scissa, -sis'sa, n. ; pi. Lat. Abscissa, -sis'se, Eng. 
Abscis'sas, -saz. (Geom.) One of the elements of 
reference by which a point, as of a curve, is referred 
to a sy.stem of fixed rectilineal coordinate axes. 

Abscond, ab-skond', v. i. To secrete one's self; to 
decamp ; — used esp. of persons evading legal pro- 
cess. — Abscond ^er, n. One who, etc. 

Absent, ab'sent, a. Withdrawn from, or not present 
in, a place: inattentive to what is passing. — Ab'- 
sence, n. A being absent; want; inattention to things 
present. — Ab'sently, w/v. In an absent manner; 
with the thoughts elsewhere. —Absent', v. t. To 
take or withdraw to such a distance as to prevent in- 
tercourse. — Absentee', n. One who absents himself 
from his country, office, post, duty, etc., esp. a land- 
holder who lives away from his estate. — Absentee'- 
ism, n. State or habit of an absentee. —Absenfer, 
n. One who absents himself. 

Absinthe, ab'sinth, n. A cordial of brandy tinc- 
tured with wormwood. 

Absolute, ab'so-lut, a. Freed from any limitation or 
condition; uncontrolled; arbitrary: unlimited; un- 
conditioned; finished; perfect: total; complete. — 
Ab'solutely, adv. In an absolute manner ; posi- 
tively ; arbitrarily. — Ab'soluteness, n. Quality of 
being absolute ; completeness ; arbitrary power. — 
Ab'solutism, n. Absolute government or its prin- 
ciples. — Ab'solutist, n. An advocate of absolutism. 

— AVsolutisfic, a. Belonging to absolutism. 
Absolve, ab-solV, v. t. [absolved (-.solvd'). -solv'- 

ING.] To set free or release from, as from obligation, 
debt, responsibilitv, penalty, etc. ; to exonerate, ac- 
quit. —Absolu'tidn,?*. (Civ. Law.) An acquittal. 
{Rom. Cath. Church.) A remission of sin. — AbsoK- 
utory, a. Absolving. — Absolv'er, n. One who, etc, 

— Absolv'able, a. Capable of being, etc. — Absolv'- 
atory, a. That absolves. 

Absorb, ab-sSrb', v. t. [absorbed (-s6rbd''), -sorb- 
iXQ.l To drink in, suck up, imbibe as a sponge. 



Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



ABSTAIN 



ACCIDENT 



swallow up, or overwhelm ; to engross whoUv. — 
&b8orb''able, a. Capable of being, etc.— Absorb'ent, 
a. Sucking up; imbibing. — n. A substance or a 
bodily organ which absorbs. — Absorp'tion, n. Act 
or process of being absorbed and made to disappear; 
engrossment or occupation of mind. — Absorp'tive, 
-tiv, a. Having power to absorb. — Absorptiv'ity, n. 

Abstain, ab-stan', v. i. [abstai.ned (-stand'^), -stain- 
ing.] To forbear, or refrain, voluntarily ; esp. 
from indulgence of passions or appetites. — v. t. To 
hinder ; to withhold from. — Ab'stinence, n. The 
act or practice of abstaining. — Ab''stiiient, a. Re- 
fraining from indulgence; temperate. 

Abstemious, ab-ste'ml-us, a. Sparing in the free use 
of food and strong drinks; temperate. — Abste'^mi- 
oosly. adv. — Abste'iniousness, n. 

Absterge, ab-sterj', v. t. [absterged (-stSrjd'), 
-STEKGixG.] To make clean by wiping; to cleanse 
by lotions, etc.— Abster 'gent, a. Serving to cleanse; 
detergent. — Absterse', -stgrs', v. «. To cleanse by 

. wiping. — Abster^sion, -shun, n. Act of, etc. — 
Abster'sive, -siv, a. Having tne quality of cleans- 
ing. 

Abstract, ab-strakt', u. t. To draw from or separate; 
to epitomize or reduce; to purloin. — Ab'stract, a. 
Distinct from something else; separate; withdrawn 
from the concrete, or from particulars ; difficult ; 
abstruse; retined. — w. A summary, or epitome; an 
abridgment. — Abstracf^ed, p. a. Separated; absent 
in mind. —Abstractedly, Ab'stractly, adv. By it- 
self; in a separate state. — Abstract'edness, n. State 
of being abstracted. — Abstrac'tion, n. Act of ab- 
stracting or separating, or state of being separated; 
act of considering separately what is united in a 
complex object; an abstract or theoretical notion; a 
purloining. — Abstractive, a. Having the power 
of abstracting. — Ab'stractness, n. State of being 
abstract. _ 

Abstruse, ab-stroos', a. Hidden; hard to be under- 
stood. — Abstruse'ly, ac/f . Not plainly; darkly.— 
Abstruse'ness n. 

Absurd, ab-sSrd', a. Obviously inconsistent with 
reason or common sense ; foolish ; preposterous ; 
ridiculous. — Absurd'ity, n. Anything absurd. — 
Absurd'ness, n. — Absurd'ly, adv. 

Abundance. See under Abound. 

Abuse, a-buz', v. t. [abused (-buzd'), abusing.] 
To make ill use of; to misuse; to treat rudely; to 



maltreat ; to revile. — Abuse, a-bus' 



111 use; a 



corrupt practice or custom ; rude language ; re- 
proach: insult. —Abu'sive, -siv, a. Employing or 
containing abuse: scurrilous; opprobrious ; misap- 
plied. — Abu'sively, adv. — Abu'^siveness, n. 

Abut, a-but', v. i. To terminate or border; to be 
contiguous. — Abufment. n. That on which a thing 
abuts. (Arch.) The solid support of a bridge, etc., at 
the end. — Abut' tal, n. The butting or boundary 
of land. 

Abyss, a-bis', w. A bottomless gulf ; hell, or the bot- 
tomless pit. — Abysmal, a-biz'mal, a. Bottomless; 
unending. —Abyssal, -bis'al. a. Belonging to, or 
resembling, an abyss. — Abys'sic, a. (GeoV) Pert, 
to an abyss, esp. to strata wnich formed the bottom 
of a deep sea. 

Acacia, a-ka'sliT-a, M. (Bot.) A genus of leguminous 
trees and shrubs, usually with thorns and pinnate 
leaves. 

Acacio, a-ka'shT-o, n. A heavy wood of the same 
family with the red mahogany. 

Academy, a-kad'e-mT, n. A garden near Athens 
(named from Academus) where Plato taught; hence, 
Plato's school of philosophy ; a kind of higher 
school or seminary ; an institution for the promo- 
tion of art or science. — Academ^'ic, -leal, a. Of or 
relating to a higher institution of learning. — Aca- 
dem'ic, w. A follower of Plato; a student in a col- 
lege, university, etc. — Academ'ics, n. {Met.) The 
Platonic philosophy. — Academ''ically, adv. — Ac'- 
ademi'cian, -mish'an, n. A member of an acad- 
emy, or learned society, esp., of the French Acad- 
emy. 

Acaleph, ak^'a-lef, n. (Zool.) A radiate marine animal; 
a jelly-tish; a sea-nettle; —so called from its sting- 
ins power. 

Acanthus, a^kan'thus, w, ,• pi. Eng. Acanthuses, Lat. 




Acanthi. {Arch.) An 
ornament resembling 
the foliage or leaves of 
the acanthus, as in 
Corinthian capitals. 
(Bot.) A genus of 
herbaceous prickly 
plants. — Acanthaceous, 
-tha'shus, a. Armed 
with prickles, as a plant. 

— Acan ' thocar'^pous, . ,, 
-kar'pus, a. (Bot.) Acanthus. 
Having the fruit covered with spines. — Acan'tho- 
ceph'alan, -sef'a-lan, n. (Zool.) A specie> of intes- 
tinal worm, having its proboscis armed with spines. 

— Acan'thopod, n. (Zool.) A species of insi.ct hav- 
ing spiny legs. — Acanthopodiotis, -po'dl-us, a. 
(Bot.) Having spinous petioles. —Acanthop'teryg''- 
iouB, te-rij'T-us, a. Thorny-finned, — applied to an 
order of fishes. 

Acatalectic, a-kat-a-lek'tik, a. (Pros.) Not defective; 

— said of a verse which has the complete number of 
syllables. 

Acataleptic, a-kat-a-lep'tik, a. Incapable of being 
certainly comprehended. 

Acauline, a-kaw'lin, Acau'lous, -lus, a. Haying no 
stem, but flowers resting on the ground. 

Accede, ak-sed', v. i. To agree or assent; to become a 
party, by agreeing to terms of a treaty or conven- 
tion. — Access, ak-ses' or ak'ses, n. A coming to ; 
near approach ; admittance ; the way by which a 
thing may be approached; increase; addition. — Ac- 
ces'sory, -sary, a. Accompanying : connected as a 
subordinate. — n. Something connected as a sub- 
ordinate. (Law.) One who is implicated in a lelo- 
nious offense, though not present at its perpetration, 
[The spelling accessary is generallj- preferred in the 
law sense.] — Accessorial, -so'ri-al, a. Pert, to an 
accessory. — Acces'sorily, adv. — Acces'soriness, n. 

— Acces''sible, a. Easy of access o;- approach. — 
Acces'sibil'ity, n. — Acces'^sion, -sesh'un, n. Act of 
acceding and becoming joined; increase; that which, 
is added. (Law.) A mode of acquiring property, 
by which the owner has a right to certain additions- 
or improvements. Act of arriving at a throne, an 
office, or dignity. (Med.) The commencement of a 
disease. 

Accelerate, ak-sel'er-at, v. t. To quicken the motion 
or action of ; to hasten, expedite. — Acceleration,. 
-a'shun,n. A hastening. — Accel'erative, -tiv, Ac- 
cel'eratory, a. Quickening. — Accelerator, -ter, n. 
One who, or that which, etc. 

Accent, ak'sent, n. Superior force of voice upon 
one or more sj'Uables of a word : a mark used in: 
writing to indicate this stress; a peculiar modulation 
of the voice. (Mas.) A slight stress upon a tone to 
mark its position in the measure. (Math.) A mark 
upon a letter or number, to distinguish magnitudes 
of similar kind, but differing in value. —Accent, 
ak-senf, v. i. To express or note the accent of; to 
pronounce or mark with, etc. — Accent ''ual, a. Re- 
lating to, etc. — Accent'iiate, v. t. To mark or pro- 
nounce with, etc.; to bring prominently into notice; 
to make conspicuous. — Accentua'taon, n. Act of 
placing accents in writing, or of giving accent to 
them. (Eccl.) Pitch and modulation of the voice 
in reading parts of the liturgy. 

Accept, ak-sept', v. t. To receive with a consenting 
mind ; to admit and agree to. (Com.) To receive as 
obligatory, and promise to pay. — Accept'able, a. 
Worthy, or sure of being accepted ; pleasing to a 
receiver ; agreeable : welcome. — Accepfableness, 
-abil'ity, n. — Accepfably, adv. — Accepfance, 
n. Favorable reception. (Com.) An assent and 
engagement to pay a bill of exchange when due; the 
bill itself wlien accepted. (Law.) An agreeing to 
the act or contract of anotlier. — Accepfant, w. 
One who accepts. — Accepta'Ction, /*. Afealiing or 
sense. — Accepfer, n. A person who accepts, esp. 
one who accepts a bill of exchange. 

Access. See under Accede. 

Accident. ak'sT-dent, n. An unexpected event; cas- 
ualty; contingency, pi. (Gram.) The properties 
and qualities of the parts of speecn. (Log.) An unes- 
sential property or quality. — Accidental, a. Hap- 



etin, cube, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



ACCIPITER 



ACETIC 



peninj by chance, or unexpectedly ; casual ; non- 
essential ; fortuitous ; contingent ; incidental. — n. 
A casualty. (Mas.) A sharp, flat, or natural, oc- 
curring not at the commencement of a piece of mu- 
sic as the signature, but before a particular note. — 
Accldenfaily, adv. — Ac'cidence, n. A book con- 
taining the rudiments of grammar. 

Accipiter, ak-sip'I-ter, n. A rapacious bird, as an 
eagle, hawk, etc.— Aecip'itrine, -trin, a. Pert._to, etc. 

Acclaim, ak-klam'', v. t. [acclaimed (-klamd'), 
-CLAiMi.vG.J To meet with applause ; to salute. — 
Acclaim', Acclama'tion, -ma'shun, n. A shout of 
assent or approbation. — Acclam'atory, a. Express- 
ing applause. 

Acclimate, ak-kli'mat, Accli''matize, v. t. [acclima- 
tized (-tizd), -TiziNG.] To habituate to a -climate 
not native. — AccU'matable, a. Capable of being 
acclimated. — Acclima'tion, -cli'matiza'tion, n. 
Process of becoming, or state of being, etc. 

Acclivity, ak-kliv'T-tl, n. A slope, considered as 
ascending. — opp. to declivity ; rising ground. — Ac- 
clivous, -kli'vus, a. Rising with a slope. 

Accommodate, ak-kom^mo-dat, v. t. To render fit, or 
correspondent; to adapt; to furnish with something 
needed; to reconcile. — Accom'modating, a. Afford- 
ing accommodation ; helpful.— Accom'moda'tion, n. 
Act of fitting, or state of being fitted; whatever sup- 
plies a want; adjustment of differences; reconcilia- 
tion. (Com.) A loan of money. — Accommodation 
note. One given by the maker to accommodate the re- 
ceiver, who is to provide for it when due. — ^train. 
One which stops at minor or way stations, making 
less speed than express trains. 

Accompany, ak-kum'pa-nt, v. t. [accompanied 
(-kum'pa-nid), -nying.] To go with as companion 
or associate. (Miis.) To perform the accompaniment. 
— Accom'paniment, n. Something that accom- 
panies; an addition by way of ornament. (Mus.) A 
part performed byinstruments accompanying voices; 
also, the harmony of a figured bass. — Accom^panist, 
n. (Mus.) The performer who takes the accompany- 
ing part. 

Accomplice, ak-kom'plis, n. A co-operator or asso- 
ciate. (Law.) An associate in a crime. 

AccompUsh, ak-kom'plish, v. t. [accomplished 
(-plisht), -PLISHING.J To finish, complete, bring to 
pass, fulfill, realize. — Accom'plished, -plisht, p. a. 
Complete and perfected; esp., complete in acquire- 
ments. — Accom'plishment, n. Act of accomplish- 
ing ; acquirement ; attainment. 

Accompt, ak-kownf. See Account. 

Accord, ak-kord', n. Concurrence of opinion, will, 
or action; consent; harmony of sounds; concord; 
spontaneous motion. (Law.) An agreement be- 
tween parties in controversy, which bars a suit. — 
V. t. To make to correspond ; to harmonize ; to 
concede. — v. i. To be in accordance ; to agree. 
(Mas.) To agree in pitch and tone. — Accord'ance, 
n. Agreement. — Accord'ant, a. Corresponding ; 
consonant ; agreeable. — Accord'antly, adv. — Ac- 
cord'ing, p. a. In harmony with; suitable. — Ac- 
cord'ingly, adv-. In accordance with. 

Accordion, ak-kSf'dr-un, n. A small keyed wind 
instrument, with me- 
tallic reeds. 

Accost, ak-kost', v. t. 
To address ; to speak 
first to. — Accost 'able, 
a. Easy of access ; af- 
fable. _ 

AecoBchement, ak-koosh- Accordion. 

moN ', n. Delivery in child-bed. — Acceuchetir. ak- 
koo-sher', n. A man who assists women in child- 
birth; a man-midwife. —Accoucheuse, -shez', n. A 
midwife. 

Account, ak-kownf, n. A reekoning; a statement of 
debts and credits; a statement of reasons, causes, 
grounds, etc.; a relation or description; importance; 
reason; censideraition; sake. — v. t. To reckon or 
compute; to hold in opinion; to estimate. — v. i. 
To render a relation of particulars; to constitute a 
reason; to render reasons or answer for. — Account '- 
Able, a. Liable to be called to account and to suffer 
punishment i amenable ; responsible. — Account'- 
abfl'ity, -ableness, n. State of being, etc. — Ac- 




count'ant, n. One who keeps, or is skilled in, ac- 
counts. — Account current. A statement showing 
the Dr. and Cr. sides of a business transaction. 
Accouple, ak-kup'l, v. t. To join together; to couple. 
Accouter, Accoutre, ak-koo'ter, v. t. [accouteked or 
-couTKED (-koo'terd), -teeing or -thing (-koo'- 
tring).] To furnish with dress, equipage, or equip- 
ments, esp. those of a soldier. — Accou'terments, 
-trements, n. pi. Dress ; equipage ; trappings ; esp. 
for militarv service. 

Accredit, ak-tred'it, v. t. To give trust or confidence 
to; to receive, as an envoy, and give him credit and 
rank; to send with credentials; to procure credit 
for. 

Accretion, ak-kre'shun, n. An increase, esp. the in- 
crease of organic bodies by the internal accession of 
parts; increase by accession externally; growing 
together of parts naturally separate. — Accrescence, 
-kres'ens, w. Gradual growth. — Accres'cent, a. In- 
creasing. — Accre'tive, -tiv, a. Growing by accre- 
tion. _ 

Accrue, ak-kroo', v. i. [accrued (-krood'), -ceuing.] 
To increase; to arise; to be added, as increase, profit, 
or damage. — Accru'ment, n. 

Accumulate, ak-ku'mu-lat, v. t. To heap up in a 
mass; to collect or bring together. — v.i. To grow 
to a great size, number, or quantity; to increase 
greatly. — Accu'mu-la'tion, n. Act of accumula- 
ting; state of being accumulated; that which is ac- 
cumulated ; mass ; heap. — Accu'mulative, -tiv, a. 
Causing accumulation ; cumulative. — Accu'mula- 
tor, -ter, n. One who, or that which, et<;. ; esp. pow- 
er, etc., in machinery. 

Accurate, ak'ku-rat, a. In careful conformity to 
truth, or to a standard, rule, or model; correct; pre- 
cise. — Ac'curately, adv. — Ac'curacy, -ra-st, -rate- 
ness, -rat-nes, n. Precision resulting from care; cor- 
rectness. 

Accurse, ak-kers', v. t. [accursed (-kersf), accurs- 
ING.J To devote to de.struction; to imprecate evil 
upon; to curse. — Accursed, p. p. a. (part. pron. 
ak-kerst', a. ak-kers'ed.) Doomed to destruction 
or misery; worthy of a curse; detestable; execrable. 

Accuse, ak-kuz', v. t. [accused (-kuzd'), -cubing.] 
To charge with a crime, offense, or fault; to arraign; 
censure; impeach. —Accusation, -za'shun, n. Act of, 
etc. ; that of which one i^, etc. — Accu'sative, a. Pro- 
ducin| or containing, etc. ( Gram.) Applied to the 
case of nouns, on which the action of a verb termi- 
nates or falls. — Accu'satively, adv. — Accu-'satory, 
a. Pert. to. or containing, etc. — Accus'er, n. 

Accustom, ak-kus'tum, v. t. [accustomed (-kus'- 
tumd), -toming.] To make familiar by use ; to 
habituate or inure. — Accus'tomary, a. Usual ; cus- 
tomary. — Accus'tomarily, adv. 

Ace, as, n. A single point on a card, die, etc.; the 
card or die so marked ; a very small degree; a trifle. 

Aceldama, a-sel'da-ma, n. A field purchased with the 
bribe which Judas took ; hence called the field of 
hlood. 

Acephalous, a-sef'a-lus, a. Without a head ; headless. 
(Bat.) Having the style spring from the base, instead 
of the apex. (Pros.) Deficient at the beginning, as 
aline of poetry. —Aeeph'alan, M. (Zool.) A mol- 
lusk. 

Acerb, a-serb', a. Sour with bitterness. — Acerb'ity, 
-itude, n. Sourness of taste, with bitterness and 
astringency ; harshness of manners. 

Aceric, a-sSr'ik, a. Pertaining to, or obtained from, 
the maple; as, aceric acid. 

Acescent, a-ses'ent, a. Turning sour; readily becom- 
ing tart or acid. — Aces'cence, -cency, n. 

Acetic, a-set'ik or -se'tik, a. (Chem.) Composed of 
four parts each of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 
Aeaticjncid is the pure acid of vinegar. — Acetate, 
as'e-tat, Ac'etite, -tit, n. A salt formed by acetic 
acid united with a base. — Aoe'tons, -tus, a. Sour; 
causing acetifleation. — Acet'ify, v. t. or i. [aceti- 
fies) (-fid), -FYING.] To turn into acid or vinegar. — 
Acet'ifica'tion, n. — Acetim'eter, n. An instrument 
for ascertaining the strength of vinegar, etc.— 
Acetylene, a-set''I-leH, n. (Chem.) A colorless gas, 
consisting of twe atoms of carbon and two of hydro- 
gen, with a peculiar, unpleasant odor. It is formed 
by the action of water on calcium carbide. 



ttra, fame, far, pass or oper&, fare ; Snd, ive, tSrm ; In, ice ; Sdd, tOne, dr ; 



ACHE 



ACULEATE 



Acbe, ak, r. i. [ached (akt;, aching.] To have, or be 
iu, continued pain; to be distressed. — n. Continued 
pain, opp. to sudden twinges or spasmodic pain. 

Achieve, a-chev', v. t. [achieved (-cnevd''), achiev- 
i.NU.] To carry on to a final close ; to complete, ac- 
complish, realize. — AcMeVable, a. — Achiev'ance, 
n. — Achieve'ment, n. Act of achieving: accom- 
plishment; a j^reat or heroic deed; leat. (Her.) An 
escutcheon or ensign armorial. — Achiev'er, n. 

Achromatic, ak-ro-mafik, a. (.Opt.) Free from color; 
not showing color, from the decomposition of light. 

— Achro''matism, n. State of being achromatic. — 
Achro'matiza'tion, n. Act of rendering, etc. ; dep- 
rivation of color. — Achro'matopsy, n. Inability 
to di.-itinguish colors; color-blindness; Daltonism. 

Acicular, a-sik'u-ler, a. Slender, like a needle; needle- 
shaped. — Acic'iilarly, adv. — Acic'iilate, -olated, 
a. Acicular. 

Acid, as'id, n. A sour substance. iCliem.) A sub- 
stance having the properties of combining with 
alkalies and alkaline oxides, and of reddening 
most blue vegetable colors, and usually with a 
strong, sharp taste. — a. Sour, sharp, or biting to 
the taste ; tart. — Acii'ity, Ac'ldness, n. Quality 
of being, etc. — Acid'ify, v. t. [acidified (-fid), -fy- 
ING.] To make acid; esp. to convert into an acid, by 
cliemical combination. — Acid'ifi'able, a. — Acid'- 
iflca'tion, h. — Acidif'ic, a. Producing acidity.— 
Acid'in'er, n. {C'kem.) A principle necessary to 

firoduce acidity. — Acidim''eter, n. An instrument 
or ascertaining the strength of acids. — Acid''uloU8, 
a. Slightly sour ; sub-acid ; sourish.— Acid'^ulate, 
v.t. To make slightly acid. — Acid'alent, a. Some- 
what acid; sour; cross. 

Acierage, a''ser-ej, n. A process of coating a metal 
plate with iron by means of voltaic electricity; steel- 
ing. — A'cerate, v. t. To convert into steel. 

Aciniform, a-sin'^T-form, a. formed like a cluster of 
grapes or a grape-stone: full of small kernels. 

Acknowledge, aJt-noKej, «'. t. [acknowi.kik!ed (-ejd), 
-EDOi.N'G.] To own, avow, admit; to recognize; to 
own with gratitude: to own, etc., in a legal form; 
to concede, confess, allow. — Acknowl'edgment, n. 
Act of, etc.; something given or done in return for 
a favor; a declaration of one's own act, to give it 
legal validity. 

Aclinic, a-klih'ik, a. Without inclination ;— said of 
the magnetic equator, on which the magnetic needle 
is horizontal. 

Acme, ak'me, /I. The highest point; crisis. 

Acolyte, ak'o-lit, -lyth, -lith, n. A companion ; asso- 
ciate. (Astron.) An attendant star. {Eccl. Hist.) 
An inferior church servant. 

Aconite, ak'o-nit, n. Wolf's-bane, a poison. 

Acorn,- a'kern, n. The seed or fruit of an oak. 

Acotyledon, a-kot'T-le^don, n. A plant having no seed- 
lobes, or cotyledons. — Acotyledonous, -led'o-nus, a. 
Having either no seed-lobes or such as are indistinct. 

Acoustic, a-kow'stik or -koo'stik, o. Pert, to hear- 
ing, or to the doctrine of sounds. — Acou'stics, n. 
The science of sounds. — Acou'stically, adv. — 
Acoustician, -ti^h ■'an, n. One versed in, etc. 

Acquaint, ak-kwant', v. t. To make familiar; to com- 
municate notice to ; to apprise ; to inform. — Ac- 
quaint'ance, n. State of being acquainted; familiar 
knowledge; a person or persons well known. — Ac- 
quainfanceship, n. Familiarity ; fellowship ; in- 
timacy. 

Acquiesce, ak-wY-es', v. i. [ACQnrESCED C-wT-est'). 
-ESCiXG (-es''ing).] To rest satisfied ; to concur, as- 
sent, comply. — Acquiea'cent, a. — Acquies-'cence, 
-cency, n. Silent assent. » 

Acquire, ak-kwir', v. t. [acquired C-kwird'), -quir- 
ing.] To gain, usually by one's own labor or exer- 
tions: to attain, earn, win. — Acquir''able, a. — Ac- 
• quire'ment. Acquisition, -zish^un, n. Act of acquir- 
ing; thing acquired ; attainment; gain. — Acquisi- 
tive, -kwiz'T-tiv, a. Disposed to imke acquisitions. 

— Acquis'itively, adv. — Acquis ''itiveness.w. State 
of being acquisitive. (Phren.) The organ supposed 
to give rise to this desire. [See Phrenology.] 

Acquit, ak-kwif, ?;. t To set free; to release, esp. 

from an obligation, accusation, suspicion, etc.; to 

.. clear, absolve ; (ref&rivelu) to bear or conduct one's 

self. — Acquit ''ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 



— Acquit'tal, n. (Law.) Deliverance from a charge, 
by a i ury or court. — Acquit' tance, ?i. Acquitment; 
a writing which is evidence oi a discharge; a receipt 
in full. 

Acre, a'ker, n. A piece of land containing 160 square 
rods, or 4;i,5ti0 square feet. — Acreage, a'ker-ej, n. 
A sum total of acres. — Acred, a'kerdi, a. Possessing 
acres; landed. 

Acrid, ak'rid, a. Of a biting taste ; sharp ; harsh. — 
Ac'ridness, Acrid^ity, n. A sharp quality ; pun- 
gency. — Ac'rlmony, Ac'ritude, n. Quality- of cor- 
roding or dissolving; sharpness; severity ; asperity, 
tartness. — Acrimo'nious, a. — Acrimo'iiiously, adv. 

Acritochromacy, ak^ri-to-kro'ina-sT, «. Inability to 
distinguish between colors ; color-blindness ; Dal- 
tonism. 

Acroamatic, ak'ro-a-mat'ik, Acroat'ic, a. Meant 
only to be heard; oral; abstruse. 

Acrobat, ak'ro-bat, 71. One who practices high vault- 
ing, rope-dancing, etc. — Acrobafic, a. 

Acrogen, ak'ro-jen, n. A kind of cryptogamous plant, 
which increases by growth at the extremity, — such 
as ferns, etc. — Acrogenous, a-kroj'e-uus, a. 

Acronycal, a-kron'ik-al, a. (Astron.) Rising at sun- 
set and setting at sunrise, as a star, — opp. to cos- 
mical. 

Acropolis, a-krop'o-lis, n. The higher part of a Gre- 
cian city; the citadel or castle; esp. the citadel of 
Athens. 

Across, a-kros', p''e^P- From side to side of; quite 
over; in a direction opposed to the length of. — adv. 
From side to side; crosswise, (a, on, and cross.] 

Acrostic, a-kros'tik, n. A composition, usually in 
verse, in which the first or the last letter of every 
line, or of every word, read collectively, form a 
name or sentence. — a. Of or pert, to, etc. — Acros'- 
tically, adv. 

Acrotism, ak'ro-tizm, n. (Med.) A defect of pulsa- 
tion. 

Act, V. i. To exert power; to be in action or motion ; 
to behave or conduct; to demean one's self. — v. t. 
To perform, esp. on the stage ; to feign ; to assume 
the office or character of. — n. Tliat which is done 
or doing; deed; a decree, edict, law, judgment, etc.: 
any instrument in writing to verify facts ; one of 
the principal divisions of a play ; a state of reality, 
or real existence, as opposed to a possible existence; 
a state of preparation. — Acfing, p. a. Discharging 
the duties of another. — n. The performance of an 
assumed part. — Action, ak'shun, 71. Exertion of 
power, or the effect of power exerted ; motion pro- 
duced; agency ; thing done ; a deed ; conduct ; de- 
meanor; series of events forming the subject of a 
play, poem, etc. (Orat.) Gesticulation. (Laie.) A 
suit or process. (Com.) A share in the stock of a 
company. (Paint. S; Sculp.) The position of the sev- 
eral parts of the body. (Mil.) An engagement be- 
tween troops. — Ac'tionable, a. (Law.) Liable to a 
suit. — Ac'tionably, adv. — Ac'tionary, -tionist, n. 
(Com.) A stock holder in a companj'. — Act'ive, -iv, 
a. Having the power or quality of acting; engaged 
inaction; energetic; busy; practical. (Gram.) Ex- 
pressing action or transition of action from an agent 
to an object. — Act'ively, adv. — Acfiveness, Ac- 
tiv'ity, ii. — Actor, akt'er, n. One who acts; esp. on 
the stage. — Acfress, n. A female actor — Acfual, 
a. Existing in act; real; carried out, — opp. to poten- 
tial, 7-ir1val, theoretical, etc.: existing at present.— 
Act'ually, adv. — Actual'ity, Acfualness, n. — 
Act'ualist, n. One who considers actually existing 
facts or conditions, — opp. to ideali.tt.— Act'ualize, 
V. t. To make actual. — AcVnaliza'tion, n. — Acf- 
uary, n. A registrar; a manager of a joint-stock com- 
pany, esp. of an insurance company. — Act'uate. v. 
t. To put into action ; incite to action. — Act'na- 
tion. n. 

Actin'iform, n. Having a radiated form. 

Actinism, ak'tin-izm, n. A pro_perty in the solar rays 
which produces chem.ical changes, as in photog- 
ranhy. — Actin^ic, a. Of or pert^to, etc. — Actin'^o- 
graph, -graf, n. An instrument for recording varia- 
tions inthe actinic force of sunlight. — Actinom'- 
eter, n. An instrument for measuring the intensity 
of iictinie rnys. 

Aculeate, a-kii'le-at, a. (Bot.) Having sharp points; 



sQn, cube, full ; moon, f66t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, Aen, boNboif, chair, get. 



ACUMEN 



ADMIT 




Aculeate Stem. 



pointed; — used of 
prickles fixed in the bark, 
opp. to thorns growing 
from the wood. 

Acumen, a-ku'men, n. 
Quickness of perception 
or discernment ; penetration of mind ; acuteness ; 
perspicuity. — Acu'minate, v. t. To render sharp or 
keen. ~v. i. To end in a sharp point. — a. Having 
a long, tapering point. — Acu''minons, a. Acumi- 
nate. — Acu'inina'tion, n. A sharpening ; termina- 
tion in, etc. 

Aeupression, ak'u-presh'un, Acupres'sure, -presh'Sr, 
n. (Surg.) The arresting of hemorrhage from an 
artery, etc., by passing a needle through the wounded 
vessel. —Acupuncture, -punk''chur, w. {Med.) The 
introduction of needles info the living tissues for 
remedial purposes. 

Acute, a-kuf, a. Sharp at the end ; pointed ; having 
nice discernment; shrewd; having quick sensibility; 
high or shrill. {Med.) Having symptoms of sever- 
ity, and coming speedily to a crisis, — opp. to chronic. 
— Acute'ly, adv. — Acute'ness, n. 

Adage, ad'ej, n. A saying which has obtained credit 
by long use; maxim: proverb; aphorism. [F.J 

Adagio, a-da'io, a. {Mus.) Slow ; moving leisurely 
and gracefully.— n. A piece of slow music. [It. J 

Adamant, ad'a-mant, n. A stone imagined to be of 
lmpe^letrabIe hardness ; — hence a diamond or other 
very hard substance. 

Adam's-apple, ad'amz-ap'pl, w. A species of citron, 
also of Danana; the projection formed by the thy- 
roid cartilage in the neck. 

Adapt, a-dapf, t'. t. To make fit or suitable ; to suit; 
adjust; attune. — Adapt'able, a. Capable of being 
adapted. —Adapta'tion, n. Act of , or state of be- 
ing, etc. — Adapfer, n. One who adapts. iChem.) 
A receiver with two necks ; an adopter. 

Add, ad, v. t. To join or unite, as one sum to another; 
to subjoin, annex.— Ad'dible, -dable, a.— Ad'ditive, 
-tiv, a. Addible.— Ad'der, n. One who or that 
which adds ; an adding machine, abacus. — Addi- 
tion, -dish'un, w. Act of adding: thing added; in- 
crease; augmentation. {Math.) The branch of arith- 
metic which treats of adding numbers. {Mus.) A 
dot beside a note showing that its sound is to be 
lengthened one half. {Law.) A title annexed to a 
man's name. — Addi'tional, a. Added ; more. — 
Addi'tionally, adv. — Adden'dom, n. ; pi. Adden'- 
DA, -da. A tiling to be added; an appendix. 

Adder, ad'der, n. A venomous serpent. 

Addict, ad-dikt'. v. t. To apply habitually; to ac- 
custom; to devote. 

Addle, ad'dl. a. Putrid; corrupt; producing nothing; 
barren. — v. t. To make addle, corrupt, or morbid. 

Address, ad-dres', r. «. [addressed (-drestO, dress- 
ing.] To prepare or make ready; to direct words or 
discourse to; to apply to by speech, petition, etc.; to 
direct in writing, as a letter; to woo. {Com.) To 
consign to another, as agent or factor. — n. A formal 
application, speech, discourse, etc. ; manner of speak- 
ing; skill; dexterity; tact; direction of a letter, or 
the name, title, and residence of the person ad- 
dressed. In ?5/«., attention in the way of courtship. 

Adduce, ad-dus", v. t. [adduced (-dust'), -Dccrxc] 
To bring forward, quote. — Addu'cent, Adduc'tive, 
a. Bringing forward or together. — Adduc'tion, n. 
Act of, etc. 

Adept, a-depf, a. Well-skilled; completely versed; 
proficient. — ». One who is adept in any art. 

Adequate, ad'e-kwat, a. Equal, proportionate, or cor- 
respondent: fully sufficient: requisite. 

Adhere, ud-lier'', v. t. [adhered {-herd'), -hertxg.] 
To stick fast or cleave; to become united; to be at- 
tached, abide by. — Adher'ence, n. Quality or state 
of adhering ; steady attachment. — Adher'ent, a. 
United with or to ; sticking. — n. One who cleaves 
to or supports some person or cause; partisan; fol- 
lower. — Adher'ently, ar/r. — Adhesion, -he'zhun, 
n. Act or state of sticking; the force with which 
distinct bodies adhere when their surfaces are 
brought m contact. — Adhesive, -he'siv, a. Sticky; 
tenacious, as glntinou* substances. 

Adieu, a-du', af/i'. Good-by; farewell. 

Adipose, ad'T-pos. Ad'ipous. -pus, a. Pert, to, or 



consisting of, animal fat ; fatty. — Ad'ipocere, -seif 

n. A soft, unctuous, waxy substance, into which 

animal flesh is changed by immersion in water or 

spirit, or by burial in moist places. 
Adit, ad'it, n. A horizontal or inclined entrance into 

amine; adrift; passage; approach. 
Adjacent, ad-ja'sent, a. Lying near to; contiguous, 

not touching. — Adja'cency, n. State of being, etc. 
Adjective, ad'jek-tiv, n. {Gram.) A word used with 

a substantive, to describe, limit, or define it. or to 



Adjoin, ad-join', v. t. [adjoined (-joind'), -joining.] 
To join or unite to. — v. i. To be coritiguous, in con- 
tact, or very near. — Adjunct, ad'junkt, n. An ap- 
pendage; a colleague.— a. Added; united. —Ad- 
junct'ly, ac/v. — Adjunc'tion, n. Act of joinir?^; 
thing joined. — Adjunc'tive, -tiv, a. Joining ; tend 
ing to join. — n. One who, or that which, etc. — Ad- 
junc'tivelsr, adv. 

Adjourn, ad-jern', v. t. [adjourned (-jgrnd'), -jouen- 
ING.] To put off to another time; to postpone; de- 
fer; prorogue. — v. i. To suspend business for a 
time ; to close the session of a public body. — Ad- 
journ'ment, n. Act of adjourning ; postponement; 
the interval during which business is suspended 

Adjudge, ad-juj', v. t. [adjudged (-jujd'), -judging.] 
To award or decree : to sentence. — Adjudg'ment, n. 

— Adjudicate, ad-joo'di-kat, v. t. To try and de- 
termine; to adjudge. — Adju'dica'tion, n. Act of ad- 
judicating; sentence; judgment; decision. 

Adjunct. See under Adjoin. 

Adjure, ad-joor', v. 1. [adjured (-joord'), -juring.] 
To charge, command, or entreat solemnly, as if 
under oath. — Adjura'tion, n. Act of adjuring; the 
form of oath. — Adjur'er, n. One who, etc. 

Adjust, ad-just', V. t. To make exact or conforma- 
ble ; to fit, set right. — Adjust'able, a. — Adjust'- 
ment, n. Act of, etc.; arrangement: settlement. 

Adjutant, ad'j(t6-tant, n. A military officer who as- 
sists the commanding officer 
in issuing orders, keeping 
records, etc. ; a lai^e species 
of stork, found m India. 

— Ad'jutancy, «. Office ofjin 
adjutant. — Adjutor, -joe'- 
tSr, n. A helper. — Ad-ju'trix, 
n. A female helper. — Ad'- 
juvant, a. H e I p i n g. — n. 
An assistant. (Med.) A rem- 
edy. 

Admeasure, ad-mezh'ur, v. t. 

[admeasured (mezh'urd), 

-measuring.] To take" the J 

dimensions of; to apportion. 
Administer, ad-min'is-ter, v. t. 

[administered (-terd), -ter- 

ing.] To manage ; to dis- 
pense; to give or tender. 

{Law.) To settle, as an estate. 

— V. i. To contribute ; to bring aid. To perform 
the office of administrator. — Admin'iste'rial, a. 
Pert, to admistration. —Admin 'istrable, a. Capable 
of being, etc. — Admin'istra'tion, n. The act of ad- 
ministering; the executive part of the government; 
distribution; the persons collectively intrusted with 
executing laws and superintending public affairs. 
{Law.) Management of the estate of one deceased. 

— Admin'istra'tive, -tiv, a. Administering. — Ad- 
min'istra'tor, n. — Admin'istra'torship, n. Office 
of, etc. — Admin'is-tra'trix, n. A woman who ad- 
ministers. 

Admiral. ad'mT-ral, n. A naval officer of the highest 
rank; the ship which carries him.— Ad'miralship, n. 
Office of, etc. — Ad'miralty, n. The body of officers 
who manage naval aftairs. 

Admire, ad-mir', v. t. [admired (-mird'), -miring.] 
To regard with wonder or surprise, mingled with 
approbation, reverence, or affection; to estimate or 
prize highly. —u. t. To wonder; to marvel. — Ad- 
mir'er, n. One who admires; a lover. — Ad'mirable, 
-niT-ra-bl, a. Worthy of admiration; rare; excellent. 

— Ad'mirably, adv. — Ad'mira'tion, n. Wonder ; 
esp. wonder mingled with esteem, love, etc. 

Admit, ad-mit', v.t. To grant entrance to; to receive 




Adjutant. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare : end. eve. tSrm ; In, Ice ; 6dd. t5ne. 6r i 



ADMIX 



AERATE 



as true: to concede; to be capable of. — Admit'' tedly, 
adv. Confessedly. — Admit'^tance, ». Act of ad- 
mitting. {Law.) The giving possession of property. 
— Admis'sible, -sl-bl, a. Worthy of being admitte'd. 

— AdmiB'Bibil'ity, n. Quality of, etc. — Admis^sive, 
-siv, a. Conceding. — Admission, -niish'un, n. Act 
of admitting; permission to enter; access; the grant- 
ing of a position not fully proved. 

Admix, ad-miks', v. t. To miiigle with something else. 

— Admix'ture, -chur, n. A mixing ; what is mixed. 
Admonish, ad-mon'ish, v. t. f.\DMOXiSHED (-isht), 

-isui.vo.] To reprove gentl3'; to counsel against 
wrong ; to instruct, advise. — Admon''i3her, Ad- 
moni'tion, -nish'un, n. Gentle reproof; advice. — 
Admoii'ltive, -I-tiv, -itory, a. Containing admoni- 
tion. 

Adnascent, ad-nas'ent, a. Growing to or on some- 
thing else. 

Ado, a-doo', n. Bustle; trouble; labor; difficulty. 

Adobe, a-do^ba, n. An unburnt, sun-dried brick. [Sp.] 

Adolescent, ad-o-les'ent, a. Growing; advancing 
from childhood to maturity. — Adoles'cence, -ens, 
n. Youth ; the years from 14 to 25 in men, and 12 to 
21 in women. 

Adcwt, a-dopt', v. t. To select and take as one's own 
when not so before. — Adopt'er, n. One who adopts. 
( Chem.) A receiver with two necks. — Adop'tion, n. 
Act of, or state of being, etc. ; receiving as one's own 
what IS not natural. (Theol.) Man's acceptance, 
through God's grace, on justiliiation by faith. 

Ad(»:e, a-dor-', v. t. [adored (a-dord'), .adoking.j To 
worship with profound reverence; to love intensely. 

— Ador'er, n. A worshiper ; a lover. — Ador^'able, 
a. — Adora'tion, n. "Worship paid to a divine being; 
homage to one in high esteem. 

Adorn, a-dSm', v. t. [adorxed (.a-dSrnd''), adornixo.] 
To render beautiful; to decorate, embellish, set-off, 
ornament. — Adom'ment, ». Ornament; embellish- 
ment. 

Adrift, a-driff, a. or adv. Floating at random. 

Adroit, a-droif, a. Possessing or exercising skill or 
dexterity; ready in invention or execution; expert; 
clever. — Adroit'ly, adv. — Adroit'ness, n. 

Adulation, ad-u-la'shun, n. Servile flattery; syco- 
phancy. — Ad'nla'tor, -ter, n. A servile flatterer. — 
Ad'ulatory, a. 

Adnlt, a-dult'', a. Having arrived at mature years, 
or to full size and strength. — m. A person or thing 
grown to maturity. 

Adulterate, a-duKter-at, v.t. To debase or make im- 
pure by admixture of baser materials; to contam- 
inate; to corrupt. — a. Tainted with adultery; de- 
based. — Adul'tera'tion, n. Act of, or state of be- 
ing, etc. — Adul'terant, n. One who, or that which, 
etc. — Adul'tery, n. Violation of the marriage-bed. 
(Script.) Violation of one's religious covenant. — 
Adul''terer, n. A man guilty of adultery. — Adul'- 
teress, n. A woman, etc. — Adul'terine, -Tn or -in, 
a. Proceeding from adultery. — n. A child born in, 
etc. — Adul'^terous, a. Pert, to, or guilty of, etc. 

Advance, ad-vans', v. t. [advanced (-vansf), -vax- 
CING.] To bring forward ; to raise in rank ; to ac- 
celerate the growth or progress of ; to help on ; to 
offer or propose; to supply beforehand; to pay for 
others, in expectation of re-imbursement. — v. i. To 
move forward; to improve; to rise in rank, etc. — n. 
Act of advancing; approach; improvement. {Com.) 
Additional price or profit; a tender; an offer; a fur- 
nishing of something before an equivalent is re- 
ceived; money or goods thus furnished. — a. Be- 
fore in place or time ; — used for advanced, as, an 
adrawce-guard. — Advanced, -vanst', p. p. Pro- 
gressive; imbued with novel ideas. — Advance ''ment, 
n. Act or state of, etc.; improvement; promotion; 
payment in advance. — Advan'cer, n. A promoter. 

Advantage, ad-van'tej, re. Any state, condition, etc., 
favorable to some desired end; superiority of state, 
or that which gives it; benefit; profit. — v. t. [ad- 
vantaged (-tajd), -taging.] To benefit, to pro- 
mote. — Advantageotis, -ta'jus, a. Being of, or 
furnishing, etc.; profitable; beneficial. — Advanta'- 
geously, adv. — Advanta'geousness, n. 

Advent, ad'vent, n. A coming; approach; esp. the 
coming of Christ ; a season of devotion including 
four Sundays before Christmas. — Adventitious, 



-tish'us, a. Added extrinsieally: casual. (Bat.) Qui 
of the usual place. — Adventi'tiously, adv. — Ad- 
ven'tive, -tiv, a. Accidental; adventitious. — Ad- 
ven'tual, -chu-al, a. Pert, to the season of Advent. 
Adventure, ad-Ven'chur, n. Hazard ; risk ; cliance ; 
an enterpriiie of hazard; a remarkable occurrence; 
a thing sent to sea at the sender's risk. — v. t. [ad- 
VENTL'KEU (-churd), -TURING.] To put at hazard; to 
risk; to run the' risk of attempting. — r. i. To try 
the chance ; to dare.— Adven'turer, n. One who, etc. 
— Adven'turesome, -sum, a. Incurring hazard; bold. 

— Adven'turous, a. Inclined to adventure; daring; 
attended with risk. — Adven'turously, adv. — Att- 
ven'turousness, n. 

Adverb, ad'verb, ?i. {Gram.) A word modifying the 
sense of a verb, participle, adjective, or other adverb. 

— Adver'bial, a. Relating to or like, etc. — Adver'- 
bially, adv. — Adver'bialize, v. t. To give the force 
or form of, etc. 

Adverse, ad'vers, a. Acting in a contrary direction ; 
conflicting; unfortunate. — Ad'verseness, n. — Ad- 
ver'sity, n. An event or series of events attended 
with misfortune; affliction; distress. — Ad''versary, 
n. One who is opposed; antagonist; foe. — a. Ad- 
verse ; antagonistic. — Adver'sative, -tiv, a. Not- 
ing opposition or antithesi;; between connected prop- 
ositions; — applied to the conjunctions hut, however, 
yet, etc. — n. An adversative word. 

Advert, ad-verf, v. i. To turn the mind or attention; 
to regard, observe. — Adver'tence, m. Attention; 
consideration. — Adver'tent, a. Attentive; heedful. 

Advertise, ad-ver-tiz', v. t. or t. [advertised 
(-tizd'^X -TisiNG.] To inform ; to make known 
through the press. — Advertisement, -ver''tiz-ment, 
or -ver-tiz'ment, n. Information ; public notice 
through the press. — Advertiser, -tiz''er, n. ' 

Advise, ad-viz'. v. t. [advised (-vlzd'), -vising.] T© 
counsel; to give information to; to. apprise; to ac- 
quaint, consult. — V. i. To deliberate ; to weigh 
or consider. — Advis^able, <t. Fit to be advised; ex- 
pedient. — Advis'ably, adv. — Advis'ableness, n. 
Fitness ; propriety. — Advis^edly, adv. With full 
knowledge ; purposely. — Advis'edness, n. Deliber- 
ate consideration . — Advise'ment, n. Counsel ; con- 
sultation; consideration. — Advis'er, n. One who, 
etc.; a counselor. — Advi'sory, a. Having power 
to advise; containing advice. — Advice, ad-vis'', n. 
An opinion offered, as worthy to be followed; sug- 
gestion; information as to the "state of affairs ; coun- 
sel; intelligence. 

Advocate, aa'vo-kat, n. One who pleads a cause; esp. 
one who pleads the cause of another before a tri- 
bunal. — V. t. To plead in favor of; to maintain by 
argument; to defend, support, vindicate. — Ad'vo- 
cacy, -ka-sT, Advoca'tion, re. Act of, etc. ; interces- 
sion. 

Advowson, ad-vow'zun, re. {Eng. Law.) The right 
of presenting or nominating to a vacant benefice. 

— Advowee, -vow-e', or Advow'er, n. One who 
presents, etc. 

Adz, Adze, adz, re. A carpenter's tool for 
chipping. 

.Sdile, Edile, e'dil, re. An officer in ancient 
Rome who cared for public buildings, 
streets, public spectacles, etc. 

.Sgis, e'jis, n. A shield, esp. Mi- 
nerva's shield ; anything that pro- 
tects. 

.Solian, e-o'lT-an, a. Pert, to .^olia 
or ^olis, in Asia Mindr ; pert, to 
^olus, god of the winds; pert, to, 
or produced by, the wind. — .£olian . 
attachment. A contrivance for con- 
verting a pianoforte into a wind in- 
strument. — .Solian harp. A box 
on which are stretched strings, on ka, 

'.yhich the wind produces musical 
notes. — .£olic, e-oKik, a. Pert, to JEolia. 

JEan, Eon, e'on, re. A great, indefinite, or infinite, 
space of tirne. 

Aerate, a'er-at, v. t. To impregnate or combine with 
carbonic acid gas; to supply with common air or with 
oxygen. — Aera'tion, re. Act or process of, etc.; 
exposure of soil to the action of the air. — Aerial, 
a-e'rt-al, a. Pert, to the air, or atmosphere; consist- 




sfin, cQbe, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, -ftien, boNboN, chair, get. 



AE-HIB 



8 



AGARIC 



ing of, inhabiting or frequenting, or existing in, the 
air ; liigh ; lofty. — A'erifonn, a. Having the form 
of air, as gas. — A'erify, -f i, t'. <. To change into 
an aeriform state. — A'erogram, ??. A message sent 
by wireless telegraphy. — A'erolite, n. A stone 
failing from, etc. ; meteoric stone. — A'erom'eter, 
Ji. An instrument for measuring the weight or den- 
sity of gases.— A'erom'etry, n.— A'eronaut', -na wt, 
71. An aerial navigator ; balloonist. —A-^ronaufic, 
a. Pert, to, etc. — A'eronaut'ics, ??. Science or art 
of sailing in a balloon. —A'erophyte', -lit, ?;. A 
plant deriving support from air.— A'eroplane, n. A 
flying machine, or a plane for e.xperiments on flying, 
which floats in the air only whin pro[ielled thrbu^ 
it. — A'Srostaflc, a. Pert, to, etc. [bird of prey. I 
Aerie, e'rt or a'rt, n. The nest of an eagle or other | 
.Esthetic, Esthetic, es-thefik, a. Pert, to esthetics. 

— .Ssthet'ics, n. siyig. The theory or philosophy of 
taste ; science of the beautiful in nature and art. 

Afar, a-far'', adv. At a great distance; remote. 

Affable, af^'fa-bl, a. Ready to converse ; easv of ac- 
cess ; courteous : complaisant ; condescending. — 
Affably, adv. — Affabil'ity, n. Quality of being, 
etc.; urbanity; civility. 

Affair, af-far', n. Business of any kind ; esp. public 
business. {Mil.) An engagement of troops. 

Affect, af-fekf, v. t. To act upon ; to produce a 
change in ; to influence, imitate, put on a pretense 
of. — Affecta'tion, n. Assumption of what is not 
natural ; t^lse pretense. — Affect'ed, p. a. Assum- 
ing or pretending to possess, etc. ; assumed artifi- 
cially. (Alg.) Compounded ; containing different 
powers of the unknown quantity (written also Ad- 
FECTED). — Affect'^edly, adv. In an affected manner. 

— Affect'edness, n. — Affect ''er, n. — Affect ''ing, p. 
a. Having power to move the passions; pathetic. 

— Affect'ingly, adv. — Affec'tion, n. An attribute, 
(quality, or property, inseparable from its subject; 
inclination of the mind toward a particular object; 
love; attachment. (Med.) Disease. — AffeC'''tionate, 
a. Having or proceeding from, etc. ; tender; fond ; 
warm-hearted. — Affec'tionately, adv. — Affec'- 
tioned, -shund, a. Inclined ; disposed ; affected. — 
Affect'^ive, -iv, a._ Affecting, or exciting emotion. 

Affettuoso, af-f et-too-o'zo. (Mus.) A direction to ren- 
der notes soft or affecting. — adv. Tenderly. [It.] 

Affiance, af-fi''ans, n. Plighted faith; marriage con- 
tract; trust; confidence. — v. t. [.affianced (-anst), 
-Ais'ciNG.] To betroth ; to pledge fidelity in mar- 
riage, promise marriage to, give confidence to, trust. 
— Affi^ancer, n. One who makes a marriage contract 
between parties. — Affi^ant, n. (Law.) One who 
makes aflBda-\'it. — AfB.da''vit, n. (Law.) A declara- 
tion, signed and made upon oath. 

Affiliate, af-fiKt-at, v. t. To adopt as a son, receive 
into fellowship ; to ally : to receive into a society 
as a member. (Law.) To assign an illegitimate 
child to the father. — AffiFia^'tion, n. Adoption; as- 
sociation in the same family or society; assignment 
of an illegitimate child to the father. 

Affinage, affin-ej, ?i. A refining of metals. [F.] 

Affinity, af-fln''t-tT, n. Relationship by marriage; 
close agreement; conformity; connection. (Chem.) 
That attraction which takes place, at an insensible 
distance, between particles, and forms compounds. 

Affirm, af-ferm'. v. t. [affiemed (-fermd'), -fiem- 
i.vG.l To confirm, estaolish, or ratify; to assert posi- 
tively, aver. — V. i. To declare positively. (Law.) 
To promise, before a magistrate or tribunal, to tell 
the truth, under pain of perjury. — Affirma'tion, 
n. Act of, etc.; that which is asserted; ratifica- 
tion. (Larv.) Declaration by one conscientiously 
unable to make oath.— Affirni''ative, -tiv, a. Affirm- 
ing, — opp. to negative; confirmative; ratifying. — 
n. A word expressing assent; an affirmative" propo- 
sition; that side of a question which affirms or 
maintains, — opp. to negative. — Affirm'atively, adv. 

— Affirm'er, n. 

Affix, af-fiks', v. t. [affixed (-fixf), -fi.ting.] To 
add at the end; to attach or connect; to fix or fasten 
in any manner; to annex. — AfBx, af'^fiks, n. A sj^l- 
lable or letter joined to the end of a word; a sufnx. 

— Afflxion, -flk'shun, n. Act of affixing; addition. 

— Affixture, -fiks^'chur, n. That which is, etc. 
Afflatus, af-fla-'tus, n." A breath or blast of wind; 



communication of divine knowledge; the inspira- 
tion of a poet. — Affla'^tion, n. A Breathing on. 

Afflict, af-flikt', i-. t. To strike down; to overthrow; 
to give continued pain; to cause to suffer dejection; 
to trouble, harass. — Afflicfer, n. — Afflict''ing, a. 
Causing pain ; grievous ; distressing. — Affliction, 
-flik''shuB, n. Cause of continued pain, state of 
being' afflicted; sorrow; adversity. — Afflict^'ive, -iv, 
a. Giving or^ausing, etc. — Afflict''ively, adv. 

Affluent, af'floo-ent, a. Wealthy; plentiful. — n. A 
stream flowing into a river or lake. — Affluence, -ens, 
-ency, n. Abundance, esp. of riches ; opulence. — Af''- 
fluently, adv. — Afflux, af''fluks, Afflusion, -fluk''- 
shun, 71. Act of flowing to"; that which flows to. 

Afford, af-ford', v. t. To yield or produce; to give, 
grant, sell, or expend, with profit or without loss ; 
to impart ; confer. 

Affray, af-fra'', n. (Law.) Fighting in a public 

E lace, causing fear; a tumultuous assault; quarrel; 
rawl. 

Affreight, af-frat'^, v. t. To hire, as a ship, to trans- 
port goods or freight. — Affreight ''ment, n. The en- 
gagement or chartering, etc. 

Affright, af-frif, v. t. To impress with sudden fear: 
to appall, shock, alarm. — n. Sudden and great fear; 
terror. — Affright''edly, adv. 

Affront, af-fruiif, n. Any reproachful or contemptu- 
ous action; offense. — il t. To offend by manifest- 
ing disrespect; to insult, provoke, outrage. — Af- 
front'^er, n. — Affront''ive, -iv, a. Abusive, insult- 
ing. —Affronfingly, adv. 

Afield, a-teld'', adv. To, in, or on the field; out of the 
way. 

Afire, a-fir^, a. or adv. On fire. 

Aflame, a-flam'', adv. In flames; glowing with light. 

Afloat, a-flof, adv. In a floating state; passing from 
place to place; unfixed; without guide or control. 

Afoot, a-f(56t'', adv. On foot; in action; in a condition 
for actioji. 

Afore, a-for'', adv. or prep. Before. — Afore'going, 

a. Going before; foregoing; previous. hand, adv. 

Beforehand; before. men^tioned, -shund, adv. 

Spoken of or named before. — thought, -thawt, a. 
Premeditated. — time, adv. In time past; of old. 

Afoul, a-fowl'', a. or adv. Not free; entangled. 

Afraid, a-frad'', a. Struck with fear or apprehen- 
sion; timid. 

Afresh, a^fresh'', adv. Anew; over again. 

Afrit, af-rif, Afrite, -ret'. Afreet'', n. (Moham. Myth.) 
A powerful evil jinnee or demon. 

A&ont, a-frunt'', adv. In front. 

Aft, aft, adv. or a. (Naui.) Astern, or toward the 
stern ; abaft. — Fore and aft. From one end of the 
vessel to the other. 

After, af t''er, 2>re/>. Behind in place; later in time; 
moving toward from behind; in pursuit of; in im- 
itation of; according to the influence of; in relation 
to. — adv. Subsequently'. — a. Later; subsequent. 
(Nant.) More aft. — Aft'^ermost, -most, a. Hindmost. 
— Aft'^erward, -wards, -wurdz. adv. In later or suc- 
ceeding time ; subsequently. — Aft''er-birth, -berth, 
n. The placenta, cord, and membranes inclosing 

the fetus, which come away after deliverj'. clap. 

n. An unexpected subsequent event. crop, n. 

A second crop. damp, n. Choke-damp; carbonic 

acid gas following the explosion of fire-damp in 
mines. — glow, n. A kind of second twilight, some- 
times following sunset. math, n. A second crop 

of grass in the same year; rowen. — noon'', n. Time 

from noon to evening. pains, n. pi. Pains after 

delivery, caused by the atter-birth, or by clots. — 

-piece, «. Apiece performed after a play. sailj, 

n. pi. (yavt.) The sails on the mizzen mast inid 

its stays. — state, m. The future life. thought, 

-thawt, n. Something thought of after an act; later' 
thought or expedient. 

Aga, a'ga, n. A Turkish commander or chief officer. 

Again, a-gen'', adv. Another time: once more: in re- 
turn; back. —Again and again. Often; repeatedly. 
— Against, a-genst'', prep. Abreast of; opposite to; in 
opposition to; in preparation for. 

Agape, a-g'ap'', adv. Gaping, as with wonder. 

Agaric, ag''a-rik, n. (Bot.) A family of fungi, includ- 
ing mushrooms; an excrescence growing on the trunk 
of trees, used for tinder, in dyeing, and in medicine; 



4m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; In, ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; 



AGATE 



9 



AID 



touchwood. —Agaric mineral. A deposit of carbon- 
ate of liine. 
Agate, ag'et, n. A precious stone, variety of quartz. 
(PrintJ) A kind of type, larger than pearl and small- 
er than nonpareil; —in England called ruby. 

^^^ This line is printed in the type called agate. 



-Agatine, -tin, a. 
or resembling, agate. 



Pert, to 
Ag'- 



atize, -tiz, v. t. [agatized 
i>'o.] 







Like 



(-tizd), -Tizixo.] To con- 
vert into, etc. — Ag'aty, -tt, 

a. Of the nature of, etc. 
Agare, a-ga've, n. A genus 

of plants ; the American 

aloe, or century plant, from 

the juice of which the liq- 

U0T_j}ulque is made. 
Age, aj, 71. Whole duration 

of a being; the part of one's 

life previous toa given time ; 

the latter part of life; leg il 

maturity ; a particular ))c- 

riod of time in history; the 

people of a particular jie- 

riod; hence, a generation-, a 

century: era. — v. i. To grow 

old; to show marks of age.' 

— Aged, a'jed, a. Ad- 
vanced in age; old; ancient. 

— n.pl. Old persons. —Agedly, a^jed-ll, ddv 
an aged person. 

Agendum, a-jen'dum, n. ; pi. Aoen^'da, -da. Some- 
thing to be done; a memorandum-book ; a ritual or 
liturgy. [L.] 

Agent, a'Jent, w. A person or thing that acts or has 
power to act ; one intrusted with the business of an- 
other ; a substitute ; a deputy ; a factor ; an active 
power or cause. — A'gentship, yi. The office of an 
agent; agency. — A'gency, a'jen-sT, n. Quality or 
state of, etc. ; instrumentality; ofiice or duties of, etc. ; 
bureau of, etc. 

Agglomerate, ag-glom'er-at, v. t. To wind into a 
hall ; to gather into a mass. — v. i. To collect into a 
ball. — Agglom'era''tion, n. Act of, or state of being, 
etc. 

Agglutinate, ag-glu''tT-nat, v. t. To glue or cause to 
iidhere ; to unite by causing adhesion. — Agglu'ti- 
na'tion, n. Act of uniting, or state of being united.— 
Agglu'tina'tive, -tiv, a. Tending to unite. — Agglu''- 
tinant, a. Uniting. — n. A viscous adhesive sub- 
stance. 

Aggrandize, ag'gran-diz, i\ t. [aggrandized (-dizd), 
-DiziNG.] To enlarge; to make great or greater in 
power, rank, honor, etc.; to augment; exalt; in- 
crease. — Aggrandizement, -gran''diz-ment, n. Act 
. of, or state of being, etc. — Ag'grandi'zer, n. One 
who, etc. 

Aggravate, ag'gra-vat, v. t. To make worse, more 
severe, more enormous ; to enhance; to give an ex- 
nggerated representation of: to provoke or irritate; 
to tease. — Aggravation, -va'shun, n. Actof, orthat 
which, etc. ; exaggerated representation ; provoca- 
tion : irritation. 

Aggregate, ag-'gre-gat, v. i. To bring together ; to 
collect into a sum or mass ; to accumulate, pile. 

— a. Formed by parts collected. {Law.) United 
in one body corporate. — n. An assemblage of par- 
ticulars; sum total; lump. — Aggrega'tion, ?j. Act 
of, or state of being, etc. — Ag'gregative, -tiA'. a. 
On using aggregation ; collective. — Ag'grega'tively, 
nilv. — Ag'gregator, -ter, n. One who, etc. 

Aggress, ag-gres', v. t. [aggressed (-grest''), -gress- 
iNG.] To make a first attack ; to begin a quarrel. — 
n. Attack. — Aggression, -gresh'un, n. First at- 
tnck: act leading to controversy : invasion; encroach- 
ment. — Aggres'sive, -siv, n. Tending to, etc. — Ag- 
gres'sively, adv. — Aggres'siveness, n. — Aggres'- 
sor -«pv, n. 

Aggrieve, ag-grev', v. t. [aggrieved C-grevd''),-GKiEV- 
iN(;.l To give pain to ; to afflict ; to oppress or in- 
i'lr.' : to harass. 

Aghast, a-gasf, a. or adv. Struck with amazement; 
stupefied with sudden fright or horror. 

ii^ile, aj'il, a. Quick of motion; nimble; lively; 



brisk. — Ag'ileness, Agility, a-jiKl-tr, n. Quality 
of being, etc. 

Agitate, aj'T-tat, r. t. To move with a violent irreg- 
ular action ; to shake ; to disturb or excite ; to dis- 
cuss earnestly; to consider on all sides ; to revolve, 
debate. —Agita'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, 
etc. ; pertui-bation of mind ; discussion. — Agita'- 
tive, -tiv, a. Having power or tendency to, etc. — 
Agita'tor, -ter, n. 

Aglow, a-glo■^ adv. Hot; bright with warmth; glowing. 

Agnail, ag'nal, n. Inflammation round a nail; a whit- 
low. 

Agnate, ag'nat, a. {Law.) Related on the father's 
side. — n. A male relation by the father's side. — 
Agna'tion, n. Descent in the male line. — Agna'tic, 
a. Pert, to, etc. 

Agnomen, ag-no^men, a. A name added, among the 
Komuns, in cekbratiou of some exploit. [L.] 

Agnostic, ag-nos'tik, a. Professing ignorance ; in- 
volving no dogmatic assertion ; leaving undeter- 
mined. — n. One who, etc. — Agnos'ticism, w. The 
condition of neither affirming nor denying, on the 
score of ignorance. ( Theol. ) The doctrine that the 
existence of a personal Deity can be neither asserted 
nor denied, jiioved nor disproved, because of the 
limits of the human mind, or of the insufficiency of 
evidence, — opp. to at/ieism and to theism; also, the 
belief of a Christian sect of the third century, that 
God did not know all things. 

Ago, a-go', adv. or a. Past; gone. 

Agog, a-gog', a. or adv. Highly excited by eagerness 
alter an object. 

Agoing, a-go''ing, ;7. «)■. In motion: going: ready to go. 

Agony, ag'o-nl, n. Pain that causes wiithing or con- 
tortions of the body, like those in athletic "contests ; 
anguish ; pang. — Ag'onist, n. One who contends 
for the i)rize in public games. — Ag'oiiism, -nizm, 
n. Contention lor, etc. — Agonist'ic, -ical, a. Re- 
lating to prize-fighting, or to bodily or mental con- 
test. — Ag'onize, v. i. [agonized (-nizd), -nizikg.] 
To writhe with agony; to suffer anguisli. —v. t. To 
distress; to torture. — Ag''onizingly, adv. 

Agrarian, a-gra''rl-an, a. Relating or tending to 
equal division of lands. {Lot.) Growing wild. —>i. 
One who favors equal division of property. 

Agree, a-gre'', v. i. [agreed (-gred^), agreeing.] 
To harmonize in opinion, statement, or action ; to 
yield assent, come to terms, resemble. {Gram.) To 
correspond in gender, number, case, or person. — 
Agree'able, a. Suitable; in pursuance or accord- 
ance ; pleasing ; ready to agree. — Agree'abil'ity, 
Agree'^ableness, n. Quality of being, etc. — Agree'- 
ably, adv. — Agree-'ment, n. A state of, etc. ( Gram.) 
Concord of one word with another in gender, num- 
ber, etc. {Law.) Union of minds in a thing done or 
to be done ; a bargain, compact, or contract. 

Agrictilture, ag'rY-kul-chur. n. The art or science of 
cultivating the ground;" tillage; husbandry. — Ag- 
ricul'^tural, a. — Agricul'turist, n. One skilled in, 
etc. 

Agrimony, ag'rl-mo-ni, n. A wild plant having yel- 
low flowers. 

Agrin, a-grin', adv. In the act of grinning. 

Agriology, ag-ri-oKo-ji, n. The comparative study of 
human customs, esp. of men in their natural state. 

Agrostis, a-gros''tis, n. {Bot.) A genus of grasses; 
bent-grass; red-top. 

Aground, a-grownd', adv. On the ground; stranded. 

Ague, a''gu, n. Chilliness; an intermittent fever., at- 
tended by alternate cold and hot fits. —A''guisli, a. 

Ah, a, interj. An exclamation, expressive of surprise, 
pity, contempt, joy, pain, etc. — Aha, a-ha', interj. 
An exclamation expressing triumph, contempt, or 
simple surprise. 

Ahead, a-hed', adiJ. Farther forward: onward. 

Ahoy, a-hoi'', interj. A sailor's call to attract attention. 

Ahull, a-huK, adv. With the sails furled, and the 
heliri lashed on the lee side. ' 

Aid, ad, v. t. To support, by furnishing means to 
effect a purpose or prevent evil ; to assist, succor, 
befriend. — n. Help; the person or thing that aids; 
an aid-de-camp. — Aid''ance, n. Assistance. — Aid-de- 
camp, ad'de-kaK, n. ; pi. Aids-de-camp, adz-. {Mil.) 
One who assists a general officer in his military 
duties. [F.] — Aid'er, n. — Aid'ful, -f ul, a. 



sQn, cube, full ; moon, fdt)t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



AIL 



10 



ALFALFA 



Ail, al, V. t. [AILED (aid), ailing.] To affect with 
pain, iphysical or mental ; to trouble. — v. i. To 
feel pain; to be troubled. — Ail, Ail'ment, ?i. Slight 
disease; indisposition; pain. 

Aila. Tit.Tig, a-lan-'tus, n. A genus of trees, native of 
India and China; — commonly, but improperly, 
spelt ailanthm. 

Aim, am, v. i. [aimed (amd), aiming.] To point with 
a missive weapon; to direct the intention or pur- 
pose. — V. t. To direct or point, as a weapon; to di- 
rect to a particular object. — n. The pointing or 
directing to an obiect, with a view to hit or affect 
it; the point to be hit, or affected; intention; direc- 
tion ; end; endeavor. — Aim'less, a. — Aim'lessly, 
adv. 

Air, §.r, n. The fluid we breathe; the atmosphere; a 
gas, as, fixed air ; a light breeze ; look or mien. 
(J/w-s.) A melody or tune. — n. pi. An affected, vain 
manner. — v. t. To expose to the air ; to ventilate. 

— Air^ing, n. Exposure to air; an excursion in the 
open air. — Airy, S,r''i, a. Pert, to, made of, or re- 
sembling air; high in air ; exposed to the air; un- 
substantial; frivolous; lively. {Paiyit.) Having the 
light and aerial tints true to n^iture. — Air^ily, adr. 
In an airy manner; gayly. — Air'iness, n. Openness 
to the air; levity; gayety. — Air-bath, Ji. An ar- 
rangement for drying substances in air of any de- 
sired temperature". bed, n. An air-tight bag, in- 
flated, and used as a bed. — -bladder, n. An organ 
in fishes, containing air, by which their buoyancy 
is regulated. — brake, n. (Slack.) A contrivance 
for stopping the motion of car-wheels by the use of 

compressed air. brick, n. An iron box of the 

gize of a brick, built into walls for ventilation. — 
-cells, n. pi. Cavities for air in the leaves, stems, etc., 
of plants ; minute bronchial cells, in animals ; air- 
sacs. — drain, n. A space round the walls of a build- 
ing, to prevent dampness.— -gun, n. A gun discharged 
by the elastic force of air. — -hole, n. An opening 
for air; a hole produced by a bubble of air. — -plant, 
n. A plant apparently nourished by air only; an 

epiphyte. poise, -poiz, n. 

An instrument for ascer- 
taining the weight of the 
air. — pump, 7i. A ma- 
chine for exhausting the air 
from vessels. — sacs, n.pl. 
Receptacles for air in the 
bodies of birds, which com- 
municate with the lungs, . . 
and render the body spe- Air-pump, 
ciflcally lighter. — shaft, n. A passage for air into a 

mine. tight, a. Impermeable to air. — trunk, n. 

A ventilating shaft, opened from the ceiling to the 
roof. vessels, n. Vessels in plants or animals, 

. which convev air. 

Aisle, Tl, n. (Arch.) The wing of a building; a lateral 
division of a church, separated from the nave by 
piers; a passage in a church, etc., into which pews or 
seats open. — Aisled, lid, a. Having aisles. 

Ajar, a-jar', adv. Partly open, as a door. 

Akimbo, a-kim'bo, a. With elbow bent outward. 

Akin, a-kin', a. Related by blood; allied by nature. 

Alabaster, aKa-bEis-ter, »i. (Mia.) A compact variety 
of sulphate of lime, or gypsum, of fine texture. — a. 
Pert, to, or resembling, etc. 

Alack, a-lak', Alackaday, a^lak'a-da, interj. Excla- 
mations expressive of sorrow. 

Alacrity, a-lak'rX-tT, n. Cheerful readiness; ardor; 
liveliness; prornptitude. 

Alamode, al-a-mod', adv. According to the mode or 
fashion. — n. A thin, glossy, black silk. [F.] 

Alarm, a-larm', n. A summons to arms; a notice of 
approaching danger; surprise with fear or terror; ap- 
prehension ; a mechanical contrivance for awaking 
persons from sleep. — v. t. [alarmed (a-larmd'), 
alarming] To call to arms for defense; to fill with 
apprehension ; to disturb. — Alarm'ingly, adv. — 
Alarm ''ist, n. One who excites alarm. — Aiarm'-bell, 
n. A bell that gives notice of danger. — -clock, 
n. A clock made to ring at a particular hour. — 
-gauge, -gaj, n. A contrivance applied to boilers to 
show when the steam is too strong or water too low. 

— -post, n. A place to which troops repair in case of 
alarm. watch, n. A watch that can be set to 





Albatross. 
Although; be it so; notwitb 



strike at a particular hour. — Alarum, a-la'rum, ft. 
Same as Alarm; — applied to a contrivance attached 
to a clock for calling attention. 

Alas, a-las'', interj. An exclamation expressive of sor- 
row, pity, concern, 
or apprehension of 
evil. 

Alb, aib, n. An ec- 
clesiastical v e s t- 
ment of white lin- 
en. 

Albatross, al'ba- 
tros, n. A very 
large web-f ootecl 
sea-bird of the 
Southern Ocean. 

Albata, al-ba'ta, n. 
German silver, an 
alloy of copper, 
zinc (or tin), and 
nickel. 

Albeit, awl-be'it, conj. 
standing. 

Albelen, aKbe-len, n. A fish of the trout species. 

Albertype, aKber-tip, n. A picture printed from 3 
gelatine plate prepared by means of a photographit 
negative. 

Albigenses, aFbt-jen'sez, n. pi. A party of reformers, 
who separated from the church of Rome in the 
12th century; — so called from Albi, in Languedoc. 

Albino, al-bi'no, n.; pi. Albi'nos. A person or ani- 
mal having preternatural whiteness of skin, flaxen 
hair, and pink iris. 

Albion, aKbl-un, n. A poetic name of England. 

Albugineous, al-bu-jin'T-us, a. Pertaining to the white 
of an egg, and hence to the white of the eye. 

Album, aKbum, n. A blank book, for the insertion 
of autographs, photographs, literarv memorials, etc. 

Albumen, al-bn'men, n. (Bot.) Nourishing matter 
found in seeds. (Physiol.) A substance existing 
nearly pure in the white of egg, and its chief com- 
ponent. 

Alburnum, al-ber'num, n. The white and softer part 
of wood next to the bark; sap-wood. 

Alcaid, ai-iad', n. In Spain, the governor of a castle, 
fort, or the like; a jailer or warden. 

Alcalde, al-kaKde, n. In Spain, a magistrate or judge. 

Alcedo, al-se'do, n. A perching bird; kingfisher. 

Alchemy, aKke-ml, n. Occult chemistry; an ancient 
science which aimed to transmute base metals into 
gold, find the universal medicine, etc. — Alchem'ic, 
a. Relating to alchemy. — Alchem'ically, adv. — 
Al'^chemist, n. One versed in, etc. — Alchemist'- 
ical, a. 

Alcohol, aKko-hol, n. Pure or highly rectified spirits-, 
ardent spirits in general. 

Alcoran. See Koran. 

Alcove, aKkov or al-kov', n. A recess, or part of a 
room, separated from the rest by a partition. 

Alder, awKder, n. A tree or shrub of several vari- 
eties. 

Alderman, aw\''der-man, n. ; pi. Al'der-men. A mag- 
istrate or officer of a city or town corporation. 

Ale, 31, n. A liquor made from malt by fermentation; 
an English country festival, so called from the liquor 
drunk._ 

Alee, a-le', adv. (Naut.) On the 
side opposite to the side on which 
the wind strikes. 

Alembic, a-lem'bik, n. A chemi- 
cal vessel, formerly used in dis- 
tillation. 

Alert, a-15rt', a. Watchful ; vigi- 
lant ; moving ■with celerity. — 1 
Upon the alert. Upon the watch. 
— Alert'ly, adv. — Alert'ness, 
71. Briskness ; watchfulness ; 
promptitude; nimbleness. , , . 

Alewife, al'wTf, /I. .• pZ. Ale-'wives, . Alembic. 
-wTvz. An American fish resembling a herring. 

Alexandrine, al'egz-an'drin, n. A verse of twelve syl- 
lables, or six iambic feet; — so called from a French 
poem on the life of Alexander. 

Alfalfa, al-fal'fa, n. A perennial plant, allied to 
clover. 




Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare; Snd, eve, tgrm; Tn, ice; 6dd, tone, dr; 



ALGA 



11 



ALLOPATHY 



Alga, al'ga, n.; pi. Alo.-e, aKje. A grand division of 
cryptogaiaic plants, embracing sea-weeds. 

Algarot, aKga-rot, n. An emetic powder, prepared 
from antimony. 

Algebra, aKje-bra, n. (Math.) That branch of anal- 
ysis which investigates the relations and properties 
of numbers by means of letters and other symbols. 

— Algebraic, -bra'ik, -icaJ, a. Pert, to, or performed 
by. etc — Algebra'ically, adv. By means of, etc. — 
Al'gebraist, n. One skilled in, etc. 

Algid, aKjid, a. Chilled with cold. — Al'gide, -jid, a. 
Characterized by great coldness, said of certain dis- 
eases. — Algid'ity, n. — AJgiflc, -jif 'ik, a. Produ- 
cing cold. — Al'gor, -g6r, n. (Med.) Unusual cold- 
ness; chill at the onset of fever. 

Algnazil, al-ga-zeK, n. A Spanish officer of justice. 

Alias, a'li-as, adv. Otherwise; otherwise called; — a 
term used in legal proceedings to connect the differ- 
ent names of a party who has gone by two or sev- 
eral, and whose true name is doubtful. — n. (Law.) 
A seconder further writ issued after one has expired 
without effect ; an assumed name. [L.] 

Alibi, al'T-bi, n. (Law.) When one on trial for crime 
shows that he was elsewhere when the act was com- 
mitted, he is said to prove an alibi; hence, the de- 
fense under which this proof is made. [L., else- 
where.] 

Alien, aKyen, a. Not belonging to the same country; 
foreign ;" diiferent in nature. — w. A foreigner; a 
foreign-born resident of a country, in which he has 
not citizenship. — Al'ienage, n. State of being an 
alien. — Al'^ienate, v. t. To convey or transfer to 
another, as title, property, or right; to make indif- 
ferent or averse; to estrange. — a. Estranged. — 
Al'iena'tion, w. (Law.) A transfer of title, or legal 
convej'ance of property, to another. State of being 
alienated or transferred ; estrangement, as of the 
affections ; derangement ; insanity. — Al''ieiiator, 
-ter, n. One who, etc. — Aliene, al-yen', v. t. To 
convey or transfer, as property; to estrange. — Al- 
ienee, al-yen-e', n. One to whom a thing is sold. 

— Alienism, aryen-izm, n. State of being an alien. 
Alienist, al'yen-ist, n. A physician who makes a 

specialtv of insanity. — a. Relating to insanity. 

Alight, a-lit', V. i. To get down or descend, as from 
on liorseback; to dismount; to fall or descend, and 
settle, or lodge. 

Alight, a-llt', a. Lighted; burning. 

Align, a-lin', V. ^ [aligned (-lind'), aligning.] To 
adjust or form by a line, as troops. — v. i. To form 
in line. — v. t. (Engin.) To lay out the ground-plan, 
as of a road. 

Alike, a-llk', a. Having resemblance; similar; with- 
out difference. 

Aliment, al'I-ment, n. That which feeds or supports; 
food; nutriment. — Aliment'iveness, n. (Phren.) 
The organ of appetite for food or drink. See 
Phrenology. 

Alimony, al'T-mo-nl, n. An allowance made to a 
wife out of the estate of a husband from whom she 
is separated. 

Aliped, aKT-ped, a. Wing-footed. — n. An animal 
having toes connected by membranes serving as 
wings, as the bat. 

Aliquant, aKT-kwant, a. Not dividing another num- 
ber without a remainder. 

Aliquot, aKt-kwot, a. Dividing exactly, or without 
remainder. 

Alive, a-liv' a. Having life; not dead; susceptible. 

Alizarine, a-liz'a-rin, n. A coloring principle in mad- 
der. 

Alkali, al'ka-ll or -li, n. (Chem.) One of a class of 
caustic bases, which are soluble in water and alco- 
hol, unite with oils and fats to form soap, neutralize 
and change reddened litmus to blue. — Al'^kaline, 
-lin or -lln, a. Having the qualities of, etc. — Al- 
kalin^ity, n. Quality which constitutes, etc. — Al- 
kaliza''tion, n. The act of rendering alkaline by 
impregnating with, etc. — AKkalize, -liz, v. t. To 
alkalify. — Al''kaloid, n. (Chem.) A salifiable base 
existing in some vegetables as a proximate principle. 
— Alkaloid'^al, a. 

Alkoran, aKko-ran, n. The Mohammedan Bible; a 
tower of a mosque in which the Koran is read. 

All, awl, a. Every one ; the whole. — adv. Wholly ; 



altogether. — n. The whole number, quantity, or 
amount; the total. — All along. Continually; reg- 
ularly. — All that. A collection of similar things; 
et csetera.— All-fools' -day. The 1st of April, when 
it is a custom to play tricks, or make fools. — All- 
fours. A game of cards, containing four chances. 
Tc go on all fours, to move on lour legs, or on two 
legs and two arms or hands. — All-hail. All liealth; 
a phrase of salutation. — All-hallow, -hallows, -hal- 
lowmas. AU-Saints'-day. — All-hallow-tide. The 
time near All-Saints'. — All-Saints' -day. The first 
day of November, a feast in honor of all the saints. 

— All-souls' -day. The second of November, a Ro- 
man Catholic solemnity, when the souls of the faith- 
ful are prayed for. — Allspice. An aromatic berry 
of the West Indies. — All-sufficient. Sufficient for 
everv thing. — All told. All counted; including the 
whole number. — At all. A phrase of enforcement 
or emphasis, signifying, in the least; under any cir- 
cumstances. 

Allah, al'la, n. Arabic name of the Supreme Being. 

Allay, al-la'', v. t. [allayed (-lad'), allaying.] To 
put at rest, appease, abate, mitigate, or subdue. 

Allay. See Alloy. 

Allege, al-lej', v. t. [alleged (-lejd'), alleging.] 
To bring forward with positiveness ; to produce, as 
an argument, plea, or excuse. —Allegation, al-le- 
ga'shun, n. Positive declaration. 

Allegiance, al-le'jans, n. Obligation of a subject to 
his prince or government ; loyalty. 

Allegory, aKle-go-ri, n. A story in which the direct 
ana literal meaning is not the real or principal one, 
but images forth some important truth; figurative 
description. — Allegoric, -gbr'ik, -ical, a. In the 
manner of, etc. ; figurative. — Al'legonze, -rlz, v. t. 
[allegorized (-rizd), -rizing.] lo form or turn 
into, etc. ; to understand in an allegorical sense. — 
V. i. To use, etc. — Allegoriza'^tion, n. 

Allegretto, al-la-grefto, a. (Mus.) Quicker than an- 
dante, but not so quick as allegro. [It.] 

Allegro, al-la'gro, a. (Mus.) Quick, brisk, lively. — 
n. A quick, sprightly strain or .piece. [It.] 

Alleluiah, al-le-lu''ya, n. Praise to Jehovah. 

Allemande, al-le-mand'', «. A German waltz. (Cook- 
ery.) A white sauce. 

Alleviate, al-le'vT-at, v. t. To make light or easy to be 
borne; to remove in part; to make easier; to lessen, 
mitigate, assuage, allay. — Allevia'^tion, n. Act of, 
etc. ; mitigation. — Alle'viatave, -tiv, a. and n. That, 
or that which, alleviates. 

Alley, aKlT, n. ; pi. Alleys, aKWz. A walk in a gar- 
den; a narrow passage, as distinct from a pubUc 
street. — A large marble. 

Alliaceous, al-ll-a'shus, a. Pert, to garlic; having the 
smell or properties of, etc. 

Alliance. See under Ally. 

Alligate, al'lT-gat, v. t. To tie together; to unite. 

Alligator, al-li-ga'tSr, n. A large carnivorous am- 
phibious reptile, oiE 
the Saurian family, 
peculiar to America. 

Allineate, al-lin^'i-at, 
V. t. (Surv.) To ad- 
j u s t to a line ; to 
align. 

Allislon, al-lizh^un, n. 
A striking against. 

Alliteration, al-lit'5r- 
a'shun, n. Repeti- 
tion of the same let- 
ter at short intervals. Alligator. 

— Allit'erative, -tiv, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Allocate, aKlo-kat, v. t. To place, set apart, allot. 

— Alloca'^tion, n. Act of putting one thing to an- 
other ; admission of an article of account; allow- 
ance made upon an account. — Alloca'tnr, n. (Law.) 
Allowance of a thing or proceeding, by a court or 
judicial officer. 

Allocution, al-lo-ku'shun, n. An address ; esp. by the 

pope to his clergy. 
Allodium, al-lo'dt-um, n. (Law.) Freehold estate; 

land which is the absolute property of the ownen 

— Allo'^dial, a. (Law.) Pert, to, etc.; free of ren< 
or service, — opp. to feudal. 

Allopathy, al-lop'a-thT, n. Employment of medicines 




sfin, cabe, fijll ; moon, f66t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, liien, boNboN, chair, get. 



ALLOT 



12 



ALTOGETHER 



to prodnce effects opposite to those resulting from 
disease; the ordinary practice, as opp. to homeopathy. 

Allot, al-lot', V. t. To divide or distribute, as by lot; 
to distribute in parts; to grant, as a portion; to give, 
assign, apportion. —Allot'ment, n. Act of allotting; 
part allotted. —Allottee, -te', n. One to whom a 
thing is allotted. 

iillow, al-low"', V. t. [allowed (-lowd''), -lowixg.] 
To give, afford, or yield; acknowledge; abate or de- 
duct; grant license to; permit; show, or prove to be; 
to approve of, justify. — v. i. To make abatement. 

— Allow'ably, arfv. — Allow'ance, n. Act of, etc.; 
permission or License ; that which is allowed ; a 
stated quantity. (iVaMt.) A limited quantity of 
meat and drink, when provisions fall short ; aoate- 
ment. (.Com.) A deduction from the gross weight 
of goods. — V. t. [allowajsced (-anst), -ancing.] 
To put upon allowance. 

Alloy, al-loi', v. t. [alloyed (-loid'), -loying.] 
To redi>c° the purity of, by mixing with a less valua- 
ble metal; to abate, impair, or corrupt. — n. Any 
compound of two or more metals ; a baser metal 
mixed with a finer ; evii uiixs 1 with good. 

Allude, al-lud', I?. I. Toreter to :»oiiiet]iing not directly 
mentioned; to have reference, ;idvert to. — Allusion, 
-lu^'zhun, n. Indirect reference. (Hhet.) A figure 
by which something is applied to, or understood of, 
another, on account of some similitude between 
tliem. — AUu'sive, -siv, a. Hinting at; referring to. 

— AUu'sively, arfu. — Allu''siveness, n. 

Allure, iil-lur', v. t. [allured (-lurd''), allueixg.] 
To trj' to draw to; to tempt by offers ; to entice, se- 
duce. —Allure'ment, «. That which allures. — Al- 
lur'er, «. A tempter. 

Alluvium, al-lu'vi-um, -vion, n. ; pi. Allu'via, -vT-a. 
(Geol.) Deposits of earth, sand, etc., made by rivers, 
floods, etc., upon land not permanently submerged. 

— Allu'vial, a. Pert, to, contained in, or composed 
of, etc.; washed ashore or down a stream; of fresh- 
water origin. 

Billy, al-li', i\ t. [allied (-lid'), allying.] To 
unite, or form a connection between. — n. ; pi. Al- 
lies, al-lTz'. One united by compact, marriage, or j 
any tie; a confederate. — Alliance, al-li'ans, re. State 
of being allied ; a union or connection of interests; 
the Compact or treaty which is the instrument of 
allying : persons or parties allied; league; confeder- 
acy; coalition. 

jlllyl, aKlil, n. (Chevi.) An organic radical, existing 
esp. in garlic and mustard. 

Alma Mater, aKnia ma-'ter. A college or seminary 
where one is educated. [L., fostering mother.] 

Almanac, awi'ma-nak, n. A calendar of days, weeks, 
and months. 

Almandine, aKman-dln, n. (Mln.) The red variety 
of garnet, translucent or transparent. 

Alme. Almeh. aKmg. w. In Egypt, a dancing-girl. 

Almighty, awl-nilt' T, n. God; the Supreme Being. — 
n. Having' all power. 

Almond, ii'mund, n. The fruit of the almond-tree; 
one of the glands called tonsils, at the base of the 
throat. 

Almost, awKmost, adv. Nearly; for the greatest part. 

Alms, amz, re. pi. Any thing gratuitously given to re- 
lieve the poor; a charitable donation. — Alins'-house, 
n. A house for the poor; poor-house. — Almoner, 
aKmun-er, ?i. One who distributes alms for another. 

— Al'monry, n. A place for, etc. 

Aloe, aKo, n ; pi. Aloes, aKoz. (Bot.) A genus of 
evergreen herbaceous plants. — jil. (Med.) The in- 
spissated juice of several species of aloe, used as a 
purgative. — Al'oet'ic, -leal, a. 

Aloft, a-loft', rtdr. On high. (JS^aut.) In the top; at the 
mast-head; above the deck. 

Alone, a-lon', a. Apart from, or exclusive of, others; 
single; solitary. 

Along, a-long''', adv. In a line with the length; length- 
wise: in aline, or with a progressive motion; onward; 
in company; together. — prep. By the length of, as 
disting. f r. across. — Along^'side, adv. By the side 
of a snip. 

Aloof, a-loof ', adv. At or from a distance, but within 
view ; apart. — prep. At or to a distance from ; away 
from. 

Alose, a'los, n. The American shad. 




Alpaca. 



Aloucbi, Aluchi, a-lu''che, n. A compound resin ob- 
tained from Madagascar. 

Aloud, a-iowd'', udc. With a great noise; loudly. 

Alow, a-lo', adv. In a low place ; not aloft. 

Alp, alp, n. Avery high mountain; — esp. in the 
mountain ranges of Switzerland. 

Alpaca, al-pak'a, n. An animal of Peru, having long, 
fine, woolly hair; a species of .:^ 
llama; a thin cloth made of al- 
paca wool mixed with silk or cot- 
ton. 

Alpha, aKfa, n. The first letter of 
the Greek alphabet, used to de- 
note ^?-s«. (.Ast7-on.) Used to des- 
ignate the brightest star in a con- 
stellation. — Al'phabet, n. The 
letters of a language arranged in 
order. — Al'phabet, Al'phabet- 
ize, -iz, V. <4^alphabetizei) (-Izd), 
-TiziNG.] To arrange in the order 
of an alphabet. — Al'phabeta'rian, n. A learner of 
the alphabet; abecedarian. — Alphabetic, -ical. a. 
Of, pertaining to, or arranged in the order of, etc. — 
Alphabet'ically, adv. 

Already, awl-red'T, adv. Before this time; now. 

Alsike, aKsik or aKsek, ?u A kind of clover. 

Also, awKso, adv. or conj. In like manner; likewise; 
too; m addition to. 

Alt, ait, a. or re. (J/iis) The higher part of the scale. 

Altar, awl'ter, n. An elevated place on which sacri- 
fices are ottered to a deity: in Christian churches, 
the communion table. — Al'tarage, re. Profits of 
priests from offerings. 

Altazimuth, al-taz't-muth, re. An instrument at- 
tached to telescopes for taking azimuths and alti- 
tudes at the same time. See Azimuth. 

Alter, awKter, v. t. [altered (-terd), -tering.] To 
make some change in; to vary; to change entirely or 
materially. — r. i. To become, in some respects, 'dif- 
ferent: to change. — AKterable. a. Capable of being 
altered.— Al'terableness, -abil'ity, n. — Al'terably. 
ar^r. — AKterant, a. and re. Same as alterative.— 
Altera'tion, re. Act of, or state of being, etc.; 
change; the change made. — Al'terative, -tiv, a. 
{Med.) Having power to restore the healthy func- 
tions of the body without sensible evacuations. — n. 
An alterative medicine. 

Altercate, aKter-kat, v. i. To contend in words: to 
wrangle. —Alterca'tlon, re. Warm contention; con- 
troversy; wranjjle. 

Alternate, al-ter'*nat, a. Being hy turns: one follow- 
ing the other in succession; reciprocal. — re. Thac 
which happens bv turns ; vicissitude : a substitute. 
— Alternate, aKter-nat or al-ter'nat, v. t. To per- 
form in succession; to cause to succeed by turns; to 
change reciprocalh'. — v. i. To happen or to act by 
turns. — Alter'nately, adv. — Altema'tion, re. Recip- 
rocal succession. (Math.) Changes or alterations of 
order in numbers; permutation.— Alter'native, -tiv, 
a. Offering a choice of two things. — re. That which 
may be chosen or omitted: a choice of two things. — 
Altisr^natively, arfw. — Alter 'nativeness, w. Quality 
or state of being, etc. (Biol.) Alternate generation ; 
a form of reproduction in which development from 
eggs alternates with that from buds, the individuals 
arising in the two methods differing from one an- 
other; metagenesis. — Alter'nant, a. (Geol.) In 
alternating layers. 

Althea, al-the^a, n. (Bot.) A genus of plants includ- 
ing the marsh-mallow and hollyhocks. — Althe'ln, 
71. (Chem.) An alkaline substance existing in the 
marsh-mallow; asparagine. 

Althorn, alflidrn, n. A musical instrument similar 
to the saxhorn. 

Although, awl-tiio', conj. Grant all this ; be it so ; 
suppose that: notwithstanding. 

Altitude, aKtT-tQd, re. Height ; perpendicular eleva- 
tion above the ground, or above a given level 
(Astron.) Elevation of a celestial object above the 
horizon. 

Alto, aKto, n. (Mus.) The part sung by the lowest 
female voices, between tenor and soprano ; in i». 
strumental music, the tenor. 

Altogether, awl'to-geth'er, adv. With united action 
without exception; completely. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare : 6nd, eve. term ; Tn. Ice ; 3dd. tone, fir i 



ALTO-RELIEVO 



13 



AMENT 



Alto-relievo, al'to-re-le'vo, -rilievo. -re-le-a-'vo, 71. 
{Sculp ) High relief; the figure standing out from 
the bacKground. 

Altruism, aKtroo-izm, n. Regard for others: devotion 
to the interests of others; unselflslmess ; opp. to 
egotviin. 

Alndel, aKu-del, n. A chemical pot open at each end, 
used in sublimation. 

Alum, aKum, 71. A double sulphate of alumina and 
potassa. — Alu'miua, -ml-na, AKumine, -min, 71. 
\Min.) One of the earths, having two parts of alu- 
minum and three of oxygen. — Aiuminiferous, -nif '- 
er-us, a. Producing or containing aluui. — Alumin''- 
ium, Alu''ininum, n. The metallic base of alumina: 
a very light wliite metal, not easily oxidized. — Alu''- 
minous, a. Pert, to, or containing alum, or alumina. 

— Al'umish, n. Of the nature of alum. — AKtun- 
stone, n. A mineral containing alum. 

Alumnus, a-lum''nus, n. ; pi. Alum^ki, -ni. A pupil; a 
graduate of a college, etc. 

Alva, al'va, m. A plant of the pondweed order, dried, 
and used for stuffing beds and upholstery. 

Alveary, aKvI-a-rl, n. A bee-hive; the hollow of the 
ear. —Alveolus, al-ve'o-lus, w. ; pZ. Alve'oli. A 
cell in a honey-comb; the socket in the jaw in which 
a tooth is fixed. — Al'veolar, a. Pert, to or resem- 
bling tooth-sockets. — Al'^veolate, a. Pitted like 
honeycomb. — Alvine, aKvin, a. Pert, to the lower 
bellv or intestines. 

Alway, awKwa, Al''ways, adv. Perpetually; regularly 
at stated intervals; invariably. 

Am, the first person singular of the verb to he in the 
indicative jnode, present tense. 

Amain, a-man', adv. Violently; suddenly. {Naut.) 
Suddenly, or at once. 

Amalgam, a-maKgam, m. A compound of mercury, 
or quicksilver, with another metal; a mixture of 
different things. — AmaKgamate, -gamize, v. t. To 
compound or mix. — v. i. To unite in an amalgam; 
to coalesce, as a result of growth. — AmaPgama''- 
iion, n. Act or operation of, etc.; esp. the process 
of separating gold and silver from their ores by mix- 
ing them with mercurj' ; the blending of different 
things or races. — Amalgamator, -ma'ter, n. A ma- 
chine for producing an amalgam. 

Amanuensis, a-man'u-en'sis, »i. ,• pi. -enses, -sez. One 
who writes what another dictates, or copies what 
is written; a copyist. 

Amaranth, am'a-ranth, n. (Bot.^ A genus of annual 
plants, with flowers and foliage of various colors and 
leaves that last long without withering; an imaginary 
flower that never lades; a purplish color. 

Amaryllis, am-a-ril'lis, «. {Bot.) A bulbous plant, 
with large, lily-Uke flowers of various colors. 

Amass, a-mas'', V. *. [amassed (a-mast''), amassing.] 
To collect into a mass or heap; to accumulate, pile 
up, gather. — Amass'^able, a. Capable of being, etc. 

— A!mass''ing, w. Act of accumulating; what has 
been accumulated. — Amass'^ment, n. Accumula- 
tion. 

Amasthenic, am-as-then'ik, a. Uniting all the chem- 
ical rays into one focus, — said of a lens; arnacratic. 

Amateur, am-a-ter'', n. One who cultivates a study or 
art, without pursuing it professionally. — Amateur'- 
ish, a. Inclined to, etc. 

Amative, am'a-tiv, a. Full of love ; amorous ; ama^ 
tory. — Am'ativeness, n. {Phi-en.) Supposed seat of 
sexual desire : propensity to love. See Pheexol- 
OGY. — Amato^rial, Am'atory, a. Relating to, in- 
duced by, or expressive of, love. 

Amaurosis, am-aw-ro'sis, w. {Med.) A loss or decay 
of sight, without visible defect in the eye, usually 
from loss of power in the optic nerve. — .^naurof^ic, 
-rofik, a._ Pert, to, etc. 

Amaze, armaz', v. t. [amazed (-mazd'), amazing.] 
To confound with fear, sudden surprise, or won- 
der ; to confuse with terror and astonishment. — n. 
Astonishment ; perplexity. — Ama'^zedness, n. — 
Amaze'ment, ». A feeling of surprise and wonder; 
perplexity from, etc. ; admiration ; confusion. — 
Ama'^zingly, adv. In an amazing degree. 

Amazon, am'a-zon, n. One of a fabulous race of fe- 
male warriors, on the coast of the Euxine; a warlike 
or masculine woman ; a virago. — Am'^azonite, -it, 
n. (.Min.) A variety of feldspar, found near the Ama- 



zon River, also in the Ural Mountains in Siberia, 
and in Colorado._ 

Ambages, am-ba'jez, n. A circuit of words; a circum- 
locution. 

Ambassador, am-bas'sa-der, n. An envoy of the 
higuest rank sent to a foreign government. — AjD" 
bas'sadress, 71. A female ambassador ; the wife ot 
an Lunbasbador. — Am''basBage, m. Embassy. 

Amber, am'ber, 71. A yellow fossil resin, rendered 
fU'ctric by friction. — o. Of , resembling, or of the 
color of, amber. 

Ambergris, am^ber-gres, n. A fragrant substance 
used in perfumery, etc. It is a morbid secretion 
of the intestines of the sperm-whale. — Am'brite, 
-brit, n. A fossil gum-resin resembling amber, found 
in New Zealand. 

Ambidexter, am-bi-deks'ter, n. One who uses both 
hands equally well; a double-dealer. 

Ambient, am'ti-ent, a. Encompassing: surrounding. 

Ambiguous, am-big'u-us, a. Doubtful or uncertain, 
esp. iu respect to signification. — Ambig'uously, adv. 
— Ambig'uousness, Ambigu'ity, 71. 

Ambition, ani-bisU''un,H. Eager desire of preferment, 
power, etc.; greediness. — Ambi''tiou3, -shus, a. Pos- 
sessing, springing from, or indicating, ambition. — 
Ambi'tionless, a. — Ambi'tiously, adv. — Ambi'- 
tiousness, u. 

Amble, am''bl, v. i. To move, as a horse, by lifting 
together the two legs on one side; to pace; to move 
affectedly. — n. Gait of a horse. 

Ambrosia,' am-bro^zha, w. {Myth.) The food of the 
gods, which conferred eternal youth. {Bot.) A 
genus of plants, including rag-weed, hog-weed, etc. 

Ambrotype, am''bro-tip, 71. A picture taken on a pre- 
pared glass, in which lights are represented in silver, 
and shades by a dark background, visible through 
the unsilvered portions of the glass. 

Ambulance, am'bu-lans, n. {3fu.) A flying hospital 
to follow an army in its movements. — Am-'bulant, 
a. "Walking; moving from place to place. — Am'bu- 
lato'ry, a. Able or accustomed to, etc. {Law.) Not 
fixed in its legal character, but capable of being al- 
tered, as a will. — n. Part of a building intended 
for walking in, esp. a place inclosed by a colonnade 
or arcade, as a portico. 

Ambury, am-'bu-rT, An''bury, n. A soft swelling on a 
horse, full of blood. 

Ambuscade, am'bus-kad, n. A lying concealed, to 
attack an enemy by surprise ; a concealed place 
from which to attack ; ambush. — v. t. To lie in 
wait ; to attack from ambush. — Am'bush, -bush, n. 
Act of attacking, etc, ; an ambuscade ; troops con- 
cealed, etc.— 1>. t. [ambushed (-busht), ambushing.] 
To lie in wait for^; to surprise; to' place in ambush. 

Ameer, Amir, a-raer''. _Same as Emeer, Emir. 

Ajneliorate, a-meKyo-rat, v. t. To make better; to im- 
prove. — v.i. To grow better; to meliorate,— Amel- 
iora-'tion, w.— AmeKiorative, -tiv, a. Producing, etc. 

Amen, a'men' (in singing pron. a'men''). An ex- 
pression used at the end of prayers, meaning, So be it. 

Amenable, a-me'na-bl, a. Liable to be brought to 
account or punishment; responsible; willing to yield; 
submissive. — Ame''nably, adv. — Amenabil'ity- 
Ame''nableness, n. State of being, etc. 

Amend, a-mend', v. t. To change for the better: to cor- 
rect, reform. — v. i. To grow better. — Amend'er, n. 
— Amend'ment, 7i. An alteration for the better; cor- 
rection of faults; reformation by quitting vices; in 
public bodies, an alteration in a bill or motion by 
adding, changing, etc. (Law.) Correction of an er- 
ror in a writ or process. — Amends', n. sing, ana 
pi. Compensation for loss or injury ; satisfaction ; 
equivalent. 

Amende, a-maNd', n. A fine or punishment; repara- 
tion ; retraction. — Amende honorable, -on'o-ra''bl. 
Public recantation or apology for injury. [F.] 

Amenity, a-men'T-tl, n. Agreeabfeness in situation, 
climate, manners, etc. 

Ament, am'ent, n. {Bot.) A species of inflorescence. 
consisting of a scaly 
sort of spike, as in the 
alder, birch, etc, ; a 
catkin . — Amenta'- 
ceous, -ta'shus, a. 




Producing catkins. 



Ament. 



siin, cube, full ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; liflger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



AMENTIA 



14 



ANABASIS 



Amentia, a-inen"shi-a,, n. Imbecility t idiocy. 

Amerce, a-mers'', v. t. [amekced (-merst''), amer- 
cing.] To punish by a pecuniary penalty fixed by 
the court; to punish, in general. — Amerce'ment, n. 
(Law.) Pecuniary penalty inflicted at the discretion 
of the court. — Amer''cer, n. 

American, a-mer'1-kan, a. Pert, to America, — esp. to 
the United States. — n. Native of, etc., formerly 
applied to the aboriginal inhabitants ; but now to 
descendants of Europeans born in America, esp. in 
the United States. —Amer''icanism, -izm, n. Word, 
phrase, or idiom peculiar to America ; regard of 
Americans lor their country or its interests. — 
Amer'icanize, -iz, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To 
render American. 

Amethyst, am'e-thist, n. A subspecies of quartz, of a 
bluish violet color. — Amethyst'oline, -lin, w. Vol- 
atile fluid found in cavities of the amethyst. 

Amiable, a-'ml-a-bl, a. Worthy of love; deserving of 
affection ; charming. — A'miableness, -blKlty, n. 

Amianth, am'^l-anth, Amianthus, am-T-an'thus, n. 
iMin.) An incombustible flax-iike mineral sub- 
stance, which may be wrought into cloth and paper. 

Amicable, am't-ka-bl, a. Harmonious in mutual in- 
tercourse; friendly; peaceable. 

Amice, am''is, Am'ict, n. A loose flowing garment 
worn by pilgrims. (£ccl.) A piece of embroidered 
linen, worn on the head like a hood, or on the shoul- 
ders lake a cape. 

Amid, a^mid'', Amidsf, prep. In the midst or middle; 
surrounded by ; among. 

Amidships, a-mid''ships, adv. Half-way between the 
stem and the stern. 

Amiss, a-mis'', a. Wrong; faulty; out of order; im- 
proper. — adv. Wrongly, etc. 

Amity, am't-tl, n. Friendship ; harmony ; good un- 
derstanding. 

Ammonia, am-mo'^n'T-a, n. A volatile alkali of a pun- 
gent smell ; spirit of hartshorn. — Ammc'niac, a. Of, 
or pert, to, etc. — Ammo^niac, o?^ Gum ammo''niac, 
n. (Med.) Concrete juice of an umbelliferous plant, 
from Persia. 

Ammunition, am-mu-nish'un, n. Military stores for 
attack or defense; articles used in charging fire-arms 
and ordnance; as powder, balls, shot, etc. 

Amnesty, am^'nes-tT, n. A general pardon of offenses 
against government. 

Amoeba, a-me''ba, n. (Zool.) An animalcule capable 
of numerous changes of form. — AmcB^biform, 
Am(E''boid, a. Resembling, etc. — Amoe'^bous, -bus, 
a. Of, or pert, to, etc. 

Among, a-mung'. Amongst, a-mungsV, prep. Mixed 
or mingled with; associated with; making part of the 
number of. 

Amontillado, a-mon'til-la'do, n. A dry sherry. [Sp.] 

Amorous, ara'o-rus, a. Inclined to love ; prone to 
sexual enjoyment; enamored; in love; of, or caused 
by, love. 

Amoroso, am-o-ro'so, n. A lover. — adv. (Mus.) Lov- 
ingly; tenderly. [It.] 

Amorph, am''6rf, re. (Ckem. and Min.) A body with- 
out crystalline structure. — Amor^phism, n. A state 
of being, etc., as in glass, opal, etc. — Amor'phous, 
-fus, a. Having no determined form; of no partic- 
ular character ; anomaloiis. — Amor'photae, -fo-te, 
n. pi. (Astron.) Stars not comprised in any constel- 
lation. » 

Amortize, a-mor-'tlz, v. t. (Law.) To alienate in mort- 
main. — Amortiza'tion, Amor'tizement, -tiz-ment, 
n. (Law.) Act or right of alienating lands to a cor- 
poration, considered as transferring them to dead 
hands, or in mortmain ; extinction of debt, esp. by 
a sinking fund. 

Amount, a-mownt', v. i. To rise or reach by accumu- 
lation ; to come in the aggregate ; to be equivalent. 

— n. Sum_total ; effect, substance, or result. 
Amour, a-moor', n. A love intrigue. 

Ampere, SN'par^, -pere, am-par'', re. The unit of 
electric current. 

Amphibious, am-fib''i-us, a. Able to live in the air and 
water; adapted for living, etc.; partaking of two na- 
tures. — AmpMb''iously, adv. — Amphib^iousness, re. 

— Ampliib'ia,-I-a,«.i3l (Zool.) The class of reptiles 
which includes the saurians. — Amphib^ian, re. An 
amphibious animal, —a. Of, or pert, to, etc 




Amphibole, am^fi-bol, re. (Geol.) Hornblende, which 
is easilv mistaken for augite. — Amphib'^olite, -lit, n. 
Hornblende ; tr^p-rock. 

Amphibology, am-fl-boKo-jT, n. A phrase, projjosi- 
tion, etc., susceptible of more than one interpreta- 
tion. 

Amphibrach, am'fi-brak, re. (Anc. Pros.) A foot of 
three syllables, the middle one long, the first and 
last short. 

Amphicar''pic, -carpous, am-f I-car-'pus, a. (Bot.) Bear- 
ing fruit of two kinds. 

Amphictyons, am-fik'tT-unz, re. pi. A council of dep- 
uties from the difterent states of ancient Greece. — 
Amphic''tyon''ic, a. — Amphictyony, -fik'tl-o-nl, n. 
A league of neighboring states. 

Amphigean, am-tij''e-an, a. Extending over all the 
zones of the earth. 

Amphigory, am-flg-'o-rT, n. Nonsense verses; a rig- 
marole, with apparent meaning, but really meaning- 
less. — Amphigor^'ic, a. Nonsensical; absurd. 

Amphimacer, am-fim'a-ser, re. (Anc. Pros.) A foot ofi 
three syllables, the middle one short, and the others 
long. 

Amphiprostyle, am-fip'ro-stil, re. A double prostyle, 
or an edifice with columns in front and behind, "but 
not on the sides. — Amphip'rosty'lar, a. 

Amphithoater, -tre, am-fi:-the''a-ter, re. 
An oval or ciicular edifice, having 
rows of seats one above another, 
around the arena; the highest gallery 
in a theater. — Am'phitheafrical, a. 

Amphora, am-'f S-ra, re. An ancient two- 
handled earthen vessel. 

Ample, am'pl, a. Large in size ; of 
great extent or bulk ; fully sufiRcient. 
— Am''plitude, -tud, re. State of be- 
ing, etc.; extent of capacity or intel- 
lectual powers, or of means, or re- 
sources. — Amp'ly, adv. — Amplify, 
am''plT-fi, V. t. [AMPLIFIED (-fid), 
-FYING.] To render larger, more ex- 
tended, or more intense. (Rhet.) To 
treat copiously. — v. i. To grow or 
become large ; to dilate. — Am'plia- 
tive, -plT-a-tiv, Am'plifica'tive, a. Serving or tend- 
ing to, etc. 

Ampulla, am-pul-^a, re. An ancient flask or bottle, 
having a narrow neck and big bel- 
ly; a drinking cup. (Bot.) A hol- 
low leaf. (Anat.) A dilatation in 
the semi-circular canals of the ear. 
[L.] — Ampullaceous, -la'shus, a. 
Bottle-shaped. 

Amputate, am'pu-tat, v. t. To cut 
off, as a limb. — Amputa'tion, n. 

Amuck, a-muk'', re. Act of killing; 
slaughter. — adv. Wildly ; indis- 
criminately. — To run amuck. To 
rush out f ranticallv. attacking all comers, as is done 
by fanatics in the fiast. 

Amulet, am'u-let, re. Something worn to prevent 
evil ; a charm inscribed with mystic characters. 

Amuse, a-muz'', v. t. [amused (-mtizd''), amusing.} 
To entertain agreeably: to keep in expectation, de- 
lude, divert. — Amuse'^ment, re. That which, etc.; 
pastime. 

Amylaceotis, am-1-la''shus, a. Pert, to starch. — Am'- 
ylene, -I-len, re. A hydro-carbon of anasthetic prop- 
erties. — AmyKic, a. Of or from starch. 

An, a. Commonly called the indefinite article. It 
signifies one or any, but less emphatically, and is used 
before a vowel sound. 

An, con?. If. [Oh.t.'\ 

Ana, a^'na. A suffix to names denoting a collection of 
memorable sayings. Thus, Scaligerana is a book of 
sayings by Scaliger. Sometimes used alone as a 
noun. 

Anabaptist, an-a-bap''tist, re. (Eccl. Hist.) One wha 
denies the validity of infant baptism, and. maintains 
that those so baptized ought to De baptized again. — • 
Anabaptis'tic, a. — Anabap'tism, re. The doctrine 
of, etc. 

Anabasis, a-nab'a-sis, re. Lit., a going up; esp., Cyrus* 
invasion of Asia ; a great military expedition. (Med.'\ 
The first period, or increase of a disease. 



Amphora. 




Ampulla. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; In, ice \ 8dd, tone, dr ; 



ANAOATHARTIC 



15 



ANCHOR 



Anac&thartic, an'a-ka-thar'tik, a. Exciting dis- 
charg-es iroin the mouth and nose. — n. A medicine 
havins: this property: — opp. of cathartic. 

Anaclioret, Anachorita. See Axchoket. 

Anacharis, an-ak'a-ris, n. (Bot.) A iresh-water weed 
which obstructs navigation ; waterweed. 

Anachorism, an-ak'o-rizm, n. A practice or expres- 
sion dirfcnng from the usage of the countrj' in which 
it is emploj'ed. 

Anachronism, an-ak'ro-nizm, «. An error in chro- 
nology, by which events are misplaced in regard to 
each other. — Anach'Tonisfic, a. Involving, etc. 

Anaclastics, an^a-klab'tiks, n. That part of optics 
concerning the refraction of light; dioptrics. 

Anaclisis, an'a-kle'sis, n. (3fed.) Position taken by a 
sick person in bed. 

Anacolutbon, an'a-ko-lu'thon, n. (Jihet.) Want of 
sequence in the parts of a sentence, when one part 
has a different grammatical construction from an- 
other. — Anacoln'tbic, -thical, a. 

Anaconda, an-a-kon'da, n. A large snake of the Boa 
family, which lives in South America. 

Anacreontic, a-nak^re-on'tik, a. Pert, to, or after the 
manner of, the Greek poet Anacreon. — n. A poem 
in praise of love and wine. 

Anacrusia, an-a-kroo'sis, w. (Pros.) A prefix of unac- 
cented syllables to a verse beginning with an accented 
sj'llable. 

Anadem, an^'a-dem, n. A garland ; fillet : chaplet. 

Anadiplosis, an'a-dt-plo'sis, n. (Rhet.) A repetition 
of words in a sentence or clause, at the beginning of 
the next. 

Anadrom, an'a-drom, n. A fish that periodically 
leaves the sea to ascend rivers. — Anad'^romoaSv 
-mus, a. 

Anaemia, a-ne''mT-a, n. {Med.) Deficiency of blood in 
the system. —Ana'mic, a.— Anaemot'rophy, -fi, n. 
Lack of nourishment in the blood. 

Anaesthesia, an-es-the'zht-a, Ansesthe'^sis, »t. {Med.) 
Entire or partial loss of perception; insensibility pro- 
duced by disease or by inhaling ether, chloroform, 
nitrous oxide gas, etc.— Ansesthet'^ic, a. Capable 
of rendering insensible ; characterized by insen- 
sibility. — w. That which produces, etc. — Anaes'- 
thetize, v. t. To produce, etc. 

Anagl]rph, an'^a-ghf, n. An embossed or chased or- 
nament, worked in relief, — when raised on stone a 
cameo, when sunk an intaglio. 

Anagoge, Anagogy, an'a-go-jt, n. An elevation of 
mind; mystical interpretation of the Scriptures; ap- 
plication to the New Testament of types and alle- 
goriesof the Old; one of four modes of Scriptural in- 
terpretation, the others being literal, allegorical, and 
tropological. {Med.) Rejection through the mouth 
of Dloodfrom the lungs. — Anagogics, -goj^iks, n. 
pi. M.ystical int6>rpretations, esp. of the Scriptures. 

Anagram, an'a-gram, n. A transposition of the let- 
ters of a name, forming a new word. 

Anagraph, an'a-graf, n. A commentary. 

Anal, a'nal, a. Belonging to or near the anus or open- 
ing at the lower extremity of the alimentary canal. 

Analectic, an-a-lek'tik, a. Collecting or selecting; 
made up of selections. — An'alects, Analec'ta, 
-lek'^ta. n. pi. A collection of literary fragments. 

Analepsis, an-a-lep''sis, n. (Med.) Recovery; conva- 
lescence. — Analep''tic, n. Corroborating; invigora- 
ting; giving strength after disease. — n. Restorative 
medicine. 

Analogy, an-aKo-jT, n. A likeness in some respects, 
between tilings otherwise different. (Geom.) Equal- 
ity, proportion, or similarity of ratios. — Analogous, 
-gus, a. Correspondent. — Analogously, adv. — An'- 
alogue, -log, n. — AnaKogon, n. A thing analogous 
to some other thing. 

Anatlysis, an-al'T-sis, n. ; ;o?. Ajtal-'tses, -sez. A reso- 
lution of any thing into its constituent elements; — 
opp. to synthesis. (Chem.) Separation of a compound 
into its constituents. {Logic.) The tracing of things 
to their source; resolving of knowledge into its orig- 
inal principles. {Math.) The resolving of problems 
by equations. — Analyst, an'a-list, n. One who, 
etc. — Analyt''ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or fond of, etc. 
— Analyt'ically, a«?u. — Analsrfics, n. The science 
of analysis. ^An'alyze,-lTz,?). t. [AXALYZED(-lizd), 
-LTZING.] To separate into component parts ; to re- 




Anamorphosis. 



solve into first principles or elements. — AnalyzablSt 
-liz'a-bl, a. Capable of being, etc. — An'alyzer, it- 
Anamnesis, an-am-ne-'sis, n. 
{Rhet.) A recalling something 
omitted. — Anamnestic, -nee'^ 
tik, a. Aiding memory. 

Anamorphism, an-a-m&r''fizm, n. 
A progression from one type to 
another; anamorphosis. — Ana- 
morphosis, -mSr'fo-sis or -m6r- 
fo'sis, M. {Persp.) A distorted 
representation of an image on a 
plane or curved surface, which, 
viewed from a certain point, or 
by reflection from a mirror, ap- 
pears in proportion. {Bot.) A 
morbid or monstrous develop- 
ment, or change of form, or de- 
generation. 

Anaiidrous, an-an'drus, a. iBot.) 
Without stamens. 

Anapaest, an-'a-pest, n. {Pros.) 
In Greek and Latin versifica- 
tion, a foot of three syllables, 
the first two short, the last long; 
in EngKsh versification, a foot 
having two unaccented sylla- 
bles, followed bj' an accented 
one; — the reverse of the 
dacti/l. 

Anaphora, a-naf^'o-ra, n. {Rhet.) Repetition of words 
at the beginning of two or more successive clause*. 
(Med.) Discharge of blood or purulent matter by 
the mouth. 

Anaplasty, an'a-plas-tT, n. {Surg.) The art of re- 
storing lost parts or the normal shape. 

Anapodeictic, an'a-po-dik'tik, a. That cannot be 
shown; undemonstrable. 

Anaptotic, an-ap-tot'ik, a. (Gram.) Losing inflec- 
tion, — said of languages which lose inflection, as 
the English. 

Anarchy, an'^ark-Y, n. Want of government m soci- 
ety ; confusion. — Anarch'ic, -ical, a. Lawless. — 
Aii'archist, n. One who promotes, etc. — An'arch- 
ize, -iz, V,. t. To create anarchy in. 

Anasarca, an-a-sar'ka, n. (Med.) Dropsy of the cel- 
lular tissue. — Anasarcons, -sark'us, a. Dropsical. 

Anastasis, an-a-sta'sis, n. (Med.) A rising up from 
sickness; recovery; a translation of humers to a su- 
perior part. 

Anastrophe, a-nas'tro-fl, n. (Rhet.) Inversion of 
the natural order of words. 

Anathema, a-nath''e-ma. n. (Antiq.) An offering to 
a deity, hung in a temple ; a curse pronounced by 
ecclesriastical authority ; person or thing anathema 
tized. — Anath'^ematize, -tiz, v. t. f.^xATiiEiiATizED 
(-tizd), -MATizixG.] To denounce with curses. — 
Anathe'matiza'tion, n. Act of, etc. 

Anatomy, a-nat'^o-mt, n. Art of dissection; science of 
the structure of animal bodies; act of dividing any- 
thing, to examine its parts ; thing dissected. — Ana- 
tom''ic, -ical, a. — An'atom'ically, adv. — Anafo- 
mism, -mizm, n. Application of the principles of 
anatomy, as in art. — Anat'omist, n. One who dis- 
sects, oris skilled in, etc. — Anat'omiza'tion, n. Act 
of, etc. — Anat''omize, v. t. [anatomized (-nuzd), 
-MizixG.] To dissect; to lay open the interior struc- 
ture of; to analyze. 

Ancestor, an'ses-ter, n. One from whom a person is 
descended; progenitor. — Ances'' tress, n. A female 
ancestor. — Ancestral, -ses'tral, a. Relating to, or 
descending from, etc. — An'cestry, -trt, n. A series 
of ancestors ; lineage ; birth or 
honorable descent. 

Anchor, ank^er, n. An iron instru- 
ment for holding a vessel at rest 
in water ; a flrm support f that 
which gives stability or security. 
— V. t. [axchoked (-erd), anch- 
OEIXG.] (Naut.) To place at anch- 
or. To fasten ; to fix in a stable 
condition. — v. i. — To cast anch- 
or: to come to anchor. — Anch'- 
orable, a. Fit for anchorage. — 
Anch'^orage, -ej, n. A place where 




Anchor. 

aa, stock; 

b, shank; cc, 

flukes; dd,arms. 



siin, cube, fijll ; md5n, fdbt ; cow, oil : linger or ink, tiiea, boN boN, chair, get. 



ANCHORET 



16 



ANIMADVERT 



a ship can anchor; the anclior and all necessary tackle 
for anchoring; duty imposed on ships tor anchoring 
in a harbor. — Anch'ore(i,-erd, a. {Heraldry.) Sliapcd 
as a cross with extremities turned back like flukes of 
an anchor; written also ancred and ancrce. — Anch''- 
or-ground, ii- Ground suitable for anchoring. — hold, 
n. The hold which the anchor takes; security. — 
-ice, n. Ice at tlie bottom ot streams, and ihus^ anch- 
ored to the ground ; ground-ice. smith, n. A 

maker of anc^liors. — At anchor or Riding at anchor, 
said of a ship kept from drifting by the anchor. — To 
cast, or drop, anchor. To sink the anchor in the sea 
to hold tlie ship from drifting. — Jh cat the anchor. 
To draw it up to the cat-head. — To Ji.'^h the anchor. 
To raise the flukes by an appliance called a fish. — 
To shoe the anchor. To cover the flukes. — To sweep 
the anchor. To dra^ for a lost anchor. — To weigh 
anchor. To raise it from the bottom. — Anchor 
comes home when it drags from its hold. — Bower 
anchor. One of medium size, carried at the bow of a 
ship. — Kelrje anchor. One of small size. — Sheet 
anchor. One of the largest and strongest kind. 

Anchoret, ank^er-et, -orite, -It, n. A hermit; recluse. 
— Anchoret'^lc, a.— Anch'oress, n. A female hermit. 

Anchovy, an- cho''vl, n. A small sea-fish of the herring 
family. — Aiicho''vy pear. A West India fruit. 

Ancient, an'sheut, a. Old; of formertunes; advanced 
in years ; pristine ; antiquated; obsolete. — n. pi. 
Those who lived in former ages, opp. to the moderns ; 
very old men. — An''ciently, -II, adv. In old times. 
— An'cientry, -rl, n. The honor of ancient lineage; 
gentry; aristocracy. 
&.ncillary, an'sil-la-rt, a. Subservient or subordinate, 
like a handmaid. 

And, conj. A particle which expresses the relation of 
addition, and connects words or sentences. 

Andante, an-dan^'ta, a. {Mus.) Rather slow; less 
slow than largo, more slow than allegretto. — n. A 
movement or piece in andante time. — Andantino, 
-te''no, a. Slow, but quicker than andante. [It.] 

Andean, an-de'an, Andine, an'din, a. Pert, to the 
Andes mountains. 

Andiron,. and''i-urn, n. A utensil for supporting 
wood in a fire-place; a fire-dog. 

Androgynal, an-droj-'I-nal, -3711003, -nuG, a. Having 
both sexes; hermaphroditical; having mental char- 
acteristics of both sexes. {Bot.) Bearing both stam- 
iniferous and pistilliferous flowers. 

Android, an'droid, Androi^des, -dez, n. A machine in 
human form, which performs motions of a man. — 
An'droid, a. Resembling man. 

Androphagi, an-drof 'S-ji, n. Man-eaters ; anthro- 
pophagi. — Androph'^agoas, -gus. Inclined to can- 
nibalism. 

Anecdote, an'ek-dot, n. A particular or detached 
fact; incident; story; tale. — Anecdo'tal, -dofic, 
-dot''ic.al, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Anemo-dynamometer, an'e-mo-<iin-a-moai''e-ter, n. An 
instrument for 
measuring the 
force and velocity 
of the wind. — 
Anem'ograph, 
-graf, n. An in- 
strument for regis- 
tering the force of 
the wind. — Ane- 
inog''rapliy, -ft, n. 
A description of 
the winds. -^ Anemom'eter, n. Same as Anemo- 
DYXAMOMETER. — Anemom'etry, w. .Measurement 
by means of an anemometer. — Anem'oscope, n. A 
weather-cock, esp. a contrivance for bringing down 
the indications of a wind-vane to a dial b(;low. 

Anemone, a-nem^o-nT, n. (Bot.) A genus of plants 
of the crowfoot family; wind-flower. 

Aneroid, an'e-roid, a. Dispensing with the use of 
quicksilver. — n. A portable barometer, which dis- 
penses, etc. 

Anetic, an-et'ik, a. {Med.) Lessening pain; ano- 
dyne. 

Aneurism, an'u-rizm, n. (^Anat.) A soft tumor, 
arising from dilatation or rupture of the coats of an 
artery. 

Anew, ar-nu', adv. Newl}'; over again; afresh. 




Anemometer. 




C A E, right angle; 
CAD, acute angle; 
B A E, obtuse an- 
gle. 



i Anfractuous, an-frakt'u-ui^, a. Winding; full of 

I turnings. 

I Angel, au'iel, n. A spirit, or spiritual beiag; an an- 
ci^'ut gold coifl of Eu'dand, bearing the figure of an 
angel. — a. Resembling, or belonging to, etc. — 
AngeKic, -ical, an-jeKik-al, a. — AngeKically, 
ac/f. — Angel'icalness, «.— Angelology, •oKo-ji, n. 
Doctrine oj: angelic beings. 
Angel-fish, an-'jel-lish, n. A species of shark, named 

from its large wing-like pectoral fins. 
Anger, an'ger, n. A strong passion or emotion of 
tlie mind ; indignation ; resentment ; wrath ; rage. 

— V. t. LAXGEKED(-gerd), ANGERING.] To cxcite to 
anger; to provoke, displease. — An'gry, -gri, a. In- 
flamed, as a sore; touched with or showing anger; 
indignant; furious; choleric. — An'gerly, Ai^gnly, 
-gri-ll, adv. 

Angina, an-ji'na, n. Inflammation of the throat. [L.] 

— Angina Pectoris, -pek'to-ris, n. A distressing af- 
fection of the chest. [L.] 

Angle, an''gl, n. A c o r n e r . 
(jQeoni.) The difference of 
direction of two lines in the 
same plane that meet or tend 
to meet in a point; or the dif- 
ference of direction of two 
planes intersecting, or tending ; 
to intersect, each other. Fish- 
ing tackle. — V. i. [angled 
(an'gld), AXGLIXG.] To fish 
with line and hook ; to use 
some bait or artifice ; to in- 
trigue. — Angle of incidence. 
(Opt.) The angle which a ray of light makes with 
a perpendicular to that point of the surface of any 
medium on which it falls. — Angle or' refraction. The 
angle which a ray of light refracted makes with a 
perpendicular to that point on which it falls. — A 
right angle. One formed by a right line falling on 
another perpendicularly, or an angle of 90°. — An ob- 
tuse angle. One greater than a right angle. — An 
acute angle. One less than a right angle. — Oblir/ue 
angles. Angles that are either acute or obtuse. — Fa- 
cial angle. See under Face. — Visual angle. The 
angle formed by two rays of light, or two straight 
lines drawn from the extreme points of an object to 
the center of the ere. — An'gler, n. One who fishes 
with a hook. (Tchth.) A kind of fish; the fishing- 
frog. — An'gle-bar. -iron, n. A roUed bar of iroH 
of an angular shape, for the edges 
of iron safes, etc.; or to connect 
the side-plates of iron boilers, etc. 

— Angular, an'gu-ler, a. Having . _ 
an angle or angles; pointed; forra-^ 
ing an angle ; sharp and stiff in 
character. — An'^gulamess, -ler- 
ness, Angular'ity, -lar'l-tY, w. 
Quality of being, etc. — An^'gu- 
larly, -ler-ll, adv. With angles; in 
the direction of the angles. — An'- 
gnlated, -ta-ted, a. Formed with angles. — An'gulose, 
-los, «. Full of angles. 

Anglican, an^glt-kan" a. English; pert, to England. 

— n. A member of the chu-ch of England; esp. of 
the high-church or ritualistic pnrtv. — An'glicize, 
-siz, V. t. [ANGLUrzED (-sTzd),-cizryG.] To render 
comformable to English idiom or analogies. — An- 
glo, an''glo. A prefix meaning Engiuth. 

Anglice, an'glT-se, adv. In English; in the English 

mmner. [L.] 
Angor, nn'gor, n. Intense bodily pain. [L.] 
Angry, Angrily. See under Axgeh. 
Anguish, nn'swish, w. E.xtreme pain; agony; grief. 
Angular, Angularity. See under Axgle. 
Anhelation, an'he-la''shun, n. Short breath; difficult 

respiration. 
Anil, an'il. n. (Bot.) A shrub whose leaves and stalks 

yield indigo. — Anile, an'il, n. A dark blue color. 

— Aniline, an-'t-lin or -lin, >?. A dyeing material 
obtained from indigo, also from benzole in coal tar. 

— a. Pert, to dyes made from aniline. 

Anile, an^'Il, a. Old womanish; imbecile. — Anil'ity, 

-nil-i-tT, An'^ileness, -il-nes, n. Dotage. 
Animadvert, an'T-mad-verf, v. i. To turn the mind 

with intent to notice; to consider by way of crit- 




Angle-iron. 



ani, fame, far, pass or oper&, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r ; 



ANIMAL 



17 



ANTEDATE 



icism or censure ; to remark, comment. — Animad- 
version, -ver'shun, n. Remarks by way of criti- 
cism, etc. ; strictures ; blame. — Animadver''sive, 
-siv, a. Having the power of perceiving. — Ani'mad- 
ver'ter, n. 

Animal, an'T-mal, n. An organized living being hav- 
ing sensation and power of voluntary motion ; an 
irrational being, as disting. f r. man. — a. Of, or rela- 
ting to, animals; pert, to the merely sentient part of 
a creature ; consisting of the flesh of animals. 

Animalcule, an-l-i.iaKkul, -culum, n. ,- pi. -cula, -la. 
All animal invisible, or nearly so, to the naked eye. 
[Animalculw, as if from a Lat. singular animalcida, 
IS a barbarism. ]_ 

Animate, an'T-mat, v. t. To give natural life to ; to 
enliven, incite. — a. Alive. — An''imated, p. a. En- 
dowed with animal life; full of life; spirited; lively. 

— Anima''tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; 
vivacity; spirit; sprightliness. 

Animosity, au'I-mos'I-tl, ti. Violent hatred; active 
enmity; rancor; malignity. 

Animus, an'I-mus, n. Intention; spirit ; temper. [L.] 

Anise, an'^is, n. A plant bearing aromatic seeds. 

Ankle, an'kl, n. The joint which connects the foot 
with the leg. — Ank^let, n. An ornament for the 
ankle. 

Annals, an-'nalz, n. pi. A history of events in chro- 
nological order; a series of historical events; an an- 
nual publication. — An^'nalist, n. A writer of an- 
nals. 

Anneal, an-neK, v. t. [anxealed (-neld'), anneal- 
ing.] To heat nearly to fluidity and then cool 
slowly, to render less brittle ; to temper. To heat, 
as glass, in order to fix colors. 

Annex, an-neks', v. t. [annexed (-nekst''), annex- 
ing.] To unite at the end; to atfix; to add; to con- 
nect, esp. as a consequence. — n. An extension of a 
building ; a subsidiary building ; an addition to a 
document. — Annexation, -a'shun. Annexion, -nek''- 
shun,?i. Act of annexing; addition; union. (Law.) 
Union of property with a freehold, forming a fix- 
ture. — Annexa''tionist, n. An advocate of, etc. — 
Annex'ible, a. That may be, etc. — Annex'ment, n. 
Act of, or state of being, etc.; thing annexed. 

Annihilate, an-ni^hT-lat, v. t. To cause to cease to be ; 
to destroy the form or properties of. — Anni'hila''- 
tion, n. Act of, or state of ocing, etc. ; destrviction. 

— Anni'Mla'tionist, n. ( Theol.) One who believes 
that eternal punishment consists in. anniliilation ; 
a destructionist. — Anni'hilatory, -rt, a. Tending 
to, etc. ; destructive. 

Anniversary, an-nT-ver'sa-rY, a. Returning with the 
year at a stated time. — n. A day celebrated each 
year. 

Annomination, an-nom'i-na'shun, n. A pun; a para- 
nomasia ; alliteration. 

Annotate, an^'no-tat, v. i. To make annotations or 
comments. — An'notator, -ter, n. A commentator. 

Annotto, an-nofto, Amat'to, Arnot'to, n. A yellow- 
ish-red vegetable dyeing material. 

Announce, an-nowns"'', v. t. [announced (-nownsf), 
ANNOUNCING.] To give first notice of ; to make 
known, publish, advertise. — Announce'^ment, n. — 
Act of, etc. ; declaration. — Announ'cer, n. 

Annoy, an-noi', v. t. [annoyed (-noid''), annoying.] 
To injure or disturo by repeated acts ; to incom- 
mode, vex, plague. — Annoy'ance, n. Act of, or 
state of being, etc. ; that which annoys. — Annoy''- 
er, n. 

Annual, an-'u-al, a. Returning ot- happening eveiy 
year; yearly; performed in a year; lasting only one 
year or season. — n. A thing happening yearly; a 
work published once a year; a plant that lasts but 
one year or season. 

Annuity, an-nu'T-tT, n. A sum of money, payable 
yearly. — Annu'itant, n. One who has an annuity. 

Annul, an-nuK, v. t. [annulled (-nuld''), annul- 
ling.] To make void or of no effect ; to repeal, 
nullify, set aside. — Annul'^ment, n. Act of, etc. 

Annulet, an''u-let, n. A little ring. (Arch.) A small 
flat fillet, encircling a column, etc. (Her.) A little 
circle borne as a charge in coats of arms. 

Annumerate, an-nu'mer-at, r. t. To add to a num- 
ber. — Annumeration, -a^shun, n. 

Annunciate, an-nun'shT-at, v. t. To announce. — 



Annuncia'tion, n. Act of, etc.; a festival, celebrated 
March 2oth, in memory of the angel's announce- 
ment to the Virgin Mary. — Annun'ciator, -ter, ii. 
Anodyne, an'o-din, n. Medicine which allays pain. 

— a. Assuaging pain. 

Anoint, a-noinf, v. t. To pour oil upon; to rub with 
unctuous substances; to consecrate, by unction ; to 
smear or daub. — Anoint'^ed, n. The Messiah. 

Anomaly, a-nom'a-ll, -alism, -lizm, n. Deviation 
from common rule or analogv; irregularity. (As- 
tron.) Angular distance of a planet from its perihel- 
ion, as seen from the sun ; angle measuring appar- 
ent irregularities in the motion of a planet. — Anom'- 
alous, -lus, a. Abnormal. — Anom'alously, adv. 

Anon, a-non'', adv. Quickly ; immediately ; at an- 
other time ; again. 

Anonymous, an-non'I-mus, a. Wanting a name ; 
without the real name of the author ; nameless. 
— An'onyme, -nim, n. Ai assumed name. — Ano- 
nyimty, -nim't-tl, n. State of being, etc. 

Anorexia, an-o-reks'l-a, An''orexy, -t, n. (Med.) Want 
of appetite. 

Another, an-utii''er a. Not the same; different; one 
more ; any other. 

Anourous, Anurous, an-oo''rus, a. Without a tail. 

Ansated, an'sa-ted, a. Having a handle. 

Anserine, an''ser-in, -serous, -us, a. Pert, to, or like a 
goose, or its skin; silly. 

Answer, an'ser, v. t. [answered (-serd), answer- 
ing.] To speak or write in return to; to refute; to 
be or act in return to. — v. i. To make response; to 
be accountable, liable, or responsible; to be or act 
in return; to conform; to suit. — n. Something 
said, written, or done, in return; a mathematical so- 
lution. — An'swerable, a. Capable of being an- 
swered ; obliged to answer ; liable to pay, indem- 
nify, or make good ; responsible ; suitable ; equiva- 
lent. 

Ant, ant, n. An emmet ; a pismire. — Ant'bear, -bar, 
-eater, -et'- 
cr, n. An 
animal that 
feeds upon 
ants. — eggs, 
n.pl.T\\& lar- 
vse of ants, 
which are 
incased i n 
sacs resem- 
bling eggs. 

hin, n. A 

nest of ants. 

Antagonist, . . ^ 

an-tag'o- Anteater. 

nist, n. One who contends with another; adversary; 
opponent. — Antag^onisfic, -ical, a. — An'tago-- 
nist''ically, adv. — Antag'onism, -nizm, n. Opposi- 
tion of action ; counteraction or contrariety of 
things or principles. — Antag'onize, -niz, v. t. '.lo 
act in opposition; to contend. 

Antalgic, an-taKjik, a. Alleviating pain. 

Antaphrodisiac, ant'af-ro-diz''T-ak, a. (3fed.) Less- 
ening venereal desire. — n. Anti-venereal medicine. 

Antarctic, ant-ark'tik, a. Opposite to the northern 
or arctic pole; relating to the southern pole or to 
the region near it. 

Antarthritie, ant'ar-thrit''ik, a. Counteracting gout. 

— n. A remedy for, etc. 

Antecede, an-te-sed'^, v. t. To go before in time. — An- 
tece'dent, a. Going before ; prior ; previous. — n. 
That which, etc.; p/. the earlier events of one's life. 
(Gram.) The noun to which a relative refers. 
(Looic.) The first of two propositions in an enthy- 
meme; the first and conditional part of a hypothet- 
ical proposition. (Math.) The first of two terms 
of a ratio. — Antece'dently, adv. Previously. — An- 
teces'sor, -ser, M. One who goes before; a leader; 
one who possessed lanji before the present possessor. 

Antechamber, an'te-cham'bgr, An'^teroom, -room, n. 
A room leading to the chief apartment. 

Anteeommunion, an''te-com-mun''yun, 7>.. The part 
of the Anglican liturgy which precedes the conse- 
cration of the elements in th.s communion. 

Antecursor, an'te-ker'sgr, n. A f oreranner. 

Antedate, an'te-dat, n. A date before the true time. 




stin, cube, full : moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or iflk, ttien, boNboN, chair, get. 



ANTEDILTTVIAL 



18 



ANY 




— V. t. To date before tlie true time; to anticipate; 
to take before the true time. 

Antediluvial, aii'te-dl-lu'vl-al, Antedilu'vian, a. Be- 
fore the deluge. 

Antelope, an'te-lop, n. A ruminant quadruped, in- 
termediate between the deer and 
goat. 

Antemeridian, an'te-me-rid''I-an, 
a. Before noon. 

Antemundane, an-te-mun'dan, a. 
Before the creation of the world. 

Antenatal, an-te-na'tal, a. Before 
birth. 

Antenna, an-ten''na, n. ; pi. An- 
tex'n^e, -ne, a. (Zobl.) A mova- 
ble, articulated organ of sensa- Antelope 
tion, attached to the heads of insects and Crustacea. 

Antenuptial, an-te-nup'^shal, a. Before marriage. 

Antepaschal, an-te-pas'kal, a Before Easter. 

Antepenult, an'te-pe-nulf, An'tepenult'i-ma, n. 
{tros.) The last syllable but two of a word. 

Anterior, an-te'^rl-or, a. Before in time or place; for- 
mer ; foregoing. — Anteriority, -or''T-tT, n. Prece- 
dence. 

Anthem, an'thcm, n. Church music adapted to pas- 
sages from the Scriptures; a motet. 

Anthemorrhagic, ant'hem-or-raj''ik, a. {Med.) Tend- 
ing to stop hemorrhage. 

Anther, another, n. (Bot.) That part of tlie stamen 
containing the pollen. — Anther- 
if' erous, -er-us, a. Producing, etc. 

Anthesis, an-the^sis, n. {Bot.) The 
opening of a flower. — AnthoKogy, 
n. A discourse on flowers ; collection g 
of flowers ; a collection of beautiful 
passages from authors. 

Anthony's Fire, an'to-niz -fir, n. Th.e 
erysipelas. 

Anthracite, an'thra-slt, n. A hard 
mineral coal. — An'thracene, -sen, 
-cine, -sin, n. {Chem.) A solid hy- 
drocarbon produced in distilling 
coal-tar ; paranaphthaline. 

Anthropogeny, an-thro-poj''S-nT, n. 
The development of man. — Anthro- 
pog'raphy, n. {Phys. Oeog.) The 
distribution of the human race. — 
An'thropoid, a. ResembLng man. 

— Anthropol'ogy, -jT, n. The nat- 
ural history of the human species ; dd, filaments; 
Ecience of man, considered in his ee, anthers, 
entire nature. — An'thropomor'^phism, -m6r''flzm, 
n. Representatio a of the Deity as having human 
form or attributes. — An'thropomor'^phite, -fit, n. 
A believer in, etc. — Anthropomor'phous, -fus, a. 
Resembling a man. — An'thropoph^agi, -pof ''a-jl, n. 
pi. Man-eaters; cannibals. — Anthropoph''agy, -jt, 
77. Cannibalism. 

Antic, an'^tik, a. Odd ; fanciful ; fantastic : ludi- 
crously wild. — n. A buffoon ; odd appearance. 

Anticatnode, an'tt-kath^od, n. iPhys.) The part of 
a vacuum tube opposite the cathode. 

Antichrist an'tt-krist, n. An adversary of Christ; 
the man of sin. — Antichristian, -kris'cnun, n. An 
opposer of Christianitj^ — a. Opposing, etc. 

Anticipate, an-tis'T-pat, i-. t. To take or do before 
another, so as to prevent him; to take up beforehand, 
or before the proper time ; to foresee ; to expect. 

— Anticipation, -pa'^shun, n. Act of, etc. ; previous 
view or impres.uon: foretaste; preconception ; fore- 
thought. — Anticipative, -tis''I-pa-tiv, a. — Antic'- 
ipator, n. — Antic 'ipatory, a. Taking before time. 

Anticlimax, an-tW<li'maks, n. A sentence in which 
the iieas fall, or become less important, at the close. 

Anticlinal, an-tT-kli''nal,a. Marking inclination in op- 
posite directions. — n. The crest-line from which 
st-ita dip in opposite directions; the anticlinal axis. 

Antidote, an''tY-dot, n. That which tends to counter- 
act poison, etc.— Antido'tal, -dot'ical, a. — Anti- 
do'tally, -dot'ically, adv. 

AntifsbrUe, an-tf-f eb'ril or -fe'b'-il, a. Abating fever. 

Antimony, an'^tT-mo-nt, n. A whitish, brittle metal 
used in medicine and the arts. — Antimo'nial, a. 
Of or pert, to, etc. — n. A preparation of, etc. 

Antinomy, an'tt-no-mT or -tin'o-mt, n. Opposition of 




Anther. 
a, ovary; 
5, style; 
c, stigma; 



one law or rule to another ; a thing contrary. — An- 
tino'mian, n. {Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect said to 
maintain, that, under the gospel dispensation, th& 
moral law is of no obligation. 

Antipapal, an-tl-pa'pal, -papisfic, -ical, a. Opposing- 
the papacy or popery. 

Antipathy, an-tip'a-thT, n Aversion at the presence 
of a particular object ; dislike ; contrariety. (Nat. 
Phil.) A contrariety in the properties or affection* 
of matter. 

Antiphlogistic, an'tT-flo-jis'tik, a. (Chem^ Opposed 
to the doctrine of phlogiston {Med.) Counteract- 
ing inflammation. — n. Medicine or diet which, etc. 

Antiphon, an''tI-fon, Antiphony, -tifo-nT, n. (3fus.y 
An anthem or psalm sung in alternate parts; a re- 
sponse. — Antiph'^onal, Antiphon'ic, -phon'ical, a. 

— Antiph^onal, n. A book of antiphons or anthems. 
Antiphrasis, an-tifra-sis, n. (Rhet.) Use of words in 

a sense opposite to their proper meaning; irony. — 
Antiphrastic, -fras'^tik, -tical, a. 

Antipode,_ an'tt-pod, n. ; jjl. Antipodes, -pc iz or 
-tip'5-dez. One of those who live on opposite sides- 
of the globe, and whose feet are directly opposite. 

Antipope, an'^tl-pop, n. One who usurps the popedom. 

Antique, an-tek', a. Old; ancient; of old fashion; 
made in imitation of antiquity. — n. Anything 
very old ; a remnant of antiquity ; relic. — Antiq^ 
uity, -tik'wl-tl, n. Ancient times, or their peo- 
ple ; great age. pi. Remains of. etc. — Antiquarian, 
-kwa-'rl-an, a. Pert, to antiquity. ^ re. An anti- 
quary. — Antiqua-'rianism, n. Xove of, etc. — An'ti- 
quary, n. One versed in, etc. — An'tiquate, -kwat, 
V. t. To make obsolete, old, or void. — An''tiquated, 
p. a. Grown old, or out of fashion ; out of use. 

Antisabbatarian, an'tY-sab'bS-ta''r'r-an, a. Opposed to 
the observance of the Sabbath. — n. One who, etc. 

Antiscorbutic, an''tt-sk6r-bu''tik, -bu'tical, a. (jferf.) 
Counteracting scurvy. 

Antiscriptural, an-tl-skrip'^chnr-al, a. Not accordant 
with Scripture. 

Antiseptic, an-tl-sep'tik, a. Opposing putrefaction. 

— 71. A substance which resists or corrects, etc. 
Antislavery, an-tl-sla'ver-I, a. Opposed to slavery. 
Antisocial, an-tY-so'shal, a. Adverse to society or 

hostile to its existence. 

Antispasmodic, an'tT-spaz-mod'ik, Antispastic, an-tt- 
spas'tik, a. (Med.) Causing a revulsion of fluids or 
humors; counteracting spasm. 

Antistrophe, an-tis'tro-fl, n. (Rhet.) Repetition of 
words in an inverse order; the turningof an adver- 
sary's plea against him. (Anc. Lyric Poetry.) Part 
of a song or dance, around the altar, performed by 
turning from left to right, in opp. to the strophe, 
which was from right to left; the stanza of an ode 
following the stropne. — Antistrophic, -strofik, a. 
Pert, to, etc. 

Antithesis, an-tith^'e-sis, n. ; pi. -eses, -sez. (Rhet.) 

■ An opposition of words or sentimei\ts in the same 
sentence ; contrast ; anything directly opposed to an- 
other. — Antithetic, -thet'ik, -ical, a. Pert, to, or 
containing, etc. —Antithetically, adv. 

Antitoxic, an'tl-tbks'ik, a. Counteracting poison. — 
An'titox'in, n. A substance (sometimes tlie product 
of a micro-organism and sometimes naturally present 
in an animal), capable of counteracting or produ- 
cing immunity frojn d^ertain diseases. 

Antitrades, an''tt-tradz, n. The higher winds in the 
tropics, which blow in a direction contrary to the 
trade winds. 

AntitjT>e, an'tT-tip, n. That which is prefigured by 
the type: thus the paschal lamb was a type of whicn 
Christ is the antitype. 

Antler, ant'ler, n. A deciduous growth of bone on 
the head of a cervine animal, resembling horns in 
cattle. 

Anvil, an-'vil, n. An iron block, upon ■which metals 
are hammered and shaped. 

Anxious, ank''shus, a. Greatly concerned or solici- 
tous, esp. about something uncertain; accompanied 
with anxiety ; disturbed ; uneasy. — Anx'^iousness, 
Anxi'ety, ang-zi'e-tT, re. State of being, etc. 

Any, en'T, a. One out of manj% indefinitely; some; 
an indefinite number or quantity. — adv. To any 
extent ; at all. — An''ybody, -bod-i, re. Any one per- 
son out of many; a person of importance. — llOW« 



am, fame, far, p4ss or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tOne, 6r ; 



AORIST 



19 



APPEND 




Ape. 



adv. In any case; at any rate. — wise, adv. In any 

deffree. where, -whar, adv. In any place. — 

-whither, -hwirii'er, adv. To any place. 
Aorist, a''o-rist, «. (Gram.) .\. tense in Greek, which 
expresses an action as completed in indeterminate 
past time. 

Aorta, a-Sr'ta, n. The great artery from the heart. 
Apace, a-pas', adv. Quickly; hastily; fast. 

Apagoge, ap-a-jro'ie, n. (Logic.) The proving a 
thing indirectly by showing the impossibility of the 
contrary thing. 

Apart, a-part', adv. Separately; aside; in a state of 
separation, exclusion, or of distinction; in two or 
more parts ; asunder. — Apart'^ment, ?i. A room in 
a building or house. 

Apathy, ap'a-thl, ti. Want, or a low degree, of feel- 
ing ; indifference ; unconcern. — Apathet'ic, a. — 
Ap'athist, 71. One who is, etc. 

Ape, ap, n. A quadrumanous mammal having teeth 
like man, and neither tail nor 
cheek pouches; one who imi- 
tates servilely, like the ape; 
a dupe. — i'. t. Taped (apd), 
APING.] To imitate servilely; 
to mimic. _ 

Apeak, a-pek'', adv. On the 
point ; in a posture to pierce. 
(Naut.) Perpendicular. 

Aperient, a-pe'rt-ent, a. (Med.) 
Having the quality of open- 
ing ; laxative. — ?i. Laxative medicine. —Aperture, 
ap'er-chur, n. An opening through solid substance; 
a hole. 

Apex, a'peks, n. ; pi. A''pexes ; L. pi. Ap'ices, ap'!- 
sez. The top, tip, or summit of anything. 

Aphasia, af-a'zht-a, Aphasy, af'a-zT, n. (Med.) Loss 
of the power of speech, or of memory of words, with- 
out loss of intelligence or injury to the vocal organs. 

Aphelion, a-fel'yun, ?i. ; pi. Apheha, -fe''lT-a. (.4s- 
tron.) That point of a planet's or comet's orbit 
most distant from the sun. 

Aphis, a-'fis, n.; pi. Aphides, af''I-dez. iEntom.) 
The \'ine-fretter, or plant-louse. 

Aphorism, af^'o-rizm, n. A precept or principle ex- 
pressed in a few words ; a maxim : adage. — Aph'- 
orist, n. A writer of, etc. — Aphorist'ic, -isfical, a. 
Having the form of, etc. — Aphorist'ically, adv. 

Aphthong, af thong or ap'thong, n. A letter or com- 
Djnation of letters having no sound. 

Apiary, a'pI-a-rT, n. A place where bees are kept ; 
Dee -house. — Aplcill''tare, -chur, n. Rearing of 
bees: 

Apiece, a-pes', adv. To each; each by itself. 

Aplomb, a'ploN, n. Assurance; self-possession. [F.] 

Apocaljrpse, arpok''a-lips, n. Revelation; disclosure; 
the last book in the Bible. — ApoCalyp'tic, -Ijrp'- 
tical, a. Containing or pertaining to, etc. — Apoc'- 
alyp'ticaJly, adv. 

Apocope, a-pok'o-pe, n. The cutting off of the last 
letter or syllable of a word. — Apoc'opate, v. t. To 
cut oif, etc. 

Apocrypha, a-pok'rT-fa, n. pi. Books whose inspira- 
tion is denied, and which are excluded from the 
canon of the Scripture. — Apoc'ryphal, -fal, a. Pert, 
to, etc.; not canonical; of uncertain credit; spurious. 

Apode, ap'od, ra. An animal that has no feet; a fish 
having no ventral fins.— Ap'odal, a. 

Apogee, ap'o-je, n. (Astron.) The point in the orbit 
of the moon most distant from the earth. 

Apology, a-pol'o-jT,?!. Something said or written in 
defense or justincation; expressed regret for some 



„ -^ -. -Apologet' - 

IcB, n. (Theol.) The defense of the Scriptures, 
and evidence of their divine authority. — ApoKo- 
giat, -jist, n. One who makes an apology. — ApoKo- 

glZe, -jiz, V.i. [APOLOGIZED (-jTzd), -GIZIXG.] To 

make, etc. — Ap'ologue, -log, n. A moral fable. 

Apoplexy, ap'o-plek-sT, n. A disease characterized 
by sudden loss of sense and voluntary motion, usu- 
ally caused by pressure on the brain. 

Aposiopesis, a^po'sT-o-pe'sis, n. (Rhet.) An abrupt 
breaking off, as if the speaker was unable or un- 
willing to say what he had in mind. 



Apostasy, a-pos'ta-sT, n. Total desertion of one's faith, 
principles, or party. — Apos'tate, -tat, n. One who, 
etc. — a. False, renegade. — Apos''tatize, -tiz, v. i. 
[-TATIZED (-tlzd''), nTiziNG.] To abandon, etc. 
A posteriori, a pos'te-rT-o'ri. (Logic.) Reasoning a 
posteriori derives propositions from observation of 
facts, or principles and definitions from general- 
izations from facts, or infers causes from effects ; — 
the reverse of a ;j?-iori. (Philos.) Knowledge a pos- 
teriori is derived from facts through induction or 
experiment. [L.] 

Apostle, a-pos'sl, ti. A person sent forth to execute 
some important business ; one of the twelve di!^ci- 
ples of Christ sent to preach the gospel. — Apos'tle- 
ship, n. The office, etc. — Apos'tolate, -to-lat, n. 
Mission ; apostleship. — Apostol'ic, -toKik, -icai, 
a. Pert, to an apostle or to the apostles, their times, 
spirit, or doctrines. —ApostoKically, arfr. — Apos- 
toKicism, -sizm, -tolicity, -lis''l-tl, 7i. State or qual- 
ity of being apostolical. 

Apostrophe, a-pos'tro-f I, w. (Rhet.) A turning away 
from the real auditory, and addressingan imaginary 
one. (Gram.) Contraction of a word by omitting 
letters; the mark ['] denoting contraction. — Apos'- 
trophize, -flz, v. t. [-phized (-iizd), -phizlxg.j To 
address by apostrophe; to contract by omitting, etc. 

Apothecary, a-poth'e-ka-rl, n. One who prepares 
drugs for medicinal use. 

Apothegm, Apophthegm, ap'o-them, n. A short, pithy, 
and instructive .saying ; a precept ; maxim. IA2)- 
othegm is now the prevalent spelling.] 

Apothem, ap'^o-them, n. (Math.) The perpendicular 
from the center to a side of a regular polygon. 

Apotheosis, ap-o-the'o-sis, n. Act of elevating a 
mortal to the rank of the gods. — Apothe^osize, -siz, 
V. t. To deify. 

Appall, ap-pawV, v. t. [appalled (-pawld'), appal- 
ling.] To depress with fear; daunt, terrify. — v. i. 
To occasion fear. 

Appanage, ap''pan-aj, n. Land assigned by a sovereign 
prince to his younger sons; means of sustenance. 

Apparatus, ap-pa-ra-'tus, n. ; pi. -ratus or -ratitses. 
Things provided as means to some end; a set of im- 
plements. 

Apparel, ap-par''el,n. Covering for the body ; clothing; 
raiment; vestment. — v. t. 1 appareled oc-elled 
(-eld), -eling or -elling.] To dress; to cover with 
something ornamental; to embellish. 

Apparent. See under Appear. 

Appeal, ap-peK, n. (Law.) Removal of a cause or suit 
to a superior judge or court for reexamination or 
review ; right of appeal ; a summons to answer to a 
charge. A call for proof or decision, or to grant a 
favor; resort; recourse. —r. i. [appealed (-peW), 
-pealing.] (Laio.) To remove a cause, etc. To re- 
fer to another; to call on for aid. — v.t. (Law.) To 
remove, etc.; to charge with a crime; to accuse. — 
Appellant, -peKlant, n. One who appeals. — Ap- 
peKlate, -lat, a. Belonging to, or having cognizance 
of, appeals. — Appella'tion, n. Name by which one 
is called; title; address. — Appel''lative,-tiv, a. Pert, 
to a common name. — n. A common , as distinguished 
from a proper, name. — Appel'latively, adv. — Ap- 
peKlatory, a. Containing an appeal. — Appellee'^, 
n. (Law.) The defendant in, etc.; one who is ap- 
pealed, or prosecuted, by a private man for a crime. 
— Appellor, -lor', n. One who institutes an appeal, 
or prosecutes another for crime. 

Appear, ap-per', v. i. [appeared (-perd'), appear- 
ing.] To come or be in sight; to oecome manifest; 
to seem, in opposition to reality. — Appear'ance, n. 
Act of, etc.; thing seen; phenomenon; semblance, 
or apparent likeness; personal presence; exhibition 
of the person; air; manner; mien. — Appear'er, n. 
— Apparent, ap-par'ent, a. Capable ol being seen, 
or easily seen; plain; certain; evident; appearing to 
the eye, but not true or real ; seeming. — Appar'ently, 
adv. — Appar'^entness, w. — Apparition, -rish'un, n. 
Appearance ; tiling appearing ; a preternatural ap- 
pearance; ghost; specter. 

Appease, ap-pez', v. 1. [appeased (-pezd'), -peasing.} 
To make quiet, pacify, compose, calm. 

Append, ap-pend'. v. t. To hang at attach; to add, 
annex. — Append'age, n. Something added as sub- 
ordinate. — Append'ant, n. Thing appended. — a. 



sQn, cube, full ; moon, f66t ; cow, oil ; ligger or i^k., liien, boNboN, chair, get. 



APPERTAIN 20 



AQUA 



Hanging: annexed. — Appendicitis, ap-pend'T-sT'- 
tis, 71. ( Med. ) Inflammation of the appendix. — Ap- 
pend'Icle, -T-kl, 71. A small appendage. — Append'- 
IX, n.-pl. -i.\ES; L. pi. -ICES, -T-sez. Something 
added ; a concomitant ; literary matter added to a 
book. (A»at.) A slender blind process of the CEBCum 
in man and some animals; — called also verTtiiform 
appendix. 

Appertain, ap-per-tan', v. i. [-tained (-tand''), -tail- 
ing.] To belong, relate. — Appur'tenance,w. That 
which, etc.; an adjunct. 

Appetence, ap^iie-teus, -tency, n. Strong natural de- 
sire; sensual appetite; tendency to select. —Ap'pe- 
tent, a. Very desirous. — Ap'petite, -tit, 71. Desire 
of gratification ; esp. desire lor food or drink. — Ap'- 
petize, -tiz, v. i. To create, or whet, an appetite. — 
Appetiz'er, n. Something which, etc. 

Applaud, ap-plawd'', v. t. or i. To praise by clapping 
tueJiands, acclamation, etc.; to commend; extol; cry 
up; magnify. —Applaud'er, Applause, -plawz', n. 
Act of applauding; coinmendaiiou. — Applausive, 
-plaw'siv, a. 

Apple, ap'pl, n. A well-known tree and its fruit; the 
pupil of the eye. 

Applique, ap-plek', a. Having a pattern which has 
been cut out and transferred to another foundation, 
as in a kind of lace. 

Apply, ap-pli'', V. t. [applied (-plid'), plying.] To 
lay or pla'ce ; to put, Dring, or carry ; to use for a par- 
ticularpurpose ; to engage and employ diligently. — 
V. i. To suit; to have recourse. — Applicable, a. 
Capable of being applied. — Appli'ably, adv. — 
Appli''ance, n. Act of applying, or thing applied ; 
instrument or means. — Ap'plicable, a. Capable or 
fit to be, etc. ; suitable. — Ap'plicably, adv. — Ap'- 
plicabil''ity, Ap'plicableness, «. Quality of being, 
etc. — Ap'^plicant, ?i. One who, etc. ; a petitioner. 

— Ap'pUcate, a. Applied to some use. — Applica''- 
tion, n. Act of applying or laying on, in a literal 
sense; the thing applied; act of making request; act 
of fixing the mind; intenseness of thought. — Ap''- 
plicative, -tiv, -catory, -to-rl, a. Applying. — n. That 
which applies. _ 

Appoggiatura, ap-pod'ja-too'ra, n. (Mns.) A passing 
tone preceding an essential tone or an accented part 
of a measure. [It. J 

Appoint, ap-point', f. t. To fix; to establish; to consti- 
tute, prescribe, allot, assign, equip. — v. i. To deter- 
mine ; ordain. — Appoint''able, a. Capable of being, 
etc. — Appointee'', n. One who is, etc. — Appoinfer, 
n. One who, etc. — Appointment, n. Act of, or 
state of being, etc. ; stipulation ; arrangement ; es- 
tablished order; pi. whatever is appointed for use 
and management. — Apportion, ap-por''shun, v. t. 
[-TIONED C-shuud), -tionijStg.] To divide and assign 
in just proportion. — Appor''tionment, n. 

Apposite, ap'^po-zit, a. very applicable ; fit ; rele- 
vant; pat. — Ap''positene88, -sition, -zish''un, n. Act 
of adding; accretion. (Gram.) The state of two 
nouns (one of which explains tke other) put in the 
same case, without a connecting word between 
them. — Apposi'^tional, a. 

Appraise, ap-praz'', v. t. [appraised C-prazd''), ap- 
praising.] To estimate the worth of, esp. by per- 
sons appointed for the purpose. — Apprais'al, n. A 
valuation by authority. — Appraise-^ent, n. — Ap- 
prais'er, n. One who, etc. ; esp. one appointed and 
sworn to fix values. [Sometimes pronounced and 
written, apprise, apprizal, etc.] 

Appreciate, ap-pre'sliT-at, v. t. To set a price on ; 
to estimate, esteem, value. — v. i. To rise in value. 

— Appre'ciable, a. Capable of being, etc. — Appre- 
cia'tion, n. A just valuation; increase of value. — 
Appre'^ciative, -tiv, -ciatory, -rt, a. Having just ap- 
preciation. — Appre''ciatively, adv. 

Apprehend, ap-pre-hend'', )•. t. To seize or lay hold 
of; to understand; to entertain suspicion or fear 
of; to arrest, conceive, imagine, dread. — v. i. To 
be of opinion; to beUeve. — Apprehen'sible, a. Ca- 
pable of being, etc. — Apprehen'sion, -shun, n. Act 
of seizing; a taking by legal process; a taking in the 
mind; conception; opinion; faculty by which ideas 
are conceived; distrust or fear of future evil. — Ap- 
prehen''Bivp, -siv, a. Fearful; suspicious; percep- 
tive. 



Apprentice, ap-pren'tis, n. One bound to another to 
learn a trade or art. — v. t. [apprenticed (-tist), 
-TiciNG.J To bind out as, etc. — Appren''ticeBlup, 
n. The condition of, etc.: his time of service. 

Apprise, ap-priz', v. t. [Ai'PEisEDC-prizd''), -prising.] 
To inform; to give notice, verbal or written; to ac- 
quaint, make known, communicate 

Apprize. See Appraise. 

Approach, ap-proch', v. i. [approached (-prochf), 
-i-KOACHiNG.] To come or go near; to approximate. 
— v.t. To place near; to come near to. — n. Actor 
opportunity of, etc.; access; passage by which build- 
ings are approached. pL {Fort.) Works covering ad- 
vances towards a fortress — Approach'able, a. Ac- 
cessible. — Approach'' ableness, «. 

Approbate, ap'pro-bat, v. t. To express or manifest 
appro bation of. \^Rare.\ — Approba'tion, w. Act uf 
appioving; consent, on the giouiid of propriety; ap- 
proval ; liking ; attestation. — Ap'proba'tory, -rf, 
-bative, -tiv, a. Approving, or implying apjiroba- 
tiun. —Approve, -proOV, v. t. [approved (-proovd'), 
-piiuviNG.J To be pleased with; to think well of; to 
sanction officially. — Approv^able, a. Worthy of, 
etc. — Approv^al, w. Act oi, etc.; approbation. 

Appropriate, ap-pre''prl-at, v. t. To set apart for a 
particular purpose, or for one's self ; to assign. — a. 
Set apart for a particular use or person: belonging 
peculiarly; fit; pertinent. — Appro'priately, adc — 
Appro'pria'tion, n. Act of, etc.; thing, esp. money, 
set apart. — Appro''priator, -ter, n. One who, etc. 
(Law.) One wiio has an appropriated benefice. 

Approve. See under Approbate. 

Approximate, ap-proks''I-niat, a. Near to. ( Chem. & 
Math.) Nearly correct. — v.t. To carrj' or ad\'ance 
near; to cause to approach. — v. i. To come near: ap- 
proach. — Approx''imately, adv. — Approx'ima'- 
tion, n. A coming near. - Approx'imative, a. Ap- 
proaching. 

Appurtenance. See under Appertain. 

Apricot, a'prt-kot, n. A fruit allied to the plum. 

April, a'pril, h. The fourth month of the year. 

A priori, a prT-o^ri. Reasoning a priori deduces con- 
sequences from definitions formed or principles as- 
sumed, or infers effects frem causes previously 
known; —the reverse of a posteriori. [L.J 

Apron, a''purn or a'prun, n. A cloth, or piece of 
leather, worn before the body, to protect the clothes 

Apropos, ap'ro-po', adv. Opportunely ; seasonably ; 
by the way ; to the purpose. [F.J 

Aps, aps, 71. The wood of the white poplar. 

Apse, aps, w. (Arch. ) The domed part of a church, 
where the altar is placed. — Ap- 
sis, ap'sis, 71. : pi. -sides, -sI- 
dez. (Astron.) One of the two 
points in an elliptical orbit which 
are at the greatest and least dis- 
tance from the central body. 
{Arch.) An apse. . 

Apt, a. Fit ; suitable ; having a Apsis, 

tendency; liable; ready; quick; dexterous. — Apt'- 
itude, tud, n. Disposition or tendency; readiness in 
learning; docility. — Apt 'ly, adv. — Apt'ness, n. 

Apteral, ap^ter-ali a. (Bntom.) Destitute of wings. 
(Arch.) Having no columns along the sides, but 
only in front.— Ap'terous, -us, a. (Entom.) Apteral. 

Aqua, a^'kwa, n. Water, — a Latin word used in 
chemistry, in significations determined by words 
annexed. —A. fortis, fSr'tis. Nitric acid. — A. ma- 
rine, ma-ren' or marina, ri^na. A variety of beryl, 
so called on account of its sea-green color. — A. regia, 
re''jT-a. Nitro-chloro-hydric ncid. — A. vitae- vi'te. 
Water of life; brandy. — Aqua'rium, n.; pi. -Ri.'i. 
An artificial pond for rearing aquortic plants; glass 
tank for aquatic animals. — Aquatic, -kwat^'ik, -ical, 
a. Pert, to, inhabiting, or frequenting, water. — 
Aquafics, n. pi. Aqiwtic sports, — as swimming, 
rowing, etc. — A''quatint, -tint'a, n. A method of 
etching by aqua fortis, producing an effect resemb- 
ling a water-color or India ink drawing. — Aque- 
duct, ak''we-dukt, n. An artificial conduit for water. 
— Aqueous, a''kwe-us, a. Of the nature of, or abound- 
ing with, etc.; watery; made by means of water. — 
Aqueous hu^mor. A tnnsparent fluid, forming 
part of the eye. — Aquiform, a''kwi-i"6rm, a. In the 
form of wnter. 




fim, lame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end,*eve, term ; In, ice ; 6dd, tone, dr ; 



AQUILINE 



21 



ARGUE 




Aquiline, ak'wT-lin or -lin, a. Belonging to the eagle; 
curving; hooked ; prominent, like the beak o± an 
eagle. 

Arab, ar'ab, n. A native of Arabia; 
a street vagabond ; a gamin. — Ara- 
besque, ar'u-besk, n. A species of or- 
namentation after the Arabian man- 
ner, intermingling foliage, fruits, etc., 
with other objects. — a. In the man- 
ner of the Arabians ; relating to the 
style of ornament called arabesque. — 
ArabiaJi, a-ra'bt-an, Arabic, ar'a-bik, 
a. Pertaining to Arabia or Arabians, 

— Ar'abic, n. The language of, etc. 
Arable, ar'a-bl, a. Fit for tillage or plow- 
ing; plowed. 

Arbalest, ar'bal-est, -balist, -balet, 
-blast, Arcabalist, ar-'ku-ba-list, n. A 
cross-bo'A% — Arbaiister, Arcabalister, 
-baKist-er or -ba-list'er, n. A Cross- 
bowman. 

Arbiter, ar'bt-ter, Arbitra'tor, n. One Arabesque, 
empowered to judge and determine, without con- 
trol; an umpire; one chosen bv parties in contro- 
versy to determine their differences. [L.] — Ar'bi- 
trable, a. Arbitrary; determinable. —Ar'^bitrage, 
-trej, n. Judgment by an arbiter, esp. as to traffic in 
stocks of ditferin» values in different markets. — 1 
Arbitrament, n. Will; determination; award of ar- 1 
bitrators. — Ar'bitrary, -trer-I, a. Depending on] 
Will or discretion ; despotic; bound by no law; ty- ' 
rannical; imperious; capricious. — Ar'bitraiily, adv. 
— Ar'bitrate, -trat, v. t. To hear and decide, as ar- 
bitrators.—?;, i. To decide; to judge or act as arbi- 
trator. — Arbitra'tion, w. Determination by, etc. 

Arbor, ar'ber, n. A bower ; a seat shaded by trees. 
(3Iach.) A spindle or axis. — Arbc'reous, -re-us, 
Arbo'real, a. Belonging- to. growing on, or of the 
nature of, trees. — Ar^boricul''ture, -kuKchur, n. 
Art of cultivating, etc. 

Arbu'tus, n. The strawberry-tree, an evergreen 
shrub, whose berry resembles the strawberry ; an 
early spring flower. 

Arc, ark, w. JPartof the circum- 
ference of a circle or curve. . 

— Arc Ught. Electric light -^^• 
produced by passage of a powerful current Of elec- 
tricity between carbon points. 

Arcade, ar-kad'', n. A series of arches ; a walk arched 
above ; a ranee of shops along an arched passage. 

Atcanum, ar^a^'num, re. ;p^ -KA, -n4. A secret. [L.] 

Arch, arch, a. Cunning or sly; mischievous in sport; 
roguish. — Arch'ly, adv. — Arch'^ness, n. 

Arcii, arch, a. Chief; of the fljst class; principal; — 
used as a prefix in compounded words, most of 
which are self-explaining ; as, arch-apostle, arch- 
conspirat07% etc. — Arch-angel, ark-an-'jel, re. An 
angel of the highest order. — angel'ic, -an-jeK-, a. 

Pert, to, etc. bishop, arch-bish''op, n. A chief 

bishop; a metropolitan. — bish''opric, re. The juris- 
diction or diocese of, etc. — deacon, arch-de'kn, ji. 
An ecclesiastical dignitary next in rank below a 

bishop. duke, arch-, n. A grand duke; chief 

prince; now, strictly, a son of an Emperor of Aus- 
tria. — duke'^dom, re. The jurisdiction of an arch- 
duke or arch-duchess. — du'cal, a. Pert, to an arch- 
duke. — duch'^ess, re. A princess of the house of Aus- 
tria. — duch^yj re. Territory or 

iurisdiction, etc. en^'emy, ' 

irch-, re. The devil. fiend, 

vrch-fend'', re. The chief of 
flends. — Archidiaconal, ark'I- 
di-ak'o-nal, a. Pert, to an arch- 
deacon. — Archiepiscopacy, 
arkor-e-pis^'ko-pa-sl, n. Estate 
of an archbishop. — Arch'- 
iepis''copal, a. Of, or pert, to, 
etc. 

Arch, arch, re. A curve line or 
part of a circle ; any work in 
that form, or covered by an 
arch. — V. t. or i. [arohed 
(archt), ARCHING.] To form an arch.— Arch'way, 
n. Passage under an arch. 

Archsean, ar-ke'an, a. Ancient. (GeoL) Pert, to the 





Arch. 



earliest geological period. — Archaeol'ogy, -oKo-jt, 
re. The science of antiquities; a treatise on antiqui- 
ties or ancient usages, customs, etc. — Ar'chseolog'- 
ical, a. Kelating to, etc. — ArchaeoKogist, «. One 
Versed in. etc. — Archaic, ar-ka'ik, -ical, a. An- 
cient, antiquated. — Ar'chaism, -izm, n. An ancient 
or obsolete word or idiom; antiquity of style or use. 

Archer, aich-'er, re. A bowman. -■ Ajch'efy, re. Art 
of shooting with a bow. 

Archetjrpe, ar'ke-tlp, n. The original pattern of a 
work; the model from which a thing is made. 

Archil, ar'kil, 71. A violet dye obtained from sei^ 
eral species of lichen. 

Archimedean, ar'kl-me-de'an, a. Pert, to Archim- 
edes. —A screw, or 
Archimedes' screw. 
An instrument lor 
raising water, 
formed by winding 
a flexible tube 
round a cylinder in 
the form of a screw. 

Archipelago, ar-kl- 
peKa^-go, n. Any . . ■ ■, , o 

body of water inter- Archimedes' Screw, 

spersed with isles: a group of isles. 

Architect, ark'I-tekt, re One who plans and super- 
intends the construction of a building; one who 
builds up. — Architecture, -tek'chur, re. The art or 
science of building; Irame or structure; workman- 
ship. — Architec'tural, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. 

Architrave, ar'kl-trav, re. {Arch.) Lower division of 
an entablature, the part resting immediately on the 
column ; an ornamental molding. 

Archives, ar'kivz, re. pi. Place in which public rec- 
ords are kept; records preserved as evidence of facts. 

Archon, ar'kon, re. A chief magistrate in ancient 
Athens. 

Arctic, ark'tik, a. Northern ; lying far north. — Arc- 
tic circle. A lesser circle 23'' from the north pole. 

Arcubalist. See under Arbalest. 

Ardent, ar'dent, a. Hot or burning; much engaged; 
intense; fierce; vehement; fervent,. — Ardor, ai-^er, 
re. Heat; warmth of passion or affection; eagerness. 

Arduous, ard''u-us, a. High or lofty; att-ended with 
great labor, like climbing heights; difficult. 

Are, ar. Present indie, pi. of the substantive verb, ety- 
mologically a different word f r. be, am, or was. 

Are, ar, re. {Metric Si/st.) A measure of surface; 100 
sq. meters, or 119.6 so. yards. 

Area, a're-a, re. Any plane surface; the inclosed space 
around a building; a sunken space around a base* 
ment. (Geom.) Superficial contents of any figure. 

Arena, a-re'na, n.;pl. Are'^nas, -naz; L. j>l. Are'n^, 
-ne. (Rom. Antiq.) The area in an amphitheater, for 
gladiators, etc., which was covered with sand; any 
place of public contest. 

Areola, a-re'o-la, re. ; pi. -ol>e, -le. An interstice or 
small space; the colored ring around the nipple, also 
around certain vesicles. 

Areopagus, ar-e-op''a-gus, re. A tribunal at Athens, 
held on a hill named for Ares, or Mars. 

Argand lamp, ar'gand. A lamp having a hollow wick 
under a glass chimney, producing a strong Ught. — 
A. btirner. A ring-shaped gas-burner, admitting a 
current of air through the center. 

Argent, ar'^jent, a. Silvery; brightlikesilver. — re. The 
white color on a coat of arms. — Ar'gentan.re. Ger- 
man silver. — Argentiferous, -us, a. Containing, 
etc. 

Argil, ar'jil, re. (Min.) Clay or potter's earth ; some- 
times pure alumina. — Argillaceous, -la'shus, a. Of 
the nature of, etc. — Ar^llif'erous, -er-us, a. Pro- 
ducing, etc. 

Argive, ar'jiv, a. Pert, to Argos, in Greece. 

Argonaut, ar''go-nawt, n. One who sailed to Colchis 
with Jason, in the Argo, in quest of the golden fleece. 
(Zobl.) The nautilus. — Argosy, ar'go-sl, n. A large 
ship. 

Argot, ar-go'', re. The secret language of thieves, 
tramps, etc.;. flash; cant. 

Argue, ar'gu, v. i. [argued C-gud), -guing.] To 
use arguments ; to reason; to contend in argument, 
dispute. — v. t. To debate or discuss, prove. — Ar'gti- 
ment, n. A proof or means of proving ; process of 



Biln. cube, fi^ll ; moon, fdbt ; cow, oil ; ligger or iQk, ttien, ISoirboN, chair, get« 



ARHYTHMOUS 



ri 



ARROW 



reasoning; subject-matter, or abstract of the subject- 
matter, of a diseourse, writing, picture, etc. — Argu- 
men'tative, -tiv, a. Containing or addicted to, etc. 

— Argumen''tum ad hoin''inem. Unexpected conse- 
quences pres.^ed against a man, from his own prin- 
ciples or conduct. [L.] 

Arhythmous, a-rith'mus, a. (^Med.) Without rhythm 

or regularity, as the pulse. 
Aria, ifrl-a, "n. {Mus.) An air or song; a 4une. — 

Arietta, -et'ta, Ariette, -ef, n. A little ai'ia. 
Arian, a'rl-an, a. Pert, to Arius, or his doctrines. — 

n. A believer in Arius's doctrine, that Christ was 

only a superangelic being. 
Arid-'ar-'id, a. Dry; parched up with heat. 
Aright, a-rit', adv. Rightly ; without mistake. 
Ari39, a-riz'', v. i. [arose (-roz''), arising (-riz'ing), 

AKiSEN (-rizn').] To come or get up higher; to 

mount, ascend, rise; to come into action, being, or 

notice: to proceed, issue, spring. 
Aristocracy, ar-is-tok''ra-sI, . n. A form of govern- 

nif lit, in which the supreme power is vested in a 

privileged order; nobility or chief persons in a state. 

— Aristocrat, -ris^'to-krat or ar'^is-, n. One who fa- 
vors, etc. ; a proud or haughty person. — AT'lstocraf- 
ic. -ical, a. Pert, to, consisting in, or partaking of, 
etc. — Ar'istocrat'ically, adv. — Axis'' tocratism, n. 
Habits or principles of, etc. 

Arithmancy, ar'ith-man'sl or a-rith'man-sY, n. The 
foretelling of future events, by means of numbers. 

— Arith'metic, n. Science of numbers; art of com- 
putation by figures. —Arithmefical, a. According 
to, etc. — Arithmefically, adv. — Ar'ithmeti''cian, 
-tish^an, n. One skilled in, etc. 

Ark, ark, n. A chest, such as contained the Jews' ta- 
bles of the covenant; Noah's vessel during the del- 
uge; a large boat for transporting bulky articles. 

Arm, arm, n. The limb between the shoulder and 
the hand ; anything resembling an arm, as the 
branch of a tree, or an inlet of water from the sea; 
power ; might. {Naut.) The end of a yard; part 
of an anchor. ( J/iL) A branch of the military ser- 
vice; an instrument of warfare. — n. pi. Instru- 
ments or weapons of offense or defense ; deeds or 
exploits of war. {Her.) Ensigns armorial. — v. t. 
[ARMED (armd), arming.] To furnish with weap- 
ons ; CO add strength, force, etc. ; to furnish with 
means of defense. — v. i. To be provided with meins 
of attack or resistance; to take arms. — Arm''chair, 
-char, n. A chair with arms to support the elbows. 
— hole, -hoi. n. The cavity under the shoulder; arm- 

git; a hole for the arm in a garment. — pit, n. The 
ollow under the shoulder. — ArmTul, n. ; pi. -fuls. 

As much as the arms can hold. less, a. Without 

arms. — -like, a. Of the form of, etc. — Coat of arms ^ 
n. (Her.) A habit worn by knights over armor; an 
armorial device. — Stand of amis, n. A complete set 
for one soldier. — Small arms, n. Those not requir- 
ing carriages. — Ar'maiment, n. A body of forces 
equipped for war ; arrangements for defending a 
fortification ; ships' guns and munitions. — Ar'- 
matore, -ma-chur, n. Armor. {Magnetism.) A piece 
of iron connecting the poles of a magnet, or electro- 
magHet, to complete the circuit. — Ar'mistice, -tis, 
w. A temporary cessation of arms; a truce. — Arm''- 
or, -er, n. Defensive covering for the body or for 
ships. — Arm''or-bear'er, n. One who carries anoth- 
er's armor or arms; an esquire — Ar'morer, n. One 
who makes or has charge of, etc. — Armo''rial, a. 
Belonging to armor, or to a family escutcheon. — 
Ar'mory, n. A place where arras, etc., are kept or 
manufactured. {Her.) _Science of coat-armor. 

Armada, ar-ma''da. or -ma'da, n. A fleet of armed 
ships; esp. the Spanish fleet sent against England, 
a. d. 1.588. [Sp.] 

Armadillo, ar'ma-dil'lo, 
n. (Zodl.) An animal 
of South America, hav- 
ing the body encased 
in Dony plates. 

Armillary, ar''mil-la-rT, 
a. Pert, to, or resem- 
bling, a bracelet or 
ring ; consisting o f 




Armadillo. 



rings or circles. — A. sphere. An instrument con- 
sisting rings, of all circles of the same sphere, repre- 




senting the circles of the ce- 
lestial sphere.— Ar'millate, 
-lated, a. Furnished with 
bracelets. 

Arminian, ar-min'I-an, n. A 
follower of Arminius, who 
denied predestination and 
kindred doctrines. —a. Pert, 
to Arminius or his princi- 
ples. 

Armure, ar^'mtlr, n. A wool- 
en fabric, twilled, or woven 
with ribs on the surface. [F.] 

Army, ar'mt, n. A body oi 
men armed, and organized 
for war; a great number; a . .,, „ , 
host. Armillary Spiiere. 

Arnica, ar''ni:-ka, n. {Bot.) A plant used in medicine 
as a naicotic and stimulant. — Ar'nicine, -nl-sin, 
n. A bitter resin, the active principle of arnica. 

Aroma, a-ro'ma, n. The fragrant quality in plants. 

— Aromatic, ar-o-mafik, -ical, a. Pert, to, or con- 
taining, etc.; fragrant; spicy. —Aromat'lc, n. A 
plant, drug, or medicine, fragrant, and usuallv pun- 
gent in taste. — Aromatize, -ro-'ma-tiz or ar''o-ma-tiz, 
v.t. [aromatized (-tizd),-TiziNG.] To impregnate 
with, etc. — Aro'matous, -tus, a. Containing aroma. 

Around, a-rownd'', prep. On all sides of ; about ; 
from one part to another of. — adv. In a circle ; on 
every side ; at random ; here and there. 

Arouse, a-rowz'', v. t. [aroused (-rowzd'), arous- 
ing.] To awaken suddenly, excite, animate. 

Arpeggio, ar-ped'jo, n. {Hits.) The production of 
the tones of a chord in /apid succession, and not 
simultaneously. 

Arpent, ar'pent, n. A French land measure, used 
in Louisiana, where it contains 4,088 sq. yards. [F.] 

Arquebuse, ar'kwe-bus, n. A hand-gun, fired from a 
hook or rest. 

Arrack, ar'rak, n. A spirit obtained from rice or the 
cocoa-nut tree, etc. 

Arraign, ar-ran', v. t. [arraigned (-rand'), -raign- 
inqO {Law.) To call or set to answer at the bar of 
a court; to call in question, impeach, censure. 

Arrange, ar-ranj'', r. t. [arranged (-ranjd'), -ran- 
ging.] To put or place in proper order; to adjust or 
settle. — Arrange'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, 
etc.; result of arranging; classification; settlement; 
adjustment by argeement. {3[us.) Adaptation of a 
composition to voices or instruments for which it 
was not written; a piece so adapted. 

Arrant, ar''rant, a. Very bad; notorious. 

Axras, ar''ras, n. Tapestry; hangings, — made first at 
Arras in the Netherlands. 

Array, ar-ra', n. Order; disposition in regular lines; 
posture for fighting ; an orderly collection ; dress; 
raiment. {Law.) A ranking of a jury as impan- 
eled in a cause; the panel itself; the whole bodj' of 
jurors summoned to attend the court. — v.t. [ar- 
rayed (-rad'), -raying.] To dispose in order ; to 
deck or dress. {Laiv.) To set in order, as a jury; 
to call them man by man; to draw out, arrange, en- 
velop. 

Arrear, ar-rer'', n. sing., Arrears', n. pi. That which is 
behind in payment, or remains unpaid, though due. 

— Arrear'age, -ej, n. The part of a debt unpaid. 
Arrect, ar-rekf, Arrect'ed, a. Lifted up; raised; 

erect. 

Arrest, ar-rest', v. t. To check or hinder the motion 
or action of. {Law.) To take or apprehend by au- 
thority. To seize on and fix ; to obstruct, delay, 
check, stop. — n. {Law.) The taking or apprehend- 
ing of a person; any seizure, or taking by power; 
hindrance. 

Arrive, ar-rlv', v. i. [arrived (-rivd'), -riving.] 
Lit., to come to the shore; to come; to gain or com- 
pass an object by effort, practice, study, etc. — Ar- 
ri'val, n. Act of arriving; attainment or gaining of 
any object; persxjn or thing arriAang. 

Arrogate, ar'ro-gat, v. t. To claim unduly; assume. 

— Ar'rogative, -tiv, a. Arrogant. — Ar'fogance, n. 
Undue assumption of importance; haughtiness. — 
Ar'rogant, a. Assuming undue importance; over- 
bearing ; presumptuous. — Ar'rogantly, adv. 

Arrow, ar'ro, n. A pointed weapon to be shot from a 



am. fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; In. Ice ; 5dd, tone, 8r ; 



ARSENAL 



23 



ASPIRE 



bow. — Ar''row-liead''ed, -hedged, a. Shaped like 
the head of an arrow; — esp. applied to the wsdge- 
shaped, or cuneiform, alphabetical characters found 
in inscriptions at Persepolis, Nineveh, Babylon, etc. 

— Ar'rowroot, -root, n. A tropical plant, and the 
starch which it yields. 

Arsenal, ar-'se-nal, n. A public establishment for the 

manufacture or storage of arms. 
Arsenic, ar''se-nik, n. (Min.) A metal of a steel gray 

color, and brilliant luster. ( Com.) Arsenious acid ; 

— a virulent poison, called also oxide of arsenic, 
white arsenic, and ratsbane. 

Arsis, ar'sis, n. {Pros.) The part of a foot marked by 
a greater stress of voice. 

Arson, ar'sn, it. {Law.) Malicious burning of build- 
ings or ships. 

Art, art. Second person sing., indie, mode, pres. 
tense, of the verb to he, but from were. 

Art, art, n. Employment of means to accomplish an 
end; a system of rules for performing actions, — 
opp. to science; power of performing certain actions, 
acquired by experience, study, etc.; cunning; arti- 
fice; duplicity. — Arfful, -ful, a. Made, performed 
with, characterized by, or using art or skill; prac- 
ticing stratagem; crafty. — Art 'fully, adv. — Art'- 
fnlness, ra. — Ar'tifice, -tt-fis, «. Artful or skillful 
contrivance ; fraud. — Artificer, -tif 'I-ser, n. A 
skillful workman in some art; one who constructs 
and contrives. — Artificial, -iish^al, a. Made or 
contrived by art; factitious; hence, feigned; ficti- 
tious; cultivated; not indigenous. — Artifi'cially, 
adv. — Artifi'cialness, -cial^ity, ar-tt-fish'l-aKl-tr, 
n. — Arfisan, -zan, n. One skilled in any mechan- 
ical art; a handicraftsman. — Art'ist, ?i. One who 
professes and practices one of the liberal arts. — Ar- 
tiste, ar-tesf, n. One who is dexterous and tasteful 
in almost any art. [F.] — Artisfic, -ical, a. Pert, 
to, or characterized by, art; made in the manner of 
an artist. — Arfless, a. Free from art, craft, or 
stratagem ; ingenuous ; contrived without skill or 
art; inartificial. 

Artery, ar'ter-I, n. One of the vessels which convey 
the blood from the heart to all parts of the body; an 
important channel of communication. 

Arteaian, ar-te'zhan, a. Pert, to Artois in France. — 
A. wells. Wells bored into the earth to reach water, 
whicli flows from internal pressure. 

Artichoke, ar'^tt-chok, n. An esculent plant resem- 
bling a thistle. 

Article, iir'tl-kl, n. A distinct portion of any writing, 
consisting of particulars; a clause in a contract, ac- 
count, treaty, etc.; a distinct part; a particular com- 
modity or substance. {Gram.) One "of the three 
words, a, an, the. — v. t. [articled (-kid), -cling. J 
To set forth in distinct articles; to bind by articles 
of covenant. — w. i. To agree by articles; to stipu- 
late. — Artic'iilate, a. {dtat. Hist.) Formed with 
joints. Distinctly uttered; clear. — n. {Zool.) An 
animal having tne body and members jointed.— 
■o. t. To joint; to unite by a joint; to form into^le- 
mentar}' sovmds. — v. i. To utter articulate sounds; 
to enunciate. —Artic''ula''tion, n. {Anat.) Junction 
of the bones of a skeleton. {Bot.) Connection of 
the parts of a plant by joints, as in pods; one of the 
joints, as in cane and maize; one of the parts be- 
tween joints. Utterance of the elementary sounds 
of language. 

Artillery, ar-tiKler-Y, n. Offensive weapons of war; 
cannon; great guns; ordnance; the body of men in 
charge of cannon, etc.; the science of artillery and 
gunnery. 

Aryan, ar'yan or ar''t-an, a. Pert, to an ancient 
people of Central Asia, from whom are supposed to 
descend the Celtic, Teutonic, Sclavonic, and other 
races; Indo-European or Indo-Germanic. 

As, az, adv. L,ike; similar to; of the same kind with; 
while; during; in the idea, character, nature, or 
condition of; for instance; by way of example; 
thus. 

Asafetida, -foetida, as-a-fefT-da, n. A fetid inspis- 
sated sap from India, used in medicine. 

Asbestus, as-bes'tus, -bes'tos, n. {Min.) A fibrous 
variety of hornblende and pyroxene, making an 
incombustible cloth. 

Ascend, as-send', v. i. To mount; to go up; to rise. — 



V. t. To go upward upon; to climb. — Ascend'' ant, 
a. Above the horizon; superior; predominant. — n. 
Superior influence; an ancestor. {A^itrol.) The 
horoscope, or that degree of the ecliptic which 
rises above the horizon at the time of one's birth. — 
Ascend'ency, n. Authority; sway; control. — As- 
cen'sion, n. Act of ascending; esp. the elevation of 
our Savior to heaven. — Ascent'', n. The act of ris- 
ing; way by which one ascends; an eminence or 
high place; the angle which an object makes with a 
horizontal line; inclination. 

Ascertain, as-ser-tan'', v. t. [ascertained (-tand''). 
-TAiJJKfG.] To make certain; to establish; to find 
out for a certainty. 

Ascetic, as-set''ik, n. One who practices undue rigor 
or self-denial in religious things. — a. Unduly rigid 
or self-denying. 

Ascribe, as-krib'', v. t. [ascribed (-kribd''), ascrib- 
ing.] To attribute to, as a cause or quality; to im- 
pute; to assign. — Ascrip''tion, n. Act of ascribing; 
thing ascribed. 

Ash, n. A genus of forest, trees, or their wood. — 
Ash^es, -ez, n. pi. Earthy or mineral particles re- 
maining after combustion; — among chemists, and 
in composition, used in the sing., as, bone-ash, pearl- 
ash ; the remains of what is burnt; remains of a dead 
body. — Ash-Wednesday, -wenz''dt. The first day of 
Lent. — Asli''y, -I, a. Ash-colored; like ashes. 

Ashamed, a-shamd'', a. Affected by shame; abashed 
or confused by guilt, impropriety, etc. 

Ashlar, Ashler, ash''ler, n. Free-stones as they come 
from the quarry; hewn stones lor facing walls. 

Ashore, a-shor', adv. On or to shore; on the land. 

Aside, a-sid'', adv. On, or to, one side ; apart. — n. A 
remark in an undertone or by way of parenthesis. 

Ask, ask, v. t.ori. [asked (askt), asking.] Tore- 
quire; to inquire, petition, beg, claim, demand, inter- 
rogate. — ABk''er, n. One who asks. — {Zool.) A 
water newt, eft. 

Askance, as-kans-'. Askant'', adv. Obliquely ; side- 
ways; toward one corner of the eye. 

Askew, a-sku'', adv. Sideways; askant; awry. 

Aslant, a-slant'', adv. At a slant; obliquelj'. 

Asleep, a-slep'', adv. In a state of sleep; at rest; dead. 

Aslope, a-slop'', adv. With a slope or descent. 

Asp, asp, Asp'ic, n. A small, 
hooded, poisonous serpent. 

Asparagus, as-par''a-gus, n. A 
culinary plant. 

Aspect, as''pekt, n. Look; mien; 
air; appearance to the eye or 
the mmd ; position in rela- 
tion to the points of the com- 
pass. {Astrol.) The situation 
of one planet or star with re- 
spect to another. 

Aspen, as'' pen, n. {Bot.) A spe- 
cies of poplar. — a. Pert, to 
the aspen. 

Asperate, as'per-at, v. t. To 
make rough. — Asperity, -per''- 
t-tt, n. Roughness of surface, 
taste, or sound; harshness of spirit and language: 
acrimony; moroseness. 

Asperse, as-pers'', r. t. [aspersed (-perst''), aspers- 
ing.] To Despatter with foul reports or injurious 
charges; to calumniate, slander, defame. — Asper''- 
sion, -shun, n. A sprinkling, as of water or dust, in 
a literal sense; spreading of calumnious reports; cal- 
umny. 

Asphalt, as-falf. -phal'tum, w. Mineral pitch; com- 
pact native bitumen. 

Asphodel, as''fo-del, n. {Bot.) A perennial plant of 
the lily species; daffodil. 

Asphysia, as-fiks''T-a, -phyx''y, -X,n. {Med.) Apparent 
death, or suspended animation. — Asphyx'i-a''tion, 
n. The process of producing,' or state ot, asphyxia. 

Aspire, as-pTr'', I,', i. [aspired (-pird''), aspiring.] 
To desire with eagerness; to rise. — Aspir''ant, a. 
Aspiring; ardently desirous of rising. — Aspir''ant, 
Aspir''er, n. One who seeks eagerly. — Aspirate, 
as-^T-rat, v. t. To pronounce with a breathing or 
full emission of breath. — n. A letter marked with 
a note of breathing; a mark of aspiration ( ' ) used 
in Greek; the rough breathing; a non-voc** conso- 




Asp. 



stin, cube, full ; moon, fdbt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, ttien, boNboN, chair, g^ 



ASS 



24 



ASTRICT 




nant. — o. Pronounced with a rough breathing.— 
Aspira'tion, u. Pronunciation of a letter with a 
strong emission of breath; strong wish or desire. 

Ms, ass, n. {Zool.) A quadruped of the horse family, 
having long, sloi.ci;- 
ing ears. A dull, 
stupid fellow; a dolt. 
— Asinine, as'i-nin, 
a. Belonging to, or 
having the qualities 
of, an ass ; stupid : 
obstinate. 

ft.ssail, as-sSl', v. t. 
[assailed (-said'), 
ASSAILING.] To at- 
tack with violence; 
to attack with a view 
to change feelings, 
conduct, etc.; to as- 
sault, beset, fall 
upon. Ass. 

Assassin, as-sas'sin, n. One who kills or attempts to 
kill by secret assault. — Assas'sinate, v. t. To mur- 
der by, etc. — Assas'sina'tion, n. Act of, etc. 

Assault, as-sawlt' , n. A violenr attack with blows, 
weapons, etc., or with words, arguments, appeals, 
and the like; invasion; incursion; onset; charge. 
(Law.) An attempt or offer to beat another, but 
without touching his person: if the blow takes ef- 
fect, it is battery. — ik t. To attack with, etc. 

Assay, as-sa', re. IChem.) Determination of the quan- 
tity of any metal, esp. gold or silver, in an ore or al- 
loy; the substance to be assayed; a_trial of weights 
and measures. — 1\ t. [assayed (-sad'), assaying.] 
To subject to chemical examination, etc. ~ v. i. To 
attempt, try, or endeavor. 

Assemble, as-sem^bl, v. t. [assembled (-sem'bld), 
-BLiNG.] To bring or call together; to convene; to 
congregate.— ?;, i. To meet or come together; to con- 
vene. — Assem^blafe, -blej, n. Act of assembling; 
collection of individuals, or of particular things. — 
Assem''bly, blY, n. A company collected in one 
place, usually for some common purpose; meeting; 
group. 

Assent, as-senf, n. The act of assenting, admitting, 
or agreeing to anything; consent. — v.i. To admit 
a thing as true; to express agreement, or concession. 

— Assenta'tion, n. Assent by way of flattery or dis- 
simulation; adulation. — Assenta'tor, -ter, n. A flat- 
terer or dissembler. — Assent 'er, n. One who assents. 

Assert, as-serf, r. t. To affirm positivelj'; to aver, 
vindicate. — Assertion, -ser'shun, n. Act of assert- 
ing; vindication. — Assert'lve, -iv, rt. Positive ; af- 
firming confidently. — Assert'or, -er, n. — Assert'- 
ory, -er-T, a. Affirming; maintaining. 

Assess, as-ses', v. t. [assessed (-sesf), -sessing.] To 
tax; to value for taxation; to determine, fix, estimate. 

— Assess'able, a. Liable to be assessed. — Assess'- 
ment, n. Act of, etc. ; valuation ; sum charged. — 
Assess'or, -er, n. One appointed to assess persons 
or property. 

Assets, as'sets, n. pi. Property in possession or 
money due, as opp. to liabilities. 

Asseverate, as-sev'er-at, v. t. To affirm solemnly. — 
Assev'era'tion, n. 

Assidaous, as-sid'u-us, a. Constantin attention ; sed- 
ulous; persevering; indefatigable. — Assid'uousness, 
n. — Assidu'lty, -T-tr, n. Constant application. 

Assign, as-sm', i.'. t. [assigned (-sind'), assign- 
ing.] To appoint, allot, apportion; to fix, desig- 
nate. (Law.) To transfer, or make over to an- 
other ; to transfer to, and vest in assignees, for the 
benefit of creditors. — ?i. (Law.) One to whom prop- 
erty is transferred. — Assign'able. a. Capable of 
being, etc. — Assignation, -sig-na'shun, n. Act of, 
etc. ; an appointment to meet at given time and place. 

— Assignee, as-si-nc'', n. One to whom something is 
assii^ned. — Assigner, as-sTn'er, re. One who, etc. — 
Assign'ment, n. An allotting: to a particular person 
or use. (Law.) A transfer of title by writing; writ- 
ing by which an interest is transferred; transfer of 
a bankrupt's prmperty to a.'^signee.'i, for creditors. — 
Assignor, -sT-nor'. n. (Law.) One who assigns or 
transfers an interest. 

Assimilate, as-sim'T-lat, ?'. /. To cause to resemble 



weight, 



to convert into a like substance. — r. !. To become 
similar. — Assim'ilable, a. Capable of, etc. ~ As- 
sim'ila'tion, h. Act of assimilating : state of resem- 
blance or identity ; conversion of nutriment into 
the substance of the body. — Assim^ilative, -tiv, a. 
Having power of assimilating. 

Assist, as-sisf, r. t. To give support to; to succor.- 
v.i. To help; to attend. —Assistance, w. Aid ; re- 
lief. —Assistant, a. Helping; auxiliary. — n. One 
who assists. 

Assize, as-siz', re. Lit., a sitting ; an order or regula- 
tion, esp. about the weight of bread, etc. (jCaw.) 
Periodical sessions of the superior courts in the 
counties of Ens;land, — usuallv in the pi. — v. t. 
[AssizEU (-sTzd''), -SIZING.] To fix the i 
measure, or piiee of, by authority. 

Associate, as-so'slT.-at, r. t. To join in company as a 
friend, companion, jiartner, etc. ; to unite in the same 
mass. — V. i. To unite in company. — a. Closely 
connected. — n. A companion : a mate. — Asso'cia'- 
tion, -sliT^a'shun. n. Union ; connection ; union of 
persons in a society for seme particular purpose. — 
Asso'cia'tional, a.' Pert, to an, etc. — Asso'cia'- 
tionalism, re. (I'lnlox.) Doctrine of associationalists. 

— Asso'cia'tionalist, w. (P/iilos.) One who ex- 
plains the higher functions and relations of the 
soul by the association of ideas. — Asso'ciative, -tiv, 
a. Tending or pertaining to association. 

Assort, as-s6rt', v. t. To distribute into classes: to 
furnish with all sorts. — Assortment, re. Distribu- 
tion into classes ; things assorted. 

Assuage, as-swaj', z\ t. [assuaged (-swajd'), assua- 
ging.] To soften; to allay or lessen, as pain or grief; 
to appease, soothe, alleviate. 

Assume, as-sum''. r. t. [assumed (-suind'), assuming.] 
To take, or take upon one's self; to take for granted, 
or without proof ; to pretend to possess. — v. i. To 
claim unduly. — Assump'tion, -sum'shun, n. Act 
of assuming^ supposition; thing supposed. (Loqic.) 
The minor proposition in a categorical syllogism. 
(Eccl.) A festival in honor of the ascent of the Vir- 
gin Mary into heaven. _ 

Assure, a-shoor', v. t. [assured, (-shoord'), assur- 
ing.] To make sure or certain; to insure. (Law.) 
To covenant to indemnify for loss. — Assur'ance, n. 
Act of assuring; a declaration inspiring credit; free- 
dom from doubt; firmness of mind; intrepidity; im- 
pudence; insurance: a contract to paj' on occasion of 
acertain event, as loss or death. (Law.) Evidence of 
conveyance of property. — AssuT'edly, adv. Cer- 
tainl}'; without doubt. 

Aster, as'ter, re. (Bot.) A genus of plants with radi- 
ated compound flowers. — As'terisk, w. The mark 
[*] in printing and writing. — As'terism, -izm, re. A 
small cluster of stars. (Printing.) Three asterisks 
[*+*] directing attention to a particular passage. 

— As'teroid, 7!. {Astron.) One of the small planets 
revolving between Mars and Jupiter. — As'tral, a. 
Belonging to the stars ; starry. — As'tral Lamp, n. 
An Argand lamp having the oil in a flattened ring. 

— AstroKogy. -jt, n. Science of predicting events 
by the aspects of the stars. — AstroKoger. -jer, n. 
One who pretends to foretell events, etc. —Astro- 
logic, -loj'ik, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Astron'omy, re. 
Science of the heavenly bodies. — Astron'omer, n. 
One versed in astronomy. 

Astern, a-stern-', a-h-. In, at, or toward, the hinder 
part of a ship; behind a ship. 

Asthma, as'ma or az'ma, n. Disordered respiration, 
with cougli and difficult breathing. — Asthmafic, 
-ical, n. Pert. to. or affected by. etc. 

Astir, a-ster', arlr. In motion or action. 

Astonish, as-ton'ish, r. t. To strike dumb with sud- 
den fear, terror, surprise, or wonder ; to amaze. — 
Aston'ishing, a. Of a nature to excite astonish- 
ment ; surprising; wonderful : admirable ; marvel- 
ous. — Aston^ishment, re. Confusion of mind from, 
etc. 

Astound, as-townd', v. t. To astonish. 

Astraddle, a-strad'dl, arlv. With the legs across a 
thing, or on different sides of it. 

Astray, a-stra', adv. Out of, or from, the right way ; 
wronsr. 

AstricC as-trikt', v. t. To constrict ; to contract, 
I — Astric'tion, re. — Astringe, as-trinj', v. t. [as- 



Sm, lame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, t6rm ; tn, Ice ; Bdd, tone, dr i 



ASTRIDE 



25 



ATTRIBUTE 



TKixGED (-trinjd''), astrin'gixg.] To bind fast, 
constrict, contract. — Astrin'gency, n. Quality 
of being astringent. — Astrin'gent, a. Binding; 
strengthening; — opp. to Uurative. — n. A medicine 
causing vital contraction in the organic textures. 

Astride, a-strid', adv. With the legs apart. 

Astute, as-tut', a. Critically examining or discern- 
in"-; shrewd; subtle; sagacious. — Astute'ness, n. 

Asunder, a-sun'der, adv. Apart; separately. 

Asylum, a-si'lum, n. ; pi. Eng. Ast'lums, L. AsVla, 
-la A place of refuge; an institution for protection 
or relief, for the deaf and dumb, insane, etc. 

At, prep, denoting presence or nearness in place or 
time (at home, at one o'clock); hence, relations of 
situation, condition, etc. {at war, a« your service); 
after verbs of motion, direction towards (to run at). 

Ate, at, jjr-et. of Eat. See Eat. 

Atelier, aflt-a or a-teKya, n. An artist's ■workroom; 
studio. [F.] 

Athanasian, ath-a-na^zhan, a. Pert, to Athanasius, 
bir^hop of Alexandria, or his doctrines. 

Atheist, a'the-ist, n. One who denies the existence 
of God. — A'theism. n. Disbelief in, etc.— Atheist'- 
ic, -leal, a. Pert, to, etc. : impious. — Atheisfically, 
adv. 

Atheneum, -naeum, ath-e-ne''um, n.; pi. Eng. Athexe'^- 
UMS, L. -n^a, -ne'a. A literary or scientific associa- 
tion : a public library and reading room. 

Athenian, a-the'nT-an, a. Pert, to Athens, in Greece. 

Athirst, a-therst'', a. Thirsty; having keen desire. 

Athlete, ath'let, n. A contender for victory in trials 
of strength.— Athletic, -let'ik, a. Pert, to wrestling, 
boxing, and other manly exercises; strong; vimrous. 

Athwart, a-thwawrt', /)re;o. Across. — adv. Sidewise; 
in a manner to cross and perplex. 

Atilt, a-tilt', adv. In the position of one making a 
thrust; with one end raised. 

Atlas, at'las, n. A collection of maps in a volume; 
a volume of plates or 
tables; a kind of silk- 
satin; a kind of large 
drawingpaper. 
(.Anat.) The first 
vertebra of the neck. 
[Atlas, a Greek 
aemigod, said to 
bear the world on 
his shoulders, and 
whose figure was 
printed on the title- 
pa^es of old atlas- 
es.] 

Atmosphere, at'^mos- 
ter, n. (^P hj/s ics .) 
The aeriform fluid 
surrounding the 
earth ; pressure of 
the air on a unit of 
surface ; a gaseous 
medium. — Atmos- 
pberic, -fer'ik, -ical, 
a. Relating to, ex- 
isting in, or dependent on, etc. 

Atom, at'ora, n. An ultimate or constituent particle 
of matter; a molecule: anything extremely small. — 
At'omize, v. t. To reduce to atoms or to fine spray, 
^ said of liquids.— At 'omizer. n. (Med.) An instru- 
ment for converting liquids into spray for inhala- 
tion, local anesthesia, etc. 

Atone, a-ton', v. i. [atoned (-tond''), atoxixg.1 To 
stand as an equivalent; to ra»ke reparation, com- 
pensation, etc. ; to expiate. — v.t. To reconcile; to 
answer or make satisfaction for. — Aton'^able, a. — 
Atone'^ment, n. Reconciliation ; reparation made 
by giving an equivalent for an injury. {Theol.) 
The expiation of sin made by Christ. — Aton'er, n. 

AtFocious, a-tro'shus, o. Extremely heinous; enor- 
mously wicked ; flagrant. — Atro'ciously, adv. — 
Atro'ciousness, Atrocity, a-tros'I-tl, n. Enormous 
wickedness or cruelty. 

Atrophy, at'ro-fT, n. ~A wasting away from lack of 
nourishment. 

A.tropia, a-tro^pT-a, Atro'pina, At'ropine, -ro-pin, n. 
{Chem.) A very poisonous alkaloid extracted from 
the Atropa hetlndorma, or deadly nightshade. 




Atlas. 



Attach, at-tach', v. t. [attached (-tachf), attach 
ING.] To bind, fasten, or tie; to take by legal au- 
thority; to lay hold on, affix, gain over, win. — v. i. 
To adliere. — Attach'' ment, n. Act of, or state of 
being, etc. ; a passion or affection ; that by which 
one thing is attached to another ; an adjunct. {Civ. 
Law.) A seizure by legal process; the writ com- 
manding such seizure. — Attache, at-ta-sha', n. 
One attached to the suite of an ambassador. [F.] 

Attack, at-tak', v. t. [attacked (-takf), attack- 
IXG.] To fall upon with force or with unfriendly 
words; to assail, invade. {Chem.) To begin to de- 
compose, by chemical agents. — n. A falling on with 
violence, or with calumny, satire, etc. ; onset ; in- 
road; charge. 

Attain, at-tan', v. i. [attained (-tand''), attain- 
ing.] To come or arrive, by motion or efforts; to 
reach. — v. t. To achieve ; to gain ; to equal. — At- 
tain'' able, a. Capable of being, etc. [Improperly 
used for obtainable, procurable.] — Attain^abil'^ity, 
Attain ''ableness, n. — Attain'^ment, n. Act of, etc., 
that which_is, etc. ; proficiency in knowledge. 

Attaint, at-tant'', v.i. To stain; to disgrace. (Law.) 
To taint or corrupt, as blood; to taint, as the credit 
of jurors giving a false verdict. — n. A stain; spot. 
(Law.) A writ to inquire whether a jury has given 
a false verdict. (Far.) A wound on a "horse's leg, 
made by over-reaching. 

Attemper, at-tem''per, v. t. [attempered (-perd), 
-PEKING.] To reduce, modify, or moderate, by mix- 
ture; to soften; to mix in just proportion; to make 
suitable; to adapt. 

Attempt, at-temt'', v. t. To make trial of; to make 
an attack upon. — v. i. To make an effort or an 
attack. — n. An essay, trial, or endeavor. 

Attend, at-tend'', v. t. To go or stay with; to wait on, 
accompany; to be united or consequent to. — v. i. To 
pay attention with a view to perceive, understand, or 
comply ; heed ; listen ; wait or be in waiting. — At- 
tend'' ance, n. Act of, etc.; persons attending; a train; 
a retinue. — Attend''ant, a. Present, or in the train; 
accompanying or immediately following, as conse- 
quential. (Law.) Depending on, or owing duty or 
service to. — n. One who, or that which, etc. — At- 
tent'', a. Attentive. — Atten''tion, n. Act of attend- 
ing or heeding; act of civility; care; respect; regard; 
notice. — Attent''ive, -iv, a. Full of attention ; 
mindful ; civil ; pojite. 

Attenuate, at-ten''u-at, v. t. To make thin, or less 
viscid; to make slender; to draw out or extend in 
length. — V. i. To become thin, slender, or fine; to 
lessen. 

Attest, at-test'', v. t. To bear witness to; to give proof 
of; to call to witness. — Attesta''tion, n. Testimony; 
esp., official testimony. — Attest''or, n. 

Attic, at''tik, a. Pert, to Attica, in Greece, or to its prin- 
cipal city, Athens. — n. {Arch.) A story in the upper 
part of a house; a garret. 

Attire, at-tlr-', v. t. [attired (-tird'), attiring.] 
To dress, array, adorn. — n. Clothes; dress. 

Attitude, at''tl-tud, n. Posture or position. — Attitu'- 
dinize, u. I. [attitudinized (-nizd), -nizing.] To 
assume affected attitudes. 

Attorney, at-ter^uf, n. ; pi. Attor'^neys. (Law.) One 
legally appointed by another to transact business for 
him. — Power o'' attorney. A document by which 
one is authorized to transact business for another. 

— Attor''neyship, ?i. Office of, etc. 

Attract, at-trakt', r. t. To draw or cause to tend to- 
ward; to cause to adhere or combine; to allure; to 
engage. — Attract ''able, a. Cap-able of being, etc. — 
Attract'abil'ity. w. — Attract'ile, -il, a. Having 
power to attract. — Attraction, -trak'shun, n. 
(Plqisdcs.) An invisible power in a body bj' which it 
draws anything to itself; the power in natirre tend- 
ing to draw bodies together or to produce cohesion; 
and resisting separation. Act of attracting; power 
or act of alluring, inviting, or engaging. — Attracf- 
ive, -iv, a. Having the power oi, etc.; enticing; in- 
viting. — 71. That which, etc. — Attract''ively, adv. 

— Attract ''iveness, n. 

Attribute, at-trib''ut, v. t. To consider as belon.ging 
to: to ascribe to; charge. — Attribute, at''trT-but, n. 
A thing that may be attributed; in>herent quality; 
essential or necessary property. — AttFih''ntabre, a= 



sQn, cQ-be, f^ ; mo5n, tSbt ; cow, oil ; linger or igk, 3ien, boNbox, chair, get. 



ATTRITE 



26 



AUTOPSY 



Capable of being attributed.— Attribu''tioii, n. 
Act of attributing; quality attributed. — Attrib''u- 
tive, -tiv, a. Relating to, or expressing, an attribute. 

— n. A word denoting an attribute or quality. 
Attrite, at-trit', a. Worn by rubbing or friction. — 

Attri'tion, -trish'^un, n. Act of wearing by friction; 
abrasion; state of being worn. 

Attune, at-tun', v. t. [attuned (-tund'), attuning.] 
To put in tune, arrange fitly, make accordant. 

Auburn, aw'bern, a. Reddish brown. 

Auction, awk'shun, n. A public sale of propej-ty to 
the highest bidder; a vendue. — Auctioneer', -er', 71. 
The person who sells, etc. — v. t. To sell by auction. 

Audacious, aw-da'shus, a. Contemning restraints of 
law, religion, or decorum ; bold in wickedness. — 
Auda'^ciousness, -dacity, -das'TC-tT, n. Daring spirit 
or confidence; venturesomeness; presumptuous im- 
pudence; hardihood; boldness; effrontery; contempt 
of law or moral restraint. 

Audible, aw''d1-bl, a. Capable of being heard. — Au- 
dibil'ity, Au'dibleness, n. Quality of being, etc. 
— Au'dibly, arfy.— Au'dience, n. Act of hearing; ad- 
mittance to a hearing ; an assembly of hearers. — 
Au'^dit, n. An examination, esp. of accounts, with 
the hearing of the parties concerned, by proper offi- 
cers. — V. t. To examine and adjust, as accounts. — 
Au'ditor, -e,-, n. A hearer or listener ; one author- 
ized to ad j ust accounts. — Au'^ditorship, n. Office of, 
etc. — Au'ditory, a. Pert, to the Sense of hearing. 

— n. An assembly of hearers ; audience. — Au'dit- 
ress, n. A female hearer. -Audito^rium, h. The 
part of a theater, etc., occupied by the audiience. 

Augean, aw-je'an, a. Pert, 
to Augeus or his stable, 
containing 3,000 oxen and 
uneleaned for 30 years ; 
filthy. 

Auger, aw'ger, n. A car- 
pen ter ' s boring tool ; an in- 
strument for perforating 
soils or rocks. 

Aught, awt,n. A whit; any- 
thing ; any part. 

Augment, awg-ment', v. t. 
lo enlarge or increase; to 
make bigger. — v. i. To 
grow larger. — Aug'ment, 
n. Enlargement by addi- 
tion ; increase. — Augmen- 
ta'tion, n. Act of, etc.; Auger. 

state of being, etc.; thing added.— Augment'ative, 
-tiv, a. Having the quauty of, etc. 

Augur, aw'ggr, n. (^Roni. Antiq.) One who foretold 
future events by the actions of birds, or by other 
signs. One who pretends to foretell future events 
by omens; a soothsayer. — v. i. [augured (-gerd), 
AUGURING (-ger-ing).] To conjecture by signs or 
omens; to prognosticate. — v. t. To predict or fore- 
tell; to betoken.— Au'gury, re. Foretelling of events, 
etc. ; an omen : prediction. 

August, aw-gusf, a. 
Creating extraordi- 
nary respect and vene- 
ration ; grand ; impos- 
ing ; majestic. 

Au^'gust, aw'gust, re. 
The eighth month of 
the year. 

Augustine, aw-gusfin, 
Augu8tin''ian, n. 
{Eccl. Hist.) A monk 
of an order named 
from St. Augustine ; 
Austin friar; White 
friar. — Au'gustin'- 
ian, re. One who fol- 
lows St. Augustine in 
maintaining that grace 
is effectual from its 
nature, absolutely and 
morally, not relatively 
and gradually. 

Auk, a w k, re. A sea- 
bird of the Alca family, includin: 
puffin. 





Great Auk. {Alca impennis.) 
the penguin and 



Aunt, ant, re. A father's or mother's sister. 

Aural, aw'ral, a. Belonging to the ear.— Au'rist 
n. One skilled in disorders of the ear. — Au'ricle 
-rY-kl, re. {Jiicit.) The external ear; one of two mus^ 
cular sacs at the base of the heart ; a kind of ear- 
trumpet. — Auric'ular, a. Pert, to the ear or to the 
iieanng ; told in the ear ; secret ; recognized by the 
ear; traditional; pert, to the auricles of the heart. 

Auriferous, aw-rif ''Sr-us, a. Yielding gold. 

Aurochs, aw'roks, re. (Zool.) The bison of Poland. 

Aurora, aw-ro^ra, re. The dawn of day; redness of 
the sky before sunrise; a species of crowfoot. — Au- 
ro'ra berea''lis. A luminous meteoric phenomenon, 
supposed to be of electrical origin; northern lights. 
— A. austra'lis. Southern lights. 

Auscultation, aws-kul-ta-'shun, re. Act of listening 
(Med.) A method of distinguishing diseases, espi 
in the thorax, by observing sounds. 

Auspicate, aw'spl-kat, v. t. To give a favorable turn 
to in commencing. — Au''8pice, -spis, re. ,• pi. Av'- 
SPiCES, -spX-sez. Omen ; augury ; patronage. — 
Auspicial, -spish'al, a. Pert, to auspices. — Auspi- 
cious, -spisk'us, a. Having omens of success ; 
lucky ; propitious. ^ Auspi'ciously, adv. 

Austere, aw-stei"', a. Sour with astringency ; severe in 
modes of judgment, living, oracting; harsh; stern. 

Australian ballot, aws-tra'lT-an-. (Law.) A system of 
voting, originally used in South Australia, in which 
the secrecy of the vote is compulsory and an official 
ballot is furnished by the government. 

Authentic, aw-then''tik, -tical, a. Of approved au- 
thority ; to be relied on ; true ; certain ; genuine.— 
Authen'ticate, v.t. To establish by proof; to render 
authentic; to prove to be genuine. — Anthen'tica'- 
tion, re. — An'thentic'ity, -tia'I-tl, n. Quality of be- 
ing, etc. 

Author, aw'ther, re. The beginner, former, or first 
mover of anything ; the creator ; one who writes a 
book. — Au'thoress, re. A female author. — Au'thor- 
Bhip, re. State of being, etc.— Authoritative, -thSr^'I- 
ta-tiv, a. Having authority, or an air of authority ; 
positive. —Author^itatively, ar/f. — Author'ity, re. 
Legal or rightful power ; dominion ; persons exer- 
cising command — chiefly in the pi.; influence of 
character, office, station, etc.; testimony; witness; 
the person who testifies; a precedent, decision of a 
court, official declaration; a book, containing pre- 
cedents, etc. ; the name of its author. — Au'thoriza'- 
tion, re. Establishment by authority. — Au'thorize, 
V. t. [-IZED (-izd), -iziNG.] To clothe with author- 
ity, empower, legalize; to establish by authority; to 
give authority, credit, or support to. 

Auto, aw'to. An abbrev. of automobile, used as a pre- 
fix with the meaning of self-mo cing, self-propelling; 
as, an autocar, an autotruck, etc. ; hence, an auto- 
mobile car, carriage, truck, etc. 

Autobiography, aw'to-bi-o'^'ra-fT, re. A memoir of a 
person written by himself. 

Autochthon, aw-tok''thon, re. An aboriginal or native; 
that which is original to a country. 

Autocrat, aWto-krat, re. An absolute sovereign ; a 
title of emperors of Russia ; one invested with inde- 
pendent power and unaccountable for his actions. 

Auto-da-fe, aw-to-da-fa, re. ; pi. Autos-da-fe, -toz-. 
Punishment of a heretic by burning, according to a 
Judgment of the Inquisition ; the sentence then read. 

Autograph, aw'to-graf, re. One's own handwriting; 
an original manuscript. 

Automath, aw'to-math, n. A self-taught person. 

Automaton, aw-tom'a-ton, re. ,• pi. -atons; L.pl. -AT.a, 
-ta. A machine moved by interior machinery which 
imitates actions of men or animals; any self -moving 
machine. — Automafic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or per- 
formed by, an automaton; self-acting; esp. applied 
to machinery, in which movements commonly mado 
by hand are made by the machine itself; not depend- 
ing on the will; acting involuntarily. 

Automobile, aw'to-mo'bTl, a. Containing means of 
propulsion within itself; self-propelling; as, an auto- 
mobile torpedo ; an automobile car. — re. An auto- 
mobile vehicle. . ,,i J! ^t 

Autonomy, aw-ton'o-mY, re. Power or right 01 seit- 
government. , , 

Autopsy, aw'top-sY, re. Personal observation or ex- 
amination. {Med.) Post-mortem examination. 



amination. ^mkii.j j.uBi-iii<.<m-ii> t. 
am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare; end, eve, term; In, ice; 5dd, tone, 6rf 



AUTOTYPE 



27 



AZURE 



An'i)ot3rpe, aw'to-tlp, n. A photograph made by au- 
totypy. — Autotypy, -tot'i-pt or -to-ti'pT, n. A 
photographic method of making transcripts of pic- 
tures, by potassium bichromate as a chemical agent. 

Autumn, aw'tum, n. The third season of the year; 
the season between su«iiner and winter; fall. 

Auadliar, awg-ziKyar, -iliarj;, -ziKya-rT, a. Helping; as- 
sisting; subsidiary. — AuxU'iary.n. A helper; assis- 
tant; in pL, foreign troops in the service of a nation 
at war. (Gram.) A verb helping to form the moods 
and tenses of other verbs. (Math.) A quantity in- 
troduced to facilitate some operation. 

Avail, a-val', v. t. [availed (-vald'')^ availing.] To 
profit; to assist; to promote. — v. i. To be of use; 
to answer the purpose. — n. Advantage ; benefit ; 
—pi., profits or proceeds. — Avail'able, a. Capable 
of being used to advantage; profitable; able to ef- 
fect the object; valid. 

Avalanche, av-a-lansh', n. A snow-slip; a mass of 
SHOW, ice, or earth sliding down a mountain. 

Avant-cooiier, a-voN^koo-rer, n. One sent in advance 
to give notice of another's approach. 

Avarice, av'a-ris, n. Excessive love of money or ^ain ; 
cupidity; greediness; covetousness. — Avari'^cioos, 
-rish'us, a. Actuated by avarice; parsimonious; 
miserly ; niggardly. 

Avenge, a^venj'', v. t. [avenged (-venjd'), aven- 
ging.] To vindicate by inflicting pain or evil on the 
wrong-doer; to revenge. — Aven'^er, «. 

Avenue, av'e-nu, n. An entrance; way; passage; an 
alley or walk, usually shaded by trees"; a wide street. 

Aver, a-vgr'', i'. t. [averred (a-verd'), averring.] 
To declare positively ; to asseverate, affirm, protest, 
avouch. 

Average, av'er-ej, a. Medial ; containing a mean 
proportion; according to the laws of average. — n. 
A contribution to a general loss; a mean proportion; 
medial quantity; a medial estimate or general state- 
ment from a comparison of specific cases ; duty 
payable to shipmasters on goods. — v. t. [aver- 
aged (-ejd), -aging.] To reduce to a mean ; to pro- 
portion. — V. I. To be or form a medial sum or 
quantity. 

Avort, a-vert', v. t. To turn or cause to turn off, 
aside, or away. — v. i. To turn away. — Aversion, 
-ver'shun, n. Opposition or repugnance ; dislike ; 
contrariety of nature; cause of repugnance; disgust; 
antipathy. 

Aviary, a'vT-a-rT, n. An inclosure for keeping birds. 
— A'vicul'tnre, -chur, re. Care of birds. 

Avidity, a-vid''T-tT, n.' An intense desire; strong ap- 
petite ; eagerness. 

Avocation, av-o-ka'shun, n. Act of calling aside, or 
diverting; the business that calls off. [Improperly 
used for vocation.'] 

Avoid, a-void'', v. t. To keep at a distance from ; to 
make void ; to annul or vacate ; to shun. (Plead- 
ing.) To defeat or evade, as a plea. — «. i. {Law.) 
To become void, vacant, or empty. — Avoid'less, a. 
Unavoidable. 

Avoirdupois, av'er-du-poiz', n. or a. A weight in which 
a pound contains 16 ounces, or 7,000 Troy grains. 

Avouch, a-vowch'', v. t. [avouched (-vowchf), a- 
VOUCHING.] To declare positively, maintain, sup- 
port. 

Avow, ar-vow'', V. t. [avowed (-vowd''), avowing.] 
To declare openly; to own; to acknowledge; to con- 
fess. {Law.) To acknowledge and justifv, as an 
act done. — Avow'al, n. An open or frank decla- 
ration. — Avow'edly, adv. Openly. — Avowee'', n. 
An advowee ; one who has the right to present to 
a benefice. — Avow'er, n. One who avows. — Avowt- 
ry, -rt, n. (Lav}.) Act of a distrainer of goods, who, 
in an action of replevin, avows and justifies the 
taking in his own right. 

Avulsion, a-vuKshun, n. A tearing asunder; a frag- 
ment torn off. (Law.) Sudden removal of land 
from one man's estate to another's by an inundation, 
current, etc. 

Avuncular, a-vun'ku-lar, a. Of or pert, to an uncle. 

Await, a-waf, v. t. To wait or look out for ; to ex- 
pect; to be ready for. 

Awake, a-wak'', v. t. [awoke, awaked (-wakf), 
awaking.] To arouse from sleep, or a state resem- 



bling sleep; to put intoaction. —v.i. To cease to 
sleep, etc. — a. Not sleeping ; wakeful. — AwaJien, 
awak'n, v. t. and i. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To 
awake. 

Award, a-wawrd', v. t. To give by judicial determina- 
tion; to assign by sentence; to adjudge. — v.i. To 
determine; to make an award. — n. A judgment, 
sentence, or final decision; esp. decision of arbitra- 
tors ; paper containing such decision. 

Aware, a-wSr', a. Watchful ; vigUant ; hence, ap- 
prised; cognizant. 

Awash, a-wosh'', a. Washed by the waves or tide. 

Away, a-wa'. adv. Absent; at a distance; continu- 
ously ; without intermission. — inferj. Begone. 

Awe, aw, n. Profound fear with admiration or rever- 
ence; dread; veneration. — v.t. [awed (awd), aw- 
ing.] To strike with, etc.— Aw'ful, a. Striking, or 
filling with, etc. — Aw'fully, adi-'. — Aw'fulness, n. 

— Awe'struck, a. Impressed with awe. 
Aweather, a-wetb'Sr, adv. (Naut.) On the weather 

side, or toward the wind; opp. to alee. 

Aweigh, a-wa', adv. (Naut.) Drawn out of the ground, 
and hanging; atrip, — said of the anchor. 

Awhile, a-nwiK, adv. A space of time ; for some 
time ; for a short time. 

Awkward, awk'werd, a. Wanting dexterity ; with- 
out skill; bungling; ungraceful; clumsy; uncouth. 

Awl, awl, n. A pointed instrument for making small 
holes. 

Awn, awn, n. The bristle or beard of barley, oats, 
grasses, etc. 

Awning, awn-'ing, n. A covering from sun, rain, etc. 

Awoke'. See Awake. 

Awry, a-ri', a. or adv. Turned or twisted toward one 
side ; asquint. 

Ax, Axe, aks, n. An instrument for hewing timber, 
chopping wood, etc. 

Axial. See Axis. 

Axil, aks'il, Axilla, -iKla, n. The armpit. 

Axiom, aks'I-um, n. A self-evident and necessary 
truth or proposition; an established principle; max- 
im; aphorism; adage. 

Axis, aks'ls, n. ; pi. Axes, aks'ez. The straight line 
on which a body revolves. (Aiiat.) The second 
vertebra of the neck; a tooth-like process, on its up- 
per surface, serving as a pivot on which the first 
vertebra turns. (Bot.) The central 
part or column oi a plant, around 
which the other parts are disposed. , 
A central or medial line between cor- 
responding parts. — Axle, aks'l, n. 
A shaft, rod, bar, or spindle forming 
the axis of a pulley, drum, or wheel. — 
Ax'letree, n. A transverse bar con- _ 

necting the opposite wheels of a car- -p a_]^ 
riage. ^' ■'^^^^• 

Ay, Aye, aT, adv. Yes: yea; — a word expressing assent. 

— n. An affirmative vote ; a voter in the afl[irmative. 
Aye, a. adv. Always ; continually. 

Aye-aye, afat, n. (Zool.) A nocturnal quadruped 
found i n Mada- 
gascar, s o called 
from its cry. » ^^^ yi^/y 

Azalea, a-za''le-a, w. ^-"-^^^ ^^nJI ^'^ 

A genus of flower- 
ing plants. 

Azoic, a-zo'ik, a. 
Destitute of ani- 
mal life. — Azote, 





a-zof, re. (CAem.) i 
A g a s unfit for., L 
respiration; nitro-^li 
gen. — Az^'otize, ^f 
-tiz, V. t. [azo- \i^ 
TIZED C-tizd), azo- 
tizing.] To im- 
pregnate with, 
etc. ; to nitrogen- 
ize. 

Azure, azh'er or Aye-Aye. 

a'zher, a. Of a sky-blue; cerulean. — n. The blue 
color of the sky ; the blue vault above. (Her.) Blue, 
represented in engraving by horizontal lines. — 
Az'urite, -it, re. Blue caroonate of copper. 



sttn, eflbe, fijU ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or in.k, tJien, boNboN, chair, get. 



28 



BAGATELLE 



B. 



B, be. The 2d letter in the English alphabets a Tocal 
labial consonant, the correlative of j>. Itisetymo- 
logically convertible with m, p, f, v, and w. {Mus.^ 
The nominal of the 7th tone in the model major 
scale (scale of C major), or of the 2d tone in its rela- 
tive minor scale (scale of A minor). — B flat (Bb.) 
The tone or half step, or semitone lower than B. 

Baa, ba, n. The cry of sheep. — v. i. To cry or bleat, etc. 

Babble, bab'bl, v. i. [babbled (bab-'bld), -bung.] 
To utter words imperfectly or unintelligibly ; to 
prate ; to chatter; to make a constant murmuring 
noise, as a stream running over rocks. — v. t. To 
prate. — n. Idle talk ; senseless prate ; unmeaning 
words. — Bab^bler, n. An idle talker ;' a tell-tale. 

Babe, bab, Baby, ba'^bY, n. An infant ; a doll. — a. 
Pert, to, or resembling, an infant. — v. t. [babied 
(ba'bid), babying.] To treat like a child.— Ba'by- 
hood, -hd6d, n. State of being, etc. — Ba'byish, a. 
Like, etc. ; childish. [disorder. I 

Babel, ba'bel, n. A confused combination of s®unds; | 

Baboo, Baba, ba'boo, n. A title of respect among the 
Hindoos. _ 

Baboon, bab-oon', n. A large 
species of monkev. 

Baccalaureate, bak-ka-law'- 
re-at, n. The degree of bach- 
arts. — a. Pert, to, 



Baccarat, bak-ka- 
A French game of 




Baboon. 



elor of 
etc. 

Baccara, 
ra', n. 
cards. 

Bacchanal, bak'ka-nal, -na- 
lian, -na'^ll-an, n. A devotee 
of Bacchus ; one prone to 
drunken revels. — a. Pert, 
to reveling in intemperate 
drinking. — Bac'chanals, 
-nalz, -nalia, -na'll-a, n. pi. 
Feasts in honor of Bacchus; 
drunken revels. — Bacchant, 
-kanf, w. ; i.pZ. Bacchan- 
tes, -kan'^tez. A priest of 
Bacchus; a bacchanal ; a rev- 
eler. — Bacchante, -kanf, 
n. A priestess of Bacchus ; a female bacchanal. — 
Bac'cWc, -kik, -chical, a. Pert, to, etc.; jovial ^vith 
intoxication ; drunken. 

Bachelor, bach''e-ler, n. A man who hasnot married; 
•in p. who has taken the. first degree at a college ot 
university ; a young Icnight. 

Bacillus, ba-siKlOs, 71. ; pi. Bacilli, -li. A variety of 
bacterium. 

Back, bak, n. Th^ upper or hinder part of au animal; 
part opp. to the front; the rear; outward or upward 
part of a thing, as opp. to the inner or lower part; 
part opp. or most remote; part out of sight. — a. In 
the rear ; remote. — adv. To the place whence one 
came; to or toward a former state, condition, etc.; 
away from the front : again ; in return. — v. t. 
[BACKED (bakt), BACKING.] To get upon the back 
of; to support or strengthen by aid; to force back- 
ward; to furnish with a back. — v. i. To move or 
go back. — To hack out, orb. down. To withdraw from 
an engagement. — To b. round, said of the wind 
when it shifts against the sun's course, indicating 
more bad weather. — To b. an anchor. {Naut.) To 
lay down a small anchor ahead of a large one, to 
which it is fastened. — To b. astern. In rowing, to 
manage the oars in a direction contrary to the usual 
method. — To b. the oars, or back water. To row 
backward. — To b. the sails. To arrange them so as 
, to take out the wind, and cause the ship to move 
astern. — To b. up. To support or sustain. — Back'- 
er, n. One who, or that which, backs or supports 
another. — Back^ward, -waards, adv. With the back 
in advance ; toward the back ; on the back, or with 
the back downward ; toward or in past time ; from 



a better to a worse state ; in a reverse manner or 
direction ; contrarily. — Back'' ward, a. Unwilling; 
averse ; dull of apprehension ; late or behindhand. 

— Back'^bite, -bit, v. t. To speak evil of in the ab- 
sence of the person traduced. — v. i. To revile the 
absent. — Back'biter, n. — Back'bone, -bon, n. The 
spine ; firmness ; spirit ; grit. — ground, n. Ground 
in the rear ; a place of obscurity or shade. {Art.) 

, The part of a picture behind, and subordinate to, 
the foreground. — house, n. A building behind a 
mam building ; a privy, —-side, n. Hinder part of 
anything; the rear. — slide, -slid', v. t. [backslid 
(-sHd), ». /). -slid'den, -SLID ; -SLIDING (-slid-'ing).] 
To fall Dackor off ; to apostatize. — slid'er,/!. One 
who, etc. ; a renegade. — staff, n. An instrument 
for taking the altitude of heavenly bodies. — stakes, 
-starz, n. pi. Stairs at the back of the house ; a pri- 
vate or indirect way. — stair, a. Indirect ; illegiti- 
mate ; undue. — stays, -staz, 71. pZ. (Naut.) Ropes 
from the top-mast heads to both sides of a ship, to 
support the mast. — stream, n. A current flowing 
up-stream. — sword, -sord, n. A sword with one 
sharp edge. — water, -waw-ter, n. "Water held back, 
as in a stream, by some obstruction ; water thrown 
back by the turning of a water-wheel, etc. — ^woods, 
-wd6dz,«.;jZ. Forestsorpartly cleared ground on the 
frontiers of a newly settled country. — woods 'man, 
n. An inhabitant of, etc. 

Backgammon, bak-gam''mon, n. A game played by 
two persons, upon a tray, with checkers and dice. — 
V. t. To defeat one's opponent, before he has moved 
his counters from the first quarter of the board. 

Bacon, ba'kn, n. Hog's flesh salted or pickled and 
smoked. 

Bacterium, bak-te'rT-um, n. ; pi. Bacteeia, -a. 
{Biol.) A microscopic vegetable organism, belonging 
to the Alg£e, usually in the form of a jointed rodlike 
filament and found in putrefying organic infusions. 
Bacteria multiply very rapidly. Certain species are 
active agents in fermentation, while others appear to 
be the cause of certain infectious diseases. — Bacte- 
riology, -oKo-jt, n. The science relating to bacteria. 

Bad, bad, a. [comp. worse (w5rs), superl. worst, 
(werst).] Wanting good qualities ; evil ; vicious. 

— Bad'ly, adv. — Bad'ness, n. 
Bad, Bade. See Bid. 

Badge, baj, n. A distinctive mark worn on the person. 

Badger, baj'er, n. A burrowing, quadruped akin to 
the bear. {E. Law.) A person licensed to buy an4 
sell corn. — v. t. [badgered (baj'erd), -ering.] 
To follow up, as the badger is hunted ; to pester or 
worry. 

Badinage, bad-e-nazh', n. Ijght or plavful discourse. 

Baffle, baf 'fl, v. t. [baffled (-fld), -fling.] To treat 
with mockery; to check hj shifts and turns ; to 
balk ; to frustrate, elude, foil. 

Bag, n. A sack or pouch, to hold or convey anything. 

— v.t. [bagged (bagd), bagging.] To put Into a 
bag; to seize or entrap. — v. i. To swell like a 
fun bag.— Bag'ging, n. Cloth or materials for bags. 

— B a g ' g y , -gi, a. 
Bulged out, like a bag. 

— Bag'man, n. One 
who carries a bag ; a 
commercial traveler. — 
-pipe, n. A Scottish 
musical instrument, 
consisting oi a leathern 
bag, and of pipes, into 
which air is pressed 
by the performer. 

Bagatelle, bag'a-tel, n. A 
trifle ; thing of no im- 
portance; a game 
played with balls on a 
board having holes at 
one end. 




Bagpipe. 



&m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, tSrm ; fo, ice ; Cdd, tone, dr ; 



BAGGAGE 



29 



BANK 



Bagg&gfi- bag'ej, d. The tents, clothing, utensils, etc., 
of an army: trunks, bugs, etc., for travelers; lug- 
gage. A strumpet ; a playful, saucy young woman. 

Bagnio, ban'yo, n. A bath-house : a brothel. 

Bah, ba, interj. An exclaniatiou of disgust or con- 
tempt; i)ah. 

Bail, bal, '•. ^ [bailed (bald), bailing.] {Law.^ To 
set free from arrest, securitj- being given lor the ap- 
pearance of the person bailed ; to deliver, upon a 
contriict that the trust shall be executed. To free 
from water. — n. (Law.) One who procures a pris- 
oner's release bv becoming surety for his appear- 
ance in court; tne security given. The handle of a 
kettle, etc. — Bailee, bal-e'', ?!. (Law.) One to whom 
goods are committed in trust. — Bail'er, -or, -er, n. 
(Lhw.) One who delivers goods to another in trust. 
— Bail'^iff, ti A sheriff's deputy, appointed to make 
arrest;, collect fines, summon juries, etc. — Bail'^i- 
wick, n. {Law.) The precincts in which a bailiff 
has jurisdiction. 

Bait, bat, n. Thing used to catch fish, etc.; a lure; 
enticement ; temptation ; refreshment taken on a 
journey. — v. t. To put on or in, as on a hook, trap, 
etc., to allure game; to feed upon the road; to pro- 
voke arid harass. — v. i. To stop for refreshment on 
a journey. 

Baize, baz, n. A coarse woolen stuff, with long nap. 

Bake, bak, v. t. [baked (bakt), baking.] To heat, 
dry, and harden; esp. to prepare for food, in a close 
place heated. — v. i. To do the work of baking; to 
be baked. — Ba'ker, n. One who bakes bread, bis- 
cuit, etc. ; a portable tin oven. — Baker's dozen. 
Thirteen in number. — Ba'ken^, -er-I, n. A place 
for baking ; bakehouse. — Backing, n. Quantity 
baked at once. 

Balance, bal'ans, n. An apparatus for weighing bod- 
ies; what is needed to equalize two quantities; act 
of comparing or weighing; an equipoise or just pro- 
portion; a regulating wheel in a watch. (Astroii.) 
A sign in the zodiac , called Libra. [Improperly 
used for remainder.'^ — v. t. [balanced (-anst), 
-ANCING.J To bring to an equipoise; to weigh in a 
balance ; to render equal ; to compare in relative 
force, value, etc.; to settle and adjust, as an account. 
(Dancing.) To move toward, and then back from, 
reciprocally. — v. i. To be in equipoise; to hesitate. 
(Dancing.) To move toward, etc. 
' Balcony, bal'ko-nt, re. A gallery on the outside of a 
building. 

Bald, bawld, a. Destitute of natural covering, as of 
hair, feathers, foliage, etc.; destitute of ornament; 
unadorned. 

Balderdash, bawKder-dash, re. A worthless mixture, 
esp. badly mixed liquor; a senseless jargon of words; 
ribaldrv. 

Baldric^ bawKdrik, n. A warrior's girdle. 

Bale, bal, re. A bundle of goods corded for transporta- 
tion.— 1>. t. [baled (bald), baling.] To make up 
in a bale. 

Bale, bal, re. Misery; calamity ; sorrow. 

Bale, V. t. To free from water. See Bail. 

Baleen, ba-len', re. Horny plates in the whale's 
mouth ; whalebone in plates. 

Balk, bawk, re. An unplowed ridge or strip; a great 
beam or rafter ; a hindrance ; disappointment. — 
V. t. [balked (bawkt), balking.] To leave un- 
touched in plowing; to disappoint, frustrate. — v.i. 
To stop abruptly in one's course. 

Ball, bawi, re. Any round body; any round or protu- 
berant part of the body ; a familiar 
game. — v. i. [balled (bawld), 
balling.] To form, as snow, into 
balls, as on the feet. — Ball and socket 
joint. A joint in which a ball moves 
within a socket, giving motion in 
every direction. — Ball'-cartridge, 
-kart-rij, re. A cartridge containing 
a bullet. 

Ball, bawl, n. A social assembly for 
dincing.— Ballad, baKlad, n. A pop- 
ular song in simple verses. — Ballet, 
bnKla, n. A theatrical exhibition 
with mu.sic, dancing, etc. 

Ballast, l)aKlast, n. (Naijt.) Any heavy substance 
placed in the hold of a vessel, to steady it. Gravel, 




Ball and 
socket joint. 



broken stone, etc., solidifying the bed of a railroad. 

— V. t. To furnish with, etc. 

Balloon, bal-loon', n. A bag, of silk or other light 
material, tilled with hydrogen gas or heated air, so 
as to rise and float in the atmosphere. (Arch.) A 
ball or globe on the top of a pillar. (C/ieiit.) A- 
spherical glass receiver. 

Ballot, baKlot, re. Orig., a ball used in voting; a writ- 
ten or printed vote; act of voting by balls or tickets; 
amount of votes cast. — v. i. To vote or decide by 
ballot. . 

Balm, bam, re. An aromatic plant ; resinous sap of 
certain trees; a fragn jt ointment; anything which 
heals, or soothes or mitigates pain. — v.t. To anoint 
with balm ; to assuage. — Balsam, bawKsam, re. An 
aromatic resinous substance, containing an essen- 
tial or volatile oil. (Bot.) A species of tree ; an 
annual garden plant; balsamine. (Med.) A mix- 
ture of natural balsams and other articles. 

Balmoral, bal-mor''al, n. A thick woolen petticoat; a 
kind of shoe. 

Baluster, bal'us-tei^ n. (Arch.) A small column or 
pilaster, supporting the rail of a staircase, etc.; the 
lateral part of the volute of the Ionic capital. _[Im- 
properly called ban^nister.] — Bal''nstrade, -trad, n. 
A row of balusters, joined by a rail. 

Bamboo, bam-boo'',_«. A kind of reed. 

Bamboozle, bam-boo-'zl, v. t. To play tricks ujron. 

Ban, ban, re. A public proclamation o"r edict ; inter- 
diction ; curse, (vli) Public notice of a marriage 
proposed. — V. t. To curse; to execrate. 

Banana, ba-na'na, n. A species of the plantain tree, 
and its fruit. 

Band, band, n. That with which a thing is bound or 
fastened. (Arch.) A flat, low molding; a continu- 
ous tablet or series of ornaments : the molding 
which encircles Gothic pillars and small shafts. See 
Molding. Means of union between persons; a 
linen neck ornament worn by clergymen; a com- 
pany united in desigUjesp. a body of armed men, or 
of musicians. — v.t. To bind, tie, »r mark with a 
band; to unite in a troop, company, or confederacy. 

— v.i. To confederate. — Band'age, -ej, re. A fillet 
or swathe, for binding up wounds, etc. — v. t. [band- 
aged (-ejd), -aging.] To bind with, etc. — Bandeau, 
ban'do, "re. ; pi. -deaux, -doz. A narrow band or 
fillet ; a head-dress. 

Bandana, -danna, ban-dan'na, re. A kind of silk or 
cotton handkerchief. 

Bandit, ban'dit, re. ; pi. -dits or -ditti, -dit'^tY. A 
lawless fellow ; brigand ; outlaw. 

Bandoline, ban'do-lin, re. A gummy preparation for 
holding the hair in place. 

Bandy, ban''dl, re. A hooked club for striking a baU; 
the game played with it. — v. t. [bandied (ban'- 
did), bandying.] To beat to and fro, as a ball; to 
give and receive reciprocally ; to exchange, toss 
about, agitate. — Ban'dy-leg, re. A crooked leg. 

Bane, ban, re. A deadly poison ; a cause of injury. 

Bang, bang, v. t. [banged (bangd), banging.] To 
beat; to handle roughly. — re. A blow. 

Bang, Bangae, bang, n. A narcotic and intoxicating 
drug made from Indian wild hemp. 

Bangle, ban^'gl, re. An ornamental ring worn upon 
the arm, also upon the ankles i>i India and Africa. 

Banian, Banyan, ban'yan or ban-yan'', re. A Hindoo 
merchant; a morning gown; 
the Indian fig tree, whose 
branches drop shoots which 
take root and form new 
stems. 

Banish, ban'ish, v. t. [ban- 
ished (-isht), -ISHING.J To 
i condemn to exile ; to drive 
away ; expel.— Ban'ish- 
ment, re. Act of, or state of 
being, etc. 

Ban'^ister. See under Balus- 
ter. 

Banjo, ban'jo, re. A stringed 
instrument, resembling the guitar and tamborinci 

Bank, bank, re. A ridge of earth ; steep acclivity; a 
flat; a shoal; a bench of rowers in a galley. (Com.) 
Money deposited by a number of persons for a par- 
ticular use ; place for depositing money; a com- 




Banian tree. 



sun, cube, full; moon, f(36t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, bONboN, chair,, get. 



BANKRUPT 



30 



BAROUCHE 



pany concerned in a bank. — r. t. [baxkeb (bankt), ! 
BANKING.] To raise a mound or dike about; to in- 
close or iortify with a bank; to cover, as a fire, with 
ashes, etc. — r. i. To deposit money in a bank; to 
carry on banking. — Bank^er, w. (3ne who keeps a 
bank, receives and remits money, negotiates bills of 
exchan.ae, etc. — Bank^ing, /». Business of a banker. 
— Bank'-bill, n. In Amer., a promissory note of 
a bank payable to bearer on demand; a bank note. 
In Eng., a note or bill of exchange, of a bank, pay- 
able to order. — book, 7i. Book for recording bank 

accounts. note, /(. A promissory note issued by 

a bank, payable to bearer on demand, intended to 
circulate as money. 
Bankrupt, bank'rupt, n. A trader who breaks or 
fails: (jue unable to pay his debts. — a. Unable to 
pay debts; insolvent. — r. t. To break in trade; to 
make insolvent. — Bank'ruptcy, -st, ti. State of be- 
ing, or <ict of becoming, etc. 
Banner, ban^'ner, n. A military ensign; standard of 

a prince or state; pennon. 
Banns, banz, n. pi. Notice given in church of an in- 
tended marriage. [See Ban.] 
Banquet, bank'' wet, n. A least; entertainment. — v. I. 
To treat with, etc. — v. i. To regale one's self, feast. 
Bantam, ban'tam, n. A small variety of fowl, prob. 

fr. Bantam, in Java. 
Banter, ban'ter, v. t. [bantered (-terd), -teking.] To 
play upon In words and in good humor ; to rally, 
ridicule, deride. — n. liumorous railery, pleasantry. 
Bantingism, ban'ting-izm, n. The reducing of corpu- 
lence by diet. 
Bantling, bant'ling, n. A small child ; an infant. 
Banyan. See Banian. 

Baobab, ba'o-bab, n. The largest known tree In the 
world, a native of trop- 
ical Africa. 
Baptism, bap-'tizm, n. 
Act of baptizing; the 
application of water, as 
an initiation into the 
visible church of 
Christ. — Bap'tist, n. 
One who administers, 
etc. ; esp. John, the fore- 
runner of Christ. As a 
c o n t r. of Anabaptist, 
one who rejects infant baptism, and considers im- 
mersion essential. — Bap^'tistery, -t6r-t, n. A place 
where, etc. — Baptist'ic, -ical, o. Pert, to, etc. — 
Baptize, -tiz', v. i. [baptized (-tizd''), -tizing.] To 
administer baptism to; to christen. — Bapti^'zer, n. 
Bar, bar, n. A long piece of wood, metal, etc., esp. 
as used for obstruction; any obstacle which hinders 
or defends; a barrier; a bank at the mouth of a riv- 
er or harbor. (Law.) The railing about the place for 
counsel in courts of justice; the place in court for 
prisoners; the legal profession; a special plea con- 
stituting a sufficient answer to the plaintiff's action. 
Any tribunal; the counter of a tavern, etc., over 
which liquors are sold. (Her.) A horizontal mark 
across the escutcheon. 
(Miw.) Aline drawn per- 
pendicularly across the 
staff. — V. t. [barred 
^bard), barring.] To 
fasten with a bar ; to 
hinder; prevent ; to ex- 
cept ; to cross with stripes or lines. — Barrage, bar'- 
rej, «. A mound or dyke, to raise the waters of a 
river. — Barricade, bar' rT-kad'', n. (Mil.) A defen- 
sive fortification to check an enemy ; any bar, ob- 
struction, or means of defense. — v. t. To fortify 
with any slight work. — Bar'rier, -rT-er, >t. (Fort.) 
A kind of fence, to stop an enemy. A fortress on the 
frontier of a country; any obstruction ; limit or 
boundarj'. — Bar^rister, n. A counselor admitted to 
plead at the bar. 
Barb, barb, n. Beard, or that which resembles it; the 
point that stands backward in an arrow, fish-hook, 
etc.; armor anciently worn by horses, set with iron 
spikes. — V. t. To furnish with barbs; to clothe, as a 
horse, with armor. — Bar'ber, n. One who shaves the 
beard, and cuts and dresses the hair, of others. — 
V. t. To shave and dress the hair of. 




Baobab. 



Measure. 


Measure. 





























Ear. 



Bar. Double Bar. 



Barb, barb, n. A horse of the breed originating ia 

Barbary; a pigeon, orig. fr. Barbary. 
Barbacan, -bican, bar-'bTt-kan, n. '(Fort.) An ad 
vanced work defending the entrance to a castle or 
city. An opening in the wall of a fortress lor guns. 
Barbarian, bar-ba'rt-an, n. A man in his rude, unciv' 
ilized state; a cruel, savage, brutal man. — rr Pert. 
to, or resembling savages ; rude. — Bar^barism, -ba- 
rizni, n. An uncivilized state or conditions speech 
contrary to the idioms of a language. — Barbarity, 
-bar'T-tl, «. Manners of a barbarian ; savageness; 
cruelty. — Bar^barize, -riz, ik i. To become barba- 
rous; to use a foreign or barbarous mode oi speech. 
^v. t. To make barbarous. — Bar'barous, -rus, a. 
Uncivilized ; cruel ; contrary to the idioms of a lan- 
guage. — Bar'barously, adv. — Bar'^barousness. n. 
Barbecue, bar'be-ku, n. A hog, ox, etc., roasted 
whole; an open-air entertainment at which animals 
' are roasted whole. —v. f. [barbecued (-kud), -cu- 
ing.] To dress and roast whole. 
Barberry, bar' ber-rT, Berberry, ber'ber-rT, n. (Bot.) 
A hedge plant, bearing berries used for preserves. 
Bard, bard, n. A Celtic minstrel; a poet. 
Bare, bar, a. Without covering ; naked ; with the 
head uncovered ; destitute ; empty ; mere;' simple. 
— V. t. [bared (bardj, baring.] To strip off the 
covering of ; to make naked. — Baje'ly. -IT, adv. 
Only; nearlv; nakedly. 
Bare. The old preterit of 6ear; new bore. See Bear. 
Barege, ba-razh', n. A thin dress stuff, of worsted or 

silk and worsted. 
Bargain, bar^gen, n. An agreement concerning the 
sale of property ; any agreement or stipulation ; a 
gainful transaction : contract ; purchase. — v. t. 
[bargained (-gend), -gaining.] To transfer for a 
consideration. — v.i. To make a contract; to agree. 
Barge, barj, n. A pleasure boat; a large boat for pas- 
sengers or goods. 
Barium, ba-'rT-um, n. The metallic basis of baryta. 
Bark, bark, n. The exterior covering of atree;'the 
rind. — v. ^ [barked (barkt), barking.] To strip 
the bark from; to peel; to cover or inclose with 
bark. 
Bark, bark, n. The noise made by a dog. — v. i. To 

make the noise of dogs: to clamor. 
Bark, Barque, bark, n. (Naut.) A three-masted ves- 
sel, having fore and 
main masts rigged 
as a ship, and the 
mizzen as a schoon- 
er ; any small ves- 
sej. — Bark'entine, 
-ten, n. A three- 
masted vessel, with 
foremast rigged 
like a ship, main 
and mizzen masts 
like a schooner. 
Barley, bar'^lT, n. A 
gram, of the grass 
familv, used for making malt. 
Barm, barm, ??. Foam rising upon fermenting malt 
liquors, used as leaven in bread. — Barm''y, -T, a. 
Containing barm or yeast. 
Barn, barn, n. A building for storing grain, hay, etc.- 

also for stabling cattle and horses. 
Barnacle, bar'na-kl, n. A shell-fish. — A species of 
goose found in the northern seas. — pi. (Far.) An 
instrument to put upon a horse's nose, to confine 
him. A pair of spectacles. 
Barometer, ba-rom'e-ter, n. An instrument for de- 
termining the weight of the atmosphere, changes of 
weather, or height of an ascent. — Baromefric. 
-rical. a. Pert, to, or made by, etc. 
Baron, bar-'un, v. In Eng. the lowest title of nobility; 
one ranking between a viscount and baronet. (Laiv.) 
A husband^ (Cookery.) A double sirloin. — Bar'on- 
age, n. The whole bodj' of barons or peers: the dig- 
nity of, etc. ; the land which gives title to, etc. — 
Bar'^oness, n. A baron's wite or lady. — Baro'nial. 
a. Pert, to, etc. — Bar'ony, n. The lordship, hon- 
^or, or fee of, etc. — Bai'onet, n. A dignity next 
below a baron and above a knight. 
Barouche, ba-roosh'', h. A four-wheeled carriage, with 
a falling top. 




Bark. 



Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; In, ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r ; 



BARRACK 



31 



BATTLE 



Barrack. bar''rak, n. (Mil.) A hut or house for soldiers, 

esp. in garrison. 
Barrator, bar''ra-ter, n. An encourager of litigation ; 

a shipmaster who commits fraud in its management. 

— Bar'ratrous, -trus, a. {Law.) Tainted with, etc. 
— Bar'ratry, -trT, n. (Law.) Practice of encour- 
aging law-suits. (Com.) A fraudulent breach of duty 
by a ship-master or mariners. 

Barrel, bar'rel, n. A round, bulgy vessel or cask; 
the quantity contained in it. — varying from 31 J to 
36 gallons; any hollow cylinder. — v. t. [b.\keeled 
(-reld), -KELi.vo.] To put or pack in, etc. 

Bajren, bar^'ren, a. Incapable of producing offspring; 
producing nothing: sterile; dull; empty. — n. Ele- 
vated lands, producing small trees, but not timber. 

Barricade, Barrier, Barrister. See under Bar. 

Barrow, baf^ro, n. A hand-carnage. A hog, esp. a 
male hog castrated. A mound raised over graves, 
esp. of those fallen in battle. 

Barter, bar'ter, v. i. [B.iRXERED (-terd), -terixg.] 
To traffic by exchanging one commodity for another. 
— v.t. To exchange, or give in exchange. — )i. Act of, 
practice of, etc.; thing given in exchange; dealing; 
traffic. 

Bartizan, bar'tY-zan', n. A small overhanging tur- 
ret, projecting from angles of towers, parapets, etc. 

Baryta, ba-ri'ta, n. (Min.) The heaviest of the earths. 

— Bary'tom, Ba'^num, -rl-um, n. A metal, the base 
of baryta. 

Barytone, Baritone, bar''I-ton, a. (Mus.) Grave and 
deep. (Gr. Gram.) Not marked with an accent 
on the last syllable. — n. (MusA A male voice be- 
tween bass and tenor. (Greek Gram.) A word 
unmarked on the last syllaole, the grave accent be- 
ing understood. 

Basalt, ba-sawlf, n. (3Iin.) A rock of igneous origin, 
usually of a greenisn-black color. A kind of black 
porcelain. 

Bas-bleu, ba-ble' or ba-bloo', n. A literary lady; a 
blue-stocking. 

Base, has, a. Of humble birth and low degree; il- 
legitimate by birth : low in value or 
estimation ; morally low ; unworthy ; 
mean ; vile ; not refined ; deep or grave 
in sound. (Law.) Not held byhon- 
orable service. — Base or Bass, bas, a. 
(Mus.) Deep or grave in sound. — n. The 
lowest musical part ; the gravest male 
voice. — Bassoon, bas-soon', n. (Mus.) 
A wind instrument, resembling a flute, 
having a very low note. — Bass-viol, 
bas-'vi'ol, n. (Mus.) A strin^d instru- 
ment for the Dass part ; violoncello. — 
Bas-relief, ba-re-lef. Bass-relief, bas'- 
re-lef, Bas'so-rilie'vo, -re-le-a'vo, n. 
Sculpture, whose figures do not stand 
out far from the ground on which they 
are formed. — Base'ment, n. (Arch.) 
The lowest story of a building. 

Base, bas, n. The bottom; the part of a 
thing on which it stands. (Arch.) The 
part of a column between pedestal and 
shaft ; the lower projecting part of a 
wall. (Chem.) The principal element Bassoon, 
of a compound. (Dyeing.) A substance used as a 
mordant. (Mil.) A protected tract of country, from 
which an army conducts operations. (Surv.) A line 
from which to compute the distances and positions 
of outlying points. —v. «. [based (bast), basixg.] 
To put on a base or basis; to found. — Basis, ba'sis, 
«.; pi. Ba'ses, -sez. That on which a thing rests ; 
groundwork or first principle. 

Bashaw, ba-shaw'. Pacha, Pasha, pa-shaw', n. A 
Turkish title of honor; a haughty, imperious per- 
son. 

Bashful, bash'^ful, a. Having a down-cast look; very 
modest. — Bash'fully,ady. — Basli''fuliiess, n. 

Basement. See under Base. a. 

Basic, Basis, etc. See under Base. n. 

Basilic, ba-ziKik, Basilica, -ziKt-ka, ti. A king's pal- 
ace; a large hall or court of justice; a church, chapel, 
or cathedral. 

Basilisk, baz'i-lisk, n. A fabulous serpent, whose 
breath and look were thought to be fatal, (^at. 
Hist.) A genus of lizards. 




Basin, ba'sn,^. A hollow vessel, to hold water; any 
hollow place containing water {Geol.) A forma- 
tion, where the strata dip inward toward the center. 
(Phyncal Geoy.) A circular or oval valley-; the 
tract of country drained by a river. 

Bask, bask, v.i. [basked (baskt), basking.] To lie 
in warmth; to be exposed to genial heat. — v. t. To 
warm with genial heat. 

Basket, bas'ket, n. A vessel made of twigs, rushes, 
etc., interwoven. — Bas'ketful, ti. The content* of, 
etc. 

Basque, bask, n. A part of a lady's dress, resembling 
a jacket. 

Bass, bas, n. sing. & pi. A food fish of several species. 
The tiel tree, or its bark, used for mats, etc. 

Bass, Bassoon, Bass-relief. See under Base, a. 

Bast, bast, ?i. Inner bark of the lime tree; matting, 
cordage, etc., made of the bark. 

Bastard, bas'terd, n. An illegitimate child; an infe- 
rior quality of brown sugar; mold for draining su- 
gar. — a. Illegitimate ; spurious; adulterate. — Bas'- 
tardy, -dt, n. State of being, etc. 

Baste, bast, i\ t. To beat ; to cudgel ; to sprinkle 
flour and salt and drip butter or fat on, as on meat 
in roasting._ 

Bastile, bas-teK, n. Orig., a wooden tower used in 
warfare ; any tower or fortification ; esp. an old 
fortification in Paris, used as a state prison, but de- 
molished in 1789. _ 

Bastinade, bas-tt-nad', -nado, -na'do, n. A beating or 
cudgeling; esp. the Chinese and Turkish punish- 
ment of beating on the soles of the feet. — v. t. To 
beat with a cudgel, esp. on the soles of the feet. 

Bastion, basfyun,?!. (Fort.) A projecting part of the 
main inclosure, consisting of faces and tne ilanks. 

Bat, bat, n. A club, used in playing ball ; a sheet of 
cotton prepared for filling quilts; a piece of a brick. 
— V. i. To manage a bat, or play with one. 

Bat, n. A winged mammal hav- 
ing a body like a mouse. 

Batch, bach, n. The quantity ■ 
of bread baked at one time; 
any business dispatched at 
once; any quantity of things 
so united as to have like qual- 
ities. 

Bate, bat, v. t. To lessen ; to 
abate; to allow by way of deduction. 

Bateau, bat-o'', n.; pi. Bateau.x, bat-oz'. Alight boat. 

Bath, bath, n.; pi. Baths, bathz. A place to bathe in; 
act of exposing the body to water or vapor. (Chem.) 
A medium, as heated sand, through which heat is 
applied to a body.— Bathe, bathe, v. t. [bathed 
(bathd), bathing.] To wash by immersion; to mois- 
ten with a liquid. — v. t. To be, or lie, in a bath; to 
immerse. — n. A bath. 

Bathos, ba''thos, n. (Rhet.) A ludicrous descent 
from tlie elevated to the mean. 

Baton, ba-toN', Batoon, ba-toon', n. A staif or trun- 
cheon. 

Batrachian, ba-tra'kt-an, a. Pert, to animals of the 
frog tribe. 

Battalion. See under Battle. 

Batten, bat'n, v. t. [battened (-tnd), -tening.] 
To fatten; to fertilize, as land. — v. i. To grow fat, 
live in luxury. — n. A narrow piece of board, or 
scantling ; the movable bar of a loom. — v. t. To 
fasten with battens. 

Batter, bafter, r. t. [battered (-terd), -teeing. J To 
beat repeatedly and with violence ; esp. to attack 
with artillery; to wear with beating or oy use. — n. 
(Cookery.) A mixture of several ingredients, beaten 
up with some liquid. — Bafterer, n. — Bat'tery, 
-tSr-T, n. Act of battering. (Mil.) Any place where 
cannon are mounted; a body of cannon taken col- 
lectively. (Elec.) A number of coated Jars, con- 
nected, to be charged and 'discharged simultane- 
ously. ( Galv.) An apparatus for generatino; galvanic 
electricity. (Law.) Unlawful beating of another. 

Batting, bat'ting, n. Cotton or wool in sheets; bat. 

Battle, bat'tl, n. A fight between enemies or oppos- 
ing forces; combat; engagement. — v.i. [battled 
(bat'ld), battling.] To contend in fight. — Battal- 
ion, -taKyun, n. A body of infantry, containing 
several companies, and less than a regiment. 




Bat. 



stin, cabe, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or igk, tiben, boNboN, chair, get. 



J3ATTLED00R 



32 



BEAUTY 



Battledoor, bat', ior, n. An instrument with a 
handle and fiat board, used to strike a shuttle-cock 




Battlement. 



The outlet of a lake; a channel for 



Battlement, bat'^'-ment, n. {Arch.) An indented 

parapet, orig. ._-t.-d on 

fortitications. 
fattue, baftoo, n. Act of 

beating woods, etc., for 

game : the game itself. 
Bauble, Bawble, baw'bl, n. 

A trifling piece of finery; 

a gew-jfaw. 
Bawd, bawd, n. One who 

keeps a brothel, and co'.i- 

ducts criminal intrigues. 

— L\ i. To procure women 
for lewd purposes. 

Bawl, bawl, v. i. [bawled (bawld), b.wvlixg.I To 
cry with vehemence. — v. t. To proc.^im by outcry. 

— n. A loud, prolonf"d cry. 

Bay, ba, a. Ked or re^._ish, inclining to a chestnut 

color_^ 
Bay, ba, n. An inlet of the sea. (Arch.) A division 

in the arrangement of a building ; an inclosed 

place_ in a barn, for hay. 
Bay, ba, «. The laurel tree ; pi, an honorary crown, 

anciently made of laurel branches. 
Bay, ba, 7i. Act of facing an antagonist when escape 

is impossible. — v. i. To bark, as a dog, at his game. 

— V. t. To bark at. 

Bayonet, ba'o-net, w. {Mil.) A dagger fitted upon the 
muzzle of a gun. — i;. t. To stab with, or drive by, 
etc. _ 

Bayou, bl'oo, w, 
water. 

Bazaar, Bazar, ba-zar', n. In the East, a market-place, 
or assemblage of shops; a hall or suite of rooms for 
the sale of goods. 

Be-, prefix. Has sometimes an intensive force, as be- 
sprinkle. Prefixed to nouns or adjectives, it often 
has the meaning to make, and transforms them into 
Tcrbn : thus Bedim, Befool, mean to make dim, 
to make a fool of. Sometimes it has the meaning of 
by, as beside. For words beginning with Be- not 
found in this vocabulary, see the origmal word : thus, 
for Bedaub, Bedim, etc., see Daub, Dim, etc. 

Be, V. i. and auxiliary, [imp. was ; p. p. been ; p. pr. 
and vb. n. being.] To exist logically, or actually; 
to exist in some particular state or relation; to pass 
from one state to another; to become. — Bering, w. 
Existence, state, condition; anythin°: existing. 

Beach, bech, 71. A sandy or pebbly shore; strand. — 
V. t. To run upon a beach. 

Beaco-n, be'kn, n. A fire to signal an enemy's ap- 
proach. (JSfaut.) A signal or mark near the shore, 
or in shoal water, to guide mariners. That which 
warns of danger. — v. t. [beaconed (be'nd), 
-CONING.] To give light to, as a beacon. 

Bead, bed, n. A little ball, to be strung on a thread, 
and worn for ornament, or for counting prayers, 
etc.; any small globular body. — v. t. To ornament 
with beads. — Bead'ing, n. {Arch.) A molding in 
imitation of beads. — Bead'-roll, -rol, n. {Rom. Cath. 
Church.) A list of those for whom prayers are to 
be counted o_ff on beads; a catalogue in general. — 
Beadsman, bedz'man, n.; pi. Beadsmen. One em- 
ployed in praying, who drops a bead at each prayer. 

Beadle, be'dl, n. A messenger or crier of a court; an 
officer in a university, who precedes processions ; 
an inferior parish officer. 

Beagle, be'gl, n. A small hound, used in hunting 
hares. 

Beak, bek, n. The bill or nib of a bird, turtle, etc.; 
anything pointed or projecting like a beak. 

Beaker, jjek^er, n. A large drinking-cup or vessel. 

Seam, bem, n. Any large, long piece of timber; a 
main timber of a building, ship, loom, plow, etc.; 
the part of a balance, from which the scales hang; 
pole of a carriage; shank of an anchor; a collection 
of parallel rays from a luminous body. — v. t. 
[BEAMED (benid), beaming.] To send forth; to emit. 

— w. i._ To emit rays of light; to shine. 

Bean, ben, n. A leguminous plant, and its seed. — 
Be»n''-fly, n. A fly found on bean flowers. — goose, 
n. A migratory goose, feeding on beans. 

Bear, bar, v. t. [imp. borb (formerly bare); p.p 




Black Bear. 



born, borx"; p. pr.Scvb.n. bearing.] To support or 
sustain, convey; to possess and use; to carry, wear; 
to entertain ; to endure, tolerate, suffer; to be an- 
swerable for; to carry on, o" maintain ; to admit or 
be capable of ; to behave, act ; to supply with.; to 
bring forth, give birth to. — v. i. To produce, be 
fruitful; to press; to take effect; to be situated, 
with respect to something else; to relate or refer to. 
— Bear^er, n. One who, or that which, etc. ; one who 
assists in carrying a body to the grave. {Com.) One 
who holds a cneckfnote, draft, etc., lor the payment 
of money. — Bear''ing, n. Manner in which one 
bears himself; deportment; situation of an object, 
with respect to another object; relation; influence; 
tendency; act of giving birth. {Arch.) Span of a 
beam, rafter, etc. {Her.) An emblem or charge in 
an escutcheon. {Much.) The part in contact with 
which a journal moves; part of a shaft or axle in 
contact with suppoits. 

Bear; bar, ?i. A quadruped of the genus {7rs2»,* a brutal, 
roughly-behaved per- 
son. {Stock Exchange.) 
One who contracts to 
deliver, at some future 
time, stocks which he 
does not own, and 
therefore seeks to pull 
down their value, — 
opp. to a bull, who eon- 
tracts to take stocks, 
and seeks to raise their 
value. {Astron.) One 
of two constellations 
in the northern hemisphere, the Greater and Lesser 
Bear, or Ursa 31ujor and Ursa Minor. — v. t. 
[beared Toard), bearing.] To depress the value 
of (stocks) ; to depreciate by alarming rumors. 

Beard, herd, ?». The hair on the chin and adjacent 
parts of the face ; the long hairs on a plant ; the 
awn. — V. t. To seize or pull b}' the beard ; to set at 
defiance. — Beard'ed, a. — Beard'less. a. 

Beast, best, n. A four-footed animal ; a brute ; a de- 
graded or brutal man. — Beasfly, -It, Bestial, besf- 
yal, a. Pert, to, having the form or nature of, or 
resembling, a beast ; filthy ; carnal ; depraved. — 
Beast'liness, n. — Bestiality, -yaKT-tTt, n. Brutism ; 
beastliness ; unnatural connection with a beast. — 
Bes'tialize, v. t. To make bestial. — Bes'tially, adv. 

Beat, bet, v.^ [beat; BEATor beaten; beating.} To 
strike repeatedly, pound, maul, drub ; to break or 
form by beating; to scour or range over; to overcome 
in contest, conquer, vanquish; to indicate by beat- 
ing a drum. — v. i. To strike repeatedly; to throb, 
pulsate; to come or act with violence; to be in agita- 
tion or doubt. {Naut.) To sail against the direc- 
tion of the wind. — n. A stroke; blow; a recurring 
stroke; pulsation. {Mus.) The rise or fall of the 
hand or foot, in regulating time; a transient grace- 
tone, struck immediately before the one it orna- 
ments. A course frequently gone over; a place of 
habitual resort.— a. Weary; tired; fatigued.— Beaf- 
ing, n. Act of giving blows ; punishment by blows ; 
pulsation ; throbbing. {Naut.) Sailing against the 
wind by tacks. — Beaten, befn, p. a. Smoothed by 
beating: worn by use. — Beat'er, n One who, etc. ; 
an instrument for pounding. 

Beatify, be-at'T-fi, v. t. [beatified (-fid), -fyixo.] 
To pronounce or regard as happy. {Bom. Cath. 
Church.) To declare that one is received into heaven. 

— Beat'itude, -ttJd, n. Felicity of the highest kind; 
pi. the declarations of blessedness made by our Sav- 
ior in regard to particular virtues. _ ^ 

Beau, bo, n. ; pi. F. Beaux, E. Beaus, boz. A man of 
dress; a dandv; a fine, gay man; a lady's attendant 
or suitor. —Beau ideal, -i-de'al. A conception of 
perfect or consummate beauty. [F., beautiful ideal.] 

— Beaumonde, -moNd'. The fashionable world. [F.. 
fine world.] — Bel-esprit, bel'espve'', n.; pi. Bkaux- 
ESPRITS. bo-zes-pre'. A fine genius; a man of wit. 
[F.]-BeUe, bel, n. A young lady, beautiful nnd ad- 
mired.— Belles-lettres, bel-lefter, n. pi Polite or 
elegant literature, esp. poetry and rhetoric. [F.] 

Beauty, bu'tT, n. An assemblage of graces or pleas- 
ing qualities: a particular grace, feature, excellence, 
etc.; a beautiful person, esp. a beautiful woman. — 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term j tn, Ice ; Sdd, tone, 5r ; 



BEAVER 



33 



BELDAM 



Bean'tifnl, -tt-ful, a. Handsome; pretty. — Bean'- 
tifnlly, a</r. — Beau'tify, v. t. [beautified (-lid), 
-FYiNti.] To make beautiful; to adorn; ornament; 
embellish. — u. i. To become beautiful. 

Beaver, be'^vgr, n. An amphibious, rodent quadru- 
ped; its fur; a hat made of the fur; a cloth, some- 
times felted, for making overcoats, hats, etc. Part 
of a helmet which the wearer could raise or lower 
to eat and drink. 

Becalm, Bechance, Becharm, etc. See Be-, ■prefix. 

Became. See Become. 

Because, be-kawz'', conj. By or for the cause that; for 
the reason that. 

isec&on, beji'u, o i. [beckoned (bek'nd), -oning.] 
To make a sign by nodding, etc. — v. t. To make a 
signiucaut sign to ; to summon. 

Become, be-kum', v. i. [imp. became; p.p. become; 
becoming.] To pass from one condition to another; 
to enter into some new state. — v. t. To suit or be 
suitable to, be congruous with, befit. — Becom'ing, 
a. Appropriate or fit ; graceiul ; befitting. — Be- 
com'^ingly, adv. — Becom'ingness, n. 

Becquerel rays, bek-ker-eK. An invisible radiation, 
from the salts of uranium and a few similar sub- 
stances, capable of producing photographic effects. 

Bed, n. Something to sleep or rest in or on; matrimo- 
nial connection ; marriage ; a plat of ground in a 
garden; bottom of a bodj' of water. {Geol.') A 
layer, seam, or stratum. Place on which anytning 
rests. — V. t. To place in a bed; to plant and inclose 
or cover: to put in a place of rest and security. — v. 
i. To go to bed, cohabit. — Bed^ding, 71. Materials 
for a bed, for man or beast. (Geot.) Position of 
layers, etc. — Bed'rid, -ridden, -rid-n, a. Confined 
to the bed by age or infirmity.— Bed'bug, «. An 
offensive bug, infesting beds. — chamber, n. A 
room for, etc. — clothes, -clo&z, n. Sheets, blank- 
ets, etc., for, etc. — fellow, n. One who sleeps with 
another. — piece, -plaice, n. (Much.) The founda- 
tion-framing or block ; base-plate ; sole-plate. — 
-room, w. An apartment for, etc. — side, n. Side of, 
etc. — stead, -sted, n. Frame for supporting, etc. — 
-tick, n. A cloth case, to inclose the materials of, 
etc. — time, 72. Hour for going to bed. 

Bedlam, bed'lam, n. A madhouse; scene of uproar. 

Bedouin, bed'o6-en, n One of the nomad Arab tribes 
of Arabia and Africa. 

Bee, be, 72. (Entom.) A four- winged insect that makes 
wax and honey; an assemblage to labor for others. 
[Amer.] pi. (Naut.) Pieces of plank bolted to the 
outer end of the bowsprit. 

Beech, bech, n. A tree of the genus Fagus. — Beechen, 
bech^'n, a. Consisting of, or pert, to, the wood or 
bark of, etc. — Beech^nast, tj. The nuts of , etc. — 
-oil, n. An oil expressed from the mast. 




10, round; 11. leg; 12, 
foot ; 1-3, udder ; 14, shin; 
15, cheeli. 



1, neck ; 2, shaking-piece; 

3, chine; 4, ribs ; 5, clod; 

6, brisket ; 7, flank ; 8, 

loin, sirloin ; 9, rump ; I 
Beef, bef, n. An animal of the genus Sos, including 

the bull, cow, and ox, in their fuU-CTOwn state; the 

flesh of bovine animals, when killed. — a. Pert, to, 

or consisting of the flesh of, etc. — Beeves, bevz, n. 

pi., when the animals are meant. — Beef'steak, -stak, 

n. A slice of beef for broiling. 
Been. See Be. 
Beer, ber. n. Fermented liquor made from malted 

grain, with hops and other bitter flavoring matters; 



a fermented extract of the roots, etc., of spruce, gin- 
ger, sassafras, etc. 
Beet, bet, n. A plant having a succulent root used for 

food and for making sugar. 
Beetle, be'^tl, n. A heavy maUet or yrooden hammer. 
(Zool.) A coleopterous insect having four wings, 
the outer pair being stiff cases to cover the others 
when folded. A machine to produce figured fabrics 
by pressure from corrugated rollers. — v. t. To pro- 
duce ornamental figures on. — v. i. To hang or ex- 
tend out; to jut. 
Befall, be-lawK, v. t. [imp. befell; p. p. -fallen; 
-FALLING.] To happen to, occur to. — j; i. To come 
to pass, happen. 
Before, be-f or', prep. In front of; preceding in space, 
time, dignity, order, right, etc.; in presence or sight 
of; facing; in the power ot. — adv. On the fore 
part; in front; in time preceding; already. — Eefore'- 
band, adv. In a state of anticipation; by way of 
preparation or preliminary. — a. In comfortable 
financial circumstances; forehanded. 
Beg, beg or ba, n. An Oriental governor of a town, 

city, or district; a bey. 
Beg, beg, v. t. [begged (begd), begging.] To ask 
earnestly, with humility or in charitj^ ; to entreat, 
implore; to take for granted. — i'. i. To ask alma 
or charity. — Beggar, bcg'ger, n. One who, etc.; one 
who lives by begging, a mendicant. — v. t. [beg- 
gared (-gerd), -garing.] To reduce to beggary, 
impoverish, exhaust. — Beg-'garly, -ll, a. Extremely 
indigent; mean; poor. 
Beget, be-get', v. i. [begot or begat ; begot or be- 
gotten ; begetting.] To procreate, as a father or 
sire; to generate, produce. 
Begin, be-gin', v. i [imp. began ; p. p. begun ; be- 
ginning.] To have an orio;inal or first existence; 
to take rise, commence; to do the first act, take the 
first step. — V. t. To enter on, commence. -^Begin'- 
ner, 72. One who, etc.; esp. an inexperienced prac- 
titioner; a tyro. — Eegin'mng, 71. The first cause; 
origin; that which is first; commencement; the ru- 
diments, first ground, or materials. 
Begone, be-gawn', iMter;. Go away; depart. 
Begonia, be-go''nT-a, n. A genus of ornamental plants 

with one-sided leaves, often brightlv colored. 
Beguile, be-giK, v. t. [beguiled (-gild''), beguiling.] 
To delude by artifice, impose ok ; to cause to pass 
without notice, deceive, cheat, insnare. 
Behalf, be-haf, 72. Advantage; interest; support; de- 
fense. 
Behave, be-hav', v. t. [behaved (-havd'), behaving.] 
To carry, conduct. Dear, — used reflexively. — v. i. 
To act; to bear or carrv one's self. — Behavior, -hav''- 
yer, n. Manner of behaving; conduct; deportment. 
Behead, be-hed'', v. t. To sever the head from. 
Behemoth, be'he-moth, n. An animal described in 

Job, -xl. 15-24, supposed to be the hippopotamus. 
Behest, be-hesf, »2. Command; injunction. 
Behind, be-hind'', prep. On the side opp. the front; 
at the back or other side of; left at a distance by; 
inferior to. — adv. In the rear ; backward ; remain- 
ing; past. — Behind'^hand, a. In arrear; in a ?tate 
of backwardness. 
Behold, be-hold', v. t. [beheld (p. p. formerly be- 
holden), beholding.] To fix the eves upon; to 
see with attention. — v. i. To^irect the eyes to an 
object; to look. — Beholden, -hold'n, p. a. Obliged; 
bound in gratitude; indebted. —Behold''er, n. A 
spectator. 
Behoof, be-hoof, n. Advantage; profit; benefit. — 
Behoove, -hove, -hoov'', v. t. [behooved (-hoovd'), 
-hooving.] To be necessary for; to be fit or meet for. 
Being. See under Be. 
Belabor, be-la'ber, v. t. To work diligently upon ; to 

beat soundly, cudgel. 
Belay, be-la'. v. t. [belated (-lad''), belaying.] 
(jVaut.) To make fast, as a rope, by taking turns 
with it round a pin, etc. — Belay'ing-pin, n. A 
strong pin round which ropes are wound. 
Belch, belch, v. t. [belched (belcht), belching.] 
To throw up from the stomach with violence ; to 
eruct; to eject violently from within. — ?-. i. To 
eject wind from the stomach ; to issue violently. — 
77 Act of belching; eructation. 
Beldam, -dame, beKdam, n. An ugly old woman. 



eOn, cube, full ; moon, f<J5t ; cow, oil 5 ligger or igk, then, boNboN. chair, get. 
3 



BELEAGUER 



34 



BERRY 



Beleaguer, be-le^ger, v. t. [beleaguered (-gerd), 
-GUEKIXG.] To surround with an army so as to pre- 
clude escape; to besiege, blockade, environ. 

Bel-esprit. See under Beau. 

Belfry, bel'frl, n. Orig., a movable tower, erected by 
besiegers for attack and defense; a bell-tower ; a cu- 
pola or turret, or room in a tower, for a bell. 

Belie, be-li', i'. t. [belied (-lid'), belying. ]_To give 
the lie to; to show to be false; to give a false account 
of; to slander, counterfeit. 

Believe, be-lev', v. t. [believed f-levd'), -lievixg.] 
To be persuaded of the truth of, place confidence 
in, credit. — v. i. To have a firm persuasion ; to 
think, suppose. — Believ'er, n. One who, etc.; ejp., 
one who believes in divine revelation. — Belief, -lef'', 
n. An assent of mind to the truth of a declaration, 
proposition, etc.; thing believed; a tenet, or body of 
tenets; credence; trust; faith; confidence. 

Belike, be-lik', ar7y. It is likely; probably; perhaps. 

Bell, bel, n. A hollow metallic vessel which rings 
when struck; anything like a bell. — Bells, belz, n. 
{JVaui.) The half-hours of the watch, indicated by 
strokes on the bell. — Bell'bird, n. A bird of Brazil, 
also one of Australia, whose notes resemble bells. 

Belladonna, bel'la-don^na, n. Deadly nightshade, 
formsrly used as a cosmetic. 

Belle. Belles-lettreSj See under Beau. 

Bellico3e, bel'lT-koSj a. Disposed to contention; 
pugnacious. — Belligerent, -lij'er-ent, a. Waging 
war; tending to, or disposed for, war. — n. A na- 
tion, power, or state, carrying on war. 

Bellow, beKlo, v. i. To make a hollow, loud, noise, as 
a bull; to bawl, clamor, roar. — w. Aloud outcry. 

Bellows, bel'lus, n. sing, and pi. An instrument to 
propel air through a tube. — BeFlows-fish, n. A 
fish having a 
long tubular 
snout, like bel- 
lows-pipe; the 
trumpet-fish. 

Belly, bel'lt, n. 
The part of 
the body con- 
t a i n i n g the 
bowels, or in- 
testines ; the 
abdomen; any 
thing resem- 
bling the belly 
i n protuber- 
ance or cavity. 
— V. I. To swell and become protuberant. 

Belong, be-long'', v. i. [beloxged (-longd'), beloxq- 
INgT] To be tne property, concern, or proper business 
of; to appertain; to be a part of, or connected with; 
to be native to, or to have a legal residence. 

Beloved, as a pt. be-luvd', as an adj. be-luv'ed. 
Greatly loved; dear to the heart. 

Below, be-lo', prep. Under in place; beneath; not so 
high; inferior to in rank, excellence, or dignity; 
unworthy of; unbefitting. — adv. In a lower place; 
beneath. 

Belt, belt, n. That which engirdles, restrains, or con- 
fines; a band or girdle, — w. t. To encircle as with a 
belt; to encompass. 

Bemoan, be-mon', v. t. rBEMOAXED (-mond'), be- 
MOAXiXG.] To express deep grief for, by moaning; 
to lament, bewail. 

Bench, bench, n. A long seat; a work-table; the seat 
forjudges in court; persons who sit as judges; the 
court ; a collection of dogs, usually put on benches, 
for exhibition, — -war'rant, n. (Law.) A process is- 
sued by a court against one guilty of contempt, or 
indicted for crime. 

Bend, hend,i>.t. [bexded or bext ; bexdixg.] To 
crook by straining; to curve; to turn out of the direct 
course to some certain point; to incline or exercise 
closely or with interest; to exert; to apply; to ren- 
der submissive, subdue. (Naut.) To fasten, as one 
rope to another, or as a sail to its yard. — v. t. To 
be moved or strained out of a straight line; to bow; 
to be inclined with interest, or closely; to be direct- 
ed; to bow in prayer, or in submission. — ra. A turn 
or deflection from a straight line or direction ; a 
curve; incurvation. (]^aut.) A knot by which a 




Bellows-fish. 



rope is fastened. {Her.) One ©f the honorable or- 
dinaries, made by two lines drawn across from the 
dexter chief to the sinister base point. — Bend'er, n. 

— Bent, n. State of being inclined frem a straight 
line; flexurej leaning or bias; propensity. 

Beneath, be-neth'' or -neth', prep. Lower in place, 
with something over or on ; under; unworthy of; 
unbecoming. — adv. In a lower place; below, as 
opp. to heaven, or to any superior region. 

Benedict, beu'e-dikt, Ben''edick, n. A married man, 
or man newly married. 

Benedictine, ben-e-dikfin, a. Pert, to the monks of 
St. Benedict. — n. A monk of the order established 
by St. Benedict in the 6th century; a Black Friar. 

Benediction, ben-e-dik'shun, n. Act oi blessing; bless- 
ing, prayer, or kind wishes; esp. the short prayer 
which closes public worship. 

Benefaction, ben-e-fak'shun, w. Act of conferring a 
benefit; benefit conferred, esp. a donation. — Bene- 
fac'tor, -ter, «. One who confers, etc. — Benefac'- 
tress, n. A woman who, etc. — Ben'eflce, -fis, n. 
Lit., a benefit, advantage, or kindness. {Church of 
Eng^ An ecclesiastical living. — Ben'eflced, -fist, 
a. Possessed of a benefice. — Beneficence, -nef- 
t-sens, n. Practice of doing good; active goodness 
or charity. — Beneficent, a. Doing good; bounti- 
ful; generous; munificent. — Beneficently, arfy. — 
Beneficial, -e-fish'al, a. Conferring benefits; profit- 
able. {Law.) Receiving, or entitled to receive, ad- 
vantage, use, or benefit. — Benefi'cially, adv. — 
Beneficiary, -fish't-er-I, a. Holding ofllce or pos- 
session, in subordination to another. — n. A feuda- 
tory or vassal; one who holds a benefice; one who 
receives a gift, or is maintained by charity. — Ben''- 
efit, n. An act of kindness; favor conferred; what- 
ever promotes prosperity, or adds value to property. 
A performance at a theater, etc., in aid of some 
person or object. {Eng. Law.) Benefit of clergy, 

— the exemption of clergj'men from criminal pro- 
cess before a secular judge, anciently extended to 
all who could read. — v. t. To do good to, be use- 
ful to. — V. I. To gain advantage. 

Benevolence, be-nev'o-lens, n. Disposition to do 
good; benignity; tenderness; charitableness; an act 
of kindness; a tax illegally exacted by arbitrary 
kings of England. See Phrexology. — Benev'o- 
lent, a. Having a disposition to do good; possessing 
love to mankind. — BeneVolently, adv. 

Bengal light, ben-gawK-llt, Bengola, -gola, n. A fire- 
work, producing a vivid and sustained colored 
light, used for signals at night. 

Bengalee, Bengali, ben-gaw-le', n. The language 
spoken in Bengal. — Bengalese, -ez', n. sing, and 
pi. A native, or the natives of, etc. — a. Pert, to 
Bengal or to its people. 

Benight, be-nlf, v. t. To involve in night or dark- 
ness; esp. in moral darkness or ignorance. 

Benign, be-nln', a. Of a kind disposition ; mani- 
festing kindness, gentleness, favor, etc.; propitious; 
salutary; gracious. — Benig'nant, a. Kind. — Be- 
nig'nantly, adv. — Benig'nity, -nT-tT, n. Quality of 
being benign; condescending kindness; gracious- 
ness; salubrity; wholesome quality. 

Bent. See under Bexd. 

Benzoin, ben-zoin', n. A fragrant resin from a tree of 
Sumatra, Java, etc. — Benzo'ic, a. Pert, to, or ob- 
tained from, etc. — Ben'zine, -zin or -zen.w. A light 
oil of petroleum.— Benzole, -zoK, Ben'zoline, -zo-lin, 
n. (Chem.) An oily substance obtained from coal 
tar, and possessing solvent powers. 

Bequeath, be-kwetb'', I'. «. [bequeathed (-kwethd), 
-QUEATHIXG.] To give or leave by will ; to hand 
down, devise. — Beqaeath'er, n. —Bequest, -kwesf, 
n. {Law.) Something left by will ; legacy. 

Berate, be-rat', v. t. To rate, or chide, vehemently; 
to scold. 

Bereave, be-rev'ji'. t. [bereaved (-revd') or bereft; 
BEREAvixG.] To make destitute, deprive; to take 
away from. — Bereave'ment, n. — Bereav'er. n. 

Berg, berg, n. A large mass or mountain of ice. 

Berlin, bSr'lin or ber-lin', n. A four-wheeled car- 
riage, like a chariot; a fine worsted for fancy work. 

Berry, bgr'T, n. A small pulpy fruit containing seeds:, 
an egg of a fish. — v. i. To bear or produce berries 

— V. t. To impregnate with eggs or spawn. 



am, fame, far, piss or opera, fire ; gnd, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; Odd, tone, 5r ; 



BERTH 



35 



BIBLIOGRAPHER 



Berth, berth, n. The place where a ship lies when at 
anchor, or at a wharf ; a sleeping-place in a ship; 
official situation, position or emploj'ment. — v. t. 
To give au anchorage or place to lie at ; ' o furnish 
berths to. 

Beryl, ber'il, n. A hard green or bluish-green min- 
eral, same as the emerald, except in color. 

Beseech, be-sech', v. t. [besought (-sawt''), beseech- 
ing.] To ask urgent^; to solicit, supplicate. 

Beseem, be-sem', v. t. To be fit for, or worthy of; to- 
beflt. 

Beset, be-set', v. t. [beset; besetting.] To put or 
place, on, in, or around; to stop up, waylay, olock- 
ade; to hem in or press on all sides; to environ, be- 
siege, embarrass, urge. 

Beshcrew, be-shroo', v. t. To wish curses to; to execrate. 

Beside, be-sTd', prep. At the side of; aside from; out 
of the regular course or order; out of. — Besides, 
-sidz'', adv. More than that; moreover; in addition. 
— prep. Over and above; separate or distinct from; 
in addition to. — To be beside one's self. To be out 
of one's senses, or frantic. 

Besiege, be-sej', v. t. [besieged (-sejd'), -sieging.] 
To oeset with armed forces, in order to compel to 
surrender; to beleaguer, invest. — Besieg''er, ?i. 

Besique, -zique, ba-zek', n. A game of cards, played 
by two or four persons, with two packs from which 
certain small cards have been removed. [F.] 

Besot, be-sof, v. t. To make sottish by drink; to 
make dull or stupid. — Besot' tedly, adv. — Besof- 
tedness, n. State of being besotted ; infatuation. 

Beseught. See Beseech. 

Bespatter, De-spat'ter, v. t. [besp.\ttered (-spaf- 
terJ), -TEEI.VG.] To soil by spattering; to sprinkle 
with water or dirt; to asperse with calumny. 

Bespeak, be-spek', v. t. [imp. bespoke ; p. p. bespoke 
or BESPOKEN; BESPEAKING.] To speak for, or en- 
gage, beforehand; to indicate or show beforehand; 
to speak to. address: to betojcen, show. 

Bessemer steel, bes'se-mer stel. Steel made directly 
from cast-iron, by a process invented by Sir Henry 
Bessemei: 

Best, best, a. (^sitperl. or Good.) Having excellence in 
the highest degree; most good; most advanced; most 
correct or complete. — n. Utmost ; highest en- 
deavor. — adv. {super!, of Well.) In ♦he highest 
degree; beyond all other ; to the most advantage; 
with the most success, ease, propriety, etc. ; most 
particularly; most correctly. 

Bestow, 'iC-Sto', I', t. [BESTOWED (-Stod''), BESTOWING.] 

To lu,y up in store; deposit for safe-keeping; to 
make use of, apply: to give, confer, or impart. — 
Be8to«r''al, n. Act of, etc.; disposal. — Bestow'er, 
n. — Bestow'ment, n. Act of, etc.; that which is be- 
stowed; donation. 
Bestride, be-strid', v. t. [imp. bestkid or -strode; 

p. p. -STRID or -STRIDDEN ; -STRIDING.] To Stride 

over: to stand or sit with anything between the legs, 
or with the legs extended across. 

Bet, n. That which is staked, or pledged, in a con- 
test: a wager. — r. f. To stake, or pledge upon the 
event of a contest; to wager. 

Betake^ be-tak', v. t. [imp. betook; p. p. betaken 
(be-tak''n); betaking.] To have recourse to; to 
apply; to resort. 

Bethel, beth'el. n. A chapel for dissenters in £ng., and 
tor seamen in the U. S. 

Bethink, be-think'', v. t. [-thought (-thawf), -think- 
ing.] To call to mind, recall, recollect, reflect. 

Betide, be-tul', v. t. [imp. betid or betided ; p. p. 
BETID ; betiding.] To happen to, befall, come to. 
— r. i. To come to pass, happen. 

Betime, be-tlm'. -times, -timz', adv. In good time ; 
seasonably; in a short time: soon. 

Betoken, be-to'kn, v. t. [betokened (-tok'^nd), 
-ENiNG.] To signify by some visible object; to fore- 
show by pi esent signs, presage, portend, note. 

Betray, be-tra', v. t. [betrayed (-trad''), -traying.] 
To give up treacherously; to violite the confidence 
of ; to disclose or discover ; to mislead: to fail in re- 
spect to reliance placed in or upon. — Betray'al, n. 
Act of, etc. — Betray'er, n. One who, etc.: a traitor. 

Betroth, be-troth', v. t. To contract to any one; to af- 
fiance; to contract with for a future spouse; to es- 
pouse; to nominate to a bishopric, in order to con- 




Bevel. 



secration. — Betroth'al, -ment, n. A mutual en- 
gagement for marriage; espousals. 

Better, bet'ter, a. (comp. of Good). Having good 
qualities in a greater Degree ; preferable in value, 
use, safety, etc.; improved in health. — ra. Advan- 
tage, superiority, or victory; improvement; pi. those 
who have claim to precedence; superiors. — adv. 
(comp. of Well). In a superior manner; more cor- 
rectlv: in a higher degree; more. — v. t. [bettered 
(-tgrd), -tering.]— To increase the good qualities of ; 
to improve, amend, correct, promote. 

Between, be-twen', prep. In the intermediate space of, 
without regard to distance; from one to another of; 
shared by two or both of; in intermediate relation 
to. — Between'-decks, n. (Naut.) The open space 
between two decks of a ship.— Betwixt, -twikst', 
prep. Same as Between. 

Bevel, bev'el, n. A slant of a surface at an angle 
other than a right angle ; an instrument 
for measuring angles. — a. Having the 
form of a bevel; slanting. — v. t. [bev- 
eled (-eld), -eling.] To cut to a bevel 
angle. — v. i. To slant to a bevel angle, I 
or from a direct line. — Bev'el-geart n. 
(Mach.) Wheelwork in which one wheel 
drives another moving in a different plane. — wheel, 
n. A wheel having teeth set at an angle greater or 
less than half a right angle. 

Beverage, bev'er-ej, n. Drink ; liquor for drinking. 

Bevy, bev'Tt, n. A flock of birds; a company ; an as- 
sembly of persons, esp. ladies. 

Bewail, "be- waK, v. t. [bewailed (-wSld'), -wailing.] 
To express sorrow for, as by wailing; to mourn, la- 
ment. — I', i. To express grief. 

Beware, be-war', v. i. To restrain or guard one's 
self; to be cautious, take care. 

Bewilder, be-wtl'der, v. t. [bewildered (-wil'dgrd), 
-DERiNG.] To lead into perplexity ; to perplex, 
entangle, confuse, confound, puzzle. — Bewll'der- 
ingly, adv. — Bewil'derment, n. State of being, etc. 

Bewitch, be-wich', v. t. [bewitched (-wichf), 
-witching. I To gain an ascendency over by charms; 
to affect by witchcraft or sorcery; to fascinate. 

Bewray, be-ra', v. t. [bewrayed (-radO. -wraying.] 
To disclose perfidiously, betray. 

Bey, ba, n. A governor of a Turldsh town or district; 
in .some places, a prince : — same as Beg. 

Beyond, be-yond^, prep. On the further side of; before, 
in place or time; further than; past; above, in dig- 
nity, excellence, etc. — adv. At a distance; yonder. 

Bezant. See Byzant. 

Bezel, bez'el, n. The part of a ring encompassing and 
fastening the stone. [F.] 

Beziqne. See Besique. 

Bias, bi'as, n. A weight on the side of a bowl which 
turns it from a straight line: a leaning of the mind; 
propensity towards an object; bent; prejudice; in- 
clination; a wedge-shaped piece taken out of a gar- 
ment to diminish its circumference. — adv. In a 
slanting manner: crosswise; diagonally. — v. t. [bi- 
ased (bi'ast), -ASiNG.] To incline to one side; to 
give a particular direction to, prejudice, prepossess. 

Biaxal, bi-aks'al, Biax'ial, -T-al, a. (Opt.) Having 
two axes. 

Bib, n. A cloth worn by children over the breast. — 
Bibacious, bi-ba'shus. a. Addicted to drinking. ~ 
Bibacity, -bas't-tt, n. Love of, etc. — Bib'ber, n. 
One addicted, etc.; a tippler. — Bib'ulous, -u-lus, a. 
Absorbing moisture; spongy; porous. 

Bibasic, bi-ba'sik, a. {Chem.) Capable of combining 
with two parts or equivalents of a base; or contain- 
ing two equivalents of abase to one of acid. 

Bible, bi'bl, n. The Book; the volume containing 
the Scriptures. — Biblical, bib'lt-kal, a. Pert, to 
the Bible. — Bib'lically, adv. — Bib'licist, -iT-sist, 
Bib'list, n. One who makes the Scriptures the sole 
rule of faith; a Biblical scholar. 

Bibliographer, bib-lT-og'ra-fer, n. One versed in 
bibliography. — Biblio^'raphy, -ra-ft, n. A descrip- 
tion of books and manuscripts. — Bibliograph'ic, 
-ical, a. Pert, to bibliography. — Bibliograph'ically. 
adv. — Bibliol'ogy, n. A treatise on books; biblical 
literature. — Eib''lioma''nia, -ma'nT-a, n. A rage for 
possessing curious books. — Eib'liopbile, -fil, n. One 
who loves books. 



siin, cube, fijil ; moon, f(56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink; then, boNboK, ehair, get. 



BICAPSULAR 



36 



BIRCH 



Bicapsular, bi-kap'su-ler, a. (Bot.) Having two seed 
capsules to each flower._ 

Bicarbonate, bi-kar'bo-nat, ?!. (Chem.) A carbonate 
liaving 2 equivalents of carbonic acid to 1 of base. 

Bice, Bise, bts, ?;. (Paint.) A pale blue color, prepared 
from blue carbonate of copper, or from smalt. 

Biceps, bi'seps, ;;. (Anat.) A muscle having two 
origins. 

Bicker, bik'er, ?'. ?. [bickered (-erd), -ekino.] To 
skirmish; to contend in words or petulant alterca- 
tion; to quarrel, wrangle; to move quickly; to be 
tremulous, like flame or water; to quiver. 

Bieolor, bi-kuKer, -ored, -erd, a. Of two colors. 

Bicuspid, bi-kus'pid, -pidate, -at, a. Having two points. 

Bicycle, bi'sT-kl, n. A two-wheeled velocipede. 

Bid, V. t. [imp. bid or bade (bad); p. p. bid or bid- 
den; BIDDING.] To otter; esp. to offer to pay; to 
declare, as a wish, greeting, defiance, etc.; to order, 
command, invite. — n. An offer of a price, esp. at 
auctions. 

Bide, bid, v. i. To dwell permanently; to inhabit. 

— v.t. To endure, suffer, wait for. 

Biennial, bi-en'nT-al, «. Continuing for two years, 
and then perishing; occurring once in two years. — 
n. (Bot.) A plant that lasts for two years, and then 
perishes. — Bien''niaUy, adv. Once in, or at the re- 
turn of, two years. 

Bier, ber, n. A frame for conveying the dead to the 
grave. 

Buorcate, bi-f5r'kat, -cated, -ka-ted, a. Forked; di- 
vided into two branches. — Bifurca'tion, n. A fork- 
ing.— Bifurcous, -fer^kus, a. (Bot.) Two-forked. 

Big, a. Having largeness of size, bulk, etc. ; great 
with young ; pregnant; full of something porten- 
tous; proud; arrogant. 

Bigamy, big'a-mt, n. (Law.) The crime of having 
two wives or husbands at once. — Big'amist, n. One 
guilty of, etc. 

Biggin, big'gin, n. A child's cap or hood. A piggin, 
or small wooden vessel; a contrivance for holding 
coffee-grounds (a bag or perforated metallic vessel) 
through which boiling water is poured. 

Bight, bit, n. (Geog^ A bend in the sea-coast forming 
a bay. (Naut.) The double part of a folded rope; 
a round, bend, or coil anywhere except at the ends. 

Bigot, big'ot, n. One unreasonably wedded to some 
religious creed, practice, ritual, etc.; a devotee.— 
Big'otry, -rT, n. Perverse or blind attachment to, 
etc.; the practice or tenet of a bigot. 

Bilateral, bi-lafer-al, a. Having two sides; pert, to 
the two sides of a central organ or axis. 

Bilberry, biKber-rT, n. A shrub of the whortleberry 
family, and its fruit. 

Bile, bfl, n. A j-ellow, greenish, bitter, viscid fluid 
secreted by the'liver; ill-humor. — Biliary, biKya-rT, 
a. (Med.) Pert. to. or conveying, etc. —Billions, 
-yus, a. Pert, to, or disordered in, the bile; having 
an excess of bile. 

Bile. See Boil, n. 

Bitee, bilj, n. The protuberant part of a cask. (Naut.) 
The broadest partof a ship's bottom, —v. t. [bilged 
(biljd), BILGING.] (Xaiit.) To suffer fracture in 
the bilge: to spring a leak. 

BiUngnal, bi-lin'gwal, -guar, -gwar, a. Containing 
two languages. — Bilin-'gaous, -gwus, a. Having 
two tongues, or speaking two languages. 

Bilk, bilk, w. ^ [bilked (Dilkt), BILKING.] Todisap- 
peint, deceive, or defraud, by non-fulfillmeHt of 
engagement. 

Bill, bil, n. The beak of a fowl; note of a bird. — r. 
t. To join bills, as doves; to caress. 

Bill, bil, n. A hook-shaped cutting instrument ; an 
ancient battle-ax; a pickax, or mattock. (Naut.) 
The point of the fluke of an anchor. 

Bill, bil, 71. (Law.) A written declaration of wrong 
suffered, or fault committed ; an obligation given 
for money; a promissory note; a proposed law. An 
advertisement posted publicly; an account of goods 
sold or services rendered, with price annexed ; any 
paper containing a statement of particiilar.8. 

Bulet, bil'let, n. A note in writing, or short letter; a 
ticket from a public officer directing soldiers where 
to lodge. — u. <. (Mil.) To direct, by ticket, where 
to loitge; to quarter, as soldiers in private houses, 

— Bifiet-doux, bil'le-doo', ??. A love letter. 



Billet, bil'let. n. A small stick of wood. 

Billiard, biKyard, a. Pert, to tlie game of billiards. 

— Bil'liards, -yardz, n. pi. A game played with balls, 
on a rectangular table._ 

Billingsgate, DiKhngz-gat, n. Foul or profane lan- 
guage; ribaldry. 

Billion, biKyun, n. According to French numeration, 
a thousand millions, or 1,000,000,000 ; according to 
the English method, a million of millions, or 1,000,- 
000,000,000. 

Billow, biKlo, n. A great wave or surge of the sea. 

Billy, biKlY, n. A watchman's club. 

Bilobed, bi'lobd, -lobate, -lo'bat, a. (Bot.) Divided 
into two lobes. 

Bimanous, bi-ma'nus, a. (Zool.) Having two hands. 

Bimensal, bi-men'sal, -mestrial, -mes'trT-al, -monthly, 
-munth'lT, a. Occurring once in two months. 

Bimetalism, bi-met'al-izm, n. The use as legal ten- 
der of coins of two metals at a fixed relative value. 

— Bimetal'lic, a. — Bimet'allist,?*. One who advo- 
cates, etc. 

Bin, n. A box or inclosed place, used as a repository. 

Binary, bi'na-rY, a. Compounded of two; double. — 
£inarij arithmetic. That in wliich two figures only, 
0andl,are used, in lieu of ten. — Binary compounds. 
(Chem.) A compound of two elements. — Bi'nate, 
-nat, a. iBot.) Double or in couples ; growing in 
pairs. 

Bind, bind, v. t. [imp. bound (bownd); p. p. bound, 
formerly boundeN ; binding.] To tie together or 
confine with cord, bands, etc.; to restrain or hold; to 
protect or strengthen by a band, or cover; to place 
under legal obligation to serve. — v. i. To contract; 
to grow hard or stiff ; to be restrained from mo- 
tion; to be obligatory. — n. A stalk of hops, which 
winds round a pole or tree. — Bind'er, n. One who. 
etc., esp. who binds books; anything that binds; a 
bandage. — Bind'ery, -er-T, n. A place where books, 
etc., are bound. — Bind'ing, a. Having power to 
bind or oblige; obligatory. — n. Act of fastening 
with a band; anything that binds, as a bandage, the 
cover of a book, or something to secure the edge of 
cloth from raveling. 

Binnacle, bin 'na-kl, n. (Naut.) A box containing a 
ship's compass and a light to show it at 
night. 

Binocle, bin'o-kl, n. A telescope fitted with 
two tubes joining. — Binoc'ular, -u-ler, a. 
Having two ej'es; with, or pert, to both 
eyes; adapted to the use of, etc. — Binoc'- 
uiate, -lat, a. Having two eyes. 

Binomial, bi-no'ml-al, n. (Alg.) An ex- 
pression consisting of 2 terms connected 
by the sign plus or minus; as a + 6, or 7 — 
3. — a. Consisting of 2 terms; pert, to bi- Binnacle. 
nomials. 

Biograph, bi^o-graf, v. A device for reproducing 
upon a screen a moving scene. 

Biography, bi-og'ra-fT, n. History of the life of a 
person; biographical writings in general. — Biog'- 
rapher, -ra-f5r, w. One who writes, etc — Biograph'- 
ic, -ical, -grafik-al, «. Pert, to, or containing, etc. 

— Biograph'ically, adv. 

Biology, bi-oKo-jT, n. The science of life and living 
things, animil'and vegetable. 

Biophagous, bi-of ''a-gus, a. Consuming living creat- 
ures, — said of insectivorous plants. 

Biparons, bi-pa'rus or bip'a-rus, a. Bringing forth 
two at a birth. 

Bipartible, bi-par'tY-bl, -tile, -til, a. Capable of being 
divided into two parts. — Bipartite, bi-par'tit or 
bip'ar-tit, a. Having two correspondent parts, as a 
contract, one for each party; divided into two parts, 
a-s a leaf. — Bipaxti'tion, n. Act of dividing, etc. 

Biped, hipped, n. An animal having two feet. 
I Bipennate, bi-pen'nat, -nated, a. Having two wings. 
' Bipetalous, bi-pet'al-us, a. ( Bot.) Having 2 petals or 
flower-leaves. 

Blpllcate, bi-pli'kat, a. Twice folded together. 

Biquadrate, bi-kwod''rat, -rafic, n. (Math.) The 4th 
power, arising from the multiplication of a square 
nu-mber or quantity by itself. 

Birch, b?rch, d. A foj:est tree of several species; a rod 
of birch. — Birch. Birchen, bgrch'n, a. Consisting 
of, or pert, to, etc. 




&m, fame, fir, p&ss or oper&, fare ; Snd, eve, tSrm ; lu, Ice ; 5dd, tone, dr ; 



BIRD 



37 



BLACK 



tUd, bSrd, n. A two-legged, feathered, fljang animal. 
— v. i. To catch or shoot birds. — Bird's''-eye, a. 
Seen from above, as if by a flying bird; general; not 
in detail. — Bird's'^nest, n. The nest in which a bird 
lays eggs. — v. i. To hunt for birds' nests. 

Birth, berth, n. Act of coming into life, or being 
born; lineage; extraction; natural state or position; 
act of bringing forth ; that which is produced, ani- 
mal or veo;etable ; origin ; beginning. — JVew birth. 
(Theol.) Regeneration, or the commencement of a 
religious life. — Birth-'day. w. The day in which 

one is born ; its anniversary. mark, n. Some 

mark or blemish on the body at birth. place, n. 

The place where one is born ; place of origin. — 
-right, -rit, n. Any right or privilege to which a 
person is entitled bv birth. 

Biscuit, bis'kit, n. Unleavened bread baked hard; a 
small loaf of leavened and shortened bread; a thin, 
crisp cake or cracker ; earthen ware after its first 
baking, before glazing. 

Bisect, iSi-sekt'. v. t. To cut into two parts. ( Geom.) 
To divide into two equal parts. — Bisection, -sek*^ 
shun, M. Act of, etc. — Biseg^ment, ?j. One part of 
a Une, or other magnitude, divided into two equal 
parts. - 

Bisexual, bi-seks''u-al, a. (Bot.) Of both sexes. 

Biseriai, bi-se'rl-al, a. Arranged in a double series. 

Bishop, bish'up, h. An overseer; a spiritual superin- 
tendent; in Episcopal usage, the highest of the S or- 
ders of the Christian ministry; a piece in the game 
of chess. — Bish'opric, n. A diocese; district over 
which a bishop has jurisdiction; office of, etc. 

Bismuth, biz'muth, n. A reddish-white metal, harder 
than lead, and brittle. 

Bison, bi''son or bi'sn, n. A quadruped of North 
America, popularly, but in- 
correctly, called tlie buffalo. 

Bisque, Bisk, bisk, n. A soup 
made of crayfish, or by boil- 
ing together several kinds of 
flesh. [F.] 

Bissextile, bis-seks'til, w. 
Leap year; every 4th year, in 
which a day is added in the 
month of February.— a. Pert, 
to, etc. 

Bister, Bistre, bis''ter, n. A dark-brown pigment ex- 
tracted from wood-soot. 

Bistort, bis''t5rt_j_w. A plant, called also snake-weed. 

Bistoury, bis'too-rT, n. A surgical instrument for 
making incisions. 

Bisulcate, bi-suKkat, a. Two-furrowed. {Zool.) 
Cloven-footed.— Bisul'cous, -kus, a. Cloven xooted, 
as swine or oxen. 

Bisulphate, bi-sul'fat, w. (Chem.) A sulphate having 
two equivalents of sulphuric acid to one of the base. 

— Bisul^phuret, -f u-ret, ?i. {C/iem.) A sulphuret 
with two atoms of sulphur, as the electro-negative 
ingredient. 

Bit. See under Bite. 

Bitch, bich, n. The female of the canine kind, as of 
the dog, wolf, and fox ; a name of reproach for a 
woman. 

Bite, bit, V. t. [BIT or BixxEy (biftn), biting.] To 
cut, crush, or seize with the teeth ; to cause sharp 
pain or smarting to; to cheat, trick; to take hold of, 
adhere to. — v. i. To seize or wound with the teeth 
or mouth; to cause hurt, pain, or injury. — n. Act 
of biting; the wound made by the teeth; a morsel; 
mouthful; the hold or purchase of a tool; a cheat; 
trick; sharper. —Bi'ter, n. One who. or that which, 
bites. — Bi'ting, a. Sharp ; severe ; sarcastic ; 
caustic— Bi'tingly, ar/ji.— Bi'ting-in, «. (Etching.) 
Process of corroding metallic plates, by means of 
acid. — Bit, btt, n. A mouthful ; morsel ; bite ; 
hence, a small piece of anything; a small coin in 
several countries ; small in- 
strument for boring. — Tiie 
mouth-piece of a bridle, to 
which the reins are fastened. 

— V. t. To put a bit in the 
raouth of. — Bit'-stock, n. A 
brace or handle, to hold the 
bit in boring. 

Bitt, bTt, V. t. (Want.) To put round the bitts, 




American Bison. 




Carpenter's bits. 

-BittB, 




bitz, n. pi. A frame of timbers to hold a ship's ca- 
bles. 

Bittacle, bit''ta-kl. n. The box for the compass on 
board a ship. [See Binnacle.] 

Bitter, bit'ter, a. Having a peculiar, acrid, biting 
taste ; causing pain, smart, or distress ; character- 
ized by sharpness, severity, or cruelty; mournful; 
distressins:: pitiable. — Bit^terish, a. Somewhat bit- 
ter. — Bit'^terishness, n. — Bit'terly, ar/r. — Bit'ter- 
ness, ?«. — Biftern, -tern, n. The brine remaining 
in salt works after the salt is concreted; a very bitter 
compound of quassia, cocculus indicus, etc. — Bit''- 
ters, -terz, n. pi. Liquor, generally spirituous, in 
which bitter herbs or roots have been steoped. — 
Bit''ter-spar, -spiir, n. A mineral consisting of car- 
bonate of lime "i.nd carbonate of magnesia, — the 
soluble salts of ihe magnesia being bitter. — Bit'« 
ter-sweet, n. {Bot.) A climbing plant, whose root, 
when chewed, produces a bitter, then a sweet taste. 
— Bit'terwort, -wert, n. {Bot.) Yellow^entian. 

Bittern, biftern, n. A wading bird of Europe, re- 
lated to the heron. 

Bitumen, bi-tu'men, n. Mineral pitch, a substance 
smelling like pitch and burning with a bright flame, 
without residue. [L.] — Bitu'minate, v.t. To im- 
pregnate with, etc. — Bitu'minize, -niz, v. t. [bitu- 
MiNizED (-nizd), -Nizryo.] To form into or impreg- 
nate with, etc. — BitU'^minous, -nus, a. Having the 
qualities of, compounded with, or containing, etc. 

Bivalve, bi'valv, n. {Zool.) A moUusk having a shell 
in two parts. {Bot.) A pericarp 
in whicri the seed-case opens or 
splits into two parts. — Bi 'valve, 
-valved. -valvd, -valvous, -valv'- 
us, -valv'ular, -u-ler, a. 

Bivouac, biv'wak, n. (Mil.) The 
guard or watch of a whole army; i 
an encampment without tents. — | 
V. t. [bivouacked ( - w a k t ), 
-WACKiNG.] To be on guard; to 
encamp without covering. 

Biweekly, bi'wek'll, a. Occurring 
once in every two weeks. 

Bizarre, be-zar', a. Odd; fantasti- 
cal; whimsical. 

Blab, blab, v. t. [blabbed (blabd), blabbing.] To 
tell unnecessarily, or indiscreetly. — y. i. To talk 
thoughtlessly; to tattle. — n. One who blabs; a 
babbler. 

Black, blak, a. Destitute of light, or incapable of re- 
flecting it; very dark or gloomy; dismal or forbid- 
ding; destituteof moral light or goodness. — n. The 
darkest color, or rather a destitution of all color; 
a negro; a black dress, or mourning. — v. t. [blacked 
(blakt), BLACKING.] To make black; to blacken. — 
Blacken, blak'^n, v. t. [blackened (-nd), -ening.J 
To make black or dark; to sully, defame, make in- 
famous. — v.i. To grow black or dark. — Black'- 
ing, n. A preparation for blacking shoes, etc. — 
Black^'ish. a. Somewhat black. — Black'ly, adv. 
Darkly; gloomily; atrociously. — Black 'ness, n. — 
Black art. Conjuration; magie. — amoor, n. A 
negro. — ball, n. A composition for blacking shoes, 
etc.; a ball of black color, used as a negative in 
voting. — V. t. [-BALLED (-bawld), -balling.] To 
reject by putting black balls into a ballot-box. — 
-band, n. A valuable iron ore, containing enough 
coaly matter for its own calcination. — berry, -ber- 
rl, n. A species of bramble; its edible fruit. — bird, 
n. In Eng. a species of thrush: in Amer. the name is 
given to different birds. — board, n. A board used 
to write or draw on with chalk. — book, n. A book 
for registering misdemeanors ; a book o'a necro- 
mancy. browed, -browd. a. Threatening; dis- 
mal. — cattle, -kat'tl, H. Cattle reared for slaugh- 
ter, of whatever color. [Eng.] A breed of Dutch 

cattle of a black color. • cock, n. The heath-- 

cock; black grouse; black game. — currant, n. A 
garden fruit. drop, n. (Med.) A liquid prep- 
aration of opium in vinegar. — fish, n. A fish caught 
off New England, the tautog ; a biiiall kind of 

whale. fluz, n. A compound used to assist in 

melting metals. — Mar, n. A friar of the Domin- 
ican order. — guard, blag^'gard, 71. Orig. the lower 
menials of a court; hence a scurrilous person of lo\< 



Bivalve. 



siin« cube, full ; moon, f<J6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, bojrboN, chair, get. 



BLADDER 



38 



BLIND 



character. — r.t. To revile in scurrilous language. 
[Ori";. the guard of tlie devil; thc-nce, a fit attendant 
ou the devil.] — guardism,». Conduct or language 

of a blackguard. hole, n. A dark dungeon for 

refractory prisoners. ^ -jack, n. A mineral ore, 
false galena, which is the sulphuret of zinc, or zinc 
blende: a species of oak, called also barren oak; a 
small, heavy bludgeon. — lead, -led, tc. A mineral 
composed of carbon ; plun-ibago : graphite. [From 
its color and its marking paper like lead.] — ^leg, ?i. 
A gambler and cheat; a disease of sheep and calves. 
— letter, n. The old English or modern Gothic let- 
ter, used in earl}' manuscripts and the first printed 
books. — a. Written or printed in black-letter; stu- 
dious of old books. — mail, n. A rate of money, 
cattle, etc., anciently paid to robbers for exemption 
from pillage ; extortion of money by threats. — 

-martin, «." A bird of the swallow family. pud- 

diag, "iiud^ding, n. A kind of sausage made of 
blood, suet, etc. -^ -rod, n. The usher of the order 
of the Garter, who carries a black rod. [Eng.] — 

-rust, «. A disease of wheat. smith, n. A 

smith who works in iron. snake, n. A ser- 
pent of a black color : two species are found in 
America. — -strap, n. A mixture of spirituous 

liqu(jr and molasses. tail, n. A kind of perch. 

• — thorn,/;. A spiny plant bearing a small black 

fruit, used for hedges ; the sloe. vomit, n. A 

vomiting of dark-colored matter: or the substance 
so di.--charged, a symptom in yellow fever. — wal- 
nut. An American tree having dark-colored wood. 

Bladder, blad'der, n. {Anat.) A bag or sac in animals, 
containing some secreted fluid; the air bag in fish. 

Blade, blad, n. The leaf, or flat part of the leaf, of a 
plant, esp. of gramineous plants; the cutting part of 
an instrument; broad part of an oar. {Anat.) The 
scapula. A sharp-witted, dashing fellow; a rake. — 
V. t. To furnish with a blade. — v. i. To have, etc. 

Blain, blan, n. An inflammatory swelling or sore; 
a pustule; blister. 

Blame, blam, r. t. [blamed (blamd), blaming.] To 
censure, find fault with. — n. Expression of disap- 
probation ; that which deserves censure : fault; 
wrong-doing. — Blam^able, -a-bl, a. Deserving of 
censure: culpable; reprehensible. — Blam'ableness. 
n.— Blam'ably, arfc— Blame''ful,a. Meriting blame. 

— Blame'less, a. With'^ut fault; innocent: irre- 
proachable. —Blame'^lessly, adv.— Blame''lessness, 
n. — Blam'er, n. One wlio, etc. — Blame'wor'thy, 
-wgr'tiir, a. Same as blamahle. — Blame'wor'tM- 
ness, n. 

Blanch, Blanc-mange. See under Blank. 
Bland, bland, a. Pleasing by Si'othing qualities; mild; 
gentle ; courteous. — Blanda'^tion, n. Gross flattery. 

— BlandiKoquence, n. Fair, n-nld, flattering speech. 

— Bland'tsh, ?'. «. [bi.andlshed (-isht), -ishing.] To 
flatter by kind words or affectionate actions ; to 
soften, caress. — ?;. i. To act or speak affection- 
ately. —Bland^isher, n. — Bland''i8hment, w. Words 
or actions of affection; artful caresses. 

Blank, blank, a. Of a white or pale color; pale from 
fear; dispirited: lacking something; empty; with- 
out mixture with anything else; pure. — n. Avoid 
space; a ticket in a lottery which draws no prize; 
a paper unwritten; a blarik ballot ; a document, 
with vacant spaces left to be filled with names, date, 
etc. The white spot of a target at which aim is 
taken. (Mech.) A piece of met-al prepared to be 
mads into something by a further operation. — 
Blank'ly, adr. With paleness; confusedly; vacantly. 

— Blank'ness, n. — Blanch, blanch, r. t. [blanched 
(blancht), blanching.] To take out the color and 
make white; to whiten; to make white by stripping 
oft' the peel; to give a favorable appearance. — a, i. 
To grow or become white. — Blanc-mange, blaN'- 
maNzh', -manger, -maN^zha, ii. A preparation of 
dissolved isin^ass •r sea-moss, milk, swgar, etc., 
boiled till thick. 

Blanket, blank'et, »?. A loosely woven woolen cover, 
to protect from cold; a kind of pear. — v. t. To 
cover with a blanket. 

Blare, blar, r-. t. To sound loudly; to roar. — n. Noise; 
loud sound. 

Blarney, blar'nt, n. Smooth, deceitful talk; flattery. 

— V. t. To deceive or flatter by smooth talk. 



Blasi, bla-za', (7. Surfeited; incapable of further en- 
joyment. [F.] 

EiaJpheme, blas-fem', v. t. [blasphemed (-femd''), 
-I'liEMiNG.] To speak reproachfully or impiously 
of; to utter abuse or calumny against. — v. i. To 
utter blasphemy. —Blas'phemous, -le-nius, a. Con- 
taining blasphemy ; im))ii>u>ly irreverent or re- 
proachful toward God. — Elas'phemy. n. An indig- 
nity oft'ered to God by reproaciilul, contemptuous, 
or irreverent words. 

Blast, bl4st, n. A destructive or pernicious wind; 
a forcible stream of -air from an orifjce ; exhaust 
steam from an engine, or the draught through the 
fire produced thereby: the sound made by blowing 
a wind instrument: tlie rending of rocks, etc., by 
explosives, or the charge used for this purpose; a 
blight; a flatulent disease of sheep. ^f.<. To in- 
jure, as by a noxious wind: to blight; to affect with 
sudden violence; to confound, or strike with force, 
by a loud bla.st: to split, as by explosion. 

Blatant, bla'tant, a. Bellowing, as a calf; noisy. 

Blather, blatii''er, //. Foolish chatter. — r. i. To talk 
idly. — Blath'erskite, -skit, n. An obtrusive bab- 
bler, or his talk. — flatter, blafter, v.i. To patter; 
to make a sensek'ss luDse; to rail. 

Blaze, blaz, n. The stream of light and heat from a 
burning body; flame: light, as from flame; a white 
spot on a horse's face; a spot made on a tree by 
chipping oft' bark. — v. i. [blazed (blazd), bla- 
zing.] To shine with flame; to send lorth bright 
light: to be conspicuous. — v. t. To mark, as by chip- 
ping a tree. 

Blaze, blaz, v. t. To publish far and wide, proclaim. 
— Blazon, bla'zn, v. t. [^blazoned (bla-'znd), -zon- 
ing.] To display, exhibit conspicuously, embellish, 
adorn; to explain in proper terms, as the figures on 
armorial ensigns. — n. Art of drawing, or'explain- 
ing coats ©f arms; the representation on coats of 
arms; ostentatious display; publication. 

Bleaberry, ble'ber-rf, n. A plant having leaves like 
box, and purple berries. 

Bleach, blech, v. t. [bleached (blecht), bleaching.! 
To make white, or whiter, by removing the original 
color; lo blanch. — v.i. To grow white. 

Bleak, blek, a. Orig., without color; pale; hence, des- 
olate and exposed ; cold ; cheerless. — n. The blay, 
a small, white, river fish. 

Blear, bier, «. Dim, or sore with rheum, — applied to 
the^eyes: causing dimness of sight. — v. t. [bleared 
(blerd), blearing.] To affect with soreness of 
eyes, or a watery humor; to make dim. 

Bleat, blet, t'. t. To cry as a sheep. — n. Thenoiseof, 
etc. 

Bleed, bled, v. i. [bled (bled), bleeding.] To lose 
blood; to die by slaughter; to drop, as blood, from 
an incision; to lose sap, gum, or juice; to pay or 
lose money. — v. t. To take blood from by opening 
a vein; to draw money from. 

Blemish, blem'ish, v. t." [blemished (-isht), -ishing.] 
To mark with deformity; to mar, or make defec- 
tive; to tarnish ; defame. — n. A mark of deform- 
itj'; spot; flaw; taint; imputation. 

Blench, blench, v. i. [blenched (blencht), blench- 
ing.] To shrink; to start back, from lack of cour- 
age or resolution; to flinch. — v. t. To baffle, dis- 
concert, break. 

Blend, blend, v. t. [blended or blent, blending.] 
Tp mix together. — v. i. To be mixed; to be united. 

Blende, blend, n. An ore of zinc, consisting of zinc 
and sulphur. 

Bless, bles, v. t. [blessed (blest) or blest, blessing.] 
To make happy; to invoke a blessing upon. (Bib.) To 
praise, or glorify, for benefits. —Bless'ed, a. Enjoy- 
ing liappiness or bliss; favored with blessings; im- 
parting happiness; hallowed by associations; heav- 
enly. —Bless'edness, n. State of being blessed; be- 
atitude; felicity: heavenly joys. 

Blew. See Blow. 

Blight, blit, n. Mildew; decay; what frustrates plans 
or withers hopes ; a species of plant-louse, destruc- 
tive to fruit trees. — r. t. To affect with blight ; to 
blast, frustrate. 

Blind, blind, a. Destitute of the sense of seeing; us- 
able to discern, understand, or judge; morally de- 
praved ; indiscernible; hidden; unseen. — v. t. To 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, f^re ; end, eve, t5rm ; In, ice ; Odd, tone, 8r : 



BLINK 



39 



BLOWZE 



deprive of si^ht or discernment; to obscure; to de- 
ceive. — n. Something to hinder sight or keep out 
light; a screen; something to mislead the eye or un- 
derstanding.— Blind''fold, a. Having the ej'es cov- 
ered; unditcerning. — r. t. To cover the eyes of; to 
hinder from seeing. — Bliiid''ly, adv. — Blind'-man's- 
bnfE', n. A play in which a blind-folded person 
hunts others. — Bluid''nes3, n. — Bliad''-side, n. Side 
on which one is most easily assailed: foible. — Elind'^- 
worm, -werra, n. A small reptile, like a snake, vrhose 
eyes are nearly imperceptible; the slow-worm. 

Blink, blink, v. i. To wink; to see with eyes half shut; 
to glimmer. — v. i. To shut out of sight, avoid or 
evade, conceal. — n. A glimpse or glance, (yaut.) 
Dazzling whiteness about the horizon reflected from 
fields of ice at sea. 

iSIiss, blis, n. The highest degree of happiness; felici- 
ty; joy. — Bliss'ful, «. Full of, etc. —Blithe, blithe, 
a. Gay : sprightly. — Blithe'ly, arf)?. — Blithe'ness, 
n. — Blithe'some, a. Blithe. — Blithe''someness, n. 

Blister, blis'ter. n. A thin watery bladder on the 
skin; a tumor made by a separation of the film or 
skin, as on plants, or by swelling of the substance 
at the surface, as on steel: a vesicatory; a plaster 
applied to raise a blister. — r. t. [blisteeed (-terd), 
-TERIXG.] To raise blisters upon; to give pain to, 
as if by a blister. — r. i. To rise in blisters. 

Blithe, etc. See under Bliss. 

Blizzard, bliz'zerd, n. A sudden, violent snowstorm, 
with high wind and extreme cold. 

Bloat, blot, I', t. To cause to swell or become turgid; 
to puff up, make vain; to smoke, as a herring. — v. 
i. To grow turgid, as by aif usion of liquid in the 
cellular membrane; to puff out: to swell. — Bloat'- 
er, n. A small fish, usuallj^ a herring, partially dried 
or smoked. 

Blobber-lip, blob'ber-lip, n. A thick lip. 

Block, blok, n. A solid mass of wood, stone, etc.; the 
mass of wood on which criminals are beheaded; the 
mold on which hats, bonnets, etc., are shaped ; a 
mass or row of buildings; a system of pul- 
leys arranged in a frame; any obstruction; 
a section of a railroad, having a telegraph- 
ic signal at its end, so that "no train can 
enter it until it is reported clear of preced- 
ing trains. —c. <. [blocked (blokt), BLOCK- 
ING.] To hinder egress or passage from 
or into; to stop, obstruct; to secure or siip- 
port by means of blocks. — Block'^head, n. 
A stupid fellow; a dolt. — house, n. (JUL) 
A structure of heavy timber or logs for defense, 
loop-holed for musketrj'. — 
-tin, n. Tin in blocks_or in- 
gots. — Blockade, blok-ad', n. 
The shutting up of a place 
by troops or ships, to compel 
a surrender from want, with- 
out regular attacks. — v. /. To 
shut up by troops or ships, 
etc.; to confine. — Blockad'er. 
n. Block-house. 

Blomary. See under Blooji. 

Blonde, blond, «. One having fair complexion and 
light hair and eyes. — a. Of a fair color or com- 
plexion; fair. 

Blood, bind, n. The fl^uid in the arteries and veins; rela/- 
tion by natural descent ; kindred ; lineage, — esp. 
honorable birth ; the shedding of blood ; murder; 
temper of mind; disposition; excited feeling; pas- 
sion; a man of fire or spirit; juice of anythin«r, 
esp. if red. {Stock hree'Hnrj.) Descent from parents 
of recognized breed, — in horses, descent from Arab 
stock. — V. t. To let blood from; to bleed; to stain 
with blood; to inure to blood, as a hound. — Bloodi- 
ed, a. Having pure blood; of the best stock. — 
Blood'y, -t. a. Stained with, or containing, blood; 
attended with bloodshed; murderous. — r. t. To 
stain with blood. — Blood^ily, -T-lT, a'?r. — Blood'^i- 
ness, n. State of being, etc.; bloodthirstiness. — 
Blood'less, a. Without blood; dead; without shed- 
ding blood; without spirit. — Blood''lessly, adv. — 
Blood'bought, a. Procured at the cost of blood- 
shed. — guilt'y, a. Guilty of murder. gnilt'i- 

ness, 72. — heat, n. Heat equal to the temperature 
of blood,— about 98° Fahr. — horse, n. A horse of 




Block. 



«s^ 




Arab stock. — hot, a. As "warm as blood. — hound, 
M. A ferocious variety of dog, of acute *mell, em- 
ployed to track men or animals. let'ter, n. One 

who lets blood, as in diseases : a phlebotomist. — 
-let'ting, n. (Ifed.) Act of letting blood by openinsi 
a vein ; venesection.— -money, -mun't, n. Aloney 
paid to the next of kin to one killed by another, or 
to one instrumental in causing another's death. — • 
-rela'tion, n. One connected by blood or descent. — 
-root, 71. A plant, named from" the color of its root; 

bloodwort. shed, n. The shedding of blood ; 

slaughter; waste of life. — shed'der. ri. — shed'ding, 
71. The crime of, etc. — shot, -shot'ten, a. Red 
and inflamed by a turgid state of tlie blood-vessels, 
as in diseases of the eye. — spav'in. ?<. (Far.) A 
dilatation of the vein inside the hock of a horse, 
forming a soft swelling. — stone, w. (3lin.) A green 
silicious stone sprinkled with red jasper; hematite, 

a brown ore of iron. suck'er, n. An animal that 

sucks blood; esp. the letch. — thirst'y, a. Desir- 
ous to shed blood, nmrderous. — thirst'iness, «.— 
-ves'sel, ft. A vessel in which blood circulates; an 
artery or a vein. warm, a. Warm as blood; luke- 
warm. — wood, n. Logwood,— so called from its 

color.— Blood''y flux. Dysentery. mind'ed, a. 

Having a cruel, ferocious disposition. sweat, 

-swet, n. The sweating sickness, in which a dis- 
charge of_blood accompanies a profuse perspiration. 
Bloom, bloom, n. A mass of crude iron from the 
puddling furnr.ce, undergoing the first hammering. 

— Blom'ary, -ery. bloom''er-i, n. The first forge 
through which iron passes after it is melted from 
the ore. — Eloom'ing, 7i. Process of making blooms, 
or of converting cast into malleable iron. 

Bloom, bloom, w. A blossom ; the flower of a plant; 
the opening of flowers ; an opening to higher per- 
fection, like that of buds into blossoms ; powdery 
coating upon newly-gathered fruits. — v. i. [bloomed 
(blobmd), bloomiVg.] To produce blossoms ; to 
flower; to be in a state of growing vouth and vigor; 
to show beauty and freshness, as of flowers. 

Bloomer, bloonT'er, n. A man-like costume for 
women; a woman who wears it. 

Blossom, blos'sum, n. The flower of a plant, or the 
organs of reproduction, with their appendages. — 
V. i. [blossomed (-sumd), -soming.] To put forth 
blossoms; to bloom; to flourish and prosper. 

Blot, blot, V. t. To spot or bespatter; to stain with in- 
famy, disgrace, disfigure ; to obliterate, expunge, 
efface, destroy. — n. A spot or stain; blur; an ob- 
literation: a spot in reputation; disgrace; blemish. — 
Blofter, n. One who, or that which, blots. (Co)n.) A 
book for rejristering current mercantile transactions. 

Blot, ft. In the game of backgammon, a man left un- 
covered and liable to be taken up. 

Blotch, bloch, r. t. [blotched (blocht), blotching.] 
To blacken; to spot. — n. A spot on tne skin; a pus- 
tule or eruption. 

Blouse, Blowse, blowz, n. A loose over-garment; 
smock-frock. 

Blow, bio, ft. A blossom; a flower; a bed of flowers. 

— V. i. To flower or bloom; to produce, cause to 
blossom. 

Blow, bio, n. Act of striking ; stroke ; a sudden or 
severe calamity. 

Blow, bio, V. i. \i1n2y. BLEW ; p. p. blown; blowing. j 
To produce a current of air with the mouth; to 
move, as air; to breathe hard or quick, pant, puff; 
to sound on being blown into ; to bra^. — r. t. To 
drive a current of air upon, or drive oy a current 
of air; to sound, as a wind instrument; to sprearJ 
by report, publish; to deposit, as eggs by flies; tt^ 
form by inflation; to swell by injecting air ; to pu.; 
out of breath. — n. An egg deposited by a fly ir 
flesh; the act of depositing it. (Navt.) A violent 
wind; a gale. —Blowy, blo'T, a. Windy. — Blow't", 
n. One who blows; a smelter. (J/ecA.) A contri\ 
ance for driving a current of air into something; a 
steam-iet to partially exhaust a chimney and crt 
ate a blast-draught. A screen of metal to increase 
the draught through a fire or in a flue. 

Blowse. See Blouse. 

Blowze, blowz, n. A ruddy, fat-faced woman. — 
Elowzed, blowzd, Blow^zy, a. Coarse, fat, and 
ruddy-faced. 



sHn, cube, full ; moon, fdtft ; cow, oil ; liager or ink, tlien, boxboN, chair, get. 



BLUBBER 



40 



BOGEY 



Blubber, blub'ber, n. The fat of whales, etc., yield- 
ing oil. — V. i. [BLUBBERED (^-bSrd), -BERIXG.J To 
weep noisily, or so as to disfigure the lace. — v. t. 
To swell the face with weeping. 

Bladgeen, bluj^un, n. A short cudgel with one end 
loaded. 

Blue, blu, n. The color of the clear sky; one of the 

Erimary colors. ij)l-') Low spirits; melancholy; 
lue-devils. — a. Of the color called hlu^; low in 
spirits; over-strict in morals. — v.t. [bll'ed (^bliid), 
BLUING.] To make blue; to dye of a blue color; to 
temper (iron) until it is blue. — 'Blue'ly, adv. With a 
blue color. — Blue'^ness, n. — Blu^ish, a. Somewhat 
blue. — Blu'ing, n. Act of rendering blue; something 
to give a blue tint, as indigo. — Blue'bell, n. A 

plant bearing blue bell-shaped flowers. berry, n. 

A kind of whortleberry. bird, n. A small Amer- 
ican bird, resembling the English robin. book, n. 

A parliamentary publication, so called from its blue 
paper covers. [Eng.} A list of persons in govern- 
ment employ. [Amer.'] — bot'tle, n. A plant which 
grows among corn, and has blue bottle-shaped flow- 
ers; a fly, with a large blue belly. — breast, 71. A small 
European bird. — devils, -der'lz, n. pi. Lowness of 

spirits ; hypochondria. fish, n. An edible salt 

water game fish; a name sometimes applied to the 
dolphin. — grass, n. A valuable pasture-grass, in- 
digenous to the limestone region of Kentucky. — 
-gtun tree, n. The Eucalimtus globulus, of Austra- 
lia yielding a resin resembling kino. — light, -lit, n. 
A composition burning with a blue flame, used as a 

firework or a night signal at sea. mass, n. (^Med.') 

A preparation of mercury and conserve of roses, 
from which blue pills are made. pe'ter, n. [Brit- 
ish Marine). A blue flag with a white square in the 
center, used as a signal for sailing. — pill, n. (Med.) 
A pill of prepared mercury, used as an aperient, etc. 
— stock'ing, n. A literary lady; a female pedant. — 
-stone, -vit'riol, n. {Chem.) Sulphate of copper, 
used as a caustic. 

B.ltiff, bluf, a. Rude or coarse ; blustering ; roughly 
frank; outspoken; steep; bold. — n. A bank pre- 
senting a precipitous front; a game of cards, — v. t. 
To frighten or deter; to repel by gruff ness. — Bluff- 
ness, n. —Bluff ''y, a. Having bluffs. 

Blunder, blun^der, v. i. [bluxdeeed (-derd), -dee- 
ING.] To mistake grossly; to err through want of 
care. — v.t. To confuse, mix together. — n. Agross 
mistake; error; bull. — Blun^'derer, n. — Blun^der- 
head, -hed, n. A stupid fellow. 

Blunderbuss, blun^der-bus, n. A short gun, with large 
bore for a number of balls, not requiring exact aim ; 
a stupid, blundering fellow. 

Blunt, blunt, a. Having a thick edge or point; dull; 
dull in understanding; abrupt in address; uncere- 
monious. — V. t. To dull the edge or point of; to 
repress or weaken, as appetite, desire, etc. 

Blur, bier, n. That which obscures without effacing; 
a stain; blot; a dim, confused appearance. — v.t. 
[blurred (blerd), blurrixg.] To obscure without 
quite effacing; to cause imperfect vision in; to dim; 
to blemish, disgrace, sully. 

Blurt, blert, v. t. To utter suddenly or unadvisedly; 
to divulge inconsiderately. 

Blush, blush, V. i. [blushed (blusht), blushing.] To 
have a rosy color; to redden in the face, as from 
shame, confusion, or modesty. — n. A rosy tint: a 
red color suffusing the face; sudden appearance; 

fiance; view. 
uster, blus'ter, v. i. 
[blustered (-terd), -ter- 
ing.] To blow fitfully 
with violence and noise; 
to talk noisily, swagger. 
— n. Noise and violence; 
threatening talk; boister- 
ousness; turbulence; 
boasting; bullying. — 
Blus'terer, n. A swag- 
gerer; a bully. 
Boa. bo''a, n. A genus of t> 

serpents; a round fur tip- Boa-constrictor, 

pet, shaped like a boa-constrictor. — Bo'a-constric'- 
tor, -kon-strik'ter, n. A large serpent of tropical 
America, which crushes its prey in its coils. 




Boar, bor, 71. The male of swine not castrated; the 
wild hog. — Boar''ish, a. Swinish; brutal. 

Board, bord, n. A piece of timber sawed thin; a table 
to put food upon; food; entertainment, — usually 
as furnished for pay; a council, or any authorized 
assembly or meeting. {Nuut.) The deck of a ves- 
sel; interior of a vessel; side of a ship; line over 
which a ship runs between tack and tack. A table 
for a game; paper made thick and stiff like a board. 
Qpl.) The stage in a theater. — v.t. To lay, spread, 
or cover with Doards;-to go on board of, or enter; to 
furnish with food fer compensation; to tjlace at 
board, for compensation. — v. i. To obtain food 
statedly for compensation. — Board'er, n. One who 
takes and pays for meals at another's table. (Naw..) 
One who boards a ship. — Board'^ing, h. A casing 
made of boards. — Board'ing-house, n. A house f * 

boarders. school, -skool, ?«. A school where pu 

pils have board and lodging. — Board' wa'ges, n. pi 
An allowance to servants to pui chase their own 
food. 

Boast, host, V. i. To vaunt one's self; to brag. — v. t. 
To speak of with pride, vanity, or exultation ; to mag^ 
nify or exalt one's self. — n. ' Expression of ostenta- 
tion, etc.; the cause of boasting. — Eoast'ful, -ful, a. 
Given to boasting. — Boast 'fully, -ingly, adv. — 
Boast 'fulness, n. 

Boat, bot, «. A small open vessel; any vessel. — v.t. 
To transport in a boat. — v. i. To go in a boat. — 
Boat'-bill, n. A wading-bird of South America, hav- 
ing a bill like a boat keel uppermost. — hook, -^hfibk, 
n. (Naut.) A hook on a pole, to puU or push a 
boat. — man, n. One who manages a boat. ^ -swain, 
bo'sn, n. An oflficer who has charge of a ship's boats, 
sails, rigging, etc. 

Bob, bob, n. Anything that plays loosely, or with 
jerks; bait used in angling; the ball of a pendulum 
or plumb-line. — v. t. [bobbed (bobd), bobbing.] 
To move in a short, jerking manner; to strike with 
a quick, light blow ; to gain by fraud, delude ; to 
have the haircut short. — v. i. To have a jerking 
motion; to angle with a bob, or with jerks of the 
bait. 

Bobbin, bob'bin, n. A kind of spool on which thread 
is wound; round tape. — Bobbinet, bob-bin-ef or 
bob'bin-et, n. A kind of lace wrought by machines. 

Boblincoln, bob-lin'kun, Bob''olink,n. The rice-bird, 
rice-bunting, reed-bird; an American singing-bird. 

Bob-white, bob'whit', n. The American partridge or 
quail, — named from its note. 

Eock-beer, bok'ber, n. A strong kind of lager beer. 

Bocking^ bok'ing, n. A kind of Daize or drugget. 

Bode, bod, v. t. To indicate by signs; to portend, 
foreshow. — v. i. To foreshow, presage. 

Bodice, Boddice, bod'is, n. Stays; a corset. 

Bodkin, bod'kin, n. A dagger; a pointed instrument 
for making holes, etc., or for drawing tape through 
loops. 

Body, bod'T, n. The material substance of an animal; 
the principal part, in distinction from parts less im- 
portant; a person; a collective mass of individuals; 
a corporation ; a number of particulars taken to- 
gether; a system; any mass or portion of matter. 
(Paint.) Consistency; thickness. — i\ t. [bodied 
(bod'id), bodying.] To produce in definite shape; 
to embody. — Bod'ily, a. Having a body ; corpo- 
real; pert, to the bodv. —adv. Corporeally; entirely; 
completely. — Bod'y^:lothes, -klothz, n. pi. Clothing 

for the body. color, -kuKer, ?i. (Paint.) Color 

that has body, or consistence, in distinction fr. a 
tint or wash. — guard, -gard, v. A guard to protect 
the person; life-guard. — pol'itic, ?i. A state in its 

political capacity. snatcher, -snach'er, n. One 

who robs graves of bodies. 

Boeotian, be-o'shan, a. Pert, to Boeotia ; to its bad 
climate; or to its dull and stupid inhabitants. 

Boer, boor, n. A Dutch colonist of South Africa. 

Bog, n. A quagmire ; marsh ; morass. — r. t. To 
whelm or plunge, as in mud and mire. — Bog'gy, a. 
Containing bogs; swampy. 

Bogey, Bogy, bo'gT, Bogle, bo'gl. Boggle, bog'gl, n. 
A hobgoblin: bugbear; specter; a nursery demon. 
— Bo'gie, Bo'ef , n. A small hand-car on railroads; 
a four-wheeled" truck under a locomotive; an iron 
box to receive slag from a puddling furnace. — Bog'- 



ftm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd. eve. tgrm ; In, ice ; 6dd, t5K?, ur t 



BOGUS 



41 



BOOMERANG 



gle, I', t. [boggled (-gld), BOGGLING.] To hesitate 
as if frightened; to waver, vaciUate, shrink. 

Bogus, bo''gus, «. Spurious ; counterfeit. 

Bohea, bo-he', n. An inferior kind of black or green 
tea ; black tea in general. 

Bohemian, bo-he'ml-an, a. Pert, to Bohemia or its 
inhabitants, to gypsies, or to hack-writers for the 
press. — n. A native of Bohemia; a gypsy; a needy 
writer, politician, artist, etc., who lives by his wits. 

Boil, boil, V. i. [boiled (boild), boiling.] To be agi- 
tated by the action of heat ; to babble, effervesce; 
to be hot or fervid; to be excited; to suffer boiling 
in liquid. — v. t. To cause to bubble by heat ; to 
form by boiling; to subject to the action of heat in 
a boiling liquid. — Boil'er, n. One who boils ; a 
vessel in which anj^thiug is boiled. {Mech.) A me- 
tallic vessel in which steam is generated. — 8011'- 
ery, n. A place and apparatus for boiling. — Boil''- 
ing, n. Act or state of agitation bv heat; ebullition; 
act of subjecting to the action of neat. 

Boil, boil, n. A small inflamed tumor, which com- 
monly suppurates, — formerly written hile. 

Boisterous, bois'ter-us, a. Tumultuous; turbulent; 
noisy ; roaring — Bois'terousness, n. 

Bold, hold, a. Forward to meet danger ; exhibiting 
or requiring spirit and daring; audacious; forward; 
impudent; taking liberties in expression; markedly 
conspicuous ; steep or abrupt. — Bold^'ness, n. 

Bole, bol, n. The body or stem of a tree. . A kind of 
fine, compact, or earthy clay. 

BolerOjbo-la'ro, n. A Spanish dance. 

Boll, bol, n. The pod or capsule of a plant ; a peri- 
carp; a Scotch measure, containing 2, 4, or 6 bush- 
els. — V. i. To form into a seed-vessel. 

Bologna sausage, bo-lon'ya-saw-saj. A sausage of 
various meats and pork suet. 

Bolster, boKster, n. A long pillow or cushion; a pad; 
compress. — t;. t. [bolstered (-sterd), -stering.] 
To support with a bolster ; to hold up, maintain. 

Bolt, bolt, n. An arrow; dart ; a strong pin, to hold 
something in place ; a thunder-bolt ; 
shackle ; 28 ells of canvas. — v. t. To 
fasten with a bolt, restrain; to blurt out; 
to swallow without chewing. — v. i. To 
start forth like a bolt, move abruptly, 
spring suddenly aside ; to desert, as a 
party or organization. — adv. With 
sudden meeting or collision ; perpen- 
dicularly. 

Bolt, bolt, V, t. To sift ; to separate, as- 
sort, or purify; to examine closely. 

Bolus, bo'lus, n. (Med.) A rounded mass ; 
a large pill. 

Bomb, bum, n. {Mil.) A hoUov^ iron hall 
filled with explosives to be discharged 
from a mortar. — Bombard, bum-hard', 
V. t. To attack with bombs. — Bombard'- 
ment, n. An attack with bombs. 

Bombast, bum'bast, n. Orig., cotton or 
soft material used as padding: hence, an 
inflated style; fustian.— «. IHigh-sound- 
ing ; turgid. — Eombast'ic, a. Characterized by, 
etc. — Bombast'ically, ndr. 

Bombazet, -zette, bum'ba-zef, Bomtazine', -sine, 
-sin, -zen', ti. A twilled fabric, with silk warp and 
worsted weft. 

Bona fides, bo'na fi'dez. Good faith; sincerity.— 
Bona fide, fi'de. In good faith : really. [L.] 

Bonanza, bo-nan^za, n. A sudden widenmg in a 
vein of silver; a successful venture, — esp. in gold 
or silver mining. 

Bonbon, boN'boN, n. Sugar confectionery ; a sugar- 
plum. 

Bond, bond, n. That which 



1 


2/ III 


ill 


lll,^ III 




Bolt and 
Nuts. 

A, bolt; 

B, head; 
C, nut; 

D, check- 
nut. 



-TT- 



binds, fostens, or con- 
fines; a binding force or, 
influence. (Law.) A 
writing by which one 
binds himself, his heirs, 
executors, etc., to pay a 
sum. (Arch.) Union or 
tie of stones or bricks in a 
wall. — a. In a state of 
servitude or captivity. — 
V. t. To secure payment 



~1 I I I 



"rn- 



11 I r 



English Bond. 




Flemish Bond. 



of, by giving a bond. — Bond'age, n. State of being 
under restraint; obligation. (Old Eng. Law.) \i\- 
lenage. — Bonded goods. Goods left in charge of cus- 
toms officers, — bonds being given for the payment 

of duties upon them. ware'house, n. A place 

where bonded goods are stored. — Bond'maid, n. A 
female slave. — man, n. A man slave. (Old Eng. 

Law.) A villain, or tenant in villenage. serv'ant, 

n. A slave. — serv'ice, m. Slavery. — slave, n. One 
in slavery. — sttme, 7i. {Masonry.) A stone running 
through the thickness of a wall to bind it together. 
— tim'ber, n. A beam worked into a wall to tie or 
strengthen it longitudinally. — Bondsman, bondz'- 
man, ?i. ; pZ. -MEN. A bondman. (Law.) A surety; 
one who gives security for another. — wom^an, n. A 
woman slave. 

Bone, bon, ?i. (Anat.) Ahard whitish substance, com- 
posing the skeleton; an integral portion of the skele- 
ton. — a. Made of bone — v. t. [boned (bond), 
boning.] To take out bones from; to put whalebone 
into. — Bo'ny, -nT, a. Consisting of, full of, or pert. 
to, bones ; having large or prominent bones. 

Boneset, bon'set, n-. A medicinal plant; thoroughwort. 

Bonfire, bon'fir, n. Afire to express public exultation, 
or for amusement. 

Bonito, bo-ne'to, n. A fish of the tunny kind. 

Bonmot, boN'mo, n. A witty repartee ; a jest. [F.] 

Bonne, bon, n. A child's nurse. [F.] 

Bonnet, bon'net, ?i. A covering for the head. 

Bonny, bon'nT, a. Handsome ; gay ; plump ; well- 
formed. — Bon'nily, adv. 

Bonny-clabber, bon'nl-klab'ber, n. Sour butterrmlk; 
the thick part of soured milk. [ionable society. I 

Bon ton, boN toN. The height of the fashion ; fash-| 

Bonus, bo'nus, 71 (Law.) A premium given for a loan, 
charter, etc. ; an extra dividend paid out of ac- 
cumulated profits ; a sum paid to an agent, above a 
share in profits or stated compensation. [L.] 

Booby, bw'bT, n. A water-fowl ; a dunce. 

Boodle, boo'dl, n. Money given in payment for votes 
or political influence ; bribe money. I Slang.] 

Book, b<56k, n. A collection of sheets of paper, etc., 
bound together; a literary composition, written or 
printed; a subdivision of a literary work. (Mer.) 
A volume in which accounts are kept. — v. t. 
[booked (bdSkt), booking.] To enter, or register 
m a book. — Book'ish, a. Given to reading ; more 
acquainted with books than with men. — Book'- 

bind'er, n. One who binds books. ^bind'ery, n. 

A place for binding, etc. bind'ing, n. Art or 

practice of, etc. case, n. A case with shelves 

for holding books. (Bind.) A book-cover. cov'- 

er, n. (Bind.) A case for a book ; a cover of cloth 
or other material prepared for casing a book. — 
-keep'er, n. One who keeps accounts. — keep''ing, 
n. Art of recording mercantile transactions and 

keeping accounts. learned, -lernd, a. Versed in 

books; Ignorant of life. — leam'ing, n. Learning 
acquired by reading,— esp. as opp. to practical knowl- 
edge. — mak'er, n. One who writes and publishes 
books; a compiler; a sporting man who makes a rec- 
ord of bets. — mak'ing, n. The practice of, etc.; com- 
pilation ; systematized betting. mark, n. Some- 
thing placed in a book by which to find a particular 
place. — plate, 71. A label indicating ownership, place 
in a librar3', etc., usually on the inside of the cover of 
a book. — -post, n. The post-office arrangement by 

which books are mailed. sell'er, n. One who 

sells books. — shelf, n. A shelf to hold books. — 
-shop, -stall, -store, n. A place for selling books. — 
-stand, n. A stand for selling books in the streets; 
book-stall; a support to hold books. • — ^worm, n. A 
worm or mite that eats holes in books ; one exces- 
sively addicted to studv. 

Boom, Doom, n: A spar for extending the bottom of 
sails; a chain cable or connected line of spars, cross- 
ing a river or other water; a pole set up in shallow 
water, to mark out the channel; in business, a strong 
demand for a commoditj'; an earnest popular in- 
terest >n behalf of some 'measure. — v. i. [boomed 
(boomd), booming.] To rush violently, as a ship 
under press of sail. 

Boom, boom, n. A hollow roar; the cry of the bittern. 
— '•. i. To niake a hollow sound, roar, or cry. 

Boomerang, boom'er-ang, n. A missile weapon of 



siin, cube, full ; moon, fdSt ; cow, oil ; linger or igk, then, boNbox, chair, get. 



BOON 



42 



BOW 



the natives of Australia, which desoribes remark- 
able curves, and falls near the thrower. 

Boon, boon, n. Gift; benefaction; grant; prayer or 
petition. — a. Gay; jovial; kind; bountiful. 

Boor, boor, n. A countryman ; peasant ; clown; a 
rude and illiterate person. — Boor''ish, n. Like a 
boor; clownish; illiterate. — Boor'ishness, n. 

Boose, Booze, Beuze, booz, v. i. To drink excessively; 
to guzzle. — Boo'sy, -zy, -zl, a. Intoxicated; silly; 
fuddled. 

Boost, boost, V. t. To lift or push from behind. 

Boot, b(5bt, r. t. To profit; to advantage. — n. Differ- 
ence given to equalize an exchange; profit. — Boot- 
less, a. Unavailing ; unprofitable. — Boot'lessly, 
ale. — Boot'lessness, n. 

Boot, boot, n. A covering for the foot and leg; a rack 
for the leg, to torture criminals; a leather-covered 
receptacle on a coach; a cover for a carriage, against 
rain and mud; (/>Z.) a servant who blacks boots. — 
V. t. To put boots on.— Boot'-crimp, n. A frame for 
shaping boots. — -jack, n. An instrument for drawing 
off boots. — tree, -last, n. A block to stretch boots. 

Booth, bootli, n. A temporary shelter ; slight hut. 

Booty, boot''!, n. Spoil taken in war, or oy violence; 
plunder. 

Bopeep, be-pep', n. A children's play. 

Borax, bo''raks, n. (Ckem.) Biborate of soda; a salt 
formed by combination of boracic acid with soda. 

— Bo'rate, n, A salt formed by combination of 
boracic acid with a base. — Bo'ron, n. An elemen- 
tary substance, allied to carbon, the base of boracic 
acid. 

Border, b6r''der, n. The outer part or edge of any- 
thing ; verge; brim; boundary. — v.i. [bordered 
(-derd), -deeing.] To touch at the edge; to be ad- 
jacent; to come near to. — i'. t. To make, or adorn 
with, a border; to touch at fhe edge. — Bor''derer, n. 
One who dwells on a border. — Bor'^der-laud, n. 
Land on the frontiers; debjitable land. 

Bore, bor, v. t. [bored (bord), boring.] To perfo- 
rate or penetrate; to form a round hole in; to weary 
by tedious iteration or dullness; to vex. — v.i. T© 
pierce or enter by boring ; to be pierced or pene- 
trated by a turning instrument; to carry the nose to 
the ground, — said of a horse, —n. The hole made 
by boring; cavity of a fire-arm ; caliber ; one who, 
or that which, wearies by repetition or dullness. 
(Physical Geog.) A tidal flood at the mouths of 
some rivers ; a high and rapid flow. 

Bore, Bom. See Bear. 

Boreal, bo''re-al, a. Northern; pert, to the north or 
north wind. 

Borough, bur'ro, n. An incorporated town ; in Eng., 
a town that sends members to parliament; in Scot., 
a body corporate, with certain jurisdiction. 

Borrow, bor'ro, v. t. [borrowed (-rod), -rowing.] To 
take on trust, with the intention of repaying; to 
take from another for one's own use; to appropriate. 

Bosh, bosh, n. Mere show; empty talk; folly. 

Bosom, bd^'zum, n. The breast of a human being; 
the seat of the passions, affections, etc. ; embrace; 
affectionate inclosure ; inclosed place; interior; the 
part of the dress over the breast. — a. Intimate ; fa- 
miliar; dear. — i\t. [bosomed (-zumd), -OMiNG.] To 
inclose in the bosom, keep with care, hide from 
view, embosom. 

Boss, bos, n. A protuberant ornament ; stud ; knob. 
(Mech.) The enlarged part of a shaft, on which a 
wheel is keyed, or where it is coupled to another; 
a swage or die for shaping metals. — v. t. To orna- 
ment with bosses; to stud. 

Boss, bos, n. A master workman or superintendent. 

— V. i. & t. To direct, superintend. 

Botany, bot'^a-nt, n. Science of the structure, classifi- 
cation, etc., of plants. — Botan''ic, -leal, bo-tan'ik-al, 
a. Pert, to botany; relatina: to, or containing, plants. 

— Botan'ioally, adv. — Botanist, bot'an-ist, n. One 
skilled in, etc. — Befanize, v. i. [botanized (-Izd), 
-iziNG.] To seek for and investigate plants. 

Botch, boch, n. An ulcerous affection. A patch of 
a garment ; work done bunglingly ; a clumsy per- 
formance. — V. t. [botched (bocht), botching.] 
To mend or patch clumsily ; to express or perform 
bunglingly. 

Bstb, DSth, a. & pron. The one and the other; the 



two. — conj., used before the first of two coordinate 
words or phrases, followed by and before the other. 

Bother, both-'er, r. t. [bothered (-erd), -ering.] To 
tease or perplex. — n. One who, or that which, 
bothers ; state of perplexity or annoyance. — Both'- 
era'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Both'- 
ersome, -er-sum, a. Causing bother. 

Bots, Botts, bots, n. pi. {Entotn.) Small worms found 
in the intestines of horses. — Bot''-fly. The insect 
whose eggs produce bots. 

Bottle, bot'l, n. A narrow-mouthed vessel for hold- 
ing liquors; the contents of one. — v. t. [bottled 
(-tld), -TUNG.] To inclose in bottles. 

Bottom, bot'um, n. The lowest part of a thing; foun- 
dation; base; low alluvial land along a river; aval- 
ley. (Naut.) The keel of a vessel; the vessel itself. 
Power of endurance : stamina ; dregs or grounds. — 
V. t. [bottomed (-tumd), -toming.] To found or 
build; to furnish with a seat or bottom. — v. i. To 
be based. — Eot'^tomless, a. Without a bottom ; 
fathomless. — Bot'tomry, -rT, n. {Mar. Law.) A 
contract by which a ship is bound as security for re- 
payment_of money. 

Boudoir, boo'dwSr, n. A lady's private room. 

Bough, bow, n. An arm or large branch of a tree. 

Bought. See Buy. 

Bougie, boo-zhe', !7. (Sitrg.) A long, flexible instru- 
ment, introdviced into the urethra, esophagus, etc., 
to remove obstructions. 

Boulevard, boo-le-var', n. Orig. a bulwark; a broad 
public walk or street. 

Bounce, bowns, v. i. [bounced (bownst), bouncing.] 
To leap or spring suddenly; to beat or thump. — v. 
t. To drive violently against anything. — n. A sud- 
den leap or bound; a heavy, sudden blow or thump; 
a bold lie. — Boon'cing, a. Plump and healthy ; 
lusty. 

Bound, bownd, n. External line of any object or 
space, limit, confine, boundary. — v. t. To limit, 
terminate, restrain, circumscribe; to give the boun- 
daries of. — Bound'ary, -a-rt, n. That which fixes a 
limit, — esp. a visible mark. — Bound'^less, a. With- 
out bounds ; unlimited ; infinite. 

Bound, bownd, n. A leap; spring; jump. — v.i. To 
move forward by leaps; rebound, as an elastic ball. 

Bound, bownd, a. Destined; tending; going, or in- 
tending to go, etc. 

Bound, Bounden. See Bind. 

Bounty, bown'tl, n. Goodness ; liberality ; munifi. 
cence; that which is given liberally; a premium to 
encourage some object. — Boun'^teous, -te-us, a 
Disposed to give freely ; generous. — Boun'^tiiul, 
-ful, a. Free in giving. 

Bouquet, boo-ka'', n. A nosegay ; bunch of flowers ; a 
perfume or aromatic odor. 

Bourgeois, bur-iois'',ri. {Print.') A kind of type, lu 
size between long primer and brevier. 

I^^' This line is in bourgeois type. 

Bourgeois, boor-zhwaw', n. In France, a man oi 
middle rank in society ; a citizen. — Bourgeoisie, 
boor-zhwaw-ze', n. The middle classes, — esp. 
those concerned in trade. 

Bourgeon, ber'jun, v. i. To put forth buds; to shoot 
forth, as a branch. _ 

Bourn, Bourne, born or boom, n. A bound; limit; 
goal. A stream ; rivulet ; burn. 

Bourse, boors, n. A merchants' exchange; in France. 
the money market. 

Bout, bowt, n. A conflict ; trial ; as much of an ac- 
tion as is performed at one time ; a turn. 

Bovine, bo'^Tn, a. Pert, to cattle of the ox kind. 

Bow, bow, V. t. [bowed (bowd), bowing.] To bend, 
inflect, make crooked or curved; to turn from a nat- 
ural condition; to bend in respect, homage, conde- 
scension, etc.; to depress, subdue. — v. i. To bend, 
in token of reverence, civility, etc. — n. An incli- 
nation of the head or body, in token of respect, etc. 

Bow, bow, n. {Narit.) The curving forepart of a 
ship; prow; the bow-oar. — Bow'er, w. {haut.) An 
anchor carried at the ship's bow, the second in size. 
— Bowline, bo'lTn, n. A rope which keeps the 
weather edge of a sail tight forward when the ship 
is close-hauled. oar, bow'or, n. The oar near- 
est the bow of a boat; the one who pulls it. sprit, 



&m, fame, far, pasg or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; In, ice ; 5dd, tOne, dr ; 



BOW 



43 



BRASH 




bo- or bow-, n. A spar projecting from the bow of 
a ship, — sometimes called bolts/>rit. 

Bow, bo, n. Anything bent; a weapon by which an 
arrow is propelled; an instrument having a curved 
form, as a fiddle-stick. — Bow-com''passe3, -kum'- 
pas-ez, M.jp/. Com- 
passes with an 
arched plate on 
one leg, upon „ 

which tfie other Bow-compass, 

leg .slides; compasses furnished with a bow-pen. — 
-drill, n. A drill revolved bv a bow and string. — 
-hand, n. (Archery.) The nand holding the bow, 
the left hand. (Mus.) The hand drawing the bow, 
right hand. — knot, -not, n. A knot tied with a bow 
or loop of string, and readily loosened. — legged, 
-legd, a. Having legs curved outwards. — man, n. 
One who uses a bow; an archer. — net, n. An ar- 
rangement of wicker baskets for catching lobsters, 
etc. — pen,n. A kind of ruling-pen. — shot, n. The 
distance a bow shoots an arrow. — string, n. The 
string which bends a bow. — v. t. To strangle with 
a bow-string. 

Bowel, bow' el, n. One of the intestines; an entrail; 
the interior part of anything; the seat of pity; com- 
passion. — V. t. To tafee out the bowels of. 

Bower, bow'Sr, n. One of the two hi°;hest cards in 
euchre, — the highest bein^ the Right bower, the 
knave of the trump suit; the next the Left bower, 
the other knave of the same color as the trump. A 
chamber; a country-seat; cottage; acovered place in 
a garden ; arbor. — Bow'ery, a. Covering, as a 
bowerj containing bowers. 

Bowl, bol, n. A concave vessel to hold liquids; the 
hollow part of anvthing. 

Bowl, boL re. A ball. — v. t. [bowled (bold), bowl- 
IKO.] To roll, as a bowl ; to pelt with anvthing 
rolled. — w. t. To play with bowls; to roll tne ball 
on a level plain ; to move rapidly, smoothly, and 
like a ball. 

Bowlder, Boulder, boKder, 71. A large pebble. (Geol.) 
A mass of rock that has been transported by nat- 
ural agencies from its native bed. 

Box, boks, n. A case or receptacle; the quantity that 
a box contains; an inclosed space witn. seats in a 
theater, etc.; a money-chest; a small house. (Mach.) 
A cylindrical, hoUow iron, in which an axle-tree 
runs; a tube in a pump, closed with a valve; the 
bucket of a lifting pump. The driver's seat on a 
carriage; a present. (Bot.) A tree or shrub, the 
dwarf variety of which is used for borders in gar- 
dens. —y.<. [BOXED (bokst), BOXING.] To incTose 
in a box; to furnish with boxes. 

Box, boks, re. A blow with the hand on the ear or 
head. — V. t. & I. To fight with the fist. 

Boxhaol, boks-'hawl, v. t. [boxhauled f-hawld), 
BOXHAUUNG.J (N^uut.) To Wear, as a ship, when 
close-hauled, short round on to the other tack. 

Boy, boi, n. A male child: a lad. — Boy'hood, -hS&d, 
n. State of a boy, or immaturity of age. — Boy'lsh, 
a. Like a boy ; childish ; puerile. —Boy'ishly, adv. 
— Boy'ishness.n. 

Boycott, boi'^kot', v. t. To combine against (a land- 
lord, tradesman, employer, or other person), to 
withhold social or business relations from him, and 
to deter others from holding such relations. — n. The 
process, fact, or pressure oi boycotting. 

Brace, bras, re. Aprop or support. (Girp.) A tim- 
ber crossing a corner from one timber to another. 
(Print.) A curved line connecting words or lines: 
thus ^°^^^ \ (-^f"'^-) A. rope reeved through a block 
' bowl.j at the end of a yard. A pair or couple ; 
a strap, supporting a carriage on wheels; a bit-stock; 
state of being braced or tight, (pi.) Straps to sus- 
tain pantaloons, etc.; suspenders. — v. t. [braced 
(brast), bracing.] To furnish with braces, support, 
prop; to tighten. (Naut.) To move around by 



means of braces 
Bracelet, bras'let, n. 

armor for the arm. 
Bracken, irak'en, re. 
Bracket, brak'et, re. 

projecting from a 

(Naut.) 

(^Print.) 



A wrist ornament ; defensive 

Fern. 

(Arch. & Engin.) A support 

wall or other surface, (pi ) 

short, crooked timbers, resembling knees. 

Hooks [ ] used to inclose a reference, ex- 



j planation, note, etc.; crotchets. — r. t. To place 
within, connect, or support by, brackets. 

' Brackish, brak'ish, a. Saltish. 
Brad, brad, re. A nail with little or no head. — Brad'- 
awl, re. An awl to make holes for inserting 
brads. 
Brag, brag, v. i. [bragged f bragd), -ging.J To 
praise one's self, or one's belongings, ostenta- 
tiously; to boast, bluster, vaunt, —re. A boast 
or boasting; thing boasted of; a game at cards. 

— Brag'gado'cio, -do'shl-o, re. A braggart ; 
boaster; empty boasting. — Brag'gart, re. A 
boaster. — a . Boastful. — Brag'ger, re. 

Brahma, bra^ma, re. (Myth.) Tne first person 
in the trinity of the Hindoos; the creator. — 
Brah'man, -min, re. One of the upper or sa- 
cerdotal_caste among the Hindoos. 

Braid, brad, v. t. To weave or entwine to- 
gether; to plat; to mingle by rubbing in some- 
thing fluid or soft. —re. A string, cord, etc., Brad. 
woven from different strands. 

BraU, bral, re. {Falconry.) A piece of leather to 
bind a hawk's wing. pt. (Navt.) Ropes to haul 
up, or truss up, sails, for furling. — v. t. [brailed 
(braid), brailing.J To haul up into, or truss up 
with, the brails. 

Brain, bran, re. (Anat.) The whitish, soft mass in 
the upper cavity of the skull, which is considered 
the center of sensation and perception ; the anterior 
or cephaUc ganglion in invertebrate animals. The 
understanding. — v. t. To dash out the brains of; 
to destroy. — Brain'^less, a. Without understanding. 

Brake, brak, re. (Bot.) A fern of different genera. 
A place overgrown with brakes, canes, brambles, 
etc.; a thicket. 

Brake, brak, re. An instrument to break flax or hemp; 
the handle for working a pump or fire-engine ; a 
frame for confining horses whUe being shod ; an in- 
closure for cattle, horses, etc.; a heavy harrow for 
breaking clods after plowing ; an appliance for 
checking motion of wheels, machinery, etc., by 
frictio,n ; a light wagon used in breaking horses. — 
V. t. To apply brakes, — esp. to wheels of a railroad 
train. 

Bramble, bram'bl, re. A shrub of the genus Rubus, 
including the raspberry and blackberry; any rough, 
prickly snrub. 

Bramin. See Brahman, under Brahma. 

Bran, bran, re. The coat of the seed of wheat, rye, 
etc., separated from the flour by bolting ; refuse 
sifted out of flour or meal. — Bran'-new, corrupt, of 
brand-new. 

Branch, branch, re. A limb; a bough growing from a 
stem, or from another bough; a part extended from 
the maiii body of a thing, as a stream running into 
a larger one; a ramification ; a section or subdivis- 
ion ; department; a line of family descent, in dis- 
tinction fr. other lines fr. the same stock. (Law.) 
A warrant or commission given to a pilot. — v. i. 
[branched (brancht), branching.] "To spread in 
branches, ramify; to divide into subdivisions. —i;. 
t. To divide as into branches. 

Brand, brand, re. A burning or partly burnt stick; a 
sword, so called from its glittering brightness; an 
iron used for burning a mark; a distinctive mark 
made by burning with hot iron ; quality; kind; 
a mark of infamy; stigma. — v. t. To impress a 
mark with hot iron ; to stigmatize as infamous. 

— Brand'ing-iron, Brand'^iron, -i'ern, re. An iron 
used to brand with. — Brand'-new, a. Quite new, 
as if fresh from the fire, — written also oroTi- and 
brent new. — -goose, re. See Brant. 

Brandish, brandish, v. t. [brandished (-disht), -dish- 
ing.] To wave, as a weapon; to shake or flourish. 

— re. A flourish, as with a weapon, whip, etc. 
Brandy, bran''dT, n. An ardent spirit distilled from 

wine or other liquors. 

Branlin, bran''lin, re. A fish of the salmon kind. 

Brant, brant, re. A species of wild goose, called also 
brand-gooae and brent-goose. — Brant'' -fox, n. A 
kind of Swedish fox. — Bran'^tail, re. The red 
start, a bird similar to the nightingale. 

Brash, brash, a. Hasty in temper. Brittle, as wood, 
-re. Refuse boughs of trees; truck; trash. (Geol.) 
Broken fragrnents of rocks underlying alluvial de- 



Blin, cQbe, f^ ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; liQger or igk, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



BRASS 



44 



BREVET 



posits. Broken fragments of ice. {Med.) A rash 
or eruption. 
Brass, brds, n. A yellow alloy of copper and zinc; 
impudence; a brazen face. pi. Utensils, ornaments, 
etc., made of brass; esp. plates attached to monu- 
ments, bearing figures. — Brass^y, a. Of, or pert, 
to, etc.; hard as, etc.; of the color of, etc.j impu- 
dently bold. — Brass''iness, n. — Braze, braz, v. t. 
To solder, or cover or ornament with, etcT; to harden 
to impudence. — Brazen, bra'zn, a. Pert, to, or 
made of, brass; impudent, —v. t. To be impudent 
or defiant. — Bra'zenly, adv. — Bra'sier, Bra'zier, 
-zher, n. An artificer in brass; a pan to hold coals. 

— Brass band. A company of performers on brass 
musical instruments. — leaf, n. Brass in thin sheets. 

Brat, brat, n. A contemptuous name for a child. 

Brave, brav, a. Of noble courage; bold, with gener- 
osity and dignity ; excellent ; beautiful. — n. A 
brave person ; esp., an Indian warrior; a hector ; a 
bully. — r.^. [braved (bravd), BRAVING.] To en- 
counter with fortitude; to defy, challenge, dare. 

— Brav'ery, -er-1, 71. Quality of being, etc.; fear- 
lessness; showy appearance; ostentation. — Bra''vo, 
n.; III. Bra'voes, -voz. A daring villain ; bandit; 
assassin or murdei-er. — Bravo, bra'vo, interj. Well 
done, excellent ! — Brava'do, 11. Ostentation of 
bravery ; boast or brag ; threatening behavior ; a 
boasting fellow. 

Brawl, brawl, v. i. To quarrel noisilj' and indecently; 
to scold, wrangle, squabble; to roar, as water. — n. 
A noisy quarrel; loud contention; scurrility; uproar. 

Brawn, brawn, n. The flesh of a boar; full, strong 
muscles; strength; the arm. — Brawn'^y, -T, a. 
Strong ; big. — Brawn^iness, n. 

Bray, bra, v. t. [bkayed (brad), braying.] To pound, 
beat, or grind small. — v. i. To utter a harsh cry, as 
an ass; to make a harsh, grating noise. — v. t. To 
utter with a harsh sound. — n. The sound of an ass; 
any harsh, grating sound. 

Braze, Brazen, Brazier. See under Brass. 

Brazil-wood, bra-zil'w(56d, n. A very heavy wood, of 
Brazil and other tropical countries, used for dyeing 
red. 

Breach, brech, n. Act of breaking, or state of being 
broken; the opening broken; rent; gap; a breaking, 
as of a law, obligation, etc.; a breaking up of ami- 
cable relations; quarrel. — )•. t. QUI.) To make a 
breach in the walls of, by artillery. 

Bread, bred, n. Flour or meal baked in loaves, cakes, 
etc.; provisions in general. — Bread'^-fmit, n. The 
fruit of a tree of the isles of the Pacific, which re- 
sembles bread, when baked, and is eaten as food. — 
-stuff, n. Bread-corn; meal; flour. 

Breadth, bredth. n. Distance from side to side; width. 
{Paint.) Quality of having colors and shadows 
broad and massive, and an arrangement of objects 
suggesting largeness and simple grandeur. 

Break, brak, v. t. [imp. broke (brok) or (ohs.) brake 
(brak); p. p. broke or broken; breaking.] To 
strain apart; to lay open by breaking; to disclose or 
divulge; to infringe or violate; to interrupt, termi- 
nate; to destroy the completeness of; to dash, shat- 
ter, or crush; to bruise; to weaken or subdue; to im- 
part cautiously; to tame; to make bankrupt; to de- 
stroy the official character of; to cashier. — v. i. To 
come to pieces, burst asunder; to open from within; 
to come to view; to dawn ; to burst forth violently; 
to become weakened ; to lose health or strength ; to 
fail in business; to change the gait; to exceed the 
natural power, as the voice; to fall out; to termi- 
nate friendship. — n. An opening made by frac- 
ture; an interruption; a pause; in writing or print- 
ing, a dash, or a blank or unfinished line; the dawn; 
an interruption of continuity; a large carriage. — 
Break'able, a. Capable of being broken. — Ereak'- 
age, -ej, ?(. A breaking ; allowance for things brok- 
en in transportation. — Break^down, n. Act of 
breaking down, as of a cirriage; a riotous dance, 
terminating a ball. — Break ''er, n. One who, or that 
which, breaks. {Nnut.) A small water-cask for 
boats. — pi. Waves breaking into foam against the 
shore. 

Breakfast, brek'fast, ?i. The first meal in the day. — 
V. i. To break one's fast in the morning. — v. t. To 
furnish with the morning meal. 



Bream, brem,n. A name for three kinds of fish, found 
respectively in Europe, North America, and the sea. 

Breast, brest, n. The part of the body between neck 
and belly; protuberant glands, in females, in which 
milk is .secreted ; the seat of consciousness, affec- 
tions, and passions ; the heart. — v. t. To bear 
the breast against ; to oppose. — Breasfing, n. 
{Engin.) The curved channel in which a breast- 
wheel turns. — Breast ''-bone, n. The bone of the 
breast; sternum. — hook, n. (Naut.) A knee-shaped 
timber in the stem of a ship, to keep the bows to- 
gether. — knot, -not, n. A knot of ribbons worn 

on the breast. pin, n. A pin for fastening or 

ornament; a brooch. — plate, n. Defensive armor 
worn upon the breast; a strap across a horse's breast. 
{Jewish Aniiq.) A part of the high priest's vest- 
ment. — plow, -plough, n. A plow, driven by the 

breast, to cut turf. rail, n. The upper rail of a 

balcony or of the breastwork on a quarter-deck. 
— wheel, n. A water-wheel, which receives the 
stream at about half its height. See Water-wheel. 
— workj -werk, H. {Fort.) A defensive earth-work 
breast-high. {JSfaut.) A railing on the quarter-deck 
and forecastle. 

Breath, breth, n. Air respired; act or power of breath- 
ing naturally ; life; time to breathe; respite; a sin- 
gle respiration, or the time of making it; a single 
act; a sUght breeze.— Breath''less, a. Out of breath; 
dead, expired. — Breathe, bretii, v. i. [breathed 
(bretjid), breathing.] To respire; to live; to take 
breath, rest; to pass, as air ; to exhale, emanate. — 
V. t. To respire; to infuse by breathing; to emit by 
the breath, utter softly, exhale ; to cause to sound by 
breathing; to promote free respiration in; t* exer- 
cise; to suffer to take breath; to put out of breath; 
to give air or vent to ; to open. — Breath'er, n. — 
Breath-'able, a. That may be, etc. — Breatfing, n. 
Respiration; air in gentle motion; aspiration; secret 
prayer; exercise; utterance; breathing-place; vent. 

Breech, brech, 7). The lower part of the body behind; 
hinder part of anything, esp. the part of a fire-arm 
behind the bottom of the bore. — v.t. [breeched 
(brecht), breeching.] To put into breeches; to fur- 
nish with a breech; to fasten with breeching.— 
Breeches, brich'^ez, n. pi. A garment for men, cov- 
ering the hips and thighs; used in the sense of pan- 
taloons. — Breeching, brich''ing, n. The part of a 
harness round a horse's breech. {Waut.) A rope to 
check the recoil of a cannon. — Breeeh'-load'ing, 
brSch''lod''ing, a. {Mil.) Receiving the charge at 
the breech instead of the muzzle. — load'er, n. A 
gun which, etc. 

Breed, bred, v. t. [bred; breeding.] To procreate; 
beget; hatch; to bring up ; nurse and foster; to in- 
struct ; form by education ; to occasion ; to give 
birth to. — V. i. To bear and nourish young; to be 
generated, or to grow ; to raise a breed. — n. A 
progeny from the same parents or stock; a race al- 
lied by nativity or some distinctive qualities in com- 
mon; progeny; offspring, — applied to other things 
than animals. — Breed'ing, n. Formation of man- 
ners; education; nurture; training; deportment; be- 
havior. 

Breese, Briz, Breeze, brez, Breeze'-fly, 7i. A buzzing 
fly of various species, which torments animals; also, 
the bot-fly. 

Breeze, brez, n. A light wind; gentle gale; an excited 
state of feeling; quarrel. — ?'. i. To blow gentlj'. 

Breeze, brez, Briss, bris, Brist, 71. Cinders; dust, rub- 
bish. 

Brent. See Brant. 

Brethren, breth'ren, 71., pi. of Brother, used in sol- 
emn an*l Scriptural language for Iwothers. 

Brett, bret, n. A four-wheel carriage, with calash top. 

Breve, brev, w. {Mm.) A note, I ^ 1 equivalent to 
two semibreves, or four minims. ' ' {Laiv.) A 
brief. {Print.) A curved mark [^ over a vowel, to 
indicate that its quantity is short. — Brev'ity, n. 
Shortness of time or extent; concisene.ss. 

Brevet, hre-vet', n. A warrant, granting a favor, title, 
dignity, etc. {Mil.) A commission in the army at 
large, but not with a particular command. — 7\ t. 
To confer rank n|)on by brevet. — a. Taking rank 
by brevet, — designating rank conferred for merit or 
special cause, and not in course of promotion. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, tErm ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tOne, 6r ; 



BREVIARY 



45 



BROAD 



Breviary, bre'vT-a-rl, u. An abridgment ; epitome; 

summary ; book containing the service of the Rom. 

Cath. or Gre_ek churcli. 
Brevier, bre-ver', ;;. (Fnnt.) A kind of type, in size 

between bourgeois and minion. 

^^^ This liue is printed in brevier type. 

Brevity. See under Breve. 

Brew, broo, v. t. [skewed (brood), eeewixg.] To 
boil or seethe; to prepare, as a liquor, from malt and 
hops, etc., by steeping, boiling, and fermentation; 
to contrive; plot. — v. i. To perform the business of 
brewing; to be in a state of preparation: to be form- 
ing or gathering. — Brew'age, n. Malt liquor. 
— Brew'er, n. — Brew'ery, -er-I, Brew'-house, n. A 
house where brewing is done. — Brew'ing, n. Act 
or process of, etc. ; quantity brewed at once. 

Briarean, bri-a^'rl-an, a. Pert, to, or resembling, Bri- 
areus, a giant with a hundred hands. 

Bribe, brib,/?. Something given to pervert the judgment 
or corrupt the conduct ; that wnich seduces; allure- 
ment. — V. t. [BRIBED (bribd), BKiBiXG.] To influ- 
ence or corrupt by gifts: to gain by, etc. — v.i. To 
give, etc. — Bri'bery, n. Act or practice of giving or 
taking, etc. 

Bric-a-brac, brik'a-brak, n. A collection of antiqua- 
rian or artistic curiosities. [F.] 

Brick, brik, n. Clay and sand, tempered with water, 
molded into form, dried, and usrially burnt; bricks 
collectively; a gopd fellow. 

Bride, brid, n. A woman recently married, or en- 
gaged to be married. — Bri'dal, a. Pert, to a bride, 
or to a wedding ; nuptial. — n. Nuptial festival ; 
marriage. — Bnde''-chamber, -cham'bgr, n. The 
nuptial apartment. — groom, n. A man newly mar- 
ried, or about to be married, —-maid, -man, n. At- 
tendants on the bride and groom at a wedding. 
[These words are also spelled bridesmaid, brides- 
man.] 

Bridge, brij, n. A structure forming a roadway over 
a watercourse, ravine, etc. ; a support similar to a 
bridge, as for strings of a violin, the bony part of 
the nose, etc. ; a game resembling common whist, 
in which the trump, if any, is made by the dealer 
or his partner, and the hand of the latter is piayed 
as a dummy: — called also bridc/e ivhist. — v. t. 
[BRIDGED (brijd), BEiDGijfG.] To build a bridge 
over. 

Bridle, bri'^dl, n. An instrument to restrain a horse; 
a restraint; curb; check; part of a gun-lock. {Naut.) 
A cable, to enable a ship, when moored, to veer with 
wind and tide.— i'. t. [bridled (bri'dld), bridling.J 
To put a bridle upon ; to restrain, or control. — v. i. 
To hold up the head, and draw in the chin, as an 
expression of pride, scorn, or resentment. 

Brief, bref , a. Short in duration or expression ; using 
few words ; concise; succinct. — n. An epitome; a 
statement in few words. iLaw.) An abridgment 
of a client's case; writ summoning one to answer to 
an action. — v. t. (Law.) To make a brief of. 

Brier, Briar, briber, n. A prickly plant. (Bot.) The 
sweet-brier and wild-brier, species of the rose. 

Brig, brig, n. A vessel with two masts, square-rigged. 
— Hermaphrodite brig. 
A two-masted vessel, 
square-rigged forward 
and schooner-rigged 

, aft.— Brig^'antine, -tin 
or -ttn, n. A small 
brig. 

Brig£^e, brY-gad', n. 
(Md.) A division of 
troops, larger than a 
regiment, commanded 
by a general officer. — 
V. t. To form into a 
brigade. _ — Brigadier, ,, . 

brig-a-der'', B r i g ' a- i^T^S- 

dler-gen'eral, n. The officer commanding a brigade, 
in rank next below a major-general. — Brigade 
mj^or. An officer who" assists the brigadier in his 
duties. 

Brigand, brig'and, n. A lawless fellow who lives by 
plunder ; a robber, freebooter. — Brig'andage, n. 
Theft ; robbery ; plunder. 




Bright, brit, a. Shedding light; shining: brilliant; of 
a quick intellect; sparkling with wit; manifest to 
the mind, as light to the eyes ; clear. — Brighten, 
brifn, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To make 
bright or brighter ; to make illustrious, or more dis- 
tinguished, shed light upon, make cheerful, make 

,-- acute or witty. — v. i. To grow bright or brighter. 

Brilliant, bril'Vant, a. Sparkling with luster; glit- 
tering; splendid; shining. — w. A diamond so cut as 
to reflect and refract the light. (Print.) The small- 
est type used in English printing. 

EE^ This lijie is primed in the type caiied Brilliant. 

Brim, brim, n. Rim, or border, of anything; edge, 
margin. — 1\ i. To be full to the brim.— Brim'fol, 
-ful, Brim'ming, a. Full to the top; completely full. 

Brimstone, brim'ston, n. A hard, brittle, inflamma- 
ble substance; sulphur. 

Brinded, brin'ded, a. Having different colors; varie- 
gated; streaked. — Brin'dle, -dl, re. State of being 
brinded; spottedness. — Brin'dled, -did, a. Spotted; 
brinded. 

Brine, brin, n. Water impregnated with salt; the 
ocean or sea ; tears ; pickle. — Eri-'ny, a. Pert, to 
brine, or to the sea; salt. — Brine'-pan, w. A pit of 
salt water, for evaporation. 

Bring, bring, v. t. [brought (brawt), BRnfGiNG.] To 
convey to a person or thing; fetch; to make to come; 
procure; induce; influence; to convey, carry. 

Brink, brink, re. Edge, margin, or border of a steep 
^lace; verge. 

Briquet, brl'ket'', n. A block of compacted coal dust, 
or peat, etc., for fuel; a block of artificial stone, 
cement, etc., in the form of a brick. 

Brisk, brisk, a. Full of liveliness and activity, of 
spirit or life; effervescing, as liquors; alert; nimble; 
quick; gay. — v. i. To appear with animation,— 
with up. 

Brisket, bris'ket, n. The breast of an animal or that 
part ol the breast next the ribs. See Beef. 

Bristle, bris-'l, re. A short, stiff , coarse hair. (Bot.) A 
species of pubescence on plants. — v. t. [bristled 
(bris'ld), bristling (bris'^ling).] To erect the bris- 
tles of, fix a bristle to. — v. i. To rise or stand erect, 
like bristles. 

Britannia, brT-tan'nT-a, n. A compound of block- 
tin alloyed with antimony, bismuth, and copper. 

British, brit-'ish, a. Pert, to Great Britain or its la- 
habitants, or to its original inhabitants. — Brifon, 
n. A native of, etc. — Brificism, -sizm, n. A habit 
or idiom peculiar to, etc. 

Rlttle, briftl, a. Easily broken; apt to break. 

Britzska, bris-'ka, n. A long carriage, with calash top. 

Broach, broch, re. A 
steel tool for 
smoothing or en- 
larging holes in 
metal ; a brooch. 
— v.t. [broached 
(brocht;, broach- _ 
rtfG.] To pierce,^ 
as with a spit ; to ^^ — _ . — 
tap ; to pierce, as Britzska. 

a cask, in order to draw liquor ; to let out ; to open 
for the first time, as stores; to make public, give out. 

Broad, brawd, a. Wide ; extended in breadth, or 
from side to side; diffused; having a large measure 
of any thing or qualitv; ample; comprehensive; 
gross; obscene. — Broad'^cast, re. (Agric.) A sowing 
of seed by casting it at large from the hand. — adv. 
Diffusedly; at large. — a. Dispersed, as seed thrown 
by the hand; widely spread. — Broaden, brawd'n, 
r. i. To grow broad. — v. t. To make broad, ren- 
der more comprehensive. — Broad'ish, a. Rather 
broad. — Broad'ly, adr;. — Broad'ness, re. — Broad'' 
ax, -axe, re. A broad-edged ax for hewing timber. 
— brim, re. A kind of hat worn by the Friends or 
Quakers; a Quaker. — -cloth, n. ' A fine woolen 
cloth for garments, exceeding 29 inches in width. — 
-piece, re. A gold coin broader than a guinea. — 
-side, re. Simultaneous discharge of all guns on one 
side of a ship. (Naut.) A ship's side above water, 
from bow to quarter. (Print.) A sheet of paper 
containing one large page, or printed on one side 
only. — sword, -sord, re. One with broad blade and 
cutting edge; a claymore. — B. Church. (Eccl.') A 




sQn, cube, full ; moon, tSbt ; «ow, oil ; linger or ink, then, bouboN, chair, get. 



BROCADE 



46 



BUCKET 



body of men holding liberal or comprehensive views 
of Christian doctrine and fellowship, — applied esp. 
to a portion of the church of Eng. — B. gauge, gaj. 
A distance, between the rails of a railroad greater 
than the standard gauge of 4 ft. 8h in. — B. pen'- 
nant, n. (yaut.) A square flag at a commodore's 
mast-head. — B. seal. The public seal of a state. 

Brocade, bro-kad'', n. Silk stuff, variegated'with gold 
and silver, or with patterns of flowers, etc.; other 
stuifs similarly' wrought. — Bro'cateK, -tel'lo, n. 
Coarse brocade for tapestry, carriage linings, etc.; 
marble, clouded and ve'ined with various colors. 

Brocage. See under Broker. 

Broccoli, brok^ko-ll, n. A variety of cabbage. 

Brogan, brc'gan or bro-gan'. Brogue, brog, n. A stout, 
coarse shoe. — Brogue, n. A coarse manner of pro- 
nunciation. 

Broider. See Embroider. 

Broil, broil, n. A noisy quarrel; fray; tumult. 

Broil, broil, v. t. [broiled (broild), broiling.] To 
cook over coals or on a gridiron. — v. i. To be 
greatly heated. 

Broker, breaker, n. One who does business for anoth- 
er ; an agent to effect contracts for a compensation. 

— Broke, v. i. To act as agent, esp. in love affairs. 

— Bro'cage, -kage, -kej, -kerage, n. The fee for act- 
ing as broker ; a comrhission on sales. 

Broma, bro^ma, «. A preparation of cacao seeds, or 
drink made from it. 

Bromine, bro''min, n. {Chem.) One of the elements, re- 
lated in chemical qualities to chlorine and iodine. — 
Bro'mate, n. Bromic acid compounded with a base. 

— Bro'mlc, a. Compounded of bromine and oxygen. 

— Bro'mide, -mid, n. A compound of bromine with 
a metallic or combustible base. — Bro'mite, -mit, n. 
An ore of silver; bromic silver. — Bro'mism, -mizm, 
n. A cachectic condition caused by using bromine. 

Bronchi, bron'ki, -cMa, -kl-a, -cluae, -kT-e, n. vl. 
(Anat.) The ramifications of the windpipe in me 
lungs. — Bron'^chial, -kl-al, a. (Anat.) Pert, to, 
etc. — Bronchitis, -ki''tis, n. Inflammation of the 
bronchial menibrane. 

Bronze, brSnz or bronz, n. An alloy of copper with 
tin, sometimes with other metals, esp. zinc; a statue, 
medal, etc., cast in bronze; a brown color; the color 
of bronze. — v.t. [bronzed (br5nzd or bronzd), 
bronzing.] To give the appearance of bronze ; to 
make brown; to make hard or unfeeling; to brazen. 

— a. :Made of, or resembling, etc. 

Brooch, broch, n. An ornament, with a pin to attach 
it to a garment. {Paint.) A painting all of one 
color. — V. i. To adorn with jewelry. 

Brood, brood, v. i. To sit on and cover eggs or young; 
to sit quietly; to remain long in anxious thought; to 
muse. — V. t. To sit over, cover, and cherish. — n. 
Offspring; progeny. 

Brook, brdbk, n. A small stream of water. — v. t. To 
bear, endure ; to be contented with. 

Broom, broom, n. A genus of leguminous plants; a 
besom, or brush, to sweep floors, etc., — orig. made 
of the broom plant. 

Broth, broth, n. Liquor in which flesh or anytMng 
else is boiled. 

Brothel, broth^el, n. A house of ill-fame. 

Brother, bruth''er, n. ; pi. Broth''ers or Brethren, 
breth'ren (used in the solemn style). He who is 
born of the same parents with another, or of one of 
them only; one closely united to another by some 
common tie ; one who resembles another. — Broth''- 
erly, a. Pert, to; kind; affectionate. — Broth'^erhood, 
-hcJbd, n. State of being, etc.; an association ; a fra- 
ternity ; a class of individuals of the same occupa- 
tion. — Broth'er-in-law, n. Brother of a husband 
or wife; sister's husband. 

Brougham, broo^am or broom, n. A light close carriage. 

Brow, brow, n. The ridge over the eye, with the hair 
npon it; *.he forehead; Ihe edge of a steep place. 

£rown. Drown, n. A daric color inclining to red or 
i^ellow. — a. Of a brown color. — v. t. [browned 
(brownd), browning.] To give a brown color to. 

Browse, browz, v. t. [browsed (browzd), brows- 
ing ] To eat or nibble off, as the ends of branches 
of trees, etc. — v. i. To feed on shoots of shrubs or 
trees. — Browse, brows, n. Tender branches or t wig.i 
of trees, etc. 




Brush-wheel. 



Bruin, broo'in, n. A bear. _ 

Bruise, brooz, v. t. [bruised (broozd), bruising.] To 
injure or crush; to contuse; to reduce to fragments; 
to fight with the fists : to box. — n. A contusion. 

Bruit, brobt, n. Report; rumor ; fame. {Med.) A 
sound heard on percussion or auscultation. — v. t. To 
report; to noise abroad. 

Brunette, broo-nef, n. A woman of dark complex- 
ion. 

Brunt, brunt, n. The heat, or utmost violence, of an 
onset; force of a blow; shock; sudden effort, con- 
tact, or engagement. 

Brush, brush, n. An instrument of bristles, etc., for 
removing dust, laying on colors, etc. ; branches of 
trees lopped off'; brushwood; a thicket; a skirmish; 
a slight encounter; anything resembling a brush. — 
V. t. [brushed (brusht), brushing.] To applv a 
brush to; to pass lightly over; to remove or gatner 
by brushing. — v.i. To move nimbly in haste; to 
skim over with slight contact. — Brush 'y, -1, a. Re- 
sembling, etc. ; rough. — Brush'^inesB, n. — Brush''- 
wheel, n. A wheel 
without teeth, re- 
volving another by" 
friction; a revolving 
brush for polishing. 
— wood, n. A thick- 
et or coppice; small 
branches cut from 
trees. 

Br usk,Brusque , brdtsk, 
a. Blunt ; rough ; 
rude. _ 

Brute, broot, a. Not having sensation or reason; 
senseless; irrational ; unintelligent ; animal ; bes- 
tial; rough. — n. A beast; a low-bred, unfeeling 
person. — Bru'tal, a. Pert, to, or like, etc.; cruel; in- 
human. — Brutal'ity, n. — Eru'talize [-t.^lized 
(-tzd), -izing], Bru'tify [-tified (-tl-lid), -fying], 
i\ t. To make a brute of, make brutal. — Bru'^tish, 
a. Having chai-acteristics of, etc. ; ignorant; stupid; 
gross ; carnal ; bestial. — Bru''ti3hly, adv. — Bru'tish- 
ness, n. — Bru-'tism, -tizm, n. The nature, qualities, 
or actions, of a brute. 

Bubble, bub^l, n. A bladder of water or other fluid 
inflated with air ; anything empty ; a delusive 
scheme. — v.i. [bubbled (buo'ld), bubbling.] To 
rise in bubbles, run with a gurgling noise, -v.t. 
To cheat, deceive. 

Buccaneer, Bucanier, buk-a-ner', n. A pirate ; free- 
booter. 

Bucentaur, bu-sen'tawr, n. (.Myth.') A fabulous 
monster, half ox and half man. — The state barge 
of Venice, used in the ceremony of espousing the 
Adriatic. 

Buchu, bu'ku, w. {Bot.') A plant used for diseases of 
the bladder. 

Buck, buk, n. Lye for soaking cloth, in bleaching; 
also liquor in which clothes are washed; cloth or 
clothes washed. —!'. t. To steep in lye; to wash in 
"lye or suds. {Mining.) To break up or pulverize, as 
ores. — Buck-basket, -bas'^ket, n. A basket for car- 
rying clothes to the wash. 

Buck, Duk, n. The male of the fallow deer, goat, 
sheep, rab'iiit, and hare, 
— also applied to male 
Indians and negroes ; a 
gay, dashing, young fel- 
low. — V. I. To ]ump 
viciously, with the head 
down, as if butting, — 
said of mules, etc. — v. t. 
To confine, by passing a 
stick under the bent 
knees, awd over the 
wrists, the hands being 
tied together before the 
shins. — Buck'^shot, n. Coarse shot used for large 
game. skin, n._ Leather of deer, goats, etc. 

Buckboard, buk'bord, -wag'on, n. A rude vehicle, 
having a board resting on two axletrees. 

Bucket, buk''et, n. A vessel to hold liquids, etc. 
{Mach.) One of the cavities on the rim of a water- 
wheel ; the float of a paddle-wheel. See Watek- 
wiieel. — Buck'^etful, n. Contents of, etc. 




Buck. 



Sim-i fame, far, pAs« or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve. term ; In, Ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r : 



BUCKEYE 



47 



BUMPER 



Buckeye, buk''!, n. A tree indigenous in the Western 
States; a nickname for a resident of Ohio. 

Buckle, buk'l, n. A frame witli tongue or catch to 
fasten things together; a curl, or state of being curled 
or crisped, as hair. — i'. t. [buckled (buk'ld), buck- 
ling.] To fasten with a buckle ; to prepare for ac- 
tion ; set stoutly at work. — v. i. To bend, bow ; to 
struggle, contend. — Buck-'ler, n. A kind of shield. 
{Naut.) A cover fitted to the hawse-holes, to exclude 
water. 

Buckram, buk'ram, n. A coarse linen cloth, stiffened 
with glue. — a. Made of buckram ; stiff, precise. 

Buckthorn, buk'thfirn, n. {Bot.) A genus of plants. 

Buckwheat, buk'hwet, n. A plant, whose seed is 
used as grain. 

Bucolic, bu-koKik, -ical, a. Pert, to a shepherd; pas- 
toral ; rustic— BucoFic, 71. A pastoral poem. 

Bud, bud, n. An undeveloped branch or flower ; a 
prominence on certain animals, which grows into an 
animal, as a bud in a plant grows into a flower. — 
v.i. To put forth buds; to begin to grow, or issue 
from a stock like a bud, as a horn ; to be in bloom, or 
growing. — v. t. To insert, as the bud of one plant, 
under bark of another, to raise a fruit different from 
the stock. 

Buddhism, bud'izm, n. The doctrine taught by the 
Hindu sage', Buddha, in the Gth century B. c, and 
adopted as a religion in Central and Eastern Asia, 
etc. —Buddhist, bud''ist, n. A votary of Buddhism. 

— Bud'dhist, -ist'ic, a. 

Buddie, bud'dl, n. (^Mining.) A wooden frajne for 
washing ore. — v. t. To wash ore with, etc. 

Budge, buj, v. t. [budged (bujd), budging.] To 
move ofi, stir, wag. — 71. Lamb-skin fur, used as an 
edging of schola.stic habits. — a. Lined with budge; 
hence, scholastic ; austere or stiff. — Budg'et, w. A 
bag or sack, with its contents ; a stock or store ; a 
governmental financial statement. 

BaS, buf, 71. A sort of leather, from the skin of the 
buffalo, also of other animals, dressed in oil ; a mili- 
tary coat, made of buff-skin ; the color of, etc. ; the 
bare skin. {Med.) A grayish, viscid crust observed 
on blood. {Mech.) A wheel covered with buff 
leather, for polishing. — a. Made of buff leather ; 
of the color of, etc., — between light pink and light 
yellow. 

Buffalo, buf'a-lo, n. ; pi. Buf^faloes, -loz. A kind of 
wild ox of the eastern conti- 
nent ; a buffalo-robe ; applied 
improperly to the bison. See 
Bisox. 

Buffer, buffer, n. (Mech.) An 
apparatus to deaden concussion 
by moving bodies. — A foolish 
fellow ; good-natured old fel- 
low. 

Buffet, boof-a' or buffet, n. A Buffalo, 

sideboard or closet, for plate, china, etc. 

Buffet, buf ■'fet, n. A blow with the hand ; cuff ; vio- 
lent resistance, as of winds and waves. — v. t. To 
box, beat, slap ; to contend against. — 1\ i. To play 
at boxing ; to make one's way by buffeting. 

Buffo, buf'fq^?). The comic actor m an opera. [It.] — 
Buffoon, -foon', n. One who amuses by tricks, jokes, 
and pleasantries ; a mimic ; mounteoank ; clown. 

— Buffoon''ery, -er-T, n. The arts of, etc. ; pranks. 
Bug, bug, 71. An insect of many species ; esp. a 

hemipterous insect which infests beds, etc. — Bug, 
Bug''bear, -bar, Bug^aboo, -a-boo, n. Something 
friglitful ; a specter ; hobgoblin. 

Bugger, bug'ger, w. One guilty of buggery ; a vile 
creature. — Bug'gery, -T, n. A crime against na- 
ture ; sodomy. 

Buggy, bug'gT, n. A light four-wheel vehicle, with 
or without a calash top. 

Bu'gle, Bugle-horn, bu''gl-h6m, n. A wind instrument 
for hunting or for military music. 

Bugle, bu'gl, n. An elongated glass 
bead. 

Buhl, bul, n. A figure of brass, un- 
burnished gold, etc., set into sur- 
faces of ebony, tortoise-shell, etc. 

Buhr-stone, ber'ston, n. (Min.) A 
flinty quartz, used for mill-stones. 
See Bur. 





Bugle-horn. 



Build, bild, v. t. [built (bilt) or (antiquated) builded; 
building.] To frame, construct, and raise, as an 
edifice; to fabricate; to raise on any toundartion ; to 
increase and strengthen. — v. i. To practice build- 
ing ; to construct, rest, or depend. — n. i'orm, or 
mode of construction. — Build'er, h. — Euild''ing, w. 
Act or business ot, etc. ; thing built. 

Bulb, bulb, 71. (Hot.) A bud growing from a plant, 
(usually below ground), and producing a stem 
above and roots below. (Anat.) A part shaped 
like bulbous roots. A protuberance on a stem, as 
the bulb of a thermometer. — i'. i. To form bulbs. 

Bulge, bulj, 71. The protuberant part of a cask, etc. 
(jyaat.) The bilge of a vessel. — v. i. [bulged 
(buljd), bulging.] To swell out; to be protuberant; 
to bilge, as a ship. 

Bulk, bulk, 71. Magnitude of material substance; size; 
mass ; the majority ; the principal portion. {Naui.) 
The whole cargo of a ship when stowed. — r. i. To 
appear of gr6at size or importance. — Bulk'^er, n- 
{Naut.) One who ascertains the capacitj' ot goods, 
to fix the freight or shore-dues upon them. — Bulk'y, 
-X, a. Large. — Bulk'iness, n. 

Bulkhead, bulk'hed, ?«. {Naut.) A partition in a ship, 
etc., made with boards, etc. 

Bull, bul, n. The male of any bovine quadruped, also 
of any large quadruped, as the elephant. {AstranJ) 
Taurus, one of the twelve signs of the zodiac. {Stock 
Exchange.) One who buys stock on time, agreeing 
to take a certain amount at a future day at a stated 
price, beyond which he seeks to raise the market 
value. See Bear.- w. t. To endeavor to raise th«t 
price of.— Bul'lock, n. A young bull ; an ox, or cas 
trated bull. — Bull '-dog, 7i. A variety of dog, of re 
markable ferocity and courage, — named prob. fr 
being used to bait bulls or fr. the size of the head.— 

-fight, -fit, n. A combat with a bull. finch, n. A 

thiek-necked singing-bird allied to the grossbeak. — • 
-frog, n. A large species of frog, which makes a loud, 

croaking noise. head, n. A fish of the genuii 

cottus ; also the cat-fish, or horned-pout; a stupid fel- 
low; lubber. — head'ed, -necked, -nekt, «. Unyield- 
ing; dogged. — rush, n. A large, strong rush, grow- 
ing in swamps or water. ^ -trout, n. A large speciesi 
ot trout, ascending rivers periodically to spawn. 

Bull, bill, 71. The seal appended to the edicts and 
briefs' of the pope ; an edict, or rescript of the pope. 
A blunder; use of language self-contradictor3' or ex- 
pressing ideas entirely different from those in- 
tended. 

Bulldoze, bul'doz, v. t. To intimidate by violence. 

Bullet, bul'let, n. A small ball; esp. one of lead for 
small-arms. 

Bulletin, bulle-tin, n. A statement respecting somtt 
event, issued by authority for public information) 
public notice, esp., of news recently received. 

Bullion, buKyun, n. Uncoined gold or silver in th(i 
mass; precious metal, coined or uncoined, when 
reckoned by weight and in mass. 

Bnlls'-eye, bulz''T, n. {Naut.) A wooden block with- 
out sheave's, having a groove around it, and a hole 
through it. A thicTc piece of glass in a deck, roof, 
etc., to let in light; any circular opening f or air o:r 
light; a policeman's lantern; the center of a target; 
a knob left on a sheet of plate-glass by the blow- 
pipe; a thick, old-fashioned watch. 

Bully, buKt, n. A blustering fellow. — a. Jovial; 
merry.'—?;.*, [bullied (buKlid), bullying.] To 
insult with blustering menaces; to treat with inso- 
lence. — V. i. To be noisy and quarrelsome; to 
swagger, crow, domineer. 

Bulwark, buKwerk, «. {Fort.) An outwork for de- 
fense; a bastion. A means of defense; screen; shel- 
ter, pi. (Naut.) A ship's sides above the deck. — 
V. t. To fortify with a rampart; to protect. 

Bumble-bee, bum'bl-be, n. A large bee; humble-bee. 

Bumkin, bumpkin, n. {Naut.) A piece of timber to 
which stays, sails, etc., are fastened. 

Bummer, bum'mer, n. A vagrant; forager: soldieif 
seeking food and plunder; dissipated fellow. 

Bump, bump, n. A thump;. heavy blow; swelling or 
protuberance. — r. t. [bumped (bumt)> blthping.] 
To strike, as against anything solid. — v. i. Tc 
make a loud, heavy, or hollow noise, as the bittern. 

Bumper, bum^'per, n. A cup filled to the brim. 



stin, cube, full ; moon, f(5&t ; cow, oil : linger or ink, IJien, boNboN, chair, get. 



BUMPKIN 



48 



BURY 



gumpkin, bumpkin, n. An awkward, heary rustic; a 
clown, or country lout. 

Bun, Bonn, bun, 71.' A small sweet-cake. 

Bunch, bunch, w. A protuberance; hunch; knob or 
lump; a collection, cluster, jjr tuft. — v. i. To swell 
out. — V. t. To form or fasten into a bunch. 

Buncombe, Bunkum, bun'kuni, n. A body of constit- 
uents; speech-making for the gratification of con- 
stituents. 

Bimdle, bun'^dl, n. A number of things Bound to- 
gether, esp. into a package for handling or convey- 
ance; a paj'cel; roll. — v. t. [bundled (bun''dl(I), 
BUNDLiSG.] To tie or bind in a bundle or roll. — 
V. i. To set off in a hurry. 

Bung, bung, n. The stopper of the orifice in the bilge 
of a cask; the hole itself. — v. t. To stop, as the ori- 
fice, etc. ; to close. — Bung^'tole, n. The hole in 
the bilge of a cask. 

Bungalow, bun''ga-lo, n. In India, a one-story house. 

Bungle, bun'gl, v. i. [bungled (bun'^gld), euxg- 
LiNG.] To act or work awkwardly. ^ iJ. <. To make 
or mend clumsily; to botch. — Bung'ler, n. A clumsy 
workman. 

Bunk, bunk, n. A wooden case, for a seat by day and 
a bed at night; one of a series of berths in vertical 
tiers. — V. i. To go to bed in a bunk. — Bunk'er, n. 
" A tub, box, etc., to hold coal, etc. 

Bunyon, Bunion, oun-'yun, n. (Med.) Enlargement 
and inflammation of the membranous sac at tne ball 
of the great toe. 

Hvnt, bunt, n. {Naut.) The middle part or belly of a 
sail. — V. i. To swell out, as a sail; to push with the 
horns; to butt. — Bunfllne, n. A rope to haul up 
the body of a sail when taking it in. 

Bunting, bunt-'ing, n. A bird allied to finches and 
sparrows. Tliin woolen stuff, of which flags are 
made. 
JiSuojr, booY, n. A float; esp. a floating mark to indicate 
objects beneath the water. — X 

V. t. [buoyed (bootd), buoy- 
ing.] To keep afloat; to keep 
from sinking into ruin or de- 
spondency; to fix buoys to: to 
mark by buoys. — r. i. To 
float; to rise by specific light- 
ness. — Buoy'ant, a. Having 
the quality of rising or floating; iiuoy . 

bearing up, as a fluid; cheerful: vivacious. — Buoy''- 
ancy, -an-sT, n. Quality of floating; specific light- 
ness; cheerfulness. {Pfiysics.) Weight just sutRcient 
to submerge a floating body. — Buoy'antly, adv. 

Bur, Burr, ber, n. A prickly envelope of the seeds of 
plants; the rough edge left by a tool in cutting 
metal; a guttural mispronunciation of the letter r. — 
V. t. To pronounce with a burr; to talk or whisper 
hoarsely. — Bur'^dock, n. A genus of prickly-fruited 
plants. 

Burbot, ber'bot, n. A fish shaped like an eel, having 
beards on the nose and chin. 

Burden, ber-'dn, Bur'then, -then, n. That which is 
borne or carried; what is grievous, wearisome, or 
oppressive; the contents or capacity of a ship. — v.t. 
[burdened (-den<il), -dexing.] To lay a load upon; 
to oppress.— BuT'denous, -us, -some, -sum, a. Griev- 
ous to be borne. — Bur'densomely, adv. 

Burden, ber''dn, n. The verse repeated in a song; 

. chorus; refrain; that v>'hich is often repeated; the 
main topic. 

Burdock. See under Bur. 

Bureau, bu'ro, n.; pi. Bu'reaux or -reaus, -roz. 
Orig., a desk with drawers for papers; the place 
where a bureau is used, or business transacted; a 
department for transaction of public business; the 
body of subordinate officers under the direction of 
a department chief; a chest of drawers for clothes, 
etc. — Bureaucracy, bu-ro'kra-st, n. A system of 
conducting government business by departments, 
each under a chief. 

Burg, berg, n. Orig., a fortified town ; a borough. — 
Burgess, ber^jes, n. A freeman of a l)orough; a rejj- 
resentative or magistrate of, etc. — Burg'grave, Bur'- 

frave, n. In Ger., orig., one in command of u hurg ; 
ut the title and domain became hereditary. — Burgh, 
berg, n. Same as hiirg anA borough. — Burgh'al, a. 
Pert, to, etc. — Burgh^er, n. An inhabitant of, etc. 




— Burg''o-mas'ter, ?«. A chief magistrate of a mu- 
nicipal town in Holland, Flanders, and Germany. 
(Onritli.) An aquatic bird; the glaucous gull, of 
arctic regions. 

Burgeois. See Bourgeois. 

Burgeon. See Bourgeon. 

Burglar, berg'ler, n. (Law.) One who breaks and en' 
ters a house, to commit a felony. — Burg^lary, -la-ri, 
n. Act of, etc. — Burgla'rious, -rT-us, n. Pert, to, 
or constituting, etc. — Burgla'riously, adv. 

Burgundy, ber'guu-dl, n. A kind of wine made in 
jBurgimi/y, France., — Bur 'gundy-pitch, -pich, n. 
Turpentine from which the essential oil has been 
distilled off. 

Burial. See under Bury. 

Burin, bu''rin, n. An engraver's tool having a sharp cut- 
ting point ; 
a n engrav- 
er's style of 
execution. .^^ 

Burke, berk, — '^'^)ii 

v.t. [burked ^^^ 

(berkt). 




Burin. 
burking.]' To murder, without marks of violence. 



to obtain a body for dissection ; to dispose of quietly 
or indirectly. 

Burl, berl, v.t. [burled (berld), burling.] To dress, 
as cloth, by fulling; to pick knots, loose threads, 
etc., from. — n. A Knot or lump in thread or cloth. 
— BurKer, n. A dresser of cloth. 

Burlap, ber^'lap, n. A coarse fabric of linen, jute, or 
hemp. 

Burlesque, ber-lesk', a. Provoking laughter by ludi- 
crous images; jocular, ironical. — n. Ludicrous rep- 
resentation ; exaggerated parody ; satirical compo- 
sition intended to ridicule anything; caricature. — 
V. t. [burlesqued (-leskf), -lesquing.] To turn into 
ridicule. — Burlefta, -lefta, n. {Mus.) A comic 
opera ; a musical farce. 

Burly, ber'll, a. Of great biJk; stout; lusty; coarse 
and rough. — Bur''liness, n. 

Bum, bern, v. t. [burned (bernd) or burnt; burn- 
ing.] To consume with fire ; to injure by heat; to 
change by exposure to heat; to produce an effect akin 
to that of heat. {Surg.) To cauterize. (Chem.) To 
combine with oxj'gen. — v.i. To be on fire; to be 
injured by excess of heat; to have the appearance 
of fire; to be hot or in a passion ; to act with de- 
structive violence; to be akin to fire in the effect pro- 
duced. — n. Ahurt or injury ©ausedbyfire; the op- 
eration of burning or baking. — Bum''er, n. One 
who bums or sets on fire; an appendage to a lamp 
or gas-fixture, to promote combustion. 

Bum, w. A brook. See Bourn. 

Burnish, ber'nish, v. t. [burnished (-nisht), -nish- 
ING.] To polish by rubbing with something hard 
and smooth ; to render bright. — ?\ i. To grow or 
become smooth or glossy. — n. The effect of bur- 
nishing; gloss ;_luster. 

Bumoose, ber^'noos, n. A loose hooded cloak for 
women, imitated from a garment «f the Arabs. 

Burr. See Bur. 

Burrow, ber'ro, n. A hole in the ground made by 
rabbits, etc., for shelter. {Mining.) Aheap or heaps 
of rubbish. — r. t. [burrowed (-rod), -rowing.] 
To excavate or lodge 111 a hole in the earth; to hide. 

Burse, bers, n. Orig., a purse; a fund to maintain 
poor scholars: a student so maintained; a public 
meeting place for merchants ; an exchange. [Also 
written ?,0!«-,<!e.] — Bur'sar, -ser, w. A cash-keeper; 
purser; a student to whom a stipend is paid. — BuT''- 
sary, -ser-T, 71. The treasurj'of a college, etc.; a 
charitable foundation in a university. 

Burst, berst, v. i. [burst : bursting.] To fly or 
break open violently: to make any sudden change 
from restraint, invisibility, absence, etc., to an oppo- 
site state; to issue by a sudden removal of obstacles; 
to crack, split, sever. — r. t. To break or rend vio- 
lently: to open suddenly, —n. A breaking forth; 
disruption ; sudden explosion. 

Burt, bert, n. Aflat fish of the turbot kind. 

Burthen. See Burden. 

Bury, ber'T, n. A borough ; manor; used as a term. 
of names of places, as, Canterhury. — v. t. [bukied 
(bSr^id), burying.] To conceal by covering; esp. to 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; 



4 



BUS 



49 



BYZANT 



cover out of sight, as in a grave, the oceAi, etc.; to 
hide in oblivion.— BUT'lal, -T-al, n. Act of bur3ring! 
interment. — Bur^'ying-ground. -place, n. A grave- 
yard; church-yard. 

Bus, bus, n. An omnibus. [Abbrev. fr. omnibiis.'] 

BU8by»buz''b'I, n. A military cap or bear-skin. 

Bosh, bush, n. A thicket, or place abounding in trees; 
a branching shrub; a cluster of shrubs; a bushy 
branch cut from a tree ; a branch of ivy (as sacred 
to Bacchus); hence, a tavern sign, or the tavern it- 
self. — V. i. To grow thick or bushy. — v. t. To set 
bushes for, as for peas; to use a bush-harrow on, 
or for covering. — Biisli''y, -T, a. Full of bushes; 
full and spreading, like a bush. — Bush'tness, n. 
— Bush.''-beaii, n. The common, low garden-bean; 
kidney-bean; French bean. — fight 'ing, n. Irregu- 
lar warfare in a woody country. — -har^row, n. 
(AgHc.) A harrow made of bushes, for covering 
seeds, etc. — man, n. A settler in the backwoods of 
Australia. {Geog.) One of a tribe of savages near 
the Cape of Good Hope. — ^whack'er, n. One ac- 
customed to beat about bushes ; a raw country- 
man; a scythe for cutting brush; one engaged in 
predatory excursions against an enemy. — whack'- 
ing, n. Traveling, or working a way, through bush- 
es; pulling by the bushes, as m hauling a boat along 
a stream; irregular or predatory warfare. 

Bush, bush, n. {Mach.) A metal ring or lining let 
into aii orifice. — v. t. To furnish with a bush, or 
line with metal. — Bush'ing, n. A metal lining for a 
hole; a thimble. 

Bushel, bush'el, n. A dry measure, containing 8 
gallons; "a vessel of the capacity of a bushel, used in 
measuring; the circle of iron in the nave of a wheel. 
— Bnshel'age, -ej, n. A duty pajvable by the bushel. 

Busily, Business, etc. See under Busy. 

Busk, busk, n. A thin piece of metal, whalebone, or 
wood, worn in corsets. 

Buskin, bus^'kin, n. A covering for the foot and leg, 
for hunters and actors in tragedy ; tragedy, as dis- 
ting. fr. comedy. 

Buss, bus, n. A kiss; a rude or playful kiss. A two- 
masted herring-boat. — v. t. [bussed (bust), buss- 
ing.] To kiss. 

Bust, bust, n. A piece of statuary representing the 
upper part of the human figure ; the portion of the 
human figure between the head and waist. 

Bustard, bus'^tard, n. A bird of the Ostrich family. 

Bustle, bus''!, v. i. [bustled (bus'ld), bustli-ng.] To 
stir quickly, be very active. — n. Great stir; tumult 
from excitement. — Bus'tler, n. 

Bustle, bus'l, n. A kind of cushion to expand ladies' 
skirts behind. 

Busy, biz'^T, a. Engaged in business; occupied; con- 
stantly active; restless: active in what does not 
concern one; officious; pragmatical.— ?;, t. [busied 
(biz^'id), busying.] To make or keep busy, employ, 
occupy. — Business, biz'nes, n. That which busies 
one ; employment ; particular occupation for a liveli- 
hood or gain; traffic in general; concern; right or 
occasion of making one's self busy; aifair; transac- 
tion; trade ; profession ; duty. — Bus'^inesslike, a. 
Properly done ; thorough; straightforward. — Busy- 
body, biz'T-bod-t, n. One who officiously eoncei-ns 
himself with others' affairs, a meddling person. 

But, but, prep. & conj. Except ; besides ; unless ; save 
that ; were it not that ; otherwise than that ; that 
not; only; solely; merely; on the contrary; on the 
other hand ; yet ; still ; nevertheless. 

But, n. and v. See Butt. 

Butcher, buch-'er, n. One who slaughters animals 
for food "; one who kills cruelly ; one given to 
slaughter. — V. <. [butchered (-erd), -bring.] To 
kill, as animals, for food; to murder, esp. barba- 
rously.— Buteh'ery, -er-t, n. Business of a butcher; 
great slaughter ; massacre. 

Butler, but'ler, n. A servant in charge of liquors, etc. 

Butt, But, but, n. The larger end, as of a piece of tim- 
ber; an end; limit; bound; unplowedlanilat the end 
of a field; a mark to be shot at; object of aim; one 
at whom ridicule or contempt is directed ; a thrust 
given in fencing or by the head of an animal; the 
stoutest part of tanned ox -hides. (Carp.) A kind 
of hinge, screwed to the edge of the door, which 



butts against the casing. The metal ring at the ends 
of fire-engine hose. — v. i. To join at the butt, end, 
or outward extremity; to be bounded; to abut; to 
thrust the head forward. — v. t. To strike by thrust- 
ing the head against. — Butte, but or bit, n. An iso- 
lated peak or abrupt elevation of land. — But'tock, 
n. The rump, or protuberant part of the body be- 
hind. {Kaut.) The convexity of a ship behind, 
under the stern. 

Butt, but, n. A pipe or large barrel, containing from 
106 to 126 gallons. 

Butter, but''ter, n. An oily, unctuous substance ob- 
tained from cream by churning. — v. t. [buttered 
(-terd), -tering.] To cover with butter. — Bufter- 
ine, -in, 7i. A substitute for butter, made from ani- 
mal fat ; oleomargarine. — Buftery, -tSr-T, a. Hav- 
ing the qualities, consistence, or appearance, of but- 
ter. — n. A place for keeping butter, milk, provis- 
ions, etc. ; a room in some colleges, etc., for the 
sale of refreshments ; a cellar in which wine is 
kept. — Buftercup, n. A plant having bright yel- 
low flowers ; crowfoot. fingered, -fin^gerd, a. 

Apt to drop things, as if from greasy fingers. fly, 

n. A lepidopterous insect of diiferent species. — 
-fly-valve, n. {Mech.) A valve consisting of two 
semi-circular clappers or wings hinged to a^cross- 
rib. — man, n. One who sells butter. — milk, n. 
Milk remaining after the butter is separated from 
it. — nut, n. An American tree and its fruit, which 
contains oil; the nut of a South American tree, — 
called also the Savuari nut. — scotch, n. A candy 
made from sugar and butter. — tree, n. A tropical 
tree whose seeas yield a butter-Uke substance. 

Butteris. See under Buttress. 

Buttock. See under Butt. 

Button, but''n, n. A small ball; knob; a catch, to 
fasten together parts of dress, or to hold a door 
closed ; a bud; germ of a plant. (Assaying.) A 
round mass of metal remaining in the cupel after 
f usion. — I', f. [buttoned (but'nd), -TONING.] To 
fasten with, etc. — v. i. To be fastened by, etc.— 
But''ton-hole, ?i. The hole in which a button is 
caught. — V. t. To hold by the button or button- 
hole : to detain in conversation ; to bore. mold, 

-mould, -mold, n. A disk of bone, wood, etc., which 
is made into a button by covering it with cloth. — 
-wood, n. The North American plane-tree, produ- 
cing rough balls ; the button-ball. 

Buttress, but'tress, n. (Arch.) A projecting support 
to the exterior of a wall ; a prop. — 
V. t. To support by a buttress ; to 
prop. — Bufteris, -ter-is, n. (Far.) 
An instrument to pare horses' hoofs. 

Buxom, buks'^um, a. Orig., obedient 
or yielding ; healthy ; jolly ; frolic- 
some. 

Buy, bi, V. t. [bought (bawt), buying.] 
To purchase ; to acquire by paying 
for ; to procure by a consideration 
given. — V. i. To negotiate about a 
purchase. — Buy'er, n. 

Buzz, buz, V. i. [buzzed (buzd), buz- 
zing.] To make a low, continuous, « 
humming sound, as bees ; to speak 
with a low, humming voice. — v. t. 
To make known by buzzing ; to Buttress, 
spread, as report, by whispers. — n. A continuous; 
humming noise ; wliisper ; report spread cautiously. 

Buzzard, buz'erd, «. (Ornith.) A bird of prey, of the 
falcon family. A blockhead ; a dunce. 

By, bi, prep. Near or next to ; from one to the other side 
of ; past ; with, as instrument, means, way, etc. ; 
through means of; with aid of: through.' — adv. 
Near ; present ; passing near; geing or gone past. — 
a. Out of the common path ; aside ; — in composi- 
tion giving the meaning of something incidental, 
collateral, or private. 

Bye, bi, n. A dwelling ; in certain games, the station 
of a player. 

By-law, bi''law, n. A law ©f a city, town, corpora- 
tion, etc. 

Byzant, biz^'ant, Byz''antine, -tin, n. (Numis.) A gold 
coin, worth $2.5, coined at JByzantium. — Byzantine, 
bi-zan'tin or biz^'an-tin, a. Pert, to Byzantium. 




etin, cQbe, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ? linger o»' ink, tJien, boNbON, chair, get. 



50 



CALAMITY 



0. 



C, 8e,the 3d letter in the English alphabet,has 2 sounds, 
one close (represented in the phonetic respellings in 
this vocabulary by k), the other a sibilant (repre- 
sented by s). The digraph ch has 3 sounds, the 1st 
as in church (represented oy ch), the 2d as in chaise 
(represented by sh), the 3d as in chorus (represented 
by ^•). — ( J/its.) C after the clef is the mark of com- 
mon time, in which each measure is a semibreve, cor- 
responding to 4' C* is also the name of a note in the 

scale; the kej' note major, and the third minor, of 
the natural scale. — C is used as a contr. for L. cen- 
tum, a hundred. 

Cab, kab, n. Abbr. of Cabriolet, q. v. — A Hebrew 
dry measure of 2 5-6 pints. 

Cabal, ka-baK, n. A number of persons united to pro- 
mote their private views by intrigue; a junto; fac- 
tion ; plot ; intrigue. — v. i. [caballed (-bald'), 
-BALLING.] To plot, conspire. — Cabal'', Cab-'ala, 
kab'a-la, n. Secret tradition, or a mysterious science 
among Je^vish rabbins; mystery. 

Caballine, kab'al-lin, a. Pert, to ahorse. — n. A kind 
of aloes, used in medicine for horses. 

Cabas, ka''ba, w. A reticule; satchel. 

Cabbage, kab-'ei, n. A garden vegetable, the head of 
which is edible. — v. i. To form a head in growing. 

Cabbage, kab'ej, v. t. [cabbaged (-ejd), -baging.] To 
purloin. — n. Cloth retained by tailors when cut- 
ting out garments. 

Cabin, kab'in, n. A small room ; a cottage; hut; an 
apartment in a ship. — v. i. [cabined (-ind), cab- 
ining.] To live in a cabin, lodge. — v.t. To con- 
fine in a cabin. 

Cabinet, kab''in-et, n. A small room; closet; room for 
consultations ; secret council of a government ; a 
piece of furniture with drawers and doors; a place 
for valuables. — Cab'inet-coim'eil, -kown'sil, n. Con- 
fidential council of a prince, etc. — ma'lLer, n. A 
maker of furniture ; a joiner. 

Cable, ka'bl, n. A rope or chain to retain a vessel at 
anchor, suspend weights, contain and protect a tel- 
egraph wire, etc. — v. t. To fasten with a cable. — v. 
i. and t. To telegraph through a cable. — Ca'ble- 

fram, n. A message sent through a telegraphic ca- 
le. — Cable Vlength. 720 feet. 

Caboose, ka-boos', n. (Naut.') A galley, or cook-house 
on deck; a box covering the chimney in a ship. A 
railroad tool-car. 

Cabriolet, kab'rt-o-la, n. A one-horse two-seated car- 
riage with calash top, and covering for the legs. 

Cacao, ka-ka'^o or ka''ko, n. The chocolate tree of So. 
Amer. and the W. Indies. 

Cachalot, kash^a-lot, n. The sperm whale. 

Cachexy, ka-kek''sT, n. A depraved condition of the 
system. — Cachec'tic, -tical, a. 

Cachinnation, kak'in-na-shun, n. Loud or immod- 
erate laughter. 

Cackle, kak'l, v. i. [cackled (kak'ld), cackling.] To 
make a noise like a goose or hen ; to laugh with a 
broken noise, giggle ; to talk 
in a silly manner, prattle. — 
n. The noise of a hen, etc.; 
silly talk. 

Cactus, kak'tus, n. ; pi. Cac'- 
TL'.SES, -ez, or Cac'ti, -ti. 
A genus of tropical Amer- 
ican plants, having thick, 
fleshy stems, often armed 
with spines. 

Cad, kad, n. In Eng., the con- 
ductor of an omnibus ; an 
errand-boy; a low-bred, ob- 
trusive fellow; a snob. 

Cadaverous, ka-dav'er-us, a. 
Kesombling a corpse ; pale; 
won; ghastly. 

Caddice, -dis, kad'dis, n. The 




Cactus. 



larva of the caddice-fly, — used as bait in fiEhing.— 
Cad'dice-fiy, n. An insect, frequenting marshy 
places. 

Caddis, kad'dis, n. A kind of worsted lace or ribbon. 

Caddy, kad'dT, n. A small box for keeping tea. 

Cade, kad, n. A barrel; cask. 

Cadence, ka'dens, n. A fall of the voice in reading 
or speaking ; a modulation of sound. QUI.) A 
uniform time and pace in marching. (Mus.) A 
pause at the end of an air; a closing embellishment. 

— V. t. To regulate by musical measure. 

Cadet, ka-def, n. (Mil.) A gentleman who serves as 
aprivate, to obtain a commission; ayoung man in a 
military school. 

Cadew, ka-du', Cade-worm. Same as Caddice. 

Cadi, \i.a.^d"i,n.;pl. CA'ois.-dTz. A Turkish local mag- 
istrate. 

Cadmean, kad-me-'an, Cadmian, kad''mT-an, a. Perf- 
to Cadmus, prince of Thebes, said to have intro 
duced into Greece 16 letters of the alphabet. 

Cadmia, kad'ml-a, »i. {Min.) An oxide of zinc; for- 
merly, the ore of zinc, called calamine. — Cad'^miom. 
n. {Chem.) A white, ductile, and malleable metal 
related to zinc. — Cal'^amine, -min, n. Silicate, fo' 
merly carbonate, of zinc. 

CadaceoB, ka-du'se-us, n. {Myth.) Mercury's rod, — 
a wand entwined by serpents, and sur- 
mounted by wings. 

Caducous, ka-du'kus, a. (Bat.) Falling 
off quickly or easily. 

Csesar, se'zar, n. An emperor, — esp. of 
Germany, as being the successor of Au- 

fustus Cfesar and the Roman emperors ; 
aiser. — Caesa'rean, Cesa'rean, a. Pert, 
to Csesar. — Cesarean section. (Surg.) An 
incision through the parietes of the ab- 
domen and uterus, to extract the fetus. 

Cssura, se-zu'ra or -su'ra, n.; E. pi. Cm- 
su'kas, -raz ; L. pi. -E^, -re. {Pros.) A 
pause or division in a verse ; a separation, 
by ending of a word or pause in the sense, 
of syllables rythmically connected. 

Cafe, kaf 'a, n. A coffee-house ; lunch-room. 
■ — Caffeic, -fe'ik, a. {Chem.) Pert, to, or obtained 
fr., coffee. — Caffeine, -fe-'in, n. A « bite, bitter, 
crystallizable substance, obtained from, etc. 

Cag, kag, n. A small cask or barrel; keg. 

Cage, kaj, n. A box or inclosure, for confining birds, 
animal's, criminals, etc. {Mining.) A hoist for rais- 
ing ores, persons, etc., from a pit. — v. t. [caged 
(kajd), caging.] To confine in a cage. 

Caiman. See Cayman. ^ 

Caique, ka^'ek or ka-ek', n. A Turkish skiff or light 
boat. 

Cairn, karn, n. A rounded or conical pile of stones. 

Caisson, kas'son, w. {Mil.) A chest containing am- 
munition ; wagon for conveying military stores. 
{Arch.) A wooden frame used in submarine build- 
ing:: a panel sunk below the surface. 

Caitiff, ka'tif, n. A mean, despicable person. — «. 
Base ; vile. 

Cajepnt, kaj''e-put, n. An essential oil from the East 
Indies. 

Cajole, ka-ioK. v. t. [cajoled (-joW), cajoling] 
To deceive or delude by flattery: to wheedle, co;ix, 
entrap. — Cajo'lery, -ler-T, n. A wheedling; coaxing 
language; flattery. 

Cake, kak, ?i. A composition of flour, butter, sugar, 
etc., baked ; a macs of matter concreted and flattened. 
— )'. i. and «. [cafed (kakd), caking.] To form 
into a cake, or mass. 

Calabash, kaKa-bash,?!. The fruit of the calabash tree; 
a larse gourd: a vessel made from the shell, etc. — 

— CaK abash tree. A tree of tropical America. 
Calaboose, kal-a-boos', n. A prison ; jail. 
Calamine. See under Cadmia. 

Calamity, ka-lani'T-tT, n. A great misfortune or cause 




am, fame, far, pasa or opera, fare ; Gnd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



CALAMUS 



51 



CAMBRIC 



I 



of misery ; disaster ; mishap ; mischance. — Calam''i- 
toos, -t-tus, a. Suffenng, or producing, calamitj- ; 
deplorable ; grievous. — Calam''itously, adv. — Ca- 
lam'^itoosneBS, n 

Calamus, kaKa-mus, n. ; pi. -mi, -mi. (Bot.) Indian 
cane, a plant of the palm family; also, the sweet flag. 
[L.] — Calamif^eroos, -er-us, a. Producing reeds. 

Calash, ka-lash'', n. A light carriage with low wheels, 
having a top that can be raised or lowered, and 
often a movable front, making it either an open or 
close carriage; also, a Canadian two- wheeled vehi- 
cle; a hood of a carriage which can be thrown back; 
a hood-like head-covering. 

Calci^, Calcine, etc. See under Calx. 

Calculate, kaKku-lat, i-. i. To ascertain by arithmet- 
ical or mathematical processes, or by recKoning pe- 
culiarities or circumstances ; to fit by adaptation of 
means to the end ; to compute, estimate, rate. — 
V. t. To make a calculation. [Improperly used for 
intend or imrpO''e.] — CaFculable, a. Capable of be- 
ing, etc. — Calcula''tioii, n. Art, act, or result of, 
etc. — Cal^culative, -tiv, a. Pert, to, etc. — Cal''cu- 
lator, -ter, m. One who, etc. 

Calculus, kaKku-lus, H. ,-;;?. -LI, -li. (Med.) A solid 
concretion in the body, usually in the organs that 
act as reservoirs, and in the excretory canals. 
(3Iath.) A method of computation ; one of the 
branches of mathematics. — Calculous, -lus, a. Like 
stone; hard; gritty; affected with stone or gravel. 

Caldron, kawKdrun, n. A large metal kettle or boiler. 

Calefacient, kal-e-fa'shent, a. Making warm; heat- 
ing. — n. (Med.) A substance that excites warmth. 

— Cal'e^y, -fi, v. i. To grow warm. — v. t. To make 
warm. 

Calendar, kaKen-dar, n. An arrangement of the di- 
visions of time, as days, weeks, months, etc. ; an 
almanac ; an enumeration of persons or things. — 
V. t. To enter in a calendar. — a. Contained in, or 
according to, etc. — Calendar month. A month ac- 
cording to the common or Gregorian calendar, as 
given in almanacs. — C. year. A Gregorian year, or 
year of our Lord, ending Dec. 31. 

Calender, kal'en-der, n. A machine or hot-press, to 
make cloths, paper, etc., smooth and glossy or wavy; 
one who calenders; one of a sect of Eastern der- 
vises, named from the founder. — v. t. [calen- 
dered (-derd), -dering.] To press between rollers. 

Calf, kaf, n. ; pi. Calves, kavz. The young of the covv^; 
an ignorant, stupid person ; a small island near a 
larger one; a mass of ice attached to an iceberg. — 
Calve, kav, v. t. To bring forth a calf. 

Calf, kaf, n. The fleshy part of the leg behind, below 
the knee. 

Caliber, Calibre, kal'T-ber, n. Diameter of a round 
body, as of a bullet, or of the bore, as of a cannon 
or tube; mental capacity. — Callipers, 
-perz, CaI''iper-com''passes, n. pi. Com- 
passes with curved legs, for measuring 
the caliber of round bodies. 

Calico, kal't-ko, n. ; pi. -coes, -koz. 
Plain white cotton cloth; printed cot- 
ton cloth, coarser than muslin. — a. 
Made of, etc. ; resembling, etc., — said 
of a horse, etc., having patches of 
color different from the general color. 

Calidnct, kaKl-dukt, n. A pipe to con- 
vev heat; acaloriduct. roHrvoi-o 

Caligo, ka-li'go, n. (Pathol.) Dimness of paupers, 
sight, from a speck on the cornea: the speck itself. 

— CaUginous, -lii''T-nus, a. Affected with darkness 
or dimness; dark. 

Caligraphv. See Calligraphy. 

Calipash, kal'T-pash, n. Part of a turtle belonging to 
the upper shell, containing a gelatinous substance of 
a greenish tinge. — CaPipee'', n. Part belonging to 
the lower shell, of a yellowish color. 

Caliph, Calif, ka'lif , n. Successor or vicar, — a title 
of the successors of Mohammed. 

Calisthenic, kal-is-then'ik, a. Pert, to calisthenics. — 
CaI^iBthen''icB, n. sing. Art, science, or practice of 
healthful bodily exercise. 

Calk, kawk,v. t. [calked (kawkt), calking.] To drive 
oakum into the seams of, as of a ship, to prevent 
leaking; to put sharp points upon the shoes of, to 
prevent slipping on ice, — said of a horse or ox; to 




wound, with a calk, — said of a horse, etc. — n. A 
point on a «hoe, to prevent slipping. — Calk'er, 
Calk'in, Catilk, Cork. Same as Calk. n. 

Call, kawl, V. i. [called (kawldX calling.] To in- 
vite or command to come or oe present ; to con- 
voke, summon, bid; to give a name to; to desig 
nate as for office, duty, etc. ; to utter loudly. — v. i 
To speak loudly, cry out; to make a brief visit.— 
n. A vocal address of summons or invitation; s 
public demand ; requisition; a divine summons; a 
short visit. {Hunting.) A note blown on a horn, 
(Naut.) A whistle to summon sailors to duty. 
(Fowling.) A noise in imitation of a bird: a pipe 
to call birds by imitating their voice. — Call''ing, n. 
A summons; occupation; vocation; business. 

Calla, kaKla, n. A genus of plants. 

Calligraphy, kal-lig^ra-tl, n. Fair or elegant penman 
ship. — Callig'raphist, -fist, n. An elegant penman. 

Calliope, kal-li'o-pe, n. (Myth.) The muse presidinj; 
over eloquence and heroic poetry. An organ whotc 
tones are produced by steam instead of wind ; a 
steam-whistle on locomotives, etc. 

Callisthenics. See Calisthenics. 

Callow, kaKo, a. Destitute oi feathers; naked. 

Callus, kaKlus, n. (Med.) Any preternatural hard 
ness in the body, esp. of the "skin: new growth ol 
osseous matter uniting fractured bones. [L.] — CaK 
lous, -lus, a. Hardened ; indurated ; obdurate ; un 
feeling. — CaKlously, adv. — CaKlousness, n. 

Calm, kiim, a. Jsot stormy: undisturbed by passion 
still; tranquil; serene; placid. — n. Freedom frorr 
motion, agitation, or disturbance. — v. t. [calmei 
(kamd), c'alming.] To render still or quiet; to ap 
pease, compose, assuage. 

Calomel, kaKo-mel, n. (Chem.) A mild chloride ol 
mercury, used as a medicine. 

Caloric, ka-lor'ik, n. (Phyxics.) The principle oi 
heat: agent to which phenonjena of heat and com- 
bustion are ascribed. — Caloricity, -is'1-tT, »i. Fac- 
ulty of developing heat. — esp. in animals, to with- 
stand cold. — Calorific, a. Able to produce heat; 
heating. 

Calumet, kaKu-met, n. A pipe used by American In 
dians as a symbol of peace and war. 

Calumny, kaVum-nT, n. False accusation ; defama- 
tion : slander. — Calum'^niate, -nt-at, v. t. To accuse 
falsely and knowingh', asperse, vilify, traduce.— 
Calum'nia'tion, n. False accusation. — Calum'^ni- 
ator, -ter, n. — Calum'^nious, -nl-us, a. Containing 
or implying, etc. 

Calvary, kal'va-rT, n. A place of skulls; esp. the 
place of Christ's crucifixion ; a Roman Catholic 
chapel containing representations of Christ's* pas- 
sion and death. 

Calve. See under Calf. 

Calvinism, kaKvin-izm, n. The theological doctrines of 
Calvin and his followers. 

Calx, kalks, n. ; E. pi. Calx'es, -ez; L. pi. Cal'ces, 
kal'sez. (Cliem.) Earthy residuum remaining after 
the calcination of a metal or mineral. — Calcareous, 
-ka''rT-us, a. Of or containing, carbonate of lime. 

— Cal'cic,-sik, a. (Chem.) Pert, to, or derived from 
calcium.— Calciferous, -sif 'er-us, a. Containing 
carbonate of lime. — Cal'ciform, a. In the form of 
chalk or lime. — CaKcify. -fi, v. i. and t. To change 
into a ston J' condition, in which lime is a princi- 
pal ingredient. — Calcine, kal-sin'' or kal'sTn. 
[calcined (-sind' or -sind), -cining], also Cal'ci- 
nate, -sT-nat, v. t. To reduce to powder or a friable 
state, by the action of heat: to oxidize, as a metal. 

— r. i. To be converted into a powder, etc. 
Caljrx, ka'lix, n. ; E. pi. Ca'lyxes: L.pl. Cal'yces, 

kaKT-sez. (Bot.) The outer covering of 

a flower. 
Cam, kam, n. (Jfach.) A projecting part ^ 

of a wheel, etc., giving an alternating 

motion to a piece pressing against it. 
Camber, kam'ber, n. (Arch.) An arch or 

convexity on the top of a beam, or of an 

aperture. 
Camboge. See Gamboge. 
Camboose, kam-boos', n. (NaxU.) A cook- 
room. 
Cambrel. See Gambrel. 
Cambric, kam'brik, n. A fine, white fabric 




Calvx. 



sfin, cube, full ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



CAME 



52 



CANON 




of flax or linen; a cotton fabric, in imitation of linen 
cambric. 

Came. See Come. 

Camel, kam'el, n. A ruminant quadruped, used in 
Asia and Africa for carrying bur- 
dens. (Naut.) A contrivance for 
lifting ships over shoals. — Cam'- 
el'a-hair, n. Made of camel's hair. 

— Cam'let, Cam''elot, -e-lot, n. A 
cloth, orig. of camel's hair, now of 
wool or goat's hair with silk or 
thread. 

Camellia, ka-meKva, ?i. A genus cf romai 

evergreen shrubTs. t./amei. 

Camelopard, ka-mel'o-pard o?-kam''el-, w. (Zool.) A 
ruminant, long-necked, African quadruped; the gi- 
raife. 

Cameo, kam'e-o, n. ; pi. -os, -oz. A precious stone or a 
shell carved in relief. 

Camera, kam''e-ra, n. {Arch.) A vaulted root or ceil- 
ing. The camera obscura. — Cam'^era Lu'cida, -lu''- 
sT-da. {Opt.) An instrument which reflects a pic- 
ture that may be traced on paper, etc. — C. Obscura. 
-ob-sku'^rd. An apparatus which reflects external 
images, received through a lens, upon a wliite sur- 
face within a darkened chamber. 

Camisade, kam-T-sad'', -sado, -sa'do, n. {Mil.) A shirt 
worn over a soldier's uniior.n, for recognition in the 
dark; an attack by surprise at night. — Cam'isole, 
-sol, n. A waistcoat: dressing-jacket; straight-jacket. 

Camlet. See under C.\mel. 

Camomile, Chamomile, kam'o-mll, n. A bitter plant, 
used in medicine. 

Camp, kamp, n. Ground containing tents, huts, etc., 
for shelter; company of persons encamped in the 
same spot. — 1-. ^ [c.imped (kampt), c.^mpixg.] To 
aiford lodging for, as an armj% travelers, etc. — u. i. 
To rest or Iodge;_to pitch tents, etc.; to encamp. 

Campaign, kam-pan'', n. A large, open plain ; an 
extensive tract without hills. {Mil.) The time that 
an army keeps the field. {U. S. Politics^ The con- 
test for an election; a canvass. — v. i. To serve in a 
campaign. 

Campaniform, kam-pan'T-fSrm, a. {Bot.) In the 
shape of a bell. — Campanol'ogy, -jT. n. Art of ring- 
ing bells; a treatise on it. — Cam^panile, -ne'la, n. 
{Arch.) A bell-tower. 

Campestral, kam-pes''tral, -trian, -tri-an, a. Pert, to, 
or growing in a field, or open ground. 

Camphene, -pMne, kam-fen'', n. {Chein.) Pure oil of 
turpentine. 

Camphor, kam'fer, n. The s< ilidifled sap of an East 
Indian laurel tree. — Cam'phire, -fir,_7i. Obs. spell- 
ing of camphor. — Cam'phorate, -f er-at, v. t. To im- 
pregnate with, etc. 

Cam-wood, kam''w(56d, n. A hard, red dye-wood, from 
Sierra Leone. 

Can, kan,w. Acup or vessel for liquids. — ?■. t. [c.\xxed 
(kand), c.iXXiXG.] To preserve in cans, as fish, veg- 
etables, etc. — Can^akin, -nikin, n. A little can. 

Can, kan, r. i. [iinp. could.] To be able; to have power. 

Canaille, ka-nal' orka'na'y', n. The lowest class of 
people; the rabble; vulgar; shorts, or low grades of 
flour. 

Canal, ka-naK, n. An artificial water-c»urse, esp. one 
for boats. {Anat.) A duct for the passage of liquids 
or solids. 

Canard, kan-ar' or kan-ard'', n. An extravagant fabri- 
cation. [F.] 

Canary, ka-na'rT, n. Wine made in the Canary Isles. 

— Cana'ry-bird, -herd, h. A singing bird of the 
finch family, native in, etc. 

Cancan, kax-kax or kan'kan, n. Scandal; tittle-tat- 
tle ; an indecent French dance. [F.] 

Cancel, kan'sel, v. t. [c.^xceled (-seld), -celixg.] 
To cross and deface the lines of, blot out, destroy, 
obliterate, erase, abrogate, do away. {Print.) To 
suppress and reprint. — n. {Print.) The suppression 
and reprinting of a part of a work; the part thus al- 
tered. 

Cancer, kan'ser, n. The crab. {Astron.) A sign in 
the zodiac, denoting the northern limit of the sun's 
course. {Med.) A livid, scirrhous tumor, usually 
terminating in an ulcer, and rarely cured.— Cancef- 
a'tion. n. A growing cancerous. — Can'^cerous, -us, 



a. Like, consisting of, or affected with, cancer. — 
Cancriform, kan-'krt-fSrm, a. Crab-shaped : like a 
cancer; cancerous. — Cancrine, kan'krin, a. Having 
the qualities of a crab. — Cankerr kan'ker, n. An 
ulcer in the mouth ; anything that corrupts or cor- 
rodes. {Hort.) A disease in trees. {Far.) A disease 
of horses' feet. The dog-rose ; a caterpillar. — v. t. 
[-KERED (-kerd), -kekixg.] To corrode, eat, cor- 
rupt, infect. — V. i. To become venomous; to waste 
away, grow rusty. - 

Candelabrum. See under Candle. 

Candid, kan'did, a. Orig. white : free from bias : im- 
partial ; open ; frank ; equitable. — Can'dent, a. 
Heated to wiiiteness ; glowing with heat. — Can'- 
didate, -dt-dat, n. One who seeks or is proposed for 
oflfice or preferment. — Can'dor, -der, 7i. Freedom 
f r. prejudice or disguise ; sincerity. 

Candle, kan''dl, n. Tallow, wax, "spermaceti, paraf- 
fiiie, etc., inclosing a wick, and used to furnish 
light.— Can'dle-coal, ?i. A bright-burning coal; can- 
nel-coal. — light, n. The light of, etc. — Candela'- 
brum, n^;L. pi. -bra, -bra, E. pi. -bel'ms. A tall can- 
dle-stick; stand for supporting lamps; chandelier. 
[L.] — Chandelier, slian-de-ler'', n. A frame with 
branches tor candles or other lights. [F.] — Chand- 
ler, chand^ler, n. One who makes or sells candles, 
also other commodities indicated by a word pre- 
fixed, as corn-chaiuller, ship-chandler. 

Candy, kan-'dl, 1'. <. [candied (-did), -dyixg.] Tocon- 
serve or boil in sugar; to form into crystals, as sugar. 
— V. i. To change into, or become impregnated, or 
covered with, sugar; to be formed into crystals. — 
n. A preparation of sugar or sirup ; a confection 
of sugar. 

Cane, kan, n. {Bot.) A plant of several species, in- 
cluding reeds, as bamboo, rattan, etc., also sugar- 
cane. A reed; walking-stick; staff; a lance made of 
cane. — v. t. [caxed (kand), caxixg.] To beat 
with, etc.; to make or furnish with, etc. 

Canicula, Ica-nik^u-la, Canicnle, kan'I-kul, »i. {Astroti.) 
A star in the constellation of Canis Major ; the Dog- 
star, or Sirius. 

Canine, ka-nin'', a. Pert, to dogs ; having the quali- 
ties of a dog. — Canine teeth. The pointed teeth, be- 
tween the incisors and grinders, — resembling a dog's 
teeth. See Tooth. 

Canister, kan'is-ter, n. A basket of rushes, reeds, 
etc.; a case for holding tea, coffee, etc. 

Canker. See under Caxcer. 

Cannabin, -bine, kaiT'na-bin, n. {Chem.) A poison- 
ous resin extracted from hemp {Cannabis Indica), 
gi\ing hasheesh its narcotic effects. 

Cannel-coal, kan''nel-kol, n. A hard black coal, which 
burns with a clear flame. 

Cannibal. kan''nl-bal, n. One who eats human flesh ; 
a maii-e-iter. 

Cam on '- '"n, ?/. .A lollow metal cvlinder closed 




A, cascabel; B, iirst re-en- 
force ; C, second re-en- 
force; D, chase; E, swell 



(1 th( mr/zie : F, trunn- 
vn\ ■■ G. iim-ba:^e ; a. base- 
liiiir; 1'^ base of the breech. 



at one end, for throwing balls by the force of gun 
powder. {Mech.) A hollow cylindrical piece, inclos 
ing a revolving shaft. — Cannonade, -ad', n. Act of 
attacking with balls from cannon. — v. t. To attack 
with artillery. — r. i. To discharge cannon. 

Cannot, kan 'iiot. To be unable, [cart and ?!0<, usu- 
ally united in writing and printing.] 

Caniiular, kan'u-lar, a. Having the form of a tube ; 
tubular. 

Canny, kan'^Y, a. Gentle; cautious; harmless; good. 

Canoe, ka-noo', n. A boat formed of a tree trunlk ex- 
cavated or of bark or skins. 

Canon, kan'un, n. A law or rule, esp. an ecclesias- 
tical law, or rule of doctrine or discipline ; the gen- 
uine books of the Scriptures ; a catalogue of saints. 
{Mits.) A continued fugue ; a round. One who 



fim, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 5nd, eve, tgrm ; In, Ice ; 6dd, tSne, or ; 



GANOW 



53 



CAPITAi. 




holds a prebend in a ca- 
thedral, etc. (Pi'hit.) The 
largest size of type having 
a specific name' — former- 
ly used for printing the 
canons of the church. — 
Can'oness, ». A woman 
who enjoys a prebend. — Canon Tvne 

Canon'ic. -leal, a. Pert, to ^*"°" ^^P^' 

a canon; according to the canon or rule. — Canon''- 
ically, adv. — Canoii''icalness, n. — Canon''icals, -alz, 
H. pi. Full clerical dress. — Canon.''icate. -ik-at, Can''- 
onrj^, -r1. -onship, ». The office of a canon. — Can- 
onicity, -is'I-tl, n. State of belonging to the canon, 
orgenuine books of Scripture; canonicalness.—Can'- 
onlst, n. A professor of cihion law. — Canonist'ic, a. 
Pert, to a canonist.— Can 'onize, -Iz, v. t. [-iZED(-izd), 
-IZIXG.] (Rom. Cath. ChuicU.) To place upon the 
catalogue of saints. — Canomza''tioii, n. Ceremony 
or act of placing one deceased in the catalogue of 
saints ; state of being canonized. — Can'^on law. 
{Eccl.) The law sanctioned by the church of Rome. 
Canon, Canyon, kaii'yun, n. " A gorge, ravine, or 

gulch, worn by streams. 
Canopy, kan'o-pT, n. A covering over a throne, bed, 
etc., or overhead. (Arch.) An ornamental projec- 
tion over doors, windows, niches, etc. — v. t. [cako- 
PIED (-pid), -PYiXG.] To cover with, etc. 
Cant, kant, v. t. To incline, or place upon edge, as a 
cask; to give a sudden turn or impulse to; to cut off 
an angle from. — n. An inclination from a horizon- 
tal line ; a thrust, push, etc., with a jerk. — Cantle, 
kan''tl, n. A fragment, corner, or edge of anything; 
the hind-bow of a saddle. — Cant'^let, n. A piece. — 
Cant'hook, n. A lever with a hook at the end, for 
canting, or turning over, heavj' logs. 
Cant, kSnt, v. i. To speak in a whining voice, or an af- 
fected, singing tone; to make whining pretensions to 
goodness. — n. An affected mode of speaking; a word 
or phrase hackneyed, corrupt, or peculiar to some 
profession'; religious phraseology; secret language of 
gypsies, thieves, beggars, etc. — a. Affected, inele- 
gant, vulgar, — said of language. 
Can't, kant. A coUoq. contn for can not. 
Cantaloup, -loupe, kan'ta-loop, n. A variety of musk- 
melon. 
Cantalever, kan^'ta-lev-er, Cantilever, kan'tt-, n. 
(Arch.) A bracket to support 
a balcony, eaves of a house, etc. 
Cantankerous, kan-tan'ker-us, a. 
Very vile or bitter ; perverse ; 
malicious ; contentious. — Can- 
tan '^eroosness, n. 
Cantata, kan-ta'ta or -ta'ta, n. r t- ^ 
(Mus.) A poem set to music. Cantalever. 
— Cantab'ile, -Y-la, Cantilena, -te-la'na, n. A piece 
suited for singing ; a melodv. [It.] — Can^'ticle, -tt- 
kl, n. A little song; pi. the Song of Solomon, a book 
of the Old Testament. — Can^lmate, v. t. To chant. — 
Can''to, n. ; pi. Can^'tos, -toz. A chief division, or 
book, of a poem. (Mus.) The soprano, or highest part. 
[It.] — Can'tor, n. _The leader of a choir; precentor. 
Canteen, -tine, kan-ten'', n. A soldier's vessel for car- 
rying liquor. — Cantiniere, -ten'yar, n. A female 
sutler; a vivandiere. [F.] 
Canter, kan'ter, n. An easv gallop. — v. i. [CAJf- 
TEKED, (-terd), -TEEING.] To move, as a horse, in 
a canter. — v. t. To ride upon, etc. 
Cantharis, kan''tha-ris, n. ; pi. -thaeides, -thar'T-dez. 
(Entom.) A coleopterous insect or beetle, used for 
bhstering; Spanish fij'. 
Canticle, Canto, Cantor, etc. See under Cantata. 
Cantle, Gantlet. See under Cant. 
Canton, kan'ton or kan-ton', «. A small portion of 
territory, constituting a government; a part, or di- 
vision. — V. t. [CAXTONED (kan^'tond or kan-tond'), 
-TONING.] To divide into districts or portions; to 
allot separate quarters to, as to troops. — Can''tonal, 
a. Pert, to, or divided into, etc. — Can'tonize, i'. t. 
To divide into, etc. — Can'^tonment, n. A division 
of a town, etc., assigned to particular troops. 
Canton flannel._See Cotton-flannel, under Cotton. 
Cantoon, kan-toon', n. A kind of strong fusdan. 
Canvas, kan'vas, n, A coarse cloth of hemp or flax, 
for tents, sails, painting, etc.; the sails of a vessel. 




— Can''vas-back, h. A species of sea-duck, named 
from the markings of its plumage. ^-Can'vass, v. t. 
[CANVASSED (-vast),-VASsrNG.] To sif t. Strain, exam- 
ine thoroughly, discuss, debate: to go through in the 
way of solicitation. — v. i. To solicit votes or inter- 
est. — n. Close inspection to know the state of; ex- 
amination in the v/ay of discussion ; a solicitation 
or effort to obtain something. — Can'^vasser, n. One 
who solicits votes or subscriptions, or examines re- 
turns of votes. _ 

Canyon. See Canon^ 

Caoutchouc, koo'chook, n. An elastic substance, ob- 
tained fr. the juice of several tropical plants; India 
rubber; gum elastic. 

Cap, kap, Ji. A covering for the head; a cover; top. — v. . 
t. [CAPPED (kapt), CAPPING.] To cover the top or end 
of; to render coni_plete, consummate; to provide with 
a cap. — Cape, kap, n. Part of a garment, covering 
the shoulders; a cloak. — Caparison, ka-par'i-sun, n. 
The covering of a horse ; trappings ; gay clothing. 

— V. t, [-SONED (-sund), -SONING.] To_cover with, 
etc.; to dress. — Capoch, -pouch, ka-pooch'', n. A 
monk's hood ; the hood of a cloak. — v. t. To cover 
with a hood; to hoodwink or blind. — Capote, -of, 
n. A long cloak for women ; a hooded cloak for sol- 
diers, sailors, etc. [F.] — Cap'uchin'', -u-shen', n. 
A Franciscan monk, whose dress includes a cowl ; 
a hooded cloak for women; a kind of pigeon. 

Capable, ka^'pa-bl, a. Possessing ability, qualifica- 
tion, or susceptibility; able; fitted; effective; skill- 
ful. — CapabiKity, Ca'pableness, n. 

Capacious, ka-pa'shus, a. Havin^f capacity; spacious; 
extended; having ability to take large views of things; 
broad ; comprehensive ; Uberal. — Capa'cionsness, 
n. — Capacitate, -pas''I-tat, v. t. To render capable, 
qualify. — Capac'lty, -tT, n. Power of receiving or 
containing; extent of roomorspace; ability; element 
of power ; condition or circumstances ; character. 
(Law.) Aptitude or qualification, as of age, resi- 
dence, etc. (Geoin.) The solid contents of a body. 

Cap-Jirpie, kap'a-pe''. From head to foot. [OF.] 

Caparison. See under Cap. 

Cape, kap, n. Part of a garment covering the shoulders. 
A neck of land extending into the sea ; a headland. 

Capellet, kap'el-et, n. (Far.) A wen-like swelling on 
a horse's hock. 

Caper, ka'per, v. i. To leap or jump about, spring, 
dance. — H. A frolicsome leap; a skip; jump. 

Caper, ka'per, n. (Bot.) The flower-bud or unex- 
panded flower of the caper-bush, used for pickling. 

Capias, ka'pl-as, ?i. (Law.) A writ or process ordering 
the arrest of the person named in it ; writ of capias. 

Capillary, kap'il-la-rX or ka-piKla-rT, a. Resembling 
a hair; long and slender; pert, to capillary tubes or 
vessels. — CAPITALS. 

Cap'illa- 
ry, w. A 
fine vessel 
or canal ; 
esp. one of 
the ves- 
sels con- 
n e ct ing 
arteries 
and veins. 

Capital, 
kap ' l-tal, 
a. Pert, to 
the head; 
involving 
forfeiture 
of the head 
or life; first 
i n impor- 
t anc e , — 
7). (Arch.) 
The head 
o r upper- 
most part 
of a col- 
umn , pi- 
laster, etc. 
The chief 
city in a 
coun t ry ; 




Doric. 



Ionic. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fdbt ; cow. oil ; Uiig«^r or ink. then, boNboN, chair, get. 



CAPITOL 



54 



CARD 



metropolis; a stock employed in trade, manufactures, 
etc.; means of increasing one's power; influence. 
{I'rint.) A letter such as is used at the beginning 
of a sentence or proper name, and distinguished by 
form or size at-»/^tat-<t-\ 
from the lower ABCDJliJb ABCDEF 
case letters of 



the same tj'pe. 



Capitals. Small Xapitals. 



(Fort.) The fine bisecting the salient angle of a rav- 
elin. See Ravelix. — Cap^italist, n. A man of 
large property. — Cap'^italize, -Tz, v. t. To convert 
into capital, as money or stock : to commence with 
a capital letter. — Cap-'italiza'tion, n. Act of con- 
verting, etc. ; use of capital letters. — Cap''itally, 
aiJv. — Capita'tion, n. A numbering of persons : 
a tax upon each head ; poll-tax ; capitation tax. 
Capitol, kap'T-tol, n. The temple of Jupiter, in Rome: 
tne ediace occupied by a legislature; government- 
house. 
Capitular, ka-pifu-lar. a. Pert, to a chapter. {Bot.) 
Growing in small heads, as dandelions. — Capit'^ 
alar, -uiary, -u-la-rt, n. An act passed in a chapter 
of knights, canons, etc.; a collection of laws or 
statutes; a member of a chapter. — Capifulary, a. 
Pert, to the chapter of a cathedral. — CapifiUate, 
-u-lat, V. i. To surrender on stipulated terms, as 
an army, etc. — CapiVula''tion, n. A reducing to 
heads or articles ; act of -surrendering, etc. ; an in- 
strument containing the terms of surrender. — Ca- 
pit'ula'tor, n. 
Capivi, ka-pe've, n. A balsam. 
Capoch, Capouch, Capote. See under Cap. 
Capon, ka'pn or ka''pun, v. A cock gelded to im- 
prove his flesh for_the table. 
Caponiere, kap-o-ner', n. {Fort.) A work placed in 
a ditch for its defense by fire-arms; often serving as 
a covered passage-way. 
Caporal, kap''o-ral, n. A kind of smoking tobacco. 
Capot, ka-pof, n. A winning of all the tricks of 

cards at the game of _piquet. 
Capreolate, kap're-o-lat, a. {Bot.) Having tendrils, 

or spiral claspers. 
Caprice, ka-pres'', n. Sudden or unreasonable change 
of mind; fickleness; freak; whim ; vagary. — Capri- 
cious. -prish''us, a. Governed by capnce; unsteady; 
captious. — Capri'ciously, adi\ 
Capricorn, kap'rl-kSrn, n. {Astron.) The 10th sign 
of the zodiac, which the sun enters at the winter 
solstice, about Dec. 21st. 
Capsictun, kap'sT-kum, n. A genus of plants produ- 
cing red or Cayenne pepper. — Cap''sicine, -st-sin, n. 
{C/iem.) The active principle of, etc. 
Capsize, kap-siz'', v. t. [-sized (-sizd'), -sizing]. To 
upset or overturn, as a vessel. — n. An overturn. 
Capstan, kap'stan, n. {^'aut.) A machine to weigh 
anchor or draw up great weights, 
operating with a cable wound 
round it like a wheel and axle. 
Capsule, kap'sul, n. (Bof.) A 
seed-pod or pericarp. {CJiem.) 
A clay saucer for roasting or 
melting samples of ores, etc.; an 
evaporating dish. {Physiol.) A 
small membranous sac. A me- 
tallic cover for closing a bottle. 
A percussion cap. 
Captain, kap'tan, n. The military officer command- 
ing a company or troop; also the commander of a 
ship, foreman of workmen, etc.; a military leader; 
warrior. — Captain-general. (Mil.) A commander- 
in-chief. — C.-lieutenant. An officer, who, with the 
rank of captain, and pay of lieutenant, commands 
a company or troop. — Cap'taincy, -si, n. Rank, 
post, or commission of, etc. 
Caption, kap'shun, n. {Law.) That part of a legal 
instrument which shows where, when, and by what 
autliority, it was taken, found, or executed. The 
heading of a chapter, section, or page. 
Captious, kap-'shus, o. Apt to find fault or cavil; 
fitted to catch or perplex ; petulant; fretful. — Cap'- 
tire, -tiv, n. A prisoner taken in war; one charmed 
or subdued by beauty, excellence, or aifection. — a. 
Made prisoner; kept in bondage: serving to confine; 
pert, to bondage. — Cap'tivate, v. t. Lit., to capture; 
to overpower with excellence or beauty, fascinate. 




Capstan 



— Captivity, -tiv'T-tT, n. State of being a prisoner 
or under control; subjection. — Cap'tor, -ter, n. One 
who takes, as a prisoner or a prize. [L.] — Capture, 
kap'chur, n. Act of taking by force; seizure; thing 
taken.— w. t. To take by force, surprise, or stratagem. 

CapucMn. See under Cap. 

Caput Mortuum, ka'put-mor'tu-um. Residuum of dis- 
tillation or sublimation : worthless residue. 

Car, kar, n. A small vehicle moved on wheels; a rail- 
road carriage; a chariot of war. — Carry, kSr^'rY, v. 
t. [carried (-rid), carrying.] To convey or trans- 
port ; to bear, cause to move forward, "urge, im- 
pel; to transfer from one place to another; to effect, 
accomplish; to obtain possession of by force ; to 
bear the aspect of, exhibit, imply; to hehave, con- 
duct, demean. — v. t. To convey or propel: to bear. 

— Car'riage, -rij, n. Act of carrying ;. that which 
carries; a vehicle; manner of carrying one's self: de- 
meanor; conduct. — Car''riageable, -rij-a-bl, a. Pass- 
able by carriages. — Car''rier, -rl-er, n. — Car'iole, 
-T-ol, n. A small open carriage.- Car'ry-all, -rT-awl, 
n. A light, four-wheeled one-horse covered vehicle. 

— Cart, kiirt, n. A two-wheeled vehicle for loads. — 
V. t. To carry in, etc. — Carfage, n. Act of, etc. ; 
price paid for, etc. — Carfer, n. — Carfwright, -rit, 
n. A maker of, etc. 

Carack, Carr&ck, kar'ak, n. A large ship of burden, 
formerly used by the Portuguese. 

Caracole, kar'a-kol, n. A halt turn made by a horse- 
man. {Arch.) A spiral staircase. — v.i. To move 
in, etc.; to wheel. 

Carafe, ka-raf, ?;. A glass decanter. 

Caragheen. See Carrageen. 

Caramel, kar'a-mel, n. {Chem.) A black, porous sub- 
stance obtained bj' heating sugar to about 400°. A 
confection made of chocolate, butter, and molasses 
or sugar. 

Carapace, kar'a-pas, Car'apax, n. A thick shell, cov- 
ering the turtle's back; upper shell of crabs, etc. 

Carat, kar'at, n. A jewelers' weight of 4 grains, 
used in weighing precious stones; a l-24th part, — a 
denomination used in determining the proportionate 
fineness of gold, which is supposed to be divided 
into 24 equal parts. 

Caravan, kar''a-van or kfir-a-van'', n. A company of 
travelers, pilgrims, etc., traveling together for se- 
curity; a large carriage on springs, or train of car- 
riages, for conveying wild beasts, etc. — Caravan'- 
sary, -sa-rT, -serai, -se-ri, n. An Eastern inn, where 
caravans rest at night. 

Caraway, kSr^'a-wa, n. {Bot.) A biennial aromatic 
plant of the parsley family, and its seed. A sweet- 
meat containing caraway seeds. 

Carbine, kar'^bin, Carabine, kar'a-bln, n. {Mil.) A 
light musket used by mounted troops. 

Carbon, kar^bon, n. (Chem.) An elementary sub- 
stance, forming the base of charcoal, entering large- 
ly into mineral coals and graphite, and in its pure 
crystallized state constituting the diamond. — Carf- 
bonate, n. A salt formed by the union of carbonic 
acid with a base. — Carbon'^ic, a. Of, or pert, to, 
carbon. — Carbonic acid. An acid composed of 1 
part of carbon and 2 of oxygen, — a heavy gas, unfit 
for respiration. — Carboniferous, -if''er-us. a. Pro- 
ducing, or containing, carbon or coal. ^- Car'^bonize, 
V. t. [-IZED (-izd), -iziSG.] To convert into carbon. 
— Car''boniza''tion, n. Act or process of, etc. — Car- 
bol^ic ac'id. A substance obtained by distillation 
of coal tar, used as an antiseptic and disinfectant ; 
phenic alcohol; phenol. 

Carboy, kar'boi, n. A large glass bottle, inclosed in 
basket-work. 

Carbuncle, kar'bun-kl, n. {Min.) A gem of a deep 
red color, with a mixture of scarlet. {Med.) A ma- 
lignant boil. 

Carcass, Carcase, kiir^kas, n. The dead body of an 
animal; corpse; the body, in contempt; decaying re- 
mains, as of a ship; the "frame of a thing, untinisned 
or without ornament. {Mil.) A vessel holding com- 
bustibles, to be thrown from a mortar. 

Card, kiird, n. A piece of pasteboard or thick paper, 
for various uses; a published note of statement, ex- 
planation, request, etc.; a paper on which the points 
of the compass are marked. — v. i. To play at cards. 

Card, kiird, n. An instrument for combing wool or 



am, fame, far, p4ss or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; In, ice ; Odd, tone, dr ; 



CARDAMOM 



55 



CARVE 



flax, or for cleaning the hair ef animals. — v. t. To 
comb with a card ; to mix, or debase by mixing. — 
Card''ing-en'gine, -machine'', n. A machine for 
combing, breaking, and cleansing wool or cotton, 
and forming it into a roll. 

Cardamom, kar''da-mom, n. A leguminous plant of 
the East Indies, whose seeds are used in medicine. 

Cardiac, kar^d^-ak, -diacal, -di^ak-l, a. (Anat.) Pert, 
to or resembling the heart, also to the upper oriiice 
of the stomach. Exciting action in the heart, 
through the medium of the stomach. — Car'diac, n. 
{Med.) A medicine which excites action in the 
stomach, and animates the spirits; a cordial. 

Cardinal, kar-'dT-nal, a. Of fundamental importance ; 
preeminent : chief ; principal. — n. (Bo n. Cath. 
Church.) One of the ecclesiastical princes of the 
pope's council. A woman's short cloak; mulled red 
wine. — Carrlinal nwihers. The numbers 1, 2, .3, 
etc., in distinction frum first, second, third, etc., 
which are exiled ordinal numbers. — C. points. 
(Geog.) Xorth and south, east and west. — C. vir- 
tues. (Aiitiq.) Prudence, justice, temperance, and 
fortitude. — Car'dinalate, -at, -ship, n. Office, rank, 
etc., of a cardinal. 

Cardoon, kar-doon', )i. A salad plant. 

Care, kar, 7?. Charge or oversight, implying responsi- 
bility; attention or heed; caution; solicitude; watch- 
fulness; burdensome sense of responsibility; trou- 
ble; the object of attention or anxiety. — v. i. [cared 
(kard), caring.] To be anxious or solicitous; to be 
concerned ; to be inclined or disposed. — Care'ful, 
-ful, a. Attentive ; thoughtful ; cautious ; full of 
care or solicitude. — Care'fully, adv. — Care''ful- 
ness, n. — Care^'less, a. Having no care; inatten- 
tive ; negligent ; heedless ; unthinking ; free from 
anxiety . — Care'lessly, adv. — Care'lessness, n. 

Careen, ka-ren'', r. t. (Naut.) To heave on one side, 
as a ship, to c ilk, repair, cleanse, etc. — v. i. To in- 
cline to one side. 

Career, ka-rer', n. A race-course ; rapidity of mo- 
tion ; a race ; course_ of proceeding ; procedure. — 
V. i. [CAREERED (-rcrd'), CAREERiSTG.] To move 
rapidlv. 

Caress, ka-res', v. t. [caressed (-resf), caressing.] 
To treat with fondness, affection, or kindness; to 
fondle. — n. Act of endearment. 

Caret, ka'ret, n. (PnntA A mark [a] indicating 
something omitted, either interlined above, or in- 
serted in the margin. 

Cargo, kar-'go, n. ; pi. Car''goes, -goz. The lading or 
freight of a ship. 

Caribou, kar'I-boo, a. The American reindeer. 

Caricature, kSr^'l-ka-choor', n. The exaggeration of 
tnat which is characteristic; a picture or description 
in which peculiarities are so exaggerated as to ap- 
pear ridiculous. —w. ^ [-tured f-choord''), -Tur- 
ing.] To rrmke a caricature of. 

Caries, ka'rT-ez, n. {Med.) An ulceration of bone. 
— Ca'riotis, -rY-us, a. Affected with, etc. 

Carinate, kar'I-nat, -mated, a. {Bot.) Shaped like 
the keel of a ship. 

Cariole. See under Car. 

Carl, karl, n. A rude, rustic, 
rough man : a kind of hemp. 

Carline, kar'lin. Garbling, n. 
(Naut.) A timber, ranging fore 
and aft, from one deck beam . 

to another, directly over the Cannated leaf, 
keel, serving as a foundation for the bodv of the 
ship. 

Carmelite, kar''mel-it, n. A monk of the order of 
Mount Carmel, Syria; a kind of pear. 

Carminative, kar-min'a-tiv, a. Expelling wind f-rom 
the body; warming. — w. (Med.) A medicine tend- 
ing to expel wind, or to remedy colic and flatulen- 
cies. 

Carmine, kar'mTn, n. A pigment of crimson color, 
prepared from cochineal. 

Carnage, kiir'nej, n. The flesh of slain animals; 
slaughter ; massacre ; havoc. — Car''nal, a. Pert, to 
flesh; fleshly; sensual; given to sensual indulgence; 
lustful; lecherous: libidinous. — CamaKity, re. Sen- 
suality. — Car'nalize, -iz, v. t. [-nalized (-nal-Tzd), 
-iziNG.] To make carnal. — Cama''tion, n. Flesh- 
color. (Paint.) That part of a picture which rep- 





resents undraped flesh. (Bot.) A species of clove- 
pink. — Car'niflca''tion, n. A turning to flesh. — 
Car'nify, -±I, v. i. To form flesh. — CarniVora, -o-ra, 
n. pi. An order of animals which subsist on flesh, 

— Carniv''orou3, -rus, a. Flesh-eating. — Carnos''- 
ity, -nos-I-tT, «. A fleshy excrescence; fleshiness.— 
Caruncle, kar-un''kl, n. (Anut.) A small fleshy ex- 
crescence. (Bot.) An appendage at the hiluin or 
scar of a seed. (Zobl.) A naked fleshy excrescence 
on a bird's head. 

Carnelian. See Cornelian. 

Carnival, kar'nl-val, n. A festival celebrated before 
Lent. 

Carol, kSr^ol, n. A song of joy or mirth; a lay; a de- 
votional song. — V. t. [caroled (-old), -oling.J To 
celebrate in song. — v. i. To sing in joy or festivity; 
warble. 

Carotid, ka-rofid, re. (Anat.) One of the 2 large ar- 
teries conveying blood to the head. 

Carouse, ka-rowz', v. i. [caroused (-rowzd'), ca- 
rousing.] To drink abundantly. — 1\ <. To drink 
freely or jovially. — re. A drinking match or season 
of carousal. 

Carp, karp, v. i. To censure, cavil, or find fault, esp- 
without reason. — re. A 
family of sof t-flnned, 
fresh-water fishes. 

Carpal. See under Carpus. 

Carpel, kar'pel, re. (Bot.) ^l^gSajjc^jjiSiy?;' 
A simple pistil, or one of 
the parts of a compound 
pistil. p, 

Carpenter, kar'pen-ter, re. v^arp. 

A worker in timber; a f ramer and builder of houses, 
ships, etc. — Car''pentry, -trT, re. Art of cutting, 
framing, and joining timber ; timbers connected by 
being framed together, etc. 

Carpet, kar''pet, re. A heavy fabric for covering floors. 

— v.t. To cover with, etc. — Car^pet-bag, re. A 
traveling-bag, — orig. made of carpet. — Car'peting, 
n. Materials for carpets; carpets in general. 

Carpus, kar'pus, re. That part of the skeleton form- 
ing the wrist, consisting of 8 bones, in 2 rows. — Car'- 
pal, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Carriage, Carrier, etc. See under Car. 

Carrion, kar'rl-un, re. Dead and putrefying flesh. — 
a. Pert, to, or feeding on, etc. 

Carrom, kar'^um, re. (liilliards.) The act of hitting 
two balls at once_with the ball struck by the cue. 

Carronade, kar-un-ad', re. A short cannon, formerly 
used on ships. 

Carrot, kar'ut, re. A plant having an esculent root. 

Carry, Cart, Carter, etc. See under Car. 

Carte, kart,re. A bill of fare at a hotel.— Carte-blanche, 
-blaNsh, 71. A blank paper, signed, to be filled up as 
the holder pleases ; unconditional terms ; unlimited 
authority. — C- -de-visite, -de-ve-zet'', re. A photo- 
graphic picture of the size of a visiting card. [F.] — 
Cartel, kar-teK or kar'tel.re. (Mil.) A writing or 
agreement between belligerents, as for exchange of 
prisoners. — Cartog'raphy, re. Art of mating charts 
or maps. — Car'ton, n. Pasteboard; cardboard; a 
box of, etc. [F.] — Cartoon, -toon', re. (Paint.) A 
design on strong paper, to be painted in fresco. A 
colored design for mosaic, tapestry, etc. 

Cartesian, kar-te''zhan, a. Pert, to the French philos- 
opher Des Cartes, or to his philosophy. — re. A fol- 
lower of, etc. _ 

Carthusian, kar-thoo'zhan, re. One of a religious or- 
der named fr. Chartreux, France. — a. Pert, to, etc. 

Cartilage, kar'tl-lej, re. (Anat.) A smooth, whitish, 
elastic substance ; gristle. — Car'tilag'inous, -laj't- 
nus, a. Pert, to, or like, etc. 

Cartouche, kar-toosh'', re. (Arch.) A scroll-shaped tab- 
let; a modillion. (Mil.) A case of paper, etc., hold- 
ing a charge for a fire-arm; the box containing the 
charge; a case filled with balls, to be shot from a 
cannon; a soldier's ticket of leave or dismission. — 
Car'tridge, -trij, re. (Mil.) A case of paper, paste- 
board, etc., containing a charge for a fire-arm. 

Caruncle, etc. See under Carnage. 

Carve, karv, v. t. [carved (karvd), carving.] To 
cut, as wood, stone, etc., in a decorative manner; 
to shape by cutting; to cut into pieces; to distribute 
or apportion to. — v. i. To exercise the trade of a 



i&n, cube, f uU ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, ttien, boNboN, chair, get. 



OARYATES 



56 



CASUAL 



carver; to cut up meat. — Carv'er, ?i. — Carv'ing, 
n. Act or art of cutting wood, stone, etc., also meat 
at table; device or figure carved. 

Caryates, ka-rl-a'tez, -atides, -at'I-dez, w.jjZ. (Arch.) 
Figures of women, serving as columns to support 
entablatures. 

Cascabel, kas'ka-bel, n. That part of a cannon back 
of the base-rijig. Sec Caxxos. 

Cascade, kas-kad'', n. A waterfall. 

Cascarilia, kas-ka-ril'la, n. A plant of Jamaica, 
whose^bark is used in medicine as a tonic. 

Case, kas, ji. A covering, box, or sheath; that which 
incloses or contains: quantity contained in a box. 
(Print.) A frame subdivided'into " boxes " to hold 
type for the compositor. — v. t. [cased (kast), ca- 
sing.] To cover with or put in a case. — Cas-'ing, w. 
Act of covering any object with a thin substance; 
an outside covering. — Case'ment, n. A hinged 
window case or frame; a hollow molding. 

Case, kas, n. That wliich falls, comes, or happens; an 
event; circumstance; a particular instance; situa- 
tion; state: plight; a state of facts involving a ques- 
tion for discussion, esp a cause in court. {Gram.) 
The form of nouns, indicating their relations to the 
sentence. 

Caseine, ka^'se-in, n. (Chem.) The curd or coagula- 
ble part of milk; the basis of cheese. — Ca'^seous, -se- 
us, a. Pert, to, or like, cheese. 

Casemate, kas'mat, n. 
(Fort.) A bomb-proof 
chamber from which 
cannon may be fired 
through embrasures. 
— Case'inated, a. 
Furnished w i t h , or 
built like, etc. 

Casern, ka'zern, n. A 
lodging for soldiers in 
garrison towns; bar- 
racks. 




Cash, kash, n. Coin or 
specie, — also bank- 
notes or paper con- 
vertible into money; 
a Chinese copper 
coin, perforated and 
strung on a thread. 



Casemate. 

A B, Casemate. A gun at B 
would fire through the em- 
brasure in the wall ; a gun 
at C would fire en barbette, or 
over the parapet. D, a para- 
pet; E, scarp- wall, the outer 
face of which is the scarp ; 
a b, terre-plein. 

worthT about one tenth of a cent. — v. t. [cashed 
(kashd), CASHING.] To turn into cash ; exchange 
for money. — Cash'^-book, n. A book in which to 
register money received or paid. — Cashier, -er'', n. 
One in charge of the money, accounts, payments, 
etc., in a bank, etc. ; a cash-keeper. 

Cashew, ka-shoo', m. A South American tree of the 
sumac family. 

Cashier, kash-er', v. t. [cashiered (-erd'), cashier- 
ing.] To dismiss from an office or place of trust, 
by annulling the commission of; to discard froni 
service or from society. — Cassa'tion, n. Act of an- 
nulling. 

Cashmere, kash^mer, n. A kind of shawl, orig. made 
in Ca»hmei-e, in Asia; a woolen stuff imitating true 
cashmere. — Cashmeref, n. A kind of ladies' dress 
goods, in imitation of, etc. 

Cashoo. Same as Catechu. 

Casino, ka-sc'no, n. A small country house: a club- 
house. — Cassino, -sc'no, n. A game at cards. 

Cask, kask, n. A close vessel for liquids, made of 
staves, hoops, etc.; quantity contained in a cask. 
— Casque, Cask, kask, n. A piece of defensive ar- 
mor tor the head and neck ; a helmet. 

Casket, kask'et, n. A small chest or box, for jewels, 
etc.; a coffin. 

Cassation. See under Cashier. 

Cassava, kas'sa-va, n. (Bot.) A species of manihot, 
yielding tapioca. 

Casse-paper, kas'se-pa'per, n. Broken paper; the out- 
side quires of a ream. 

Cassia, kash'a, n. (Bot.) A genus of leguminous 
plants, including senna; a species of laurel. (Com.) 
The cheaper kinds_of cinnamon. | 

Cassimere, kas'sl-mer, n. A twilled woolen cloth, for 
men's garments. 

Cassiterite, kas-sif'er-it, ji. Oxide of tin, — the ordi- 
nary tin ore. 1 



Cassock, kas'sok, n. (Eccl.) A clergyman's garment, 
worn under the surplice or gown. 

Cassowary, kas'so-wa-rl, n. A bird of Java, resem- 
bling the ostrich. 

Cast, kast, ?•. t. [CAST, casting.] To send or drive 
from by force; to throw, fling, impel; to direct, or 
turn, as the sight; to throw on the ground, as in 
wrestling; to overcome ; to throw oflf, or shed; to 
compute, reckon: to make to preponderate; to form, 
by pouring liquid metal into a mold; to found; to 
distribute, as the parts of a play among actors. — v. i. 
To revolve in the mind; to receive form or shape; 
to warp. (Naut.) To fall off, so as to bring the 
ship's side to the wind. — n. Act of casting; a throw; 
thing thrown ; distance through which anything is 
thrown: a chance or venture; act of casting in a 
mold ; form into which anything is cast or molded; 
thing cast in a mold; manner of appearance; assign- 
ment of actors' parts in a play ; company of actors to 
whom the parts are assigned; a motion or turn, as 
of the eye. — Cast'er, n. One who, etc. ; a phial or 
cruet f ortable condiments, or stand containing them ; 
a s\viveled wheel on which furniture is rolled. — 
Casfing, n. Act of, et<:.; thing cast in a mold; the 
warping of a board. — Cast'ing-net, n. A fishing 
net which is cast and drawn. — C. voice, C. vote. 
Vote of a presiding officer, determining the ques- 
tion, when the votes of the house are equally di-r 
vided. — Cast'away, n. An abandoned person; a 
reprobate. — Cast'^on, a. Laid aside; disused. 

Castanet, kas^'ta^net, n. A noise-making instrument 
composed of spoon-shaped shells of ivory or wood, 
clapped together by the fingers. 

Caste, kast, n. One of the hereditary social classes in 
India; a separate_and fixed order or class of society. 

Castigate, kas'tT-gat, v. t. To punish by stripes, cor- 
rect, chastise. — Castiga'^tion, 7i. Puiiishment by, 
etc. 

Castle, kas''!, n. A fortified residence, esp. of a prince 




Ancient Castle. 



1, moat: 2, draw-bridge; 
3, wicket; 1, sallyport; 5, 
portcullis ; 6, outer walls ; 
7, parapet; 8, rampart; 9, 
loop-holes; 10, escutch- 
eon; II, bulwark; 12, sen- 



cell ; 15, donjon or keep; 
16, barracks ; 1", barba- 
can ; 18, watchman ; 19, 
turret ; 20, chapel ; 21, 
belfry; 22, state court; 23, 
merlons ; 24, embra- 



tinel; 1.3, magazine; 14, a i sures. 

or nobleman; a fortress; a piece in the game of 
chess. — V. t. In chess, to cover with a castle, — said 
of the king, when neither piece has been previously 
moved, and the king has not been in check. — v. i. 
In chess, to cover the king with a castle. 

Castor. See Caster, under Cast. 

Castor, kas'ter,»i. A genus of animals, including the 
beaver: a substance of penetrating smell and bitter 
tastft, found in the inguinal sacs of the beaver; a 
hat, esp. one made of beaver's fur; a heavy broad- 
cloth. — Cas'tor-oil. The oil of a West Indian 
plant, — a catliartic. 

Castrate, kas'trat, r. /. To deprive of the testicles, 
ema.sculate, geld. — Castra'tion, n. Act of, etc. 

Castrel, kas'trel, Kes'trel, n. A hawk resembling the 
sparrow-hawk. 

Casual, kazh'u-al, a. Happening without design ; 
coming without regularity; accidental; incidental; 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; In, ice ; 6dd, tOne, 6r ; 



CAT 



57 



CATHOLIC 




occasional. — Cas'^nalty. n. That which, etc. ; an 
accident ; death ; mistortune. — Cas'^naliBin, -izm, 
n. The doctrine that all things occur by chance. — 
Cas'^oist, -u-ist, n. One who studies and resolves 
cases of conscience. — Casiii8t''ic, -ical, a. Pert, to 
cases of conscience, or of doubtful propriety. — Cas'- 
uistry, -rT, n. Science of determining the right or 
wrong of acts and opinions of doubtful propriety. 

Cat, kat, n. {Zo'61.) A well-known domestic animal. 
(Naut.) A ship having narrow stern, projecting 
quarters, and deep waist ; tackle to draw an anchor 
up to the cat-head. A double tripod; a game at ball; 
a kind of whip. — v. t. {Naut.) To bring up to the 
cat-head, as an anchor.— Cat'amount, n. A species 
of panther found in the northern United States. — 
Cat'^erwaul, -er-wawl, v. i. To cry as cats in rutting 
time. — Cat'gnt, n. Cord, esp. strings for musical in- 
struments, made from the intestines of animals, esp. 
of sheep; a kind of canvas, with wide interstices. — 
Cafkin, n. {Hot.) An ament; a kind 
of inflorescence, consisting of overlap- 
ping scales. — Cat'like, a. Stealthy ; 
noiseless. — Cat'ling, 7i. A little cat; 
moss, Uke cat's hair, growing about 
trees; catgut. (Surg.) A double-edged, 
sharp-pointed dismemberin"; knife. — 
Oat'^bird, n. An American bird of the 
thrash family. — boat, n. A small sail- - nnj-tii, 
boat, with one sail on a mast close to 
the bows. call, -pipe, n. A squeaking instru- 
ment, to interrupt plays at theaters. — fish, n. A 
large voracious fish ol the arctic seas ; afeo, an 
American fresh-water fish. — har'ping, -har'pin, n. 
(^Naiit.) A rope or iron leg, to brace in the shrouds 
of the lower masts behind the yards. — head, n. 
{Naut.) A timber projecting from the bow of a ship, 
through which ropes pass to raise the anchor. — 
-hole, n. (Naut.) One of two holes astern, to pass 
hawsers through. — mint, -nip, n. (£ot.) A strong- 
scented plant, sometimes used in medicine, and of 
which cats are fond. — nap, n. A short sleep. — 
-o'-nine-tails, n. A whip with nine lashes. — stick, n. 
A club used in the game of ball called cat. — Cat's''- 
cradle, n. A game played by children, with a string 

about the fingers. eye, n. (Min.) A variety of 

chalcedony, exhibiting yellowish opalescent reflec- 
tions. — paw, n. A dupe; the tool of another, — fr. 
the fable of the monkey's using the cat's paw to draw 
chestnuts from the fire. (J^^'aut.) A light air, rippling 
the surface of still water; a peculiar turn in the bight 
of a rope, to hook a tackle on. — tail, n. (Bot.) A 
tall flag, with long flat leaves; a grass, called timothy 
and herd's grni'S ; a catkin. 

Cataclysm, kafa-klizm, n. An extensive overthrow ; 
a deluge. 

Catacomb, kat'^a-kom, n. A cave or subterraneous 
place for the burial of the dead. 

Catafalco, kat-a-fal'ko, -falque, -falk'', n. A temporary 
structure of carpentry, used in funeral solemnities. 

Cataleetic, kat-a-lek'tik, a. (Pros.) Wanting a syl- 
lable at the end. 

Catalepsy, kafa-lep-sY, n. (Med,) A sudden suspen- 
sion of the senses and of volition. — Catalep'tic, a. 

Catalogue, kat'a-log, n. A list of names, titles, or 
articles arranged methodically. — v. t. To make a list 
of. 

Catalpa, ka-taKpa, n. A tree of North America, hav- 
ing large leaves and white flowers. 

Catamaran, kafa-ma-ran', n. A raft of India and 
Brazil, consisting of 3 connected logs, and moved 
by a sail ; a sail boat with an outrisger ; a large- 
wheeled truck for transporting heavy weights ; a 
cantankerous old woman. 

Cataplasm, kafa-plazm, n. (Med.) A poultice. 

Catapult, kafa-pult, n. An engine anciently used 
for throwing stones, arrows, etc. 

Cataract, kat-'a-rakt, n. A waterfall. (Surg.) An 
opacity of the crystalline lens, or of its capsule. 

Catarrh, ka^tar', n. (Med.) Inflammation of the mu- 
cous membrane of the air passages, with discharge of 
a watery or glairy fluid. 

Catastrophe, ka-tas'tro-fe, n. A final event, usually 
of a calamitous nature; the unfolding and winding 
up of the plot of a play; denouement. 

Catch, kach, v. t. [caught or (obs.) catched, catch- 



ing.] To seize, esp. with the hand; to take captive, 
as in a snare ; to entangle ; to communicate to, 
fasten upon; to engage and attach to, charm ; to re- 
ceive, esp. to take by sympathy, contagion, or infec- 
tion; to come upon unexpectedly ; to find ; to over- 
take. —v. i. To be held or impeded by entangle- 
ment ; to spread by infecting. — n. Act of seizing ; 
seizure ; that which catches or is caught; gain ; a 
passing opportunity improved. (Mus.) A humorous 
round, in which the singers catch up each other's 
sentences. 

Catch, kach, Cutch, kuch, n. Commercial names for 
Catechu, q. v. 

Catchup, kach'up, Cat'sup, Ketch^'up, n. A sauce 
made from mushrooms, tomatoes, walnuts, etc. 

Catechise, kat^'e-kiz, v. t. [-chised (-kizd), -chising. ) 
To instruct by asking questions, receiving answers, 
and explaining and correcting, — esp. concerning 
points of religious faith; to interrogate.— Cafechism, 
-kizm, n. A form of instruction by questions and 
answers; a book of principles, esp. of religious doc- 
trine, in the form of, etc. — Cat''echist, n. One who, 
etc. — Catechisfic, -ical, a. Pert, to a catechlst or 
to catechism.— Catechefic, -ical, -ket'ik-al, a. Pert, 
to, or consisting m, asking questions, etc. — Cate- 
chet'ically, adv. — Catechumen, -ku'men, n. One 
receiving rudimentary instruction in Christian doc- 
trines ; a neophyte. 

Catechu, kafe-ku, n. (Chem.) A brown, astringent, 
vegetable extract, obtained in India. 

Category, kafe-go-rT, n. (Logic.) One of the classes 
of objects of knowledge or thought, by which they 
can be arranged m a system. State ; condition ; 
predicament. — Categorical, -gBr-'ik-al, a. Pert, to, 
etc. ; admitting no conditions or exceptions ; absolute; 
express. — Categor'^ically, odv. 

Catenary, kat'e-na-rT, n. (Geom.) The curve of a 
cord hanging between two points not in the same 
vertical line. — Cafenary, -na'rian, a. Pert, to or 
like a chain. — Cat'enate, -nat, i-. t. To connect, in 
a series of links. — Catena'tion, n. Union of parts, 
as in a chain. 

Cater, ka'ter, v. i. [catered (-terd), cateeing.J To 
provide food, buy or procure provisions, purvey. 

Caterpillar, kat'er-pil-ler, n. The larve of a butterfly 
or lepidopterous insect. 

Caterwaul, Catharpin, etc. See imder Cat. 

Catharine - wheel, — ■ — 

kath''a-rin-hwel, 
re. (Goth. Arch.) 
An ornamented 
circular window, 
with rosettes or 
radiating divis- 
ions. (Pyrn- 
techny.) A r e - 
volving wheel. 
[Fr. St'.Cafhnnne 
o f Alexandria, 
represented with 
a v;heel, in allu- 
sion to hCi- mar- /-< .■• • i. i trr- j 
tyrdom ] Cathanne-wheel Window. 

Catharist, kath'a-rist. ??. A p,retender to more pu- 
rity than others possess. — Cathartic, -thar'tik. -tic- 
al, a. Cleansing the bowels; purgative. — Cathar'- 
tic, n. A medicine promoting alvrae discharges. 

Cathedra, ka-the'dra or koth''-, n. A chair ; esp. the 
seat of one in authority. — Cathe'^al, n. Principal 
church in a diocese, where the bishop presides. 

Catheter, kath'e-ter, w. (Smg.) A tubular instru- 
ment, introduced into the bladder to draw off urii-.e. 

Cathode, kath'od, ri. (Elec.) Negative pole of r bat- 
tery ; surface at which the electric current passes out 
of the electrolyte. — Cathode ray. Ray generated 
at the cath«de m a vacuum tube, by the electrical 
discharge. 

Catholic, kath'^o-Kk, a. Universal or general ; not 
narrow-minded, partial, ©r bigoted; liberal; pert. to. 
or aiSecting, the Roman Catholics. — n. A member 
of the Rom. Cath. church. — Catholicity, -lis't-tT, n. 
System of doctrine held by all parts of the orthodox 
Christian church; also, by the church of Rome; lib- 
erality of seiktiment; Catholicism. — CathoKicize, -t- 
slz, V. t. To become catholic or a Rom. Cath. — Ca- 




^^^J 



1 S^-€^ 



\t: 






r 




sfln, cube, full ; moon, f<56t ; cow, oil ; ligger or ink, tiien, boifboN, chair, get. 



CATSUP 



58 



CELL 



thoKicism, -t-sizm, n. Quality of beinj;, etc.: the 
faith of the whole Christian church, or of the Rom. 
Cath. church; adherence to the Rom. Cath. church; 
liberality of sentiment.— CathoKicbn, w. A remedy 
for all diseases; panacea. 

Catsup. See Catchup. 

Cattle, kaftl, n. pi. Domestic quadrupeds collective- 
ly, esp. those of the bovine genus. 

CaucaBian, kaw-ka'shan, n. One beloiiging to the 
Indo-European race, originating near Mt. Caucasus. 

Caucus, kaw'kus, ?i. A preparatory meeting for po- 
litical purposes. 

Caudal, kaw'dal, a. Pert, to, or like, a tail. 

Caudle, kaw'dl, n. A warm drink for sick persons, 
a mixture of wine with eggs, bread, sugar, and 
spices. — V. t. To make into caudle. 

Cauf, kawf, n. A chest with holes for keeping fish 
alive in water; a vessel for raising coal from mines. 

Caufle, kaw'fl, n. A gang of captured negroes; coffle. 

Caught. See Catch. 

Caul, kawl, n. A net or covering for the head. {Anat.) 
A membrane covering part of the lower intestines ; 
the omentum. A part of the membrane enveloping 
the fetus. 

Caulescent, kaw-les''ent, a. {Bot.) _Having a true or 
perfect stem. — Cau'licule, -ll-kul, n. {Bot.) A 
short stem. {Arch.) One of the curled tops in a 
Corinthian capital. See Capital. 

Cauliflower, kaw'll-flow'er, n. A variety of cabbage, 
having edible flower-buds. 

Caulk, etc. See Calk. 

Cause, kawz, n. That which produces a result, or is 
the occasion of an action. (Laio.) A suit or action 
in court; a legal process; case. The side of a ques- 
tion or controversy which one espouses and advo- 
cates. — V. t. [CAUSED (kawzd), CAUSING.] To effect 
by agency, power, or influence; to produce, be the 
occasion of.— Caus'er, n.— Cause'less, a. Uncaused 
or uncreated, original in itself ; without just cause, 
reason, or motive. — Cans'' al, a. Relating to, imply- 
ing, or containing, etc. — Causal''ity, -zaKt-tt, n. 
The agency of a cause. (P/iren.) The faculty of 
tracing effects to their causes. See Phrenology. — 
Causation, -za'shun, n. Act of causing; agency by 
which an effect is produced. — Causa'' tlonism, -izm, 
n. The doctrine that all things are produced through 
the agencv of a causal force. — Causa'' tionist, n. A 
believer that, etc. — Caus''ative, -tiv, a. Expressing 
a reason; causal; affecting, as a cause or agent; caus- 
ing. 

Causeuse, ko-zez'', n. A lounge or sofa for two per- 
sons, sitting face to face. 

Causeway, kawz''wa. Causey, kaw'zt, n. A paved or 
raised way over wet ground. 

Caustic, kaws''tik, -tical, a. Destructive to the tex- 
ture of anything; burning; corrosive: severe; satir- 
ical; sharp. — Caus''tic, n. Any substance, which, 
applied to animal substances, burns, or destroys tlie 
texture. (Opt.) A caustic curve, — a curve to which 
the rays of light, reflected or refracted by another 
curve, are tangents. — Cans'' tically, adv. — Caustici- 
ty, -tis'l-tl, n. Quality or property of, etc.; corro- 
siveness; severity of language; sarcasm. — Cau'ter, 
n. A hot, searing iron. — Cau'teriza''tion, n. (Surg.) 
Act of burning a morbid part by application of Are. 

— Cau''terize, -iz, v. t. [-terized (-izd), -izing.] To 
burn or sear with Are or hot iron. — Cau'tery, -tgr-t, 
n. A burning, as of morbid flesh, by a hot iron, or 
by caustic medicines. 

Caution, kaw'shun, ?i. Prudence in regard to dan- 
ger; provident care ; wariness; heed; prudence; ex- 
hortation to wariness; warning; admonition. — w. t. 
[CAUTIONED (-shund), -tioning.] To give notice of 
danger to, warn. — Cau''tionary, -a-rt, a. Contain- 
ing caution, or warning; given as a pledge. — ^Cau''- 
tioner, n. — Cau'tious, -shus, a. Possessing or using, 
etc.; prudent; watchful; circumspect.— Cau''tiously, 
adv. — Cau''tiousness, n. 

Cavalcade, kav^al-kad, n. A procession of horsemen. 

— Cavalier, -ler'', n. A horseman; knight; one of the 
court party in'the time of King Charles I.— a. Gay; 
sprightly; brave; warlike: haughty. — Cavalier''ly, 
adv. Superciliously.— Cav''alry,-rl, n. (Mil.) Mount- 
ed troops. 

Cave, kav, w. A hollow place in the earth; den. — v. 



t. [CAVED (kavd), CAVING.] To make hollow. — 
i. To dwell in a cave. — Cavity, kav't-ti, n. A hol- 
low place; inclosed space; hoUowness. — Cav'em, 
-em, n. A deep hollow place in the earth; cave. — 
Cav'ernous, -us, a. Full of caverns; hollow. 

Caveat, ka''ve-at, ?i. (Law.) A notice to some officer 
not to do a certain act until the interested party is 
heard in opposition. (U. S. Patent Laws.) A de- 
scripdon of some invention, lodged in-the office be- 
fore the patent right is taken out, as a bar to other 
applications respecting the same invention. Intima- 
tion of caution; warning. 

Cavendish, kav'en-dish, n. Tobacco softened and 
pressed. 

Caviare, ka-ver''. Caviar, kav'e-ar, n. The roes of 
certain fish, prepared and salted, — used as a relish, 
esp. in Russia. 

Cavil, kav'il, v. i. [caviled (-ild), caviling.] To 
raise captious objections. — n. A false or frivolous 
objection. 

Cavity. See under Cave. 

Cavort, ka-vSrt'', v. i. To bound, frisk, prance. 

Caw, kaw, v. i. [cawed (kawd), cawing.] To cry like 
a crow, or raven. — n. The noise of, etc. 

Cawker. Same as Calkee. 

Cayenne Pepper, ka-en'' pep'per. A very pungent 
pepper, the product of several species of Capsicum. 

Cayman, ka''man, ?i. ; lA. Cav'mans, -manz. A genus 
of American reptiles of the crocodile family; alli- 
gator. 

Cease, ses, v. i. [^ceased (sest), ceasing.] To come 
to an end, desist, forbear, stop; to be wanting.— 
V. t. To put a stop to, bring to an end.— Cease''les8, 
a. Without cessation; incessant.— Cease''lessly, adv. 
— Ces8a''tion, n. Act of discontinuing; stop; rest; 
intermission. ^ 4: ^-a: ^ 

Cedar, se''der, n. An evergreen tree 01 different spe- 
c i e s . — Ce^dar, -drine, 
-drin, a. Pert, to, or made 
of, etc. 

Cede, sed, v. t. To yield 
or surrender, give up. — 
Cession, sesh'^un, n. A 
yielding or surrender, as 
of property or rights, to 
another ; act of ceding. 

Cedilla, se-diKla, n. A mark 
under the letter c [5], to 
show that it is sounded 
likes; as in faca'le. 

Ceil_, set, v.' t. [ceiled 
( s e 1 d ), ceiling.] To 
overlay or cover the 
inner roof of. — Ceil''ing, n. 




Cedar. 



(Arch.) The upper, in 
terior surface of a room. (Naut.) Inside planks ot 
a ship. 

Celadon, seKa-don, n. A pale sea-green color. [F.] 

Celandine, seKan-din, n. A genus of plants of the 
poppy family; swallow- wort. 

Celebrate, seKe-brat, v. t. To mention with praise, 
extol; to honor by solemn rites, or by ceremonies 01 
joy and respect: to solemnize, commemorate. — CeK- 
ebrated, a. Having celebrity ; distinguished ; fa- 
mous. — CeKebrant, n. One who performs a public 
religious rite. — Celebra'tion, Ji. Honor bestowed; 
commemoration; praise: observance with appropri- 
ate ceremonies: solemnization. — CeKebrator, -ter, 
n. — Celeb''rity, -rt-tt, n. Condition of being cele- 
brrited; a person of distinction. 

Celerity, se-ler'^T-tT, n. Rapidity of motion; swift- 
ness; speed. 

Celery. seKer-Y, n. A plant of the parslej^ family. 

Celestial, se-lest''yal, a. Pert, to the spiritual heaven; 
heavenly; pert, to the visibleheavens. — n. An in- 
habitant of heaven. — Celes''tially, adv. — CeKes- 
tine, seKes-tin, n. (Mm.) Native sulphate sf stron- 
tian, which has a sky-blue color. (Eccl. Hint.) One 
of a relig-ious order founded by Pope Celestine V. 

Celiac, se''lT-ak, a. Pert, to the belly. 

Celibacy, se-lib''a-sT or seKT-ba-sT, n. The state of an 
unmarried man; bachelorship. — Celibate, seKY-bat, 
n. Condition or life of an unmarried man; unmar- 
ried man; bachelor. 

Cell, sel, n. A small and close apartment, as in a prison 
or monastery; any small, closed cavity. (Organic 



3,m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



CELT 



59 



CERTAIN 



Strticturea.) A minute sac, filled with fluid, fat, etc., 
forming, by development and reproduction, the cel- 
lular tissue of animals and plants. — Cel'lsir, n. A 
space under a house. — Cel''lular, a. Consisting^of , 
or containing cells. — CeKlulated, a. Formed witli 
cells. — Cer lule, -ul, n. A small cell. — Cellulif' - 
erons, -Uf'Sr-us, a. Producing little cells. — Cel"- 
lalose, -los, a. Containing cells. — n. (Hot.) One of 
the substances constituting the cellular tissue of 
plants. — CeKluloid, n. A compound of gun-cotton, 
camphor, etc., imitating coral, ivory, tortoise-shell, 
amber, etc., and used in manufacturing jewelry, 
etc. 

Celt, selt, n. One of a race anciently inhabiting Cen- 
tral and Western Europe, from whom come the 
Irish, Welsh, and Gael; a stone or metal implement 
founa in barrows of the early Celts. — C&lfic, a. 
Pert, to the Celts, or to their language. — n. The 
language of, etc., the remains of which are found 
in me GaeUc, Erse or Irish, Mauks, and Welsh and 
its cognate dialects, Cornish and Armorican or 
Breton. — Celficism, -TC-sizm, n. A Celtic custom. 

Cement, se-ment' or sem'ent, n. Any substance used 
for makingbodiescohere, as mortar, glue, etc.; bond 
of union. — Cement', v. t. To unite with, etc. ; to 
unite firmly. — v. i. To unite and cohere. — Cemen- 
ta'tion, M. Act of cementing. {Chem.) Process of 
surrounding a solid body with powder of other sub- 
stances, and heating until the properties of the body 
are changed by chemical combination with the pow- 
der, — as iron becomes steel by cementation- with 
charcoal. 

Cemetery, sem'e-ter-T, n. A grave-yard; necropolis. 

Cenobite, Coenobite, sen'o-blt, n. A monk in a con- 
vent or community, in opp. to a hermit or anchorite. 

Cenetaph, sen'o-taf , n. A monument to one buried 
elsewhere. 

Cense, sens, v. t. [censed (senst), cexsing.] To per- 
fume with odors from burning substances. — Cen'- 
aer, n. A vase or pan for burning incense. 

Censor, sen'ser, n. A Roman officer who registered 
the effects of citizens, imposed taxes, and inspected 
manners; an examiner of books, etc., before pub- 
lication, to suppress anything forbidden; one who 
censures; a harsh critic. — Censo'rial, -rt-al, -rian, a. 
Pert, to, etc., or to the correction of public morals. 

— Censc'rious, -rY-us, a. Addicted to, implying, or 
expressing, censure; fault-finding; carping; severe. 

— Censo'riously, adv. — Censc'riousness, n. — Cen'- 
sorship, n. Office of a censor. — Censure, sen'sher, 
n. Act of blaming ; reproof ; disapproval ; repri- 
mand; abuse. — f.t. [cexsured (-sherd), -surixg.] 
To find fault with and condemn as wrong; to blame, 
reprehend. — Cen'sus, n. An official enumeration 
and registration of the people, estates, and other 
statistics of a country. 

Ceiit, sent, n. A hundred, as, 10 per cent. ; an Amer- 
ican coin worth the 100th part of a dollar. [L. cerv- 
tum.'\ — Cent''age, -ej, w. Rate by the cent, or hun- 
dred ; percentage. — Cen'tal, n. A weight of 100 
pounds ; hundred-weight. — a. Pert, to, or consist- 
ing of, etc. — Cen''tenary, -rT, n. Aggregate of 100 
single things ; esp. a century ; 100 years ; a celebra- 
tion occurring once in, etc. — a. Pert, to, or con- 
sisting of, 100 ; occurring once in every 100 vears. — 
Centena'rian, -rY-an, n. One 100 years old — a. 
Pert, to 100 years. — Centen'mal, -nT-al, a. Pert, to 
the 100th anniversary ; happening once in 100 years. 

— n. A celebration of, etc. — Centes^imal, a. Hun- 
dredth; bv the 100.— n. A 100th part.— Centes'ima'- 
tion, n. {Mil.) A punishment inflicted on one person 
in 100. — Cen'tury, -tu-rt, n. A hundred ; a period 
of 100 years. — Century plant. The American aloe, 
supposed to bloom biit once in 100 years.- — Centu''- 
rion, -rt-on, n. 'A Roman captain of 100 foot-soldiers. 

— CentU''rial, -rT-al, a. Pert, to a century, or to 100 
men. — Cen'tuple, -tu-pl, a. Hundred-fold. — v. i. 
[-TUPLED (-tu-pld), -TUPLiNG.] Ts make, etc. — 
Centifo'^lioTis, -It-us, a. Having 100 leaves. — Oen''- 
tigrade, -tY-grad, a. Of 100 degrees graduated in- 
to 100 equal parts. — Centigrade thermometer. _ A 
thermometer in which 0° indicates the freezing 
1 joint, and 100" the boiling point of water. — Cen- 
tare, -tar', n. A measure of area, containing 1 sq. 
meter, about 1,550 sq. inches. [F.] — Cen'tigram, 



-tf-gram, n. A measure of weight, — the ISOth part oi 
a gram =.15432 gr. avoir. [F.J — Centiliter, -til't- 
ter or sen'tTC-lI-ter, -litre, -tl-le'tr, n. A measure of 
capacity, — 100th of a lit^, more than 0.6 cu. inch. 
[F.] — Cen'time, -tem, n. A coin, — the 100th of a 
f rane. [F.] — Centimeter, -tim'e-tgr or sen'tl-me- 
ter, -me&e, son-te-ma'tr, n. A measure of length, — 
the 100th of a meter, more than .39 inch. — Cen'- 
tiped, -tl-ped, -pede, -tt-ped, n. A species of many- 
jointed, wingless land articulates, having many feet. 

— Centum'vir, -v5r, n. ; x>l- -viRi, -vl-ri. A Iloman 
judge of common causes among the people. — Cen- 
tum^viral, -vt-ral, a. Pert, to, etc.— Centum' virate, 
-vl-rat, n. Office of, etc. 

Centaur, sen'tawr, ». {Myth.) A fabulous monster, 
half man and half horse. — 0«n'tanry, -rl, n. A 
plant of several species, most of them weeds. 

Center, -tre, sen'ter, n. The exact middle point of 
anything; the middle portion; midst; point of con- 
centration; nucleus. {Arch.) A temporary framing 
on which vaulted work is built. — v. i. [centeeed 
or -TEED (-terd), -teeing or -teixg.] To be placed 
in, etc. ; to be central ; to be collected to a point, be 
concentrated. — v. t. To place on, etc. ; to collect to a 
point. — Cen'tering, n. {Arch.) Temporary fra- 
ming on which vaulted work is built. — Cen'tral, a. 
Pert, to, placed in, or containing, the center; pert, to 
the parts near, etc. — Central'ity, -T-tt, n. State of 
being central. — Cen'tralize, -iz, v. t. [-ized (-izd), 
-iziNG.] To draw to a central point ; bring to a 
center. — Cen'traliza'tion, «. Act of, or state of be- 
ing, etc. — Cen'trally, adv. — Cen'teic, -trical, a. 
Placed in, etc. — Cen'trically, adv. — Centricity, 
-tris'T-tY, n. State of being centric. — Centrif'agal, 
-u-gal, a. Tending to recede from the center. — 
Centrip'etal, a. Tending toward, etc. — Cen'ter- 
bit, n. An instrumer.t turning on a projecting cen- 
tral point, for boring holes. See Bit. board, n. 

{Naut.) In small craft, a board keel, which may be 
drawn up or let down ; a sliding keel. 

Centinel, Centry. See Sentinel. 

Cento, sen'to, n. ; pi. Cen'tos, -toz. A composition 
formed by verses, etc., from different authors dis- 
posed in a new order. (Mus.) A medley on a large 
scale. [L.] 

Cephalic, se-fal'ik, a. Pert, to the head. — n. A med- 
icine for headache, etc. — Cephalopod, sef 'a-lo-pod 
or se-fal'-, n. {Zool.) A raoUusk having a distinct 
head, surrounded by a circle of arms or tentacles. 

Ceramic, se-ram'ik, a. Pert, to pottery. 

Cere, ser, n. Naked wax-like skin at the base of birds' 
bills. — V. t. [cered (serd), cisring.] To wax, or 
cover with wax. — Ce'rate, -rat, n. {Med.) Thick 
ointment, made of wax, oil, etc. — Cere'cloth, n. A 
cloth smeared with melted wax. — Cere'ment, n. A 
cloth dipped in melted wax, used in embalming 
bodies. 

Cereal, se're-al, a. Pert, to edible grain, as wheat, rye, 
etc. — n. Any edible grain. 

Cerebrum, ser'e-brum, ?!. {Anat.) The superior and 
larger division of the brain. — Cerebellum, -bel'lum, 
71. ; pi. -bel'la, -la. The hinder and lower division 
of the brain. 

Ceremony, ser'e-mo-nt, n. Outward rite ; external 
form in religion; forms of civility. — Ceremo'nlal, 
a. Pert, to, etc. — n. An established system of rules 
and ceremonies. — Ceremo''nious, -nf-us, a. Con- 
sisting of, or according to, outward forms and rites,- 
ceremonial; particular m observing forms; precise; 
formal. — Ceremo'niously, ac7w. ■ 

Cerise, se-rez'. a. Cherry-colored. 

Certain, ser'tin, a. Assured in mind : having no 
doubts; not to be doubted; fixed or stated; deter- 
minate ; indeterminate, or not specifically named; 
one or some. — Cer'tainly, udr. Without doubt or 
question; in truth and fact; without failure. — Cer'- 
tainness, m. — Cer'tainty, -tt, Cer'titude, -tT-tud, n. 
Quality or condition of being certain ; exemption 
from doubt or failur^; a fact unquestionably estab- 
lished. — Cer'tes, -tez, adv. Assuredly ; in truth. 

— Cer'tify, -tt, v. t. [-tified (-fid), -fying.] To 
testify to in writing; to make known or establish as 
a fact; tog^ve certain information of or to. — Certif- 
icate, -t-kat, n. A written testimony to the truth 
of any fact; written declaration legally authenti* 



•tin, eabe, f ^11 ; moon, fO&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tlien, boNboN, chair, get 



CERTIORARI 



60 



CHANCEL 




Cestus. 



cated. — V. t. To verify by, or furnish with, etc. — 
Certifica''tion, n. Act of, etc. — Cer'tifier, -ti-©r, n. 

Certiorari, ser'sht-o-ra''ri, n. {Law.) A writ from a 
superior court, to call up records of an inferior 
court, or remove a cause, to hasten justice, orcorrect 
errors. 

Cervical, ser'vik-al, a. (Anat.) Pert, to the neck. 

Cervine, ser'^vln, a. Pert, to the deer. 

Cesarean, Cesarism, Cesura, etc. See C^JAK, C^suea. 

Cessation. See under Cease. 

Cession. See under Cede. 

Cess-pool, ses'pool, n. A cavity in the earth to re- 
ceive sediment ©f water from drains. 

Cestus, ses''tus, H. A girdle, esp. of Venus; a loaded 
leather covering for boxers' hands. [L.] 

Cetacea, se-ta'se-a, n. 2)1. (Zool.) An order 
of niammiferous marine animals, inclu- 
ding whales. — Ceta'cean, -shan, ?i. An ani- 
mal of the whale kind. 

Chafe, chaf, r. t. [chafed (chaft), chafixg.] 
To excite heat or irritation in by friction; 
to irritate; to fret and wear by rubbing; to 
provoke, inflame. — v. i. To be excited or 
heated ; to fret; to be worn by rubbing. — 
n. Heat or irritation from friction ; agita- 
tion of the mind. 

Chafer, cha''fer, n. An insect; cock-chafer; May-bug. 

Chaff, chaf, n. The glumes, husk, or light, dry cover- 
ing of grains and grasses. (Bot.) Scales or bracts 
on the receptacle in composite plants. Worthless 
matter ; refuse. — Chaf'^finch, n. A singing bird of 
the flnclx family, feeding on chaff . — Chaff'y, -t, a. 

. Containing, like, or light and worthless as, chaff. 

Cliaff, chat, n. Light, idle talk; ridicule. — v. i. 
[chaffed (chaft), chaffing.] To use, etc., by way 
of fun or ridicule. — v. t. To make fun of, banter. 

Chaffer, chaffer, .v. i. [chaffered (-ferd), -fering.] 
To treat about a purchase, bargain, haggle; to talk 
much or idly. — v. t. To buy, purchase, exchange. 

Chagreen. See Shageeex. 

Chagrin, sha-grin'', n. lU-humor; vexation; peevish- 
ness; mortification.. — v. t. [chageined (-grind'), 
-GRiNiNG.] To excite ill-humor in, vex, mortify. 

Chain, chan, n. A series of connected links or rings; 
that which confines, fetters, or secures; a bond; a se- 
ries of things connected and following each other 
in succession. {Surv.) An instrument for measur- 
ing land, consisting of 100 links, being 4 rods, or 66 
feet, in length. {Naiit.) An iron plate bolted at the 
lower end through the side to the ship's timbers. — 
V. t. [chained (chand), chaining.] To fasten or 
connect with, etc., enslave, unite closely. — Chains- 
bridge, n. A bridge suspended on chains; suspen- 
sion bridge. — gang, w, A gang of convicts chained 
together. — mail, n. Flexible armor made of inter- 
laced rings. — pump, n. A 
pump consisting of an end- 
less chain, carrying disks, 
passing upward through a 
wooden tube, and moving 
on wheels. — shot, n. {MiV.) 
Two cannon balls, con- 
nected by a chain, to cut 
down masts, etc. — stitch, 
n. A kind of stitch in sew- 
ing, made by interlocking 
threads. — -wales, n. pi. 
(Naut.) Planks bolted to 
a ship's sides to spread the 
lower rigging. See Chan- 
nels. 

Chair, char, n. A movable 
seat with a back, for one 
person; an official seat, as 
of a judge ; hence, the of- 
fice itself; the presiding of- 
ficer of an assembly; a vehi- 
cle for one person ; an iron 

block to support and secure railroad tracks. — v.t. 
^chaieed (chard), chairing.] To carry publicly 
in a chair in triumph. — Chair'man, n. ; pi. -men. 
The presiding officer of an assembly, committee, 
etc. ; one who carries a chair or sedan . — Chair^man- 
ship, n. Office of, etc. — Chaise, shaz, n. A two- 
wheeled, one-horse carriage, with calash top. 




Chain-pump. 



Chalcedony, kal-sed'o-nt or kaKse-do-nt, n. {Min.) 
An uncrystallized, translucent variety of quartz, 
-usually whitish, and with a wax-like luster. 

Chaldaic, kal-da'ik, Chaldee, kal'de or kal-de', a. 
Pert, to Chaldea. — n. Language of the Chaldeans. 

Chaldron, ckawKdrun or chaKdrun, n. A dry meas- 
ure for coal, usually of 36 bushels, but varying. 

Chalet, shal'a, ?i. A Swiss wooden cottage; a summer- 
house on a mountain. 

Chalice, chaKis, h. A cup; bowl; communion cup. 

Chalk, ehawk, n. {Min.) A soft, white, earthy sub- 
stance, consisting of carbonate of lime. — v. t. 
[chalked (chawkt), chalking.] To rub or mark 
with chalk. 

Challenge, chaKlenj, n. An invitation to contest; a 
sentry's demand of the countersign from those ap- 
proachmg his post; summons to single combat; de- 
mand made of a right; an exception to a juror or 
voter. — V. t. [-LENGED (-lenjd), -lenging.] To 
call to a contest, call to answer, defy; to claim as 
due, demand as a right, make exception or objec- 
tion to, object to asjiot qualified to vote. 

Chalybeate, ka-lib'^e-at, a. Impregnated with some 
salt of iron. — n. Water, liquor, medicine, etc., 
containing iron. 

Cham, kam. Khan, kan, n. The sovereign prince of 
Tartary. 

Chamber, cham^ber, n. A retired room, esp. an upper 
room, for lodging, privacy, or study; a compartment 
or hollow, closed space; a place where an assembly 
meets; the assembly itself; the cavity in a fire-arm 
where the charge is put. {Law.) A private place 
where a judge sits to hear cases, and do judicial 
business out of court, —v. i. [-bkeed (-herd), -Ber- 
ing.] To reside in or occupy as a chamber ; to be 
wanton.^v. t. To shut up, as m a chamber. — Cham'- 
ber-coun'sel, -coun'selor, -er, n. A counselor who 
gives his opinion privately, but does not advocate 
causes in court. — maid, n. A woman who cares 
for chambers, or waits upon a lady.— Cham 'berlain, 
-lin, n. An attendant in charge of the chambers, as 
in a hotel ; an officer of the private chambers of a 
nobleman or monarch; one of the high officers of a 
court; a treasurer or receiver of public money. 

Chameleon, ka-meKyun, n. A 
lizard-like reptile, whose color i 
changes with that of objects, 
about it, or when its temper is^ 
disturbed. 

Chamfer, cham'fer, v. t. [-feeed 
(-ierd), -feeing.] {Carp.) To 
cut a groove or channel in ; to 
flute. To cut or grind in a slop- 
ing manner: to bevel. — Cham'- 
fer, Cham-'fret, n. { Carp.) A small gutter in wood, 
etc.; groove, slope, or bevel. 

Chamois, sham-'wa or sham'T, n. 
lope living on European 
mountain ridges; a soft 
leather, first prepared from 
its skin. 

Chamomile. See Camomile. 

Champ, champ, v. t. [champed 
(champt), champing.] To 
bite with repeated action of , 
the teeth, bite into small 
pieces, crush. — v. i. To bite 
Irequentl3^ 




Chameleon. 



A species of ante- 




Champagne, sham-pan', n. A 



Chamois. 



brisk, sparkling w_ine. 

Champaign, sliam-pan', n. A flat, open country. — a. 
Flat ; level. 

Champion, cham'pY-un, n. One who engages ina 
contest; esp. who contends in behalf of another in 
single combat; one ready to fight all who offer. — 
V. t. [-PIONED (-und), -PIONING.] To furnish with, 
or attend as, etc. 

Chance, chans, n. Absence of any defined cause ; for- 
tuity ; casualty ; an event witbout assigned cause; 
possibility of an occurrence; luck; hazard; oppor- 
tunity. -r'. i. [chanced (chanst), chancing.] To 
happen, come, or arrive, without expectation. — a. 
Happening by chance ; casual ; fortuitous. 

Chancel, chan'sel, ?i. That part of a church con- 
taining the altar or communion table, — formerly 



Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fSre ; Snd, eve, tgrrti ; Tn, Ice : Odd, tone, 6r ; 



CHANCRE 



61 



CHARITY 



inclosed with lattices. — Chancery, chan'ser-T, n. A 
high court of equity; equity; proceeding:s in equit)'. 

— Chan'cellor, -sel-ler, n. A high judicial oificer ; 
the chief jud^e of a court of chancery. 

Chancre, shnn'Tcer, n. An ulcer, esp. a venereal sore. 

— Chan'crotis, -krus, n. Ulcerous. 
Chandelier, Chandler, etc. See under C.\xdle. 
Change, chanj, v. t. [ch.\xg'ed (chanjd), ch.\xging.1 

To alter or make ditferent; to cause to pass from 
one state to another; to substitute another thing 
for ; to vary, innovate, exchange ; to give other 
money, of the same aggregate value, for; to become 
acid or tainted. — v. i. To be altered, undei-go vari- 
ation, pass from one phase to another. — n. Anj' al- 
teration; a passing from one state to another; sub- 
Btitution of one thing for another ; alteration in 
the orderof a series; permutation; that which makes 
a variety; small pieces of mone3', which may be 
given for larger pieces; the balance of money paid 
beyond the price of goods purchased; building for 
mercantile transactions. ^ Chan'ger, n. — Change'- 
able, -a-bl, a. Capable of change ; appearing differ- 
ent under difference of circumstances : variable ; 
fickle ; unstable. — Change'ableness, -abil'lty, -tt, 
n. — Ghange'ably, wlv. — Change'ful, a. Full of 
change; mutable. — Change'fully, at/c. — Change'- 
folness, n. — Change'less, a. Not admitting altera- 
tion ; constant. — Change''ling, n. A child left or 
taken in the place of another ; one apt to change. — 
a. Taken or left in place of another. 

Channel, chan''nel, h. The bed of a stream; esp. the 
deeper part of a river or bay, where the main cur- 
rent flows. (Geog.) A strait or narrow sea between 
two portions of land. That through which any 
thing passes. (Arch.) A gutter or furrow, as in a 
column. ;3^ (Naut.) Planks bolted to the outside 
of a vessel, for spreading the lower rigging. — v. t. 
[-XELED (-neld), -NELixG.] To form a channel in; 
groove. 

Chant, chant, v. t. and i. To utter with a melodious 
voice, sing; to celebrate in song. (J/«.s.) To sing 
after the manner of a chant. — n. Song ; melody. 
{Mas.) Words recited to music il tones without mu- 
sical measure. — Chant''er, n. — Chant'icleer, -t-kler, 
n. A cock. 

Chaos, ka'os, n. An empty, infinite space ; unor- 
ganized condition of matter before the creation of 
the universe; a disordered mass or state of things; 
confusion. — Chaot'^ic, o. Resembling chaos ; con- 
fused. 

Chap, chap or chop, v. t. [chappeb (chapt), ciiap- 
PING.] To cleave or open longitudinally ; to split, 
crack. — v. i. To crack or open in long slits. — n. A 
cleft, gap, or chink in the flesh. — Chap, chop, n. 
The jaw, — generally in pi. — Chap''fallen, chop'- 
fawln, a. With the lower jaw drooping; dejected; 
dispirited. 

Chap, chap, n. A man or boy; a youth.— Chap'-book, 
n. A small book, esp. one sold by hawkers. — Chap''- 
man, n. ; pi. -mex. One who buys or sells ; a mer- 
chant; itinerant dealer. 

Chaparral, chap-ar-raK, n. A thicket of low ever- 
green oaks; thick bramble-bushes in clumps. 

Chape, chap, n. A catch, as of a buckle; a metal tip 
of a scabbard. 

Chapeau, shap'o, n. ; pi. Chap''eau.s, -oz. A hat. [F.] 

— Chapeau Bras, -bra. A military hat which can 
be flattened and put under the arm. 

Chapel, chap'el, n. A place of worship connected 
with a church or with some establishment; in Eng. a 
dissenters' place of worship. — Ckap^'lain, -lin, n. An 
ecclesiastic \vh© officiates in a chapel, or one attached 
to a ship, regiment, public institution, family, etc. — 
Ghap'laincy, -sT, -ship, n. Office or station of, etc. — 
Chap/'ellany, -la-uT, n. A chapel and jurisdiction 
within tlie precincts of a church. — Chap'^elry, -rT, 
w. Bounds or jurisdiction of a chapel. 

Chaperon, shap'er-o.v, n. A hoed or cap; a device on 
horses' foreheads in pompous funerals; one who 
attends a lady in public as a protector. — v. t. 
[chaperoned (-ond), -oxing.] To attend in public 
places as protector. 

Chapiter, chap'T-ter, n. {Law.) A summary of mat- 
ters to be inquired of before justices; articles. — 
Chap'iter, Chap'trel, n. (Arch.) The capital of a 




Chaptrel. 



pier or pilaster which receives an arch; 
an impost. 

Chaplain, etc. See uHder Chapel. 

Chaplet, chap'let, n. A garland or wreath 
ior the head; a string of beads used in 
counting prayers. (Arch.) A little 
molding, carved into beads, olives, etc.; 
a chapellet ; a tuft of feathers Dn a< 
peacock's head; a small chapel or shrine. 

Chapman. See under Chap, n. 

Chapter, chap'ter, ?i. A division of a 
book. (Eccl.) A corporation composed 
of the clergy of a cathedral or collegiate 
church, and presided over by the dean. 
An organized branch of a society or fra- 
ternity; meeting of organized societies; place where 
delinquents receive discipline; a decretal epistle. 

Char, Chare, char lEng.], Chore, chor [Amer.], n. 
Work done by the day; a single job or task. — Char''- 
woman, n. A servant that works by the day. 

Char, char, v. t. [charred (chiird), charring.] To 
reduce to charcoal by expelling volatile matter; to 
burn slightly; to hew, as stone.— Char'coal, ?«. Coal 
made by charring wood. — Char'ry, -rl, a. Pert, to, 
or like, charcoal. 

Character, kar'ak-ter, n. A distinctive mark; a letter, 
figure, or sign; manner of writing or printing ; sum 
of qualities distinguishing one person or thing from 
another; good qualities, or the reputation of possess- 
ing them; qualities belomging to an office or institu- 
tion ; estimate put upon a person or thing ; reputa- 
tion; force of will; energy; the possessorof a certain 
character; aperson; account; description. — v.t. To 
engrave, inscribe, distinguish by marks, character- 
ize. — Char'acteris'tic, -ileal, a. Constituting the 
character ; peculiar. — Char'acteris'tic, n. That 
which constitutes, etc., or distinguishes a person or 
thing from another. (Math.) The index or expo- 
nent of a logarithm. — Char'acteris'tically, adv. — 
Char'acterize, -iz, v. t. [-terized (-ter-Tzd), -izixg.] 
To mark with a peculiarfigure; to describe the qual- 
ities of; to mark or express the character of, desig- 
nate, entitle. — Char'acteriza'tion, n. Act of, etc. — 
Char'acterless, a. Having no peculiar character. 

Charade, sha-rad', ?*. A composition describing enig- 
matically objects, expressed bv each syllable of a 
word, separately, and then by tTie word as a whole. 

Charcoal. See under Char. 

Chard, chard, n. A variety of white beet ; blanched 
leaves of the artichoke and other vegetables. 

Charge, charj, n. The person or thing committed to 
the care or management of another ; exercise of cus- 
tody or care ; office ; commission ; an earnest com- 
mand, exhortation, instruction, etc. ; whatever con- 
stitutes a burden on property ; costs ; expense, — 
usually in pi. ; account of that due from one party 
to another; imputation; accusation; that quantity, as 
of ammunition, electricity, etc., which any appara- 
tus, as a gun, battery, machine, etc., is fittefi to hold; 
onset; attack; signal for attack. (Her.) A bearing 
on a field. An uncertain weight of lead, supposed 
to be .36 pigs, or 2,,520 pounds. — v. t. [charged 
(charjd), charging.] To impose, as a load or burden, 
or as a task, duty, or trust ; to command, request, 
etc., earnestly; to give instructions to; to impose as a 
tax; to plnce" to the account of, as a debt ; to recuse 
of; to place within or upon an apparatus or machine 
the quantity it is fitted to contain ; to load ; to 
bear down "upon, rush upon, fall on. — r. i. To 
make an onset. — Char'ger, n. One who, etc. ; a 
large dish, — which bears a load ; a horse, — used in 
charging ; war-horse. — Charge d' Affaires, shar-zha' 
daf-far'. A diplomatic representative, to whom are 
confided affairs of his nation, in the absence of an 
ambassador. [F.] — Chargi'ship, n. Office of, etc. 

Chariot, char'T-ot, n. A war car or vehicle ; a one- 
seated, four-wheeled carriage. -^ )'. t. To convey in 
a chariot. — Char'ioteer'', «^ A driver. 

Charity, char'T-tT, n. Disposition to think favorably 
of others, and to do them good ; liberality to the 
poor; alms ; any act of benevolence ; a charitable in- 
stitution, or a gift to create and support such an in- 
stitution.— Char^itable, a. Full of love and good 
will; liberal to the poor ; pert, to, or springing from, 
charity ; benevolent ; indulgent ; beneficent. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, f(56t ; cow. oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNbosr, chair, get. 



CHARLATAN 



62 



CHECQUE 



Charlatan, shar'la-tan, 71. A quack; empiric; mounte- 
bank. —Char''lataiusm, -izm, -tanry, -rl, n. Preten- 
sion to skill; quackery. 

Charles's Wain, charlz'ez-wan'. (Astron.) The clus- 
ter of 7 stars in the constellation Ursa Major, or 
Great Bear ; the Dipper. _ 

Charlotte-Rasse, shar'lot-roos, n. A dish of custard 
or whipped syllabub, inclosed in cake. 

Charm, charm, n. Sometliinir possessing^occult power 
or influence; that which attracts irresistibly; fasci- 
nation. — V. t. [CHARMED (charmd), CHAEMI>fQ.] To 
subdue, control, or summon by occult influence ; 
to attract irresistibly, delight exceedingly, fasci- 
nate, enchant, captivate ; to fortify with charms 
or supernatural influences. — v. i. To act as a 
charm, please greatly. 

Chamel, ehar'nel, a. Containing remains of dead 
men or animals. 

Chart, chart, n. A sheet of paper, pasteboard, etc., con- 
taining information arranged methodically, or tab- 
ulated; a map representing water and the adjacent 
land. — V. t. To lay down in a chart ; to map. — 
Char'ter, n. (O. Eng. Law.) A deed, or conveyance. 
An instrument in writing, bestowing rights and 
privileges ; act of incorporation ; a special privilege 
or immunity. (Naut.) The letting or hiring a ves- 
sel by special contract. — v. t. [chartered (-terd), 
-TEEING.] To establish by charter; to hire or let by 
charter, as a ship. 

Chary, char'T, a. Not inclrned to be free or liberal; 
close ; cautious. 

Chase, chas, v. t. [chased (chast), chasing.] To 
pursue, hunt; to urge onward, drive, persecute. — n. 
Hunting; pursuit; thing hunted; hunting ground. 

— Chas''er, n. One who, etc. (Naut.) A gun at the 
bow or stern, for use in a chase. 

Chase, chas, v. t. To engrave. — n. The forward part 
of a gun from the trunnions to the swell of the 
mouth, — this part being formerly engraved or em- 
bossed. See Cannon. 

Chase, chas, n. An iron frame to confine type. 

Chasm, kazm, n. A deep opening made by disrupture ; 
a cleft ; void space ; gap ; break. 

Chassepot, shas'po, n. A breech-loading rifle. 

Chasseurrshas-ser', n. {Mil.) One 6f a body of light 
cavalry. An attendant upon persons of rank, wear- 
ing military plumes, etc. 

Chaste, chast, a. Pure from unlawful sexual inter- 
course ; virtuous ; pure from obscenity, or from bar- 
barous, affected, or extravagant expressions. — 
Chaste'ness, Chas'tdty, -tT-tt, n. —Chasten, chas'n, 
V. t. [-ENED (-nd), -ENING.] To Correct by punish- 
ment; to inflict pain upon in order to reclaim, chas- 
tize ; to purify from errors or faults. — Chast'^ener, n. 

— Chastize, chas-tlz', v. t. [-tized (-tlzd'), -tizing.] 
To chasten. 

Chat, chat, V. i. To talk lightly and familiarly. — n. 
Light, idle talk; prate. (Omith.) An American 
bird, of the warbler family. — Chat'^ter, v. i. [-tered 
(-terd), -teeing.] To utter inarticulate sounds re- 

• sembling language ; to talk idly, carelessly, or rapid- 
ly ; to jabber, prate ; to make a noise by collision. 
— n. Sounds like a magpie's; idle talk. — Chat'ter- 
box, w. An incessant talker. — Chafty, -tt, a. 
Conversing freely ; talkative. — Chaftiness, n. 

Chateau, sha-to', n. ; pi. -teaux, -toz'. A castle ; a 
country-seat. — Chatelet, shat'e-la, n. A little castle. 

— Chat'eUany, -la-ni, n. Lordship or jurisdiction of 
a castellan, or governor of a castle. — Chafelaine, 
-e-lan, n. A chain at a lady's waist-belt, for watch, 
trinkets, keys, etc. 

Chattel, chaftl, n. {Law.) Any property except 
freehold, or things which are. parcel of it. 

Chatter, Chatty, Chatterbox, etc. See Chat. 

Chauffeur, shorter', n. ")ne who manages the run- 
ning of an automobile. 

Chauvinism, sho'vin-izm, n. Fanatical patriotism ; 
blind adherence to an obsolete party, leader, or idea. 

Chaw, chaw, v. t. [chawed (chawd), chawixg.] To 
masticate, as fooa; to ruminate, as the cud; to re- 
volve and consider. — n. Orig., the jaw; as much as 
the mouth holds ; a chew. [Once in good use, but 
now vulgar. See Chew.] 

Cheap, chep, a. Bearing a low price : of small cost ; 
of small value. — Cheapen, che'pn, v. t. [-ened 




(-nd), -ening.] To attempt to buy, chaffer for, beat 
down the price of. 

Cheat, chet, v. t. To deceive and defraud ; to trick, 
outwit, impose on. — n. An act of deception ; a 
fraud ; trick ; imposture ; one who cheats. 

Cheat, chet, n. Wheat ; bread ; chess, or false wheat. 

Check, cliek, n. A sudden or continued restraint ; 
hindrance ; obstruction ; a mark put against items, 
in going over a list ; a token to identity a thing or 
person. (.Com.) An order for money, payable on 
sight. Any counter-register used as security, as 
the correspondent cipher of a bank-note ; a kind of 
checkered cloth, as plaids, etc. {Chess.) Exposure 
of the king to the attack of an adversary's piece. 
A small chink or cleft. — v. t. [checked (cnekf), 
checking.] To put restraint upon ; to kinder, re- 
press, curb; to rebuke or reprove ; to make a mark 
against, as against names, etc., in a list; to compare 
with a counterpart for correctness. — v. i. To make a 
stop, pause; to interfere; to crack, as wood; to crack 
in^ checks, as paint, etc. — Cheekier, v. t. [-ered 
(-erd), -BEING.] To variegate with cross-lines ; to 
form into squares ; to diversify with different qual- 
ities, scenes, etc. — n. One who, etc. ; a piece in the 
game of draughts or checkers. — Check-'er, Check'er- 
work, -werk, n. Work varied alternately as to colors 
or materials. — Check'^ers, -erz, n.^- 
Draughts, — a game played on a^ 
board of 64 squares of alternate 
colors. — Cheeky, Checquey, 
chek'T, n. {Her.) A field or ar- 
morial bearing divided in check- 
ers. — Check^mate, -mat, n. The 
move in chess which renders fur- 
ther moving impossible, and ends 
the game; a complete check, de- 
feat, or overthrow. — v. t. {Chess.) 
To put (the adversary's king) in- Cheeky 
extricably in check. To arrest completely, termi- 
nate. — Check'- roll, n. A list of employees. — string, 
n. A string by which one in a carriage or railroad 
ear can call the attention of. the driver or engineer. — 
Check'er-ber'ry, 72. {Bot.) The partridge -berry ; 
also, the wintergreen. — board, n. Board for playing 
checkers iipon. 

Cheddar, ched^der, n. A kind of cheese made at 
Cheddar, in England. 

Cheek, chek, n. The side of the face; assurance; im- 
pudence, pi. {Mech.) Pieces of a machine which 
form corresponding sides, or are similar and in pairs. 

Cheer, cher, n. The countenance and its expres- 
sion; state of feeling or spirits; state of gayety or 
mirth; provisions for a feast; entertainment; ex- 
pression of good spirits, by shouting, acclamation, 
etc. ; applause ; encouragement. — 1\ t. [cheered 
(cherd), cheering.] To cause to rejoice, render 
cheerful ; to infuse life, courage, hope, etc., into ; to 
urge or salute by cheers. — v. i. To grow cheerful. 

— Cheer'ful, -ful, a. Having good spirits; calmly 
joyful; promoting happiness; expressing joy; lively; 
animated; sprightly. — Cheer'fully, arfv. — Cheer'- 
fnlness, n. — Cheer^ily, adv. With cheerfulness. — 
Cheer^iness, n. — Cheer^'ingly, adv. — Cheer'less, a. 
Without joy, gladness, or comfort; gloomy; dreary. 

— Cheer-'lessness, n.— Cheer-'ly, a. (lay; not gloomy. 

— adv. In a cheerful manner; heartily. — Cheer'y, 
-T, a. In good spirits; lively; promoting, or tending 
to promote, cheerfulness. 

Cheese, chez, n. Curd of milk, separated from the 
whey, and pressed; a mass of ground apples pressed 
together. 

Chef-d'oeuvre, sha'doovr', n. ; pi. Chefs-d'(euvre. A 
master-piece; capital work in art, literature, etc. [F.] 

Chemise, she-mez', n. A shift, or under-garment, for 
females ; a wall lining an earthwork. 

Chemistry, kem'is-trl, n. Science of the composition 
of substances and changes which thej' undergo. — 
Chem'ist, 71. One versed in, etc. — Chem'ic, -icaJ, a. 
Pert, to, or resulting from the operations of the phe- 
nomena of, etc. — Chem''ically, adr. [These words 
were formerlv written with 11 or t, instead of e, in 
the first syllable, chnmist7-y or cliimist7'>t, etc. ; and 
pronounced accordingly.] 

Chenille, she-neK, ti. Tufted cord, of silk or worsted. 

Checque, Checquer. See Check. Checker. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; Tn, Ice ; 8dd. tone, dr : 



CHERISH 



63 



CHIROGRAPH 



dierish, ch?r'isli, v. t. [cherished (-isht), -ishing.] 
To treat with tenderness; to hold dear, tester, com- 
fort, supportj_ 

Cheroot, sne-roef, n. A kind of eigar. 

Cherry, chfir-'rl, n. (Bot.) A small stone-fruit, and 
the tree which bears it. A cordial composed of 
cherr^'-juice and spirit. — a. Of the color of, etc. 

Chersonese, ker''so-nes, n. A peninsula. 

Chert, chert, w. {Jlin.) An impure, flint-like quartz 
or hornstone. 

Cherub, cher'ub, n. ; pi, Cher'ubs; Heh.pl. Cher'- 
UBIM. (Script.) A iwysterious composite being, de- 
scribed in Ezek. i. and x. ; one of two symbolical 
figures, forming the Mercy-seat upon the Ark of the 
Covenant. One of an order of angels; a beautiful 
child, — artists having represeiited cherubs as beau- 
tiful children. — Cherubic, -roo'bik, -bical, a. Pert. 
to, etc.; angelic. 

Cherup, cher'^up, v. i. To chirp. — v. t. To excite 
by cJiirping. — n. A short, sharp noise, as of a cricket. 

Chess, dies, n. A game played by two persons on a 
board cwntaining G4 squares. See Check. (Bot.) A 
kind of grass growing among wheat. 

Chest, chest, n. A box, to hold articles; the part of 
the body inclosed by the ribs and breast-bone; tho- 
rax. (Com.) A case for transporting tea, opium, 
etc.; quantity such a case contains. 

Chestnut, Chesnut, chestnut, H. (Bot.) The fruit of 
a tree, inclosed in a prickly pericarp or bur; the tree 
itself: its timber. — a. Of the color of a chestnut; 
reddish brown. 

Cheval-de-frise, shvaKde-f rez, «• ; pl- Chevaux-de- 
FKISE, shvo'-de-frez : F. 
pron. shvod'frez''. (Mil.) . x^,^^^ 
A timber traversed with X^^^ 
spikes, used for defense. " 

Chevalier, shev-a-ler', n. A 
horseman ; knight ; gallant 
young man ; a member of Cheral-de-frise. 
certain orders of knighthood. 

Chevron, sheVrun, n. (Her.) An honorable ordi- 
nary, representing two rafters of a house meeting 
at the top. (Mil.) Distinguishing marks on the 
sleeves of non-commissioned officers. (Arch.) A 
zigzag ornament. 

Chew, choo, v. t. [chewed (chood), chewixg.] To 
bite and grind with the teeth, masticate; to rumi- 
nate mentally, meditate. — v. i. To perform the 
action of, etc. ; to meditate. — n. Thing chewed, or 
held in the mouth at once; a cud. 

Chibouque, -bouk, che-book', 7i. A Turkish tobacco 
pipe. 

Chic, shek, n. Style ; knack. — a. Stylish. 

Chicane, sht-kan', n. An artful subterfuge, — esp. ap- 
plied to legal proceedings; shift: ca%il: sophistry. — 
v.i. To use artifices. — Chica'nery, -iier-T, ?i. Mean 
or unfair artifice, to perplex a cause; trick; quibble. 

Chich, chich, 71. A dwarf pea; chick-pea. 

CMck, chik. Chicken, chik''en, 71. The young of fowls, 
esp. of the domestic hen; a young person. — Chick''- 
en-pox, n. (Med.) A mild 'disease of children, con- 
tagious and eruptive. 

Chicory, ch-ik-'o-rt, n. A plant used for adulterating 
coffee : succory ; endive. 

Chide, chid, v. t. [imp. chid o;- (ob-'i.) chode; p. p. 
chid or CHIDDEN ; CHIDING.] To rcbuke, reproach, 
blame, scold. — 1\ i. To find fault; to make a rough, 
clamorous, roaring noise. 

Chief, chef, o. HigTiest in rank or office: most emi- 
nent, influential, or important: principal; prime.— 
n. Head or leader; chieftain; commander; most im- 
portant person or thing. (Her.) The upper part of 
the escutcheon. — Chieftain, -tin, n. The head of a 
troop, army, or clan ; leader. 

Chiffonier, she-fo'nY-a' or shif-fon-er'', n. A recepta- 
cle for ragsor shreds; a movable closet; a rag-picker. 

Chignon, shen'yox, n. A woman's back-hair knotted 
at the back of the head. 

Chilblain. See under Chill. 

Child, child, n. ; pl. Children, children. A son or 
daughter; immediate progeny of human parents; a 
young person, pl. Descendants. — Child''hood, n. 
State of a child ; time in which one is a child. — 
Child^'ish. a. Of, or pert, to, etc.; puerile. — Child '- 
iahly, adv. — Child''iBhness, n. State or qualities of. 



etc.; weakness of intellect. — Child'less, n. DesK> 
tute of offspring. — Child''le3sneBS, n. 

Chiliad, kiKl-ad, jj. A thousand ; esp. 1,000 years. 

Chill, chil, a. Moderately cold; tending to cause shiv- 
ering; cool; formal; distant; depressed; dispirited. 

— n. A disagreeable sensation of coolness, with 
shivering; a check to enthusiasm or warmth of feel- 
ing; discouragement. (Metal.) A method of cast- 
ing iron, so as c uickly to cool the surface; a mold in 
wliich to cast iron. — v. t. [chilled (child), chill- 
ing.] To strike with a chill, make chilly, affect 
with cold; to check enthusiasm, depress, discour- 
age. (Metal.) To produce, by sudden cooling, a 
change of crj'stallization near the surface, increas- 
ing the hardness of the metal. — Chill'y, -T, a. Mod- 
erately cold. — ChilKiness, Chill'ness, n. — Chil''- 
blain, -blan, n. A blain on hand or foot, caused by 
cold. — V. t. To produce chilblains upon. 

Chimb, Chime, chim. Chine, n. Edge of a cask, formed 
by the ends of the staves. 

Chune, chim, n. Harmonious sound of bells, or other 
musical instruments; a set of bells tuned to one an- 
other ; correspondence of proportion, relation, or 
sound. — r. i. [chimed (chlmd), chiming.] To 
sound in harmonious accord ; to be in harmony ; 
correspond; to jingle, as in rhyming. — v. t. To 
move, strike, or cause to sound in harmony. 

Chimera, kT-me'ra, n. (Myth.) A monster vomiting 
flames, and having a lion's head, goat's body, and 
dragon's tail. A vain or foolish fancy. — Chimer- 
ical, -mer-'ik-al, a. Merely imaginary; capable of 
no existence except in thought; fantastic; delusive. 

Chimney, chiuT'nl, M. ; juZ. Chim'neys, -niz. Passage 
through which smoke is carried off; a glass tube 
above a flame, to create draught and promote com- 
bustion. (Mining.) A rich spot in a lode. 

Chimpanzee, chim-pan''ze, n. The African orang- 
outang, a species of mon- 
key resembling man. 

Chin, chin, n. The lower ex- , 
tremity of the face, below , 
the mouth. 

China, chi'^na, n. A species | 
of earthen ware originally 
made in China ; porcelain. 

— Chi'na as'ter. (Bot.) A | 
species of the Aster fam- 
il}', having large flowers. 

— C. grass. (Bot.) AnAsi-1 
atic nettle, having fibers ' 
used for ropes, textile fab- 
rics, etc.; ramie. 

Chincapin, chink'a-pin, n. rhimnaTU'Pe 

(/Jot.) The dwarf chestnut. «^nimpanzee. 

Chinch, chinch, n. The bed-bug; an insect resem- 
bling the bed-bug in odor, destructive to grain. 

Chinchilla, chin-chiKla, n. A small rodent animal, 
having soft pearly-gray fur. [Sp.] 

Chincough, chin'^kawf, n. (Med.) Hooping-cough. 

Chine, chin, n. The back-bone or spine of an animal; 
a piece adjoining the back-bone, cut for cooking. 
See Beef. The chimb of a cask. — v. t. To sever 
the back-bone of. 

Chink, chink, n. A small cleft or fissure; a gap or 
crack. — V. i. To crack, open. — r.t. To open, or 
form a fissure in: to fill up the chinks of. 

Chink, chink, ti. A clink, or sharp sound, as of metal 
struck lightly : m<.ney ; cash. — v. t. [chinked 
(chinkt), chinking.] To cause to sound by collis- 
ion. — r. i. To make a small, sharp sound, as by 
the collision of metal. 

Cfcinse, chins, v. t. (Xaut.) To thrust oakum into 
the seams or chinks of. 

Chintz, ehints, n. Cotton cloth, printed in colors. 

Chip, chip, V. t. [chipped (chipt), chipping.] To 
cut into small pieces. — v. i. To break or fly off in 
small pieces. — n. A piece of wpod, stone, etc., sep- 
arated by a cutting instrument; fragment broken 
off. 

Chipmunk, -monk, ehip'munk, -muck, -muk, n. A 
sqnirrel-like animal; the striped squirrel. 

Chipping-bird, chip''ping-berd, n. An Amer. sparrow. 

Chiro^aph, ki'ro-graf, n. (Old Laiv.) A writing re- 
qui ring a counterpart, — a charter-party. — Chirogra- 
pher, -rog'ra-fer, n. One proficient in writing. — 




siin, cube, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, t3ien, boNboN, chair, get. 



CHIRP 



64 



CHRIST 



Chirograpli''ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Chlrog'- 
raphist. n. A chirographer: one who tells fortunes 
bv examining the hand. — Chirog''raphy, -fT, n. Art 
ot writing ; writing done with one's own hand. — 
Chirurgeon, -rer''iun, n. A surgeon. 

Chirp, cherp, v. i. fcHiRPED (cher.pti, chirping.] To 
make a short, sharp sound, as fowls, birds, crickets, 
etc., do. — v.i. To make cheerful, enliven. — n. A 
short, sharp note. —Chirrup, chtr'rup, v. t. [chir- 
ruped (-rupt), ciiiERUPiNG.] To animate by chirp- 
ing; to cherup. —r. i. To chirp. — n. Act of chirj)- 
ing: chirp. — Chir'rupy, -t, a. Cheerful; chatty. 

Chisel, chiz'el, n. An instrument sharpened to a cut- 
ting edge, used in carpentry, joinery, sculp- 
ture, etc. — r. t. [CHISELED (-eld"), -eling.] To 
cut, pare, gouge, or engrave with a chisel; to 
cut close, as in a bargain. 

Chisleu, chis'lu, n. The 9th month of the He- 
brew year, — parts of November and Decem- 
ber. 

Chit, chit, n. The first germination of a plant; 
a shoot; sprout ; a child or babe. — CMt'ty, 
-tT, a. Full of sprouts. — Chit'^chat, n. Famil- 
iar or trifling talk; prattle. 

Chitterlings, chit'ter-lingz, n. pi. (Cookei-y.) 
The smaller intestines of swine, etc., fried 
for food. 

Chivalry, shiv^al-rT, n. A bodv of knights serv- chisel. 
ing on horseback; cavalry; the dignity or sys- 
tem of knighthood ; practice of knight-errantry; 
qualifications or character of knights. (Enc/. Law.) 
A tenure of lands by knight's service. — Chiv'alric, 
-alrous, -rus, a. Pert, to, etc. ; gallant. — Chiv'al- 
rously, adv. 

Chives. See Gives. 

Chlorine, klo^'rin, ?i. (Ckem.) A heavy gas of green- 
ish color, — a constituent of common salt. — ChlO''- 
ric, a. Pert, to, or obtained from, etc. — Chlo^rate, 
n. A salt formed by the union of chloric acid with 
a base. — Chlo'ride, -rid, n. A compound of chlo- 
rine with another element. — Chloride of litne. A 
combination of lime and chlorine, used in bleach- 
ing and disinfecting. — Chlorid''ic, a. Pert, to a 
chloride. — Chlo'ridize, -iz, -idate, -at. v. t. To 
treat with a chloride; esp. {Phot.) to cover a plate 
with chloride of silver. — Chlc'rous, -rus, a. Elec- 
tro-negative; noting an acid containing equal parts 
of chlorine and oxygen. — Chlorina'tion, n. A 
process for extracting gold by exposing auriferous 
material to chlorine gas. — Chlc'ral, n. A com- 
pound of chlorine, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, 
obtained by the action of chlorine upon alcohol. 

— C. hydrate. A compound of chloral with water, 

— used as a hypnotic. — Chlo^raUsm, -izm, n. A 
morbid condition, from excessive use of chloral. — 
Chloral'tun, n. An impure solution of chloride of 
alumina, — antiseptic and disinfectant. — Chlo'ro- 
dyne, -din, n. An anodyne medicine containing 
chloroform, opium~, etc. — Chlo''roforni, n. A voU 
atile compound of carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine, 

— an important but dangerous anaesthetic agent. — 
V. t. To treat with, or place under the influence of, 
etc. — Chloro'sis, -ro'sis, n. {Med.) Green sickness, 

— a disease of young females. {Bot.) A disease 
in plants, giving them a pale hue. 

Chock, chok, v. t. To stop or fasten as with a wedge, 
block, etc. — V. i. To fill up, as a cavity. — n. Some- 
thing to confine a cask, etc., bv fitting into the space 
around or beneath it. — Chock '-full, -ful, a. Com- 
pletely full. 

Chocolate, cliok^o-lat, n. A paste made from the seeds 
of the Theo^roma cacao ; the beverage made by dis- 
solving chocolate-paste in boiling water. 

Chogset, chog'set, n. An edible salt-water fish; the 
burgall, Conner, or blue perch. 

Choice. See under Choose. 

Choir, Quire, kwir, n. An organized company of 
singers. {Arch.) The part of a church appropri- 
ated to the singers ; the chancel. The corporate 

• body of a cathedral. — Chorus, ko'rus, n. Orig. a 
dance in a ring, round dance ; a dance with sing- 
ing; band of singers and dancers; that which is sung 
by, etc.; part ot a song in which the company join 
the singer. — Cho'ral, a. Pert, to a choir; sung in 
chorus. — n. {Miis.) A hymn-tune. — Cho'rally, 



adv. — Choragicr-raj'ik, a. Pert, to a choragus,— 
the leader ot a musical entertainment. — Chorister, 
kSr'is-ter, n. One of a choir; a singer in a concert; a 
leader of a choir. 

Choke, chok, V. «. [choked (chokt), choking.] To ren- 
der unable to breathe; to stifle, suffocate, strangle; 
to obstruct by filling up or clogg-ing; to hinder or 
check. — V. i. To have the windpipe stopped; to be 
checked, as if by cheking. — Chok'er, n. One who, 
or that which, chokes or puts to silence; that which 
cannot be answered; a collar or cravat. — Chok'y, 
-1. a. Tending to, etc. — Choke'-full, a. Full to 
choking, quite full. [See Chock-full.] — Choke'- 
cher'ry, -cner'rT, n. {Bot.) A species of wild cherry, 
and its astringent fruit. — damp, n. Carbonic acid 
gas accumulated in wells, mines, etc., — destructive 
of life by preventing respiration. — pear, -par, n. 
A kind of pear having a rough, astringent taste. 

Choler, koKer, n. The bile, — formerly supposed to 
be the seat of irascibilitj-; irritation of the passions; 
anger; wrath. — ChoKera, -er-a, n. {Med.) A dis- 
ease characterized by bilious vomiting and purging, 
and by spasms in the legs and arms. — Cholera mor' 
bus. A milder form of the disease. — ChoKic, Cho- 
lin'ic, a. Pert, to the bile. — Chol'eric, a. Abound- 
ing with clioler, or bile; irascible: ^ngry. 

Choose, chooz, v. t. [imp. chose (choz); p.p. chosen 
or chose; choosing.] "To make choice of, prefer, 
elect. — v.i. To make a selection, prefer; to have 
the power of choice. — Choice, chois, n. Act or 
power of choosing ; election ; preference ; care in, 
etc., discrimination ; thing chosen; best or prefer- 
able part. — a. Worthy of being, etc. ; selected with 
care; uncommon; rare. 

Chop, chop, V. t. [chopped (chopt), chopping.] To 
cut into pieces; to mince; to sever by blows; to seize 
or devour greedily. — v.i. To come upon or seize 
suddenly. — n. Act of chopping; a stroke; piece 
chopped off, esp. a piece of meat. 

Chop, chop, I'. <. To barter, exchange; to give back 
and forth, bandy. — v. i. To wrangle, altercate, 
dispute. {A^aiit.) To veer or shift suddenly. 

Chops, Chop-fallen, etc. See under Chap. 

Choral, Chorister, Chorus, etc. See under Choir. 

Chord, k6rd, n. String of a musical instrument. {Miis.) 
A harmonious combination of tones^multaneous- 
ly performed. {Geom.) A ri^ht line, uniting the 
extremities of the arc of a circle. See Segment. — 
V. t. To provide with musical chords or strings. 

Chore, chor, n. A small job. pi. Jobs aboat the house, 
barn, etc., to be attended to at set times. 

Chorea, ko-re'a, n. {Med.) St. Vitus's dance; a dis- 
ease attended with irregular movements of the vol- 
untary muscles. 

Chorion, ko'rl-on, n. {Anat.) The exterior mem- 
brane investing the fetus in the womb. {Bot.) The 
outer membrane of seeds. — Cho'roid, n. {Anat.) 
The second coat of the eye. See Eye. — a. Pert. 
to, etc. 

Chose, Chosen. See Choose. 

Chough, chuf, n. A bird of the crow family. 

Chouse, chows, v. t. [choused (chowst), chousing.] 
To cheat, trick, defraud. — n. One easily cheated; 
a tool; gull; a trick; a sham; imposition. 

Chowchow, chow'chow, a. Of several kinds mingled; 
mixed. — n. A kind of mixed pickles. [Chin.] 

Chowder, chow'der, n. A dish of fish, pork, biscuit, 
onions, etc., stewed. — v. t. To make into, etc. 

Chrism, krizm, re. {Gr.&Rom. Coth. Churches.) Oil 
consecrated by the bishop, formerly 
used in baptism, confirmation, ordina- 
tion, and extreme unction. — Chris- 
ma'tion, n. Act of applying, etc. — 
Chris^matory, -to-rT. n. A vessel to 
hold the chrism. — Chris'om, -um, a. 
Anointed with, etc. — n. A white ves- 
ture, so anointed, put on a child at 
baptism or on a dead infant. 

Christ, krist, n. The Anointed, — an 
appellation of the Savior, synonymous 
with Heb. Messiah. —Christen, p,, . 
kris'n, v. t. [christened (-nd), -en- ^.^nrisma- 
ING.] To baptize : to give a name, tory. 

denominate. — Christendom, kris'n-dum, re. That 
portion of the world in which Christianity prevailg. 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



CHROMATIC 



65 



CnSTQUE 



opp. to heathen or Mohammedan lands ; the whol : 
body of Christian*.— Christian, kris'chun, n. A be- 
liever in the religion of Christ; one born in a Chris- 
tian country. — a. Pert, to Christ or his religion; 
professing Christianity ; pert, to the church ; eccle- 
siastical. — C/iriMtan name. The name §iven in 
baptism,— opp. to the surname. — Christianity, kris- 
chT-an''T-tT, n. The religion of Christians ; Christ's 
teachings. — Chris'tianiza''tion, -chun-t-za'shun, 
n. Conversion to Christianity. — Christianize, 
-chuu-iz, V. t. [-IZED (-izd), -izixG.] To make 
Christian. — Christian science, -si ''ens. A system 
of healing disease of mind and body which teaches 
that all cause and effect is mental, and that sin, sick- 
ness, and death will be destroyea by a full under- 
standing of the Divine Principle of Jesus' teaching 
and healing. The system was founded by Eev. Mary 
Baker Eddy, of Concord, N. H., in 186(3, and bases 
its teaching on the Scriptures as understood by its 
adherents. — Christian scientist, -si-'en-tist. A be- 
liever in Christian science; one who practices its 
teachings. — Chrisfless, krisf-, a. Having no faith 
in Christ. — Christmas, kris''mas, n. The festival 
of Christ's nativity, Dec. 25th. — Ohriafinas-box, n. 
A box in which presents are put at Christmas ; a 
Christmas present. — tree, n. An evergreen tree, 
'hung with presents and decorations at Christmas. — 
Chri8tol''offy, -jl, n. A treatise concerning Christ. 
Chromatic, kro-mafik, a. Relating to color. {JUvs.") 
Proceeding by the smaller intervals (half-steps or 
semitones) of the scale, instead of the regular in 
tervals of the diatonic scale. — Chromatic scale. 
(Mus.) The scale consisting of 1." tones, including 8 
scale-tones and 5 intermediate tones, — the interme- 
diate tones having formerly been printed in colors. 

— Chromat'ics, n. Science of colors. — Chro'mo- 
lithog'raphy, n. Lithography adapted for print- 
ing in oil colors. — Chromo-lith''ograph, Chro^mo, 
n. A lithograpliic picture in oil colors. 

Chrome, krom, Chromium, kro'ml-um, n. A hard, 
brittle, jgrayish-white metal, difficult of fusion.— 
Chro'mic, a. Pert, to, or obtained f r., etc. — Chro'- 
mate, n. {Chem.) A salt obtained by the union of 
chromic acid with a base. 

Chronic, kron^'ik, -ical, a. Pert, or according to time; 
continuing for a long time. — Chronicle, kron'I-kl, 
n. A register of events in the order of time; a his- 
tory ; record, pi. Two books of the Old Testament. 

— v.t. [CHRONICLED (-kid), -CLiifG.] To record 
in history; register. — ChronoKogy, -jY, n. Science 
of computing time by periods, and' assigning to 
events their proper dates. — ChronoKoger, -ogist, n. 
One skilled in, etc. — Chronolog-'ic, -ical, a. Pert, 
to, etc. : according to the order of time. — Chron- 
olog'ically, adv. — Chronom'eter, n. A time- 
keeper; esp. a portable time-keeper of superior ac- 
curacy. 

ChrysaJidj kris'a-lid, Chrys^alis, n. ; pi. Chrysai> 
IDES, -saKT-dez. A form into which the caterpillar 
or larve of butterflies, moths, and some other in- 
sects, passes, and from which the perfect insect 
emerges. — a. Pert, to, or resembling, etc. — Chrys- 
anthemum, -an'the-mum, n. {Bot.) A genus of 
composite plants, including the sunflower, mari- 
gold, etc. 

Chnbb, chub, n. A thick, fresh-water fish of the carp 
family. — Chub'bed, -by, -bT, a. Like a chub; 
plump, short, and thick. — Chub'^biness, n. 

Chuck, chuk, v. i. To make a noise like a hen calling 
her chickens ; to cluck, laugh mockingly, — in a 
broken, convulsive manner. — v. t. To call, as a hen. 

— n. Call of a hen; a sudden small noise; word of 
endearment. 

Chuck, chuk, v. t. [chucked (chukt), chucking.] 
To strike gently; to throw, with quick motion, a 
short distance; to pitch. (Mech.) To place in, or 
hold by means of, a chuck. — n. A sUght blow un- 
der the chin. (Mach.) A contrivance fixed to the 
mandril of a turning-lathe to hold the material to 
be operated upon. 

Chuckle, chuk'l, v. t. [chuckled (chukid), chuck- 
lino.] To call, as a hen her chickens; to cluck; to 
fondle, cocker. — n. A short, suppressed laugk of 
exultation or derision. — v. i. To laugh in a sup- 
pressed or broken manner. 



Chum, chum, n. A chamber-fellow, esp. in a college. 

— V. i. To occupy a chamber with another. 
Chunk, chunk, n. A short, thick piece of anything. 

— Chunk'y, -I, a. Short and thick. 

Church, cherch, n. A building for Christian worship; 
a body of Christian believers worshiping together, 
or having the same rites and ecclesiastical authority; 
the collective body of Christians; ecclesiastical in- 
fluence, authority, etc. ^ v.t. [churched (chercht), 
churching.] To unite with in publicly returning 
thanks m church, as after childbirth — Church'^ 
man, n. ; pi. -men. An ecclesiastic or clergj^man; 
an Episcopalian, as disting.fr. other Protestants. — 
Church''manship, n. State of being, etc. — Church'- 
ward'en, -wawrd'n, n. An officer charged witli the 
pecuniary interests of a church or parish. — Church '- 
yard, n. Ground adjoining a church, in which the 
dead are buried; a cemetery. 

Churl, cherl, n. A rustic; a countryman or laborer; 
a rough, surly, ill-bred man; one illiberal or miserly; 
a niggard. 

Chum, chem, n. A vessel in which cream is shaken, 
to separate the butter from other parts. — i\ t. 
[churned (churnd), churning.] To agitate, in 
order to make butter; to shake violently. — v. i. To 
agitate cream, etc. 

Chute, shoot, n. A rapid descent in a river; an opening 
111 a dam for descent of logs, etc. ; a shoot, a funnel 
or slide for loading or unloading grain, coal, etc. 

Chyle, kil, J2. (.Pht/siol.) A milky fluid, derived from 
chj'me, and entering the circulation by the lacteal 
vessels. — Chylifac'tion, n. Act or process by which 
chyle is formed. — Chylifac'tive, -tiv, ChyKifica'- 
tory, a. Forming into ch3'le. — Chylifica'tion, n. 
Formation of chyle by digestive processes. — Chy'- 
lous, -lus, a. Consisting, or partaking of chyle. 

Chyme, kim, n. (Physiol.) The pulp formed by food 
in the stomach, mixed with the gastric secretions. — 
Chymification, ktrn'T-fT-ka'sJiun, n. Process of be- 
coming chyme. — Cfajmi'lfy, -fl, v. t. To form into 
chyme. — Qhympus, kini'us, a. Pert, to chyme. 

Cicada, si-ka'da, n. ; pi. -d.e, -de. {Entom.) A hem- 
ipterous insect, the male of which makes a shrill, 
grating sound; the harvest fly. 

Cicatrice, sik-'a-tris, n. A scar remaining after a 
wound is healed. — Cicatrix, sT-ka'^triks, n. ; pi. 
Cicatrices, sik-a-tri'sez. Same as Cicatrice.— 
Cic'atrize, -triz, v. t. [-trized (-trizd) -trizing.] 
To heal and induce the formation of a cicatrice im 

— r. 1. To heal or be healed. — Cic'atriza''tion, n. 
Process of, etc. 

Cider, si'der, w. A drink made from apple juice. 

Ci-devant, sed-voN'', a. Former; previous. 

Cigar, sT-gar'', n. A roll of tobacco, for smoking. — 
Cigarette', -et'', n. A little cigar; tobacco rolled in 
paper for smoking. 

Cimeter, sim^e-ter, n. A short sword with a recurv- 
ated point, used by Persians and Turks. 

Cimmerian, sim.-mc'rT-an, a. Pert, to the Cimmerii, 
a fabulous people said to have dwelt in dark caves; 
intensely dark. 

Cinchona, sin-ko'na, n. (Bot.) A genus of trees of 
the Andes in Peru and adjacent countries, produ- 
cing a medicinal bark, known as Peruvian pr Jes- 
uiVs hark ; the bark itself. 

Cincture, sink-'cher, n. A belt ; girdle ; that which 
encompasses; inclosure. (Arch.) A ring at the top 
and bottom of a column, separating the shaft from 
the base and from the capital. 

Cinder, sin-'der, n. A small particle remaining after 
combustion ; small coal, with ashes ; ember ; scale 
thrown off in forging metal. 

Cinematograph, sin'e-mat'o-graf, n. A machine for 
taking successive photographs of moving objects ; 
also, one for producing, by the rapidly successive 
projection of such pictures upon a screen, the effect 
of an animated scene. 

Cinnabar, sin-'na-bar, n. Red sulphuret of mercury 
or quicksilver; vermilion. 

Cinnamon, sin''na-mon, n. The inner bark of a tree 
of Ceylon, aromatic and of a pungent taste. 

Cinque, sink, n. The number 5 upon dice or cards. — 
Cinque^foil, n. (Bot.) A plant having leaves resem- 
bling the fingers of the hand. (Arch.) An orna- 
mental foliation having 5 points or cusps. 



6un, cQbe, fijU ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboK, chair, get. 
5 _ 



GION 



66 



CITRON 




Cion, Scion, si'un, »!. A young shoot or sprout of a 
plant. 

Cipher, si-'fer, n. {Arith.) A character [0] which, 
standing by itself, expresses nothing, out wlicn 
placed at the riglit liand of a whole number, in- 
creases its value tenfold. A 
person of no worth : a combi- 
nation of letters, as the initials 
of a name; an enigmatical char- 
acter ; a private alphabet for 
safe transmission of socrets. — 
V. i. [ciphered (-ferd), ci- 
phering.] To practice arith- 
metic. — V. t. To write in oc- Cipher, 
cult characters; to represent. 

Circean, ser-se-'an, a. Pert, to Circe, a fabled en- 
chantress ; magical : noxious. 

Circle, ser'^kl, n. A plane figure, bounded by a curve 
line called its circiunfcrevce, every part of y^"-^ 
which is equally distant from a point /^ \ 
within it called the center ; tlie line bound- ( ] 

ing such a figure ; a circumference, (^s- V J 

iron.) An instrument of observation, x.._/ 
whose graduated limb consists of an entire Circle, 
circle. A round liod^^ ; sphere ; orb ; compass ; cir- 
cuit; a company assembled about a central point of 
interest ; a coterie; a series ending where it begins ; 
a form of argument in which unproved statements 
are used to prove each other ; a province or princi- 
pality.— r.i. [CIRCLED (-kid), CIRCLING.] To re- 
volve around ; to encompass, inclose. — v. i. To 
move circularly. — Cir''clet, -Met, n. A little circle, 
as of gold, etc. ; a round body ; orb. — Cir'cular, 
-ku-lar, a. Pert, to a circle; round; repeating itself; 
illogical ; inconclusive ; adhering to a fixed circle of 
legends; cyclic ; mean ; address to a number of per- 
sons having a. common interest. — n. A circular letter, 
copies of which are sent to various persons. — Cir'- 
cularly, adv. — Cir'culate, -lit, v. i. To move in a 
circle; to pass round; to pass from place to place, 
hand to hand, etc. — r. t. To cause to pass, etc.; to 
diffuse; disseminate. — Cir'culable, -la-bl, a. Capa- 
ble of being, etc. — Circula''tion. n. Act of, etc.; cur- 
rency; circulating coin, bills, etc.; extent to which 
anything circulates. — Cir'culator, -ter, n. — Cir'eu- 
latory, -rT, a. Circular; circulating. 

Circuit, ser'kit, n. Act of moving or revolving 
around ; a journeying from place to place in the ex- 
ercise of one's calling ; region passed over in such a 
journey, esp. that over which jurisdiction, as of a 
judge, etc., extends; that which encircles anything, 
as a crown ; distance around any space ; space in- 
closed within a circle, or within certain limits. — v. t. 
To move or make to go round. — Circuitous, -ku'I- 
tus, a. Going round in a circuit; indirect. 

Circumambient, sSr-kum-am^bt-ent, a. Surrounding; 
inclosing on all sides. — Circumam-'bulate, -lat, v. i. 
To walk round about. — Circumam'bula''tion, n. 
Act of, etc. — Circumbend''ibuB, n. A circuitous 
route. [ Vulgar J\ — Cir'^cumcise, -stz, v. t. [-cised 
(-sizd), -cisiNG.] To cut off the foreskin of, in the 
case of males, or the internal labia, in females. 
{Script.) To render holy. — Circumcision, -sizh'un, 
M. Act of, etc. (Script.) Rejection of the sins of the 
flesh; spiritual purification; the Jews, as disting. f r. 
uncircumcised races. — Circumclusion, -klu-'zhun, n. 
Act of inclosing on all sides. — Circumduct, -dukt', 
v.t. To lead about or astray. (Law.) To contravene ; 
nullify. — Circumduc'tion, n. A leading about, an 
annulling. — Oircum''ference, -fer-ens, n. The line 
that encompasses a circular figure; periphery; space 
included in a circle; anything circular: external sur- 
face of a sphere or orbicular "body. — CiT'cumflex, n. 
A wave of the voice embracing "both a rise and fall 
on the same sjilable; a character, or accent, denot- 
ing in Greek a rise and fall of the voice on the same 
long syllable, marked thus ['••or'^], and in Latin 
and some other languages, a long and contracted 
syllable, marked [a ]. — r. t. To mark or pronounce 
■with a circumflex. — Circum''fluent, -fluous, -floo-us, 
a. Flowing around; surrounding in the manner of 
a fluid. — Circumfuse, -fuz', v. t. To pour round, 
spread round. — drcumja'cent, -sent, a. Lying 
around; bordering on every side. — Cir'cumloeu''- 
tion, -ku'shun, w. A circuit of words; periphrase. 



— Circumnavigate, -naVY-gat, v. t. To sail around; 
pass round by water. — Circumnav'igable, -ga-bl, a. 
Capable of being, etc. — Cir'cumnav'iga'tion, n. Act 
of, etc. — Cir'cumnav'iea'tor, -ter, n. One who, etc. 

— Circumpo'lar, a. About or near the pole. — Cir'- 
cumposi'tion, -zish''un, n. Act of placing in a circle, 
or state of being so placed. — Cir''cumscribe, -skrib, 
V. t. [-SCRIBED (-skribd), -scribing.] To inclose 

I within a certain limit, hem in, limit, restrict, restrain. 

— Circumscrip'tion, -skrip-'shun, n. Exterior line 
! determining the form or magnitude of a body; lim- 
I itation by conditions, restraints, etc.; bound;' limit. 
I — Cir'ctimspect, -spekt, a. Attentive to all the cir- 
cumstances of a case; cautious; watchful; vigilant. 

! — Circumspection, -spek'' shun, w. Attention to, etc.; 
deliberation ; wariness; forecast. — Circumspect'ive, 
-iv, a. Looking round every way ; careful of con- 
sequences. — Cir''cumspect'ly, adv. — Cir'cumspect'- 
ness, «. — Cir'cumstance, -stans, w. The condition 
of things surrounding an event; something attend- 
ing on a fact, though not essential thereto; a partic- 
ular incident or adjunct, pi. Condition in regard 
to worldly estate; state of property. — v. t. [-stanced 
(-stanst), -STANCING.] To place relatively, or in a 
particular situation. — Circtunstantial, -stan-'shal, 
a. Consisting in, or pert, to, circumstances, or par- 
ticular incidents; abounding with, or exhibiting all 
of, the circumstances ; minute ; particular. — n. 
Something incidental to the main subject, but of 
less importance. — C. evidence. (Law.) Any evi- 
dence not direct and positive. — Cir'cumstan'tial''- 
ity, -shl-al't-tt, n. State of anything as modi- 
fied by circumstances ; particularity in exhibiting 
circumstances ; minuteness. — Cir^cumstan'^tiaHy, 
-shal-lT, adv. According to circumstances ; in every 
particular. — Cir^cumstan'tiate, -shlt-at, v. t. To 
place in particular circumstances ; to enter into de- 
tails concerning. — Circumvallate, -vaFlat, v. t. To 
surround with a rampart. — Cir^cumvalla'tion, n. 
(Mil.) Act of surrounding with a wall; a line of field 
•works surrounding the camp of a besieging army. — 
Circumvent', v. t. To gain advantage over, by arts, 
stratagem, or deception ; to deceive, delude. — Cir- 
cumvention, -ven'shun, n. Deception; fraud; im- 
posture. — Circumvenfive, -iv, a. Deceiving by ar- 
tifices. — Circumvest', v. t. To cover round as with 
a garment. —Circumvolve, -volv', v. t. [-volved 
(-volvd'), -volving.] To roU round, cause to re- 
volve. — V. i. To revolve. 

Circus, ser'^kus, n. ; pi. Cie'cuses, -ez. (Roman An- 
tiq.) An open or inclosed space, or the edifice in- 
closing it, for games and shows. A circular inclos- 
ure, for feats of horsemanship; the company of per- 
formers in a circus, with equipage. 

Cirrus, sTr'rus, n. ; pi. Cik^ei, -ri. (Bot.) A tendril. 
(Meteor.) A form of cloud composed of thin fila- 
ments, resembling a brush or masses of woolly hair. 
(Zobl.) A slender, fringe-like appendage. 

Cisalpine, sis-aKpin, a. On the hither (Roman) side 
of the Alps, — I. e. south of the Alps. — Cisatlan''tic, 
a. On this side of the Atlantic Ocean. 

Cist, sist, n. (Arch.) A chest or basket. (Antiq.) A 
Celtic tomb having a stone chest covered with slabs. 

— Cis''tern,w. A reservoir for water or other liquids. 
Cistercian, sis-ter'^shan, n. One of an order of Bene- 
dictine monks established orig. at Ciieaux, France. 

Cit, Citadel, Citizen. See under City. 

Cite, sit, V. t. To call upon officially or authoritative- 
ly ; to summon ; to quote, name, or repeat, as the 
words of another ; to call or name, in proof or con- 
firmation of. — Cit'al, n. Summons to appear; cita- 
tion; quotation. — Cita''tion, w. Official call or no- 
tice to appear; paper containing such notice; act of 
citing a passage from another person; words quoted; 
enumeration; mention. — Cifatory, -rT, a. Having 
the power or form of citation. — Cit'er, n. 

Cithern, sith^'ern, Ciftern, w. A musical instrument, 
like the guitar. 

Citron, sifrun, n. A tree cultivated for its fruit_; the 
preserved rind of the fruit. — Cifrate, -rat, 7i. 
(Chem.) A salt formed bv the union of citric acid 
and a base. — Cifric, a. Of, or pert, to, an acid in 
the juice of lemons and allied fruits. — Cit'rine, -rin, 
a. Like a citron or lemon ; of a lemon color. — n. 
(Mill.) A yellow, pellucid variety of quartz. 



am, fame, far, p4ss or opera, fSre ; Snd, eve, tSrm ; In, ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r ? 



CITY 



67 



CLAUSE 






Civet. 



'City, sit-'T, n. A large or corporate town ; inhabitants 
01 a city. — Cifizen, -1-zen, n. An inhabitant of a 
city ; a freeman of, etc., disting. fr. one not entitled 
to its franchises ; a native born or naturalized in- 
habitant of a country. — Cit'^izenship, n. State of 
being, etc. — Cit, w. A pert townsman. — Cit'adel, 
n. A fortress in a fortified city. — Civic, siv'ik, a. 
Pert, to, or derived fr., a city or citizen. — Civ'il, a. 
Pert, to a city or state, or to a citizen in his civic re- 
lations; lawful or political, as opp. to military; pert, 
to an organized community; civilized; having the 
manners of one dwelling in a citv; courteous; com- 
plaisant. — Civil death. {Law.} That which cuts off 
a man from civil society, or its rights and benefits. 

— C engineering. Science of constructing public 
works. — C law. The law of a state, city, or coun- 
try; esp.. the municipal law of the Roman empire. 
— C. war. A war between citizens of the same coun- 
try. — C. year. The legal year, appointed by the 
government. — Civ'illy, -II, adv. — CiviHaji, sI-viK- 
yan, n. One skilled in the civil law ; one engaged 
in pursuits of civil life, not military or clerical. — 
Civil^ity, -t-tl, n. Courtesy of behavior; politeness ; 
good-breeding, pi. Acts of politeness ; courtesies. — 
Civilize, -Iz, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izixg.] To re- 
claim from a savage state ; to educate, refine. — 
Civ^ilized, a. Reclaimed, etc.; cultivated. — Civ'- 
lliz'able, a. — Civ'Uiza'tion, n. Act of, or state of 
being, etc. — Civ'ism, -izm, n. State of citizenship. 

Cives, sivz. Chives, chivz, n. ; pi. 
A species of garlic, growing in 
tufts. 

Civet, siv'et, ru A substance of a 
musky odor, used as perfume. 
{Zooll) A carnivorous animal 
producing civet, ranking be- 
tween the weasel and fox, na- 
tive of North Africa. 

Clabber, klab'ber, n. Milk turned so as to become thick 
or inspissated. — v. i. To turn thick. 

Clack, klak, v. i. [clacked (klakt), clacking.] To 
make a sudden, sharp noise, as bv striking or crack- 
ing ; to clink, click; to talk rapidly and continually. 

— V. t. To cause to make a sudden noise; to clink; to 
utter rapidly and inconsiderately. — n. A sharp, ab- 
rupt sound made by striking; anything that causes 
a clacking noise; continual talk; prattle; prating. 

Claim, klam, v. t. [claimed (klamd), claiming.] 
To call for, challenge as a right, demand as due. 
— V. i. To be entitled to anything, -^h. A demand 
of a right or supposed right; a right to demand; title 
to anything in possession of another ; thing de- 
manded ; that to which one has a ri^ht. {Mining.) 
A space of ground worked under the law. — Claim'- 
aiit,n. One who claims.— Claimant, a. Crying earn- 
estly ; clamorously beseeching. — Clam''or, klam'- 
5r, n. Loud and continued shouting or exclama- 
tion; loud noise; uproar; vociferation. — v. t. [clam- 
ored (-erd), -ORING.] To salute or stun with noise. 
— V. i. To vociferate, make importunate demands. 

— Clam'oroxis, -us, a. Noisy; turbulent. 
Clairvoyance, klar-voi^ans, n. A power, attributed 

to mesmerized persons, of discerning objects not 

present to the senses. — Clairvoy'ant, a. Pert, to, 

etc. — n. One who, etc. 
Clam, klam, n. {Conch.) A bivalve shell-fish. pi. 

(Ship Carp.) Pincers for drawing nails. pZ. {Alech.) 

A kind of vise. 
Clam, klam, v. t. [clammed (klamd), clamming.] 

To clog, as with glutinous or viscous matter. — v. i. 

To be moist or sticky. — Clam''my, -ml, a. Soft and 

sticky. — Clarn'miness, n. 
Clamber, klam'ber, v. i. [-bered (-herd), -Bering.] 

To climb vv^ich difficulty, or with hands and feet. 
Clamor, etc. See under Claim. 
Clamp, klamp, n. A piece of timber or iron, to fasten 

work together; a mass of bricks heaped 

up to be burned, or of ore to be smelted, 

or of eoal to be converted to coke. 

(Ship-building.) A plank on the inner 

Eart of a ship's side, to sustain the 
cams. One of a pair of pieces of soft 
material, to cover the jaws of a vise ; a 
heavy footstep. — v. t. [clamped 
(klampt), clamping.] To unite or ren- 




Clamp. 



der firm by a clamp. — v. i. To tread heavily or 
clumsily; to clump. 

Clan, klan, n. A tribe or collection of families, united 
under a chieftain, and bearing the same surname ; 
a clique; a sect, society, or body of persons. — Clan'- 
nisb, a. Closely united, like a clan ; disposed to unite. 

Clandestine, klan-des'tin, a. Withdrawn from pub- 
lic notice; kept secret ; underhand; sly; fraudulent. 

Clang, klang, v. t. [clanged (klangd), clanging.] 
To strike together with a ringing metallic sound. — 
v.i. To produce, etc. — n. A ringing sound. — Clangor, 
klan'gor, n. A sharp, shrill, harsh sound. — Clim'^* 
gorous, -us, a. Making a clangor. — Clank, klank, 
n. The loud, ringing sound made by a collision~of 
sonorous bodies. — v. «. and i. [clanked (klankt), 
CLANKING.] To make, etc- 

Clap, klap, V. t. [clapped (klapt), clapping.] To 
strike with a quick motion, making a noise by the 
collision; to thrust, drive, or put, hastily or abruptly; 
to manifest approbation of, by striking the hands 
together. — v. i. To come together suddenly with 
noiee ; to strike the hands together in apjilause ; 
to enter briskly. — n. A loud noise made by collis- 
ion ; a stroke ; thrust ; sudden explosion ; striking of 
hands in approbation. — Clap'per, n. One who, or 
that which, etc. ; the tongue of a bell. — Clapboard, 
klab'^berd, n. In Amer., a board thicker at one edge 
than at the- other, for covering houses; in Eng., a 
stave.— u. t. To cover with clapboards.— Clap'trap, 
n. A trick to gain applause. — a. N®t genuine. — 
Clap^perclaw, v. t. To fight and scratch; to revile, 
scold. 

Claqae, klak, n. A collection of persons engaged to 
applaud a theatrical performance. — Claquer, kla- 
ker'', n. One employed, etc. 

Clarence, klar^'ens, n. A close four-wheeled carriage. 

Clarendon, klar'en-dun, n. (Print.) A narH)w, heavy- 
faced type, of all sizes. 

^^ This line is in Clarendon type. 

Clare-obscore, klar'^ob-skur, Claro-obscuro, kla'ro-ob- 
skoo'ro, n. Light and shade in painting; a design 
of two colors. 

Claret, klar'et, n. A French pale wine ; a dark-red 
wine from Bordeaux, etc. 

Clarify, klar''T-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -eying,] To make 
clear, purify from feculent matter, defecate, fine; 
to brighten or illuminate. — v. i. To become pure, 
as liquors; to grow clear or bright. 

Clarion, klar'T-un, n. A kind of trumpet, whose note 
is clear and shrill. — Clarionet'', Clar'inet, n. A 
wind reed instrument, used in military bands. 

Clash, klash, v. i. [clashed (klasht), clashing.] 
To dash noisily together, come in collision, inter- 
fere. — V. t.' To strike noisily against. — >i. A meet- 
ing with violence : contradiction, as between con- 
fiicting interests, purposes, etc. 

Clasp, klasp, n. A catch, for holding together the 
parts of anything; a close embrace. — v. t. [clasped 
(klaspt), CLASPING.] To shut or fasten together 
with a clasp; to embrace, grasp. — Clasp'er, n. One 
who, or that which, clasps, as a tendril. — Clasp'- 
knife, -nif, n. A knife, whose blade folds into the 
handle. 

Class, klas, n. A group of individuals possessing 
common characteristics ; a number of students of 
the same standing ; an order or division of animate 
or inanimate objects. — v. t. [classed (klast), cx-ass- 
ing.] To form into classes, rank together. — v. i. 
To be grouped or classed. — Class'^mate, n. One in 
the same class. — Clas'sic, -sical, a. Of the first 
class or rank, esp. in literature or art ; orig. pert, to 
the best Greek and Roman writers, now, also, to 
the best modern authors ; pert, to the Greeks and 
Latins ; chaste ; pure ; refined. — Clas^'sic, n. A 
work of acknowledged excellence ; one learned in 
the classics. — Clas'iify, -sr-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), 
-FYING.] To distribute into jclasses, arrange, rank, 
systematize. — Clas'sifica''tion, n. 

Clatter, klafter, v. i. [-tered (-terd;), -tering.] To 
make rattling sounds ; to rattle with the tongue, 
prate. — v. t. To strike and make a rattling noise. — 
n. A repeated rattling noise. 

Clause, klawz, n. A separate portion of a written 
paper, paragraph, or sentence. (Gram.) A portion 



etin, cube, full ; moon, f 65t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, «hair, get. 



CLAUSTRAL 



68 



CLIP 



of a sentence containing a finite verb and its ad- 
junct. 

Claustral. See under Cloister. 

Clavicle, klav^I-kl, n. (Anat.) The collar-bone. 

Claw, klaw. 71. A sharp, hooked nail, as of a beast or 
bird; atalon. — v. t. [clawed (klawd), clawing.] 
To puU, tear, or scratcli with claws or nails ; to get 
oft' or escape. 

Clay, kla, n. A soft earth, consisting of alumina and 
silica, with water. (^Poetri/ and Script.) Earth 
in general, as representing the elementary particles 
of the human body ; the human body. — v. t. 
[CLAVED (klad), CLAYIXG.] To manure with clay ; 
to purify and whiten with clay, as sugar. 

Clayinore,' kla'mor, n. A two-handed sword formerly 
used by the Scottish Highlanders. 

Clean, klen, a. Free from dirt, or from that which is 
injurious; without defects; adroit; dexterous; free 
from restraint or limitation; complete; sinless; pure. 
(Script.) Free from ceremonial defilement. — adv. 
Without limitation or remainder; q^uite; entirely; 
dexterously ; adroitly. — v. t. [cleaned (klend), 
CLEAXIXG.] To free from dirt, purify, cleanse. 

— Clean'ly, klen'lt, adv. In a clean manner; 
neatly. — Clean'^ness, n. — Clean-'ly, klgn-'lTT, a. 
Habitually clean, avoiding defilement ; innocent; 
pure; cleansing ; adroit ; artful. — Cleanlily, klen''- 
u-lt, adv. I-n a cleanly manner. — Clean'^liness, n. 

— Cleanse, klenz, v. t. [cleaxsed (klenzd), cleans- 
ing.] To render clean. — v.i. To become clean. 

Clear, kler, n. (Car}}.) Full extent ; distance be- 
tween extreme limits. — a. Free from opaqueness, 
blemish, guilt, obstacle, etc.; able to perceive clear- 
ly; acute; unbiased; distinctly heard ; audible; man- 
ifest; plain ; distinct. — adv._ Plainly; quite ; en- 
tirely. — V. t. [cleared (klerd), clearing.] To 
free from obscurity, etc.; to leap or pass by, or over, 
without touching or failure; to remove so as to leave 
something unobstructed. — v. i. To become clear 
from clouds or tog; to become disengaged. (Bank- 
ing.) To make exchanges and settle balances. 
(Naut.) To obtain a clearance, and sail from port. 

— Clear^ing-house, n. (Banking.) The place where 
clearing is carried on. —Clear-sighted, -sifed, a. 
Having acute sight.— Clear'sightedness, n.— Clear''- 
£<tarcli, V. t. To stiifen with starch, and then clear 
by clapping wi_th the hands. — Clear''-story, -sto^'rT, 
Clerestory, kler'sto-rl or kler''es-to-rT, n. 
(Arch.) An upper story or row of windows, 
esp. in a Gothic church, rising clear above 
adjoining parts of the building. — Clear'- 
stufi, n^ Boards, etc., free from knots. 

Cleat, klet, n. (Carp.) A strip of wood nailed 
to something to strengthen or fasten it. 
(Naut.) A piece of wood, to belay ropes to. pi„„i. 
A piece of iron to render shoes more durable. '^'^^'■- 

— v.t. To strengthen with a cleat. 

Cleave, klev, v. i. [imp. cleaved (klevd) or (obs.) 
clave ; p. p. cleaved ; cleaving.] To adhere 
closely, stick, hold fast ; to be united closely in in- 
terest or affection ; to be adapted; to agree. 

Cleave, klev, v. t. [imp. cleft or (phu.) clave and 
CLOVE; p. p. cleft or cleaved (klevd); cleaving.] 
To part or divide by force, split, rive; to part or 
open naturally, divide. — v. i. To part, open, crack. 

— Cleav'er, n. One who, or that which, cleaves, — 
esp. a butcher's meat-chopper. — Cleav-'age, -ej, n. 
Act of, etc. (Cri/stallog.) Quality of splitting or di- 
viding naturally. — Cleft, n. An opening, or a piece, 
made by splitting; crack; crevice; chink. (Far.) 
Acrack'in the bend of the pastern. 

Clef, kief, n. (ifiis.) A character in musical nota- 
tion to determine the position 
and pitch of the scale as rep- 
resented on the staff. 

Cleft. See under Cleave. 

Clematis, klem'a-tis, n. A ge- r> m +• i? r^i * 
nusof climbing plants. C <^iei. J) Ciet. 

Clement, klem'ent, a. Mild in u Clel. 

temper and disposition; lenient; tender; indulgent. 

— Clem'ency, -»t, n. Quality of being, etc. 
Clench. See Clinch. 

Clerestory. See under Clear. 

Clergy, kler'jT, n. The body of ecclesiastics, as disting. 
fr. the laity; in Eng., ministers of the established 





church ; benefit of clergy. — Berurfit of clergif. 
(Eny. Law.) Exemption of clergymen from crim- 
inal proces-s before a secular judge — once ex- 
tended to all who could read, but now abolished. 

— Cler'^gyable, a. Entitled to, or admitting, the 
benefit of clergy. — Cler'gyman, n. ; pi. -men. An 
ordained minister. — Cleric, kler'ik, n. A clerk, or 
clergyman. — Cler'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to the clergy; 
also to a clerk or copyist. — Cler''icalism, -izm, n. 
Clerical domination or influence. — Clerk, klerk, n. 
Orig., an educated person; scholar; in Eng., a lay 
parish officer, who leads in reading the responses of 
the Episcopal church service, and otherwise assists 
in it; a scribe; penman; accountant; an assistant in 
a shop or store, who sells goods, keeps accounts, etc. 
[Pron. klark in England.] — Clerk-'ly, a. Scholar- 
like. — Clerk''sliip, n. Condition or business of, etc. 

Clever, klev'er, a. Possessing skill, talent, or adroit- 
ness; showing skill in the doer; having fitness, pro- 
priety, etc.; well-shaped, handsome, good-natured, 
kind-hearted. [Amer.'i — Clev'erly, adv. — Clev'er- 
ness, n. 

Clevis, klev^is, Clevy, klev'T, n. A draft- 1 
iron on the end of a cart-tongue or plow- 
beam. 

Clew, Clue, klu, n. A ball of thread ; thread ( 
used as a guide ill a labyrinth: that which p, 
guides one in anything doubtful or intri- '-'J^cvis. 
Gate. (Naut.) The outer lower corner of a sail. — • 
v.t. [clewed (klud), clewing.] (Naut.) To dra^w 
up to the yard, as a sail. To direct, as by a thread. 

Click, klik, v. i. [clicked (kUkt), clicking.] Tc 
make a small, sharp noise, as by gentle striking; t\.i 
tick. — n. A small, sharp sound; a peculiar articu- 
lation used by natives of Southern Africa. — n. A 
small piece of iron, falling into a notched wheel; a 
detent; pawl. 

Client, kli^ent, w. (Rom. Antiq.) A citizen under the 
protection of a patron. A dependent; one who ap- 
plies to a lawyer for advice, direction, etc., in & 
question of law. 

CliJff, klif, 11. A high, steep rock; precipice. 

Climacteric. See under Climax. 

Climate, kli-'mat,?!. (Anc. Geog.) One of 30 zones of 
the earth, parallel to the equator. Condition of a 
place in relation to temperature, moisture, etc. — 
Climafic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or limited by climate. 

— Cli'matize, -tiz, v. t. [-tized (-tizd), -tizing.] To 
acclimate. — v. i. To become acclimated. — Cllma- 
toKogy, -jT, n. Science of, or a treatise on, climates. 

Climas, kli'maks, n. (Rhet.) An arrangement in 
which a sentence rises, as if step by step, in impor- 
tance, force, or dignity. The highest point. — Cli- 
macteric, kli-mak'ter-ik or klim-ak-t5r''ik, a. Pert- 
to a critical period of life. — n. A critical period in 
human life, or one in which change is supposed to 
take place in the constitution; any critical period. 

— Grand or great climacteric. The 6.3d year. 
Climb, klTm, v. i. or t. [climbed (klTmd) or (obs. or vul- 
gar) CLOMB (kl6m), climbing.] To ascend by means 
of hands and feet; to mount laboriously or slowly. 

Clime, klTm, n. Same as Climate. 

Clinch, klinch. Clench, v. t. [clinched (klincht), ■ 
CLINCHING.] To make or hold fast, grasp, gripe; 
to render firm, confirm, establish. — n. Act or pro- 
cess of, etc.; or that which serves to hold fast; a 
pun. (Naut.) A kind of knot and seizings to fasten 
a cable or g*n to ring-bolts. 

Cling, kling, v. i. [clung, clinging.] To adhere 
closely, hold fast, esp. by winding round or em- 
bracing. — V. t. To cause to adhere to. 

Clinic, klin'^ik, -ical, a. Pert, to a bed; confined to 
bed by illness ; bed-rifiden. — Clin''ic, n. One con- 
fined, etc. —Clinique, -ek', n. An examination of 
diseased persons by medical professors in presence 
of their pupils. [F.] 

Clink, klink, v. t. [clinked (klinkt), clinking.] To 
make a small, sharp, ringing sound. — n. A ring- 
ing sound. — Clink 'er, n. Several bricks united by 
heat; scoria, or refuse of a furnace; vitrified mat- 
ter ejected from a volcano. 

Clip, klip, V. t. [clipped (klipt), clipping.] Oris., 
to embrace, encompass; to cut off , as with a single 
stroke; to curtail, cut short. — v.i. To move swift 
ly. — n. An embrace; a cuttingj shearing; product 



Sm, fame, far, pass w opera, fare ; Snd, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 6dd, tone, 8r ; 



CLIQUE 



69 



COAPTATE 



of a single shearing; a blow or stroke with the hand. 

— Clip^per, H. One who clips; esp. who cuts off 
edges -of coin. {Naut.) A fast-sailing vessel, hav- 
ing the bow sharp and long. — Clip''i)ing, n. Act 
of embracing, cutting off, or curtailing ; thing 
clipped off. 

Clique, klek, n. A narrow circle of persons; coterie. 

Cloak, klok, n. A loose, outer o;arment; a disguise or 
pretext. — v. t. [cloaked (klokt), cloakijjg.] To 
cover with a cloak; to hide or conceal. 

Clock, klok, n. An instrument for measuring time. 

Clod, klod, n. A lump or mass, esp. of earth, turf, or 
clay; the ground, earth; the body as compared with 
the soul; a dull, stupid fellow; a dolt. — v.i. To 
collect into concretions ; to clot. — v. t. To pelt 
with clods. 

Clog, klog, V. t. [clogged (klogd), clogging.] To en- 
cumber, or load, esp. with something that sticks fast; 
to obstruct so as to hinder motion, choke up, em- 
barrass, impede, hamper. — r. i. To become loaded 
or encumbered; to coalesce or adhere. — n. That 
which hinders motion; an embarrassment; a heavy 
shoe; wooden shoe. 

Cloister, klois'ter, n. A covered arcade; a monastic 
establishment. — v. t. [cloistered (-terd), -tee- 
ing.] To confine in a cloister. — Clois'tral, Claus'- 
tral, klaws^'tral, a. Pert, to, or confined in, etc. — 
Clois'terer, n. An inmate of, etc. 

Cloke. See Cloak. 

Close, kloz, V. t. [closed (klozd), closing.] To 
bring together the parts of; to stop, shut; to bring 
to an end, conclude; to inclose, encompass, confine. 

— V. i. To come together, unite or coalesce ; to end, 
terminate. — n. Union of parts; junction; termina- 
tion; end; a grapple in wrestling. (Mus.) End —n 
of a strain of music; cadence. An inclosed —W 
place; esp. afield or piece of land; a passage jj 
from a street to a court, and the houses witii- JJ 
in ; the precinct of a cathedral or abbey. — pi„„f, 
Clo'sure, -zhur, n. Act of shutting ; a clos-^^"°^" 
ing; that which shuts, in doses, or confines ; end; 
conclusion. — To close with. To accede, consent, or 
agree; to grapple with. — Close, klos, a. Shut fast; 
closed; tight; pent up; confined; secret; stagnant; 
without motion or ventilation; seci-etive; reticent; 
parsimonious ; niggardly ; dense ; solid ; compact; 
adjoining; near; mtimate; confidential; adhering 
to rule; strict; accurate; precise; evenly balanced; 
doubtful. — adv. In a close manner. — Clos^et, 
kloz'et, n. A room for retirement or privacy; a 
small, close apartment, for utensils, articles of fur- 
niture, etc. — V. t. To shut up in a closet ; to take 
into a private room for consultation. 

Clot, klot, n. A concretion, esp. of a soft, slimy char- 
acter; a coagulation. — v.i. To concrete or coagu- 
late; to be formed into elots or clods; to become 
gross. 

Cloth, kloth, n. A woven stuff of fibrous material; a 
profession, or the members of it, esp. the clerical 
profession. — Clothe, kloth, v. t. [clothed (klotiid) 
or clad, clothing.] To put garments upon, fur- 
nish with raiment ; to cover or invest, as with a 
garment. — v. i. To wear clothes. — Cloth'^ing, n. 
ilaiment ; covering. — Cloth'ier, -y er, n. One who 
makes, sells, dresses, or fulls cloth. 

Clond, klowd, n. A collection of visible vapor sus- 
pended in the atmosphere; a mass of smoke or dust 
resembling vapor; a dark vein or spot in marble, 
etc.; that which has a lowering or threatening as- 
pect; a great crowd or multitude. — v. t. To be 
overspread with cl-iuds; to render dark or obscure; 
to variegate with colors. — v. i. To grow cloudy or 
obscure. — Cloud-'y, -1, a. Overcast or obscured 
with, or consisting of, clouds ; lacking clearness ; 
not easily understood ; having the appearance of 
gloom ; marked with veins or spots. — Cloud'ily, 
-t-lY, adv. — CloxLd^inesa, n. — Cloud^less, a. Un- 
clouded. 

Clout, klowt, n. A piece of cloth, leather, etc., for a 
patch; the center of an archer's butt; an iron plate 
on an axletree. — v. t. To cover with cloth or other 
material; to patch, join in a clumsy manner ; to 
guard with an iron plate. 

Clove, klov, n. A pungent arematic spice, the unex- 
panded flower-bud of the clove tree. 




Clove, klov, n. {Bat.) One of the small bulbs devel. 
oned in the axils of the scales of a large bulb. 

Clover, klo'ver, n. ( Bat.) A plant of the grass kind. 

Clown, klown, M. A husbandman; rustic; an ill-bred 
nian ; the fool in a play, circus, etc. — v. i. To act 
as a clov/n. — Clown'ish, a. Like, etc.; ungainly? 
boorish. — Clown'ishly, adv. — Clown'ishness, n. 

Cloy, kloi, V. t. [cloyed (kloid), cloying.] To glut, 
or satisfy, satiate, surfeit. 

Clnb, klub, n. A heavy staff, wielded with the hand; 
one of the suits of cards, having a figure like the 
clover-leaf. —V. t. To strike with a club.— Club'- 
foot, n. A short, deformed foot. 

Club, klub, H. An association of persons for some 
common object, at joint ex-pense. — v. t. and <. To 
combine to promote some common object; to pay 
one's proportion of a common expense. 

Cluck, kluk, V. i. [clucked (klukt), clucking.] To 
make the noise of a brooding hen. — v. t. To call, as 
a hen does her chickens. — n. {Pi-on.') A peculiar 
articulation used by natives of South Africa. 

Clue. Same as Clew. 

Clump, klump, n. A shapeless mass of wood, etc.; a 
cluster of trees; the compressed elay of coal strata. 

Clumsy, klum'zt, a. Without grace of shape, man- 
ners, etc.; awkward; uncouth. 

Clung. See Cling. 

Cluster, klus'ter, n. A number of similar things 
growing, joined, or collected together; a crowd.— 

V. i. [CLUSTERED (-terd), -TERING.] To grOW IB 

clusters, gather in a bunch or mass. — v. t. To col- 
lect into a bunch or close body. 

Clutch, kluch, V. t. [clutched (klucht), clutchins.! 
To seize, clasp, or gripe 
with the hand ; to close 
tightlv, clinch. — v. i. To 
catch, snatch. — n. A, 
gripe ; seizure; grasp." 
( Mach . ) A projecting 
piece, for connecting 
shafts, so as to be disen- 
gaged at pleasure ; the 
cross-head of a piston-rod. 
pi. The hands ; hence, power 

Clutter, klut'ter, n. A confused collection; confu- 
sion; disorder. — r. t. [cluttered (-terd), -tering.J 
To crowd together in disorder, fill witn things in 
confusion. — v. i. To make a bustle, or fill with 
confusion. 

Clyster, klis''ter, n. {Med.) An injection into the 
Dowels^ 

Coach, koch, n. A large, close, four-wheeled carriage. 
— V. t. To convey m a coach; to cram, or prepare 
for an examination. 

Coadjutor, ko-ad-ju'ter, n. One who aids another, or 
is empowered to perform the duties of another; as- 
sistant ; co-worker. — Coadju'trix, n. A female as- 
sistant. — Coad'jutant, a. Mutually assisting. 

Coagent, ko-a'jent, n. An assistant or associate. 

Coagulate, ko-ag'u-lat, v. t. To cause to change into 
a curd-like state, — said of liquids. — v.i. To un- 
dergocoagulation, thicken, curdle. 

Coal, kol, n. Wood charred, or partially burnt; char- 
coal. {Min.') A black, solid, combustible substance, 
consisting mainly of carbon, used for fuel. — v. t, 
[COALED (kold), coaling.] To burn to coal, char? 
to mark with charcoal; to supply with coal. — v.i. 
To take in coal, — said of steam-vessels. — Coal'- 
ery, -er-Y, Colliery, koKyer-T, 71. A place where coal 
is dug. — Coll''ier, -yer, h. A digger of, or dealer in, 
coal; a vessel for transporting coal. — Coal^y, -T, a. 
Pert, to or containing coal. — Celly, kSl'i, ?2. Black; 
grime or soot of coal or !i)urnt wood. — v. t. [col- 
lied (koKid), -LYING.] To render black. 

Coalesce, ko^a-les', v. i. [coalesced (-lest'), coa- 
lescing.] To grow together; unite into one mass? 
unite in society. — Coalition, -lish''un, n. Union in. 
a body or mass; a temporary combination of per- 
sons, parties, states, etc., having'different interests? 
confederacy; combinaUon; conspiracy. 

Coamings, Combings, kom-'ingz, n. pi. {Naut.) The 
raised borders or edges of the hatches. 

Coaptate, ko-ap'tat, ?'. t. To adjust, as parts to each} 
other, — esp. (Surg.) to adjust the parts of a brokers 
bone. — Coaptation, -ta'^shun, n. Adaptation of, et«s- 



Clutch. 
rapacity. 



siin, cube, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



COARSE 



70 



COFFER 



Coarse, kSrs, a. Large in bulk, or composed of large 
parts; not refined or nice; gross; rough; indelicate. 

— Coarse'ly, -IT, adv. — Coarso'iiess, n. 

Coast, kost, n. Orig. the exterior line, or border of a 
country; edge of the land next to the sea; sea-shore. 
— V. i. To approach; to sail by or near a coast ;_ to 
sail from port to port in the same country; to slide 
down a hiu on a sled, upon snow or ice. — Coast'er, 
n. A person or vessel tnat sails along a coast trad- 
ing from port to port. — Csasf-line,' n. Outline 
of a coast; shore line. — Coast'wiae, arfr. Byway 
of, or along, the coast. 

Coat, kot, n. A man's outer garment ; the habit or 
vesture of an order of men ; an external covering, 
as fur or hair of a beast ; a layer of any substance 
covering another ; a tegument ; that on which en- 
signs armorial are portrayed. — v. t. To cover with 
a coat. — Coat of arms. (Her.) A habit worn by 
knights over armor : an armorial device. 

Coax, koks, v. t. [coaxed (kokst), coaxing.] To 
persuade by insinuating courtesy, flattery, or fond- 
ling; to wheedle, fawn. 

Cob, Kob, n. The top or head ; hence, that which is 
large, round, etc. ; a person at the top, or distin- 
guished ; a rich, covetous person ; a lump or piece, 
as of stone; a spider ; a short-legged and stout vari- 
ety of horse ; the spike on which grains of maize 
grow.— Cob'ble, C- stone, Cob'stone. n. A rounded 
fragment, as of coal, stone, etc. — Cob''nut, n. A 
large nut; a child's game played with nuts, also the 
nut winning the game. — Oob^web, n. A spider's 

, net ; a snare or device. — v. t. To cover with, or as 
with, cobwebs. 

Cobalt, ko''bawlt, n. A reddish-gray metal, brittle, 
and difficult of fusion : its oxides are used in glass 
manufacture to produce the blue varieties called 
smalt. 

Cobble, kob'bl. n. A fishing-boat. See Coble. —A 
stone. See under Cob. 

Cobble, kob'bl, r. t. [cobbled (-bid), cobbling.] 
To make or mend coarsely, as shoes; to do bun- 
glingly. — Cob^bler, w. A mender of shoes; a clumsy 
workman ; a beverage composed of wine, sugar, 
lemon, and broken ice. 

Coble, kob'l, n. A boat used in herring fishery. 

Cobra de capello, ko''bra-da-ka-pel''lo. The hooded 
snake, a venomous reptile of the East Indies. 

Cochineal, koch'T-nel, n. A plant-louse found upon 
the Mexican cactus; the dried insects used as a scar- 
let dye-stuff, f i-om which carmine is made. 

Cochlea, kok^le-a, ?i. (Anat.) The spiral cavity of the 
internal ear. 

Cock, kok, n. The male of birds, esp. of domestic 
fowls ; a vane shaped like a fowl, weathercock ; a 
chief man, leader ; an instrument to let out liquor 
from a cask, spout. — Cockade, -ad', n. A rosette or 
knot of ribbons, etc., on the hat. — Cock'atoo'', n. 
A bird of the parrot kind, having a crest of feathers 
which it can raise or depress. — Cock''atrice, -tris, 
n. The basilisk : a fabulous serpent, hatched by a 
serpent from a cock's egg, and whose breath or 
look was fatal. — Cock'crow, -crow'ing, n. The time 
at which cocks crow ; early morning. — Cock'er, n. 
One who follows cockfighting; a dog of the spaniel 
kind, used for starting up woodcocks, etc. — Cock'- 
erel, n. A young cock. — Cock'fight, -fight'ing, 
-match, n. A contest of game-cocks. — 5oft, n. 
The top-loft ; upper room. — pit, n. An area where 
game-cocks fight. [See also under Cockboat.] — 
Cocks'comb, -kom, n. The caruncle or comb of 
a cock. (Bot.) A plant of different genera. A 
vain, silly fellow ; a fop. — Cock'spur, w. The spur 
on a cock's leg. (Bot.) A variety of hawthorn. 

Cock, kok, 71. A pile of ha}'. — v. t. [cocked (kokt), 
COCKING.] To set up in piles. 

Cock, kok, n. Act of turning or setting up ; thing set 
up; the gnomon or style of a dial. — v. t. To set 
erect, turn up ; to place upon the head jauntily. 

— Cock'eye, «. A squinting eye. 

Cock, kok, n. The hammer of a gun-lock. — v. t. To 
draw back the cock, in order to fire. — Cock'- 
feather, n. (Arch.) The feather above the notch, 
when the arrow is fitted to the string. 

Cock., Cockboat, kok'bOt, n. A ship's small boat. 

— Cock^bill, n. (Naut.) Position of the anchor. 




Cocoa tree. 



Cod. 



when suspended from the cat-head, ready to drop. 

pit, n. A room under the lower gun-deck, used 

for the wounded during action. — Cockswain, kok'- 
sn, n. The person who steers a boat. 

Cockchafer, kok'chaf-Sr, n. (Entorii.) The May-bug 
or dor-beetle. — Cock'roach, -roch, n. An insect 
of several species, infesting houses, ships, etc. 

Cocker, kok'er, v. <. [cockered (-erd),-EEiNG.] To 
treat with tenderness, fondle, pamper. 

Cockle, kok'l, n. (Bot.) A weed that grows among 
corn, corn-rose ; the darnel. — (Cb«cA.) A bivalve 
shell fish having a corrugated 
shell. — V. t. To contract into 
wrinkles, like ridges of the cockle- 
shell. — V. i. To take the form of 
wrinkles. 

Cockney, kok'nT, n. ; pi. -nets, -aiz. 
An effeminate person; a resident of 
London. — a. Pert, to or like, etc. 

Cocoa, ko'ko, n. (Bot.) A palm tree 
producing the cocoa-nut. A prepa- 
ration made from cacao seeds ; a 
beverage made from it. — Cocoa 
shells. The dried husks of cacao 
seeds. _ 

Cocoon, ko-koon', n. An oblong case 
which contains the silkworm in its 
chrysalis state; the case constructed 
by an insect to contain its larve. 

Cod, kod, n. A husk or envelope con- 
taining seeds ; a pod ; the scrotum. (Ichth.) A 
fish inhabiting tlie northern 
seas. — Cod'Hng, w. A young 
cod. — Cod'liver oil. A fixed 
oil obtained from livers of 
the cod, very nutrient, and 
used medicinally for rheuma- 
tism, skin diseases, pulmonary consumption, etc. 

Coddle, kod'^dl, v. t. [-dled (-did), -dling.] To par- 
boil : to treat tenderly. 

Code, kod, n. A collection, system, or digest of laws. — 
Co'dex, n. ; pi. Codices, kod'1-sez. A manuscript; 
book: code. — Cod'ify, -fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fy- 
ixG.] To reduce to a code or digest, as laws." — 
Cod'ifica'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Cod'icil, -T-sil, n. 
A supplement to a will. 

Codger, kod'jer, n. A m.ean person ; curmudgeon ; 
odd old person. 

Coe£B.cient, ko-ef-fish-'ent, a. Cooperating ; acting 
in union to the same end. — n. That which unites, 
etc. (Math.) A known quantity put before letters 
or quantities, to show how often to take them. 

Coequal, ko-e''kwal, a. Equal with another : of the 
same rank, dignity, or power. — n. One who is, etc. 

— Coequality, -kwoKt-tT, n. State of being, etc. 
Coerce, ko-ers'', v. t. [coerced (-erst'), coercixg.] 

To restrain by force, constrain, repress, compel. 

— Coercion, -er'shun, n. Act or process of, etc.; re- 
straint. — Coer'cive, -siv, a. Compelling, or able to 
compel ; compulsorj'. 

Coetemal, ko-e-ter'nal, a. Equally eternal. — Co- 
eter'nity, -tl, n. Equal eternity with another. 

Coeval, ko-e'val, a. Of equal age. — n. One of the 
same age. 

Coexist, ko-egz-ist', v. i. To exist at the same time. 

— Coexist'ence, n. Existence at the same time with 
another. — Coexisfent, a. Existing, etc. 

Coextend, ko-eks-tend', v. t. To extend through the 

same space with another. — Coexten'sion, -shun, n. 

Equal extension. — Coexten'sive, -siv, a. 
Coffee, koffe, n. The berries of a tree growing in 

warm climates of Asia and 

America ; a drink made from 

the roasted berry, by decoc- 
tion. — Coffee-house, n. A 

house for the sale of coffee and 

other refreshments. mill, n. 

A mill for grinding coffee. — 

-pot, n. A covered pot in 

which coffee is boiled, or 

brought upon the table. 
Coffer, koffer, v. A chest, esp. 

for money. (Arch.) A sunken 

panel. (Fort.) A hollow work across a dry moat, 

serving as a parapet with embrasures. A lock to re. 




Coffee. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tgrm ; In, ice ; 6dd, tOne, or ; 



COFFIN 



71 



COLLEGE 



eeive a barge. — v. t. [coffered (-ferd), -ferixg.] 
To place in a coffer. — Coffer dam. (Engin.) A 
box of timber, to exclude water while constructing 
piers, etc. 

Coffin, kof'fin. n. The case in which a body is 
inclosed for burial. {Far.) The hollow part of a 
horse's hoof. {Print.) A wooden frame inclosing 
the stone on which forms are imposed. — v. t. [cof- 
FIXED (-find), -FINING.] To put into, etc. — Cof- 
fin-bone, n. {Far.) A horse's foot-bone inclosed 
within the hoof. 

Cog, kog. V. t. and i. [cogged (kogd), cogging.] To 
wheedle, deceive ; to thrust in, oy deception. — n. 
A tooth on a wheel, transmitting motion. 

Cogent, ko''jent, a. Having great force ; pressing on 
the mind; not easily resisted; convincins. 

Cogitate, koj'I-tat, v. i. To engage in continuous 
thought, reflect. — Cogita'tion, n. Act of thinking; 
meditation; contemplation. 

Cognac, kon'yak, n. A brandy formerly made at 
Cognac, France. [Written improp. Cogniac."\ 

Cognate, kog-'nat, a. Allied by blood or birth; kin- 
dred in origin, formation, etc. — n. {Law.) One 
connected wfth another bv kindred; one related to 
another on the female side; one of several things 
allied in origin. 

Cognize, kog'niz, v. t. To recognize, perceive. — 
Cog/'nizance, kog'- or kon'I-zans, ji. Knowledge or 
notice; observation; recognition; judicial knowl- 
edge or jurisdiction. {Law.) An acknowledgment 
or confession. A badge, to indicate the party to 
which one belsngs. — Cognizant, kog-'- or kon''!- 
zant, a. Having knowledge of. 

Cognomen, kog-no'men, n. A surname; the last of 
tne 3 names of an ancient Roman, denoting his 
family. 

Cohabit, ko-hab'it, v. i. Orig., to dwell with, or in- 
habit the same place or country; to live together as 
husband and wife. 

Co-heir, ko-ar', w. A joint heir.— Co-heiress, ko-ar''es, 
n. A joint_heiress. 

Cohere, ko-her'^, v. i. [cohered C-herd'), cohering.] 
To stick together; to follow regularlj' m the natural 
order; to cleave, fit. — Coher'ence, -ens, -ency, -st, 
n. A sticking together; suitable connection; consist- 
ency. — Coher'ent, a. Sticking together; connected 
hv some rolatinn of form, order, etc.: consistent.— 
Coher^'ently, adv. — Coherer, ko-her'Sr, n. {Elec.) A 
device, used in wireless telegraphy, for detecfing the 
presence of electric waves. It usually consists of a 
number of small conducting particles, as metallic fil- 
ings, inclosed in aglass tube and forming a connec- 
tion between two electrodes. — Cohe''sion, -zhun, n. 
Act of sticking together ; attraction by which particles 
of homogeneous bodies unite ; a state of connection or 
depeudence. — Cohe'sive, -siv, a. Having the power 
of cohering. — Cohe'siveness, n. 

Cohort, ko'hort, n. {-Rom. Antiq.) A body of about 
500 or 600 soldiers. Any band of warriors. 

Coigne, koin. Quoin, koin or kwoin, n. A corner or 
external angle; comer-stone; a wedge. 

Coil, koil, V. t. [coiled (koild), coiling.] To wind 
in rings, as a rope. — n. Rings formed by winding. 

Coin, koin, n.' 'A corner or external angle; a wedge 
to raise, lower, fasten, or level anything, as a can- 
non, printer's form, etc.: a piece af metal stumped 
with characters, making it legally currentas money; 
that which serves for payment or recompense. — v. t. 
[coined (koind), coining.] To stamp and convert 
into money, mint, fabricate. — Coin'oge. -ej, n. Act 
of coining; money coined; expense of coining; act 
or process of forming ; invention ; fabrication. — 
Coin'er, m. Oce who makes coin; aminter; coun- 
terfeiter; inventor or maker. 

Coincide, ko'in-sid, v. i. To fall together, agree in 
position, correspond, be identical. — Coincid'^er, n. 
— Coin'^cidence, -sT-dens, n. Act or condition of 
falling together; agreement or concurrence, esp. of 
events at the same time. — Coin'cident, a. Having 
coincidence; agreeing. 

Coir, kwoir, n. Cocoa-nut fiber for matting, ropes, etc. 

Coition, ko-ish'un, n. Sexual intercourse; copulation. 

Coke, kok, n. Mineral coal charred, or deprived by fire 
of volatile matter. — v. t. [coked (kokt), coking.] 
To convert into coke. 



Colander, kul'en-der, n. A vessel with a perforated 
bottom for straining liquids. 

Colchienm, koKkl-kum, n. A genus of plants, inclu- 
ding the meadow saffron, whose bulbs are used me- 
dicinally for gout and rheumatism. [L.] 

Cold, kola, a. Destitute of warmth, physical or moral; 
bleak; chiU ; indifferent; spiritless; reserved. — n. 
Absence of warmth; sensation produced by escape 
of heat; chilliness. {Med.) A morbid state of the 
animal system produced by cold; catarrh. — Cold'- 
blood^ed, -blud'ed, a. Having cold blood; without 
sensibility; hard-hearted; not thoroughbred, — said 
of animals. — chis''el, n. A hard chisel for cutting 
cold metal. — short, a. Brittle when cold. — sore, 
n. {Pathol.) A herpetic eruption, about lips or nos- 
trils, attending catarrhal infiammation. 

Cole, kol, n. A plant of the cabbage family; esp. the 
species called also rape, which dLoes not" head like 
the cabbage. — Cole^wort, -wert. n. Cabbage cut 
young, before the head is firm. 

Coleos, ko'le-us, n. A plant of the mint family, hav- 
ing variegated leaves. — Coleop'teral, -terous, -op'- 
ter-us, a. Having wings covered with a case or 
sheath, as beetles. 

CoUc, koKik, n. {Med.) Acute pain in the bowels, 
growing more severe at intervals. 

Coliseum. Same as Colosseum. 

Collaborator, kol-lab'o-ra'ter, «. An associate in 
labor, esp. literary or scientific; co-worker; assistant. 

Collapse, kol-laps', v. i. [-lapsed (-lapst'), -lapsing.] 
To tall together suddenly, shrink up. — n. A falling 
together, as of the sides of a hollow vessel. {Med\) 
A sudden failing of the vital powers. 

Collar, koKlar, n. Something worn round the neck. 
{Arch.) A ring or cincture; astragal of a column. 
{Mech.) A ring-like part of a macnine, for holding 
something to its place. {Naut.) An eye in the bight 
of a shroud, to go over the mast head. — v. t. [col- 
lared (-lard), -LARiNG.] To seize by the collar, 
put a collar on. — CoKlar-beam, n. {Arch.) A 
horizontal piece of timber bracing two opposite raf- 
ters. — bone, n. {Anat.) The clavicle, a bone joining 
the breast-bone and shoulder-blade. 

Collate, kol-laf, v. t. To compare critically; to gather 
and place in order, as sheets of a book for binding. 
(^Eccl.) To present and institute in a benefice, —v. 
I. {Eccl.) To place in a benefice, as by a bishop. 
— Collation, -la'' shun, n. Act of bringing together 
and comparing; act of bestowing. {Eccl. LaioT) Pre- 
sentation to a benefice by a bishop. An unceremo- 
nious repast or lunch. — (jolla'tive, -tiv, a. Passing 
or held by collation. — CoUa'tor, -ter, n. One who 
collates manuscripts or books. {Eccl. Law.) One 
who collates to a benefice. 

Collateral, kol-lafer-al, a. On the side of; subordi- 
natelv connected; indirect. {Genealogy.) Descend- 
ing from the same ancestor, but not one from the 
other. — M. A collateral relation; security given in 
addition to a principal promise or bond. 

Colleague, koKleg.n. One united with another in the 
discharge of some duty; partner; associate. — v.t.ot 
i. To unite with in the same office. 

Collect, kol-lekf, r. t. To gather into one body or 
place, bring together; to infer as a consequence, de- 
duce. — V. i. To be assembled together, accumu- 
late; to infer, conclude. — Collect''ibl8, -T-bl, a. Ca- 
pable of being gathered or inferred. — Collect, koK- 
lekt, n. A short, comprehensive prayer. — Collecta'- 
nea, -ne-a, n. pi. Passages selected from various 
authors; anthology; chrestomathy. [L.] — CoUecta'- 
neous, -ne-us, a. Gathered; collected. — Collection, 
-lek''shun, n. Act of collecting; thing gathered; 
contribution; assemblage; crowd; mass; compila- 
tion ; selection; — CoUecfive, -iv, a. Formed by 
gathering; gathered into a mass, sum, or body; de- 
ducing consequences. {Gram.) Expressing an ag- 
gregate of individuals. Tending to collect. — Col- 
lectively, ac/v. In a body; unitedly. — Collect' or, 
-er, n. One who collects or gathers. {Com.) An 
oflScer who receives customs, taxes, or toll. — Col- 
lect'orship, -orate, n. Office or jurisdiction of, etc. 

College, kol'lej, n. A collection or society of men; a 
society of scholars incorporated for study or instruc- 
tion; an establishment for students acquiring laft- 
guages and science. 



sjin, cube, f i^ ; moon, iSbt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boKboK, chair, get. 



COLLIDE 



72 



COMET 




Collide, kol-lld', r. i. To strike or dash together. — 
Collison, -lizh'un, h. Act of, etc. ; a state of op- 
position ; in- ^ ^ 
terf e r e n c e ; ( ( f,^' 
clashing. ■ ^ ^ -^ — 

€ollie, Colly, 
koKlI, n. A 
Scotch shep- 
herd's dog. 

£!ollier, Col- 
liery. See un- 
der Co.\L. 

jColliquefaction, 
kol - lik' we- 
iak''ghun, n. 
A. melting to- 
Igether of ood- 
les. 

Collocate, koK- 
lo-kat, V. t. To 
set or place; 
fitation. — Col- 
ioca''tion, n. 
A c t o f pla- 
cing ; state of 
being placed, 
esp. with 
something 

Collodion, kol- Colossus of Rhodes. 

lo''dl-un, n. ( Chem.') An adhesive solution of gun- 
cotton in ether and alcohol, used to close wounds, 
and in photography. 

Collop, koKlop, n. A slice of meat; piece of anything. 

Colloquy, kol'lo-kwl, n. Mutual discourse; confer- 
ence ; dialogue. — Collo'^qiiial, a. Pert, to, or used 
in, common conversation. — Collo^quialism, -izm, n. 
A common form of expression.— Corloquist, -kwist, 
n. Speaker in a conversation. 

Collude, kol-lud', v. i. To conspire in a fraud, act in 
concert. — Collu^'sion, -zhun, n. Secret agreement 
and cooperation for fraud ; deceit ; connivance. — 
Collu'sive, -siv, a. Fraudulently concerted. 

Colocynth, koKo-sinth, n. (Med.) The coloquintida, 
or bitter apple; the pith of a species of cucumber, — 
a strong cathartic. 

Cologne, ko-lon'', ?i. A toilet liquid, composed of al- 
cohol and aromatic oils, — orig. made in Cologne. 

Colon, ko'lon, n. (Anat.) The largest of the large 
intestines. {Gram.) A point [:] marking a pause 
greater than a semicolon, less than a period. fGr.] 

Colonel, ker'nel, n. {Mil.) The chief commander of 
a regiment. 

Colonnade, koKon-nad', n. {Arch.) A series of col- 
umns placed at regular intervals. 

Colony, koKo-nT, n. A company of people in a re- 
mote country, and subject to the parent state ; the 
country colonized. — Colo^'nial, a. Pert, to, etc. — 
CoKonist, n. A member of, etc. — Col'onize, v. t. 
[-NIZED (-nizd), -NiziNG.] To plant a colony in ; to 
people by colonies. — v. i. To settle in a distant 
country. — Col 'onizer. n. — Col'oniza'tion, n. Act 
of, or state of being, etc. — Col'oniza''tioni8t, n. An 
advocate of, etc. ; esp. of colonizing Africa by 
negro emigrants from America. 

Coloquintida. Same as Colocynth. 

Color, kuKer, n. A property of light causing the ej'e 
to distinguish differences in the appearance of ob- 
jects ; a hue or tint as distinguished from white; 
that used to give color; paint; pigments; false show; 
pretense. {Phrrm.) The organ indicating percep- 
tion of color. See Phrenology, pi. A flag, ensign, 
or standard. — r. t. [colored (kuKerd), -orino.] 
To change the hue of ; to give color to, dye, tinge, 
paint, stain ; to give a specious appearance to, palli- 

. ate, excuse. — v. t. To turn red, blush. — Col'ora- 
ble, a. Designed to cover or conceal ; specious ; 
plausible. — CoKorature; n. {Mus.) A variation or 
shading of notes for harmony. — CoKored, -Srd, a. 
Having color or plausible appearance, -r Colored 
jpeople. Persons of negro descent. — Colorific, a. 
Communicating or producing color. — Col'orist, n. 
A painter skilled in coloring. — CoKorless, a. Des- 
titute of color. — Coloriin''eter, n. An instrumeiit 
for measuring the depth of color, esp. in liquids. 




— CoKor-bllndness, n. imperfect perception of col- 
ors ; Daltonism. 

Colorado beetle, kol-o-ra'do-be'tl. The potato-bug, — 
a destructive yellow beetle, orig. fr. Colorado. 

Colossus, ko-los''sus, 71. ; L. pi. -si, -si ; E. pi. -suses, 
-ez. A gigantic statue ; esp. that at the entrance of 
the harbor at Rhodes. — Colos'^sal, -Be''an, a. Gigan- 
tic. — Colosse'um, n. Vespasian's amphitheater in 
Rome. [Also written Coliseum.'\ 

Colporteur, kol-por-t?r'', CoKporter, n. One who ped- 
dles religious tracts and nooks. — Col 'staff, n. A 
staff for carrying burdens on two persons' shoui- 
ders._ 

Colt, kolt, n. The young of the horse kind ; a young, 
foolish fellow.— Colt's'foot, n. A plant whose leaves 
were once used medicinally. 

Colter, Coulter, koKter, n. The sharp fore iron of a 
plow, to cut the sod. 

Column, koFum, n. {Arch.) A cylindrical 
support for a root, ceiling, etc., composed 
of base, shaft, and capital ; a pillar. {Mil.) 
A body of troops in files with a narrow 
front. {Naut.) A body of ships in line, so 
as to follow in succession. (Print.) Figures, 
words, or lines set perpciulicularly one 
above another. — Colum'nar a. Fornied in 
or like, etc. — Columella, -ia. M. (Dot.) An Colter, 
axis, supporting tlie c irpeLs oj some ) uitt. ; tiie 
stem in mosses, which is tlie iixisoi the ciijisnk'. 

Colza, koKza, 7i. A variety of cabbage who.-e seeds 
afford an oil used in lamps. [Sp.] 

Coma, ko'nia, H. (MpjI.) .Vfinhiil oropensity to sin'?): 
lethargy. — Co'iaatose, -to.s, -toua, -tus, <i ' u (.w .sv , 
lethargic. 

Comb, kom, n. An instrument witli teeth, lor si'liust- 
ing hair, wool, etc. ; the crest on a c ck's li. d " ttie 
top, or crest of a wave ; tlie sti-uctmc o v: 'x in 
which bees store honey.— c. t. [comhed (i-.oiutl), 
COMBING.] To .separate, diseiit;ui<iie, cie^nist, ad- 
just, or lay straight. — ?;, i. (X<iiit.) 'i'o roil (i\e:-, as 
the tog of a wave ; to break witli white loiun. 

Combat, kom'bat or kum-'bat, r. i. To stiu^ule or 
contend, as with an opposing force. — r. r. To iigjit 
with, oppose by force, resist," oppose. — n. A strug- 
gle to resist or conquer. (Mil.) An enir-ageinent; 
conflict; encounter. — Com^batant, a. Contending; 
disposed to contend. — ti. One who, etc. ; a ciiani- 
pion. — Com'bater, n. — Com^bative, -iv, a. in- 
clined to, etc. — Com'^bativeness, n. Disposition to, 
etc. {Phren.) The organ indicating it. See Phre- 
nology. 

Combine, kom-bin'', v. t. [-bined (-bind'), -bixino.] 
To unite or join. — v. i. To form a union, conleder- 
ate; to unite by affinity.— Combin 'able, a. Capalile 
of, etc. — Combina'tion, n. Union or connection; 
coalition ; conspiracy. {Math.) Variation of any 
number of quantities in all possible ways. 

Combustible, kom-bus'tT-bl, a. Capable of taking 
fire and burning ; inflammable ; ea.sily excited ; 
quick; irascible. — n. A substance that will, etc. 

— Combus'tibleness, -tibil'lty, n. — Combus'tion, 
-chun, n. A taking fire and burning; conflagration. 

Come, kum, v. i. \irtip. came ; p. p. come ; coming.] 
To move hitherward, draw near, approach ; to ar- 
rive at some state or condition, occur, happen ; to 
become evident, appear. 

Comedy, kom'e-dt, n. A dramatic composition of 
an amusing character. — Come'dian, n. An actor in, 
or writer of, etc. — Come'dienne', -ma'dT-en', n. An 
actress in, etc. [F.] — Come'dietta, -ta, n. A little 
comedy. [It.] — Com'ic, 
-ical, a. Pert. to. etc.; ex- 
citing mirth; laughable. — 
Comi'cally, adv. — Com'- 
icalness, «.— Gomical'ity, 
-T-tt, n. That which is, 
etc. 

Comely, kum'lT, a. Hand- 
some; graceful; well-pro- 
portioned. — adv. In a be- 
coming or graceful man- 
ner. — Come'liness, n. 

Comestibles, ko-mes'tt-blz, 
n. pi. Eatables. 

Comet, kom'et, n. 




Comet. 
A member of the solar system, 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; Sdd, tone, ftr ; 



COMFORT 



73 



COMMUNE 



moving in an eceentrie orbit, and consisting of a 
nucleus, an envelope, and a tail. 

Comfort, kum'furt, v. t. To relieve or cheer under 
attiiction or depression ; to solace, invigorate, re- 
fresh, animate. — n. Strength and relief under af- 
fliction ; support : a state of quiet enjoyment, or 
whatever causes it. — ComTorter, n. One who, etc. 
(Script.) The Holy Spirit. A woolen tippet; wadded 
quilt. — ComTortable, a. Affording or enjoying, 
etc.; free from pain or distress. — n. A coverlet. — 
Com'fortably, adv. — Com^fortableness, n. — Com'- 
fortless, a. Miserable ; forlorn. 

Comic, Comicality, etc. See under Comedy. 

Comity, kom'I-tl, n. Courtesy of intercourse ; civil- 
ity ; good breeding. 

Comma, kora'ma, n. A character [,] marking the 
smallest grammatical division of a sentence. 

Command, kom-mand', v. t. To order with authority; 
to exercise supreme authority over ; to have under 
influence, control, or vision ; to exact or enforce, 
bid, direct, overlook, claim, — v. i. To have au- 
thority, possess chief power, govern. — n. An au- 
thoritative order ; exercise of authority ; right or 
possession of authority ; ability to overlook, control, 
or watch ; a body of troops under a particular of- 
ficer. — Command'' er, n. A leader ; the chief officer 
of an army, or a division of it. (Navij.) An officer 
next above a lieutenant. A heavy, wooden mallet. 

— Command'ery, -er-T, -ry, -rT, n, A manor belong- 
ing to an order of knights, and controlled by a com- 
mander ; a preceptory ; a lodge of the Freemasons 
called knights templars. — Command'^ing, a. Fitted 
to control; imperious. — Command''meiit, n. An au- 
thoritative order ; precept. {Script.') One of the 10 
laws given by God to the Israelites at Mount Sinai. 

Commeasurable. Same as Commexsue.^ble. 
Commemorate, kom-mem'o-rat, v. t. To call to re- 
membrance, or celebrate with honor and solemnity. 

— Commem'ora''tion, n. Act of, etc. ; a public cele- 
bration. 

Commence, kom-mens', i\ i. [-mexced (-mensf), 
-IIEXCING.] To begin, originate; to take the first 
university degree. — v. t. To enter upon, begin, 
begin to be or to appear. — Commence'^ment, n. First 
existence of anything ; rise ; origin ; beginning; the 
day when university degrees are conferred. 

Commend, kom-mend'', v. t. To commit or intrust 
for care or preservation; to present as worthy of re- 
gard; to praise; to recommend to the kind reception 
of. — Commend'' able, a. Capable or worthy of, etc. 

— Commend' ably, adv. — Commenda'tion, n. Act 
of, etc. ; praise ; applause ; a message of respect ; 
compliments. — Commend''atory, -to-rt, a. Serving 
to commend; holding a benefice in commendam. — 
Commen'dam, n. {Eccl. Law.) A vacant benefice 
committed to the holder until a pastor is supplied. 
The holding of such a benefice. 

Commensurate, kom-men'shoo-rat, a. Ha^'ing a com- 
mon measure; commeasurable; equal in measure or 
extent; proportional. — v. t. To reduce to a common 
measure. — Commen'^stirately, adv. — Commen'sura''- 
tion, n. State of being commensurate. — Commen'- 
Borable, a. Having a common measure. 

Comment, kom'ment, v. i. To explain by remarks, 
criticisms, etc.; to write annotations. — n. An ex- 
planatory remark, observation, etc. ; annotation ; 
stricture. — Com'mentary, -ta-rt, n. A series, collec- 
tion, or book of comments, etc. ; a memoir of partic- 
ular transactions. — Com'^mentator, -menter, n. 

Commerce, korn'mers, n. Exchange of merchandise 
between different places or communities; extended 
trade or traffic; social or personal intercourse; famil- 
iarity. — Commercial, -mer'shal, a. Pert, to, or en- 
gaged in commerce; mercantile. 

Commination, kom-mf-na'shun, n. A threat; deiiun- 
ciation of punishment or vengeance. — Comminato- 
ry, -min'a-to-rt, a. Threatening punishment. 

Commingle, kom-min-'gl, v. t. [-mixgled (-gld), -iiix- 
GLIXG.] To mingle together in one mass, or inti- 
mately; to blend, ^v. i. To mix together, become 
blended. 

Comminate, koni-'mT-nut, v. t. To reduce to minute 
particles, pulverize, grind. — Commiaa''tion, n. Act 
of reducing to small particles; pulverization; atten- 
uation by removing small particles. 

-7^ 



Commiserate, kom-miz'er-at, v. t. To feel sorrow, 
iniiu, or regret for; to be sorry for; to pity, feel for, 
condole. 

Commissary, kom'mis-sa-rT, n. A deputy; commis- 
sioner. iAJil.) An olficer in charge of a special de- 
partment, esp. that of subsistence. — Commissa''-' 
riat, 71. (JUL) That de;jartiiii lu charged with sup- 
plying provisions for the j-oldio.s, tlie body of offi- 
cers in thut department; office of a commissary. 

Commit, kom-mit', v. t. To ^ive in trust: to do, per- 
form, effeeti to place beyond one's control; to pledge 
or bind, — used reflexively. — Coimniftal, «. Act 
of committing; a pledge.— Commifter, /(. — Com- 
miftible, a. Capable of being, etc. — Commission, 
-mish''un, ii. Act of committing, doing, or per- 
forming; a formal warrant of committing some trust 
to a pQrson; a company of persons joined in the ex- 
ercise of some duty. (Com.) The acting under au- 
thority of, or on account of, another; thing t<^ be 
done as agent for another; brokerage or allcAvaiice 
made to an agent. — v. t. [-missioxed (-mibh''uud), 
-MissiOXiXG.J To give a commission to, appoint, 
depute. — Commis''sioner, n. One commissioned to 
execute some business for an em;9loyer; an offi.cer in 
charge of some department of the public service. — 
Commis'sionaire'', -nar-', n. A factor; commission- 
merchant; one stationed in a public resort to receive 
commissions or act as guide, messenger, etc. [F.] — 
Commis'sion mer'chant. One who transacts busi- 
ness on commission, as the agent of others, receiv- 
ing a rate per cent, as his reward. — Commit'' tee, -te, 
n. A select number of persons appointed to attend 
to any business, by a legislative body, court, or any 
collective feody of men acting together. — Commit''^- 
teesMp, n. Office of a committee. 

Commix, kom-mLks', v. t. on", [-jiixed (-mikst''), -mix- 
ixG.] To mix or mingle ; Dlend. — Cemmiz'^tare, 
-chur, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; mass f orniea 
by mingling ; compound. 

Cemmode, kom-mod', n. A woman's head-dress; a 
chest of drawers; a bedroom convenience, — a close- 
stool. — Commo'^dioos, -dY-us, a. Affording ease and 
convenience ; fit ; conif ortable. — Commod'ity, -t-tl, 
n. JThat which affords convenience or advantage, 
esp. in commerce ; goods, wares, etc. 

Commodore, kom'' mo-dor, n. The commander of a 
squadron; leading ship in a fleet of merchantmen. 

Common, koni'^un, a. Belonging equally to more than 
one, or to many indefinitely; serving for the use of 
all; general; pubUc; often met with; not distin- 
guished by rank or character; commonplace; mean; 
vulgar. — n. An uninclosed tract of public ground. 
(Law.) The right of taking a profit in the land of 
another. — v. i. To have a joint right with others in 
common ground; to board together; eat at a table m 
common. — Com''mons, -munz, n. pi. The mass of 
the people ; the commonalty ; the lower house of 
the Eng. parliament; provisions, food, fare; a club 
where all eat at a common table. — Com^'monable, a. 
Held in common; allowed to pasture on common 
land. — Com''monage, -ei, n. Right of pasturing on 
a common ; joint right of using anythin"; in common 
with others. — Com-'monalty, -al-tl, n. The common 
people ; body of citizens. — Com'moner, n. One 
under the degree of nobility; a member of the House 
of Commons; one ha^dng'a joint right in common 
ground; a student of the second rank in the univer- 
sity of Oxford, England. — Com''monly, adv. I'su- 
ally; ordinarily; for the most part. — Com'^monitess, 
n. — Com'^monish, a. Common-place; vulgar.— Com''- 
mon-place, a. Common ; trite ; hackneved. — n. 
(Rhet.) A general idea applicable to different sub- 
jects; a trite remark. — v. t. To enter in a com- 
mon-place book, or to reduce to general heads. — 
Com''mon-place'-book, n. A book for recording 
things to be remembered. — Commonweal, -wel'% 
-wealth, -welth, n. Pro?., a free state: a popular 
government ; republic ; whole body of citizens. 

Commotion, kom-mo''shun, n. Violent motion; agita- 
tion; a popular tumult; perturbation or disorder of 
mind ; excitement. 

Commune, kom-mun'', v. t. [-muxed (-mund'), -Mxr- 
xixG.] To converse together familiarly, confer; to re- 
ceive the communion, partake of theXord's supper. 
— Commune, kom''mnn, n. A small territorial di»- 



Biin, cube, full : moon, f66t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get. 



COMMUTE 



74 



COMPLETE 



trict in France ; municipal self-government. {!<'. j 
Hist.) A socialistic political party in France, — esp. 
in Paris. — Corn'munism, -nizm, n. Doctrine of com- 
munity of property among all citizens of a state or 
society; socialism. — Com''munist, m. An advocate 
of, etc. — Coniinu''mty, -nt-tl, n. Common possession 
or enjoyment; a society of persons having common 
rights, interests, etc.; ssociety at large; the public, or 
people in general.— CoHmiu''iUGate, -nt-kSt, v. t. To 
impart for common possession, bestow, confer; to re- 
veal, or give, as information. — v. i. To share or 
participate; to have intercourse or means of inter- 
course. — Cominu''mcable, a. That may be, etc.— 
CGmmu''nicableness, -cabil'ity, n. — Commu'nica''- 
tion, n. Act of communicating; intercourse; means 
of passing from place to place; that which is com- 
municated ; commerce; correspondence; news. — 
Conunu''iiicative, -tiv, a. Inclined to commiiuicate. 
— Cominu''nicativeness, n. — Coimnu''iiicator, -ter, 
n. — Commu''nicatory, -to-rt, a. Imparting knowl- 
edge. — Commuiiioii, -mun'^yun, n. Intercourse be- 
tween persons; union in religious faith; fellowship; 
a body of Christians having one common faith and 
discipline; the celebration of the Lord's supper. — 
Conunu''mcant, n. A partaker of the Lord's supper. 

Commute, kom-mut'', v. t. To put one for the other, 
exchange; to substitute, as a greater penalty for a 
less; to pay less for in gross than would be paid for 
separate trips. — y. i. To bargain for exemption; to 
arrange to pay in gross. — Commu'' table, a. Capable 
of being exchanged. — Commu'tabil''ity, -T-ti, n. — 
Commuta'tion, n. Change; barter. {Law.) Sub- 
stitution of one penalty for another. Purchase of a 
right to go upon a certain route during a speciiied 
period, for less than the aggregate charge for separate 
trips; an outright sum given as equivalent for a, pro 
rata payment. 

Compact, kom-pakf, a. Closely and firmly united; 
solid; dense; brief; succinct. — v. t. To drive or 
press closely together, consolidate; to unite or con- 
nect firmly, as in a system. 

Compact, kom'pakt, n. An agreement between par- 
ties; covenant; contract. 

Company, kum'pa-nT, ?i. State of being a companion; 
act of accompanying; an assemblage or association 
of persons; guests, disting. fr. the members of a fam- 
ily; a corporation; a firm; partners whose names are 
not mentioned in the title of the firm. {Mil.) A 
subdivision of a regiment. {Naut.) The crew of a 
ship. —V. i. To associate. — Companion, kom-pan''- 
yun, n. One associated with another; comrade; ally; 
accomplice. 

Compare, kom-par', v. t. [-pared (-pS.rd''), -paring.] 
To examine the mutual relations of; to represent 
as similar, for purposes of illustration; to liken. 
{Gram.) To inflect according to degrees of com- 
parison. — V. i. To hold comparison; to he like or 
equal; to admit of compari-son. — Comparable, kom'- 
pa-ra-bl, a. Capable or worthy of c ■ mparison. — 
Com'parably, adv.— Comparative, -par''a-tiv, a. Es- 
timated by, or proceeding from, comparison; hav- 
ing power of comparing. (Grain.) Expressing a 
greater or less degree of a quantity, or quality, than 
the positive. — Compar'atively, adv. In a compara- 
tive manner; by comparison; relatively. — Compar'- 
ison, -T-sun or -T-sn, n. Act of comparing; compara- 
tive estimate. See Phrexology. {Gram.) Inflec- 
tion of an adjective or adverb in its several degrees. 
(lifiet.) A simile or .similitude. 

Compartment, kom-piirt'ment, »i. 
iHto which a thing is divided. 

Compass, kum^pas, n. A circuit; 
circumference; an inclosin 
limit; boundary; an inclose 
space; area; extent; capacity. 
(Mks.) Range of notes compre- 
hended by any voice or instru- 
ment. A magnetic instrument, 
t o determine the cardinal 

points. — V. t. [COMPA.SSED 

(-past),-PA.s.siXG.] To go about 

or around; to inclose on all 

sides; to besiege or invest; to 

get within reach, or within Mariner's Compass. 

one's power; to purpose, im- 



One of the parts 




agine, plot, gain, consummate. — Mariner's compass. 
One which has its needle permanently attached to 
a card, so that both move together, the card being 
divided into 32 parts, or points. — To fetch a compass. 
To go round in a circuit. — Com ''passable, a. Capa- 
ble of being, etc. — Com-'passes, -ez, w. ^?. An in- 
strument to describe circles, measure figures, etc. 

Compassion, kom-pash^un, n. A suffering with an- 
otlier; sorrow excited by another's distress; pity; 
sympathj'. — Compas''sionate, a. Full of compas- 
sion; tender; merciful. — v.t. To have compassion 
for; commiserate. — Compas'^sionately, adv. — Com- 
pas''&ionateness, n. — Compatible, -pafl-bl, a. Ca- 
pable of existiugin harmony; consistent; agreeable; 
congruous. 

Compatriot, korn-pa''trT-ut, n. A fellow-countryman. 

Compeer, kom-per'', ?i. An equal; companion; peer. 

Compel, koni-pel'', v. t. [-pelled (-peld'), -pellixg.] 
To drive irre-sistibly; to necessitate; to take by force 
or violence, constrain, coerce. — Compulsion, -puK- 
shun, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; constraint; 
restraint. — Compul'sative, -tiv, -satory, -to-rt, 
-sory, -so-rT, a. Compelling. — Compul'sive, -siv, a. 
Having power to, etc. — Compul^sively, -sorily, -rl- 
IT, adv. Forcibly. — Compnl'siveness, n. 

Compellation, kom-pel-la'shun, n. Manner of ad- 
dress ; appellation. — CompeKlative, -la-tiv, n. 
(Gram.) The name by which one is addressed. 

Compend, kom'pend, Compend'ium, -I-um, n. A 
bnef compilatiqn; abridgment; epitome; summary. 

— Compend'^ions, -t-us, «. Summed up within nar- 
row limits. 

Compensate, kom'pen-sat or kom-pen'sat, v. t. To 
make equal return to, give an equivalent to, re- 
munerate, requite; to be equivalent to in value or 
effect, counterbalance. — v. i. To make amends, 
supply an equivalent. — Compensa''tion, n. Act or 
principle of, etc.; an equivalent. (Law.) Payment 
of a debt by a credit of equal amount. — Compen'- 
sative, -tiv, -satory, -to-rl, a. Affording compensa- 
tion. 

Compete, kom-pet', v. i. To contend, as rivals for a 
pnze. — Competition, -tish'un, n. Common strife for 
the same object; emulation; opposition; jealousy. 

— Competitive, -T-tiv, a. Producing or pert, to, 
etc. — Compet'itor, -T-ter, n. One who claims what 
another claims; a rival. 

Competent, kom'pe-tent, a. Alfewering to all require- 
ments; having adequate power or right; fitted; qual- 
ified. — Com'petence, -tency, -ten-si, n. State of 
being competent; sufficiency, esp. of means of sub- 
sistence. (Laiv.) Legal capacity or qualifications; 
right or authority. 

Compile, kom-pTK, v. t. [-piled (-piW), -piling.] To 

Eut together or compose out of materials from other 
ooks or documents.— Compila'^tion, n. Act of com- 
piling; thing compiled; esp. a book. 
Complacent, kom-i)la''sent, a. Accompanied with 
pleasure; displaying satisfaction. — Comida'cenca, 
-cency, -sen-sT, n. A feeling of quiet pleasure; the 
cause of pleasure; kindness of manners; civility. — 
Com'plaisant', -pla-zant', a. Desirous to please; 
kindly attentive; courteous; well-bred. [F.] — Com'- 
plaisant^y, adv. — Com'^plaisance^, n. Kind com- 
pliance with others' wishes; urbanity; suaritv. [F.] 

a'). 



Complain, kom-plan' 



i. [-PLAIXED (-plane 






-plaining.] To express distress or censure ; to 
bring an accusation, make a charge, murmur, la- 
ment, repine. — Complain''ant, n. ■ One who, etc. 
(Laiv.) A plaintiff. [F.] — Complaint'', n. Expres- 
sion of grief, censure, etc.; cause of complaining; 
A malady; disease. {Law.) Allegation that some 
person has been guilty of a designated offense. [F.] 

Complanate,kom''j)la-nat, r. *. To make level or even. 

Complete, kom-plet'', a. Free from defieiencj'; per- 
fect; finished; ended; entire; total. — v. t. To bring 
to a perfect state; to bring to pass, achieye. — Cem- 
plete''ness, n. — Comple''tion, n. Act of, or state of 
being, etc.; fulfillment; realization. — Comple'tive, 
-tiv, a. Making complete. — Cora'^plement, -ple- 
ment, n. That which completes or supplies a defi- 
ciency ; quantity required to make complete. 
(Antron.) Distance of a star from the zenith, as 
compared with its altitude. (Trigon.) Difference 
between an arc or angle and 90'^. (Anth.) Differ- 



am, fame, far. pass or oper4, fare ; gnd, eve, term ; In. Tee : Sdd. tOne, 6r ; 



COMPLEX 



75 



CONCEIVE 



ence between a number and 10, 100, 1000, etc. {Mus.) 
Interval wanting to complete the octave. — Com- 
plemeiit''al, a. Supplying, or tending to supply, 
a deficiency ; fully completing. — Complement''- 
ary, a. Serving to complete. — Comple'tory,- -to-rl, 
a. Making complete. — ?i. Evening: the compline. 

— Com'^pline, -plin, -plin, w. {Ecct.) The closing 
prayer of the Roman Catholic breviary, recited alter 
sunset. 

Complex, kouT'pleks, a. Composed of two or more 
parts; complicated; intricate. — n. Assemblage; col- 
lection. — Coin''plexness, Complex''ediiess, -ed-nes, 
-ity, -T-tT, n. Intricacy. — Com'plexly, adv. — Com- 
plex'^ure, -Ur, n. Involution or complication of one 
thing with others. — Complexion, -plek'^shun, n. 
State of being complex; connection of parts; frame 
or texture; hue of the skin,esp. of the face; general 
appearance. — Complex^ional, -ionary, a. Pert, to 
the complexion, or to tlie care of it. — Com''plicate, 
-pW-kat, V. t. To fold or twist together, interweave; 
to render complex, involve. — a. Composed of parts 
united; complicated. — Com''plicately, adv. — Com''- 
plicateness, -cacy, -ka-sl, n. State of being, etc. — 
Complica'tion, w. Intricate or confused blending 
of parts ; entanglement. — Com'plicative, -tiv, a. 
Tending to involve. — Complicity, -plis'l-tl, n. Con- 
dition of being an accomplice. 

Compline. See under Complete. 

Complot, kom'plot, n. A confederacy in some evil 
design; conspiracy; cabal. — Complot'', v. t. and i. 
To plot together, conspire, join in a secret design. 

Comply, kom-pli'', ?'. I. [-plied (-plid''), -plying/) To 
yield assent, accord, acquiesce. — Compli'^ance, -ans, 
n. Act of, or disposition to, etc.; concession; obedi- 
ence. — Compli''aiit, a. Pliant; yielding to request. 

— CompU'antly, adv. — Com'^pliment, n. Compli- 
ance with the wishes of another; manifestation of 
approbation, regard, etc.; delicate flattery. — v. t. 
To flatter; express respect for. — t;. i. To use com- 
pliments. 

Component. See under Compose. 

Comport, kom-port'', v. i. To agree, accord, suit. — 
V. t. To behave, conduct, — with a reflexive pro- 
noun. ,,, -- 

Compose, kom-poz'', v. t. [-posed (-pSzd''), -posing.] 
To form by uniting, put together ; to constitute ; 
to originate, become the author o\; to place in form, 
reduce to order ; to free from disturbance, set at 
rest. (Print.) To place in prcper order for print- 
ing, as type. — Composed, -pozd', p. a. Free from 
agitation: calm; tranquil. — Compos'edly, -ed-lt, 
adv. — Compos'edness, n. — Compos'er, n. One who 
composes ; an author, esp. of a piece of music. — 
Composition, -zish'^un, n. Act of composing, esp. a 
literary work. (Fine Arts.) That combination of 
parts in which each has its due proportion. Arrange- 
ment of type for use in printing. State of hemg 
composed; thing formed by composing. (Laio.) Ad- 
justment of a debt, by compensation mutually 
si.gre.ed. on. — Composition of forces, (liech.) Ihe 
finding ef a single force equal to two or more given 
forces acting in given di- 
rections. — Compos'Ing- 
stick, n. (Print.) An in- 
strument of adjustable 
width, in which type is Composing-stick, 

arranged into words and " f" s 

lines. — Composite, -pQz'it, a. Made of distinct parts 
or elements ; compounded. (Arch.) Belonging to an 
order of architecture made up of the Ionic grafted 
upon the Corinthian. See Capital. — Composite 
number. (Math.) One which can be measured ex- 
actly by a number exceeding unity. — Compos''itive, 
-pCz'T-tiv, a. Compounded, or having power of com- 
pounding. — Compos'ltor, -ter, n. One who sets in 
order. (Print.) One who sets type. — Compc^nent, 
a. Composing; serving or helping to form; consti- 
tuting. — n. A constituent part; an ingredient. — 
Compos'itae, -te, n. pi. (Bot.) A family of dicoty- 
ledonous plants, having their flowers arranged m 
dense heads, — including the daisy, dandelion, and 
aster. — Com'^post, -post, n. (Agric.) A mixture for 
fertilizing land. — v. t. To manure with compost. 
— Compos'ure, -zhur, n. Act of composing; thing 
composed; a settled'state; calmness; tranquility. 




Compound, kom-pownd', v. t. To put together, as ele- 
ments, or parts to form a whole ; to combine or 
unite ; to settle amicably, adjust by agreement. — 
V. i. To come to terms of agreement, settle by com- 
promise. — Com''poand, a. Composed of elements, 
ingredients, or parts. — n. That which is com- 
pounded; mixture of elements, ingredients, or parts. 

Comprehend, kom-pre-hend'', v. t. To include by con- 
struction or implication ; to take into the mind, ap- 
prehend the meaning of, understand.— Comprehen''- 
sion, -shun, n. Act of, etc. ; thing comprehended 
or inclosed within narrow limits ; summary : epit- 
ome ; capacity of the mind to understand ; percep- 
tion. — Comprehen''sive, -siv, a. Including much 
within narru.'v' liuiits ; extensive; full. — Compre- 
hen'sively, udr. — Comprehen'siveness, n. 

Compress, kom-pre.s'', v. t. [-pkessed (-prest''), -peess- 
i>'G.] To press together, bring within narrower 
limits, crowd, condense. — Com'press, n. (Surg.) A 
foldei piece of linen, to make pressure on any part. 

Comprise, kom-priz', v. t. [-prised (-prizd'), -pkis- 
ING.] To comprehend, include, embrace, imply. 

Compromise, kom'pro-miz, n. A mutual promise to 
refer a dispute to the decision of arbitrators; adjust- 
ment by mutual concessions. — v. t. [-mised (-mizd), 
-MisiNG.] To adjust by mutual concessions, com- 
pound; to commit, hazard, compromit. — Com^'pro- 
mis^er, n. — Com-'promit, v. t. To pledge, promise; 
to put to hazard, by some act which cannot be re- 
called, bring into danger, compromise. 

Comptroller. See under Control. 

Compulsion, Compulsory, etc. See under Compel. 

Compunction, kom-punk'shun, n. Poignant grief or 
remorse ; the sting of conscience. 

Compute, kom-ptit', v. t. To determine by calcula- 
tion, cast up, count, enumerate. — Compnta''tion, n. 
Act or process of, etc.; reckoning; account. 

Comrade, kom'rasl, n. A mate, companion, or associ- 
ate. 

Comtism, koNt'izm, n. Positivism ; the doctrine of 
the F. philosopher, August Comte, that all knowl- 
edge is experience of facts acquired through the 
senses, and that we know nothing of causes or 
laws, but only phenomena. 

Con, kon. An abbr. of L. contra, against : in the 
phrase x>'''o and con, for and against, it denotes the 
negative or contrary side of a question; as a sub- 
staKtive, it denotes one who is in the negative. 

Con, kon, v. t. [conned (kond), conning.] Orig., to 
know; to study, try to fix in the mind, peruse. 

Concatenate, kon-kat'e-nat, v. t. To link together, 
unite in a series. — Concat'ena''tion, n. A series of 
links united, or of things depending on each other. 

Concave, kon-'kav, a. Hollow and curved or rounded, 

— said of the interior of anything hemispherical. 
See Lens. — K. A hollow; arched vault. — v. t. 
[concaved (-kavd), -caving.] Tomake hollow. 

Conceal, kon-seK, v. t. [-cealed (-seld''), -cealing.] 
To hide or withdraw from observation ; to withhold 
from utterance, disguise, secrete. — Conceal'ment, n. 
Act of, or state of being, etc.; place of hiding; secret 
place. (Law.) Suppression of truth. 

Concede, kon-sed', v. t. To yield or suffer to pass ; to 
admit to be true, grant, admit, give up, surrender. 

— ■;;. i. To make concession. — Conces''sion, -sesh-'- 
un, n. Act of granting ; thing granted ; boon ; a 
privilege, or right granted by government. 

Conceit, kon-set', n. That which is conceived m the 
mind ; idea ; thought ; image ; a quaint fancy ; af- 
fected conception; opinion; estimation; esp. overes- 
timation of one's self; vanity.— v. t. To conceive, im- 
agine. — V. t. To form an idea, judge. 

Conceive, kon-sev', v. t. [-ceive® (-sevd''), -ceiving.] 
To receive into the womb and breed ; to form in the 
mind, as a purpose ; to picture to the imagination, 
understand, believe, think. — v. i. To become preg- 
nant; to have a conception, idea, or opinion; to 
think. — Conceiv'able, a. Imaginable. — Conceiv'- 
ableness, w. — Conceiv'ably, acu'. — Concept, kon''- 
sept, n. An abstract general conception. — Concep- 
tion, -sep'^shuH, n. Act of conceiving; state of being 
conceived; formation in the mind of an image, idea, 
etc.; apprehension; image, etc., formed; notion; a 
universal; power or faculty of forming an idea in 
the mind. 



sfin, cube, full ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger of ijjk, tJien, borrboN, chair, get. 



CONCENT 



76 



CONDONE 



Concent, kon-sent', n. Concert of voices; harmony. 

Concenter, -tre, kon-sen'ter, r. i. [-centered or 
-TRED (-terd), -TERINO Or -TRIXG.J To come to a 
point, or meet in a common center. — v. t. To draw 
to a center, bring to a point. — Concentrate, kon- 
sen'trat or kon'sen-trat, v. t. To bring to a com- 
mon ccHter, unite more closely, combine. — Concen- 
tra'tion, ». Act of, etc. {Chem.) Volatilization of 
part of a liquid, to increase the '■trength of the re- 
mainder. — Concen'trative, a. Serving to, etc. — 
Concen'trativeness, ?J. (Phren.) Power of concen- 
trating intellectual force. See Phrenology; — 
Con'oentrator, -ter, M. {Mining.) A pneumatic ap- 
paratus lor separating dry comminuted ore, accord- 
ing to the specific gravity of its particles. — Con- 
cen'tric, a. Having a common center. 

Concern, kon-sern', v. t. [-cerned (-sernd'), -cern- 
IXG.] To relate or belong to, be of importance to ; 
to take an interest in ; to disturb, make uneasy. — 
n. That which relates to one, or affects the wel- 
fare; interest in, or care for, any thing. (Com.) 
Persons connected in business ; a firm and its busi- 
ness. — Concern ''ing, peep. Pert, to; regarding; with 
respect to. 

Concert, kon-serf, v. t. To plan together; to plan, 
devise. — v. i. To act in harmony, form combined 
plans, take counsel. — Con'cert, n. Agreement in a 
plan; harmony; musical accordance or harmony; a 
musical entertainment. — Concer'^to, ?«. A musical 
composition written for a principal instrument, with 
accompaniments for a full orchestra, fit.] — Con- 
certina, -te'na, n. A musical instrument of the ac- 
cordion species. 

Concession. See under Concede. 

Conch, konk, n. A marine shell. (Arch.) The domed 
semicircular or polj'gonal ter- 
mination of the choir of a 
church; apsis. See Apsis. — 
Concha, koe^ka, ?*. (Anat.) 
The external ear, bj"^ which 
sounds are collected and trans- 
mitted to the internal ear. See 
Ear. [L.] — Conchology.-koK- 
o-jT, n. Science of shells and 
animals inhabiting the'*!; mal- 
acology. — Conchol'ogist, n. 
One versed in, etc. 

Conciliate, kon-siKT-at, r. t. To win over; to gain 
from a state of indifference or hostility. — Concil'- 
ia'tion, n. Act of, etc.; reconciliation. — Concil'- 
iator. -ter, n. — Concil'iatory, -to-rT, a. Tending to 
conciliate; picific. 

Concise, kon-sis', a. Expressing much in a few words-, 
laconic; terse; succinct; condensed; brief and com- 
prehensive: —used of style in reading or speaking. 

— Concise'ly. adi\ — Cohcise'ness, >i — Concision, 
-sizh'un,?/. A cutting off; division; faction; circum- 
cision. 

Conclave, kon'klav, n. A private apartnrent, esp. 
that where the cardinals meet to electa pope; as- 
sembly to elect a pope; the body of cardinals; a pri- 
vate meeting. 

Conclude, kon-klud', v. t. To close, as an argument, 
by interring; to bring to an end; to make a final 
judgment or deterr:-iination of; to infer, finish, end. 

— r. i. To come to an end, close; to form a final 
judgment. — Conclu'sion, -zhun, n. Last part of 
anything; decision; deduction from premises; an 
experiment. (Law.) End of a pleading; an estoppel 
or bar by which one is held to a position which he 
has taken. — Conclu'sive, -siv, a. Pert, to a close; 
ending debate or question; final; decisive; defini- 
tive. — Conclu'sively, adv. — Conclu'siveness, n. 

Concoct, kon-kokt', v. t. To digest; to mature, per- 
fect, ripen; to devise, plan, plot. 

Concomitant, kon-kom't-tant, a. Accompanying, or 
conjoined; concurrent; attending. — w. One who is, 
etc.; an accomptmiment. 

Concord, kon'kSrd, n. A state of agreement ; har- 
mony; union. (Gram.) Agreement of words with 
©ne another, in gender, number, person, or case. 
(Mas.) A consonant chord; consonance; harmony. 

— Concord'ance, -ans, n. Agreement; accordance; 
a verbal index to a work, in which passages con- 
taining the same word are arranged alphabetically, 




Conch. 



with references to the text. — Concord'^ant, a. Agree- 
I in^ ; correspondent ; consonant. — Concord'^antly^ 
j adv. — Concor^dat, n. A compact or agreement, — 
esp. between the pope and a sovereign for the regu- 
lation of ecclesiastical matters. 
1 Concorporate, kon-kdr^po-rat, v. i. To unite in one 
I mass or body. — a. United in, etc. 
Concourse, kon'kors, 71. A moving or running to- 
gether; an assembly; crowd; place of meeting. 
Concrete, kon'krel, «. United in "rowth; formed by 
coalition of particles into one T)ody; united in a 
solid form. (Logic.) Existing in a subject; not ab- 
stract. — n. A compound or mass formed by con- 
cretion. (Arch.) A mass of stone chippings, peb- 
bles, etc., cemented by mortar. (Logic.) A term 
designating both a quality and the subject in which 
it exists; a concrete term. — Concrete', v. i. To 
unite or coalesce, as separate particles into a mass. — 
V. t. To farm into a mass. — Concre'tion, n. Act 
of concreting, mass or solid matter formed by con- 
gelation, condensation, coagulation, or other like 
natural process. (Geol.) A nodule, produced by 
aggregation of material around a center. 
Concubine, kon'ku-bin, n. A paramour ; a woman 
who cohabits with a man without being his wife; a 
wife of inferior condition. 
Concupiscence, kon-ku'pis-ens, n. Unlawful desire, 

esp. of carnal pleasure; lust. 
Concur, kon-ker', v. i. [-cuered (-kerd'), -cuering.} 
To meet in the same point; to act jointly; to unite 
in opinion, approve. — Concur-'rence, n. A com- 
ing together; union; conjunction; joint rights, im- 
plying equality in different persons. — Concur'rent, 
a. Acting in conjunction; cooperating; associate; 
concomitant ; joint and equal in authority. — n. 
Joint or contributory cause. — Concur^rently, adv. 
Concussion, kon-kush'un, n. Act of shaking or agi- , 
fating, esp. by the stroke of another body; state of 
being shaken; shock. 
Condemn, kon-dem'', v. t. [-demned C-demd''), -dem- 
NING (-dem'ning).] To pronounce to be wrong, 
blame, censure, pronounce judicial sentence against, 
pronounce unfit for service. — Condem'ner, n. — 
Condem'nable, a. Worthy of, etc.; blameworthy; 
culpable. — Condenma'tion, n. Act of, or state of 
being, etc.; reason of a sentence; judgment. — Coa- 
dem'natory, -to-rT, a. Bearing condemnation. 
Condense, kon-dens', v. t. [-dexsed (-densf), -dens- 
ixG.] To make more close, compact, or dense; to 
compress, consolidate, thicken. — v.i. To become 
close ; to grow thick or dense. — Conden'^sate, -sat, 
V. t. & i. Same as co«f/e'/7.«e. — Condens'^er, n. One 
who, or that which, etc.; esp. (Mach.) a vessel for 
condensing vapor into a liquid form. See Steam 
Exgixe. — Condens'able, a. Capable of being, etc. 
— Condensa'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Condea'sative, 
-tiv, a. Having power or tendency to, etc. 
Condescend, kon-de-send'', v. i. To let one's self 
down; to relinquish rank, or dignity of character; 
to recede willingly from one's rights ; to deign, 
vouchsafe. — Condescend'ingly, ac/r. — Condescen- 
sion, -sen'shun, n. Act of, etc. ; complaisance ; 
courtesy; affability. 
Condign, 'kon-dTn', a. Deserved; merited; suitable. 
Condiment, kon''dI-ment, n. Something to give relish 

to food. 
Condisciple, kon-dis-si''pl, M. A fellow-disciple; school- 
fellow. 
Condition, kon-dish''un, n. State or situation as re- 
gards external circumstances ; quality ; property ; 
attribute; that which must exist as the occasion or 
concomitant of something else; stipulation; article; 
terms. — I'. 1. [-ditioned (-dish-'und), -tionixg.] 
To make terms, stipulate. — v. t. To contract, stip- 
ulate ; to impose conditions on. — Condi'^tional, a. 
Containing, implying, or depending on, etc. ; not 
absolute. ( Gram. & Logic.) Expressing a condition 
or supposition. 
Condole, kon-doK, v. i. [-doled (-dold'), -doling.] 
To express sorrow at the pain of another. [L. con 
and dolere, to grieve.] — Condol'er, 71. — Condole'- 
ment, -do'lence, n. Expression of sympathy, etc. 
Condone, kon-don', v. t. [-doned (-do'nd'), -doxino.] 
(Eccl. Law.) To pardon; to forgive for a violation 
of the marriage vow. 



Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Yn, Ice ; 5dd, '#one, 6r j 



CONDOR 



77 



CONFUSE 




Condor. 



Condor, kon^dor, »i. A large bird of the vulture fam- 
ily, found in the Andes; a 

gold coin of Chili and the 

U. S. of Colombia, worth 

10 pesos, or more than $9. ; 
i'ondottiere, kon-dot-te-a''ra, ! 

n.;pt--JiRi,-a.'^Te. In Italy, J 

the leader of a band o f 

mercenary soldiers, living 

by pillage; a brigand. 
^OBduce, kon-dus', v. t. 

[-DUCED (-dust''), -DU- 

CiNG.] To promote, answer, i^ 

or further an end; to tend, 

contribute. — Co n'd u c t , 

-dukt, n. Act or method of 

leading, commanding, 

etc. ; skillful guidance ; 

f generalship ; that which 
eads, guides, escorts, or 
brings safely ; convoy ; 

fuard; warrant; manner of guiding one's self ; be- 
avior; deportment; demeanor. —Conduct', v. t. 
To lead or guide, escort, attend; to lead as a com- 
mander, direct, control; to manage, regulate, carry. 

— V. i. To behave, act. — Conduct'lble, a. — Con- 
duct'ibil'ity, 7i.— Conduction, -duk'shun, n. ( P/ujs- 
ics.) Transmission through, or by means of, a con- 
ductor. — Conduct'ive, -iv, a. Conducting. — Con- 
ductiv'ity, n. Qualitv or power of conducting or 
giving passage to molecular action. — Conduct 'or, 
-er, n. One who conducts; a leader: guide; man- 
ager; one in charge of a railroad train. {Phi/sics.) 
A substance, esp. a metallic rod, forming a medium 
for the transmission of some substance or fluid, 
esp. of heat or electricity. — Conduct'ress, n. A 
woman who, etc. 

Conduit, kon'- or kun^'dit, n. That which conducts or 
conveys; esp. a pipe, canal, etc. 

Cone, kon, n. A solid bod3% tapering to a point from 
a circular base. {Bot.) The conical 
fruit of evergreen trees, as of the pine, 
fir, cedar, etc. — Conic, kon'ik, -ical, 
a. Formed like, resembling, or pert. 
to, etc. — Conic section. (Geom.) A 
curve line formed by the intersection 
of a cone and plane, — a parabola, hy- 
perbola, or ellipse. — Co'niform, a. 
Cone-shaped; conical. — Coniferous, 
-nifer-us, a. {Bot.) Bearing cones. Cone. 
as pines, etc. — Co^noid, -noid, n. Anything cone- 
shaped. (Geom.) A solid formed by the revolution 
of a conic section about its axis. — "Co^noid, -noid'- 
al, a. Nearly, but not exactly, conical. 

Confect, kon'fekt, n. A sweetmeat; comfit. — Confec'- 
tion, n. A preparation of fruit, etc., with sugar ; act 
of making confects. — Confec'tioner, n. One who 
rnakes or sells confections, candies, etc. — Confec'- 
tionery,-Sr-T,n. Sweetmeats in general; confections; 
candies : place for making or selling, etc. 

Confederate, kon-fed'er-at, a. United in a league; 
engaged in a confederacy. — n. A person or nation 
engaged in a confederacy; an ally. — v. t. and i. To 
unite in a league. — Confed'eracy, -a-sl, n. A 
league or covenant ; union between persons or 
states ; persons, etc., united by a league. (Law.) 
An unlawful combination ; conspiracy. — Con- 
federa'tion, n. Act of confederating; league; com- 
pact for mutual support ; parties to a league. — 
Confed'erative, -tiv, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Confer, kon-fer'', v. t. [-ferred (-ferd''), -ferrixg.] 
To grant a permanent possession ; to bestow, award. 

— V. t. To discourse or converse seriously ; to com- 
pare views. — Conference, -ens, n. Act of convers- 
ing; interchange of views ; meeting for consulta- 
tion ; interview. 

Confess, kon-fes'', v. t. [^-fessed (-fest''), -fessixg.] To 
acknowledge or admit, as a crime, fault, debt, etc. ; ' 
to own or recognize ; to admit as true, assent to. 
(Eccl.) To declare (one's sins) to a priest, in order to 
receive absolution ; to hear such confession ; to dis- 
close or reveal, as an effect its cause. — v. i. To 
make confession. — Confes'sion, -fesh^'un, n. Ac- 
kriowledgKient ; admission of a debt, obligation, or 
Grime. CEccl.) Act of disclosing sins to a priest. 




A formulary stating articles of faith. — Confes'sional, 
n. The seat where a confessor sits to hear confessions. 

— Confes'sionalism, -izm, n. The principle of mak- 
ing confession ; principle of formulating the beliefs 
of a church into a confession of faith, and exacting 
accejitance thereof from its members. — Confes - 
sionary, -a-rT, a. Pert, to auricular confession. — 
Confess'or, -er, n. One who acknowledges his sins or 
obligations. (Eccl.) One who professes faith in the 
Christian religion. A priest who hears confessions. 

Confide, kon-fid', v. i. To put faith, believe. — v. t. 
To give in charge. — Coiidant', n. m., -fldant©', 
71. /., -fl-danf. A confidential friend. [OF.] — 
Con^fidence, -fl-dens, n. Act of confiding ; belief 
in the realitj' of a fact or integrity of a person ; 
that in which faith is put ; feeling of security; self- 
reliance ; assurance ; expectation ; hope ; coiK-age. — 
Con'fidence-man, n. One who appeals to another's 
confidence in order to swindle him ; a plausible 
scoundrel. — Con'fident, a. Having confidence ; 
trustful ; self-reliant ; having an excess of assur- 
ance ; occasioning confidence. — Gon'fidently, adv. — 
Confiden'tial, -shal, a. Enjoying confidence; com- 
municated in confidence. — Confiden'tiaJiy, ade. 

Configure, kon-rig'ur, v. t. [-figuked (-urd), -uring.] 
To arrange or dispose in a certain form, figure, or 
shape.— Config'ura'tion, H. External form. (Astrol.) 
Relative position or aspect of the planets. [F.] 

Confine, kon'lin, n. Common boundary ; border ; 
limit. — Confine', v. t. [-fixed (-find'), -fixing.] 
To restrain within limits ; to bound, immure, re- 
strict. — V. i. To have a common boundary ; to 
border. — Confine'ment, 7i. Restraint within limits; 
imprisonment; detention by sickness, esp. by child- 
birth. 

Confirm, kon-ferm', i'. t. [-firmed (-fermd'), -firm- 
IN"G.] To make firm, give strength t«, render fixed 
or certain ; to render valid by formal assent. (Eccl.) 
To administer confirmation to. — Confirm 'able, a. 

— Confirma'tion, n. Act of confirming, or estab- 
lishing; that which confirms, convincing testimony; 
ratification. (Eccl.) A rite in Episcopal churches 
by which one baptized is admitted to the full privi- 
leges of the church. — Confirm'ative, -tiv, a. Hav- 
ing power to confirm. — Confirm'atory, -to-rf, a. 
Serving to confirm ; corrobomtive ; pert, to the rite 
of conflrmatioH. 

Confiscate, kon'fis-kat «?• kon-fis'kat, v. t. To appro- 
priate, as a penalty, to public use. — a. Appropri- 
ated, etc. 

Conflagration, kon-fla-gra'shun, n. A great fire. 

Conflict, kon'flikt, n. Violent collision ; a striving 
to oppose or overcome ; the last struggle of life ; 
pang ; agony. — Conflict', t'. i. To strike or dash 
together, meet in collision, struggle, strive, battle. 

Confluence, kon'flu-ens, n. The meeting or junction 
of streams ; place of meeting ; running together of 
people ; crowd. — Con'fluent, a. Flowing together; 
running one into another ; meeting in a common 
current or basin. (Bat.) United at the base. — n. 
A small stream flowing into a large one ; place of 
meeting of streams, etc. — Con'fiux, n. A flowing 
together of currents; assemblage; concourse. 

Conform, kon-f8rm', v. t. [-formed (-fSrmd'), -form- 
IXG.] To shape in accordance with, make alike, 
bring into harmony or agreement with. — v. i. To 
conduct in accordance, comply, yield, render obe- 
dience. ( EuQ. Eccl. Hvit.) To be a conformist. — 
Conforma'tion, 7i. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; 
agreement ; harmony ; structure of a bodj' ; form ; 
make. — Conform'ist, n. One who complies with 
the worship of the church of England. — Conform'- 
ity, -T-tT, n. Correspondence in character, etc. ; 
congruity. (Eiiy. Eccl. Hist.) Compliance with the 
usages of the established church. 

Confound, kon-fownd', v. t. To mingle and blend, 
so as to be indistinguishable ; to throw into confu- 
sion : to abash, dismay, defeat, ruin, intermingle. 

Confraternity, kon-fra-ter'nT-tT, n. A brotherhood. 

— Confrere, kox'frar, n. An associate. 
Confront, kon-frunt', v. t. To stand facing, or in front 

of; to face; to stand in direct opposition to, oppose; 
to set together for comparison, compare. 
Confuse, kon-fuz', r. t. [-fused (-fuzd'), -fusing.] To 
jumble together, render indistinct or obscure, dis- 



siin, cube, full ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boxboN, chair, get. 



CONFUTE 



78 



CONSCIENCE 



order, abash, disconcert, perplex, distract. — Con- 
fosien, -fu'zhun, n. State of being mixed or blend- 
ed so as to produce indistinctness or error ; loss of 
self-possession ; shame ; overthrow ; defeat ; ruin. 

Confute, kon-fuf, r. t. To put to silence; to prove to 
be false or defective, disprove, set aside, oppugn. 

Conge, kox'zha or kon'ie, «. Act of taking leave; 
parting ceremony ; a bow or courtesy. (Arch.) A 
molding in form of a quarter round; a cavetto : 
apophygee. See Molding. — r. !. [coxgeed (-zhad 
or -jed), COXGEING.] To take leave with civilities; 
to bow or courtesy. j 

Congeal, kon-jel', v. t. [congealed (-jeld'), -geal- 
ING.] To freeze, stiffen with cold, or from terror. — 
V. i. To grow hard or stiff. 

Congener, kon'je-ner, «. A thing of the same genus, 
or allied in kind. 

Congenial, kon-jen'j'al, a. Partaking of the same 
feeling; kindred; sympatlietic. — Congen^ite, -jen'- 
it, -ital, n. Of the same birth; begotten together; 
dating from birth. 

Conger, kon'ger, Con^ger-eel, -el, n. A large species of 
sea-eel. 

Congeries. kon-je'rT-ez, ?i. sinrj. and pi. A collection 
of particles iiito one mass ; a heap ; combination. 

Congest, kon-iest', v. f. To collect into a mass or ag- 
gregate. — Congestion, -jes'chun. n. (Med.) An un- 
natural accumulation of blood in any part of the 
bodj'. — Congest'ive, -iv, n. Indicating, or attend- 
ed b}', accumu-lation of bloed. 

Conglomerate, kon-glom'er-at, a. Gathered together 
in amass; collected. (Bot.) Closely clustered to- 
gether. {Geol.) Composed of stones, pebbles, etc.; 
cemented together. — v.t. To gather into a round 
bod3'. — n. Collection ; accumulation. (Geol.) A 
rock, composed of pebbles, cemented bj' mineral 
substance. — Conglom'era'tion, «. A gathering 
into, etc.: accumulation. 

Congo, kon'go, Con'^gou, -goo, n. A black tea, a su- 
perior quality of Bohea. 

Congratulate, kon-grat'u-lat, v. t. To wish joy to on 
some happy event; to felicitate. — Congratula'tion, 
n. Act of, etc. — Congrafulator, n. — Congrat'^ula- 
tory, a. Expressive of, etc. 

Congregate, kon^gre-gat, v. t. To collect into an as- 
semblage. — ?■. i. To come together ; assemble ; 
meet. — Congrega'tion, n. Act of, etc.: collection 
of separate things; assembly of persons, esp. a re- 
ligious assGmblJ^ — Congrega'tional, a. Pert, to a 
congregation, to the .system of Congregationalism, 
or, esp., to that of the 'associated evangelical Trini- 
tarian CoHgregational churches: independent.— Con- 
grega'tionalism, -izm, n. A system of church gov- 
ernment which vests ecclesiastical power in each 
local church, as a self-governing body; independ- 
ency.— Congrega'tionalist, n. 

Congress, kon'gres, n. A meeting of individuals; esp. 
of two persons of opposite sexes for sexual inter- 
cour.se; an asseniblj", as of deputies, envoys, or com- 
missioners; the assembly of senators and representa- 
tives of a nation, esp. of a republic: convention; con- 
Vocation. — Congressional, -gresh'un-al, a. Pert, to, 
etc. — Congres'sive, -siv, a. Encountering; coming | 
together. — Con^gress-man, n. ; pi. -men. A member I 
of tlie U. S. Congress. \ 

Congruence, kon'groo-ens, n. Suitableness of one j 
thing to another ; agreement. — Congru''ity, -T-tT, ' 
M. Quality of being, etc.; fitness; harmony. — Con'- 
gruons, n. Having congruity; pertinent; appropri- j 
ate. — eon'gruously, a// v. i 

Conic, Coniferous, etc. See under Cone. I 

Conium, ko'nr-um, Ji. (Hot.) An umbelliferous plant, 
poison hemlock. 

Conjecture, kon-jek'chur, n. Formation of an opin- 
ion on presumptive evidence: surmise. — v. t. and i. 
[-TURED (-churd), -TURING.] To infer on slight evi- 
dence, surmise, suspect, guess. — Coiyec'turable, 
a. — Conjec'tural, a. Depending on, etc. — Con- 
jec'turally, mlv. 

Conjoin, kon-join', v. t. [-.toined (-joind'), -joining.] 
To join together, associate, connect. — f. i. To 
unite, join, league. — CoEJoint', a. United; asso- 
ciated. —Conjoinfly, fi>/r. 

Coivjagal, kon'ju-gal, -ju'gial, -jT-al, a. Belonging to 
the marriage state; matrimonial; connubial; nuptial. 




Coqjugate, kon^ju-gat, r. t. (Gi-am.) To inflect, as 
verbs. — n. A word agreeing in derivation with an- 
other. — n. United in pairs; yoked together. (Gram.') 
Agreeing in derivation with other words. — ConjO- 
ga'tion, n. (Gram.) Act of inflecting, as a verb; a 
scheme exhibiting all the parts of a verb; acla.ss of 
verbs inflected in the same manner through their 
various forms. 

Conjunct, kon-junkt', a. United; conjoined; concur- 
rent. — Conjunc'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, 
etc. (Astron.) Meeting of two ©r more stars or 
planets in the same degree of the zodiac. (Gram.) 
A connective or connecting word.— Conjunc'tive, 
-tiv, a. Closely united; serving to unite. (Gram.) 
Following or introduced by a conjunction; con- 
tingent. —Conjunc'tively, Conjnncfiy, arfv.— Con- 
juncture, -junk'chur, n. Act of, or state of being, 
etc.; connection; combination; an occasion or crisis 
as the effect of the combination or concurrence of 
circumstances. — Conjunc'tiva, -tT-va, 7i. (Anat.) 
The mucous membrane covering the eye-ball and 
inner surface^of the lids. [L.] _ 

Conjure, kon-joor', v. t. [-.jlred (-joord'), -jcrixg.] 
To call on or summon solemnly, adjure. — Coniur'- 
er, n. — Conjure, kun'jer, r. *. To affect, proauce, 
excite, etc., as if by ma":ic, or by supernatural pow- 
er ; to enchant, charm, bewitch"! — r. i. To practice 
magical arts. — Con'jurer, n. One who conjures, or 
practices magic or legerdemain. — Conjura-'tion, «. 
Earnest or solemn entreaty ; practice of magic arts ; 
incantation. 

Connate, kon^nat or kon-naf, a. Born with another; 
existing from birth. (Bot.) United 
in origin; united into one body. 

— Connas'cence, -sens, -cency, 
-sen-sT, n. The common birth of | 
two or more at the same time; a 
being produced with another ; 
act of growing together, or at the 
same time.— Connas^cent, a. Pro- 
duced at the same time. — Con- „ f t * 
natural, kon-nach-'er-rai, a. *-onnate i.eat. 
Connected by nature ; inborn; inherent ; participa- 
ting of the same nature. . 

Connect, kon-nekf, v. t. To knit or fasten together ; 
to establish association between. — v. i. To become 
coherent, have close relation. — Connect 'edly, adv. 

— Connection, -nek'shun, n. Act of, or state of 
being, etc. ; persons or things connected together ; 
continuity ; junction ; dependence ; relationship. — 
Connective, -iv, a. Having power to connect. — 
n. (Gram.) A word that connects other M^ords or 
sentences ; a conjunction. 

Connive, kon-niv', i: i. [-xived (-nivd''), -niving.] 
To close the eyes upon, wink at, forbear to see. — 
Conniv'ance, n. Voluntarj- oversight; collusion. " 

Connoisseur, kon-is-ser-', n. A criticaljudge or master 
of anv art, esp. of painting music, ana sculpture. 

Connubial, kon-nu'bTf-al, a. Pert, to marriage or the 
marriage state ; conjugal ; nuptial. 

Conoid, etc. See under Cone. 

Conquer, kon'ker, v. t. [-qcered (-kerd), -qieeing.] 
To acquire by force ; to subdue, vanquish, sur- 
mount, master. — Con'queror, -er, n. — Conquest, 
kon'kwest, «. Act of, etc.; thing conquered. (Feu- 
dal Law.) Acquisition of property otherwise than 
by inheritance. 

Consanguineous, kon-san-gwin'e-us, a. Of the same 
blood ; related by birth. — Consanguin'ity, -T-tT, n. 
Relationship bv feirth. 

Conscience, kon-'shens, ;;. The faculty which decides 
on the lawfulness of our actions and affections; 
moral faculty ; moral sense ; determination of con- 
science ; truth: justice; honesty; reasonableness. 
— Con'scienceless, a. Having no conscience. — Con- 
scientious, -shl-en'shus, a. Governed by strict re- 
gard to the dictates of conscience; scrupulous: just; 
upright. — Conscien'tiously, adv. — Conscien'tious- 
ness, n. — Con'scionable, -shun-a-bl, a. Governed 
by conscience; iust. — Con'^scieus, -shus, a. Pos- 
sessing the faculty of knowing one's thoughts or 
mental operations' ; capable of perceiving sounds, 
acts, or sensations ; made the object of conscious- 
ness; aware; apprised; sensible. — Con'scionsnesB, n. 
Knowledge of what passes in one's own mind; im- 



fim, tame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; Odd, tone, dr ; 



CONSCRIPT 



79 



CONSTRAIN 



mediate knowledge of any object; state in which 
one knows what is passing around one. 

Conacripi, kon'skript, a. Enrolled; written; regis- 
tered. — n. One taken by lot, to serve as a soldier or 
sailor. — ConBcript'', v. t. To enroll, by compulsion, 
for military service. _ 

Consecrate, kon'se-krat, v. t. To make, or declare to 
be sacred; to appropriate to sacred uses; to enroll 
among the gods or saints, apotlieosize, canonize; to 
render venerable, dignifv. — a. Consecrated; de- 
voted; sacred.— Consecra^tion, n. Act or ceremony 
of consecrating ; dedication ; canonization ; apothe- 
osis.— Con'secrator, n. 

Consecution, kon-se-ku'shun, n. A sequel ; train of 
things that follow one another. — Consec'ative, -u- 
ti V, a. Following in a train ; uninterrupted in succes- 
sion ; following as a consequence or result. (Mus.) 
Following in the same order. — Consec'utively, 
adv. — Con'sequence, -se-kwens, n. That which 
flows out of, and follows, something on which it de- 
pends. {Log.) A conclusion which results from rea- 
son or argument ; inference ; deduction ; connec- 
tion of cause and effect. — Con'sequent, n. Follow- 
ing as a result or inference. {Log.) Follpwing by 
necessary inference, or rational deduction. — n. 
That which follows, etc. {Log.) A conclusion or 
mf erence. {Math.) The second term of a ratio. — 
Con'sequently, ailc. — Consequential, -kwen'^shal, 
a. Following, etc.; assuming an air of consequence; 
pompous. — Consequen'tially, adv. With. just de- 
duction of consequences; logically; by 'Consequence; 
in a regular series; with assumed importance. 

Consensus, kon-sen'sus, n. Agreement ; accord. — 
Consent', n. Agreement in opinion or sentiment; 
correspondence in parts, qualities, or operations; 
voluntary accordance with what is done or proposed 
bv another; accord; concurrence; free-will. — v.i. 
To agree in opinion or sentiment; to yield to guid- 
ance, persu-ision, or necessity; to give assent, ac- 
cede, comply, permit, acquiesce. — Consent'er, n. 

Conserve, kou-serv', v. t. [-served (-servd'), -serv- 
ing.] To save, preserve, protect; to prepare with 
sugar, etc., for preservation, as fruits, etc. — n. Anj'- 
thing conserved, esp. a sweetmeat, of fruit, etc., 
prepared with sugar. — Conserv'abie, a. Capable 
of being, etc. — Consenr'ant, a. Preserving from 
destruction or decay. — Conserv'ancy, -sT, Conser- 
va'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Conserv'ative, -tiv, a. 
Preservative; disposed to maintain existing institu- 
tions. — n. One who, or that which, preserves from 
ruin, injury, or radical change; one who desires to 
maintain existing institutions and customs. — Con- 
serv'atism, -tizm, n. Disposition or tendency to 
preserve what is established; opposition to change. — 
Conserv'atory, -to-rT, a. Having the quality of pre- 
serving from loss, decay, or injury. — n. A place for 
preserving things, esp. a greenhouse for plants; that 
which preserves from injury; a public place of in- 
striiction in learning or art. 

Consider, kon-sid'er, v. t. [-sidered (-sid'erd), -br- 
ing.] To think on with care, fix the mind on; to 
have regard to, take into view or account; to esti- 
mate, think, view. — v. i. Ta think seriously, ma- 
turely, or carefully, deliberate. — Consid'erable, 
a. Possessing consequence; of some distinction ; 
noteworthy; respectable; of importance or value; 
moderately large. — Consid'erableness, n. Some de- 
gree of importance, etc. — Consid'erably, adv. — 
Consid'erate, a. Given to consideration or sober 
reflection; mindful of the rights, claims, and feel- 
ings of others. — Consid'erately, wlv. — Consid'er- 
ateness, «. — Consid'era'tion, n. Act of consider- 
ing; careful thought; deliberation; appreciative re- 
gard ; claim to notice : some degree of consequence; 
ground of opinion: influence. {Law.) The material 
cause of a contract ; compensation ; equivalent. 

Consign, kon-sln', v. t. [-sioned (-sind'), -signing.] 
To give, transfer, or deliver, formally; to commit, 
intrust. {Com.) To give into tlie hands of an agent 
for superintendence, sale, etc. To assign, appro- 
priate. — Consign'ment, n. Act of, etc. {Com.) 
Thing consigned; goods sent to a factor for sale; 
the writing by which a thing is consigned. 

Consist, kon-sisf, v. i. To be in a iixed or permanent 
state; to be, exist, subsist; to be consistent or har- 




monious. — Consist'ent, a. Possessing firmness or 
flxedness ; having agreement with itself at different 
times, or harmony among its parts; accordant ; con- 
gruous ; uniform. 

Console, kon-soK, V. <. [-soled (-sold'), -so ling. J To 
cheer in distress, comfort, soothe. — Consol'er, w.— 
Consol'able, a. — Consola'tion, n. Act of comfort- 
ing or state of being comforted; that which com- 
forts. — Consolatory, -sSl'a-to-rl, a. Tending to com- 
fort; pert, to consolation. 

Console, kon'sol, n. {Arch.) A bracket; a projecting 
ornament on the keystone of an arch. 

Consolidate, kon-soKl-dat, v. t. To 
make solid, unite or press together 
into a compact mass; to unite, as va- 
rious particulars, into one body, con- 
dense, compress. - v. i. To grow 
firm and hard, unite and become 
solid. — tt. Consolidated. 

Consomme, koN-som-ma', n. {Cook- Console. 
e?7/.) A broth made very strong by boiling. 

Consonant, kon'so-nant, a. Having agreement; con- 
I gruous; consistent. {Mus.) Harmonizing togeth- 
er ; accordant. :— n. An articulation which is uttered 
with a '.inore open sound called a vowel; a letter rep- 
resenting such articulation. — Con'sonance, -nancy, 
n. {3Ius.) A pleasing accord of sounds produced 
simultaneously. Agreement; unison; harmony. 

Consort, kon'sSrt, n. A companion or partner; esp. a 
wife or husband; spouse. — Consort', ■'. ^. To unite 
or keep company; associate. — v.t. T^o join, as in 
affection, company, etc. 

Conspectus, kon-spek'tus, re. A general sketch or out- 
line of a subject; synopsis; epitome. — Conspic'uous, 
-u-us, a. Obvious to ta eye; manifest; noted; illus- 
trious. 

Conspire, kon-spir', v. i. [sv^^d (-spTrd'), -spiring.] 
To covenant for an evil purpose, plot together; to 
concur to one end, agree, combine, league. — v.t. 
To plot, concur in.— Conspiracy, -sptr'a-sY, n. A 
combination of persons for evil ; concurrence to one 
event ; combination ; plot. — Conspir'ator, -ter, n. 

Constable, kun'sta-bl, n. A high officer in medieval 
monarchical establishments. {Law.) An officer of 
the peace, bound to execute warrants of judicial 
officers. 

Constant, kon'stant, a. Not liable to change; stead- 
fast; permanent; jjerpetual; resolute; firm. (Math. 
Sc Physics.) Remaining unchanged or invariable. — 
n. That which is not siibject to change. {Math.) A 
quantity whose value always remains the same in 
the same expression. — Con'stantly, adv. — Con'- 
stancy, -sT, n. Quality of being, etc.; freedom from 
change; firmness of mind, esp. under sufferings, in 
attacnments. or in enterprise ; stability ; resolution. 

Constellation, kon-stel-la'shun, n. A group of fixed 
stars; ass^emblage of splendors or excellencies. 

Consternation, kon-stSr-na'shun, n. Amazement or 
terror that confounds the faculties; horror; amaze- 
ment. 

Constipate, kon'stT-pat, v. t. To stop, as a passage, by 
filling it, and preventing motion through it; to ren- 
der costive. — Constipa'tion, n. Act of crowding ; 
state of being crowded ; condensation ; costiveness. 

Constitute, kon'stT-tut, r. t. To cause to stand, es- 
tablish, enact; to give formal e-xistence to, compose, 
form ; to appoint, depute, or elect to an office or 
employment. — Con'stituter, n. — Constit'uent, -u- 
ent, a. Ser\'ing to form, etc. ; component ; element- 
al ; having power to elect or appoint. — n. The per- 
son or thing which establishes, etc. ; component 
part ; element ; one who assists to appoint or elect 
a representative to an office. — Constitu'tion, n. Act 
of constituting ; formation ; state of being ; natural 
condition; conformation; principles or fundamental 
laws which govern a state or other organized body 
of men ; an authoritative ordinance, regulation, or 
enactment. — Constitu'tional, a. Pert, to or inher- 
ent in the constitution ; in accordance with, or au- 
thorized by, the constitution of a government or so- 
ciety V regulated by, dependent on, or secured by, 
etc. ; for the benefit of the constitution. — n. Exer- 
cise for the constitution, or health. 

Constrain, kon-stran', v. t. [-strained (-strand')t 
-STRAJNING.] To secure by bonds, bring into a nar- 



sHn, cube, full ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; UQger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



CONSTRUCT 



80 



CONTRACT 



row compass, hold back by force, urse witli irresist- 
ible power, necessitate. — Constrain'able. a. — Con- 
strain'edly, adv. — Constraint, -strant', n. Act 
ot, or state of being, etc. ; tliat wliich constrains ; 
compulsion ; urgency. — Constricf, v. t. To draw 
together into a narrow compass, contract. — Con- 
8tric''tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Con- 
strict'lve, -ir, u. Serving to bind. — Constrict''or, 
-er, n. That which, etc. ; esp. a serpent wliich sur- 
rounds its prey with its folds and crushes it. — Con- 
stringe, -strinj'', v. t. [-strixged (-strinjd'), -strin- 
ging.] To draw together, contract. — Constrin'gent, 
a. Having the quality of contracting. 

Construct, kon-strukf, v. t. To put together the 
constituent parts of ; to devise and put in an or- 
derly arrangement.— Con'struct, a. Formed by, or 
pert, to, construction, interpretation, or inference. 
— Construct 'er, n. — Construc'tion, n. Act of con- 
structing; act of building, or of devising and form- 
ing ; fabrication ; composition ; manner of putting 
together the parts ot anything. {Grain.) Syntac- 
tical arrangement. The method of construing or 
explaining a declaration or fact ; understanding ; 
interpretation; sense. — Construcfiveness, w. Ten- 
dency to, etc. (Fhren.) The faculty which leads 
to the formation of parts into a whole. See Phre- 
KOLOGY.— Construe, -stroo'', v. t. [-strued (-strood'), 
-STRUiNG.] To exhibit the construction of, as of a 
sentence or clause ; to interpret, translate. 

Consubstantial, kon-sub-stan''shal, a. Having the 
same essence. — Con'substan'tia'tion, n. Identity 
of substance. (Theol.) The actual presence of the 
body of Christ with the bread and wine of the 
Lord's supper. 

Consul, kon'sul, n. One of the 2 chief magistrates 
of the Roman republic, after the expulsion of the 
kings ; one of the 3 supreme magistrates of France 
from 1799 to 1804 ; an officer appointed by a govern- 
ment to protect the interests of its citizens abroad. 

Consult, kon-sulf, v. i. To seek opinion or advice, 
take counsel, deliberate, —v. t. To ask advice of ; 
to deliberate upon. — Consulfer, n. — Consulta'- 
tion, n. Act of consulting or deliberating ; a meet- 
ing, e.sp. of lawyers or of doctors, to consult. 

Consume, kon-sum', v. t. [-sujied (-sumd''), -scm- 
iNG.j To destroy, as by decomposition, dissipation, 
waste, or fire ; to swallow up, absorb, dissipate. — 
V. i. To waste away slowly.— Consum'^able, a. — Con- 
Bump'tion, H. Act of, or state ot being, etc. (Med.) 
A gradual decay or diminution of the body ; esp. a 
disease seated in the lungs, attended with hectic 
fever, cough, etc. — Consump'tive, -tiv, a. Having 
the quality of consuming : destructive ; affected 
with, or inclined to, consumption. 

Consummate, koH''sum-mat or -sum-'mlt, v. t. To 
bring to completion, raise to the highest point or 
degree, perfect, achieve. — Consum'^mate, a. Carried 
to the utmost extent ; complete ; perfect. — Con- 
surn'mately, adv. — Consumma'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; 
completion ; close ; perfection. 

Contact, kon'^takt, n. A close union of bodies ; a 
touching or meeting.— Contagion, -ta'jun,w. Trans- 
mission of disease from one person to another, by 
contact; a medium or agency to transmit disease; 
pestilential influence ; act or means of propagating 
influence or effect. — Conta''gious, -jus, a. {Med.) 
Communicable by contact or approach ; infectious; 
catching. Containing or generating contagion ; pes- 
tilential ; communicable from one to another. — 
Contig'uous, -u-us. a. In contact ; adjoining. — 
Contig'uously, adv. — Contig^uousness, -tigu'lty, n. 
State of being, etc. — Contin'^gent, -jent, a. Liable, 
but not certain t* occur ; dependent on what is un- 
known ; incidental ; casual. (Law.) Dependent 
for effect on something that may or maj' not occur. 
— n. A contingency ; what falls to one in an ap- 
portionment^ quota ; proportion. 

Contain, kon-tan', v. t. [-TAiXED(-tand''), -taixixg.] 
To hold within fixed limits, comprehend, comprise; 
to be able to hold, inclose. — r. i. To live in con- 
tinence or chastity. — Contenf, a. Having the de- 
sires limited by present enjoj'ment ; satisfied ; at 
rest. — V. i. To satisfy the mind of, appease, please, 
gratify. — n. Satistacdon ; moderate liappiness ; 
tnat which contents. — Con'tent or Content', n.. 



gen. in pi. That which is contained; power of con- 
taining : capacity. — Contended, a. Content; satis- 
fied. — Contenfedly, adv. — Content'^edness, n. — 
Content'ment, n. Satisfaction of mind ; acquies- 
cence ; that which afford.? satisfaction ; gratifica- 
tion. — Con'tinent, n. ( GeoQ.') One of tne large 
bodies of land on the globe. The main land of Eu- 
rope, as disting. fr. the islands, esp. fr. England. — 
a. Restraining the indulgence of desires or pas- 
sions, esp. as to sexual intercourse ; temperate ; 
chaste. 
Contaminate, kon-tam'T-nat, v. t. To soil, stain, or 
corrupt by defiling contact ; to pollute, defile, taint. 

— a. Having defilement; corrupt. 

Contemn, kon-tem', v. t. [-temked (-temd'), -tem- 
NiXG (-tem''ning).] To consider and treat as un- 
worthy of regard; to reject with disdain, despise, 
scorn.— Contempt', n. Act of, or state of being, 
etc. (Laio.) Disobedience of the rules of a court 
of justice or legislative body. — Contempt'ible, a. 
Worthy of, etc. ; abject ; vile ; mean ; base ; pitiful. 

— Contempt'ibleness, n. — Contemptibly, adv. — 
Contempfuous, -u-us, a. Manifesting, etc. ; scorn- 
ful; insolent; fastidious. — Gontempt'uously, ac/i;. 

Contemplate, kon-'tem-plat or -teni^plat, i". t. To 
look at on all siiles, regard with care, meditate on, 
studj' ; to have in view, as contingent or probable, 
look forward to, ponder, plan, purpose. — v.i. To 
think studiously, muse, meditate.— Contem'plativa, 
-tiv, a. Pert, or addicted to, etc.; studious; thought- 
ful ; having the power of thought or meditation. — 
Contem^platively, adv. — Contem'plativeness, n. 

Contemporaneous, kon-tem'po-ra'ne-us, a. Living, 
acting, or transpiring at the same time ; contem- 
porary. — Contem'porary, -po-ra-rl, a. Living, act- 
ing, or transpiring at the same time. — n. One who 
lives at the same time with another. 

Contempt, Contemptuous, etc. See under Contemn. 

Contend, kon-tend', v. i. To strive in opposition, or 
in debate, engage in discussion, dispute. — Conteu'^- 
tion, n. A violent effort to obtain or resist; strife in 
debate ; struggle; quarrel; feud; competition; dis- 
cord. — Conten'tious, -shus, a. Apt to contend; in- 
volving contention; quarrelsome; litigious; perverse, 
peevish. % 

Content, Contentment, etc. See under Contain. 

Conterminate, kon-ter'ml-nat, -minal. -minou8, -nus. 
o. Having the same bounds or boundaries; contigu- 
ous. 

Contest, kon-tesf, v. t. To make a subject of dispute; 
to strive earnestly to maintain; to dispute, contro- 
vert, oppose. {Law.) To resist, as a claim, by course 
«f law. — I', i. To engage in dispute, strife, etc.; to 
emulate. —Con'test, n. Earnest dispute; strife; com- 
bat; battle: debate; difference; strife. — Contest''- 
able, a. — Contesfant, n. One who, etc. 

Context, kon'tekst,n. The parts of a discourse which 
precede or follow a particular passage. 

Contiguous, Contingent, etc. See under Contact. 

Continent. See under Contain. 

Continue, kon-tin''u, v. i. [-tinued (-tin'ud), -tint- 
ing. J To remain in a given place or condition; to 
be permanent or durable, steadfast or constant; to 
endure, last, persevere, persist, stay. — '•. t. To pro- 
long, persist in. — Contin'uer, w.— Contin'uoua, -u- 
us, a. "Without break, cessation, or interruption; 
constantly' prolonged ; extended. — Contin'ual, a. 
Proceeding without interruption ; very frequent; 
often repeated; of frequent recurrence; perpetual; 
incessant. — Contin'ually, adv. — Contin'u&'tion, n. 
Act of continuing, or the state of being continued; 
that which extends, increases, supplements, etc. — ' 
Gontin''uative, -tiv, «. {Rhet.) A statement express- 
ing permanence or duration. {Grain.) A connect- 
ive: conjunction. 

Contort. kon-t6rt', v. t. To twist together, writhe. — 
Contor'tion, n. A twisting; partial dislocation of a 
limb. — Contor'tive, -tiv, a. Expressing contortion. 

Contour, koii-toor', n. Bounding line; outline; periph- 
ery. 

Contraband, kon'tra-band, a. Prohibited by law or 
treaty; forbidden. — n. Prohibited merchandise or 
traffic. 

Contract, kon-trakt', v. t. To draw together or nearer, 
reduce to less compass; to bring on, be liable to; to 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r ; 



CONTRADICT 



81 



CONVEY 



make a bargain for; to betroth, affiance. (Gram.) 
To unite into one long vowel or diphthong. — said 
of concurrent vowels. — v. i. To be drawn together 
or reduced in compass: to make an agreement, cov- 
enant, bargain. — Con'tract, n. An agreement be- 
tween parties, imposing obligations and conferring 
rights upon each; covenant; compact; stipulation; 
obligation; a formal writing containing such agree- 
ment. (Gram.) A word in which concurrent vow- 
els are contracted. — Contrac'tion, n. Act of, or 
state of being, etc. (Math.) Process of shortening 
any operation. Anything in a state of abbreviation. 
(Gram.) The shortening of a word, by uniting con- 
current vowels or omitting a vowel or syllable. — 
Contract'or, -er, n. One who, etc.; esp. one who 
contracts to perform work upon specified terms. 

Ck>ntradict, kon-tra-dikt', v. t. To assert the contrary 
of, deny; to be contrary to, oppose. — Contradict'- 
er, n. — Contradic'tion, n. An assertion of the con- 
trary to what has been said; opposition or repug- 
nancy; incongruity; contrariety. — ContradiCtieas, 
-shus,a. Filled with contradictions; inclined to con- 
tradict. — Contradict 'ive, -iv, a. Contradictory. — 
Contradict'ory, a. Affirming the contrarj'; imply- 
ing denial; inconsistent; repugnant. (Logic.) Op- 
posed in every possible respect. — «. A proposition 
which denies or opposes another in all its terms; 
contrariety; inconsistency. — Contradicforily, adv. 

ContradistingTUsh, kon-tra-dis-tin'^wish, v. t. [-tin- 
GUiSHED (-gwisht), -GL'isiiiXG.] To distinguish by 
contrast. — Con'tradistinc'tion, n. 

Ck>ntralto, kon-tral'to, n. (31us.) The part sung by 
the highest male or lowest female voices ; alto or 
counter-tenor; the voice or singer performing this 
part. — a. Pert, to, etc. 

Contrary, kon'tra-rt, a. Opposite; different; contra- 
dictory; given to opposition; perverse; wayward. 
(Logic.) Opposed in quality only. — ?i. A thing of 
opposite qualities; a proposition contrary to another. 

Contrast, kon-trast', v. t. To set in opposition, in 
order to show superiority or give effect. — v. i. To 
stand in opposition ; exhibit contrast. — Con'trast, n. 
Opposition of things or qualities; comparison by 
contrariety of qualities. 

Contratenor, kon''tra-ten-er, n. (3fus.) A middle part 
between tenor and treble; counter-tenor; contjalto. 

Contravene, kon-tra-ven', v. t. [-vened (-vend'), 
-VEXING.] To meet in the way of opposition, come 
in conflict with, contradict, obstruct, oppose. — Con- 
traven'tion, -ven'shun, n. Act of, etc. 

Contretemps. koN-tr-toN', n. An unexpected acci- 
dent, creating confusion; mishap. 

Contribute, kon-trib'ut, v. t. To gwe to a common 
stock or for a common purpose. — v. i. To give a 
part, lend assistance. — Contrib'utor, -ter, w. — Con- 
trib''atable, a. — Contribu'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; thing 
contributed. (Mil.) Imposition levied on a con- 
quered people. (Law.) Payment, by several jointly 
liable, of their shares of a loss by one of the num- 
ber, or payment by him for all, with reference to 
their common liability. 

Contrite, kon'trit, a. Broken down with grief or pen- 
itence; repentant; humble; sorrowful.— Contri''tion, 
-trish'un, w. State of being contrite; deep sorrow 
for sin; compunction; self-reproachj remorse. 

Contrive, kon-triv'', v.t. [-TRiVED(-trivd''), -trivixg.] 
To form by exercise of ingenuity, devise, invent, 
plan, plot. — V. I. To make devices, plan. — Con- 
triv^er, n. — Contriv'able, a.— Contriv'ance, n. Act 
of, etc.; thing contrived; an act of cunning; scheme; 
invention; project; artifice; shift. 

Control, kon-tror, n. Orig., a register kept to check 
another register ; that w^hich serves to check, re- 
strain, or hinder; power to check; restraining influ- 
ence; direction; superintendence. — v. t. [-trolled 
(-trold'), -TROLLING.] To restrain, govern, over- 
power, counteract. [Formerly written comptrol and 
controul.'] — Control'ler, w. _One who, etc. — Con- 
troller, ComptreUer, kon-troKer, n. An officer ap- 
pointed to keep a counter register of accounts, or to 
control or verify the accounts of other officers. 

Controversy, kon^'tro-ver-sT, n. Maintenance of opin- 
ions discordant with those of others ; dispute; de- 
Date; hostility. — Con'trovert, v. t. To make matter 
of controversy; to contest; to debate, deny. — Cen'- 



troverter, -vertist, -ver'sialist, -v5r'shal-ist, n. One 
who, etc. ; a disputant ; polemic. — Controvertible, 
a. Capable of being, etc. — Controvert'ibly, adv 

— Controver'sial, -shal. a. Pert, to, etc.; disputa- 
tious. — Controver'sially, adv. 

Contumacy, kon'tu-ma-sl, n. Persistent obstinacy ; 
stubborn perverseness. (Law.) Willful contempt 
of, and disobedience to, lawful summons or rules of 
court. — Contumacious, -ma'shus, o. Exhibiting 
contumacy; contemning authority. 

Contumely, kon'tu-me-lT, n. Rudeness compounded 
of haughtiness and contempt; reproach.— Contume'- 
lious, -ll-us, a. Overbearingly contemptuous; inso- 
lent; reproachful. — Contume'liously, adv. 

Contuse, kon-tuz', v. t. [-tused (-tuzd''), -tusing.] 
To beat, pound, or bray together ; to bruise bj' beat- 
ing.— Contu''sion, -zhun, n. Act of, or state of being, 
etc. 

Conundrum, ko-nun^drum, n. A sort of riddle in 
which some odd resemblance between unlike things 
is proposed for discovery ; a puzzling question, 
whose answer involves a pun. 

Convalesce, kon-va-les', v. i. [-lesced (-lesf), -les- 
Cing.] To recover health and strength after sick- 
ness. — Convales'cence, -sens, -cency, n. Recovery, 
etc. ; state of a body renewing its vigor after sick- 
ness. — Convales'cent, a. Recov«ing, etc. — n. One 
recovering, etc. — Convales'cently, ac/y. 

Convene, kon-ven', v. i. [-vexed (-vend'), -vexing.] 
To come together, meet in the same place, assemble, 
unite. — V. t. To cause to assemble, call together, 
convoke ; to summon judicially to meet or appear. 

— Conven'able, a. — Conven'er, n. — Conven'ient, 
-yent, a. Adapted to an end; fit; becoming; afford- 
ing convenience ; commodious. — Conven'iently, 
adv. — Conven'ience, -yens, -iency, n. State of be- 
ing, or that which is, convenient ; an accommoda- 
tion. — Con 'vent, n. A community of recluses de- 
voted to a religious Uie ; a body of monks or nuns; 
a house occupied by such a community ; abbey ; 
monastery; nunnery. — Conven'tion, n. Act of com- 
ing together; arbitrary custom; usage; an assembly 
of delegates for a delioerative purpose; an informal 
or preliminary compact, as between belligerents, etc. 

— Conven'tional, rt. Formed by agreement; stipu- 
lated ; growing out of, or depending on, custom; 
sanctioned by usage. 

Converge, kon-verj', v. i. [-verged (-verid'), -vee- 
gixg.J To tend to one point, incline and approach 
nearer together. 

Converse, n. and a. See under -Convert. 

Converse, kon-vers', v. i. [-versed -(-versf), -vers- 
ing.] To keep company, or have familiaritj' ; to 
commune; to talk familiarly, chat. — Con'versant, 
a. Having customary intercourse ; familiar by use 
or study; versed; haying concern or relation. — Con- 
versa'tion, n. Familiar intercourse; close acquain- 
tance ; informal talk : discourse ; colloqtiy ; confer- 
ence.— Conversa'tional, a. Pert, to, etc.; colloquial. 

Convert, kon-verf, v. t. To change from one form, 
substance, religion, party, use, etc., to another ; to 
turn, transmute, appropriate. — v.i. To be turned 
or changed; to undergo a change, be transmuted. — 
Con'vert, n. One converted from one opinion or 
practice to another ; esp. one who turns from sin to 
holiness; proselj^te; neophyte; pervert. — Convert'- 
er, n. — Con' verse, -vers, n. (Logic.) A proposition 
produced by interchanging the terms of another. 
(Math.) A change in the form of a proposition, in- 
verting its order and making the conclusion the 
premise. — a. Turned about; reciprocal. — Con'- 
versely, a(7w. — Conver'sion, n. Act of changing 
from one condition to another ; transmutation ; 
change from one side, party, etc., to another. (Law.) 
An appropriation of property. (Logic.) Act of inter- 
changing the terms of a proposition. (Math.) A 
change of the form of a proposition. (Mil.) A change 
of front. (Theol.) Aradicalchangeof heart or moral 
character. 

Convex, kon'veks, a. Rising or swelling into a 
rounded form. — n. A convex body. SeeLENS. 

Convey, kon-va', v. t. [-veyed (-vad'), -veyixg.] To 
carry from one place to another ; to transfer to an- 
other, make over; to communicate. — Convey'able, 
a. — donvey'ance, n. Act of conveying; transmis- 



Btin, cQbe, full ; moon, f(5&t ; cow, oil ; Ugger or igk, tiien, bONboN. chair, get. 
6 



CONVICT 



82 



CORD 



Biont transference; instrument or means of convey- 
ing. (Law.) A written instrument by which prop- 
erty or title is conveyed from one to another. — Con- 
Vey'ancer, n. (Law.) One who draws up convey- 
ances of property. — Convey'' ancing, m. (Law.) Act 
or practice of, etc. — Convoy"', v. t. [-voyed (-void'), 
-VOYiNG.] To accompany lor protection. — Con'voy, 
n. Act of, etc. ; a protecting force accompanying 
ehips or property; the ship or fleet protected; prop- 
erty convoyed; a drag or brake upon wheels of a 
vehicle when going down hill. 
Convict, kon-vikt', v. t. To prove guilty of an of- 
fense charged ; to pronounce guilty, as by legal 
decision; to show by proof; to confute, confound. 

— Con'vict, n. One proved guilty of crime ; male- 
factor ; felon ; criminal. — Convic'tlon, n. Act of 
proving, finding, or adjudging guilty ; act of con- 
vincing of error ; confutation ; state of being con- 
vinced, esp. of being convicted of sin, or by one's 
conscience. —Convict'ive, -iv, a. Fitted to, etc.— 
Convince'', v. t. [-vinceu (-vmsf), -vi^cing.] To 
overcome by argument, satisfy by proof, persuade, 
convict. 

Convivial, kon-viv'T-al, a. Relating to an entertain- 
ment; festal; jovial; social; gay. — Conviv'ial'ity, n. 
Good humor attending festive occasions. 

Convoke, kon-vol^, v. t. [-yoked (-vokf), -yoking.] 
To call together, convene. — Convoca''tion, n. Act 
of, etc. ; assembly or meeting. 

Convolve, kon-volv', v. t. [-volved (-volvd'), -voly- 
ING.] To roll together, twist. — Con'' volute, -lut, a. 
(Bot.) Rolled together, or one part on another. — 
Convola''tion, n. Act of rolling or winding together, 
or one thing on another; state of being, etc. 

Convoy. See under Coxvey. 

Convulse, kon-vuls'', v.t. [-vuLSED(-vulst').-vuLSiNG.] 
To draw or contract violently and irregularly, as the 
muscular parts of the body; to agitate, rend. — Con- 
Vul''sion, -shun, n. (Med.^ Unnatural contraction 
of the muscular parts. Any violent and irregular 
motion ; commotion ; disturbance ; spasm. — Con- 
vul'sive, -siv, o. Producing, or attended with, etc. 

Cony, ko''nt or kun'T, 71. A rabbit. 

Coo, koo, V. i. [cooed (kood), cooing.] To make a 
low sound, as pigeons. 

Cook, k(5t)k, V. t. [cooked (k(5&kt), cooking.] To 
prepare, as food for the table, by boiling, roasting, 
baking, broiling, etc.; to concoct, tamper with, alter. 

— V. I. To prepare food for the table. — n. One 
who, etc. — Cook'^ery, -er-T, n. Art or practice of, etc. 

Cooky, kcibk^X, a. A small, thin, sweet cake. 

Cool, kool, a. Moderately cold ; producing coolness ; 
calm, or free from excitement by pa.ssion ; dispas- 
sionate; self-possessed; manifesting coldness or dis- 
like; chilling ; negligent of propriety in minor mat- 
ters ; impudent, —ji. A moderate state of cold. — 
V. t. [cooled (koold), cooling.] To make cool or 
cold ; to moderate the excitement of ; to allay, as 

gassion ; to calm, moderate. — v. i. To become less 
ot; lose heat; to become more moderate. — Cool''- 
er, n. That which cools or abates heat or excite- 
ment; a vessel in which liquors, etc., are cooled. — 
CooKish, a. Somewhat cool. — Cool''iy, ac/v. In a 
cool manner. — CooKness, n. 

Cooly, -lie, koo''lT, n. An East Indian porter; a la- 
borer transported from the East, for service else- 
where. 

Coop, koop, n. A barrel or cask; a grated box orin- 
closure for_small animals, esp. poultry. — v. t. 
[cooped (koopt), cooping.] To confine in a coop, 
or in a narrow compass; to crowd, confine, imprison. 

— Cooper, kd6p- or koop''er, n. One who makes bar- 
rels, tubs, etc. — r. L To do cooper's work upon. 

Cooperate, ko-op''er-at, v. i. To act or operate jointly 
with another. — Co6p''era''tion, 71. Act of, etc. ; con- 
current effort or labor. — Coip'erative, -tiv, a. Op- 
erating jointly. — Coop'erator, -ter, ?i. 

Coordinate, ko-or^di-nat, a. Equal in rank or order ; 
not subordinate. — v. t. To make coordinate, or 
equal in rank, to harmonize. — n. A person or thing 
01 the same rank with another, pi. (Math.) Lines, 
or other elements of reference, by which the posi- 
tion of a point is defined with respect to fixed lines, 
or planes, called coordinate aoces and coordinate 
planes. 



Coot, koot, n. A short-tailed water-fowl, frequenting 
lakes and still waters; a stupid fellow; simpleton. 

Copal, ko'^pal, n. A resinous substance from 2 East 
India and S. Amer. trees — used in manufacture of 
varnishes. 

Copartner, ko-part''n5r, n. A joint partner; associate; 
partaker. — Copart'^nership, n. Joint interest or con- 
I cern ; an unincorporated business association. 

Cope, kop, w. A covering for the head; anvthing ex- 
tended over the head, as the vault of tne sky; a 
I sacerdotal cloak. (Founding.) The top part of a 
I flask. 

I Cope, kop, V. i. [coped (kopt), coping.] To strive, 

I contend, esp. on equal terms or with success; to 

match, equal. — o. t. To match one's self against. 

Copernican, ko-per'nt-kan, a. Pert, to Copernicus, 
a Prussian astronomer who taught the solar system 
now received. 

Copier. See under Copy. 

Copious, ko'pt-us, a. Large in quantity or amount; 
abundant; rich; full; exuberant. 

Copper, kop''per, n. A metal of reddish color, ductile, 
malleable, and tenacious; a coin, also a vessel, esp. 
a boiler, made of copper. — v. t. [coppeked (-perd), 
-PEKING.] To cover or sheathe with copper. — Cop'- 
peras, n. Sulphate of iron, or green vitriol; a green 
salt, of a styptic, astringent taste. 

Coppice, kop'' pis. Copse, kops, n. A wood of small 
growth; underwood; brushwood. — Copse, v. t. To 
trim or cut, as brushwood. 

Copt, kopt, n. A descendant of the ancient Egyptians; 
an Egyptian Christian, esp. of the ancient Mono- 
physite church. — Cop'tic, a. Pert, to, etc. — n. The 
language of, etc. 

Copula, kop''u-la, n. (Logic.) The word uniting the 
subject and predicate of a proposition. — Cop''ulate, 
-lat, V. t. To unite in sexual embrace. — Copula''- 
tion, n. Act of coupling; coition.— Cop'ulative, -tiv, 
a. Serving to couple. (Gram.) Uniting the sense as 
well as the words, — n. ( Gram.) A copulative con- 
junction. — Cop''ulatory, -to-rt, a. Pert to, etc. ; 
copulative. 

Copy, kop'T, n, A writing like another writing; trans- 
script; book printed according to the original; one 
of a series of repetitions of an original work. (Print.) 
Manuscript, etc., for the compositor. Anything to 
be imitated ; a model ; pattern. — v. t. [copied 
(kop''id), copying.] To write, print, engrave, etc., 
after an original; to imitate, transcribe, model after. 

— V. i. To do a thing in imitation of something else. 

— Cop''3rright, -rit, n. An author's exclusive right 
to print, publish, and vend his own works, for nis 
own beneiit, during a certain time. —v. t. To secure 
by copyright, as a book. 

Coquette, ko-ket', n. A vain, trifling woman, who en- 
deavors to attract admiration, and gain matrimonial 
offers, intending to reject her suitor. — Coquet', v. 
t. To attempt to attract notice, admiration, or 
love, with a view to disappoint. — v. i. To trifle in 
love. — Coquet'ry, -rT, n. Affectation of amorous 
advances; tn'fling in love. — Coquet'tish, a. Prac- 
ticing coquetrj'; befitting a coquette. 

Coral, kor'al, n. The ^soiid secretion of zoophytes, 
produced within the tissues ot the polyps, consist- 
ing almost purely of carbonate of lime; a piece of 
coral; spawn of the lobster, which has the color of 
coral. 

Corban, k5r''ban, n. An alms-basket. (JeivisJi Antiq.) 
An offering or sacrifice devoted to God; vow by 
which one bound himself not to give to, or receive 
from another, some particular object. 

Corbell, Corbel, kSr'bel, n. (Arch.) A bracket of stone, 
wood, or iron, often carved in 
the form of a basket, head, etc., 
projecting f roma wall tosupport 
a cornice, parapet, end of an 
arch, or other structure or mass; 
the vase or tambor of the Corin- 
thian column. — Cor'bel, v. t. 
To furnish with corbels. 

Cord, k5rd, n. A string, or small rope; a solid meas- 
ure, equivalent to 128 cubic feet; a pile 8 ft. long, 4 
ft. high, and 4 ft. broad, — orig. measured with a 
cord. — r. t. To bind with a cord; to pile up, as 
wood, for sale by the cord. — Cordelidre. -lyar', n. 




Corbel. 



ftut, iame, ias, pass or opera. Since ; Snd, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, dr ; 



CORDATE 



83 



CORRESPOND 



A black, knotted silk handkerchief. [F.] — Cordon, 
kfifdox or kSr^don, n. A ribbon borne as a badge 
of honor.. {Arch.) The edge of a stone on the out- 
side of a building. (Fort.) The projecting coping 
of the scarp-wall. {Mil.) A series of military posts. 
[F.J— • Corduroy, k6r''du-roi, n. A thick cotton stuff, 
corded or ribbed on the surface. 

Cordate, k6r''dat, -dated, a. {Bot.) Having the form 
of a heart. — Cordial, kSr'dl-al or kor'jal, a. Pro- 
ceeding from the heart; hearty; sincere; affection- 
ate; tending to revive, cheer, or invigorate.— w. 
Anything that comforts and exhilarates. {Med.) 
That which invigorates, esp. medicine which does 
so. {Com.) Aroniatized spirit, employed as a bever- 
age. — Cordial'ity, n. Sincere affection and kind- 
ness: warmth of regard; heartiness. 

Cordovan, kSr'do-van, n. Spanish leather, or ^'oat- 
skin tanned and dressed; cord wain. — Cordwainer, 
k6rd''wan-er, n. A worker in cordovan leather; 
shoemaker. 

Core, kor, Ji. The heart or inner part of a thing, esp. 
of fruit. {Founding.) The internal mold which 
forms a hollow in ca.sting. — i-. t. [cored (kord), 
CORING.] To take out the core or inward parts of. 

Coriander, ko-rT-an''der, n. A plant whose seeds are 
considered in medicine as stomachic and carmina- 
tive. 

Corinthian, ko-rin^'tht-an, a. Pert, to Corinth. (Arch.) 
Pert, to the Corinthian order of architecture, pro- 
fusely ornamented. See Capital. 

Cork, kork, n. The outer bark of the cork tree, of 
which stoppers are made; a stopper for a bottle, jug, 
etc. — V. t. [CORKED (kSrkt), corking.] To stop or 
furnish with cork. 

Cormorant, kCr^mo-rant, 
n. A voracious web- 
footed sea-bird, of the 
pelican family; a glut- 
ton, or gluttonous ser- 
vant. 

Com, korn, n. A single 
seed of certain plants, 
as wheat, rye, barley, 
and maize; a grain; the 
various cereal or fari- 
naceous grains growing 
in ears, and used for 
food ; in Scot., oats; Ih 
the U. S., maize, or In- 
dian corn ; plants which produce corn ; a small, 
hard particle ; a grain. — v. t. [corned (k8md), 
CORNING.] To preserve with salt in grains, cure by 
salting ; to form into small grains, granulate ; to 
feed with grain ; to render intoxicated. 

Com, k8m, n. A hard, horn-Like induration of the 
skin, esp. on the toes. 

Cornea, kor'ne-a, n. (Annt.) The strong, horny, 
transparent membrane forming the front part of 
the eye ball. See Eye. 

Cornelian, kOr-ncKyan, n. A kind of chalcedony. 
[Often spelled camelian.] 

Corner, k6r'ner, n. The point where converging lines 
meet ; angle ; space between converging lines or 
walls which meet; an inclosed or retired place ; a 
part ; an embarrassed position. {Stock Exchange.) 
The condition of a stock or commodity when a 
future delivery, in excess of the amount in the 
market, has been undertaken by parties who are 
therefore compelled to settle with the buj'ers at ficti- 
tious rates; a scarcity of a commodity, created for the 
purpose of increasing profits. — r. t. [cornered 
(-nerd), -nering.] To drive into a corner, or into a 
position of difficulty or necessary surrender ; to 
get control of, — saicl of stocks. 

Comet, kSr'net, n. {Mus.) A wind instrument blown 
with the mouth ; a species of trumpet ; a certain 
organ stop or register. A cap of twisted paper, used 
by grocers. {Mil.) The standard-bearer in a cavalry 
troop. 

Cornice, k6r''nis, n. {Arch.) A molded projection 
finishing the part to which it is affixed. 

Cornucopia, k6r-nu-ko'pI-a, n. ; pi. -tije. -pt-e. The 
horn of plenty, overflowing with fruits and flowers, 
— an emblem of abundance. 

COTOl, kor'ol, Corolla, ko-roKla, v. ' {Bot.) The inner 




Cormorant. 





Coronet. 



part of a flower, surrounding the organs of 
fructification and composed o f leaves, 
called petals. — Cor''ollary, -la-rl, n. That 
which loUows over and above a proposi- 
tion demonstrated ; an inference; deduc- 
tion ; consequence. 

Corona, ko-ro'na, n. ; pi. -:sje, -ne. {Arch.) 
A large, flat member of a cornice. (Anat.) 
The upper surface, as of a tooth. {Astron.) 
A luminous appearance surrounding the 
moon during a total eclipse of the sun. _ ^^ 
{But.) A crown-like margin of the top of p ,, 
a flower ; an appendage at the top of "^oroiia 
some petals or seeds. {Meteorol.) A circle, 
around a luminous body. — Corona'^tion, '^' J^f "i^? 
n. Act or solemnitj' of "crowning a sov- P^ ■ ^i ' 
ereign. — Cor'oner, n. An officer of the "' ?^^°^^ 
law appointed to inquire into a violent P^taiea. 
death. — Cor''onet, n. An inferior crown worn by 
noblemen; an ornamental headdress. 
{Far.) The upper part of a horse's 
hoof. — Coro''nis, n. { Gr. Gram.) A 
sign of contraction ['] placed over a 
word. 

Corporal, kor^'po-ral, n. {Mil.) The low- 
est officer of an infantry company. 
{Naut.) An officer under the master 
at arms. 

Corporal, kSr'po-ral, a. Pert, to the body ; having a 
body or substance; not spiritual; raaterial; bodilv. 
— n. {Feci.) A linen cloth, to cover the elements 
in the eucharist. — Cor'porally, adv. — Cor'porate, 
a. United in an association, and endowed by law 
with rights and liabilities of an individual ; in- 
corporated ; pert, to a corporation. — Gor'porately, 
adv. In a corporate capacity. — Corpora'tion, n. 
A body politic or corporate, authorized to act as a 
single person, and with the capacity of a perpetual 
succession.— Cor'porator,n. A member of a cor- 
poration. — Corpo^real, a. Having a bodv; consist- 
ing of a material body; material. — Corps, kor, pi. 
korz, n. sing. & pi. A body of men, esp. of troops ; 
an organized division of an army. — Corps-d'ann6e, 
kor'dar'nia'', n. A portion of a grand army possessed 
of all constituents of aa independent armv^ [F., 
body of the army.] — Corpse, kSrps, Corse, kSrs, n. 
The dead body of a human being.— Corse'let, re. A 
light breastplate. {Entom.) The part of a winged 
insect answering to the breast of other animals. [F.] 
— Cer'set, n. An article of women's dress, inclos- 
ing the waist ; staj's. — v. t. To inclose in, etc. — 
Cor'pulent, a. Having an excessive quantity of 
flesh; fat; pursj; obese.— Corpuscle, kSr'pus-l, n. 
A minute particle, or physical atom. (Anat.) An 
animal cell. 

Corral, kor'ral, n. A yard or inclosure, esp. for cat- 
tle, etc. — Corral', ^. t. To surround and inclose ; 
to pen, as cattle. 

Correct, kor-rekt', a. Conformable to truth, recti- 
tude, propriety, etc. ; free from error ; accurate ; ex- 
act ; regular. — v. t. To make or set right ; to bring 
to the standard of truth, justice, etc. ; to reprove or 
puni.sh for faults; to obviate or remove, counteract 
or change, rectify, punish, chasten. — Correctness, 
n. — Correc'tion, n. Act of correcting ; emenda- 
tion of errors; change for the better; amendment; 
punishment; discipline; what is substituted in the 
place of what is wrong: counteraction of what is in- 
convenient. — Corrigendum. -rT-jeu'dum, n. ; pi. 
-GENDA, -da. A word or thin^ to be corrected. — 
Cor'rigible, -rT-jT-bl, a. Capable of being, etc.; de- 
serving chastisement. — Cor'rigibleness, n. 

Correlate, kor-re-lat', v. i. To have reciprocal or mu- 
tual relations; to be mutually related. — v. t. To 
bring into mutual relation ; to make, or regard as, 
coincident. — Correl''ative, -tiv, a. Having or in- 
dicitiug, etc. : reciprocal. — .n. One who, or that 
which, stands in a reciprocal relation to some other. 
{Gram.) The antecedent of a pronoun. 

Correspond, kor-re-spond', v. i. To be adapted, be 
congruous ; to have intercourse or communication 
esp. by letters ; to agree, fit, write. — Correspond'- 
ent, rt. Having correspondence ; suitable ; con- 
formable. — n. One who corresponds ; one with 
whom intercourse is carried on bj"^ letters. — Corrd' 



sun, cube, fijU ; moon, f66t ; cow, oil ; liflger or ink, tiien. boNboN, chair, get. 



CORRIDOR 



84 



COUNT 



gpond'ently, -ingly, adv. In a corresponding man- 
ner; suitable. — Correspond'ence, -ency, n. Slutual 
adaptation ef one thing to another ; congruity ; fit- 
ness ; friendly intercourse ; esp. by letters ; letters 
between correspondents. 

Corridor, kor'rl-dor, n. (Arch.) A passage-way to 
apartments independent of each other. 

Corrigendum, Corrigible, etc. See under Correct. 

Corroborate, kor-rob''o-rat, v. t. To make more cer- 
tain, confirm. — Corrob'ora''tion, 7i. Act of, or state 
of being, etc. ; confirmation. — Corrob'^orative, -tiv, 
a. Corroborating ; confirmatory. — n. A corrobo- 
rant. — Corrob''oratory, -to-rT, a. Corroborative. 

Corrode, kor-rod', v. t. To eat away or consume by de- 
grees; to canker, gnaw, rust, wear away. — Corro'- 
sive, -siv, a. Eating away ; having the power of 
gradually wearing, consuming, or impairing ; acri- 
monious ; fretting or vexing. — n. That which, etc. 

Corrogate, kor'roo-gat, v. t. To form or shape into 
wrinkles or folds. — a. Shaped into wrinkles; fur- 
rowed ; contracted. — Corrug-a'tion, n. A contrac- 
tion into wrinkles. — Cor'nigant, a. Able to, etc. 

Corrupt, kor-rupt', v. t. To change from soundness 
to putrescence; to putrefy; to change from good to 
bad, vitiate, debase, entice, bribe. — v. i. To be- 
come putrid or tainted, rot; to become vitiated, lose 
purit}'. — a. Changed, etc.; spoiled; tainted; de- 
praved ; perverted. — Corruptible, a. Capable of 
being, etc. — n. That which may decay and perish; 
the buman body. — Corrupfibleness, -ibil'lty, n. 
Susceptibility of corruption. — Corrupfibly, adv. — 
Corrup'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; prod- 
uct of corruption; putrid matter; putrescence; de- 
filement; contamination. (Law.) Taint or impurity 
of blood, by which one is disabled from inheriting 
or transmitting any estate. 

Corse, Corselet, etc. See under Corporal. 

Corsair, k6r''sar, n. A pirate; piratical vessel. 

Cortege, kSr'tazh', n. A train of attendants. 

Corundum, ko-run'dum, ?i. {Min.) The earth alumina, 
as found in a crystalline state. 

Coruscate, kor''us-kat or ko-rus'kat, v. i. To throw 
off vivid flashes of light; to glitter, gleam, sparkle. 

Corvet,k6r'vet, Corvette, kor-vet'', n. C^aut.) A sloop 
of war, ranking below a frigate, and carrying not 
more than 20 guns. 

Corsrpheus, kor'T-fe''us, n. The chief or leader of a 
Greek dramatic chorus; any chief or leader. 

Co-secant, ko-se'kant, n. ( Geom.) 
The secant of the complement 
of an arc or angle. In the fig- 
ure, AD is the secant of the 
arc CE, and the co-secant of 
the complement of that arc, or 
BE. — Co'sine, -sin, n. The 
sine of the complement of an 
arc or angle. In the figure, BF 
is the sine of the arc CF, and 
the co-sine of EF, the comple- 
ment of that arc. — Go-tan'gent, n. The tangent of 
the complement of an arc or angle. In the figure, 
CD is the tangent of the arc CE, 
and the co-tan^ent of EB, the 
complement of that arc. 

Cosmetic, koz-met'ik, -ical, a. Im- 




A B 

Co-secant, Co-tan- 
gent. 



proving beauty, esp. of the com- 
plexion. — Gosmet'^ic, n. An ex- 




BC 



ternal application, to improve the Co-sine, 
complexion. 

Cosmos, koz^'mos, 71. The universe; the system of law, 
harinnny, and truth combined withiM "the universe. 
— CosmbpoKitan, -mop'olite, -lit, ». One who has 
no fixed residence, but is at home in every place; a 
citizen of the world; one who regards the interests 
of mankind rather than of his own class or coun- 
try; a liberal. 

Cost, kost, n. Amount paid for anything; charge; ex- 
pense; whatever, as labor, self-denial, suffering, etc., 
is requisite to secure benefit; loss of any kind; det- 
riment; suffering, pi. (Law.) Expenses in litiga- 
tion. — v.t. [COST, COSTING.] To require to be given, 
expended, or laid out for ; to require to be borne, 
cause to be suffered. — Cosfly, -IT, a. Of great cost; 
expensive ; sumptuous. — Cost''liness, n. 

Costal, kos'tal, a. Pert, to the side of the body or ribs. 




Costive, kos'tiv, a. Retaining fecal matter in the bow- 
els; constipated. 

Costume, kos-tum' or kos'tflm, n. An established 
manner or style, esp. of dress; adaptation of acces- 
sories, as in a picture, poem, etc., to the circum- 
stances described. 

Cot, kot, Cote, kot, n. A small house; cottage; hut; 
also, a shed or inclosure for beasts; a cover for a 
sore finger. — Cot, Cott, kot, n. A sleeping place of 
small size; a little bed; cradle; folding bedstead. 

— Cot'^tage, -tei, ». A small dwelling ; cot; hut, — 
Cot'^tager, Sot'ter, n. One who lives in a cottage, 

Co-tangent. See under Co-secant. 

Cotemporaneous, etc. See Contemporaneous. 

Coterie, ko-te-re', n. A set of persons who meet famil- 
iarly ; a club. 

Cotillon, Cotillion, ko-tiKyun, n. A dance of 8 per- 
sons; Quadrille; tune regulating the dance. 

Cotton, kot'^tn, n. The fibrous down enveloping the 
seeds of the cotton-plant: thread or cloth made of 
cotton. — a. Made of, etc. — v. i To rise with a 
regular nap. — Cotton jflannel. A twilled cotton fab- 
ric, with a long plush nap ; Canton flannel. — Cot- 
ton'y, -t, a. Downy ; soft, like cotton ; contain- 
ing, or like, cotton; cheap looking. — Cof ton-gin, 
-jin, n. A machine to separate the seeds from cot- 
ton. — -plant, n. A plant of several 
species, growing in warm clinjates, and 
bearing t h e" cotton of commerce. — 
-seed, n. The seed of. etc., —yielding^ 
oil and oil-cake. — waste, n. The ref-' 

use of cotton factories. wood, w. 

(BotJ) An American tree of the pop- 
lar kind. — wool, n. Cotton in its raw 
state. 

Cotyledon, kot-t-le'don, n. (Bot.) A 
seed-lobe of a plant, which involves 
and nourishes the embryo plant, and n^n-^„ ^^^„^■ 
then perishes. «..otton-plant. 

Couch, kowch, V t [couched (kowcht), couchixg.] 
To lay down or deposit; to compose to rest; to put 
in language, phrase, state. — v.i. To lie down, as 
on a bed, repose; to lie down for concealment, hide; 
to bend the body, as in reverence, pain, labor, etc. 

— n. A place forVest or sleep; a layer of barley pre- 
pared for malting. (Painting, Gilding, etc.) A pre- 
liminary layer, as of color, size, etc. 

Cougar, koo'gar, n. (Zobl.) A species of panther found 
in southern N. Amer. ; the puma or S. Amer. lion. 

Cough, kawf , n. A violent effort of the lungs to throw 
oft irritating matter. — v. i. [coughed (kawft), 
COUGHING.] To expel air from the throat or lungs 
with force or noise. — v. t. To expel from the lungs 
by a cough, eject by a cough, expectorate. 

Could, k6t)d, imj). of can. See Can. 

Coulter. Same as Colter. 

Council, kown''sil, n. An assembly for consultation 
or advice; congress; diet; convention; convocation. 

— Coun^cil-man, n.: pi. -men. A member of a coun- 
cil, esp. of the common council of a city. — Coun'* 
ciior, -er, n. A member of a council. 

Counsel, kown''sel, n. Mutual advisement, instruc- 
tion, or interchange of opinions: exercise of delib- 
erate judgment; result of consultation; deliberate 
purpose; one who gives advice, esp. in legal matters; 
collectively, the legal ad.-ocates united in the man- 
agement of a case. — v. t. [counseled (-seld), -sel- 
ING.] To advise, admonish, or instruct. — Counf- 
selor, -er, ?i. One who, etc.; an adviser; one who is 
consulted and gives advice on questions of law; a 
barrister. — Coun'selorship, «. 

Count, kownt, v. t. To number, enumerate, reckon, 
compute; to consider as belonging to one, esteem, 
ascribe.— V. I. To number or be counted; hence, 
to swell the number, add strength or influence; to 
depend, rely. (Law.) To plead orally. —n. Act of 
numbering, or amount ascertained by numbering; 
reckoning. C T,aw.) A statement of a plaintiff's case 
in court. . CTlm. Law.) One of several charges in 
an indictment. — Counter, kown'ter, n. One who 
couiits, or keeps an account ; that which indicates a 
number ; a piece of coin-shaped metal, wood, etc., 
used in reckoning ; a table on which money is 
counted, and goods laid for examination by pur- 
chasers. — Count'er-jump'er, n. A salesman in a 



am. fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term \ In, Ice ; Odd, tone. 6r 



COUNT 



85 



COURT 



shop. — Connt'able, a. — Count'^less, a. Innumer- 
able. — Counfing-houBe, -room, n. Place for keep- 
ing accounts, etc., and transacting business. 

Count, kownt, n. A nobleman in Europe, equal in 
rank to an English earl. — Counfess, n. The con- 
sort of an earl or count. — Coun'ty, -tT, n. Orig. an 
earldom; a territorial division of a state, for purposes 
of administration, justice, etc. ; a shire. 

Countenance, kown'te-nans, n. Appearance or ex- 
pression of the face; aspect; mien;^the face; fea- 
tures ; encouraging aspect ; favor ; aid. — v. t. 
f-XANCED (-nanst), -naxcing.] To encourage by a 
favoring aspect ; to sanction, approve, support. 

Counter. See under Count, v. t. 

Counter, kown'ter, a. Contrary; opposite. — adv. 
Contrary; in opposition; in an' opposite direction. 
[This word is prefixed to many others, chiefly verbs 
and nouns, expressing opposition. 1 — n. {yimt.) An 
arched space in the stern of a vessel. (Jlus.) Coun- 
ter-tenor. {Far.) That part of a horse between the 
shoulders and under the neck. The back-leather or 
heel part of a boot ; heel stiffening of a shoe. 

Counteract, kown-ter-akf, v. t. To act in opposition 
to, hinder, defeat, frustrate. — Counterac'tion, n. 
Action in oppo.sition; resistance. — Counteracfive, 
-iv, a. Tending to, etc. 

Counterbalance, kown-ter-baKans, v. t. [-balanced 
(-anst), -ANCING.] To oppose with an equal weight, 
act against with equal power or effect, countervail. 
— n. . Equal opposing weight: equivalent.. 

Counter-brace, kown'ter-bras, n. (Naut.) The brace 
of the foretopsail on the leeward side of a vessel. 

Counter-extension, kown'ter-ex-ten'shun, n. (Sui-g.) 
Fixation of the upper portion of a limb while qx- 
tension is practiced on the lower portion, as in cases 
of fracture or luxation. 

Counterfeit, kown'ter-fit, v. t. To put on a sem- 
blance of, esp. for a bad purpose; to imitate without 
right, and to deceive or defraud; to forge. — v. i. 
To dissemble, feign. — a. Having resemblance to; 
fabricated to defraud by passing the false copy for 
genuine; false, spurious, hypocritical. — w. "That 
which, etc.; a likeness; counterpart; one who per- 
sonates another ; an impostor ; cheat. 

Counter-indication, kown-'ter-in'dl-ka'shun, n. {Med.) 
Any symptom which forbids the use of a particular 
remedy in disease. 

Counter-irritate, kown'ter-ir'ri-tat, v. t. (Med.) To 
produce counter-irritation in. — Coun'ter-ir'ritant, 
n. That which, etc. — Coun'ter-irrita'tion, »i. Ir- 
ritation excited in one part of the body to relieve ir- 
ritation in another part. 

Counter-jumper. See under Count, v. t. 

Countermand, kown-ter-mand'', v. t. To revoke, as a 
former command. — Coun'termand, n. Revocation 
of a former command. 

Counter-mark, kown'tgr'-mark, n. An additional mark 
on goods, to alford security or proof. (Far.) An 
artificial cavity made in the teeth of horses when 
the crown is worn smooth, to disguise their age. — 
Countermark', v. t. To apply, etc. 

Counter-mine, kown'ter-min, n. (Mil.) A gallery 
under ground, from which to destroy the mines of 
the enemy; means of counteraction. — Counter- 
mine'', V. t. (Mil.) To oppose by a counter-mine. 
To frustrate by secret and opposing measures. ,— r. 
i. To make a counter-niine or counter-plot. 

Counterpane, kown'ter-pan, -point, n. A coverlet for 
a bed. 

Counterpart, kown^'ter-part, n. A part corresponding 
to another part; copy; duplicate; a thing that maj' 
be applied to another so as to fit perfectly, as a seal 
to its impression; hence a person or thing having 
quaiifies lacking in another; an opposite. (Jfws.) 
The part arranged in connection with another. 

Counterpoint, kown'ter-point, n. A cover for a bed. 
[See Counterpane.] — (Mus.) The art of composing 
music in parts, the setting of a harmony of one or 
more parts to a melody. 

Counterpoise, kown-ter-poiz', v. t. To act against with 
equal weight, counterbalance. — Coun'terpoise, n. 
A weight sufficient to balance another; equal power 
acting in opposition; relation of two such forces; 
equilibrium; equiponderance. 

Counter-revolution, kown'ter-rev-o-lu'shun, n. A 



revolution opposed to a former one, and restoring a 
former state of things. 

Countersign, kown'ter-sin, r. (. To sign in addition 
and opposite to the signature of a principal, — to at- 
test the authenticity of a writing. — n. The signa- 
ture of a secretary, etc., to attest authenticity. (Mil.) 
A private signal or phrase, which must be given to 
pass a sentry. — Coun'ter-sig'nal, n. A correspond- 
ing signal. 

Countersink, kown'ter-sink, v. t. To form, as a de- 
pression, to receive the head of a screw or bolt be- 
low the surface; to cause to sink, as a screw or bolt, 
even with or below the surface. — w. A depression 
for receiving the head of a screw; a tool for forming 
such depression. 

Countervail, kown-ter-vaK, v. t. [-vailed (-vald'), 
-vailing.] To act against with equal force, power, 
or effect ; to balance, compensate. — Coun'tervail, 
n. Equal weight, strength, or value; compensation; 
requital. 

Countervallation, kown'ter-val-la'shun, n. (Fort.) A 
chain of redoubts around a fortress, to prevent sor- 
ties by the garrison; construction of such works. 

Countess. See under Count, ji. 

Counting-house, Countless, etc. See vnder Count, v. t. 

Country, kun'trt, n. A region; region of one's birth, 
residence, or citizenship ; rural regions, as opp. to 
town; inhabitants of a region. (Law.) A jury, aa 
representing the citizens of a country; one's con- 
stituents, or the public. — a. Pert, to the territory 
away from a city ; rural; rustic; destitute of refine- 
ment ; rude. — Coun'trified, -trT-fid, a. Having the 
appearance and manners of, etc. ; uncouth. 

County. _See under Count, n. 

Coupe, koo-pa', n. A compartment in a French dili- 
gence, or in a railroad carriage ; a four-wheeled 
close carriao;e for two persons. 

Couple, kup'l, n. Two things of the same kind con- 
nected or taken together; a betrothe(sl or married 
pair; brace. — v. *. [coupled (kup''ld), coupling.] 
To link or connect together, join; to unite as male 
and female, marry. — v. i. To come together as 
male and female, form a sexual union, embrace. — 
Coup'ler, n. — Coup'^et, n. Two lines of verse that 
rhyme with each other. — Coup''ling, n. Act of 
bringing or coming together ; connection ; sexual 
union. (Mach.) That which couples one thing 
with another, as a hook, chain, etc. 

Coupon, koo'^pon or -poN, ti. ( Com.) An interest cer- 
tificate attached to a transferable bond, to be cut 
oif for payment when interest is due. 

Courage, kur'ej, n. The quality enabling one to "en- 
counter danger without fear ; bravery ; daring ; 
resolution. — Coura'^geous, -a'jus, a. Possessing, or 
characterized by, etc.; bold; hardy; enterprising. — 
Coura''geously. adv. 

Courant, Koo-ranf, -ran'to, n. A piece of music in 
triple time ; a lively dance ; a newspaper. — Cou'- 
rier, -rT-er, n. A messenger sent in haste, usually 
on public business ; an express ; an attendant on 
travelers, who makes arrangements for them on 
the way. [F.] — Course, kors, n. Act of moving 
from one point to another; path traversed; motion 
considered with reference to its direction; line of 
progress ; progress from looint to point without 
change of direction; also, one of a succession of 
motions in different directions considered as one 
act; orderly progress; methodical action: conduct; 
behavior; a succession of practices; connectedly fol- 
lowed: part of a meal served atone time. (Arch.) 
A continued level range of brick or stones through- 
out the face of a building, pi. The menstrual flux. 
(Want.) The principal sails of a ship. See Sails. 
— I', i. [coufiSED (korst), couKSiXG.] To run, hunt, 
or chase after, pursue; to run through or over; to 
cause to run. — v. i. To run, as if in a race or in 
hunting. — Cours'^er, n. One who, etc.; esp. a swift 
horse. _ 

Court, kort, n. An inclosed space; yard or area; resi- 
dence of a. sovereign, nobleman, etc.; palace; per- 
sons composing the retinue of a sovereign, etc.; as- 
sembling of the retinue of a sovereign ; attention to 
one in power; conduct designed to gain favor; po- 
liteness; civility. (Law.) A legal tribunal, includ- 
ing judges, jury, lawj^ers, sheriffs, etc.; the judge in 



siin, cube, fuU ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, iiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



COUSIN 



86 



CRAKE 



a case, as disting. fr. the counsel. The session of a 
judicial assembly; any iurisdiction, civil, military, 
or ecclesiastical. — v. t. To seek the favor of, strive 
to please, pay court to; to seek in marriage, woo; to 
solicit. — Csnrteous, kerfyus, a. Of court-like or 
elegant manners; pert, to, or expressive of, courtesy; 
■well-bred; polite; complaisant. — Courfeously, aav. 

— Coort'eoosness, n. — Courtesy, kerfe-sT, n. Ele- 
gance of manners; act of civility or respect; urban- 
ity; affability; good-breeding; favor or indulgence, 
as disting. f r. right. — Courtesy, kert''st, n. A ges- 
ture of respect or civility by women. — v. i. [courtb- 
SiED (-sid), -SYi^'G.] To'bow the body slightly, with 
bending of the knees, as an expression of civility or 
respect. — Courtier, kort'yer, n. One who frequents 
courts; one wlio courts favor. — Courfly, a. Pert, 
to a court; court-like; high-bred; dignified and ele- 
gant; disposed to favor the great; fawning; obsequi- 
ous; sycophantic. — Court'liness, n. High-breeding; 
elegance of manners.— Courfship, n. Act of solic- 
iting favor by conipliiisance or flattery; act of woo- 
ing \n love. — Courtesan, kerfe-zan, n. Orig. a fol- 
lower of the court ; a prostitute ; harlot ; strumpet. 

C!ousin, kuz'^n, n. One colhiterally related more re- 
motely than brother or sister; a title given by a king 
to a nobleman, esp. to one of the council. — Cous'ln- 
ger'man, -jer'man, v. ; 2jI- Cousins-gekman. A first 
cousin; cousin in the lirst generation. — Cous'lnly, 
a. Like or becoming a cousin. 

Cove, kov, n. A small inlet, creek, or bay; recess in 
the sea-shore; a strip of prairie extending into wood- 
land; recess in a mountain side; a boy or man. — v. 
t. (^Arch.) To arch over. 

Covenant, kuv'e-nant, n. A mutual agi-eement in 
writing and under seal; contract; stipulation; a 
writing containing terms of agreement. ( Theol.) 
The promises of God as revealed in the Scriptures, 
conditioned on certain terms on the part of man, as 
obedience, repentance, faith, etc. (Lnw.) A form 
of action for violation of a contract. — v. i. To enter 
inlo a formal agreement, bind one's self by con- 
tract, agree, bargain, stipulate. — v. t. To grant or 
promise by covenant. 

Cover, kuv'*'er, v. t. [covered (-erd), -ering.] To 
overspread or envelop; to brood or sit on; to hide 
from sight, conceal; to place under shelter, protect, 
defend; to extend over, be sufficient for, compre- 
hend or include, account for or solve, counterbal- 
ance; to copulate with, — said of the male; to keep 
under aim, or aim at point-blank. — n. Anything 
laid, set, or spread over another; an envelope; lid; 
thing which veils or conceals; screen: disguise; con- 
dition of concealment, shelter, or defense. (Hunt- 
ing.) Woods, underbrush, etc., which shelter game. 
A table-cloth and furniture; esp. table furniture for 
one person at a meal. — Cov'erer, n. — Cov'erlet, 
n. The uppermost cover of a bed. — Cov'ert, a. 
Covered over: hid; sheltered. (Law.) Undercover, 
authority, or protection, as a married woman. — n 
A place which covers and protects; shelter; defense; 
feathers covering the bases of birds' quills. fOF.] 

— Cov'erture, -er-chu>-, n. Covering; shelter; de- 
fense. (Lrav.) Condition of a woman during mar- 
riage, — i. e., under the cover or protection of her 
husband. 

Covet, kuv'et, ?'. t. To wish for eagerly, inordinately, 
or unlawfully; to long for, hanker after, lust after. 

— Cov'etable, a. — Cov'eter, n. — Cov'etiveness, -iv- 
nes, ?(. (P/tren.) Excessive desire of accumulating 
property ; acquisitiveness. See Pitrkxoi.ocv. — 
Cov'ctous, -us, a. Very desirous; excessively eager; 
avaricious; penurious; miserlj'. — Cov'stously, ar/v. 

— CoVetousness, n. 
Covey, kuv'T, n. An old bird with her brood of 



3'oung; a small flock of birds; a company; set. 
low, kow, n. ; pi. Co 
of bovine animals. 



Cow, kow, n. ; pi. Cows ; old pi. Kine. The female 






Cow, kow, V. t. [COWED (kowd), cowing.] To depress 
with fear, sink the spirits or courage. 

Coward, kow'ard, n. One who lacks courage; a timid 
or pusillanimous man; craven; poltroon; dastard. — 
a. Destitute of courage; timid; base; pert, to a cow- 
ard; proceeding from, or expressive of, cowardice. 
— Cow'ardice, -is, n. Want of courage. — Cow'- 
ardly, -IT, a. Wanting courage; befitting a coward; 




timorous; pusillanimous; mean; base. — adr. In 
the manner of, etc. — Cow'ardlineBS, n. 

Cower, kow'er, v. i. [-eked (-erd), -erixg.] To sink 
by bending the knees; to crouch, esp. through fear. 

Cowl, kowl, 71. A monk's hood or habit; a cap for 
cliimney-tops. A vessel for water, carried on a pole, 
or cowl-staif , between two persons. 

Cowry, kow'rl, n. A small shell, used for money in 
Africa and the East Indies. - 

Coxcomb, koks'kom, n. A strip of red cloth notched 
like the comb of a cock, on the cap of a licensed 
fool; the cap itself; a vain superficial pretender to 
accomplishments; a fop. (Bot.) A plant producing 
red flowers like a cock's comb.— Cox'combry, -kom- 
rt, n. The manners of, etc. 

Coxswain. See Cockswain, under-CocKBOAX. 

Coy, koi, a. Shrinking from approach or familiarity; 
shy; modest; bashful. 

Coyote, koi-of, n. The prairie wolf. 

Coz, kuz, n. A contr. ol cousin. 

Cozen, kuz'n, y. ^ [cozened (kuz'nd), -ening.] To 
cheat, beguile^ deceive. 

Cozy, Cosey, ko'zf, a. [cozier, coziest.] Snug; com- 
fortable; easy. — 71. A woolen coveting to retain 
heat in a tea-pot. — Co'zily, adv. 

Crab, krab, M. (Zool.) A crustaceous animal, having 
the body covered by a crust- 
like shell orcarapax; it has 
ten legs, the front pair of 
which terminate in claws. 
(Bof.) A wild apple; the tree 
producing it, — named from 
its astringent taste. (Mech.) 
A crane for moving hea^y p > 

weights, esp. ships. — Crab'- Crao. 

apple, 71. A small, sour kind of apple. tree, n. 

The tree bearing, etc. — louse,?/. A kind ol louse 
infesting the human bodj-. — Crab''bed, n. Harsh; 
rough ; peevish ; morose : difficult : perplexing ; 
cramped or scrawled, — said of liandwriting. 

Crack, krak, v. t. [cracked (krakt), cracking.] To 
break without entire separation of the parts; to fis- 
sure; to rend with grief or pain, distress, disorder, 
derange; to cause to' sound abruptly and sliarply; to 
snap; to utter smartly and sententiously: to cry up, 
extol. — w. I. To be fractured without quite .sepa- 
rating; to go to pieces, be ruined or impaired; to 
utter a loud or sharp, sudden sound. — n. A partial 
separation of parts, etc.; a chink; crevice; a sound 
as of anything suddenly rent; craziness of intellect. 

— a. Of superior excellence. — Crack '-brained, 
-brand, a. Impaired in intellect. — Crack'er, n. One 
who, or that which, cracks; a small firework, ex- 
ploding with a sharp noise; a kind of hard biscuit. — 
Crackle, krak'l, r. i. To make slight cracks, or 
small, abrupt, snapping noises, frequently repeated. 

— Crack'le, Crack'lin, n. A kind of china, having 
the glaze or enamel apparently cracked in all direc- 
tions. — Crack'Ung, n. Small, abrupt cracks or re- 
ports; rind of roasted pork. 

Cradle, kra'dl. n. A rocking bed for infants ; place. 
in which anything is nurtured or protected during 
immaturity; infancy. (Agric.) A light framework 
added to a scythe, to receive grain as cut, and lay it 
in swaths. (Engravinf/.) An instrumcnf for pre- 
paring plates for mezzotints. (Ship-buildhig.)- A 
framework of timbers to support a vessel when out' 
of water. (Sui-g.) A case for a broken bone. — r. t. 
[cradled (kra'dld), cradling.] To lay, or rock in 
a cradle; to nurse in infancy; to cut and lay with a 
cradle, as grain. — v. i. To'lie or lodge, as in a cra- 
dle. (Mining.) A machine rocked by the hand for 
washing out auriferous earth. 

Craft, kraft, ?i. Dexterity in manual employment; 
the employment itself ; a trade ; cunning, art, or 
skill; artifice ; guile. (JVaitt.) Vessels of any kind. 

— Craffy, -i, a. Skillful at deceiving: cunning; 
sly ; shrewd. — Craffily, adv. — Craft'iness, «. — 
Crafts'man, n. ; pi. -men. One skilled in a manual 
occupation ; an artificer ; mechanic. 

Crag, krag, H. A steep, rugged, broken rock. (Geol.) 
A partially compacted oed of gravel mixed with 
shells, of the tertiary age. 

Crake, krak, n. (Onnth.) A species of rail frequenting 
corn, etc., wh^jse cry is a grating croak. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; 8dd, tone, fir ; 



CRAM 



87 



-CREED 



Cram, kram, r. t. fcKAMMED (kramd), cramming.] 
To stuff, crowd, fill to superfluity; to fill with iood 
beyond satiety ; to qualify for examination by 
hasty preparation. — v. i. To eat greedily, stuff ; to 
make a hasty review of studies. 

Cnunp, kramp, n. A restriction or restraint ; an iron 
instrument to hold together timbers, stones, etc. ; a 

Eiece of wood on which the upper leather of a 
oot is stretched. {Med.) A spasmodic contraction 

of a muscle. — c. t. [cramped (krampt), ceamp- 

IXG.] To hold tightly pressed together, restrain 

from free action ; to form on a cramp, as boot legs ; 

to afflict with cramp. 
Cran, kran, u. A measure bv which fresh herrings are 

sold, holding about 37J gallons. 
Cranberry, kran'ber-rT,'?«. A red, sour berry, used 

for making sauce, etc. 
CJrancli. See Ceauxcu. 
Crane, kran, n. (.OrnitJt.) A wading bird, having 

long bill, legs, and neck. A 

machine for moving heavy 

weights ; an arm turning on a 

vertical axis, for supporting 

kettles, etc., over a fire ; a si- 
phon, or bent pipe, for drawing 

liquors out of a cask. (N'aut.) 

A piece of wood or iron with. 

two arms, used, in pairs, to stow 

spare spars in. — v. t. [craned 

(krand), craning.] To cause 

to rise ; to raise, as if by a crane. 

— V. i. To stretch the neck in 
order to observe something ; to 
balk at a dangerous leap, etc., 
show timidity. — Crane's-bill. M. (Bot.) The gera- 
nium, which' has an appendage of the seed-vessel re- 
sembling the beak of a crane 
(Surg.) Long-beaked pincers 

— Cran'age, n. Right of usin 
a crane in loading ; price paii 
for the use. 

Cranium, kra'nY-um, n.; pi. 
-NIA, -a. (Anat.) The skull of 
an animal; brain-pan. — Cra'- 
nial, a. Pert, to, etc.— Crani- 
oKogy, -jT, n. Science of the 




Crane. 




Crane, 
structure" of the skull, and its relation to the facul- 



ties of the mind; jihrenology. [Gr. logos, discourse.] 

— CranioKogist, -jist, n. One versed in, etc. ; a 
phrenologist. 

Crank, krank, ?;. (3Iach.) A bent axis, serving as a 
handle to communicate circular motion, or to 
change circular into reciprocating motion, or the 
reverse. A bend, turn, or winding ; a conceit con- 
sisting in a change of the form or meaning of a 
word,; a fit of temper ; a whim, absurd notion ; one 
full of cranks, or deranged. — a. ( Naut.) Liable to 
careen or be overset, as a ship. Full of spirit; brisk. 

Cranny, kran^'nT, n. A small, narrow opening ; fis- 
sure ; crevice ; chink ; a secret, retired place ; hole. 

— V, i. To make crannies; to haunt or enter by 
crannies. — Cran'^nied, -nid, a. Full of, etc. 

Crape, krap, n. A thin, transparent stuff, made of 
raw silk guTnmed and twisted, used for mourning 
garments. — Crap'y, -T, a. Resembling crape. 

Crash, krash, v. t. [crashed (krasht), crashing.] 
To break to pieces violently. — v. i. To make a loud, 
clattering sound, as of many things breaking at 
once. — n. Mingled sound of things breaking. 
Coarse linen cloth. 

Crass^ kras, a. Gross; dense; coarse. — Crass'^itude, 
-t-tud, n. Grossness; thickness. — Crass'ament, n. 
Thick part of a fluid, esp. of blood; a clot. 

Cratch, krach, n. A manger or open frame for hay; 
a crib. — Cratch-cradle. Form of the cratch, made 
upon th^ fingers with string; cat's-cradle; 

Crate, krat, n. A hamper of wicker-work, for crock- 
ery. 

Crater, kra^'ter, n. The aperture or mouth of a vol- 
cano. — Crater'iform, a. Cup-shaped. 

Crannch, Cranch, kranch. i\ t. rcRAiJNCHED(krancht), 
ceaunching.] To crush with the teeth, chew nois- 
ily, crunch. 

Cravat, kra-vat', n. A neck-cloth. 

Crave, krav, v. t. [craved (kravd), craving.] To 



ask with earnestness and humility; to long for, beg, 
beseech, implore. 

Craven, kra'vn, n. One vanquished in battle ; a 
weak-hearted fellow; coward; dastard. — a. Cow- 
ardly with meanness; spiritless. 

Craw, kraw, n. The crop or stomach of fowls. 

Craw-figh, Cray-fish, kraw'-, kra'flsh, n. (Zool.) A 
crustaceous fresh-water animal, resembling the lob- 
ster, but smaller. 

Crawl, krawl, v. i. [crawled (krawld^, crawling.] 
To move slowly, as a worm ; or on the hands and 
knees, as a human being ; to creep ; to advance 
slowly and feebly ; to have a sensation as if insects 
were creeping about the body. — n. Act or motion 
of crawling. 

Crayon, kraMin, n. A piece of chalk, or other soft sub- 
stance, for drawing; drawing made with pencil or 
crayon. — v. t. [crayoned (-und), -oning.] To 
sketch, _as with, etc. 

Craze, kraz, v. i. [crazed (krazd), crazing.] Orig. to 
break into pieces, crush ; to confuse, impair ; to de- 
range the intellect of, render insane. — n. State of 
craziness; insanity; a strong habitual desire or pas- 
sion. (Pottery.) A defect in the glaze of earthen- 
ware, causing it to crack. — (jra^zy, -zT, a. Broken; 
decrepit; disordered in intellect; deranged. — Cra'^- 
zy bone. The end of tlie elbow, a blow upon which 
benumbs the arm. 

Creak, krek, v. i. [creaked (krekt), creaking.^ To 
make a sharp, harsh, grating sound, as by friction 
of hard substances. — v. t. To produce a creaking 
sound wUh. — n. The sound produced. 

Cream, krem, n. The unctuous substance forming a 
scum on the surface ofjnilk; the best part of a thing. 
— v.t. [creamed (kremd), creaming.] To skim 
or take off by skimming, as cream ; to take off the 
best part of. — v. i. To become covered with cream. 
Or thick like cream ; to assume the appearance of 
cream. 

Grease, kres. n^ A mark made by folding. — v. t. 
[creased (krest), creasing.] To make acrease in. 

Creasote. See Ckeosote. 

Create, kre-af, v. t. To bring into being, cause to 
exist, originate ; to be the occasimi of, produce ; to 
make. — Crea''tion, n. Act of, etc. : e>'p., of bringing 
the world into existence ; constitutioiu; formation ; 
thing created, as the universe.- Crea''tionism, -izm, 
n. Doctrine that the soul is immediately created by 
God, — opp. to traducianism. — Crea'tor, -ter, n. 
One who, etc. ; esp. the Supreme Being. — Crea'^- 
tive, -tiv, a. Having power to create, or creating. — 
Crea'tiveness, n. — Creature, kre'chur, n. Thing 
created; esp. a being created with life: animal; man; 
one who owes his fortune to another ; a servile de- 
pendent. 

Creche, kresh, n. An asylum for very young children 
during their mothers' working hours. 

Creed, kred, n. A summary of what i-s believed ; esp. 
of Christian belief. — Cre^'dence, -dens, n. Rel-iance 
of the mind ; trust ; belief; credit or confidence. — 
Cre''dent, a. Believing ; giving credit. — Creden'- 
tial, -shal, -a. Giving a title to credit. — n. That 
which, etc. ; pi. testimonials or certificates showing 
that one is entitled to credit, or has authority or 
official powers. — Cred^ible, a. Capable of b'eino 
believed; worthy of belief. — Cred^ibleness, -ibil'- 
ity, n. — Cred'ibiy, adv. — Cred^it, n. Reliance on 
the truth of something said or dane; belief ; faith ; 
reputation derived from the confidence of others; es- 
teem ; reputation ; authority derived from character 
or reputation ; influence derived from the confi- 
dence or favor of others ; inte'rest. (Com.) Trust 
given or received ; expectation of future payment ; 
mercantile reputation. (^Book-keeping.) The side 
of an account on which are entered values received; 
items entered on such side of an account. — v. t. To 
confide in the truth of ; put trust in, believe ; to 
enter upon the credit side of an account, set to the 
credit of. — Cred^itable, a. Deserving or possess- 
ing, etc. ; reputable; estimable. — Cred'^itableness, 
n. — Cred''itably, adv. — Cred'itor, -er, n. One who 
gives credit in business matters ; one to whom 
money is due. — Cred^ulous, -u-lus, a. Apt to be- 
lieve on slight evidence ; easily convinced or im- 
posed upon ; unsuspecting. — Cred'ulously, adv. — 



sQn, cube, fuU ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oU ; linger or igk, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



CREEK 



88 



CROOK 



Cred'tilousness, Credu'lity, -It-ti, n. Readiness to 
believe without sutticient evidence. 

Creek, krek, ti. A small inlet, bay, or cove ; a small 
river ur brook ; any turn or winding. 

Creel, kiel, n. A wicker basket, for carrying fish. 

Creep, krep, r. i. [crept, creeping.] To move 
along, as a reptile does ; to move on hands and 
knees, crawl; to move slowly, leebly, timorously, or 
stealthily ; to steal-in, insinuate one's self ;io fawn; 
to grow, as a vine, clinging to other support; to have 
a sensation of insects crawling upon the body. — 
Creepier, n. One who, or that which, etc.; a vine; a : 
fixture with iron points worn on the shoe to prevent 
slipping. (Oriiith.) A small bird, allied to the wren. 
pi. An instrument with hoaks or claws to drag the • 
"bottom ©f wells, etc. — Creep 'ingly, adc. By creep- ! 
ing ; slowly; sneakingly ; ignobly. 

Cremate, kre-maf, i'. t. To burn, esp. a corpse. ; 

Creole, kre''ol, n. One born in Americ.i, or the West ^ 
Indies, of European ancestors; one born in tropical 
America, or adj-icent islands, of anj' color. 

Creosote, krc'o-sot, n. (Chein.) An oily, colorless 
liquid, having the smell of smoke, and strong anti- 
septic properties, obtained from distillation of wood. ; 

Crepitate, krep'I-tat, v. i. To burst with a sharp 
sound, crackle, snap. 

Crept. See Creep. ; 

Crescent, kres'ent, a. Increasing ; growing ; shaped , 
like the new moon. — n. The increasing moon; I 
moon in her first or last quarter; figure of the new 
moon, borne in the Turkish flag; the flag itself; the 
Turkish power. 

Cress, kres, n. (Bot.) A salad plant of various species. 

".resset, kres'set, n. An open lamp, on a beacon, 
lighthouse, etc., or carried on a pole. 

Crest, krest, n. A tuft, or other natural ornament, on 
an animal's head, as the comb of a cock; the plume 
or other decoration on a hel- 
met ; the helmet itself ; the 
head, as typical of high spirit ; 
pride ; courage. {Her.) An 
appendage placed over the 
shield. The rising part of a 
horse's neck : see Horse. 
The foamy, feather-like top 
of a wave. (Fort.) The top 
line of a slo-pe. — v. t. To 
furnish or adorn with a crest; 
to serve as a crest for. 

Cretaceous, kre-ta'shus, a. Crest. {Her.) 
Having the qualities of, or abounding with, chalk. 

Cretin, krc'tin, ». (Med.) An idiot of a kind fre- 
quent in the valleys of the Alps, generally afflicted 
also with goiter. 

Cretonne, kre-ton'', n. A fabric having a warp of 
hemp and woof sf flax. 

Crevasse, kre-vas'', n. A crevice or split, as in a gla- 
cier; a breach in the levee or embankment of a 
river. — Crev'ice, -is, n. A narrow opening from a 
split; a_cleft; fissure; rent. 

Crew, kroo, n. A company of people associated to- 
gether; throng; assemblage; a ship's company; the 
seamen belonging to a vessel. 

Crew. See_CROw. 

Crewel, kroc'el, n. Worsted yarn slackly twisted. 

Crib, krib, n. The manger or rack of a stall; stall for 
cattle; inclosed bedstead for a child; bin. for stor- 
ing grain, salt, etc.; a literal translation of a classic 
autlior. — V. t. [cribbed (kribd), cribbixg.] To 
shut in a narrow habitation : to pilfer or purloin. 
— ?'. i. To crowd together, be confined. — Crib''- 
bage, -bej, ». A game at cards, in which the dealer 
makes up a third hand for himself, partly from his 
opponent's. — Crib'bage-board, n. A board with 
holes, to score the game at cribbage with pegs. — 
Crib-'bing, n. (Mininrj.) A plank lining of a shaft, 
etc. (Far.) A horse's trick of gnawing the crib. 

Cribble, krib''bl, n. A coarse sieve or screen. — v. t. 
[CRIBBLED (-bid), -BLixo.] To cause to pass through 
a sieve or riddle; to sift. 

Crick, krik, n. A spasmodic affection, esp. of the 
neck or back. 

Cricket, krik-'et, w. An orthopterous insect, having a 
chirping note; a game with bat, ball, and wicket; a 
low stool. — V. I. To play at cricket. 




Cried, Crier. See under Cry. 

Crime, kiim, n. A violation of law, divine or human j 
esp. a gross offense; sin; vice. — Crim'iiiial, krlm'- 
T-nal, o. Guilty of, involving, or pert, to crime. — 
ti. One guilty of, etc. — Crim. con., abbr. of Crini- 

■ inal conversation. (Law.) Adultery. —Crim'inally, 
adv. — Criminal''ity, -T-tT, n. Guiltiness. — Crim'- 
inate, v. t. To charge with, or convict of, crime. 

Crimp, krimp, a. Easily crumbled. — v. t. [cniMPEn 
(krimpt), crlmpikg.] To form into ridges, waves, 
or plaits ; to pinch and hold, seize, decoy. (Cook- 
ery.) To cause to contract, or to render crisp, as 
the flesh of a fish, by gashing it, when living, with 
a knife. — n. One who decoys. — Crimple, krimp'l, 
V. t. [CRUIPLED (-Id), -ling.] To cause to shrmlt 
or draw together, contract, curl, corrugate. 

Crimson, krim''zn, n. A deep-red color tinged with 
blue. — a. Of a deep red color. — v. t. [crimsoned 
(-znd), -soxing.] To dye with crimson. — v. i. To 
become crimson; to blush. 

Cringe, krini, v. t. [cringed (krinjd), cringing.] To 
cause to slirink, contract, draw together. — v. i. To 
draw one's self together as in fear or servility; to 
bow obsequiously, fawn. — w. Servile civility; a 
mean bow. 

Crinite, kri'nit, a. Resembling a tuft of hair. — 
Crin-'oline, -lin, n. A lady's stiff petticoat, — orig. of 
hair-cloth, afterwards expanded by hoops. — Cri- 
nose^, -nos'', a. Hairy. 

Crinkle, krink'l, v. t. [crinkled (-kid), -ling.] To 
form with" short turns or wrinkles. — v. i. To run 
in and out in short bends. 

Cripple, krip'l, n. One who creeps, halts, or limps. 
— V. t. [crippled (-pld), -pling.] To deprive of tlie 
use of the limbs, esp. of the le";s and feet ; to lame, 
deprive of strength or use, disable. 

Crisis, kri'^sis, n. ; pi. -ses, -sez. The decisive mo- 
ment; turning-point. (Med.) The change of a dis- 
ease which indicates recovery or death. 

Crisp, krisp, a. Formed into stiff curls or ringlets; 
having windings or indentations ; brittle ; friable; 
effervescing ; sparkling. — said of liquors. — v. t. 
[crisped (krispt), crispi.xg.] To curl, as the hair; 
to wreathe, as branches of trees; to wrinkle or curl 
on the surface or edges. — v. i. To form little curls. 

Criss-cross, kris'-kros, ?i. A mark formed by two 
lines crossing, usually at ri^ht angles ; a child's 
game played on paper or a slate. — adv. In oppo- 
site directions; with opposition or hindrance. 

Critic, krifik, n. One skilled in judging of the 
merits of literary or art works ; a connoisseur ; a 
harsh judge ; carper. — Crifical, a. Having skill 
to judge of literary or artistic matters; exact: nicely 
judicious ; captious ; pert, to criticism ; character- 
ized by thoroughness and a reference to principles; 
pertaining to, or indicating, a crisis or turning- 
point; decisive ; of doubtful issue ; attended witn 
risk. — Crifically, adv. — Crificalness, n.— Crit'i- 
clse, -siz, i'. t. [-cised (-sizd^, -cising.] To examine 
and judge as a critic; to animadvert on. — v. i. To 
act as a critic, pass judgment, animadvert.— Crit'i- 
ciser, «. — Crit'^icism, -sizm, ?t. Art of judging of 
beauties and faults; judgment passed or expressed; 
detailed examination and review. — pritique', krT- 
tek', n. Art of criticism ; critical examination or 
estimate of a work of literature or art; thorough 
analysis of any subject. [F.]— Crite'rion, -rT-un, 
n. ; pi. -RiA, -rT-a, or -rions. A standard of judging; 
approved or established rule, principle, or test, by 
comparison with which a judgment is formed.. 

Croak, krok, r. i. [croaked (krokt), croaking.] To 
make a low, lioarse noise in the throat, as a frog or 
crow; to forebode evil, grumble. — i'. t. To utter 
in a low, hoarse voice. — n. The sound of a frog, 
raven, etc. — Croak'er, n. One who croaks, coirv 
plains, or habitually forebodes evil; a small Amer. 
fish, which croaks when caught. 

Crochet, kro-sha', n. A kind of netting made with a 
small hook. — v. t. To do netting with, etc. 

Crock, krok, «. An earthen vessel; pot; pitcher; cup$ 
smut collected on pots, kettles, etc. ; soot ; lamp* 
black. — V. t. To blacken with soot, or with the 
coloring matter of cloth. — v.i. To give off crock, 
smudge, blacken. — Crock'ery, -er-t, n. Earthen- 
ware ; vessels of clay, glazed and baked; pottery. 



&m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; iJdd tone, 6r ; 



CROCODILE 



89 



CROWNr 



} 




Crocodile. 



Crocodile, krok'o-dil, n. A large amphibious reptile 
of Airica and Asia. 

Crocus, kro'kus, n. A genus 
of earlv flowering plants ; a 
mineral powder of a deep 
yellow or red color. 

Crone, kron, n. An old wom- 
an, — usually in contempt ; 
more rarely an aged man. 
— Cro'ny, -nT, n. Intimate 
companion; associate; famil- 
iar friend. 

Crook, krdok, n. A bend, turn, 
or curve; device used as a subterfuge; trick; artiiice; 
an instrument bent at the end, esp. a shepherd's or 
bishop's staff. — v. t. [crooked (krdfekt), crook- 
ing.] To turn from a straight line, make crooked, 
bend, turn from rectitude, pervert. — v. i. To te 
bent or curved. — Crook'^ed, p. a. Characterized by 
a crook or curve ; bent ; not strai";htforward ; per- 
verse. —_Crook''edly, adv. — Crook'edness, n. 

Croon, kroon, n. A low, continued moan; murmur; 
a simple piece of music; plain, artless melody. — v. 
t. [crooned (kroond), crooning.] To sing in a 
low tone, hum; to soothe by singing softly. — v.i. 
To make a continuous noise in a low, hollow tone, 
as cattle do when in pain; to moan; to hum, sing, or 
murmur softly. 

Crop, krop, n. The protuberant stomach of a bird, 
situated in the>breast ; the craw ; the top of any 
thing, esp. of a -plant ; that which is cropped or 
gathered from a single field, or of a single kind of 
grain, fruit, etc., or in a single season; fruit; har- 
vest. —v. «. [CROPPED (kropt^, cropping.] To cut 
off the ends of, bite or pull otf, pluck. — v. i. (Geol.) 
To appear above the surface, as a seam or bed of 
coal ; to come to light, be manifest, — with out. — 
Crop'per, n. A kind of pigeon having a large crop; 
a hurt by a fall from a horse. (Mech.) A machine 
for facing cloth by means of spiral knives. — Crops, 
n. pi. The region above the shoulder in the ox. — 
Crop-eared, -erd, a. Having the ends of the ears 
cut off. 

Croquet, kro-ka', n. A game in which wooden balls 
are driven by mallets through hoops arranged on a 
lawn. 

Croquette, kro-kef, n. (Cookei-y.) 
meat, seasoned, and fried. 

Crosier, kro'zher, n. The official 
staff of an archbishop, or 
bishop. 

Cross, kros, n. A gibbet, consist- 
ing of two timbers placed trans- 
versely; the theological and re- 
ligious import of the death of 
Christ; the Christian doctrine; 
the gospel; the symbol of 
Christ's death, and hence, of 
Christianity; affliction regarded 
as a test of virtue; trial; vexa- 
tion; disappointment. (Arch.) 
A cross-shaped ornament. The 
cross-like mark signed by those unable to write; a 
mixing of breeds or stock, esp. in cattle-breeding; 
product of such intermixture. (5«ry.) An instru- 
ment for laying off offsets perpendicular to the main 
course. — a. Lying athwart; transverse; intersect- 
ing; adverse; contrary; perverse; unfortunate; peev- 
ish or fretful ; ill-humored ; mutually inverse ; inter- 
changed.— r. «. [CROSSED (krost), CROSSING.] To 
put across or athwart; to draw something, as a line, 
across; to pass from one side to the other of; to run 
counter to, thwart, clash or interfere with; to debar; 
to make the sign of the cross upon; to cancel, erase; 
to mix the breed of. — r. i. To lie or be athwart; to 
pass from one side toward the other, or from place 
to place; to interbreed. — Cross'ly, -IT, adv. In a 
cross way; peevishly. — Cross'^ness, n. — Cross'wise, 
adv. In the- form of a cross; across. — Cross'^ing, n. 
Act by which anything is crossed; act of interbreed- 
ing; intersection of roads; paved walk across a street. 
— Cross''-exam'ine, v. t. fEXAiiiNED (-ind), -ining.] 
(Law.) To examine for the purpose of eliciting facts 
not brought out in direct examination or controvert- 
ing the direct testimony. — exam'ina''tion, n. Ex- 



A ball of minced 




Crosiers. 

a. Bishop's. 

b. Archbishop's. 




Crotchets. 



amination of a witness, called by one party, by the 
opposite party. — Cross'let, ». A' small cross. (Her.) 
A cross whose arms are terminated with small cross- 
es, or again crossed near the end. — @mcial, kroo'- 
shal, a. Formed like, or pert, to, a cross; severe ; 
searching, as if by suif ering on the cross. — Cru'cify, 
-sT-fl, V. t. [-CIFIED (-fid), -FYING.] To fasten to a 
cross, destroy the power of, subdue completely. — 
Crucifixion, -fik-'shun, n. Act of, etc.; death on the 
cross, intense suffering. — Cru'cifix, h. Figure of a. 
cross, with Christ upon it. — Cru'ciform, a. Cross- 
shaped. {Bot.) Having 4 equal petals, disposed 
crosswise. — Grucigerous, -sij'er-us, a. Bearing, or 
marked with, etc. — Crusade, -sad', n. A mediaeval 
military expedition to recover the Holy Land from 
the Mohammedans; any expedition for a religious 
purpose ; a hot-headed or fanatical enterprise. 

Crotch, kroch, n. Place of division, as ef a trunk into 
branches; fork; a forked piece of wood, metal, etc. 
— - Crotch'et. n. A 
forked piece of wood; 
crotch. {Mus.) The 
3d principal note, 
equal in duration to 
\ a m i n i m , marked 
with a ho«k, the stem 
of which may turn up or down according to its situ- 
ation. (Print.) A bracket. See Bracket. A crooked 
or perverse fancy ; whiiH ; conceit. — Crotch'ety, -t, 
a. Given to crotchets; whimsical. 

Croton-bug, kro'tun-bug, n. (Entoni.) A kind of cock- 
roach. oil, n. (Med.) A vegetable oil of hot, 

biting taste, — a powerful drastic cathartic. 

Crouch, krowch, v. i. [crouched (krowcht), crouch- 
ing.] To bend down, stoop or lie low, bend obse- 
quiously, stoop meanly, fawn, cringe. 

Croup, kroop, n. The buttocks of quadrupeds, esp. of 
a horse ; place behind the saddle. — Crupper, Group- 
er, krup'er in Amer. ; krup'er in Eng., n. The rimip 
of a horse ; a strap under a horse's tail holding the 
saddle back. — v. t. _To fit with, etc. — Croupier, 
kroo^pT-er or kroo-per', n. One at the lower end of 
the table as an assistant-chairman at a dinner; one 
who watches the cards and collects the money at a 
gaming-table. [F.] 

Croup, kroop, w. (Med.) An inflammatory affection 
of the larynx or trachea, accompanied by a hoarse 
ringing cough and difficult respiration. 

Crow, kro, n. A large bird, usually black, uttering a 
harsh, croaking note ; an iron levee with a claw 
shaped like a crow's beak; the voice of the cock. — 
V. i. [imp. crew 07- crowed; p.p. CROWED (krod) 
or (obs.) CROWN (kron); crowing.] To make the 
shrill sound of a cock; to shout in exultation or de- 
fiance; to brag; to utter a sound of joy, as an infant. 
— Crow'-bar, n. A bar of iron, used as a lever. — 
-foot, ?i. (Bot.) A genus of plants; crow-toe. (Kaut.) 
Cordage suspending an awning. — Crow's'-feet, n. 
pi. Wrinkles at the outer corners of the eyes. — 
-nest, n. (Naut.) A look-out place on a mast. 

Crowd, krowd, v. t. To press or drive together; to fill 
by pressing, encumber by excess of numbers or 
quantity ; to press by solicitation, dun, treat dis- 
courteoiisly. — v.i. 'to press together in numbers, 
swarm; to urge or press forward. — n. A number of 
persons or things closely pressed together; the lower 
orders of people ; throng ; multitude ; vulgar ; rab- 
ble. 

Crown, krown, n. A wreath encircling the head. esp. 
as a badge of merit, dignity, or power; a jeweled cap 
or fillet worn on the head as an emblem of so-\er- 
eignty; any object sought for as a prize; anything 
imparting beauty, dignity, or distinction; one enti- 
tled to a regal or imperial crown ; the so^'ereign ; re- 
gal or imperial power; sovereignty; royalty; a coin 
bearing the image of a crown; topmost part of any- 
thing; the part of a hat above the brim and the flat 
circular part at the top. (Arch.) The highest mem- 
ber of a cornice; summit of any part of a building. 
(Bot.) An appendage at the top of the claw of some 
petals; the head of a root: see Root. (Ndut.) That 
part of an anchor where the arms join the shank; 
also, bights formed by turns of a cable. — v. t. 
[crowned (krownd), crowning.] To invest with a 
crown, or with royal dignity; to adorn, dignify; co 



sttn, cabe, full ; moon, fdbt ; cow, oil ; linger or ii}k, ttien, boNbox, chair, get. 



CRUCIAL 



90 



CUD 




Crucible. 



form the topmost part of, complete, perfect. (Mil.) 
To effect a lodgment upon. — Crown'er, n. 

Cmcial, Cruciftr, Cmcifix, etc. See under Cross. 

Cmcible, kroo'sl-bl, n. A chemical 
vessel or melting-pot, capable of 
enduring great heat without in- 
jury. _ 

Grade, krood, a. I n i t s natural 
Btate; not cooked or prepared for 
use; raw; unripe; immature; not 
reduced to order or form ; undi- 

fested; hasty and ill-considered; 
isplaying superficial and undi- 
gested knowledge. {Paint.) Coarsely done ; not ac- 
curately colored. — Crude'ly, adv. — Crude''ness, 
Cru'dity, -dl-tt, n. Condition of being, or that which 
is, etc. _ 
Cruel, kroo'el, a. Disposed to give pain ; causing, 
or fitted to cause, pain, grief, or misery; savage; in- 
human ; pitiless. — Cru'elly, -el-lT, adv. — Cru'elty, 
-tl, n. Character of being, etc. ; a cruel deed. 
Cruet, kroo'^et, n. A small glass bottle for vinegar, 

oil, etc.; a caster. 
Cruise. See Cruse. _ 

Cruise, krooz, v. i. [cruised (kroozd), cruising.] To 
go back and forth on the ocean ; to wander hither 
and thither on land. — n. A voyage without settled 
course. 
Cruller, kruKlSr, n. A kind of crisp sweet-cake boiled 

in fat. 
Crumb, krum, n. A small fragment or piece, esp. of 
*)read ; the soft part of bread. — v. t. To break into 
crumbs or small pieces. — Cnun''ble, -bl, n. A very 
small fragment ; small crumb. — v. t. [crumbled 
(-bid), -BLIXG.] To break into small pieces. — v.i. 
To fall or break into, etc., decay, perish. — Crum''- 
bly, -bit, a. Easily crumbled ; brittle. — Crum'^my, 
-mT, a. Full of crumbs ; soft ; not crusty. 
Crumpet, krum-'pet, n. A kind of soft bread-cake, 

not sweetened. 
Crumple, krum'pl, v. t. [-pled (-pld), -plisg.] To 
press into wrinkles or folds, rumple. — v. i. To 
shrink irregularly^ wrinkle. 
Crunch, krunch, v. i. [crunched (kruncht), crunch- 
ing.] To chew with violence and noise, craunch ; 
to grind_or press noisily. 
Cruor, kroo'or, n. Gore ; coagulated blood. 
Crupper. See under Croup. 
Crursd, kroo'ral, a. Pert, to the leg; shaped like a leg 

or root. 
Crusade. _See under Cross. 
Cruse, kroos, n. A small cup or bottle. — Cru'set, n. 

A goldsmith's crucible or melting pot. 
Crush, krush, v. t. [crushed (krusht), crushing.] 
To press and bruise between hard bodies ; to over- 
whelm by pressure ; to overcome completely, sub- 
due, ruin. — V. i. To be pressed into a smaller com- 
pass by external force ; to be condensed. — n. A 
violent compression. — Crush^er, n. 
Crust, krust,.n. The hard, external covering of any- 
thing; any concretion. — w. t. To cover with a hard 
case, or crust; to incrust, envelop. — v. i. To gather 
into a hard crust ; to concrete or freeze at the sur- 
face. — Crusfy, -T, a. Of the nature of crust; hard; 
of a harsh exterior or rough manner; surly; morose. 
— Crusta''cea, -she-a, n. pi. One of the classes of 
articulated animals, including lobsters, shrimps, 
and crabs, which have a crust-like shell covering the 
body and legs. 
Crutch, kruch, n. A staff with a cross-piece, to be 

placed under the arm for support in walking. 
Cry, kri, v. i. [cried (krid), crying.] To speak, call, 
or exclaim loudly ; to vociferate, proclaim; to weep 
and sob; to bawl, as a child; to utter inarticulate 
sounds, as animals. — r. t. To utter loudly or vehe- 
mently ; to advertise by outcry. — n. A loud utter- 
ance; outcry; clamor; expression of triumph, won- 
der, pain, distress, etc. ; public advertisement by 
outcry ; a pack of'hovmds. — Cri'^er, n. One who, 
etc. ; esp. an officer who proclaims the orders of a 
court or gives public notice by proclamation. 
Cryolite, kri-'o-llt, n. (Min.) A mineral found only 
in the gneiss of Greenland, which melts easily; com- 
mercial ore of aluminium. 
Crypt, kript, n. A subterranean cell or cave ; esp. a 




vault under a church, for burial purposes. (Arch.) 
The space under a building ; subterranean cnapel ; 
hiding-place. — Cryp'tic, -tical, a. Hidden; secret; 
occult. — Cryp''togam, n. {Bot.) A flowerless plant, 
or one which does not fructify by means usual to 
others. — Cryptog'amy, -mT, n. Concealed fruc- 
tification. — Cryptog'raphy, -fT, n. Art of writing 
in secret characters ; secret characters or cipher. — 
Crjrptol'ogy, -jTt, n. Secret or enigmatical language. 

— Cryp'tonym, -nim, a. A concealed name, known 
only to the initiated. 

Crystal, kris'^tal, n. {C/iem. and Min.) The regu- 
lar form which a substance assumes in solidify- 
ing ; a fine kind of glass ; glass of a watch case. — 
a. Of , or like, crystal; clear; transparent. — Crys'- 
talline, -iTn, a. Of crystal ; having a texture pro- 
duced by crystallization ; resembling crystal ; pure; 
clear; pellucid. — Crystalline humor, or lens. A white, 
transparent, firm substance, formed like a convex 
lens, in the vitreous humor of the eye : see Eye. — 
Crys'tallize, -iTz, v. t. [-lized (-lizd), -lizing.] To 
cause to form crystals, or assume crystalline form. — 
V. i. To be converted into, etc. — Crys''talliza''tdon, n. 
Act of, or thing formed by, etc. — Crystallog'raphy, 
-ft, n. Doctrine or science of, or treatise on, crys- 
tallization. 

Ctenoid, ten'oid, n. A fish having unenameled scales, 
jagged at the edges. 

Cub, kub, m. A young animal, esp. the young of the 
bear. — v. t. or i. [cubbed (kubd), -bikg.] To bring 
forth (animals). 

Cube, kub, n. (Geom.) A regular solid body, with 
six equal square sides. {Arith.) 
The product of a number multi- 
plied twice into itself; as, 4x4 
=16x4=64, the cube of A.— v. t. 
[cubed (kubd), cubing.] To 
raise to the third power, by multi- 
plying a number into itself twice. 
:^ Cube root. (Arith.) The „ . 

number or quantity whicn, mul- l^uoe. 

tiplied into itself, and then into the product, pro- 
duces a certain cube: thus, 3 is the cube root of 27. 

— Cu'Wc, Cu'bical, a. Having the form or prop- 
erties of a cube ; contained, or capable of being 
contained, in a cube. — Cubic equation. An equation 
in which the highest power of the unknown quan- 
tity is a cube. — C.foot. A solid foot, equivalent to 
a cubical solid, which measures a foot in each of its 
dimensions. — C. number. A numlier produced by 
multiplying a number into itself, and that product 
by the same number. — Cu'bically, adv. — Cu'bic- 
alness, n.— Cu^bature, -chur, n. Process of determin- 
ing the cubic contents of a body. — Cu'biform, a. 
Cube-shaped.— Cu'boid, -boid'al, a. Having nearly 
the form of, or resembling, a cube. — Cu'bo-cube, n. 
(Math.) The 6th power. — Cu'bo-cu'bo-cube, «. 9th 
power 

Cubeb, ku''beh, n. A small, spicy, tropical berry^ 
stimulant and purgative. 

Cubit, ku'^bit, 7?. (Anat.) The fore-arm. A measure 
of length, — the distance from the elbow to the end 
of the middle finger. 

Cuckoo, k(5t)k''oo. n. A bird, named from its note, which 
lays its eggs in 
other birds' 
nests. — Cuck''- 
oo-spit, spit'tle. 
71. An exuda- 
tion o r spume 
on some plants, 
esp. about the 
joints of laven- 
der and rose- 
mary. — 
Cuck'old, n. 
A man whose 
wife is un- 
faithful.— 
V. t. To make 
a cuckold of. 

Cucumber, . „, 

ku^'kum-ber, American Cuckoo. 

n. A creeping plant and its fruit. 

Cud, kud, n. ^'ood brought up into the mouth my 




fan, lame, far, pass or operA, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; tn, lee ; 8dd, tone, dr : 



J 



CUDDLE 



91 



CURE 



ruminating animals from their 1st stomach, and 
chewed a 2d time; a piece of chewinfr tobacco; quid. 

Cuddle, kud'dl, v. i. [cuddled (-did), -dlixg.] To 
lie close or snug ; to squat, crauch, snuggle. — Ctld'- 
dy, -dt, n. (Aaut.) A small cabin in a boat. A 
very small apartment. 

^dgel, kuj'el, n. A short, thick stick ; club. — v. t. 
[CUDGELED (-eld), -ELiSTG.] To beat. 

Cue, ku, n. A tail ; esp. a tail-like twist of hair at the 
back of the head ; last words of an actor's speech, 
regarded as a hint for the succeeding player to 
speak; hint or iatimation ; the part one is to perform ; 
a straight rod used in plaj'ing billiards. 

Cuff, kuf, n. A blow with the open hand ; a stroke ; 
box; buffet. — v.t. [cuffed (kuf t), cuffixg.] To 
strike with the flat of the hand, as a man ; or with 
talons or wings, as a fowl. — n. The fold at the end 
of a sleeve. 

Cuirass, kwe-ras', n. A piece of armor, covering the 
body from neck to girdle. — Cuirassier, -ser', n. A 
soldier armed with, etc. [F.J 

Cuish, kwis, n. Defensive armor for the thighs. 

Cuisine, kwe-zen', n. The kitchen : style of cooking ; 
cookery. — Cu'linary, -na-rl, a. Pert, to the kitchen 
or coolcerv._ 

Cul-de-sac, koold'sak', n. A street closed at one end; 
a trap. (Mil.) A position in which an army has no 
exit but to the front. (Nrxt. Hist.) A ba^-shaped 
cavity, or organ, open only at one end. [F.^l 

Cull, kul, V. t. [CULLED (kuld), culling.] To sepa- 
rate, select, or pick out. 

Cullender. See Cola_nder. 

t^qlminate, kuKmi-nat, v. i. To reach the highest 
point of altitude, or of rank, size, numbers, etc. — 
a. Growing upward, as disting. fr. lateral growth. 

— Culmina''tion, n. Attainment of, etc. ; passage 
across the meridian; transit. 

Culpable, kul'pa-bl, a. Deserving censure; worthv 
of blame; faulty; censurable.— Cul''pableness, -bil'*'- 
ity, -tt, n. — Cul''pably, adr. — Cul'prit, n. One ac- 
cused or convicted or crime ; a criminal. 

Cultus, kuKtus, Cult, w. Homage; worship; a system 
of religious belief, worsliip, or rites. — Cul'tivate, 
V. t. To till, fertilize ; to direct special attention 
to, foster, cherish ; to improve by labor, care, or 
studv ; to civilize, refine. — Cul'tivable, a. — Cul- 
tiva'tion, n. Art or practice of, etc. ; tillage ; fos- 
tering care ; civilization : state of being cultivated ; 
advancement in physical, intellectual, or moral con- 
dition: refinement ; culture. 

— Cul'tivator, -ter, n. One 
who, etc.; an implement 
used in the tillage of grow- 
ing crops, to loosen the sur- 
face of the earth. — Culture, 
kuKchur, n. Act of, etc. ; 
cultivation ; refinement of 
mind or manners. - 
ING.] To cultivate 

Culter, kuKter, n. A colter. See Colter. — Cul'- 

• trate, -trated, a. (Bot. & Ornith.) Sharp-edged and 
pointed, like a pruning knife. 

Culvert, kuKvert, n. An arched drain for water un- 
der a road, canal, etc. 

Cumber, kum''ber, v. t. [-bered (-herd), -berixg.] 
To hang or rest on as a troublesome weight; to be 
burdensome or oppressive to; to clog, obstruct, em- 
barrass, impede. — Cum''bersome, -sum, a. Burden- 
some or hindering ; not easily managed: oppressive; 
vexatious. — Cum''bersomely, adv. — Cum'brance, 
-brans, n. Encumbrance. — Cum'brous, -brus, a. 
Rendering action ditficult; giving trouble. — Cum''- 
brously, adv. — Cum''brousness. n. — Cu'mulate, 
-\aX,v.t. To heap together: amass. — Cumula''tion, 
n. Act of, etc. ; a heap. — Cu'inulative, -tiv, a. Form- 
ing a mass; aggregated; augmenting: gaining or giv- 
ing' force by successive additions. (Laiv.) Given by 
the same testator to the same legatee, — said of a 
legacy. — Cn^'mulus, n. {Meteor.) One of the four 
primary forms of clouds, — being massed, and often 
bringing rain. [L.] — Cu'mulo-stra'tus, n. A form 
of cloud between cumulus and stratus, which is in 
laj^ers. 

Cnmin, kum'in, n. An umbelliferous plant, resem- 
bling fennel, and having afomatic seeds. 




Cultivator. 
• V. t. [cultured (-cliurd), -tur- 




Cupola. 



Cunctative, kunk'ta-tiv, a. Causing or prone to de- 
lay; tardy. 

Cuneal. kii'ne-al, -neate, -neated, -neat'ic, -niform, 
-ne'lfonn, a. Having the form of a wec^e: pert, to 
the wedge-shaped characters in ancient Persian and 
Assyrian inscriptions. 

Cunning, kun'ning, a. Well-instructed ; skillful ; 
experienced ; ^ven to underhand maneuvering ; 
artfully deceitful; sly; crafty ; exhibiting skill or 
craft; ingenious; curious. — n. Facultj' or act of 
using stratagem ; deceit ; art. 

Cup, kup, n. A small drinking vessel; contents of a 
cup; cupful; a drink composed of wine iced and 
flavored ; that which must be endured ; portion ; 
lot. {Surg.) A cupping-glass, pi. Repeated pota- 
tions ; revelry ; drunkenness. — v. t. [cupped 
(kupt), cupping.] To supply with cups. {Surg.) 
To bleed by scarification and a cupping-glass. — 
Cup''ping, 71. {Sia-g.) Operation of drawing blood 
with a cupping-glass. — Cup''ping-glass, n. A glass 
cup to be applied t© the skin, to draw blood by ex 
hausting the air. — Cup''bear- 
er, n. One who fills and hands 
the cups at an entertainment. 
— Cup'board, kub'grd, n. A 
closet with shelves, for cups, 
plates, etc. — Cu'pel, n. A 
small vessel used in refining 
precious metals; a shallow 
crucible. — Cupel', v. t. To 
separate by means of a cupel; 
refine. — Cu''pola, -la, n. ; pi. 
-LAS, -laz. {Arch.) A spher- 
ical vault on the top of . an 
edifice. The round top of a 
furnace; the furnace itself. 

Cupidity, ku-pid'I-tl, n. Eager 
desire for possession, esp. of 
wealth; covetousness; lust. 

Cupreous, ku'pre-us, a. Of or resembling copper ; 
coppery. — Cupriferotis, -er-us, a. Containing or 
affording copper. 

Cur, ker, n. A worthless or degenerate do^; a worth- 
less, Snarling fellow — Cur^'rish, a. Like a cur ; 
quarrelsome ; churlish. — Cur'rislily. adv. 

Curable, Curate, Cniatort etc. See under Cure. 

Curacoa, koo-ra-so', n. A cordial, flavored with 
orange-peel, cinnamon, and mace, first made in 
the island of Curagoa. 

Curare, -rl, ku-ra're, n. A South American vegetable 
poison used by Indians upon arrows, etc., — de- 
stroying control by the nerves of the voluntary 
muscles. [Written iirari, ivoorali, ivourari, etc.] 

Curb, k5rb, n. A check or hindrance: esp. a chain or 
strap upon a horse's bit, which may be drawn tight- 
ly against the lower jaw; a wall to hold back a mass 
of earth in its place : a wall set within or round the 
mouth of a well; a curb-stone. — v. t. [curbed 
(kerbd), curbixg.] To bend to one's will, restrain, 
confine; to furnish with a curb, as a well; to re- 
strain by a curb, as a bank of earth. — Curb'roof. n. 
A roof having a double slope: gambrel roof: mansard 
roof. — stone, n. A stone placed edgewise against 
earth or stonework to prevent its giving way. 

Curd, kerd, n. The coagulated or thickened part of 
milk, eaten as food, also of any liquid. — v. t. To 
curdle: congeal. — v. i. To become coagulated or 
thickened; to separate into curds and whey. — Cur'- 
dle, -dl, V. i. and t. [curdled (-did), -dlixg.] To 
change into curd, coagulate or concrete; to thicken, 
congeal. 

Cure, kur, n. Spiritual charge; care of souls; oflice 
of a curate; curacy; medical care; remedial treat- 
ment of disease ; "successful remedial treatment ; 
restoration to health ; remedy ; restorative. — v. t. 
[CURED (kurd), CURIXG.] To heal, restore to health, 
soundness, or sanity: to remedy, remove ; to pre- 
pare for preservation by drying, salting, etc. — v. i. 
To effect a cure, be healed.— Cur'able, a. That may 
be, etc. — Cur'ableness, -abiKity, n. — Cure'less, a. 
Incurable. — Cur'ative, -tiv, a. Pert, to the cure of 
diseases ; tending to cure. — Cura'tor, -ter, n. A 
superintendent, as of a miiseum, etc. ; trustee; 
guardian. [L.] — Cu'rate, -rat, n. One who has 
the cure of souls; orig., any clergyman; how, aa 



B&a, cube, full ; moon, fd6tM eow, oil ; ligger or igk, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



CUEFEW 



92 



OUT 




Curlew. 



assistant to a rector or vicar. — Cu'raey, -sT, n. 
Office or employment of, etc. — Cu'rious, -rT-us, a. 
Solicitous to be correct; careful; scrupulous; ex- 
hibiting care; artfully constructed; eager to learn; 
habitually inquisitive; inviting and rewarding in- 
q^uisitiveness ; singular. — Cti^riously, adv. — Cu'- 
noosness, n. — Cuile8''ity, -T-tT, n. State of being, 
etc.; scrupulousness; disposition to inquire, investi- 
gate, or seek after knowledge ; inquisitiveness; 
that which is curious, or fitted to excite or reward 
attention. — Cur^, ku-ra'', n. A curate; parson. [F.] 

Curfew, ker'fu, n. The ringing of a bell at nightfall, 
orig. a signal to cover fires, extinguish lights, and 
retire to rest. 

Curl, kerl, 1-. t. [CURLED (kerld), curling.] To twist 
or form into ringlets or coils; to deck as with curls; 
to raise in waves or undulations; to ripple. — v. i. 
To bend into ringlets, as hair; to move in curves, 
spirals, or undulations. — n. A ringlet, esp. of hair; 
an undulating or curving line; flexure; sinuosity; 
a disease in potatoes, in which the leaves seem 
curled and shrunk up. — CurKy, -t, a. Having 
curls ; lending to curl. — Curl'meBS, «. 

Curlew, ker'lu, n. A wading 
bird, of the snipe kind 

Connudgeon, ker-muj''un, n. 
An avaricious fellow; miser; 
niggard ; churl. 

Currant, kur^'rant, n. A small 
dried grape, used in cook- 
ery : a garden shrub, and 
its berry. 

Carrent, kur'rent, a. Run- 
ning or moving rapidly: 
now passing or present, m 
its progress; circulating 
through the community; generally received; com- 
mon. — n. A stream, esp. of a fluid; ordinary pro- 
cedure ; progressive and connected movement. — 
Cur^rently, adv. — Ciir''rentness, n. — Cur-'rency, 
-St, n. State or quality of being current; general ac- 
ceptance ; circulation ; current value ; general esti- 
mation; money.— Cur'ricle, -rt-kl, w. A chaise drawn 
by two horses abreast. — Curric'ultun, n. A race 
course; a specified course of study. 

Ctury, kur'rT, v. t. [cureied (kur'rid), currying.] 
To dress by scraping, cleansing, beating, smoothing, 
and coloring, — said of leather ; to comb, rub, or 
cleanse the skin of, — said of a horse. — Cur^rier, 
-rt-er, n. A dresser of leather. — Cur'ry-comb, -kora, 
re. An instrument for cleaning horses. 

Curry, kur^'rT, n. A kind of sauce used in India, con- 
taining pepper and other spices; a stew of fowl, fish, 
etc., with curry sauce. — v. t. To cook with curry. 

Curse, kers, v. t. [cursed (kerst) or curst, cursing.] 
To wish evil against, execrate ; to bring evil upon, 
vex, harass or torment, injure. — v. i. To use pro- 
fane language, swear. — n. Imprecation of evil; 
malediction; imprecation; that which brings evil or 
affliction ; torment. — Curs'ed, a. Blasted by, or 
deserving, etc. ; execrable ; hateful. — Curs'edly, 
adv. 

Cursive, ker'siv, a. Running; rapid; flowing.' — Cur'- 
Bory, -so-rT, a. Characterized by haste ; hastily per- 
formed ; superficial ; careless. 

Curt, kert, a. Characterized by brevity ; short ; con- 
cise; abrupt; crusty. — Curfness, n. — Curtail, -taK, 
V. t. [-TAILED (-taW), -tailing.] To cut short, 
abridge, diminish. 
Curtain, ker'tin, n. A movable cloth screen or cover- 
ing intended to darken or conceal. (Fort.) Part of 
the rampart and parapet between the flanks of two 
bastions. — v.t. [curtained (-tind'), -taining.] To 
inclose, or furnish, with curtains. 
Curule, ku'rool, a. (Rom. Antiq.) Belonging to a 
chariot, — said of the chair of certain magistrates, 
borne in a chariot when they went to council. 
Curve, kerv, a. Bent without angles; crooked; curved. 
— n. A bending without an- 

fles ; thing bent ; a flexure. 
Geom.) A line of which no 
three consecutive points are _ 

in the same straight line. — Curve, 

r. t. [CURVED (k?rvd), curving.] To bend, crook, 
inflect. — v. i. To bend. — Curv'ataire, -chur, n. 



Continual flexure of a line or surface from a recti- 
linear direction. — CurvHin'eal, -ear, -e-ar, a. Con- 
sisting of, or bounded by, curve lines. — Cur'vet, 
n. A leap of a horse ; a prank ; frolic. — v. i. To 
make a curvet; to frisk. — r. /. To cause to, etc. 

Cushion, kush''un, n. A stulfed bag, to sit or recline 
upon; any stuffed or padded surface. — v. t. [cush- 
ioned (-und), -lONiNG.] To seat on, or furnish with, 
etc. 

Cusp, kusp, n. (Arch.) A projecting point in the or- 
namentation of arches, panels, etc. ; a pendant of a 
pointed arch. (Astral.) First entrance of any house 
in the calculations of nativities, etc. (Astron.) The 
point or horn of the crescent. (Math.) The point 
at which two curves or branches of the same curve 
meet. — Cusp'id, n. (Anat.) One of the canine or 
eye teeth: see Tooth. — Cusp'idal, a. Ending in a 
point. — Cusp'idate, -dated, a. (Bat.) Having a 
sharp end, like a spear-point. 

Cuspidor, kusp'i-dor, n. A spittoon; an earthenware 
waste-basket. 

Custard, kus'tard, n. A dish composed of milk and 
eggs, sweetened, and baked or boiled. 

Custody, kus'to-dT, n. A keeping or guarding : esp. 
judicial or penal safekeeping ; restraint of liberty; 
confinement ; imprisonment. — Custo'^dial, -dl-al, a. 
Pert, to, etc. — Custo'dian, n. One who has, etc. ; a 
keeper; superintendent. 

Custom, kus'tum, ?i. Way of acting ; habitual prac- 
tice ; habitual buj'ing of goods ; business support; 
patronage. (Law.) Long established practice, or 
usa^e, considered as unwritten law, and resting for 
authority on long consent. The customary toll, tax, 
or tribute, pi. JDuties imposed on commodities im- 
ported or exported. — Cus''tomable, a. Common; sub- 
ject to the payment of duties.— Cus'tomably, -arily, 
-rT-lT, adv. In a customary manner ; habitually. — 
Cus'tomary, a. According te custom ; established 
by common usage; conventional. (Law.) Holding 
or held by custom. — Cus'tomer, n. One who fre- 
quents a place to buy; a purchaser; buyer. — Cus'- 
tomhouse, n. The building where duties are paid, 
and vessels entered or cleared. 

Cut, kut, V. t. [cut, cutting.] To separate the parts 
of with a sharp instrument ; to make an incision in, 
divide, sever: to hew, as wood; or mow and reap, as 
grain or corn ; to remove by cutting; to dock ; to 
shape by cutting, carve, hew out ; to wound the 
sensibilities of ; to intersect, cross ; to castrate or 
geld. — V. i. To serve in dividing or gashing; to ad- 
mit of incision or severance ; to divide, sever, inter- 
sect, etc. ; to run rapidlj' ; to divide a pack of cards, 
to decide the deal or trump. — n. An opening made 
with a sharp instrument ; a cleft ; gash : wound : a 
stroke with an edged instrument; that which wounds 
the feelings; a notch, passage, or channel made by 
cutting ; surface left by a cut ; portion severed or 
cut oft ; an engraved block ; impression from such 
an engraving; act of dividing a pack of cards; right 
to divide ; manner in which a thing is formed ; 
shape; fashion. — A short cut. A crosspath which 
shortens the way. — Cut and dried. Prepared be- 
forehand ; not spontaneous. — C. glass. Glass hav- 
ing the surface shaped by grinding and polishing. 

— TO c. a dash, or afigtire. To make a display. — 
To c. capers. To play pranks, frolic. — To c. down. 
To fell; to abash, shame; to lessen, diminish. — 
To c. out. To remove from the midst ; to shape by 
cutting, fashion ; to take the place of, supersede. — 
To c. short. To arrest or check abruptly, abridge. 

— To c. under. To undersell. — To c. up. To cut tQ 
pieces, damage, destroj\ — 7b 
c. the acquaintance of, or to c. 
a person. To drop inter- 
course with, avoid recogniz- 
ing. — To c. the cards. To 
divide a pack into portions. 

— To c. the teeth. To put 
forth teeth. — To c. across. 
To pass through in the most 
direct way. — To c. in. To 
divide, or turn a card, for de- 
termining.— Cut'ter, n. One 
who, or an instrument 




which, etc. ; a front tooth, 



Cutter. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



CUTE 



93 



DAG 



that cuts; an incisor. (JS^aut.) A small boat used by 
ghips of war ; a sloop-rigged vessel with a bowsprit 
which may be run in upon deck. A one-horse 
sleigh. — Cufting, n. Act or operation of, etc. ; 
something cut, cut off, or cut out, as a twig cut from 
a stock for grafting ; an excavation cut through a 
hiU. — Cufeff, n. That which cuts off or shortens. 
(Mach.) An attachment to a steam-engine which 
cuts off the passage of steam from the steam-chest 
to the cylinder. 

Gate, kut, a. Clever; keen; sharp. 

Cutis, ku'tis, n. (Anat.) The true skin ; a dense 
resisting membrane, next below the cuticle. — Cu- 
ta'neous, -ne-us, a. Pert, to, upon, or affecting, the 
skin.— Cu'ticle, -tt-kl, a. The outer skin ; scarf-skin ; 
epidermis. (Bot.) The thin external covering of the 
bark of a plant. 

CatlASB, kut'las, n. A broad, curving sword, with 
but one cutting edge. — Cnt'ler, ?i. One who makes 
or deals in cutlery. — Cuflery, -ler-T, h. Business 
of a cutler ; cutting instruments in general, or in 
the mass. 

Cutlet, kut'let, 71. A piece of meat, esp. gf veal or 
mutton, cut for broiling ; generally part of the rib 
with the meat belonginj? to it. 

Cuttle, kuftl, Cuftle-fisn, n. A molluscous animal, 
having ten arms furnished with cu- 
pules or sucking cups, by which it 
attaches itself to other bodies. 

Cycle, si'kl, n. An imaginary circle or 
orbit in the heavens ; an interval of 
time in which a certain succession of 
events is completed, and then returns 
again and again in tlie same order. 
(Jiot.) One entire round in a spire or 
circle. — Cyc'lic, sik'lik, -Ileal, a. Pert, 
to, or moving in cycles. — Cy'cloid, 71. 
(Geom.) A curve generated by a point 
in the plane of a circle when the circle is rolled 
along a straight line, keeping always in the same 
plane. — Cycloid'al, a. Pert, to, etc. — Cy'clone, 
-klon, 71. A rotatory storm or whirlwind of ex- 
tended circuit. — Cyclope'dia, -pae'dia, -pe'dl-a, m. 
The circle or compass of the arts and sciences, or of 
human knowledge ; a dictionary of arts and sci- 
ences ; enc3^clopedia. — Cycloped''ic, a. Pert, to the 
circle of the sciences, or to a cyclopedia ; encyclo- 
pedic. 

Cyclopean, si-klo-pe'an, a. Pert, to the Cyclops, a 
mythical race of one-eyed giants in Sicily; gigantic; 
vast and rough ; massive. (Arch.) Pert, to the 
earliest buildings found in Greece, consisting of 
roughly-hewn, uncemented rocks. 

Cygnet, sig'net, «. A young swan. 

Cylinder, sil'in-der, n. C Geom.) A solid body which 




Cuttle-fish. 




Cylinder. 



' may be generated by the rotation of a 
parallelogram round one of its sides ; 
a body of roller-like form, of which the 
longitudinal section is oblong, and the 
croSs-section circular. — Cylin'' dr ic, 
-drical, «. Formed like, or having prop- 
erties of, etc. — Cylin' drif orm, a. 
Formed like, etc. — CyKindroid, n. A 
solid body resembling a right cylinder, 
but having the bases elliptical. 

CjTnbal, sim^bal, n. A dish-shaped thu- 
sical instrument of brass, held in the 
hand, and producing, when two are struck together, 
a ringing sound. 

Cyme, sim, 7i. (Bot.) A flat-topped or convex flower- 
cluster, like a corymb, except that the inflores-cence 
commences with the terminal buds. — Cy'inose, 
-mos, -mous, -mus, a. Containing or in the form of 
a cyme. — Cym'ling, 71. A squash. 

e3?Tnric, kim''iik, «. Pert, to the Cymry, or people of 
Wales, or to their language; Welsk. 

Cynic, sin^'ik, -ical, a. Having the qualities of a surly 
dog; snarling; surly; austere; pert, to the dog-star; 
pert, to the philosophers called cynics, or to their 
doctrines. — Cyn'ic, w. One of a sect of ancient phi- 
losophers, named from their morose tenets; one who 
holds views resembling those of the cynics; asnarler; 
misanthrope. — Cyn^icalness, w. — Cyn'^icism, -sizm, 
n. Practice or principles of a cynic. 

Cynosure, sin''o-shoor or si'no-shoor, n. The constel- 
lation of the Lesser Bear, to which, as containing 
the polar star, the eyes of mariners are often di- 
rected; anything to which attention is turned; cen- 
ter of attra'ction. 

C3rpress, si'^pres, n. A coniferous tree, generally ever- 
green, and having wood remarkable for durability, 
— anciently used at funerals, and so an emblem of 
mourning. 

Cjrprian, sip'rl-an, n. A native of Cyprus; a lewd 
woman; harlot. — a. Pert, to the island of Cyprus, 
renowned for the worship of Venus; pert, to lewd- 
ness, or those who practice it. 

Cyst, sist, 71. {Physiol.) A peuch or sac, without 
opening, containing morbid matter. — Cyst'lc, a. 
Having the form of, or living in, etc.; containing, 
pert, to, or contained in, etc. — Cys'tocele, -sel, n. 
Hernia of the urinary bladder. 

Czar, Tzar, zar, «. A king; chief; a title of the em- 
peror of Russia. — Czarina, za-re''na, 71. Title of the 
empress of Russia. — Czarowitz, zar'o-wits, n. 
Title of the eldest son of the czar of Russia. — 
Czarev'na, -na, n. Wife of the czarowitz. 

Czech, tchek, n. One of a branch of the Slavonic race, 
including the Bohemians, Uannacks (or Moravians), 
and Slovacks. 



D. 



D, de. The 4th letter in the English alphabet. (Mus.) 
The 2d note of the scale, corresponding to 7?e. 

Dab, dab, v. t. [dabbed (dabd), dabbing.] To strike 
gently, as with the hand or a soft or moist substance. 
— n. A gentle blow; sudden hit; a lump of anything 
soft, with which something is dabbed: a smiill, flat 
fish. — Dab'ber, n. That with which one dabs; an 
implement used in printing, stereotj'ping, etc. — 
Dab-Tale, !'. f. [dabbled C-bld), -blixg.] To wet by 
little dips or strokes, moisten. — v. i. To play in 
water, as with the hands; to work in a superficial 
manner, touch here and there, tamper, meddle. 

Sab, Dabster, dab'ster, n One skilled at his business. 

Dabchick. rtab^chik, n. A water-fowl allied to the 
grebe; dipchick; didapper; dobchick; a babyish per- 
son. 

Da capo, da-ka'po. (3fiis.) A direction to return to, 
and end with, the iirst strain, — indicated by Z>. C. 

Dace, das, n. A river fish, of silverv color. 

Dactyl, dak'til, n. (Pms.) A ptietical foot of 3 sylla- 



bles, 1 long, followed by 2 short, or 1 accented fol- 
lowed by 2 unaccented. 

Dad, Daddy, dad'dT, n. Father, — a word used by 

' children. ^ Dad'dy-long-legs, ?i. A spider having a 
small round body, and very long, slender legs; the 
crane-fly. 

Bado, da'^do, »?. (ArcJi.) The die or square part in the 
middle of the pedestal of a column; that part of an 
apartment between plinth and impost molding; an 
arrangement of moldings, or a border of wood or 
piper, around the lower part of the walls of a room. 

Daffodil, daf''fo-dil, n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus 
i\T<rci.s.«?(s, having a bulbous root, 'and beautiful flow- 
ers, usually yellow. 

Daft, daft, a. Delirious; insane; foolish. 

Dag, dag, «. A dagger; poniard; a kind of pistol for- 
merly used. — Dag^ger, ??. A short sword; poniard. 
(Print.) A mark of reference in the form of a dag- 
ger [t], — called also obelisk. — v. t. To pierce wita, 

. etc.; to stab. 



stin, cube, full ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; lijjger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



DAG 



94 



DASH 



Bag, daff, n. A loose end, as of looks of wool; a leath- 
er latchet. — Dag''-lock, n. A dirty lock of wool on 
a sheep. 

Sa^erreotype, da-ggr'o-tlp, n. A method of taking 
pictures by photography, on plates of silvered cop- 
per, etc. ; picture so produced. — v. t. [daguekreo- 
TYPED (-tipt), -TYPING.] To represent by the photo- 
graphic art, a£ a picture; to impress with great dis- 
tinctness. 

Dahlia, dal'ya, n. A genus of flowering plants native 
to Mexico. 

Daily. See under Day. 

Daimio, di'niT-o, n. One of the feudal nobles of Japan. 

Dainty, dan'tT, a. Delicious to the taste; toothsome; 
elegant in .form, manner, or breeding; requiring 
dainties ; over-nice ; fastidious ; ceremonious. — n. 
That which is delicious, delicate, or nice; delicacy. 

Dairy, da'rt, n. Place where milk is kept, and made 
into butter or cheese; business of making butter 
and cheese. 

Dais, da'is, n. A raised floor at the upper end of the 
dining-hall; upper table of a dining-hall; seat with 
a canopy for those at the high table. 

Daisy, da'zT, n. A common spring flower. 

Dale, dal, n. A low place between hills; vale; valley. 

Dally, daKlT, V. t. [dallied (-lid), -lying.] To waste 
time in effeminate or voluptuous pleasures, or in 
idleness and trifles; to linger, delay; to interchange 
caresses; to use fondling or wantonness. — Dal'- 
Uance, -IT-ans, n. Act of, etc. 

Dam, dam, n. A female parent, — used of beasts, or 
of a woman, in contempt. 

Dam, dam, n. A mole, bank of earth, wall, etc., to ob- 
struct the flow of water. — v. t. [dammed (damd), 
damming.] To obstruct or restrain the flow of, by a 
dam; to shut up, confine. 

Damage, dam'ej, n. Any permanent injury to person, 
property, or reputation: hurt; loss; mischief ; detri- 
ment, pi. {Law.) A compensation or indemnity to 
one party, for a wrong or injury done by another. — 
V. t. [damaged (-ejd), -aging.] To inflict injury 
upon, hurt, impair. — Dam''ageable, a. — Damn, 
dam, V. t. [damned (damd), damning (damping or 
dam'ning).] To condemn; to adjudge to punish- 
ment or death; to censure. ( Theol.) To condemn to 
punishment in the future world. To condemn as 
bad, by hissing, etc. — Damned, damd, in serious dis- 
course dam-'necl, p. a. Sentenced to punishment in 
a future state; hateful; abominable. — Damna'^tion, 
-na'shun, H. (Theol.) Condemnation to eternal pun- 
ishment. — Dam'nable, a. Worthy of, etc.; odious. 

Damascene, dam'as-sei.i, Dam''son, -zn. n. A kind of 
plum. — I)am''ask,' «.. Pert, to, originating at, or 
like, the manufactures of Damascus; having the 
color of the damask rose. — n. A stuff with raised 
figures, woven in the loom, — orig. made at Da- 
mascus, of rich silk, now made of silk intermin- 
gled with flax, cotton, or wool; linen woven in imi- 
tation of the figures in damask silk. — v. t. [dam- 
asked (-askt), -ASKING.] To decorate with orna- 
mental figures, as silk with raised flowers, etc., or 
steel with etchings, or inlaid devices; to embellish, 
variej^ate. 

Dame, dam, ?i. A lady in rank or culture; the mis- 
tress of a family in common life; mistress of a com- 
mon school ; a matron. — Dam''sel, -zel, n. A young 
unmarried woman; girl. 

Damn, Damnable, etc. See under Damage. 

Damp, damp, a. Moderately wet; moist; humid. — n. 
Moisture; humidity; fog; dejection; depression; dis- 
couragement, pi. (Mining.) Gaseous products, elim- 
inated in coal-mines, wells, etc. — v. t. [damped 
(dampt), DAMPING.] To moisten, make humid, ren- 
der chilly, depressor deject, discourage. — Dampen, 
damp'n, i). t. or i. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To make 
or become moist. — Damp'er, n. That which damps 
or checks; as a valve in a flue, to regulate the draught 
of air, or a contrivance in mechanism, to check some 
action at a particular time. — Damp'^ness, n. Mod- 
erate humidity; moisture. 

Damsel. See under Dame. 

Damson. See under Damascene. 

Daaice, dans, v. i. [danced (danst), dancing.] To 
move with measured steps, or to a musical accom- 
paniment; to move nimbly or merrily, caper, frisk. 



— V. t. To cause to dance, dandle. —w. A brisk 
amusement, in which the movements of persons are 
regulated by art, in figures and by the sound of in- 
struments. (Miis.) A tune by which dancing is reg- 
ulated. — Dan'cer, n. — Danseaae, dawN-sez', n. A 
female dancer, esp. at a theater, etc. 

Dandelion, dan'de-li'un, n. A plant, with large yellow 
compound flowers. 

Dander, dan'der, n. Corrupt, of Dandruff, q. v. — 
Anger or vexation. [Low.'\ 

Dandle, dan'dl, v. t. [dandled (-did), -dling.] To 
move up and down in affectionate play, as an in- 
fant ; to caress, fondle ; to treat as a child, toy 
with, pet. — Dan'dy, -dT, n. One who affects finery 
in dreus and manner; a fop ; coxcomb. — Dan'dy- 
ism, -izm, n. Manners and character of, etc. 

Dandruff, dan'druf, -driff, -der, n. Scurf which 
forms on the head, and comes off in scales. 

Danger, dan'jer, n. Exposure to injury, loss, pain, 
etc.; peril; hazard ; risk; jeopardy. — Dan'^gerouH, 
-us, a. Attended with, or causing danger. — Dan'- 
gerously, o^/r. — Dan-'gerousness, n. 

Dangle, dan'gl, v. i. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To hang 
loosely, or with a waving, swinging, or jerking mo- 
tion. — )'. t. To cause to dangle; to swing. 

Dank, dank, rt. Damp; moist; humid; wet. 

Dapper, dap'per, a. Little and active; nimble; neat 
in dress; smart. 

Dapple, dap'pl, a. Marked with spots of different 
shades of color; variegated. — n. One of the spots 
on a dapple animal. — v. t. [dappled (-pld),-PLiNG.] 
To variegate, spot. 

Dare, dar, v. i. [duest (derst), daring.] To have 
sufficient courage; to be bold enough; to venture. 

— V. t. [dared (dard), daring.] To have courage 
for, venture to do; to profess courage to meet; to 
challenge, provoke, defy, brave. — Dar''ing, a. — 
Dar'ingly, adv. — Dare'-devil, n. A rash, venture- 
some fellow. 

Dark, dark, n. Destitute of light; not reflecting or 
radiating light; obscure; not easily seen through; 
mysterious ; hidden ; destitute of knowledge and 
culture; unrefined; evincing foul traits of charac- 
ter; vile; wicked ; foreboding evil; gloomy; suspi- 
cious. — n. Absence of light; obscurity; condition 
of ignorance ; secrecy. — Darken, dark-'n, v. t. 
[-ened (-nd), -ening.J To make dark or black, 
obscure, render dim, deprive of vision; to render 
ignorant or stupid; to render less clear or intelli- 
gible; to cast a gloom upon; to make foul, sully. — 
V. i. To grow dark or darker. — Dark'ener, n. — 
Dark'ish, o. Somewhat dark ; dusky ; dim. — 
Dark'ly, adv. — Dark''ness, n. State of being, etc.; 
obscurity ; gloom ; secrecy ; state of ignorance or 
error; wickedness; impurity; want of clearness or 
perspicuity; calamity; perplexity. — Dark'Ltng, a. 
In the dark. — Dark'some, -sum, a. Dark; gloomy; 
obscure. —Dark'y, -T, ??. A negro. 

Darling. See under Dear. 

Darn, darn, v. t. [darned (damd), darning.] To 
mend, as a hole, by imitating the texture of the 
stuff with thread and a needle. — n. A place 
mended by darning. 

Darn, darn, v. t. A substitute for the profane damn. 

Darnel, dar'nel, n. A weed, — rye-grass. 

Dart, dart, n. A weapon thrown by the hand; a 
javelin; anv missile weapon; anything that pierces 
and wounds. — v. t. To throw with a sudden 
thrust, hurl, launch; to throw suddenly or rapid- 
ly ; to send, emit, shoot. — v. i. To be let fly or 
launched; to start and run with velocity; to shoot 
rapidly along. — a. A fish, the dace. 

Darwinian, dar-win''T-an, a. Pert, to the theory of 
natural selection, struggle for existence, and sur- 
vival of the fittest* taught by Charles Darwin in his 
"Origin of Species" and other works. — n. One 
who helieves, etc. ; an evolutionist. — Dar'winism, 
-win''ianism, -izm, n. The doctrine of evolution. 

Dash, dash, v. t. [dashed (dasht), dashing.] To 
throw with violence; to break, as by throwing or 
collision; to put to shame, confound; to throw in 
or on in a rapid, careless manner, overspread par- 
tially, touch here and there ; to form or sketch 
rapidly or carelessly ; to erase by a stroke, strike 
out, obliterate. — v. i. To rush or strike violently. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, terra ; In, ice ; 8dd, toae. dr ; 



DASTARD 



9^ 



DEBARK 



— n. Violent striking of two bodies; crash; sudden 
check; frustration; ruin; an admixture, infusion, 
or' adulteration ; a partial overspreading; a rapid 
movement, quick blow, sudden onset; capacity for 
quick, bold movements against an enemy ; a vain 
iihow or blustering parade; aflourish. {Punctuation.) 
A mark or lise, thus[ — ], denoting a break, stop, or 
transition in a sentence, or a change in its construc- 
tion, a significant pause, or an unexpected turn of 
sentiment. (J/u.s.) A mark [f] denoting that the 
note is to be performed in a short, distinct manner; 
the line drawn through a figure m the thorough- 
bass, as a direction to raise that figure half a tone 
higher. {Racing.) A single trial of speed, — disting. 
fr. a heat. — Dash^er, h. That which, etc.; a dash- 
board. — Dash'y, -T, o. Osteiitatiouslj' fashionable; 
showy. — JDa^h'ingly, adv. Conspicuously. — Dash'- 
board, -bord, n. A board on the front of a vehicle 
to intercept mud, etc. 

Dastard, das'tard, n. One who meanly shrinks from 
danger; coward; poltroon. — o. Meanly shrinking; 
cowardly. 

Data, da'ta, ?2. 73?. Facts given or admitted; ground 
of inference or deduction. — Da'^tum, n. Something 
given, esp. as a standard: a datum-line, a horizontal 
line or level, from which sujface points are reck- 
oned in surveying. — Bate, dat, ?i. Specification of 
the time when a writing, coin, etc., was executed; 
precise period or time of; epoch: end; conclusion; 
duration ; continuance. — v. t. To note the time 
of writing or executing; to fix the time of; to refer 
to as a starting point. — r. ?. To have beginning, 
have a date. — Da'tive, -tiv, ?^. (Law.) That which 
maybe given or disposed of at pleasure. (Gram.) 
The case of a noun wlnich expresses the remoter 
object, generally indicated in English by to or for 
with the objective. — a. {Law.) Capable of being 
disposed of at will and pleasure; removable, as dis- 
ting. fr. perpetual, — said of an officer; given by a 
magistrate, as disting. fr. being cast upon a pa'rtj' 
by the_law. Pert, to the dative. 

Date, dat, n. The fruit of the date-palm. — Date"- 
-pajm, -pam, -tree, n. The genus of 
palms bearing dates. 

Daub, dawb, v. t. [daubed (dawbd), 
DAfc'BixG.] T<s smear with soft, ad- 
hesive matter; to plaster ; to paint in 
a coarse or unskillful manner ; to dis- 
guise, conceal. — n. A viscous, sticky 
application. {Paint.) A picture coarse- 
ly executed. 

Daughter, daw'ter, n. A female child or 
descendant. — Daugh''terly, -IT, a. Be- 
coming a daughter; filial. — Daugh''ter- Date tree, 
in-law, w. The wife of one's son. 

Dannt, dant, v. t. To repress or subdue the courage 
of, dismay, appall, intimidate. — Datuit''less, a. In- 
capable of being, etc.; bold; intrepid. 

Dauphin, daw'fin, n. The eldest son of the king of 
France, and heir of the crown. — Bau'^phiness, n. 
Wife of the dauphin. 

Davenport, dav'en-port, n. A writing-table. 

Davit, dav'it or da'vit, n. {Naut.) A spar used on 
ships, as a crane to hoist the anchor 
to the top of the bow. pi. Arms 
projecting over a ship's side or 
stern, having tackle to raise a boat 
by. 

Davy-lamp, da'vT-lamp, n. A lan- 
tern whose light is inclosed within 
wire gauze, as a protection against 
explosions of gases in mines, — 
invented by Sir Humphrey Davy. 

Daw, daw, n. A bird of the crow 
family; jackdaw. 

Dawdle, daw'dl, v. i. [-dled (-did), -dlixg.] 
waste time in trifling employment, trifle. — r. t. 
waste by trifling. 

Dawn, dawn, v. i. [dawxed (dawnd), dawning.] To 
begin to grow light in the morning, or to open and 
give promise, as the understanding or character. — 
n. The break of day; first appearance of light; first 
opening or expansion; beginning. 

Day, da, n. The period from sunrise to sunset; period 
of the earth's revolution on its axis, — divided into 





Davits. 



To 
To 



24 hours; a specified time or period; dav of battle; 
successful contest; victory. —Daily, da'^lT, a. Hap< 
pening or pert, to each successive day; diurnal; qu«, 
tidian. — adv. Every day: day by day. — n. A puV 
licatifin appearing every day. 

Daze, daz, r. t. [dazed (dazd), dazing.] To over- 
power with light, dazzle, confuse, bewilder. — Daz- 
zle, daz'zl, r. t. [dazzled (-zld), -zling.J To 
overpower with light ; to surprise with brilliancy 
or display of any kind. — ?•. i. To be intensely 
bright; to be rendered blind or dim by excess of 
brightness. — Daz'zlingly, -ll, adv. 

Deacon, de-'kn, n. (Eccl.) In some communions, one 
admitted to a grade in the ministry lower than priest 
or elder; in otliers, a church officer who assists the 
pastor at the Lord's Supper, etc. — Dea'coness. n. 
A woman specially devoted to the service of the 
church — caring for the sick, etc. — Dea'^conry, -rT, 
-ship, Diaconate, di-ak-'o-nat, n. Office or ministry 
of a deacon or deaconess.— Diac'cnal, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Dead, ded, a. Destitute of life ; put to death ; inani- 
mate ; resembling death in appearance or quality ; 
without show of life; without motion; inactive; un- 
productive ; unprofitable ; dull; monotonous or un- 
varied; producing death; sure as death; wanting in 
religious spirit. {Law.) Cut off from the rights of 
a citizen, or property holder. {Engin.) Not impar- 
ting motion or power. — adv. To a degree resem- 
bling death; to the last degree; complete"ly; wholly. 
— n. The most quiet or death-like time ; period of 
profoundest repose or gloom. pZ. Those who are 
dead; the departed.— Dead'ly, -IT, a. Capable of 
causing death; mortal; fatal; destructive; willing to 
destroy; implacable. — adv. So as to resemble, or to 
cause, death; mortally; implacably. — Dead^'liness, 
n. — Dead'^ness, n. State of being or seeming dead; 
inertness; coldness; indifference. — Dead'en, ded'n, 
V. t. [-ex ED (-nd), -ENING.] To impair in vigor, 
force, or sensibility; to lessen the velocitj' or mo- 
mentum of, retard; to make spiritless; to deprive of 
gloss or brilliancy. 

Deaf, def or def, a. Wanting the sense of hearing: un- 
willing to hear : not to be persuaded. — Deafen, 
v.t. [-E.NED (-nd), -ENING.] To make deaf, stun. 
{Arch.) To render impervious to sound, as a floor, 
by filling the space beneath it with mortar, etc. — 
Deafness. ?«.— Deaf-mute, n. One deaf and dumb. 

Deal, del, '•. t. [dealt (delt), dealing.] To divide, 
distribute : to tlirow out or bestow successively or 
indiscriminately. — v.i. To make distribution; to 
traffic, trade, carry on business : to act, have trans- 
actions witli, manage, treat. — n. A part or portion; 
an indefinite quantity, degree, or extent: division 
or distribution of cards; portion distributed ; divis- 
ion of a timber by sawing ; a pine or fir board or 
plank; wood of the pine or fir. — Deal''er, ?i. One 
who deals: a trader. — Deafing, n. Manner of treat- 
ing others; trade; distribution, as of cards. 

Dean, den, n. An ecclesiastical dignitary, subordinate 
to a bishop: an officer in universities;'head or secre- 
tary of a college faculty. — Dean'ery, -er-T, n. Office, 
revenue, residence, or jurisdiction, of a dean. — 
Dean'ship, n. Office ©f , etc. — Dec'anal, a. Pert. 
to a deaner}'. 

Dear, der, a. Bearing a high price ; costly ; marked 
by scarcity, and exorbitance of price ; highly val- 
ued; mucn esteemed ; greatly beloved ; precious.--. 
alv. Dearly; at a high rate. — n. A dear one; dar- 
ling. — Dear'^ly, arfr.— Dear'ness, )i.— Darling, dar'.. 
ling, a. Dearly beloved; regarded with tender fond- 
ness: favorite.— 7?. One who is, etc. — Dearth, derth, 
n. Scarcity, rendering dear; want; famine; barren- 
ness; poverty. 

Dearborn, der''bern, n. A light 4-wheeled carriage. 

Death, deth, n. Cessation of bodily life ; decease ; de- 
mise; dissolution: exit; total privation or loss: man- 
ner of djang : cause, agent, or instrument of loss of 
life: a skeleton, as the symbol of death ; danger of 
death. — Death ''less, a. Not subject to death or de- 
struction; immortal. — Deathly, -IT, a. Resembling 
death or a dead bodj'; deadly; latal. 

Debar, de-bar', v. t. [-barred (-bard), -barring.] To 
cut off from entrance, as if by a bar or barrier ; to 
shut out, exclude, deny, refuse. 

Debark, de-bark', v. t. [-barked (-barkt), -baekinoJ 



stin, cube, lull; moon, f d6t ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNboN- chair, get. 






DEBASE 



96 



DECIPHER 



To land from a ship or boat, disembark. — v. i. To 
leave a vessel and pass to the land. 

Debase, de-bas', v. t. [-based (-bast'), -basing.] To 
reduce to a lower state of worth, dignity, purity, 
etc.; to abase, degrade, lower.— Deba8e'meiit,n. Act 
of or state of being debased ; degradation. 

Debate, de-baf, n. Contention in words or argu- 
ments ; dispute ; controversy. — v. t. To fight or 
strive for, contend for in words or arguments, con- 
test, argue, dispute. — v. i. To engage in strife or 
combat, contend, struggle, deliberate. 

Debauch, dG-bawch', x\ t. [-bauched (-bawcht), 
-BAUCHING.] To corrupt in cnaracter or principles ; 
to vitiate, pollute, seduce. — n. Excess in eating or 
drinking ; drunkenness ; gluttony ; lewdness ; an 
act of debauchery. — Debauchee, deb-o-she'', n. A 
sensual or dissipated person; rake; libertine. — De- 
baucher, -bawCh-'er, n. — Debauch^'ery, -cr-T, n. Cor- 
ruption of fidelity ; indulgence of the appetites; in- 
temperance; lewdness. — Debauch'ment, n. Act of 
debauching. 

Debenture, ae-ben''chur, n. A writing acknowledg- 
ing a debt ; a custoni-house certificate entitling an 
exporter of imported goods to a drawback. 

Debilitate, de-biKI-tat, v. t. To make feeble, faint, 
or languid ; to weaken, relax. — DeblKity, -tT, n. 
State of being feeble, or weak ; languor ; infirmity; 
imbecility. 

Debit, deb^it, n. A recorded item of debt; debtor side 
of an account ; debt. — v. t. To charge with debt ; 
enter on the debtor side. —Debt, det, n. That which 
is due from one to another; obligation; liability; a 
duty neglected or violated; fault; crime; trespass. — 
Debt'or, -er, n. One who owes another money, goods, 
or services; one indebted. 

Debris, da-bre'', M. (Geol.) Fragments, taken collec- 
tively; esp., fragments from a mountain, piled up at 
the base. Rubbish; remains; ruins. 

Debut, da-boo', n. A beginning or first attempt; first 
appearance, as of an actor, public speaker, etc. — 
Debutant, -tax', h. One who makes his first appear- 
ance before the public. — Debutante, -tajf f, n. A 
woman who, etc. [F.] 

Decade, dek'ad, n. The sum or number of 10. — Dec'- 
agon, n. (Geom.) A plane figure of 10 sides and 10 
angles. — Dec'agTam, n. A decimal weight of 10 
grams, or 154.38 grains Troy. — Decahe'dron, 7i. ; pi. 
-DRA, -dra. ( Geom.) A solid figure having 10 sides. 

— Decahe'dral, a. Having 10 sides. — Decaliter, de- 
kaKT-ter or dek'a-li-ter, n. A decimal measure of 
capacity, containing 10 liters, or 610.28 cu. inches = 
2 gallons and 64.44 cu. in. — Dec'alogue, -log, n. The 
10 commandments. — DecaKogist, -jist, n. One who 
explains the decalogue. — Decam^eron, n. A work 
comprised in lObooKs; esp. a collection of tales of 
Boccaccio. — Decameter, de-kam'e-ter o?*dek'a-me- 
ter, w. A decimal measure of length = 10 meters = 
393.71 inches. — Decan'drous, -drus, a. (Bot.) Hav- 
ing 10 stamens. — Dec'apod, w. {ZoiJl.) A crustacean 
with 10 feet or legs, as crabs, lobsters, etc. — Dec'- 
aster, n. A decimal solid measure = 10 steres = 10 
cu. meters =3.53.166 cu. inches.— Dec'astich, -stik, n. 
A poem consisting of 10 lines. — Dec'astyle, -stil, n. 
{Arch.) A building having a portico with 10 col- 
umns m front. — Dec'asyUab'ic, -sil-lab'ik, a. Con- 
sisting of 10 syllables. — Decouple, -u-pl, a. Tenfold; 
multiplied by 10. — n. A number 10 times repeated. 

— V. t. To make tenfold; to multiply by 10. — [See 
further under December.] 

Decadence, -dency. See under Decay. 

Decamp, de-kamp', v. i. [-camped (-kamf), -camp- 
i.NG.] To move away from a camping-ground, de- 
part suddenly. — Decamp'ment, n. Departure from, 
etc. ; a marching off. 

Decanal. See under Dean. 

Decant, de-kant', v. t. To pour off gently, as liquor 
from its sediment; to pour from one vessel into an- 
other. — Decanfer, n. A vessel used to decanfliq- 
uors or receive decanted liquors; one who decants. 

Decapitate, de-kap'i-tat, v. t. To cut off the head of, 
behead. — Decap^ita'tion, n. Act of, etc. 

Decarbonize, de-kar'bon-Iz, v. t. [-ized (-izd),-iziNG.] 
To deprive of carbon. — Decar'burize, -bu-riz, v. t. 
Same as Decarbonize. 

Decay, de-ka', v. i. [decayed (-kad'), decaying.] 



To pass gradually from a sound, prosperous, or per- 
fect state, to one of imperfection, weakness, or dis- 
solution ; to fail; to rot. — v. t. To impair, bring to a 
worse state. — n. Gradual failure of health, sound- 
ness, prosperity, etc. ; decline. — Deca''dence, -dency, 
-sT, M. Decay; fall; deterioration. — Deciduous, -sid'- 
u-us, a. Of temporary existence; shed yearly, aa 
leaves or antlers; not perennial or permanent. 

Decease, de-ses', n. Departure, esp. departure _f rom 
tliis lite; death; demise. — v.i. [deceased (-sesf), 
deceasingJ To die. 

Deceive, de-sev', v. t. [-ceived (-sevd'), -ceiving.] 
To lead into error, impose upon, delude, insnare, 
disappoint. —Deceit, -set'', n. Attempt or disposi- 
tion to deceive; deception; fraud; imposition. — De- 
ceifful, -ful, a. Trickish; fraudulent. —Decep'- 
tion, -sep'sliun, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; that 
which, etc.; deceit. — Decep'tive, -tiv, -tory, -to-rT, 
«. Tending to, etc.; misleading. 

December, de-sem^ber, n. The 12th .or last month in 
the year. — Decem-'vir, -ver, n. : E. pi. Decemvirs, 
-verz, L. pi. -viri, -vT-ri. One of 10 magistrates, who 
had absolute authority in ancient Rome. — Decem'- 
viral, -vt-ral, a. Pert, to, etc. — Decem^'virate, -rat, 
n. OflTice or term of office of, etc.; a body of 10 men 
in authority. — Decen'nary, -sen^na-rT, n. A period 
of 10 years. {Law.) A tithing consisting of 10 neigh- 
boring families. — Deceu'^nial, -nT-al, a. Consisting 
of, or liappening once in, etc. — Decilllon, -siKyun, n. 
A number consisting, by English notation, of a mil- 
lion involved to the lOtn power, or 1 with 60 ciphers 
annexed ; by French or common notation, a thous- 
and involved to the 11th power, or 1 with .33 ciphers. 
See Numeration. —DecilKionth, -yunth, a. Pert. 
to, etc.; preceded byadecillion less one. — n. The 
quotient of 1 divided by, etc. ; one of a decillion 
equal parts. — Decigram, des'T-gram, n. A decimal 
measure of weight equal to 1-10 of a gram, or 1.5438 
grains Troy. — Deciliter, de-siKl-ter or des'T-le-ter, 
n. Adecimal measure of capacity = 1-10 liter ^6. 1028 
cu. inches. — Dec'imal, des''t-mal, a. Pert, to deci- 
mals; numberedor proceeding by tens. — n. A num- 
ber expressed in the scale of tens; decimal number; 
esp. decimal fraction. — Decimal fractions. Fractions 
■whose denominator is soriie power of 10, as ^^' ■^J'tt, 

and is not usually expressed, but is signified by a 
point at the left of the numerator, as .2, .25. — Cir- 
culating or circulatory decimal. Adecimal fraction 
in which the same figure-, or set of figures, is con- 
stantly repeated; as, 0.354354354; called also ^•eciOTwg' 
decimal. — Dec'imate, v. t. To take the tenth part 
of, tithe; to select by lot and kill every tenth man 
of; to destroy a certain portipn of .^ Decimeter, de- 
sim'e-ter or des't-me-ter, n. A decimal measure of 
length = 1-10 meter = 3.9371 inches. — Decime, da- 
sem', n. A French coin = 1-10 franc, about 2 cents. 

— Decister, des'is-ter, n. A solid measure, the 1-10 
of a stere, or cubic meter = 3.5317 cu. feet. — Decu'- 
rion, -rt-un, n. A Roman officer commanding 10 sol- 
diers. — [See also under Decade.] 

Decent, de'sent, a. Suitable in words, behavior, dress, 
and ceremony; free from obscenity; modest; mod« 
erate, but competent; respectable. — De'^centness, n. 

— De'cency, -sT, n. State or quality of being decent ; 
proper formality ; modesty ; what is becoming. 

Deception, Deceptive, etc. See under Deceive. 

Decide, de-sTd', v. t. To determine the result of, settle, 
end, conclude. — v. i. To determine, form a defi- 
nite opinion, come to a conclusion, give decision. — 
Decid'editt. Free from ambiguity; unequivocal; free 
from doubt or wavering; determined; positive; un- 
deniable; clear. — Decid'edly, ar^v. — Decid'er, w.— 
Decid'able, a. Capable of being, etc. — Decis'^ion, 
-sizh'un, «. Act of settling or terminating, as a con- 
troversy ; determination; conclusion; account or re- 
port of a conclusion, esp. of a legal adjudication: 
quality of being decided; prompt and fixed deter- 
mination. — Deci'sive, -siv, a. Having the power or 
quality of deciding a question, etc. ; marked by 
promptness and decision; final; conclusive; positive. 

Deciduous. See under Decay. 

Decipher, de-si'' fer, v. t. [-phered (-ferd). -pheeing.] 
To translate from a cipher into intelligible terms; to 
find out the meaning of, reveal. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; In, ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; 



DECK 



97 



DEEP 



Deck, dek, v. t. [decked (dekt), decking.] To cover, 
overspread; to dress, clothe, esp. to clothe with ele- 
gance, array, adorn; to iurnish with a deck, as a 
vessel. — n. The floor-like covering of a s-hip; a pack 
of cards. 

Declaim, de-klam'', v. i. [-claimed (-klamd'), -claim- 
ing.] To speak rhetoricallv, make a formal oration, 
harangue; to speak er talk pompously and elabo- 
rately; to rant. — v. t. To utter in public, deliver in 
a rhetorical or set manner. — Declama''ti9ii, n. Act 
or art of, etc.; a set speech; rhetorical display, with 
more sound than sense. — Declam'^atory, -tb-rl, a. 
Pert, to, etc.; characterized by rhetorical display; 
without solid sense or argument. 

Declare, de-klar', v. t. [-claeed (-klard'), -glaring.] 
To make known publicly, publish, proclaim; to as- 
sert, affirm. (Com.) To make full statement of , as 
of sjoods liable to taxes, duties, etc. — v. i. To make 
a declaration, proclaim one's self. (Law.) To state 
the plaintiff's cause of action in legal form. — De- 
clar^edly, -ed-ll, adv. Avowedly; explicitly. — Dec- 
lara'tion, n. Act of declaring; thing declared; doc- 
ument by which an assertion is verifted. (Iaxw.) 
That part of the process or pleadings setting forth 
the plaintiff's cause of complaint; the narration or 
counts. — Declar^'ative, -klSr'a-tiv, -atory, -to-rl, a. 
Making declaration, etc.; explanatory; assertive; af- 
tirmative. 

Decline, de-klln', v. i. [-clined (-kllnd'), -clining.] 
To bend over or hang down, as from weakness, 
weariness, despondency, etc.; to tend towards a 
close or extinction; to fail, sink, decay ; to turn 
aside, deviate, stray; to refuse. — v. t. To bend 
downward, depress; to turn away from, refuse to 
comply with, reject courteously, shun, avoid. 
(^Gram.) To inflect in order in the changes of gram- 
matical form. — n. A falling off; tendency to a worse 
state; deterioration. {Med.") That period of a dis- 
order when the symptoms abate in violence; a grad- 
ual wasting away of the physical faculties. Decay; 
consumption.— Declin'er, n. — Declin'able, a. That 
may be declined; admitting of inflection. — Declen- 
sion, -klen'' shun, n. Declination; descent; slope; a 
falling off from excellence; deterioration; decay; act 
of courteously refusing; declinature. (Gram.) In- 
flection of a wordj according to grammatical forms; 
the form of the inflection of a word declined by 
cases. — Dec'linate, -ll-nat, a. (Bot.) Bending down- 
ward, in a curve; curved downward; declmed. — 
Declina'^tion, n. Act or state of bending downward, 
or of falling off from excellence, or oi deviating or 
turning aside; obliquity; withdrawal. (Gram.) Act 
of inflectin": a word through its various termina- 
tions. — Declin''atory, -klln^a-to-rT, a. Containing a 
refusal. — DecUn'ature, -kHn'a-chur, n. Act of put- 
ting away or refusing.— Declivity, -kliv'l-tl, n. De- 
viation from a horizontal line; descent of surface; 
inclination downward; a descending surface; slope. 
— Declivous, -kli'vus, -clivitoU2, -kliv'I-tus, a. Grad- 
ually descending; sloping. 

Decoct, de-kokt', v. t. To prepare by boiling, make 
an infusion of, prepare for assimilation by the heat 
of the stomach, digest. — Decoc'tion, n. Act of pre- 
paring by boiling; an extract prepared by boiling. 

Decollate, de-koKiat, v. t. To sever the neck of, be- 
head, decapitate. — Ddcollet^, da'kol-le-ta'', a. Leav- 
ing the neck and shoulders bare; low-necked, as a 
dress. [F.] 

Decompose, de-kom-poz'', v. t. [-po.sed (-pozd''), -pos- 
ing.] To separate the constituent parts of, set free 
from chemical combination, resolve into original 
elements. — v. i. To become resolved from existing 
combinations; to undergo dissolution. — Decomposi- 
tion, -zish'^un, n. Act of, etc.; analysis; state of 
being separated; release from previous combinations. 

DecompoTind, de-kom-pownd', v. t. To compound or 
mix with that already compound; to reduce to con- 
stituent parts, decompose. — a. Compound of what 
is already compounded. (^Bot.) Several times com- 
pounded or divided, as a leaf or stem. — Decom- 
pos'ite, -poz'it^ a. Compounded more than once. 

Decorate, dek'o-rat, v. t. To adorn, embellish, orna- 
ment, beautify. — Decora'^tion, n. Act of decora- 
ting; that which enriches or beautifies; ornament.— 
Dec'orative, -tiv, a. Suited to embellish; adorning. 



— Decorous, de-ko'rus or dek'o-rus, a. Suitable to' 
the time, place, and occasion ; becoming; proper; 
seemly. — Decorously, de-ko'- or dek'o-, adv. — De- 
corousness, de-ko'- or dek^'o-, n. — Deco'^rum, n. 
Propriety of speech, manner, etc.; dignity. 

Decoy, de-coi', w. <. [-coved (-koid'), -coying.] To 
entice into a snare, lead into danger by artifice, en- 
trap, insnare. — n. Anything intended to lead into 
a snare; esp. a sportsman's lure to entice birds into 
a net or within shot; a place into which wild fowls 
are enticed. 

Decrease, de-kres'', v. i. [-creased (-kresf^), -creas- 
ing.] To become less, be diminished gradually. — 
V. t. To cause to lessen, make less. — n. A becom- 
ing less; gradual diminution ; decay; wane, as of 
the moon. — Dec'rement, ?i. State of becoming grad- 
ually less; quantity lost by waste, etc. — Decres^cent, 

-kres'ent, a. Decreasing. — Decres- 

cendo, da-kres-en'do, a. (Mus.) ___ 

With decreasing volume of sound, r)pcrp<(pendn 

— a direction to performers, written ->-"=i-'c»i.euuu. 
upon the staff, or indicated as in the margin. [It.] 

Decree, de-kre', n. An order or decision by a court or 
other competent authority; law; statute; ordinance; 
edict. — V. t. [^DECREED (-kredO, -ceeeixg.] To de- 
termine judicially by authority, or bv decree; to 
appoint. — V. i. To decide authoritatively, determine 
decisively. — Decre'tal, a. Containing, or pert, to, a 
decree. — n. An authoritative order or decree; esp. 
a letter of the pope, determining some question in 
ecclesiastical law; a collection of the pope's decrees. 

— Decre''tist, n. One versed in the decretals. 
Decrepit, de-krep'it, a. Wasted or worn by the in- 
firmities of old age. [Incorrectly written decrepid.'] 

— Decrep'itate, -tat, v. t. To roast or calcine, so as 
to cause a continual explosion or crackling. — v. i. 
To crackle, as salts when roasting. 

Decrescendo, Decrescent. See under Decrease. 

Decretal, etc. See under Decree. 

Decry, de-kri', v. t. [-cried (-krid'), -crying.] To 
cry down; to censure as faulty, mean, or worthless; 
to depreciate, detract, disparage.— Decri^al, n. Clam- 
orous censure; condemnation by censure. 

Decuple. See under Decade. 

Decurion. See under December. 

Decussate, de-kus'sat, v. t. To cross at an acute 
angle; to intersect or lie upon in the form of an X. 

— Decus'sate, -sated, a. Crossed; intersected. (Bot.) 
Growing in pairs, each at right angles to the pair 
above or below. (Rhet.) Consisting of 2 rising and 
2 falling clauses, in alternate opposition to each 
other. 

Dedicate, ded'T-kat, v. t. To set apart and consecrate, 
as to a divinity, or for a sacred purpose; to devote, 
or give wholly or earnestly up to; to inscribe or ad- 
dress, as to a patron. — a. Set apart; consecrated; 
dedicated. — Dedica'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Ded'ica- 
tory, -to-rl, -to^rial, -ri-al, a. Composing or serving 
as a dedication. 

Deduce, de-dus', v. t. [-duced (-dust''), -ducing.] To 
derive by logical process; to obtain as the result of 
reasoning, infer. — Dedu'cible. -sT-bl, a. — Deduct, 
-dukf, r. t. To take away, in calculating; subtract. 

— Deduc'tion, n. Act or method of deducing, in- 
ferring, or concluding; act of deducting or taking 
away; that deduced; inference; conclusion; that de- 
ducted; part taken away; abatement. — Deduct'ive, 
-iv, a. Of, or pert, to, deduction; capable of being 
deduced from premises; deducible. — Deduct'ively, 
adv. — Dedu'cive, -siv, a. Performing the act of de- 
duction. 

Deed, ded, n. That which is done, acted, or effected; 
an act ; illustrious act ; achievement ; exploit ; 
power of action ; agency ; efficiency. (JLaw.) A 
sealed instrument in writing, containing some 
transfer, bargain, or contract, esp. in regard to real 
estate. — v. t. To convey or transfer by deed. 

Deem, dera, v. t. [deemed (denid), deeming.] To 
conclude on consideration; to think, judge, regard. 

— V. i. To be of opinion, think, estimate. 

Deep, dep, a. Extending far below the surface; of 
great perpendicular dimension; extending far back 
from the front ; low in situation ; hard to penetrate 
or comprehend ; mysterious ; profound ; secret; of 
penetrating or far-reaching intellect ; thoroughly 



siin, cube, full ; moon, fd&t ; Icow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



DEER 



y« 



DEFT 




Deer. 



versed ; profoundly moving or affecting; penetra- 
ting; thorough; profoundly quiet ordark; unmixed; 
sunk low ; depressed ; aljject ; strongly colored ; 
dark; intense : of low tone; grave; heavy. — adv. 
To a great depth; far down; profoundly; deeply. — 
n. That which is deep, esp. deep water; the ocean; 
that which is profound ; most quiet or j)rofound 
part; the midst; the depth. — Deep^en, dep'^n, v^ t. 
[-ENED (-nd), -ENING.] To make deep or increase 
the depth of, make darker or more intense, more 
poignant or affecting, or more grave or low in tone. 
— v.i. To become more deep. — Depth, n. Deep- 
ness; measure of deepness; a deep, or the deepest, or 
the niiddle, part, — as, depth of winter. 

Beer, der, n. sing, and j^l. A ruminant quadruped of 
several species, the males 
of which have antlers. 

Deface, de-fas', v. t. 

[defaced (-last'), -FA- 

CixG.] To destroy or mar 
the face or external ap- 
pearanceof; to disfigure; 
to spoil by obliterating 
important features of. 

De facto, de-fak^'to. Actu- 
ally ; in fact; existing. 
[L.] 

Defalcate, de-faKkat, v. t. 
To cut oft', take away or 
deduct part of, — used of 
money, accounts, etc. — 
Defalca'tion, n. A cut- 
ting off'; diminution; de- 
ficit; withdrawment; that 
cut off; an abstraction of money, etc., by an officer 
having it in charge; embezzlement. 

Defame, de-fam', v. t. [-famed (-famd'), -faming.] 
To harm the good fame of by slanderous reports; 
to speak evil of , asperse, slander, calumniate. — De- 
fam^er, m.— Defamation, def-a-raa'shun, n. Mali- 
cious circulation of reports injurious to another ; 
slander; detraction; aspersion. — Defam'^atoiy, -to- 
rt, a. Containing defamation. 

Default, de-fawlf, n. Omission of what ought to be 
done ; failure ; lack ; destitution. {Law.) A neg- 
lect of, or failure to take, some step necessary to se- 
cure the benefit of law. — v. i. To fail to appear in 
court; to let a case go by default. — v. t. To fail to 
perform. (Law.) To call (one who should be pres- 
ent in court), and make an entry of his default, if 
he fails to appear. — Defatilt'er, n. One who makes 
default or fails to appear in court when called; one 
who fails to account for money in his care ; a delin- 
quent; peculator. 

Defeat, de-let', n. An overthrow, as of an attack, an 
army, etc. ; rout ; frustration. — v. t. To render 
null and void ; to overcome or vanquish, as an 
army; to resist with success, ruin, frustrate. — De- 
feasance, -fe'zans, n. A rendering null or void. 
(Law.) A condition, relating to a deed, which be- 
ing performed, the deed is defeated or rendered 
void; or a collateral deed, made at the same time 
with a conveyance, containing conditions, on per- 
formance of which the estate tnen created may be 
defeated. 

Defecate, def'e-kaf, v. t. To clear from impurities, 
as lees, dregs, etc.; to clarify, purify; to free from 
extraneous or polluting matter. — v.i. (Med.) To 
void excrement. — a. Freed from anything that can 
pollute; refined; purified. — Defeca'tion, n. 

Defect, de-fekt', n. Want of something necessary for 
completeness; failing; blemish; fault. — Defect^ive, 
-iv, a. Wanting in substance, quantity, or quality; 
incomplete; imperfect; faulty. (Gram.) Lacking 
some of the usual forms of declension or conjuga- 
tion. — Defecfiveljr, adv. — Defecfiveness, n. — De- 
fecation, n. Act of abandoning a person or cause 
to which one is bound; apostasy; backsliding. — De- 
A'cient, -fish^ent, a. Wanting to make up complete- 
ness; not sufficient; inadequate; short. — Defi'cience, 
-ciency, -shen-sT, n. State of being, etc.; want; fail- 
ure. — Deficit, -t-sit, n. Deficiency in amount or 
quality; lack. 

Defend, de-fend', v. t. To repel danger or harm 
from, guard from injury. (Law.) To deny, as the 



claim of a plaintiff; to contest, as a suit. — Defend'- 
ant, n. One who makes defense against evil; defend- 
er. (Law.) The party opposing a complaint, demand, 
or charge, at law or in equity. — Defen'sative, 
-sa-tiv, n. That which serves to guard or defend, 
as a plaster for a wound. — Defense', -fence', n. 
Act of, state of being, or that which, etc.; protec- 
tion ; guard ; fortification ; apology ; justification. 
(Law.) The defendant's answer or plea. — De- 
fense'less, -fence'less, a. Destitute of defense; un- 
protected. — Defen'sible, -st-bl, a. Capable of be- 
ing defended. — Defen'sive, -siv, n. Serving to de- 
fend; proper for defense ; carried on by resisting 
attack; in a state or posture to defend. — n. That 
which defends; a safeguard. 

Defei*, de-fer', v. t. [-fekked (-ferd'), -fereixg.] To 
put oft', postpone to a future time, delay, adjourn, 
protract. — v. i. To put oft', delay, wait. 

Defer, de-fer', v. t. To lay before, submit respect- 
fully, refer. — r. i. To yield from respect to the 
wishes of another. — Deference, /;. A yielding of 
judgment or preference to the opinion of another; 
regard; respect. — Deferen'tial, -»hal, a. Express- 
ing deference; accustomed to defer. 

Defi.ance, Defler, etc. See under Defy. 

Deficient, Deficit, etc. See under Defect. 

Defile, defil', n. A narrow way, in which troops can 
march only in a file, or with" narrow front ; a long, 
narrow pass, as between hills, etc. — v. i. To marcn 
off file by file; to file off. 

Defile, de-fil', v. t. [-filed (-fild'), -FiLmo.] To 
make unclean, render foul or dirty, pollute, cor- 
rupt; to make impure orturbid; to sully; to tarnish, 
as reputation, etc.; to vitiate ; to debauch, violate ; 
to make ceremonially unclean. — Defil'er, n. — De- 
fiie'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; foulness; 
uncleanness; pollution. 

Define, de-lin', v. t. [-fined (-find'), -fining.] To 
bring to a termination : to end ; to determine the 
boundaries of, mark the limits of ; to determine 
with precision, fix the precise meaning of, explain, 
expound or interpret. — Defin'able, a. — Definite, 
def'I-nit, a. Having certain limits in extent, or in 
signification ; precise : fixed ; exact ; serving to de- 
fine or restrict. — Definitely, adv. — Def initeness, 
n. — Deflni'tion, -nish'un, «. Act of defining, dis- 
tinguishing, explaining, etc. ; description of a thing 
by its properties ; explanation of the meaning of a 
word or term. (Log.) An enunciation of the con- 
stituents making up the logical essencs. — Defin'i- 
tive, -tiv, a. Determinate ; final : conclusive ; un- 
conditional. — n. (Gram.) A word used to define 
or limit the extent of the signification of a common 
noun. — Defin'itively, adv. — Defin'iliveness, n. 

Deflagrate, def'la-grat, v. i. (Chem.) To burn with a 
sudden and sparkling combustion. — v. t. To cause 
to burn, etc. — Deflagra'tion, n. A sparkling com- 
bustion, without explosion. — Def la^ator, n. 

Deflect, de-flekt', v. i. To turn aside, deviate from a 
right line, proper position or direction ; to swerve. — 
V. t. To cause to turn aside. — Deflec'tion, n. Act of, 
etc. ; deviation. (JS^atit.) Departure ©f a ship from 
its true course. (Opt.) Deviation ©f the rays of 
light toward the surface of an opaque body. — De- 
flexnre, -flek'shur, n. A bending or turning aside. 

Deflour, -flower, de-flowr', »•. t. [-floured or flow- 
ered (-fiowrd'), -FLOURisG or -flowering.] To 
deprive of flowers ; to rob of the choicest ornament, 
esp. of virginity ; to ravish, seduce. — DefloUT'er, 
-flower'er, n. — Def lora'tion. n. Act of, etc. 

Deforest, de-for'est, v. t. To clear of forests, destroy 
the trees of. 

Deform, de-f6rm', r. t. [-formed (-f6rmd'), -form- 
ing.] To mar or alter in form, disfigure, render dis- 
pleasing or ugly. — Deform'ity, -T-tl, n. State of be- 
ing deformed ; want of symmetry ; irregularity of 
shape or features ; anything destroying beauty, 
grace, or propriety; distortion ; defect ; absurdity. 

Defraud, de-frawd^, v. t. To deprive of right by 
fraud, deception, or artifice; to withhold wrongfully, 
injure by embezzlement, cheat, deceive, frustrate. — 
Defraud'er, n. 

Defray, de-fra', v. t. [-frayed (-frad'), -fkayinq.j 
To meet the cost of, bear the expense of. 

Deft, deft, a. Apt; fit; neat. — Deft'ly, adv. 



am, ffime, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tesm ; In, ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; 



DEFUNCT 



99 



DELL 



DeCanct, de-funkt', a. Having finished the course of 
life; dead; deceased. — n. A dead person. 

Defy, de-fi', v. t. [defied (-fld'), -fying.] Orig., to 
renounce faith or obligation with, reject. To pro- 
voke to combat or strife ; to act in hostility to ; call 
out to combat, challenge, dare, brave. — Defi^ance, 
-ans, n. Act of, etc.; a cnallenge ; provocation; state 
of opposition. —Defi'' ant, a. Full of, etc.; bold; in- 
solent. 

Degenerate, de-jen'er-at, v. i. To be or grow worse 
than one's kind; to be inferior or degraded; to de- 
teriorate. — a. Having deteriorated ; mean ; base ; 
low. — Degen'eratenesB, n. — Degen^era'tion, De- 
gen'eracy, -sT, n. Act of becoming, or state of hav- 
ing become degenerate; decay; meanness; poorness. 

— Degen'erative, -tiv, a. Tending to degenerate. 
Deglutinate, de-glu'tT-nat, v. t. To loosen by dissolv- 
ing tlie glue which unites; to unglue. 

Deglutition, deg-lu-tish'un, n. Act or power of swal- 
lowing. 

Degrade, de-grad', v. t. To reduce to a lower rank or 
degree; to deprive of office or dignitj'; to reduce in 
character or reputation; abase. (tfeoZ.) To wear 
down, as hills and mountains. — Degrad'ed, p. a. 
Reduced in rank, character, etc.; sunken; low; base. 
(Nat. Hist.) Presenting the typical cliaracters in an 
imperfect condition. — Degrad'ingly, adv. — Deg- 
rada'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; diminu- 
tion of strength, elficac^', or value. {Geol.) A grad- 
ual wearing down or wasting, as of rocks, banks, 
etc., by the action of water, frost, etc. 

Degree, de-gre', «. One step upward or downward, 
in quality, rank, acquirement, etc. ; grade ; grada- 
tion; point of progression to which one has arrived; 
station ; quality ; extent : grade to which scholars 
are admitted in recognition of their attainments by 
a college or university. (Genealogy.) A certain re- 
move in the line ef descent, determining proximity 
of blood. (Geoin.) A 360th part of the circumfer- 
ence of a circle. (Algebrn.) State as indicated bv 
sum of exponents. A division, space, or interval, 
marked on a mathematical instrument, etc., as on a 
thermometer. (J/ its.) Difference in elevation be- 
tween 2 notes. 

Dehort, de-h6rt', v. t. To urge to abstain from, dis- 
suade. 

Deicide. Deify, etc. See under Deity. 

Deign, dan, v. i. [deigned (dand), deigning.] To 
think worthy, vouchsafe, condescend. — v. t. To 
condescend to give. 

Deity, de'T-tT, n. The collection of attributes which 
make up the nature of a god; divinity ; godhead ; a 
god or goddess. — The deity. God, the Supreme Being. 

— De'ist, n. One who believes in the existence of a 
God, but denies revealed religion; one who professes 
no form of religion, but follows nature and reason; 
a freethinker. — Deist'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to deism or 
to deists. — Deist'ically, adv. — De'ism, -izm, n. 
Doctrine or creed of, etc. — De'ify, -\-i\, v. t. [-fied 
(-lid), -FYiXG.] To make a god of, apotheosize : to 
treat with supreme regard, render god-like. — Deific, 
-ical, o. Making divine. — De'ifica'tion, w. Act of , 
etc. — Dc'iform, a. Like a god; of godlike form. — 
De'icide, -sid, n. Act of killing a divine being, esp. 
of putting Christ to death; one concerned in, etc. 

Deject, de-jekf, v. t. To cast down the spirits of, dis- 
courage, dishearten, depress. — Deject'edly, adv. In 
a dejected manner; sadlj'. — Deject'^edness, n. — De- 
ject'er, n. — Dejec'tion, «. Lowness of spirits from 
grief or misfortune; melancholy; weakness. (3led.) 
Act of voiding excrement ; matter voided. — Dejec'- 
ture, -jek^chur, n. Excrement. 

Dejeuner, da-zh'e-na'', Drjeune, da-zhen', n. A break- 
fast; lunch. 

Dejure, de-ju're. By right; of right; by law, often 
opp. to de. facto. [L.] 

Dekagram, Dekaliter, etc. See Decagram, etc., un- 
der Decade. 

Delaine, de-lan'', n. A fabric for ladies' dress-goods, 

— orig. all wool, now of cotton and wool, or worsted. 
Delay, de-la'', v. t. [-layed (-lad'), -laying.] To 

put off, defer ; to stop, detain, or hinder, for a time, 
retard the motion of, procrastinate, protract. — v. i. 
To move slowly, linger, tarry. — n. A deferring; 
procrastination ; a lingering; stay ; detention. 



Dele, dele, w. t. (Print.) Erase, remove, — a direc- 
tion to cancel something which has been put in ^ 
type ; usually expressed as in the margin. — /j» 
Delete, -let', v. t. To blot out, erase, destroy.— ' 
Dele'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Del'ete'rious, -rl-us, a. 
Destructive to life ; poisonous ; pernicious. 

Delectable, Delectation, etc. See under Delicate. 

Delegate, deFe-gat, v. t. To send as one's representa- 
tive ; to commission, depute ; to intrust to the care 
or management of another, assign, commit. — n. 
One deputed to represent another ; one elected to 
represent the people of a territory in Congress, with 
the right of debating, but not of voting ; a deputy ; 
representative; commissioner; attorney. — a. Sent to 
act for another. — Delega'tion, n. Act of delega^ 
ting ; appointment of a delegate ; one or more per- 
sons representing others, asin Congress, etc. (Law.) 
A substitution by which a debtor gives a third per- 
son, who becomes obliged in his stead to the creditor. 

Delenda, Delete, Deleterious, etc. See under Dele. 

Delf , delf , Delft, Delft'ware, n. Earthen ware, covered 
with white glazing,_— orig. made at Delft, Holland. 

Deliberate, de-lib'er-at, v. t. To weigh in the mind, 
consider maturely, reflect upon, ponder, — r. i. To 
take counsel witli one's self, weigh the arguments 
for and against a proposed course of action, reflect, 
consider. — a. Weighing with a view to decision; 
carefully considering probable consequences ; cir- 
cumspect; formed with deliberation; well advised; 
not hasty ; slow. — Delib'erateness, n. — DeliVera'- 
tion, n. Act of, etc. — Delib'srative, -tiv, a. Pert, 
to, or proceeding or acting by deliberation. — Delib'- 
eratively, a-^lv. In the way of deliberation. 

Delicate, deKT-kat, a. Full of pleasure; delightful; 
pleasing to the senses, or to a nice or cultivated taste; 
softly tinted, — said of color; fine or slender, — said 
of thread; slight or smooth, light and yielding, — said 
of texture; soft and fair, — said of the skin or a sur- 
face ; refined; scrupulous not to offend,— said of 
manners or feelings; tender, notable to endure hard- 
ship, -s said of constitution, health, etc.; requiring 
nice handling ; dainty ; nicely discriminating. — 
Del'icacy, -ka-sT, ». State or condition of being del- 
icate; agreeableness to the senses; nicety of form, 
texture, or constitution; frailty or weakness, ex- 
treme propriety; susceptibility or tenderness; effem- 
inacy ; luxury; self-indulgence; critical niceness ; 
that which is pleasing, delicate, or refined; a luxury 
or pleasure; thing pleasant to the senses, esp. to the 
sense of taste; a dainty. —DeKicately, adv. — HeiV- 
icateness, n. — DeU'cious, -lish'us, a. Affording ex- 
quisite pleasure; most grateful to the senses, esp. to 
the taste. — DeU'ciously, adv. — Deli'ciousness, n. — 
Delight, de-lit', n. A high degree of gratification of 
mind; lively happiness; joy; that which affords de- 
light. — V. t. To give great pleasure to ; to please 
highly. — 1-. i. To have or take delight.— Delight 'ful, 
-lul, -some, -sum, a. Affording, etc. ; delicious ; 
charming. — Delight'fully, ac/i;. — Delight'fulness, 
n.— Delec'table, a. Delightful. — Delec'tably, adv. 

— Delec'tableness^ n. — Delecta'tion, n. 
Delineate, de-lin'e-at, v. t. To represent .by sketch, 

design, or diagram; to portray to the mind, depict, 
sketch, picture, describe. — DeUn'ea'tion, ?i. Act of, 
etc.; description ; portrait ; outline ; draught. 

DeUnqnent, de-link' went, a. Failing in duty; offend- 
ing Tjy neglect of dut}-. — 71. One who tails to per- 
form his duty; an offender; one who commits a fault 
or crime. — Delin'quency, -wen-sl, n. Failure or 
omission of dutj'; fault; crime. 

Delirium, de-lir'l-um, n. (Med.) A state in which 
one's ideas are wild, irregular, and unconnected; 
mental aberration. Strong excitement; wild enthu- 
siasm; madness. — Delir'ious, 7T-US, a. Suffering 
from, etc.: wandering in mind; insane. 

Deliver, de-liv'er, v. t. [-ered (-erd), -ering.] To 
free from restraint, set at liberty, save from evil; to 
give or transfer, part with to, make over; to coni- 
municate, pronounce, utter, impart; to give forth in 
action, discharge; to relieve of a child in child-birth. 

— Deliv'erer, n. — Deliv'erance, -ans, n. Act of, or 
state of being, etc. — Deliv'ery. -er-T, n. Act of, or 
state of being, etc.; rescue; release; surrender; ut- 
terance; parturition; freedom; preservation. 

Dell, del, M. A small retired dale or valley; ravine. 



B&n, cube, full ; moon, f06t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



DELTA 



100 



DENOMINATE 



Delta, del'ta, w.; pi. -tas, -taz. The Greek letter As 

8 triangular tract of land ; esp. the 

space between 2 mouths of a river. 

(Geol.) Alluvial flats formed about 

diverging mouths of a river. — DeK- 

toid, a. Like the Greek A; triangular 

— Diltoid leaf. (Bot.) One of triangu- 

hir lorm. — J), muscle. (Anat.) The 

muscle in the shoulder which moves 

the iirui directly upward. 
Delude, de-lud'', v. t. To lead from 

truth or into error, mislead the judg- 




ment of; to frustrate or disappoint; to 



Deltoid leaf. 



deceive, beguile, cheat. — Delu'sion, 

-zhun, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; false belief; 

error; illusion; fallacy. — Delu'sive, -siv, a. Fitted 

or tending to mislead. — Delu'sory, -so-rl, a. Apt to 

delude. 

Deluge. deKQj, n. An overflowing of the land by 
water; an inundation; esp. the flood in the days of 
Noah; anything which overwhelms, as a great ca- 
lamity, —w. t. [DELUGED (-ujd), -UGING.] To Over- 
flow, as with water, inundate, drown; to overwhelm 
under a general calamity. 

Delve, delv, v. t. [delved (delvd), delving.] To dig; 
to open with a spade; to fathom, penetrate, trace 
out. — V. i. To labor with the spade. 

Demagogue, dem'a-gog, n. One who controls the mvil- 
titude by specious or deceitful arts; an artful politi- 
cal orator. 

Demain. See Demesne. 

Demand, de-mand', v. t. To ask or call for, as one 
who has a claim, right, or power, to enforce the 
claim; to make requisition of ; to inquire earnestly 
or authoritatively, question; to require as necessary; 
to be in urgent need of. {Law.) To call into court, 
summon. — v.i. To make a demand, ask, inquire! 

— n. Act of, etc.; requisition; exaction; earnest in- 
quiry; question; diligent search; manifested want;' 
thing claimed; claim. 

Demarcation, -kation, de-mar-ka'shun, n. ^ Act of 
marking, or of setting a limit; division; separation; 
a limit ascertained and fixed. 

Demean, de-men'', v. t. [-meaned (-mend''), -meaning.] 
To manage, conduct, treat, deport. To debase, lower, 
degrade. [A blundering formation fr. E. mean, 
base.] — Demean'or, -er, n. Manner of behaving; 
conduct; deportment; mien. 

Dementia, de-men'shT-a, n. Loss of mental power as 
a result of -brain-disease. 

Demerit, de-mgr'it, n. That which deserves blame or 
detracts f rorn_merit ; fault ; crime ; vice. 

Demesne, de-men', -main', -man, n. (Laio.) The chief 
manor-place, with that part of its lands not granted 
out in tenancy. 

Demicadence, dem'T-ka'dens, n. (3fus.) An imperfect 
cadence, or one that falls on any other than the key- 
note. —Dem'i-god, n. A fabulous hero, half divine, 
produced by the cohabitation of a deity with a mor- 
tal.— Dem'i-lune,-lun,w. (Fort.) A work beyond the 
anain ditch of a fortress, and in front of the curtain 
between 2 bastions, to defend the curtain; a ravelin. 
See Ravelin.— Dem'i-monde', -moNd', n. The lower 
half of society; persons of doubtful reputation; esp. 
women kept as mis- 
tresses. — Dem'i- 
sem'i-qua'ver,-kwa'- 
ver, n. {Mus.) A short 
note, equal in time 
to the half of a semi- 
quaver, or l-32d part 
of whole note. 

OemHohn, dem'T-jon, n. A glass bottle with large 
body and small neck, inclosed in wicker-work. 

Demise, de-mlz', n. Transmission by formal act or 
conveyance to an heir or successor; transference; 
decease of a royal, princely, or distinguished per- 
son. {Law.) Conveyance or transfer of an estate. 

— v.t. [DEMISED (-mizd'), -MisiXG.] To transfer or 
transmit by succession or inheritance; to bequeath; 
to lease. — Demi'sable, -za-bl, a. — Demis'sion. 
-mish'un, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; degra- 
dation; humiliation. 

Democracy, de-mok'ra-st, n. A form of government 
in which supreme power is vested in the people, and 




Demi-se mi-quavers. 



the legislative and executive functions are exercised 
by the people or by persons representing them; prin- 
ciples held by one of the political parties of the U. 
S. — Dem'ocrat, n. An adherent or promoter of, etc 
— Democrat'lc, -ical, a. Pert, to, or favoring, etc.; 
constructed upon the principle of popular govern 
ment ; favoring popular rights. 

Demolish, de-mol'^ish, v. t. [-isiied (-isht), -ishing i 
To throw or pull down, pull to pieces, ruin, over 
throw, destroy, raze. — Demol'isber, n. — Demoli'> 
tion, -Ush'un, n. Act of, etc. ; destruction. 

Demon, de'mun, w. {Or. Antiq.) A spirit holding a 
middle place between men and gods; a departed 
soul. All evil spirit ; devil. — Demoniac, de-mo'nl- 
ak, -niacal, dem-o-ni'ak-al, a. Pert, to, or like, etc.; 
influenced by evil spirits; devilish. — Demo'niac, n. 
A human being possessed by, etc. 

Demonetize, de-mon'e-tiz, v. t. [-tized (-tizd), 
-tizing.] To deprive of value, or withdraw from 
use, as currency. — Demon'etizjEi'tion, n. Process 
of, or state of being, etc. 

Demonstrate, dem'on- or de-mon'strat, v. t. To point 
out. indicate, exhibit; to show, prove, or estaolish 
so as to exclude doubt or denial. {Anat.) To ex- 
hibit and describe the parts of a dead body, when 
dissected. — Demonstra'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; proof; 
manifestation of feelings by outward, signs. {Anat.) 
Exhibition of parts of a subject prepared by the dis- 
sector. (Logic.) Act of proving by svllogistic pro- 
cess. (Math.) A course of reasoning snowing that a 
certain result is a necessary consequence of assumed 
premises. (Mil.) A decisive exhibition of force, or 
a movement indicatiiag an intention. — Demon'- 
sf^ative, -tiv, a. Tending to demonstrate ; having 
the power of demonstration ; expressing feeling, 
thoughts, etc. ; frank ; open. — Demonstrative pronoun 
(Gram.) One distinctly designating that to which 
it refers. — Demon 'stratively, ad?;. —Dem'onstra'- 
tor, n. One who, etc. — Demon'stratory, -rT, a. 
Tending to, etc. 

Demoralize, de-mor'al-Tz, v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), -izing.] 
To destroy or undermine the morals of; to render 
corrupt in morals, discipline, courage, etc. 

Demur, de-mer', v. i. [-MrRKED (-merd'), -muering.] 
To delay, pause, suspend proceedings in view of a 
doubt or difficulty. (Law.) To raise an objection, 
and abide upon it for decision by the court. — n. 
Stop; pause; hesitation as to proceeding ; suspense 
of decision or action. — Demur'rer, n. One who 
demurs. (Law.) A stop in an action upon a point 
to be determined by the court before further pro- 
ceedings can be had. 

Demure, de-mur', a. Of sober or serious mien ; of 
modest appearance ; grave ; modest in outward 
seeming only; making a show of gravity. 

Den, den, n. A cave or hollow place in the earth, for 
concealment, shelter, or security ; a customary 
place of resort; haunt; retreat. — r. i. To dwell as 
m a den. 

Dengue, den'ga, n. A violent fever, with rheuma- 
tism, epidemic in tropical countries, — called also 
danriy-, bmiquet-, and bucket-fever. 

Deniable, Denial, etc. See under Dent. 

Denim, den'im, n. A coarse cotton drilling used for 
overalls, etc. 

Denizen, den't-zn, n. An adopted or naturalized 
citizen; a stranger admitted to residence in a for- 
eign country: dweller; inhabitant. —v. «. j^-zexed 
(-znd), -zening.] To make a denizen, provide with 
denizens. 

Dennet, den'net, n. A 2-wheeled carriage, like a gig. 

Denominate, de-nom'T-nat, v. t. To give a name or 
epithet to, entitle, name, designate. — a. Having a 
specific name; specified in the concrete as opposed 
to abstract. — Denom^ina'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; that 
by which anything is styled; a name, esp. a general 
name indicating a class of like individuals; a class, 
or collection of individuals, called by the same 
name; a sect. — Denom'ina'tional, a. Pert, to, etc. 
— Denom'inative, -tiv, a. Conferring or possessing, 
etc.: derived from a substantive or adjective. —ti. 
(Gram.) A verb formed from a noun either sub- 
stantive or adjective. — Denom'ina'tor, -tgr, n. One 
who, or that which, gives a name. {AritJi.') The 
number below the line in vulgar fractions, showing 



am, fame, far, pas? or opera, fare ; 6nd. eve, tSrm } In. ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



DENOTE 



101 



DEPRIVE 



into how many parts the integer is divided. (Alg.) 
That part of- any expression below the horizontal 
line signifying division. 

Denote, de-nof, r. t. To indicate, point out, mark; 
to be the sign of, signify, mean, intend. — Denot'- 
able, a. — Den'ota/tion, n. 

Denouement, da-noo'mox, ji. The catastroplie, esp. 
of a drama, romance, etc. ; solution of a mystery; 
issue; event. 

Denounce, de-nowns'', v. t. [-xounced (-nownsf), 
'NOUNCIXG.] To give formal or official notice of, 
announce, declare ; to threaten by some outward 
expression ; to point out as deserving of punish- 
ment, inform against, stigmatize. — Denun'^ciate, 
-shT-at, V. t. To denounce. — DeniBi''cia''tion, n. 
Act of, etc.; that by which anything is denounced; 
public accusation. — Denun-'cia'tor, n. — Denun'ci- 
atory, -to-rl, a. Containing, etc.; accusing. 

2)ense, dens, a. Having the constituent parts closelv 
united; close; compact. — Den'sity, -sT-tl, n. Qual- 
ity of being, etc. (Physics.) The proportion of solid 
matter to a given bulk or volume. 

Dent, dent, n. The mark made by a blow; indenta- 
tion. — V. t. To make a dent upoVi, indent. 

Dental, den'tal, a. Pert, to the teeth. (Gfram.') 
Formed by aid of the teeth, etc. — n. An ar- 
ticulation formed by aid of the teeth or gum of 
the teeth. — Den'til, n. {Arch.) An ornamental pro- 
jection in cornices. — Den''tist, n. One who cleans, 
extracts, repairs, or fills natural teeth, and inserts 
artificial ones. —Den'' tistry, -rX,n, Art or profes- 
sion of a dentist. — Den'ture, -ture, n. An artificial 
tootk or set of teeth. — Denti'tion, -tish^'un, n. Pro- 
cess of cutting the teeth. (Zool.) System of teeth 
peculiar to an animal. 

Denude, de-nud', v. t. To divest of all covering, 
make bare or naked, strip. 

Denunciate, Denunciatory, etc. See under Denounce. 

Deny, de-ni', v. t. [denied (-nid), denying.] To 
contradict, gainsay, declare not to be true; to re- 
fuse, reject ; to refuse to grant, withhold ; to dis- 
claim connection with, responsibility for, etc.; to 
disown, abjure. — Deni''al, n. Act of, etc. ; assertion 
of the untruth of a statement ; contradiction ; refus- 
al ; disavowal. 

Deodorize, de-o'dSr-iz, v. t. To deprive of odor, csp. 
of bad odor from impurities. — Deo'dorizer, n. 

Depart, de-part', w. i. To go forth or away; to quit, 
leave, or separate from a place or person; to quit this 
world, die. — v. t. To leave, retire from. — Depart '- 
ment, n. A part or portion; a distinct course of hfe, 
action, study, etc.; subdivision of business; esp. one 
of the principal divisions of executive government; 
territorial division; esp. one for governmental pur- 
poses; a military subdivision of- a country; sphere; 
province; district. — Department 'al, a. Pert, to, etc. 
— Departure, -par^'chur, n. Act of departing; death; 
abandonment, as of a'rule of duty, action, plan, etc. 
{Auvigation & Surv.) Distance east or west from 
the meridian from which a ship or course departs. 

Depend, de-pend', v. i. To hang; to be sustained by 
something above; to be in suspense, remain unde- 
termined; to rely for support, stand related to any- 
thing, as to a cause or condition; to trust, confide, 
rely ; to be in a condition of service. — Depend'ent, 
-ant, a. Hanging down; relying on, or subject to 
something else for support ; conditional ; subordi- 
nate. — n. One who, or that which, etc. ; one sus- 
tained by, or relying on, another; a retainer; a corol- 
lary ; consequence. — Depend'ence; -ens, h. Actor 
state of, etc.; mutual connection and support; con- 
catenation; inter-relation; subjection to the direction 
of another; inabilit3'' to provide for one's self; reli- 
ance; trust; thing dependent. — Depend'ency, -sT, n. 
State of being, etc.; tiling hanging; that attached to 
something else as its consequence, subordinate, sat- 
ellite, etc. ; a territory remote from the state to which 
it belongs, but subject to its dominion; a colony. — 
Depend''ently, a(/y. — Depend''er, n. 

Depict, de-pikf, v. t. To form a painting or picture 
of, portray; to represent in words, describe. 

Deplete, de-plet', v. t. {Med.) To empty, as the ves- 
sels of the human system, by venesection; to ex- 
haust the strength, vital powers, or resources of. — 
Deple^'tion, n. Act of, etc. {Med.) Venesection ; 



blood-letting. —Deple'tory, -to-rt, a. Calculated 
to deplete. 

Deplore, de-plor^,<v. t. [-ploked (-plord'), -ploring.] 
To feel' or express deep grief for; to weep, convey as 
tokens of grief, mourn, lament, bemoan. — Deplor'- 
er, n. — Deplor'able, a. Pitiable ; sad ; calamitous ; 
wretched. — Deplor''ablenes8, n. — Deplor'ably, adv. 
Lamentably; miserably^ 

Deploy, de-ploi'', v. t. [-ployed (-ploid'), -ploying.] 
{Mil.) To open, extend, display. — v- i. To open, 
extend in line. 

Depone, de-pon'', v.t. [-poned (-pond'), -poning.] To 
assert under oath, make deposition of, depose. — v. 
i. To testify under oath, assert. — Depo^nent, a. 
{Gram.) Having a passive form with an active 
meaning, — said of certain verbs. — n. {Law.) One 
who gives a deposition under oath. {Gram.) A de- 
ponent verb. 

Depopulate, de-pop'u-lat, v. t. To deprive of inhabi- 
tants, dispeople. — v. i. To become dispeopled. — 
Depop'ula'^on, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

Deport, de-porf, v. t. To transport, carry away, ex- 
ile ; to demean, conduct, behave. — Deporta^tion, 
n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; banishment; trans- 
portation. — Deporfment, ?i. Manner of deporting 
one's self, esp. with respect to the courtesies and du- 
ties of life;_demeanor; conduct. 

Depose, de-poz', v. t. [-posed (-pozd'), -posing.] To 
reduce from a throne or high station, degrade, di- 
vest of office; to bear written testimony to, aver 
upon oath. — v. i. To bear witness, testify by depo- 
sition. — Depos^al, ?i. Act of divesting of office. — 
Depos'er, w. One who, etc.— Depos'lt, -p5z-, v. «. To 
lay down, place, put; to lay away for safe keeping, 
store; to commit to the custody of another; esp. to 
place in a bank, as money, to be drawn at will. — n. 
That which is deposed, or laid down, esp. matter 
precipitated from solution in liquid; that intrusted 
to the care of another. — Depos'itary, -t-ta-rl, n. 
One with whom anything is left in trust ; a trus- 
tee ; guardian. {Law.) One to whom goods are 
bailed, to he kept for the bailor without recompense. 

— Deposition, -zish^un, ?». Act of deposing or de- 
positing; precipitation; act of setting aside a public 
officer; displacement; removal; thing deposited; sed- 
iment. {Law.) Testimony taken down in writing, 
under oath or affirmation; affidavit. — Depos'ltor, 
-T-ter, n. One who makes a deposit. — Depos-'itory, 
-T-to-rT, n. Place where anything is deposited for 
sale or keeping. — Depot, de-po' or de'po. n. A 
place of deposit; warehouse; storehouse. {Mil.) A 
station where stores are kept, or recruits assembled 
and drilled; the headquarters of a regiment. A rail- 
road station. 

Deprave, de-prav', v. t. [-pkaved (-pravd'), -pra- 
ying.] To make bad or worse, corrupt, contaminate. 

— Deprav'ity, -prav'T-tT, n. The state of being cor- 
rupted; extreme wickedness. 

Deprecate, dep're-kat, v. t. To seek to avert by 
prayer, pray for deliverance from, regret deeply. 

— Depreca'tion, n. Act of deprecating; prayer that 
evil may be removed ; entreatv for pardon. — Dep'- 
recatory, -rY, a. Serving to deprecate ; tending to 
avert evil by prayer. 

Depreciate, de-pre'shT-at, I). ^ To lessen in price; to 
represent as of little value, disparage, traduce, de- 
tract, underrate. — v. i. To fall in value, become of 
less worth, sink in estimation. — Depre'cia'tion, n. 
Act or state of, etc. ; reduction of worth. — Depre'- 
cia'tive, -tiv, a. Inclined to underrate ; tending to 
depreciate. — Depre'cia'tor, -ter, n. — Depre'cia- 
tory, -to-rt, a. Tending to depreciate. 

Depredate, dep're-dat, v. t. To subject to plimder 
and pillage; to despoil, lay waste; to destroy by eat- 
ing, devour. 

Depress, de-pres', v. t. [-pressed (-prestO, -press- 
ing.] To press down, cause to sink, let fall; to bring 
down or humble; to cast a gloom upon; to embar- 
rass, as trade, commerce, etc.; to lessen the price of, 
clieapen. — Depression, -presh'un, n. Act of, or state 
of being, etc. ; a falling in of the surface ; a cavity 
or lioUow ; humiliation ; dejection ; despondency ; 
embarrassment or hindrance, as of trade, etc. 

Deprive, de-priv', v. t. [-prived (-privd'), -priving.] 
To take away, remove; to dispossess, divest, divest 



sQn, cube, fijll; moon, fdStj cow, oil; linger or ink, fiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



DEPTH 



102 



DESIGN 



of ofHce, depose, dispossess of dignity, esp. ecclesi- 
astical ; to strip, bereave, rob, despoil. — Dep'ri- 
va'tioiiiW. Act of, or state of being, etc. {Eccl. Law.) 
The taking away from a clergymaa his benefice or 
dignity. 

D«ptli. See under Deep. 

Depute, de-pQt'', v. t. To appoint as substitute or 
agent; to delegate. — Dep'uta''tioii, n. Act of, etc. ; 
person or persons deputed by another-party to act 
on his behaif.— Dep'utize, -tiz, v. <. To depute. — 
Dep'uty, -tl, n. One appointed as the substitute of 
another, and empowered to act for him; lieutenant; 
delegate; envoy; agent; vicar. 

Derange, de-ranj'', v. t. [-ranged (-ranjd'), -eax- 
Gi.NG.] To put out of place, order, or rank, throw 
into confusion or disorder, disturb in the action or 
function, render insane ; to displace, unsettle, dis- 
concert. — Derajige'Dseiit, n. Act of, or state of be- 
ing, etc. ; disorder ; esp. mental disorder ; insanity; 
lunacy; mania. 

Derelict, dSr'e-likt, n. Forsaken by the natural own- 
er or guardian ; abandoned ; abandoning responsi- 
bility ; unfaithful. — n. {Law.) A thing volunta- 
rily abandoned by its proper owner ; a tract of land 
left dry by the sea. — Derelic'tion, n. Act of leav- 
ing with an intention not to reclaim ; state of being, 
etc.; unfaithfulness. {Law.) The gaining of land 
from the sea. 

Deride, de-rTd', v. t. To laugh at with contempt, turn 
to ridicule, mock, taunt.— Derid'er, w.— Derid^ingly, 
adv. — Deris^ion, -rizh''un, n. Act of, or state of be- 
ing, etc. ; an object of contempt : laughing-stock ; 
scorn ; mockery ; insult. — Deri'sive, -siv, a. Ex- 
pressing, or characterized by, derision. — Deri'sive- 
ly, adv. — Deri'sory, -sn-rt, a. Mocking ; derisive. 

Derive, de-riV, v. t. [-kived (-rivd'), -riving.] To 
receive, as from a source, obtain by transmission ; 
to trace the origin, descent, or derivation of, recog- 
nize transmission of, deduce, infer, draw. — v. i. To 
flow, proceed, be deduced. — Deriv'able, a. Ca- 
pable of being, etc. ; transmissible ; inferable. — 
Deriva'tion, n. Act of procuring an effect from a 
ear'"'^, means, or condition, as profits from capital, 
trutn from testimonj', conclusions or opinions from 
evidence ; act of tracing origin, as in grammar or 
genealogy ; state or metliod of being derived; thing 
derived; derivative; deduction. (MatJi.) Operation 
of deducing one function from another according to 
some fixed law. {Med.) A drawing of humors from 
one part of the body to another.— Deriv''ative,-rYv'- 
a-tiv, a. Obtained by derivation; secondary.— w. Anj'- 
thing obtained, or deduced, from another. {Gram.) 
A word formed from another word. {Mus.) A 
chord, not fundamental, but obtained from another 
by inversion. {Med.) That adapted to produce a 
derivation. {Math.) A function expressing the re- 
lation between two consecutive states of a varying 
function. — Deriv'atively, adv. 

Derm, derm, n. The natural covering of an animal; 
skin. 

Derogate, der^o-gat, v. t. To annul in part, repeal 
partly, restrict ; to detract from, disparage, depreci- 
ate. — V. i. To take away, detract. — a. Diminished 
in value ; damaged. — iJeroga'tion, n. Act of, etc. 
{Stock Exchange.) An alteration or lessening of a 
contract to sell stocks. — Derog''atory, -to-rf, a. 
Tending to, etc.; injurious. — Derog''atorily, adv. 

Derrick, der'rik, n. A mast supported at the top 
by stays or guys, with tackle for raising heavy 
weights. — Derrick crane. A crane, 
the boom or derrick of which can 
be brought to different angles with 
the upright. 

Derringer, d6r'rin-j5r, n. A short- 
barreled, large-bored pistol. 

Dervis, -vise, dei'vis, Der^vish, n. 
A Turkish or Persian monk ; esp., 
one who professes poverty and 
leads an austerg life. 

Descant, des'kant, n. A variation 
of an air ; a discourse formed on 
its theme, like variations on a mu- ^^^ 
sical air ; a comment. {3Ius.) The p. ' ' , „ 
highest part in a score ; soprano ; -L'crricK Crane, 
a composition in parts ; art of composing in parts. 




— Descant', v. i. To sing a variation or accompani" 
ment ; to comment, discourse with particularity. 

Descend, de-send', v. i. To pass to a lower place ; to 
come or go down in any way, etc. ; to plunge, fall ; 
to make an attack, as if from a vanta|;e-ground ; to 
lower one's self, condescend; to pass from the more 
general or important to the particularor more trivial; 
to be derived, proceed by generation or by transmis- 
sion. {Astron.) To move to the southward. {Mus.) 
To fall in tone, pass from a higher to a lower tone. 

— V. t. To go down upon or along ; to pass from 
the top to the bottom of. — DesceHd'ant, n. One 
who descends, as offspring, however remotely. — 
Descend'ent, a. Descending ; proceeding from an 
ancestor or source. — Descend'ar, n. — Descend^ible, 
«. Admitting descent; capable ©f being transmitted 
by inheritance. — Descend'ibil''ity, «.— Descen'sion, 
-sen'shun, n. Act of going downward; descent; deg- 
radation. — Descen'sional, a. Pert, to, etc. — De- 
seen' give, -siv, a. Descending; tending downward; 
having power to descend. — Descent', n. Act of, etc. ; 
incursion ; sudden attack ; progress downward, as 
in station, virtue, etc., from the more to the less im- 
portant, from the better to the worse, from a higher 
to a lower tone, etc. ; derivation as from an ances- 
tor ; lineage ; birtli ; extraction ; transmission by 
succession or inheritance; sloping surf ace ; decliv- 
ity; thing derived; descendants ; issue ; a step in the 
process of derivation ; a generation. 

Describe, de-skrib', v. t. [-scribed (-skribd'), -scri- 
bing.] To form or represent by lines, real or imagi- 
nary ; to sk-etch in writing, give an account of, rep- 
resent, recount, explain, depict ; to have or use the 
power of describing. — Descrip'tion, -skrTp'shun, n. 
Act of describing ; sketch of anything in words ; 
class to which a representation applies ; qualities 
distinguishing .=uch a class. — Descrip'tive, -tiv, a. 
Tending to, or having the quality of, etc. ; contain- 
ing de.scription. — Descrip'tively, adv. — Descry, 
de-skri', v. t. [-scried (-skrid'), -sceying.] To dis- 
cover hj the eye, as distant objects, faintly seen, 
espy, detect, discern. — Descri'er, w. 

Desecrate, des'e-krat, v. t. To divest of a sacred 
character: to treat sacrilegiously. 

Desert, de-zert', n. A reward. See under Deserve. 

Desert, de-zert', v. t. To part from, end connection 
with. {Mil.) To leave without permission, forsake 
in violation of duty. — v. i. To quit a service with- 
out permission, run away. — Des'ert, a. Forsaken; 
without life or cultivation ; waste: barrea; desolate. 

— n. A deserted or forsaken tract of land; a wilder 
ness : solitude. — Desert' er, n. One who forsakes 
his duty, post, party, or friend ; esp. a soldier or 
seaman who quits the service without leave. — De- 
ser'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

Deserve, de-zerv', v. t. [-served (-zervd'), -serving.] 
To earn by service, merit, be entitled to. — r. i. To 
be worthy of recompense. — Deserv'er, n. — Desert', 
n. Thing deserved ; reward or punishment merited; 
worth; due.^Deserv'edly, adv. Justly. — Deserv'- 
ingly, adv. In a deserving manner. 

Deshabille, des-a-bil', n. An undress ; careless toilet. 

Desiccate, des'ik-kat or de-sik'kat, v. t. To exhaust 
of moisture- tc dry. 

Desiderate, Desioeratum, etc. See under Desire. 

Design, de-sIn cr -zin', v. t. [-signed (-sind' or 
-zind'), -signing.] To draw the preliminary out- 
line of, sketc." tor a model; to mark out and exhibit, 
appoint, designate ; to form a plan of, contrive ; to 
intend or purpose. —r. i. To nave a purpose, in- 
tend.— w. A preliminary sketch; plan ; preliminary 
conception ; .scheme ; contrivance ; adaptation of 
means to a preconceived end ; object for which one 
plans; aim; intent, decorative figures, as of a medal, 
embroidery, etc.— Design'edly, -IT, adv. By design; 
intentionally. — Design'able, a. Capable of being 
marked out. — Des'ignate, des'ig-nat, v. t. T9 mark 
out and make known, indicate, call by a distinctive 
title, denominate, style; to point out by distinguish- 
ing from others; to set apart for a purpose or duty. 

— Designa'tion, n. Act of, etc.; indication; selection 
and appointment for a purpose; that which desig- 
nates: appellation; use or application; signification. 

■nfta^icTMQtiwft -tiv n Sprvinc tn inHip.fltp. — Dafl'- 



- Des'ignative, -tiv, a. 
ignator, -ter, n. 



Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; Tn» Ice ; Odd, tone, 5r ; 



DESIPIENT 



103 



DETERMINE 



Dssipient, de-sip't-ent, a. Trifling ; foolish. 

Besire, de-zlr', v. t. [-sired (-zird'}, -string.] To 
long for the enjoyment or possession of, wish for, 
express a wish for, entreat, request. — n. Natural 
eagerness to obtain anj' good ; expressed wish ; peti- 
tion ; object of longing ; inclination. — DeBir'ous, 
-us, a. Feeling desire ; covetous ; eager. — Desir''- 
oosly, adv. — Desir''«U3ness, n. — Desir'able, a. 
Worthy of, etc. ; fitted to excite a wish to possess. — 
Desir'ably, -bit, adv. — Desir'ableness, n. — Desid'- 
erate, -sid'er-at, v. t. To be sensible of the lack of; 
to want, miss, desire. — Desid''erative, -tiv, a. Ex- 
pressing or denoting desire. — n. An object of de- 
sire ; desideratum. (Gram.) A verb formed from 
another by change of termination, and expressing 
desire of doing wMiat is indicated by the primitive 
verb. — Desid'era'tum, n.; pi. -ta, -ta. That of 
which the lack is felt ; a want generally acknowl- 
edged. 

Desist, de-sisf, v. i. To stand aside, cease to proceed 
or act, forbear. 

Desk, desk, n. A table with a sloping top; frame or 
case; pulpit; the clerical profession. 

Desman, des'man, n. ; pi. -mans, -manz. An amphib- 
ious animal; the musk-rat. 

Desmine, des'min, n. {Min.) A mineral that crystal- 
lizes in little silken tufts ; stilbite. — DesmoKogy, 
-jT, n. iPhysioV) Science of the ligaments. 

Desolate, des^'o-lat, v. t. To deprive of inhabitants, 
make desert; to lay waste, ruin, ravage. — a. Des- 
titute of inhabitants; laid waste, in a ruinous con- 
dition; left alone; without a companion; afflicted. 

— Desola'^lion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; a 
desolate place or country ; ruin ; havoc ; devastar 
tion; ravage; destitution; gloom. 

Despair, de-spar'', v. i. [-spaired (-spard''), -spair- 
ING.] To be without hope; to give up all expecta/- 
tion, despond. — n. Loss of hope ; that which is 
despaired of. — Des'pera'do, -per-a''do, n. A desper- 
ate fellow; one urged by furious passions; madman. 

— Des'^perate, -at, a. Beyond hope; despaired of; 
past cure; proceeding from despair; without regard 
to danger or safety ; rash ; headlong ; frantic. — 
Des-'perately, ar/t;. — Des'perateness, w. — Despera'- 
tion, n. Act of despairing ; state of despair or hope- 
lessness. 

Despatch. Se_e Dispatch. 

Despise, de-spiz', v. t. [-spised (-spizdO, -spising.] 
To look upon with contempt, have a low opinion 
of, disdain, undervalue. — Des'picable, a. Fit to 
be despised ; mean ; pitiful ; paltry ; sordid ; base; 
degrading. — Des''picableness, n. — Des''picably, 
-bit, adv. — Despite', -spit'', n. Extreme malice; 
angry hatred ; an act prompted by hatred. — ivep. 
In spite of ; notwithstanding. 

Despoil, de-spoil'',, v. t. [-spoiled (-spoild''), -spoil- 
ing.] To strip or divest, as of clothing ; to rob, be- 
reave, rifle. — Despo'lia''tioii, n. Act of, or state of 
being, etc. 

Despoad, de-spond'', v- i. To give up, abandon hope, 
become depressed. — Despon.d''ence, -ency, -en-st, 
n. State of desponding ; discouragement ; dejec- 
tion. — Despond''ent, a. Marked by, or given'^ to, 
etc. — Despond ''ently, -ingly, adv. — Despond''er, n. 

Despot, des''pot, n. One who possesses absolute power 
over another; esp. a sovereign invested with abso- 
lute power ; one who rules regardless of a constitu- 
tion or laws ; a tyrant. — Despot''ic, -ical, a. Hav- 
ing the character of, or pert, to, a despot ; absolute 
in power ; t3'^rannical ; arbitrary. — Despot''ically, 
adv. — Des''potism, -izm, n. The power, spirit, or 
principles of, etc. ; tyranny ; a government directed 
by, etc.: absolutism; autocracy. 

Dessert, dez-zert'', n. A service of pastry, fruits, etc., 
after an entertainment. 

Destemper, des-tem''per, Distem''per, n. (Paint.) A 
peculiar sort of painting with opaque colors, ground 
and diluted with water, glue, etc. 

Destine, des^'tin, v. t. [-tined (-tind), -tining.] To 
determine the future condition or application of, 
set apart by design; to fix, as by an authoritative 
decree, design, devote, ordain, allot, bind. — Des- 
tina^'tion, n. Act of destining or appointing ; that 
to which anything is, etc. ; predetermined end, ob- 
ject, or use ; point aimed at ; purpose ; lot ; fate ; 



end. — Des'' tiny, -tY-nT, n. That to which one is 
destined; fate; doom; the fixed order of things; the 
power conceived of as determining the future. — 
Des'tinist, H. A believer in destiny; fatalist. 

Destitute, des''tT-tiit, a. In want; devoid; deficient; 
lacking; needy; indigent. — Destitu'' tion, ?i. State 
or condition of being, etc.; deprivation; poverty. 

Destroy, de-stroi'', v. t. [-steoyed (-stroid''), -stroy- 
INQ.J To pull down, break up the structure and 
organic existence of; to bring to naught, put an end 
to, esp. to the life, prosperity, or beauty of; to de- 
molish, ruin, annihilate, kill. — Destroy'er, n. — 
Destruc'tible, a. Liable to, or capable of being. 
etc. — Desta:uc'tibil''ity, -T-tr, «.— Destmc'tion, n. 
Act of, or state of being, etc.; destroying agency; 
cause of ruin. — Destruc'tionist, n. Wnc wTio de- 
lights in destroying that which is valuable. (T/ieol.) 
One who believes in the final destruction of the 
wicked. — Destruc''tive,-tiv, n. Causing destruc- 
tion; tending to bring about ruin, deatli, or devas- 
tation ; mortal ; deadly ; ruinous ; mischievous. — 
n. One who destroys ; a radical reformer; destruc- 
tionist. — Destruc'tively, adv. — Destruc ''tiveness, 
n. Quality of destroying. (Phren.) The faculty 
which impels to, etc. See Phrenology. 

Desuetude, des'we-tud, n. Cessation of use; discon- 
tinuance of practice, custom, etc.: disuse. 

Desultory, des''ul-to-rT, a. Leaping from one subject 
to another, without rational connection; without 
logical sequence ; disconnected ; rambling ; loose. 

Detach, de-tach'', v. t. [-tached (-tacht''), -tack- 
ing.] To part, separate, disunite; to separate tor a 
special object, — used esp. in military language. — 
Detacb''ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; 
thing detached, esp. a body of troops or part of a 
fleet detailed for special service. 

Detail, de-taK, v. t. [-tailed (-tald'), -tailing.] To 
relate in particulars, particularize. (Mil.) To ap- 
point for a particular service. — Detail, de'tal or 
de-tal', n. A minute portion; a particular, — used 
chiefly in the plural; a narrative of minute points. 
(Mil.) The selection for a particular service of a 
person or company; person or company so selected. 

Detain, de-tan'', v.t. {-TAiNED(-tand''), -taining.] To 
keep back or from, restrain from proceeding, hold 
in custody, arrest, check, delay, hinder. — Detain''- 
er, «. One who detains. (Law.) Det-ention of what 
is another's, even when the original taking was law- 
ful. (Eng. Law.) A writ authorizing a prison- 
keeper to keep a person in custody. — Detain''ment, 
n. Act of detaining. — Detain'' der, n. (Law.) A 
writ. — Det''inue, -t-nu, n. A person or thing de- 
tained. — Detent'', w. (Mech.) That which Iocks or 
unlocks a movement, as wheel work in a clock. — 
Deten''tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; re- 
straint; delay. 

Detect, de-tekt'', v. t. To uncover, find out, bring to 
light, discover, expose. — Detect'' er, -or,-er, ?i. — De- 
tec'' tion, n. Act of, etc. ; discovery. — Detect''ive, 
-iv, a. Fitted for, skilled, or employed in, etc. — n. 
A policeman whose business is to detect rogues. 

Deter, de-ter'', v. t. [-teB'Red (-terd''), -terring.] To 
prevent by tcyc; to hinder or prevent by opposing 
motives from doing that to which one is impelled. 
— Deter''ment, n. Act of, etc. ; that which, etc. — 
Deter''rent, -ter''rent, a. Tending to, etc. 

Deteriorate, de-tc'rT-o-rat, v. i. To make worse. — v. 
i. To grow worse, be impaired in quality, degen- 
erate. — Dete'riora''tion, n. 

Determine, de-ter'' min, v. t. [-mined (-mind), -min- 
ing.] To fix the boundaries of, mark off and sepa- 
rate, set bounds to, bring to an end, fix the form or 
character of; to bring about, as a cause, an effect; to 
fix the course of, impel, direct, ascertain definitely, 
settle by authoritative sentence, resolve on, bring to 
a conclusion or resolve. (Logic.) To define or limit 
by adding a differentia. (Physical Sc.) To ascer- 
tain the quantity of. — v. i. To come to a decision, 
limit, settle, shape, decide. — Deter''miner, n. — De- 
ter'minable, a. — Deter''minant, n. That which 
serves to determine. (Math.) The sum of a series 
of products of several number.^, formed according to 
specified laws. — Deter'' minate, -nat, a. Having 
defined limits; fixed; established; conclusive; posi- 
tive. — Deter''minately, ac/i>. — Deter'mina''tion, n. 



sttn, cube, full ; moon, tSdi ; cow, oil ; linger &r ink, tiien, bOiNboN, chair, get. 



DETERRENT 



104 



DEXTER 



Act of determininjr, or state of being determined; 
tendency to a certain end; a judicial decision, or 
ending of controversy ; thing determined upon ; 
resoluteness; decision of mind. {Cliem.) The as- 
certaining the amount of any ingredient in a sub- 
stance. {Lof/ic.) Act of liuiiting a concept or no- 
tion bv giving its essential constituents; addition 
of a difterentia to a concept or notion, dividing 
its extent, {^ut. Hist.) The referring of minerals, 
plants, etc., to their species. — Deter'minative, -tiv, 
a. Having power to determine; conclusive. 

Deterrent. See under Deter. 

Detest, de-test', ?'. t. To hate ext'remely, abominate, 
loathe.— Detesfable, a. Worthy of, etc.; abomin- 
able; execrable; abhorred. — Detest'ably, adv. — 
Detestation, det'es- or de'tes-ta'shun, n. Act of, 
etc.; hatred; loathing. — Detest'er, n. 

Dethrone, de-thron', v. t. [-tiikoned (-thrond'), 
-THRONING.] To remove or drive from a throne, de- 
pose. — Dethrone^ment, n. Deposition. 

Detinue. See under Detain. 

Detonate, defo-nat, w. i. {Chem.) To explode with 
a sudden report. — v. t. To cause to explode. — De- 
tona'^tion, n. Explosion by inflammation of com- 
bustible bodies. — Defonize, -niz, v. t. [-nized 
(-mzd), -NiziNG.] To cause to explode, burn with 
an explosion, calcine with detonation. — v.i. To 
detonate. _ 

D tour, da-toor', n. A turning; circuitous route; 
deviation from the straight or usual path. 

Detract, de-trakf, i\ t. To take away, take credit or 
reputation from, decry, depreciate, vilify, slander, 
traduce. — v. i. To remove a part, take away repu- 
tation, depreciate worth. — Detrac'tion, n. Act of, 
etc.; calumnv; aspersion; censure. — Detract'or, -er, 
71. — Detract'ress, n. A female detractor.— Detract'- 
orjr, -o-rT, a. Defamatory; derogatory. 

Detriment, det'rT-ment, n. That which causes dam- 
age ; diminution; injury; mischief ; harm. — Detri- 
mental, a. Causing detriment ; pernicious. — De- 
trition, -trish'un, n. A wearing off or away. — De- 
tri'tus, n. (Gfeol.) A mass of matter worn from 
solid bodies by attrition. 

Deuce, dtis, 72. (Gaming.) Two; a card or die with 2 
spots. An evil spirit; demon; the devil. — Deu'ced, 
-sed, a. Devilish; extravagant; enormous. 

Denterogamy, du-ter-og'a-mt, n. A 2d marriage, after 
the death of the first liusband orwife. — Deuteron'- 
omy, -o-mT, w. (Bibl.) The 5th book of the Penta- 
teuch, containing the 2d giving of the law by Moses. 

— Deuterop^athy, -thT, n. {Med.) A sympathetic 
affection, as headache from an overloaded stomach. 

— Deuteros'copy, -pT, n. Second sight; meaning be- 
yond the literal sense; second intention. — Deutox'- 
ide, -id,K. (Chem.) A compound of 2 equivalents of 
oxygen with 1 of a base. 

Devastate, dev'as- or de-vas'tat, v. t. To lay waste, 
desolate, demolish, pillage. — Devasta'tion, n. Act 
of, or state of being, etc. {Law.) Waste of the goods 
of the deceased by an administrator. 

Develop, de-veKup, w. t. [-oped (-upt), -oping.] To 
free from a cover or envelope, disclose or make 
known, unfold gradually, exhibit, detect. {Math.) 
To change the form of (an algebraic expression) by 
executing indicated operations without changing 
the value. {Photog.) To render (a picture) visible by 
subjecting it to chemical action. — v. i. To go 
through a natural evolution, by successive changes 
to a more perfect state; to become visible gradually. 

— Devel'opment, M. Act of , etc. {Math.) Act of ex- 
panding an expression into another of equivalent 
meaning; the equivalent expression into which an- 
other has been developed. — Develo/>ment tlieory. 
{Nat. Hist.) Doctrine that all existing forms of 
matter and spirit were developed by uniform laws 
from simpler forms, without creative act. 

Devest, de-vesf, v. t. To divest. {Laiu.) To alienate, 
as title or right, deprive of. — r-. i. To be lost or 
alienated, as a title or an estate. [Except in the 
legal sense, spelled divest, q. v.] 

Deviate, de'vT-at, ?-. i. To go out of one's way, turn 
aside from a course, digress, err. — Devia'tion, n. 
Act of, etc. ; state of having deviated ; error. — De'- 
Vious, -vT-us, a. Out of a straight line ; indirect; 
going out of the right course of conduct. 



Device. See imder Devise. 

Devil, dev'!, n. The evil one, Satan, represented in 
Scripture as the traducer, father of lies, tempter, 
etc.; an evil spirit; false god; an expletive express- 
ing enrphasis. {Manuf.) A revolving cylinder armed 
with spikes, for tearing, cutting, or opening raw 
materials, as cotton, wool, rags, etc. A very wicked 
person; a dish, broiled with much pepper. — v. t. To 
make like a devil; to cut up cloth or rags in, etc.; to 
grill with pepper. — Devilish, dev'lish, a. Like, or 
pert, to, the devil; wicked in the extreme; infernal; 
hellish ; satanic ; detestable. — Dev'iltry, -1-trT, n. 
Diabolism ; malicious mischief. — Dev'ilkin, n. A 
little devil.— Dev''il's-dam''ing-nee'' die, n. A dragon- 
fly, having a long, cylindrical body, resembling a 
needle. — Dev'il-fish, n. A name of several sea-crea- 
tures, esp. of a genus of ray found in the Atlantic, 
and of the cuttle-fish. — Di'ahoKic, -ical, a. Like, 
or pert, to, the devil; impiou.s; demoniac. — Diablerie, 
dyd'hl-re', Diab^lery, dl-ab'ler-T, n. Deviltry; sor- 
cery; mischief. 

Devious. See under Deviate. 

Devise, de-viz', v. t. [-vised (-vTzd'), -vising.] To 
form in the mind by new combinations of ideas, ap- 
plications of principles, or arrangement of parts; to 
strike out by thought; to plan for, purpose to ob- 
tain. {Law.) To give by will, — used of real estate; 
to bequeath. — v.i. To form a scheme, lay a plan, 
contrive. — n. Act of disposing of real estate by will; 
a will or testament, properly of real estate; property 
given by will. — Devis^'er, n. One who devises; an 
inventor. — Devis'or, -&r, n. {Law.) One who gives 
real estate by will: a testator. — Device, de-vis', «. 
Thing devised, or formed by design; contrivance; 
invention ; a stratagem ; a heraldic motto, usually 
connected with an emblematic picture; power of de- 
vising; invention; genius. 

Devoid, de-void', a. Destitute; not in possession. 

Devolve, de-volv', v. t. [-volved (-volvd'), -volving.] 
To roll onward or downward, overthrow; to trans- 
fer from one to another, deliver over, hand down. 

— V. i. To pass by transmission or succession ; to 
be handed over or down. — Devolu'tion, n. Act of, 
etc. 

Devote, de-vot', v. t. To appropriate by vow, set 
apart by a solemn act ; to consign over, execrate, 
doom to evil; to give up wholly, direct the attention 
of wholly or chiefly ; to attach, addict, dedicate, 
resign, doom, consign. — Devot'edaeus, n. State 
of being, etc.; addictedness. — Devotee', n. One 
wholly devoted, esp. to religion; one superstitiously 
given to religious ceremonies; a bigot. — Devot'er, 
n. — Devo'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; af- 
fection; esp. feelings toward God appropriate to the 
act of worship; religiousness; piety; act of deyoted- 
ness or devoutness; thing consecrated; an object of 
affection. — Devo'tional, a. Pert, to, used in, or 
suited to, devotion. — Devout, -vowt', a. Absorbed 
in religious feelings ; pious ; reverent ; expressing 
piety; warmly devoted; earnest; prayerful; sincere. 

— Devout'ly, adi\ — Devout'ness, n. 

Devour, de-vowr', v. t. [-voured (-vowrd'), -vouR- 
ING.] To eat up greedily, consume ravenously; to 
seize on and destro3'' or appropriate greedily, self- 
ishly, or wantonly; to enjoy with avidity, consume, 
waste, annihilate. 

Dew, dii, n. Moisture from the atmosphere condensed 
bj^ cool bodies upon their surfaces, esp. at night. — 
V. t. [dewed (dud), DEWi.vG.] To wet with dew. 

— Dew'y, -t, a. Covered, or appearing as if covered, 
with dew; pert, to or like dew; falling gently. — 
Dew'iness, 71. — Dew'-drop, n. A drop of dew. — 
-lap, n. The fold of skin, etc., hanging from the 
throats of oxen, which laps or licks the dew in 
gi-azing; a fold of skin, etc., on the human throat 
or chin, esp. when flaccid with age. — point, m. 
{Meteor.) The temperature at which dew begins 
to form. — ret'ting, n. Process of softening and re- 
moving mucilage from the fibrous and cellular por- 
tions of flax and hemp, bj' exposing the stalks to 
dew, rain, sun, and air. 

Dexter, deks'ter, a. Pert, to, or on, the right hand; 
right, as opp. to Zeft.— Dexterity,' -t5r'T-tY,n. Readi- 
ness and physical grace ; activity of the m Liid ; quick- 
ness and skill in managing affairs; adroitness; tact; 



am,^ fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



DEY 



105 



DIE 




aptitude ; faculty. — Dex'terouB, -trous, -trus, a. 
Ready and expert; skillful in contrivance ; quick at 
inventing expedients ; done with dexterity ; apt ; 
handy; versed. — Dex'terously, ady. — Dex'terons- 
neea,'n. 

Dey, da, n. The European title for the governor of 
Alireria, before its conquest by the French. 

Diabetes, di-a-be'tez, M. sins'. & pi. (Med.) A disease 
attended with a persistent, excessive discharge of 
urine. 

Diablerie, Diabolic, etc. See under Devil. 

Diaconal. Diaconate. See under Deacon. 

Diacoustic, di-a-kows'tik or-koos'tik, a. Pert.-to.the 
science of refracted sounds. — DiacoOB'^tics, n- Sci- 
ence of the properties of sound refracted through 
different mediums. 

Diacritic, -ical, di-a-krit'ik-al, a. Separating; indica- 
ting something to be distinguished. 

Diadem, di'a-dem, n. A fillet, worn as a badge of 
royalty ; a crown ; sovereignty ; dignity. (Her.) 
An arch rising from the rim of a crowH, and uniting 
with others over its center. 

Disresis, Dieresis, di-Sr'e-sis, n. ; pi. -ses, -sez. ( Gram.) 
The separation of 1 sj^Uable into 2 ; a mark [ " ] over 
the second of 2 adjacent vowels, to denote that they 
are to be pronounced separately, as, aerial. , 

Diagnosis, di-ag-no''sis, n. (Med.) Determination of a \ 
disease by distinctive characteristics. Scientific de- 
termination of any kind. 

Diagonal, di-ag''o-iial, a. (Geom.) Joining 2 not ad- 
jacent angles of a quadrilateral 
or multilateral figure, and divid- 
ing it into 2 parts ; crossing at an 
angle with one of the sides. — n. 
A right line drawn from one an- 

fle to another, not adjacent, of a _. 
gure of 4 or more sides. — Diag'- diagonal, 
onally, -It, adv. In a diagonal direction. 

Diagram, di^a^-gram, n. (Geom.) A figure to illus- 
trate a statement, or facilitate a demonstration. An 
illustrative outline or drawing. — Di'agraph, -graf , 
n. An instrument used in perspective. 

Dial, di'al, n. An instrument showing the time of 
day from the shadow of astj'^le on a graduated svir- 
face : the graduated face of a time-piece on which 
the time is shown by pointers. 

Dialect, di'a-lekt, n. Means or mode of expressing 
thoughts : language ; tongue ; local form of a lan- 
guage ; idiom ; phraseology. — Dialec^tics, n. sing. 
That branch of logic which teaches the rules of rea- 
soning ; application of logical principles to discur- 
sive reasoning. — Di'alecti'cian, -tish^an, n. One 
versed in dialectics ; a logician ; reasoner. — Di'a- 
logne, -log, n. A conversation between two or more, 
esp. in theatrical performances ; a composition in 
which persons are represented as conversing. 

Diamagnetic, di'a-mag-nef'ik, a. Pert, to, or exhibit- 
ing the phenomenaof, diamagnetism. — n. A sub- 
stance which, in afield of magnetic force, takes a 
position at right angles to that of the ordinary mag- 
net. — Di'amagnet'ically, adv. 

Diameter, di-am'e-ter, n. (Geom.) A right line 
through the center of a figure or body, 
terminated bj' the opposite boundaries. 
Length of a straight line through the cen- 
ter of an object from side to side; width; 
thickness. (Arch.) The distance through 
the lower part of the shaft of a column, -n:„-„„|p_ 
used as a unit for measuring all the parts iJiameier. 
of an order. — Diamet'^ric, -rical, a. Pert, to, etc. ; 
directly adverse. — Diamefrically, adv. In a dia- 
metrical direction ; directly. 

Diamond, di'a-mund or di'mund, n. A mineral and 
gem remarkable for hardness ; crystallized 
carbon ; a geometrical figure otherwise 
called rhombus or lozenge ; one of a suit of 
playing cards, stamped with the figure of a 
diamond. (Print.) A small type, in size 
between pearl and brilliant. 
^^ This liue is printed in the type called Diamond. 

Diapason, di-a-pp/zon, n. ( Gr. Mus.) The oc- 
tave or interval which includes all the 
tones. Concord, as of notes an octave 
apart ; harmony ; entire compass of tones ; scale or 
pitch for giving a standard pitch ; one of certain 





Dia- 
mond. 



stops in the organ, which extend through the scale 
of the instrument. 

Diaper, di'a-pSr, n. Figured linen cloth for towels, 
napkins, etc. ; a towel or napkin ; infant's breech- 
cloth. (Arch.) Paneling filled up with arabesque 
gilding and painting, or with wrought work in low 
relief. — v. t. [diapered (-perd), -peeing.] To 
variegate with figures, as clotli ; to put a diaper on, 
as a cnild. — v. i. To draw figures. 

Diaphanous, di-af'a-nus, a. Transmitting rays of 
light, as glass; transparent; clear. 

Diaphragm, di'a-fram, n. A dividing membrane or 
partition, commonly with an opening through it. 
(Anat.) The muscle separating the cnest from the 
abdomen ; midriff. 

Diarrhea, -rbcea, di-ar-re^'a, n. (Med.) A morbidly 
frequent evacuation of the intestines. 

Diary, di'a-rT, n. A register of daily occurrences ; 
journal; blank-book dated for daily memoranda. 

Diastole, di-as''to-le, n. (3Ied.) A dilatation of the 
heart. (Gram.) A figure by which a syllable nat- 
urally short is made long. 

Diathesis, di-ath'e-sis, n. (Med.) Bodilv condition, 
esp. that which predisposes to a particular disease. 

Diatonic, di-a-ton^ik, a. (Mus.) Pert, to the scale of 
8 tones, the 8th of which is the octave of the first. 

Diatribe, di'a-trib, n. A continued discourse or dis- 
putation; an invective harangue; reviling; reproach. 

Dibber, dib'bSr, Dibble, dib-'Bl, »j. A pointed hand 
instrument, to make holes for planting seeds, etc. 

— Difble, V. «. [dibbled (-bid"), -BLiNG. J To plant 
with a dibble, make holes for planting seeds, etc. — 
V. i. To dip, as in angling. 

Dice, etc. See under Die, n. 

Dicker, dik'er, n. The number of 10, esp. 10 hides or 
skins ; a chaffering barter of small wares. — v. i. To 
negotiate a dicker; to barter. 

Dickey, Dicky, dik'T, n. A seat behind a carriage, 
for servants, etc. ; a bosom to tie over the front of a 
shirt ; a shirt-collar. 

Dicotyledon, di'kot-t-le'don, n. (Bot.) A plant whose 
seeds divide into 2 lobes in germinating. — Di'coty- 
led''onou8, -nus, a. Having 2 cotyledons. 

Dictate, dik'tat, v. t. To deliver, state, or utter, for 
another to reduce to writing ; to communicate with 
authority ; to deliver to a subordinate, as a com- 
mand; to prescribe, enjoin, urge. — v. i. To deliver 
commands.^ M. A statement delivered with author- 
ity i authoritative rule or principle : order ; direc- 
tion; impulse; admonition. —Dicta'tion, n. — Dtc- 
ta'tor, -ter. »i. One who, etc.; one invested with ab- 
solute authority, esp. in times of distress. — Dicta- 
tc'rial, -rl-al, a. Pert, or suited to a dictator; ab- 
solute ; imperious ; overbearing. — Dictato'^rially, 
adv. — Dicta'torship, n. Office or tern-i of office of, 
etc. — Dicta'tress, -trix, n. A female who dictates. 

— Dicta'' tore, -ta'chur, n. Dictatorship. 
Diction, dik'shun, n. 'Choice of words ; selection of 

terms; style ; phraseology. — DiC'tum, n. ; pi. -ta, 
-ta. An authoritative saying or assertion. (Law.) 
A judicial opinion by judges on points not necessa- 
rily in the case. — Dic^tionary, -a-rl, n. A book ia 
wliich words are alphabetically arranged and ex- 
plained; a lexicon ; vocabulary ; a work containing 
information in any department of knowledge, ar- 
ranged alphabetically, under heads. 

Did. See Do. 

Didactic, -tical, di-dak^'tik-al, a. Fitted or inclined 
to teach ; arranged in a form suitable for instruc- 
tion; preceptive. 

Didapper, did'ap-er, n. A diving bird; the black-chin 
greoe; dab-chick. 

Diddle, did'dl, v. i. To totter, as a child in walking. 

Dido, di'do, n. ; pi. -dos, -doz. A trick; antic; caper. 

Didst. Second per. imp. of do. See Do. 

Die, di, v. i. [died (did), dying.] To cease to live, 
become dead, expire, become -lost or extinct ; to 
sink, faint; languish, with weakness, discourage- 
ment, love, etc. ; become indiffer- 
ent; to recede and grow fainter, 
become imperceptible ; to become 
vapid, flat, or spiritless, as liquor. 

Die, di, n. A small cube, marked 
on its faces with spots from 1 to 6, 
used in gaming, by being thrown 



Dice. 



siin, cube, fijll ; moon, ffi&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, liben, boNboN chair, get. 



DIERESIS 



106 



DILEMMA 



from a box; any small cubical body. [PI., in this 
sense. Dice (dis^ : in the following senses, Dies 
(diz).J (Arch.) The cubical part of the pedestal, be- 
tween bas^ and cornice. The piece of metal on which 
is cut a device to be stamped (on a coin, medal, etc.); 
one of tvvo pieces of hardened steel forming together 
a female screw for cutting the threads of screws. — 
Dice, dis, n. ; pi. of die. A game.— v. i. To play with 
dice. — Di''cer, n. One who, etc. — Die^sink'ing, n. 
Process of engraving dies. — stock, n. An imple- 
ment for holding dies while cutting threads on 
screws. 

Dieresis. Same as Diuresis. 

Dies non, di'^ez-non. (Laio.) A day on which courts 
are not held. 

Diet, di'et, n. Habitual food ; victuals ; course of 
food selected with reference to a particular state of 
health. — v. t. To feed, nourish, esp. sparinglv, or 
by rule. — v. i. To eat, feed, esp. to eat sparingly. — 
Di^etary, -a-rT, a. Pert, to, etc. — n. Rule of diet; 
allowance of food. — Dietet'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to the 
rules of, etc. — Dietet'ics, n. That part of medicine 
or hygiene relating to, etc. — Diet'er, -a'rian, n. One 
who observes rules for, etc. 

Diet, di'^et, n. A legislative or administrative assem- 
bly in some countries of Europe. 

Differ, differ, v. i. [-fered (-ferd), -ferixg.] To 
be or stand apart, disagree, be unlike or discordant: 
to have a difference or quarrel. — v. t. To cause to 
be different or unlike. — Difference, -ens, n. Act of, 
or state of being, etc.; disagreement; cause of dis- 
sension; occasion of quarrel; that by which one 
thing differs from another ; characteristic quality. 
{Logic.) Quality or attribute added to those of the 
genus to constitute a species ; differentia. {Math.') 
The quantity by which one quantity differs from 
another. — v. t. [differenced (-enst), -excixg.] 
To cause to differ, make different, distinguish. — 
Different, a. Distinct; of various or contrary na- 
ture, form, or quality; unlike ; dissimilar. — 'Dif- 
ferently, adv. — Differen'tiate, -shi-at, v. t. {Math.) 
To obtain the differential, or differential coefficient 
of. {Logic.) To distinguish or describe, by giving 
the differentia, or specific difference of a tning; to 
define exactly, specialize. — v. i. To constitute, 
mark, or show a difference; to discriminate. — Dif- 
feren'tia'tion, -shT-a'shun, n. {Logic.) Act of dis- 
tinguishing a thing, by giving its differentia, or spe- 
cific difference. (Math.) Act or process of differen- 
tiating. {Physiol.) 'Production of a diversity of 
parts by a process of evolution or development. 
{Metaph.) Tendency in being, organic or inorganic, 
to assume more complex structure or functions. — 
Differen'tia, -shi-a, n. {Logic.) The distinguish- 
ing part of the essence of a species; specific differ- 
ence. — DLSeren'^tial, -shal, a. Creating a difference; 
discriminating; special. {Math.) Pert, to a differen- 
tial. {Mech.) Differing in amount or in producing 
force, — said of motions or effects; intended to pro- 
duce difference of motion or effect, — said of ma- 
chinery, etc. — n. {Math.) An increment, usually an 
indefinitely small one, given to a variable quantity. 

Difficulty, dif fl-kul-tt, n. State of being hard to ac- 
complish, or to deal with; a thing hard to accom- 
plish ; a controversy ; variance or disagreement ; 
obstacle; perplexity; distress: objection. — Difficult, 
a. Hard to make, do, or perform; beset with diffi- 
culty ; not easily wrought upon ; not compliant ; 
painful; austere; rigid. — Difficultly, adv. 

Diffident, dif ft-dent, a. Wanting confidence in 
others, or in one's self ; distrustful: timid; bashful; 
reserved. — Dif fidently, adw.— Dif fidence, -dens, n. 
State of being, etc. 

Diffuse, dif-fuz', v. t. [-fused (-fuzdO, -fusing.] To 
pour out and spread, as a fluid; to send out. or ex- 
tend, in all directions ; to expand, disseminate, 
spend, publish, proclaim. — DifEus'er, n. — Diffus'- 
edly, adv. In a diffused manner; dispersedlv. — 
DiffuB'ednesB, n. — Diffu'sible, -zT-bl, a. Capable of 
being, etc.— DifEu'sibil'ity, w.— Diffu'sion, -zhun, n. 
Act of, or state of being, etc.; dissemination; spread; 
propagation: dispersion. — Diffuse', -fus', a. Poured 
out; widely spread; not restrained, esp. as to style; 
copious; prolix. 

Dig, dig, V. t. [dug or (obs.) digged (digd), dig- 




GIJTG.] To turn and throw up, as the earth ; to 
loosen or remove with a spade, etc.; to delve; to 
hollow out, as a well; form, as a ditch; excavate. — 
V. i. To work with a spade, etc., do servile work, 
delve. 

Digamma, di-gam''ma, n. A letter (F) of the Greek 
alphabet, which early fell into disuse, pron., prob., 
like E. w. 

Digest, di-jest'', v. f. To arrange methodically; work 
o^•e^ and classify ; to prepare in the stomach for 
conversion into blood, turn into chyme, — said of 
food; to think over, reilect upon. {Chem.) To soften 
bj' heat and moisture. (Med.) To suppurate, —v. i. 
To undergo digestion; be prepared by heat, suppu- 
rate. — Di'gest, ?i. Thing digested; esp. that which 
is worked over, classified, and arranged; compen- 
dium; abridgment; pandect; a collection of Roman 
laws. — Diges'tion, -chun, n. Act of digesting; class- 
ification; conversion of food into chyme; prepara- 
tion by heat and moisture; gradual solution; pro- 
duction of pus. — Digesfive, -iv, a. Causing, used 
for, or pert, to digestion. 

Digit, dij'it, ?i. A finger; a finger's breadth, or 3-4ths 
of an inch. {Arith.) One of the ten figures, 0, 1, 2, 
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, by which numbers are expressed. 
{Astron.) A 12th part of the diameter of the sun or 
moon. — Dig'ital, a. Pert, 
to the fingers, or to digits. 

— Dig'itate, -tated, a. 
{Lot.) Having leaflets ar- 
ranged, like fingers, at 
the extremity of a stem, 
or petiole. 

Dignify, dig-'n'T-fi, v. t. 

[-FIED (-fid), -FYIXG.] To 

invest with dignity or 
honor, give distinction to. 

— Dig'nity, -tl, n. State 
of being worthy or hon- 
orable; elevation of mind T\~t mT^ * 
or of rank; quality inspir- -Liigitare i^eai. 

ing respect ; loftiness and elegance : one holding 
high rank. — Dig'nitary, -ta-rl, n. One who pos- 
sesses exalted rank, esp. ecclesiastical rank. 

Digraph, di^'graf, n. A combination of 2 written 
characters to express one sound. 

Digress, dl-gres', v. i. [-geessed (-grest-'), -geess- 
ING.] To turn aside; esp. in writing or speaking, 
to turn aside from the main subject of attention or 
course of argument; to turn aside from the right 
path, deviate, amplify, transgress. — Digres'sion, 
-gresh'un, n. Act of, etc.; part of a discourse devi- 
ating from its main design; transgression; offense. 

— Digres'^sional, a. Pert, to, or consisting in, etc. — 
Digres'sive, -iv, a. Departing from the main sub- 
ject. — DigresB'ively, adv. 

Dike, dik, n. A ditch; channel for water made by 
digging ; bank thrown up to exclude water from 
low lands. {Geol.) A wall-like mass of mineral 
matter, filling up fissures in the original strata. — v. 
t. [DIKED (dikt), diking.] To surround, protect, 
or drain by dikes. 

Dilapidate, 'dl-lap'T-dat, i\ t. To suffer to fall into 
decay or partial ruin ; to diminish by waste and 
abuse, squander. —v. i. To get out of repair, be- 
come decayed, go to ruin. — Dilap''ida''tion, n. Act 
of, or state of beings etc.; ecclesiastical waste. 

Dilate, dT-laf or di-Iat'', v. t. To enlarge or extend 
in all directions, expand, distend, spread out, am- 
plify', expatiate. — I.', i. To expand, swell; to speak 
largely and copiously, expatiate, descant. — Dila'- 
tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; expansion. 

— Dil''ata''tion, n. Same as dilation. — Dila''table, a. 

— Dila'tabil^ily, n. — Dila'tive, a. Causing dilata- 
tion. — Dilafor, re. That which expands; a muscle 
that dilates any part. — DiI''atory, -to-rt, a. Inclined 
to put off what ought to be done at once; given to, 
or marked with procrastination; intended to make 
delay, or to gain time and defex action; sluggish; 
backward; tardy. — DU'atorily, adv. 

Dilemma, dt-lem'^ma or di-lem'ma, n. {Logic.) Am 
argument which affords an antagonist alternatives, 
but is conclusive against him, whichever alternft' 
five he chooses. A perplexing state ; difficult or 
doubtful choice. 



a.m, fame, f §.r, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, tS-rm ; Tn, Ice ; 8dd. tone, or ; 



DILETTANT 



107 



DIRECT 



Dilettant, dil-et-tant'', -tante, -tan'ta, n. ; pi. -tanti, 
-te. An admirer of the fine arts ; an amateur ; esp. 
one who follows an art desultorily, without serious 
purpose, or for amusement. 

Diligent, dU't-jent, a. Interestedly and perseveringly 
attentive ; steady in application to businese ; prose- 
cuted with care and constant effort ; assiduous ; 
sedulous; industrious; careful. — Dil'^igence, -jens,?i. 
Quality of being, etc.; assiduity; industry. 

Diligence, de-le-znaxs'', n. A French stage-coach. [F.] 

Dill, dil, n. A plant bearing pungent and aromatic 
seeds. 

Dilly-daUy,_diKlY-daFW, v. i. To loiter or trifle. 

Dilute, di-lut'', v. t. To make thinner or more liquid 
by admixture with something ; to diminish, by mix- 
ing, the strength, flavor, color, etc., of ; to reduce, 
esp. by addition of water — v. i. To become thin. 

— a. Thin ; attenuated ; reduced in strength, as) 
spirit or color. — Dilufer, n. — Dilu-'tion, n. Act of ,° 
or state of being, etc. — Dil'iient, -u-ent, a. Diluting. 

— n. That which, etc.; esp. what weakens the blood, 
by mixture with it. — Dilu''vlal, -vl-al, a. Pert, to, 
or produced by, a deluge, esp. the deluge in Noah's 
days. — Dilu'vian, a. Pert, to a deluge. 

Dim, dim, a. Not bright or distinct; of obscure luster, 
sound, or vision ; dull of apprehension; dark; mys- 
terious, sullied, tarnished. — v. t. [dimmed (dimd), 
DIMMING.] To render obscure, darken, dull ; to de- 
prive of distinct vision, darken the senses or under- 
standing of. — Dim'ly, adv. — Dim'^ness, n. 

Dime, dim, n. A silver coin of the United States, 
worth 10 cents; the tenth of a dollar. 

Dimension, dl-men'shun, n. Measurement in length, 
breadth, and thickness ; extent ; size ; application; 
importance. (,Alg.) A literal factor, as numbered in 
cnaracterizing a term. 

Diminish., dl-min'ish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishixg.] 
To make smaller ; to lessen the authority or dignity 
of. (Mus.) To make smaller by a semitone. To 
take away, subtract, abate, reduce, impair. — v. i. 
To become or appear less or smaller ; to lessen. — 
Dimin^isher, n. — Diminu'^tion, -nu-'shun, n. Act 
of, or state of being, etc. ; reduction in size, quan- 
tity, degree, dignity, or consideration. {Law.) Omis- 
sion, inaccuracy, or defect in a record. — Dimin^u- 
tive, -tiv, a. Of small size; minute; little. — n. Some- 
thing of small size or value ; insignificant thing. 
(Cfram.) A derivative from a noun, denoting a small 
or young object of the kind denoted ~ — — 

by the primitive. —Dimin'utively, — T". T 
adv. — Dimin'ativeness, n. — Dimin^- Diminuendo. 
uen'^do, adv. (jkus.) In a gradually diminishing 
manner, — a direction, written on the staff or indi- 
cated as in the margin. 

Dimity, dim'T-tY, n. A kind of stout, white, cotton 
cloth, ribbed or figured. 

Dimple, dim'pl, n. A slight natural depression on 
the surface of the body, esp. on the cheek or chin ; 
indentation on any surface. — v. i. [dimpled (-pld), 
-PLiNG.] To form dimples, sink into depressions. — 
V. t. To mark with, etc. 

Din, din, n. Loud, stunning noise ; racket ; clamor. — 
V. t. [dinned (dind), -ning.] To strike with con- 
tinued or confused sound; to stun with noise. 

Dine, din, v. i. [dined (dind), dining.] To partake 
of the noon meal, or principal meal of the day ; to 
take dinner. — v. t. To give a dinner to or at. — Din'^- 
ner, n. The principal meal ; entertainment ; feast. 

Ding, ding, v. i. [dinged (dingd), dinging.] To talk 
with vehemence, importunity, or reiteration ; to 
bluster ; to sound, as a bell, ring, tinkle. — n. A 
thump or stroke, esp. of a bell.— Ding'-dong, n. The 
sound of bells; a repeated and monotonous sound. 

Dingle, din''gl, n. A narrow dale or valley between 
hills. 

Dingy, din'jT, a. [-giek, -giest.] Soiled; sullied; of 
dark color; dun. — Din'giness, n. 

Dinner. See under Dine. 

Dint, dint, v. t. To make a small cavity on, by a blow 
or pressure. 

Diocese, di'o-ses, n. The district in which a bishop 
exercises ecclesiastical authority. — Diocesan, di-os'- 
e-san or di'o-se'san, a. Pert, to, etc. — n. A bishop. 

Dip, dip, V. t. [dipped (dipt) or dipt, dipping.] To 
immerse in a fluid and withdraw again ; to plunge. 



as into difficulty, engage ; to take out by immersing 
and removing again some receptacle, as a ladle, pail, 
etc. — V. i. To immerse one's self ; to remove some- 
thing, by immersing and withdrawing a receptacle; 
to thrust in and partake ; to enter slightly or curso- 
rily ; to incline downward. — n. Action of dipping, 
or of plunging for a moment into a liquid ; inclina- 
tion downward ; slope ; pitch ; sauce to be dipped 
out with a spoon ; a dipped candle. — Dip'per, n. 
One who, or that which, etc. ; a vessel for dipping 
liquids. ( Omith.) A small diving bird, resembling 
the blackbird; the dabchick, a N. Ainer. grebe; also, 
the spirit-duck, of N. Amer. {Astron.) The 7 prin- 
cipal stars in the constellation of the Great Bear, — 
arranged in the form of a dipper. 

Diphtheria, dif- or dip-the-'rl-a, n. {Med.) A virulent 
zymotic disease, in which the mucous membrane, 
esp. of the throat and air passages, becomes coated 
with a false membrane. — Diphtheric, -ther-'ik, -the- 
rit'^ic, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Diphthong, dif'- or diphthong, n. (Orthoepy.) A 
union of 2 vowel sounds pronounced in one sylla/- 
ble, as, ou in out, — called a, proper diplithong ; union 
of two vowels in the same syllable, only one of them 
being sounded, as, ai in raiyt, — called an improper 
diphthong. — Diphthongal, -thon''gal, a. Pert, to, or 
consisting of, etc. 

Diploma, dt-plo''ma, n. ; pi. -mas, -maz. Orig. a state 
letter of recommendation, — consisting of 2 leaves ; 
a writing conferring some authority, privilege, hon- 
or, etc. ; esp. a record of a literary degree. — Diplo''- 
macy, -sT, -matism, -tizm, n. Art of conducting ne- 
gotiations between nations, esp. in securing treaties; 
dexterity in securing advantages. — Dip''lomat, 
-mate, -mat, -mafic, Diplo^matist, )i. One em- 
ployed or skilled in, etc. — Diplomat''ic, -ical, a. — 
Diplomat''ically, adv. — Diplomatics, n. Science 
of diplomas, or art of readnig ancient writings, 
public documents, etc.; paleography. 

Dipper. See under Dip. 

Dipsomania, dip-so-ma-'nt-a, n. Inordinate desire for 
alcoholic liquors; oenomani^ 

Dipteral, dip'ter-al, a. {Entom.) Having 2 wings 
only. {Anc. Arch.) Having 
a double row of columns 
on each flank, as well as in 
front and rear. — Dip'ter- 
ous, -us, a. Having 2 wings, 
as among insects, or wing- 
like processes, as in plants. 

Dire, dir, a. Evil in a great 
degree; dreadful; horrible; 
terrible. — Dire'ness, n. — 
Dire'ful, -ful, a. Same as 
Dire. — Dire'fully, adv. 

Direct, dY-rekf, a. Straight; 
not crooked, oblique, or cir- 
cuitous ; straightforward ; 
not swerving from truth 
and openness; sincere; immediate; unambiguous; 
absolute ; in the line of descent ; not collateral. 
{Astron.) In the direction of the general planetary 
motion, or from west to east. — v. t. To give direc- 
tion or bearing to ; to determine the course of; to 
point out the proper course to, put upon the right 
track ; to instruct as a superior ; to put a direction 
or address upon, superscribe. — v.i. To give direc- 
tion, act as guide. — JSirect'ly, adv. In a direct, im- 
mediate, express, or absolute manner: straightway; 
immediately. — Direct'ness, n. — Direct'er, w. — 
Direc'tion, n- Act of directing, or of aiming, regu- 
lating, guiding, or ordering; authoritative instr\ic- 
tion ; address of a person written upon a thing 
sent; superscription; course upon which anything 
is moving or aimed to move; line or point of tend- 
ency ; body of persons charged with the manage- 
ment of a matter ; administration ;' management ; 
government. — Direcfive, -iv, a. Having power, or 
tending, to direct. — Direct'or, -5r. n. One who, or 
that which, etc. ; esp. one of a body of persons ap- 
pointed to manage the affairs of a company ; part 
of a machine which directs its motion or action. — 
Directorate, -rat, n. A body of directors, or the 
office of director. — Directo'rial, -rt-al, a. Having 
the quality of, or pert, to a director or directory, — 




Dipterous Insect. 

a, a, bjilancers or poisers. 



siin, cube, full ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



DIREPTION 



108 



DISCOMFIT 



Direcforsliip, n. Office of, etc. — Direct'ory, -rT, 
a. Containing directions ; directorial. — n. A col- 
lection of directions, rules, or ordinances ; esp. a, 
book of directions for the conduct of worship ; a 
book containing the names and residences of the in- 
habitants of any place ; a body of directors ; esp. 
a committee which held executive power in France 
under the first republic. 

Dixeption, dl-rep-'shun, n. Act of plundering or de- 
spoiling. 

Dirge, derj, n. A piece of mournful music, to accom- 
pany funeral rites. 

Dirk, derk, n. A kind of dagger or poniard. — v. t. To 
stab with, etc. 

Dirt, dert, n. Any filthy substance, as excrement, 
earth, mud, dust, etc. — v. t. To make foul or filthy; 
to soil, dirty. — Dirfy, -t, a. [dirtier, dirtiest.] 
Defiled with dirt; nasty; filthy; foul; serving to de- 
file; sordid; base; groveling. -^ i\ t. [dirtied (-tid;, 
DIRTYING.] To maite filthy, soil ; to tarnish, scan- 
dalize. — Dirt'lly, ac/i-. — Dirt'iness, n. 

Diruption, dl-rup'shun, n. A bursting or rending 
asunder. 

Disable, dis-a''bl, v. t. [-abled (-a'bld), -abling.] To 
render unable or incapable, make unfit for service, 
disq.uaUiy, incapacitate. {Law.) To deprive of legal 
right or qualification. —Disabil'ity, -l-tX.n. State 
of being disabled ; want of corripetent physical or 
intellectual power, opportunity, etc., or of legal 
qualification. 

Disabuse, dis-a-bQz'', v. t. [-bused (-bQzd-'), -busing.] 
To free from mistake, undeceive, set right. 

Disadvantage, dis-ad-van''tej, n. Deprivation of ad- 
vantage; unfavorable or prejudicial quality, condi- 
tion, circumstance, etc.; prejudice to interest, fame, 
credit, profit, etc.; loss; damage. — Disad'vanta''- 
geous, -ta'jus, a. Attended with, etc. ; inconven- 
ient; detrimental. — Disad'vanta'geously, adv. 

Disaffect, dis-af-fekt', v. t. To alienate the affection 
of, fill with discontent and unfriendliness; to dis- 
turb the functions of, disorder. — DisafCec'tion, n. 
State of being, etc.; disgust; ill-will; disloyalty ; hos- 
tility. 

Disagree, dis-ar-gre', v. t. [-greed (-gred''), -gree- 
ING.] To fail to accord or agree; to lack harmony, 
be at variance ; to differ in opinion, be unsuited, 
have unfitness. — Disagree'^able, -a-bl, a. Not agree- 
able, conformable, or congruous; exciting repug- 
nance; offensive; displeasing. — Disagree'ableness, 
n. — Disagree'ably, adv. — Disagree'ment, 71. Act 
of, or state of being, etc.; difference of opinion; un- 
suitableness; a falling out or controversy; discrep- 
ancy; variance; jar; wrangle; discord. 

Disannttl, dis-an-nuK, v. t. To annul, render void. 

Disappear, dis-aj)-per'', v.i. [-feared (-perd''),-PEAR- 
ing!] To vanish from sight, become invisible, cease 
to appear or to be perceived; to cease to be or exist, 
become merged in something else. — Disappear''ance, 
-ans, n. Act of, etc. 

Disappoint, dis-ap-poinf, v. t. To defeat of expecta- 
tion or hope, hinder of result, tantalize, balk, de- 
feat.— Disappoinfment, n. Act of, or state of being, 
etc.; that which, etcj miscarriage; frustration^ 

Disapprove, dis-ap-proov-', v. t. [-proved (-proovd'), 
-proving.] To pass unfavorable judgment upon; 
to regard as wrong or inexpedient; to censure; to re- 
fuse official approoation, decline to sanction, disal- 
low.— Disapprov'ingly, arfv. — Disapprov'al, Dis- 
approba'tion, -pro-ba'^shun, n. Act of disapproving. 
— Disap'probatory, -to-rl, a. Containing disappro- 
bation; tending to disapprove. 

Disarm, diz- or dis-arm', v. t. To deprive of arms or 
of means of attack or defense; to deprive of means 
or disposition to harm. — Disarm'' anient, n. 

Disarrange, dia-ar-ranj'', v. t. To unsettle or disturb 
the order or due arrangement of. — Disarrange'- 
ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; confusion. 

Disarray, dis-ar-ra', v. t. To throw into disorder, 
break the array of; to undress, unrobe. — n. Want 
of array or regular order; disorder; confusion: state 
of being imperfectly attired; undress; dishabille. 

Disaster, diz-as'ter, n. Orig. a baleful aspect of a 
planet or star. An unfortunate event; esp. a sudden 
misfortune ; calamity ; mischance. — Disas'troos, 
-true, a. Attended with, etc. — Disas'trously. <i<lv. 



Disavow, dis-a-vow'', v. t. To refuse to acknowledge, 
deny responsibility for, approbation of, etc. ; to dis- 
prove, disown, disallow. — Disavow'al, n. Act of, 
etc. ; disclaimer. — Disavow' er, n. 

Disband, dis-band', v. t. To loose the bands or banded 
existence of ; to disperse; esp. to break up the mili- 
tary organization of. — v. i. To become separated or 
scattered; esp. to quit military service by breaking 
up organization. — Disband'^ment, n. Act of, etc. 

Disbar, dis-bar'', v. t. To expel (barristers) from the bar. 

Disbark, dis-bark'^v. t. To put on shore, disembark. 

Disbelieve, dis-be-lev', v. t. Not to believe; to hold 
not to be true or actual; to refuse credit to. — Disbe- 
liev'er, n. — Disbelief, -lef'', ». Act of, etc.; refusal 
of credence; unbelief; system of error. 

Disburden, dis-ber-'dn, v. t. To rid of a burden, lay 
off as oppressive, become relieved of, unload, disen- 
cumber, free. — v. i. To ease the mind. 

Disburse, dis-bers', v. t. [-buesed (-bgrstQ, -bursing.] 
To pay out, expend. — Di8burse''men€, n. Act of, 
etc. ; what is paid out. 

Disburthen, dis-ber'ttm, v. t. To disburden. 

Disc. See Disk. 

Discard, dis-kard', v. t. To throw out of the hand as 
useless, — said of cards; to cast off or dismiss; put or 
thrust away, discharge, cashier, reject. 

Discern, diz-zern'', v. t. [-cerned (-zSrnd''}, -ceen- 
ING.] To behold as separate, note the distinctive 
character of, make out and distinguish by the eye, 
recognize, perceive with the mind, apprehend, pen- 
etrate, discriminate, descry. — v.i. To see the dif- 
ference, make distinction. — Disceni'^ible, -t-bl, a. 
Capable of being discerned ; perceptible ; visible ; 
evident; manifest.— Discern'ibleness, w.— Discem''- 
ibly, adv. — Discern'ment, n. Act of discerning; 
faculty of the mind by which it distinguishes one 
thing from another; judgment; discrimination; pen- 
etration; sagacity. 

Discharge, dis-charj'', v. t. To relieve of a charge, 
load, or burden, unload; to let go the charge of, as a 
gun; to relieve from a state of tension, as a Leyden 
]ar; to relieve of something weighing upon one, as a 
debt, claim, accu sation , etc. ; to relieve of an office or 
employment, take out or remove, as a charge, bur- 
den, contents, etc.; to let fly, as a missile, shoot; to 
relieve one's self of, by fulfilling conditions, per- 
forming duty, etc. ; to perform or execute, as an of- 
fice, or part; to give forth, emit or send out, give 
vent to, utter. — v. i. To throw off or deliver a load, 
charge, or burden. — n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; 
thing discharged. 
Disciple, dis-si'pl, n. One who receives instruction 
from, or accepts the doctrines of,' another; pupil; 
follower ; adherent ; supporter. — Dis''cipline, -st- 
plin, 71. The treatment suited to a disciple or 
learner; development of the faculties by instruction 
and exercise; training to act in accordance with 
rules; subjection to rule; punishment byway of cor- 
rection and training. {Eccl.) Reformatory or penal 
action toward a church member. Subject-matter of 
instruction. — v. t. [-plined (-plind), -plininq.] 
To educate, develop by instruction and exercise; 
to accustom to regular action, bring -under control, 
drill; to improve by corrective methods; to inflict 
ecclesiastical censures and penalties upon. — Dia'- 
ciplinary, -a-rT, a. Pert, to, or intended for, etc. — 
Dis'ciplma''rian, -rl-an, a. Pert, to, etc. — n. One 
who, etc.; esp. one who enforces rigid discipline. 

Disclaim, dis-klam'', v. t. To reject all claim to; to 
deny ownership of, or responsibility for; to refuse 
to acknowledge, disown, disavow, renounce, reject. 
(Law.) To decline accepting, .as an estate, interest, 
or office. — Disclaim'er, n. One who, etc. (Zaw.) 
A denial, disavowal, or renunciation, as of a title, 
claim, interest, estate, or trust. A public disavowal, 
as of pretensions, opinions, etc. 

Disclose, dis-kloz'', v. t. To unclose, open; to remove 
a cover or envelope from; to bring to light; to make 
known, as that which has been kept secret, divulge, 
tell, utter. — v.i. To burst open, gape; to make a 
disclosure or revelation. 

Discoid. See under Disk. 

Discolor, dis-kuKer, v. t. To alter the color of, stain, 
tinge; to alter the true complexion or appearance of. 

Discomfit, dis-kum'fit, v. t. To scatter in fight, break 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd. eve, tSrm ; tn, ice ; 6dd, tone, 8r ; 



DISCOMFORT 



109 



DISESTABLISH 



tip the plans of, throw into perplexity and dejec- 
tion, disconcert, rout. — n. Rout; overthrow; dis- 
comfiture. — Discom^fitare, -f I-chur, n. Act of, or 
state of being, etc.; defeat; frustration. 

Discomfort, dis-kum'fert, n. Want of comfort; in- 
quietude. — V. t. To destroy or disturb the comfort, 
peace, or happiness of. 

Discompose, dis-kom-poz', v. t. To disarrange, inter- 
fere with, break up; t© throw into disorder, destroy 
the composure of; to put out of place or service, de- 
range, agitate, ruffle, fret, displace.— Discompo-'Bure, 
-po''zhur, n. State of being, etc. 

Disconcert, dis-kon-serf, v. t. To break up the har- 
monious progress of, throw into disorder, discom- 
pose, abash, confuse, frustrate. — Disconcer'^tion, n. 

Disconnect, dis-kon-nekt', v. t. To dissolve the union 
or connection of, sever. — Disconnec'tion, n. 

Disconsolate, dis-kon'so-lat, a. Destitute of comfort 
or consolation; deeply dejected; melancholy; inspir- 
ing dejection; saddening; cheerless. 

Discontent, dis-kon-tent', n. Want of content; un- 
easiness and inquietude of mind; dissatisfaction. — 
V. t. To deprive of content, make uneasy, dissat- 
isfy. — Discontent'^edly, adv. — Discontent'edness, 
-ment, 71. State of being, etc.; inquietude. 

Discontinue, dis-kon-tin''u, v. t. To interrupt the con- 
tinuance of ; to intermit, as a practice or habit, put 
an end to; to cease attention to, or entertainment or 
reception of; to break the continuity of, disunite. — 
V. i. To lose continuity or cohesion of parts; to be 
separat-ed or severed; to part. — Discoatin'^aer, n. — 
Disconttn''uance, -ans, n. Act of, or state of being, 
etc.; want of continuity of parts. {Law.) A break- 
ing off or interruption of an estate; termination of 
an action, in practice by the voluntary act of the 

' plaintiff; entrj' on the record that the plaintiff dis- 
continues action; technical interruption of the pro- 
ceedings in pleading, when a defendant does not 
answer the whole of the plaintiff's declaration, and 
the plaintiff omits to take judgment for the part un- 
answered. — Dis'eontin'ua'tion, n. Breach of con- 
tinuity; discontinuance; disruption. — Discon'tinu'- 
ity, -nu't-tt, M. Want of continuity or cohesion. — 
Discontin'^aous, -u-us, a. Not continuous. 

Discord, dis'kord, n. Want of concord or agreement; 
variance leading to contention and strife; dissension; 
clashing, {Mm. ) Union of musical sounds which 
strikes the ear disagreeably, owing to the incommen- 
surability of the vibrations which they produce. 

— Discord'^ajit, a. At variance; clashing; jarring; 
opposing. {Mas.) Not in harmony or concord. — 
Discord'antly, cidv. — Discord'antnass, n. — Dis- 
cord'' ance, -ancy, -an-sT, n. State or quality of be- 
ing, etc.; incensistency. 

Discoont, dis'kownt, n. An allowance made upon an 
account, debt, price asked, etc.; deduction for in- 
terest, in advancing money upon a bill or note not 
due ; act of discounting. — Discoont, dis'kownt or 
dis-kownf, v. t. To deduct from an account, etc.; 
to loan monej^ upon, deducting the allowance for 
interest. — v. i. To lend money, abating the dis- 
count; to anticipate and make allowance for. — Dis'- 
connter, n. — Discounfable, a. 

Disceontenance, dis-kown'te-nans, v. t. To put out 
of countenance, put to shame, abash; to refuse to 
countenance or give approval to, discourage. — n. 
Unfriendly regard; cold treatment; disapprobation. 

Discourage, dis-kur^'ej, v. t. To extinguisn the cour- 
age of, deprive of confidence; to deter one from, 
dishearten one with respect to, dissuade, discoun- 
tenance. — Discour'ageable, a. — Discour'agement, 
n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; that which, etc. — 
Discour'ager,^. One who, etc. 

Discourse, dis-kors', n. Orig., power to run over, to 
compare and judge; oral exposition of a subject; 
talk; conversation; dissertation or treatise; sermon. 

— V. i. [-COURSED (-korst''), -coursing.] To exer- 
cise reason; to talk or treat of in writing, in a formal 
manner. — v. t. To utter or rive forth. — Discours''- 
er, n. — Discours'^ive, -iv, a. Keasoning ; containing 
dialogue or conversation. — Discur'^sive, -ker'siv, 
-Bory, -ser-T, a. Discoursive; rambling; digressive. 

— Discur'sively, adv. — Discur'sion, -shun, n. Ex- 
patiation; desultory talk: act of discoursing. 

Discourteous, dis-kert'yus or -ker'te-us, a. Uncivil; 



rude. — Di8cour''teou8ly, a</c. — Biscour''tesy, -test, 
n. Rudeness of behavior or language. 

Discous. See under Disx. 

Discover, dis-kuv'er, c. t. To remove the covering or 
envelope from, expose to view, make known; to ob- 
tain for the first time sight or knowledge of, as of a 
thing not known; to find out, disclose, reveal, im- 
part, detect, invent. — Discov'erable, a. — Discov'- 
erer, n. One who discovers; one who first finds out 
an unknown country, or a new principle, truth, or 
fact; an explorer. — Discov'ery, -er-I, n. Act of, 
etc. ; thing discovered. 

Discredit, dis-kred''it, n. Want of credit; act of dis- 
crediting, or state of being discredited; disgrace; re- 
proach. — V. t. To refuse to credit, disbelieve, de- 
prive of credibility or of credit, bring reproach upon. 
— Discred'itable, a. Tending to injure credit; dis- 
graceful; disreputable. 

Dficreet, dis-kret', a. Possessed of discernment or 
discretion; wise in avoiding evil, and in adapting 
means to ends; wary. — Discre'tion, -kresh-'un, n. 
Quality of being discreet; sagacity; freedom to act 
accordi-ng to one's own judgment. — At discretion. 
Without conditions or stipulations. — Discre'tional, 
-ary, -er-t, n. Left to discretion; unrestrnined ex- 
cept by judgment. — Discre'tionally, -arily, adv. 
At or according to discretion. — Discrete, -kret', a. 
Separate; distinct; disjunctive; containing a dis- 
junctive clause, — opp. of concrete. — Discre'tive. 
-tiv, a. Disjunctive; separating. 

Discrepant, dis-krep'^ant, a. Discordant; at variance,* 
disagreeing; different. — Discrep'ance, -ancy, -an-st. 
n. State or quality of being, etc. 

Discriminate, dis-krim'''I-nat, v. t. To separate, dis- 
tinguish; to mark as different, distinguish by a pe- 
culiar note or sign. — v. i. To make a difference; to 
distinguish accurately. — a. Distinguished; having 
the difference marked.— Discrim'inateness, n. — 
Discrim'ina'tion, n. Act of , or state of being, etc.; 
faculty of nicely distinguishing ; that which dis- 
criminates; mark of distinction. — Discrim'^inative, 
-tiv, a. Marking a difference; characteristic; observ- 
ing distinctions; discriminating. 

Discrown, dis-krown', v. t. To deprive Of a crown. 

Discursion, Disctirsory, etc. See under Discourse. 

Discus, dis'kus, n. ; E.pl. Discuses ; L. pi. Disci, -si. 
A quoit ; a disk. See Disk. 

Discuss, dis-kus', v. t. [-cussed (-kusf), -cussing.] 
To break up, disperse; te examine or consider by 
disputation. {Laiv.) To exhaust a remedy against, 
as against a debtor before proceeding against the 
surety. — Discus'^sion, -kush'un, n. Act or process of 
discussing; examination by argument; debate; dis- 
putation. — Discuss'ive, -iv, a. Able or tending to 
discuss. — Discu^'tient, -shent, «. Serving to dis- 
perse morbid matter. — n. A medicine to disperse a 
tumor or any coagulajed fluid in the body. 

Disdain, dis- or diz-dan', v. t. [-dained (-dand'), 
-DAiNiNG.] To reject as not deserving notice ; to 
look with scorn upon, contemn, despise. — v. i. To 
be filled with contemptuous anger. — n. A feeling 
of contempt and aversion ; haughtiness ; scOrn ; 
arrogance. — Disdaiu''fiil, -ful, a. Full of, or express- 
ing, disdain ; contemptuous ; haughty. 

Disease, diz-ez'', n. Orig., lack of ease; uneasiness; a 
morbid condition of body; sickness; disorder; dis- 
temper; malady. — v. t. To afflict with sickness. 

Disembody, dis-em-bod'I, v. i. To divest of the body, 
free from the flesh, discharge from military organi- 
zation. 

Disembogue, di-s-em-bog', v. t. [-bogued (-bogd''), 
-BOGUING.] To discharge at the mouth, as a stream; 
to_ven£. — Disembogue''ment, -em'bouchure''. -as'- 
boo-shoor', n. Discharge Of the waters of a river, etc. 

Disembowel, dis-em-bow'el, v. t. To take out the 
bowels of, eviscerate, gut. 

Disengage, dis-en-gaj', v. t. To release from some 
previous connection or engagement ; to liberate, 
free, extricate, disentangle, wean. — v. i. To re- 
lease one's self, set one's self free, become de- 
tached. — Disenga''gedness, -ga'j_ed-nes, n. State of 
being, etc. — Disengage'ment, -gaj'ment, n. Act of, 
or state of being, etc.; freedom from engrossing 
occupation; leisure. 

Disestablish, dis-es-tab'lish, v. t. To unsettle or 



siin, cube, full; moon, f66t; cow, oil; lieger or ink, then, won box, chair, get. 



DISESTEEM 



110 



DISOBEY 



break up what has been established. — Disestab''- 
lishment, n. Act^or process of, etc. 

Disesteem, dis-es-tem', n. Want of esteem : low re- 
gard ; disfavor. — ?;. t. To feel an absence of es- 
teem for, regard with disapproval; to slight. — Dis- 
e8'tima''tion, n. Disesteem; disfavor. 

Disfavor, dis-fa'ver, n. Want of favor ; disesteem; 
state of not being in favor; an unkindness; dis- 
obliging act. —V. t. To withhold or withdraw favor 
from, regard with disesteem. — Disfa-'vorer, n. 

Disfigure, dis-fig'ur, v. t. To mar the figure or appear- 
ance of; to render less complete or beautiful, de- 
face, injure. — Disfig'uremeut, -ura'tion, n. Act of, 
or state ©f being, etc.; that which disfigures. 

Disfranchise, dis-fran'chiz, v. t. [-cmised (-chizd), 
-CHisiNG.] To deprive of a franchise or chartered 
right; to dispossess of the rights ol a citizen, or of 
a particular right, as of voting, holding office, etc. 

— DiBfran''chisement, n. 

Disgorge, dis-gOrj', v. t. [-gorged (-g6rjd''), -gor- 
ging.] To eject from the stomach, throat or raouth; 
to vomit ; to pour forth violently, as if from a 
mouth; to give up, make restitution of . — v. i. To 
vomit forth what anything contains, make restitu- 
tion. — Disgorge''ment, n. Act of disgorging ; thing 
disgorged. 

Disgrace, dis-gras', n. Lack or loss of favor, support, 
or countenance ; ignominy ; infamy ; that which 
brings dishonor; cause of shame; opprobrium; re- 
proach; dishonor. — v. t. [disgraced (-grasf), -gra- 
cing.] To deprive of favor, dismiss with dishonor, 
bring reproach or shame upon, degrade, defame, 
debase. — Disgrace 'fol, -ful, a. Bringing disgrace 
or dishonor; shameful; ignominious. — Disgrace'- 
fuHy, adv. — Disgrace''fulness, n. — Disgra'cer, n. 

— Disgra''cious, -shus, a. Ungracious ; unpleasing. 
Disgmntle, dis-grun'tl, v. t. To disappoint, dis- 
please, disconcert. 

Disguise, dis-giz'', v. t. [-guised (-gizd'), -guising.] 
To change the guise or appearance of; esp. to con- 
ceal by an unusual dress, hide by a counterfeit ap- 
pearance; to affect or change by liquor; to intoxi- 
cate. — n. A dress or exterior put on to deceive; 
artificial language or manner assumed for decep- 
tion; change of manner by drink; slight intoxica- 
tion. 

Disgust, dis-gust'', n. Repugnance to what is offen- 
sive ; aversion ; distaste ; dislike. — r. t. To pro- 
voke disgust in, offend the taste of, displease. 

Dish, dish, n. A vessel used for serving up food; any 
particular kind of food; state of being concave or 
like a dish. — V. t. [dished (disht), dishing.] To 
put in a disli, for serving at table; to make like a 
dish; to frustrate or disappoint. 

Dishabille, dis-a-biK, n. Same as Deshabille. 

Dishearten, dis-harfn, v. t. [-heartened (-hart'nd), 
-ENING.] To deprive of heart, courage, or hope; to 
dispirit, depress, deject. 

Dishevel, dT-shev'l, v. t. [-eled (-Id), -eling.] To dis- 
arrange or cause (the hair) to hang loose. 

Dishonest, diz- or dis-on'est, a. Wanting in honesty; 
fraudulent; disposed to deceive ; characterized by 
fraud. — Dishon'ostly, adv. — Dishon'^esty, n. Want 
of honesty, probity, or integrity; violation of trust; 
dishonor; unchastity; incontinence. 

Dishonor, dis- or diz-on'er, n. Want of honor; dis- 
grace; ignominy; shame; reproach. — v. t. To de- 
prive of nonor, bring reproach or shame on; to vio- 
late the chastity of, debauch, ravish ; to refuse to 
accept or pay, — said of a draft or acceptance which 
is due and is presented. — Dishon''orable, a. Bring- 
ing or deserving dishonor; shameful; base; want- 
ing in honor; disgraced. — Dishon''orableuess, n. 

Disincline, dis-in-klin', v. t. To excite the dislike or 
aversion of . — Disrn''cliiia''tion, n. State of being 
disinclined; unwillingness; aversion; repugnance. 

Disinfect, dis-in-fekt', v. t. To cleanse from infec- 
tion. — Disinfectant, n. That which, etc. — Disin- 
fec'tion, n. Act of, etc. 

Di8ingenu»U8, dis-in-jen^u-us, a. Not noble: mean; 
unworthy ; wanting in candor or frankness. — Dis- 
ingen^uously, adv. — Disingen'^uousness, n. 

Disiiherit, dis-in-hgr'it. v. t. To cut of^' from hered- 
itary right, deprive of an inheritance. — Disinher''- 
itance, -iaon, -T-zn, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 



('ttm^f'i 'r^\Y 




Disintegrate, dis-in'te-grat, v. t. To separate into 
integrant parts. — Dism''tegrable, a. — Disin'tegra'- 
tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. (Geol.) 
Wearing away of strata by atmospheric action. 

Disinter, dis-in-ter', v. t. To taKe out of the grave; 
to bring out, as from hiding. — Disiater''ment, n. 

Disinterested, dis-in'ter-est-ed, a. Not influenced by 
regard to pel sonal advantage; free from self-inter- 
est; unbiased; impartial; indifferent. — Disin'ter- 
estedly, adv. — Disin'terestedness, n. 

Disinthrall, dis-in-thrawK, v. t. To release from 
thraldom, emancipate. — Disrntlirall''ment, n. , 

Disjoin, dis-join','!^. t. To part, disunite, separate. — 
V. i. To "become separated, part. — Disucint'', r. t. 
To put out of joint, dislocate; to separate at junc- 
tures, break in pieces; to break the natural order 
and relations of. — v. i. To fall or break in pieces. 

— Disjoinfly, adv. In a disjointed state. — Dis- 
junct', -junkf, a. Disjoined; separated. — Dis- 
junc'tion, n. Act of disjoining ; disunion ; a dis- 
junctive proposition. — Dicjunct'ive, -iv, a. Tend- 
ing to disjoin; separating; disjoining. —». {Gram.) 
A disjunctive conjunction or proposition. 

Disk, Disc, disk, n. A flat, circular plate; a discus; 

quoit. CAstron.) The face of a celestial body. 

{Bot.) The whole surface of a leaf; central part of 

a radiate compound flower; a part of the receptacle 

expanded under or around the 

pistil. — Disc'ous, -us, -oid, -oid''- 

al, a. Disklike ; circular, wide, 

and flat. — 'Discoid flowers. {Dot.) ' 

Compound flowers, consisting of 

tubular florets only, as the tansy. 
Dislike, dis-llk'. n. Positive ahd^ 

usually permanent aversion ; an- 

tipathj'; repugnance. — v.t. To 

have an aversion to. 
Dislocate, dis-'lo-kat, v. t. To dis- 
place, disjoint, put out of joint. 

— a. Dislocated. — Disloca'tion, 
n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 
{Geol.) Displacement of rocks or 
portions of strata from their 
{Surg.) A disjointing; luxation. 

Dislodge, dis-loj', v. t. To drive from a lodge or place 
of rest or repose, or of hiding or defense. — v. i. To 
go from a place of rest. — Dislodg'ment, n. Act or 
process of dislodging or state of being dislodged. 

Disloyal, dis-loi''al, a. Not loyal; false to allegiance; 
faithless; treacherous: perfidious; false in love; in- 
constant. — Disloy'aliy, adv. — Disloy'alty , n. 

Dismal, diz''mal, a. Gloomy to the eye or ear; sor- 
rowful and depressing to the feelings; dreary; dole- 
ful; sorrowful; melancholy. 

Dismantle, dis-man'tl, v. t". To deprive of dress, 
strip, deprive of apparatus, furniture, equipments, 
defenses, or fortifications. 

Dismast, dis-masf, v. t. To deprive of masts. 

Dismay, dis-ma', v. t. [-mated (-mad'), -mating.] 
To disable with alarm or apprehension ; to fill with 
distressing fear, daunt, appall. — n. Loss of firm- 
ness and energy througii tear; discouragement; ter- 
ror ; horror ; consternation. 

Dismember, dis-mem-'ber, v. t. [-bered (-herd), -Ber- 
ing.] To divide limb from limb, strip of essential 
parts, mutilate, sever. — Dismem'berment, n. Act 
of, or state of being, etc.; mutilation : division. 

Dismiss, dis-mis', v. t. [-missed (-misf), -missing.] 
To send away, cause or permit to go; to remove from 
office, sen'ice, or employment ; to lay aside or re- 
ject, as a petition or motion in court. — Dismiss'al, 
-mis'sion, -mish'un, w. Act of dismissing ; leave to 
depart ; removal from employment : discharge ; a 
setting aside as trivial or invalid. — Dismiss'ive, -iv, 
a. Giving dismission, or leave to depart. — Dim'iss- 
ory, -er-T, a. Dismissive ; dismissing to another ju- 
risdiction. 

Dismoimt, dis-mownt', v. i. To come down, descend, 
alight from a horse. — v. t. To throw or bring down 
from an elevation, place of honor and autliority, 
etc. ; to throw or remove from a horse, or from a 
gun carriage ; to break the caniages of (pieces of 

artillerj')/ 
Disobey, dis-o-ba', v. t. To neglect or refuse to obey: 
to break the commands of. — v. i. To refuse obe- 



Discoid Flowers, 
original position. 



&m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Sdd, tone, dr ; 



DISOBLIGE 



HI 



DISSEMBLE 



dience. — Disobe'dience, -dt-ens, n. Neglect or re- 
fusal, etc. — I>isobe''die]it, a. Neglecting or refus- 
ing, etc. — Di8ob«''diently, adi\ 

Disoblige, dis-o-blij', v. t. To offend by an act of un- 
Rindness or incivility ; to be unaccommodating to. 

Disorder, dis-6r''der, n. Want of order ; neglect of 
system; breach of public order ; disturbance of the 
peace of society ; disturbance of the functions of 
the animal economy or of the mind ; malady; dis- 
temper. — V. t. To disturb the order of, throw into 
confusion ; to make sick ; to disturb the regular 
operations of, derange, discompose. — Disor'derly, 
-It, a. In a state of disorder. — Disor^derliness, n. 

Disorganize, dis-6r'gan-iz, v. t. To break or destroy 
the organic structure or connected system of ; to 
throw into utter _disorder. 

Disown, diz- or di«-on', v. t. To refuse to own or ac- 
knowledge ; to disavow, disclaim, renounce. 

Disparage, dis-par^'ej, v. t. [-aged (-ejd), -agixg.] 
To dishonor by comparison with what is inferior, 
injure by depreciating comparisons, decry, under- 
value, detract from, degrade. — Dispar'a^ement, n. 
Injurious comparison with an inferior ; indignity ; 
derogation ; disgrace. — Dispar'ager, n. 

Disparate, dis'pa-rat, a. Unequal ; unlike ; dissim- 
ilar. {Logic.') Pert, to 2 coordinate species or di- 
visions. — Dls''parates, n. pi. Things so unlike that 
they cannot be compared with each other. — Dis- 
par'ity, -pSr't-tl, n. Difference in age, rank, con- 
dition, or excellence ; dissimilitude ; disproportion. 

Dispassion, dis-pash'un, n. Freedom from passion. — 
Di8pas''sionate, «. Free frora, or not dictated by, 
passion ; cool ; temperate ; impartial ; unruffled. 

Dispatch, dis-pach', Despatch', v. t. [-patched 
(-pacht''), -PATCHING.] To send off on a special er- 
rand, usually in haste; to get rid of by sending off ; 
put out of the way; esp. to put to death, kill; to dis- 
pose of, as business. — v. i. To make haste. — n. 
The sending of a messenger in haste ; any sending 
away ; rapid performance, as of business ; prompt- 
ness; speed; a message sent off, esp. from one public 
officer to another. 

Dispel, dis-peK, xj. t. [-felled (-peld'), -felling.] 
To drive away, banish, dissipate. 

Dispense, dis-pens', v. t. [-pensed (-pensf), -fen- 
sing.] To deal or divide out in portions; to apply, 
as laws, to particular cases ; to administer, carry 
out. — v.t. To permit neglect or omission, suspend 
operation, followed by ivith. — Dispen'^sable, a. 
Capable of being dispensed or admihdstered, of be- 
ing dispensed with. — Dispen'sary, -sa-rT, n. A 
place in which medicines and medical advice are 
given gratis to the poor ; shop in which medicines 
are prepared. — Di&pensa''tion, n. Act of dispen- 
sing or dealing out ; thing dispensed ; esp. (Tfieol.), 
a system of principles, promises, and rules ordained 
and administered. Thejjrantingof alicense,orthe li- 
cense itself, to do what is forbidden. 

Disperse, dis-p^ers', v. t. [-persed (-persf), -pers- 
ING.] To scatter here and Ihere; to spread, as knowl- 
edge, light, etc., diffuse, d'sseminate ; to cause to 
vanish or separate. — v. i. To separate, be dispelled. 
— Disper'sion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. (Opt.') 
Separation of light into its different colored rays. 

Dispirit, dis-pir'it, v. t. To depress the spirits of ; 
dishearten, dej)ress, daunt, fi'ighten. 

Displace, dis-plas', v. t. To change the place of, re- 
move, put out of place ; to discharge, depose, dis- 
miss, discard. — Displace'able, a. — Dlsplace'ment, 
n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; quantity of water 
displaced by a floating body, as by a ship. 

Display, dis-pla', v. t. [-played (-plad'), -playing.] 
To unfold, spread wide; to exhibit, set in view os- 
tentatiously, parade, expand. — n. An unfolding; 
exhibition ; manifestation ; parade. 

Displease, dis-plez', v. t. [-pleased (-plezd'), -pleas- 
ing.] Not to please ; to excite a feeling of disap- 
probation or dislike in, make angry, offend, disgust, 
vex, affront. — Displeas'^ure, -plezh'er, n. The 
feeling of one displeased; slight anger or irritation; 
that which displeases. 

Disport, dis-port', n. Play; pastime; diversion. — v. i. 
To play, sport. — v. t. To divert or amuse. 

Depose, dis-poz'. v. t. ■ [-posed (-pozd'), -posing.] 
To distribute and put in place, set in order, regulate; 



to assign to a service or use, bestow for an object or 
purpose; to give a tendency or inclination; esp. to in- 
cline the mind of. — Disposed'', -pozd', p. a. Inclined; 
minded. — Dispos'er, 7i. — Dispos'able, a. Subject 
to disposal ; liable to be made use of. — Dispos^al, 
-sure, -zhur, n. Act or power of, etc.; direction; dis- 
tribution.' — Disposi'tion, -zish'un, n. Act of, or 
state, or manner of being, etc. ; arrangement ; or- 
der; tendency to anj' action or state resulting from 
natural constitution ; natural aptitude of mind or 
acquired aptitude or character ; moral character. 

Dispossess, dis-pos-ses'' or -poz-zes'', v, t. To put out 
of possession, eject. — Di8posses''sion, -sesh'un or 
-zesh'un, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. (Law.) 
An injurj' to real property which consists of a dep- 
rivation of possession. 

Disproportion, dis-pro-por'shun, n. Want of propor- 
tion or sj'mmetry, of suitableness or adequacy. — 
%\ t. To make unsuitable, mismatch. — Dispropor'- 
tionable, -tional, -tionate, a. Unsuitable; inade- 
quate. — Dispropor'tionably, -ally, -ately, adv. 

Disprove, dis-proov', v. t. To prove to be false or er- 
roneous; to confute, refute. — Drsprov'er, n. — Dis- 
prov'able, a. — Disproof, n. Act of, etc. ; convic- 
tion of error : refutation. 

Dispute, dis-put', v. i. To contend in argument, argue 
a question for and against, discuss, debate ; to 
strive in opposition to a competitor. — v. t. To 
argue for and against, discuss ; to struggle for the 
possession of ; to oppose by argument, call in ques- 
tion, controvert, doubt, argue, impugji. — n. Con- 
troversy; debate; struggle; altercation. — Disput'er, 
Dis'putant, n. One who, etc.— Dis''putable, a. Ca- 
pable of being, etc. ; controvertible. — Dis'^putable- 
ness, n. — Disputa'^tion, n. Act of, etc. ; argumenta- 
tion.— Disputa'tious, -shus, Disput-'ative, -put'a-tiv, 
a. Inclined to dispute ; apt to cavil or controvert. 

Disqualify, dis-kwoKl-fi, v. t. To render unfit, inca- 
pacitate : to deprive of legal capacity, power, or 
right. — Disqual'ifica''tion, n. Act of, or state of 
being, etc.: disability; esp. legal disability; depriva- 
tion of legal right or capacity; want of qualification; 
that which disqualifies. 

Disquiet, dis-kwi'et, n. Want of quiet or tranquillity; 
uneasiness; restlessness; anxiety. — lut. To render 
unquiet, make uneasy, disturb. — Disqui'^eter, n. — 
Disqui^etness, -etude, -tud, n. Want of peace or 
tranquillity; disturbance; agitation; anxiety. 

Disquisition, dis-kwT-zish''un, n. A systematic in- 
quiry into, or discussion of, any subject; elaborate 
argumentative essay; dissertation; an immethodical 
discussion. 

Disregard, dis-re-gard', v. t. Not to regard; to pay no 
heed to, neglect, slight. — n. Act of, or. state of 
being, etc.; omission to notice. — Disregard'er, n. 

Disrepute, dis-re-puf, -rep'uta'tion, n. X,oss or want 
of reputation or credit; disesteem; dishonor; dis- 
grace. —Disrep'utable, a. Not reputable; tending 
to bring into discredit; low; mean; shameful. 

Disrespect, dis-re-spekt'', n. Want of respect or rev- 
erence; incivility; irreverence. — v. t. To show dis- 
respect to. — Disrespecfful, -ful, a. Wanting in re- 
spect: uncivil.— Disrespecffaily, adv. 

Disrupt, dis-rupf, a. Rent asunder; broken. [L. dis 
and riimpere, -ruptum, to break, burst.] — Disrup'- 
tion, -ture, -chiir, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — 
Disrupt'lve, -iv, a. Causing, or accompanied by, etc. 

Dissatisfy, dis-sat'is-fi, v. t. To render unsatisfied or 
discontented; to displease. — Dissat'lsfac'tion, n. 

> State or condition of being dissatisfied or discon- 
tented; displeasure; disapprobation; dislike. — Dis- 
sat'isfac'tory, -to-rl, a. Causing dissatisfaction. 

Dissect, dis-sekf, r. t. To cut in pieces, as an animal 
or vegetable, to examine the structure and use of 
its parts; to anatomize; to analyze into its constit- 
uent Darts, for purposes of science or criticism. — 
Dissec'tion, n. Act of dissecting, or of separating 
into constituent parts for critical examination. — 
Dissect'or, -ir, n. 

Disseize, dis-sez', v. t. (Law.) To deprive of actual 
seizin or possession ; to dispossess wrongfully. 

Dissemble, dis-sem-'bl, v. t. [-sembled (-btd), -blino.] 
To hide under a false semblance, put an untrue ap- 
pearance upon, disguise, mask; to make pretense 
of, feign, dissimulate, cloak, cover. — v.i. To con- 



siin, cube, fall ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tlien, boKboir, chaii, get. 






DISSEMINATE 



112 



DISTRAIN 



ceal the real fact, motives, intention, or sentiments, 
under some pretease. 

Disseminate, dis-seni'I-nat, v. t. To sow, as seed; to 
■scatter for growth and propagation; to spread or ex- 
tend by dispersion, diffuse, circulate, disperse. — 
DiB8em'iiia''tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; 
diffusion ; dispersion. — Dissem''inative, -tiv, a. 
Tend^ag to, etc. — Bissem^inatwr, 71. 

Dissent, dis-sent', v. i. i'o differ in opinion, disagree. 
(_Eccl.) To differ from the established church. To 
be of a contrary nature. — n. Act of dissenting; dif- 
ference of opinion; disagreement. (EccL) Separa- 
tion from an established church, esp. that of Eng- 
land. — Dissent'er, n. One who dissents; esp. a 
Protestant who dissents from the church of England. 

— Dissen'sion, -shun, n. Violent disagreement in 
opinion; breach of friendship and union; strife. 

Dissertation, dis-ser-ta'shun, n. A formal or elabo- 
rate discourse, disquisition, essay. 

Disserve, dis-serv', v. t. To injure, hurt, hari_i. — 
Disserv'ice, -is, n. Injury ; mischief. 

Dissever, dis-sev'er, v. t. To part in two, divide asun- 
der, sever. 

Dissident, dis'sT-dent, a. Not agreeing; dissenting. — 
n. {Eccl.} One who separates from the established 
religion ; a dissenter. — Dis'^sidence, n. Disagree- 
ment; dissent. 

Dissimilar, dis-sim'T-ler, a. Unlike; heterogeneous. 
— Dissim'ilar''ity, -lar'l-tt, n. Want of resemblance; 
unlikeness; dissimilitude. — Dissim'ilarly, -ler-lt, 
adv. — Dis''simil''itude, -tud, m. Want of similitude; 
unlikeness ; dissimilarity. (Rhet.} A comparison 
by contrast. — Dissim'^ulate, -lat, v. i. To dissemble, 
feign. — Dissim'ula''tion, n. Act of, etc. 

Dissipate, dis''sl-pat, v. t. To drive asunder; to de- 
stroy by wasteful extravagance, scatter, spend, 
se^uander, consume, lavish. — v. i. To separate and 
disappear, waste away, vanish; to be extravagant, 
wasteful, or dissolute in the pursuit of pleasure. — 
Dissipa'^tion, n. Act of dissipating or dispersing ; 
state of dispersion ; a dissolute course of life ; pro- 
fuseness in vicious indulgences ; a trifle distracting 
attention; state of distracted attention. 

Dissociate, dis-so'shl-at, v. t. To separate, disunite. 

— Disso'cia''tion, -sht-a''shun, n. Act of dissocia- 
ting; state of separation; disunion. (Chem.) Decom- 
position of chemical bodies eftected by heat or me- 
chanical force, without intervention of chemical at- 
traction. 

Dissolve, diz^olv', v. t. [-solved (-zolvd'), -solv- 
ing.] To separate into component parts; to break 
the continuity of, disconnect; to convert into a liq- 
uid, melt, liquefy; to destroy the power of; to ter- 
minate, cause to disappear. {Law.) To annul, re- 
scind. — V. i. To waste away, be dissipated; to be- 
come fluid, be melted ; to fade away, vanish. — 
DiBSolv'able, a. — Dissolv^'ent, a. Having power to 
melt or dissolve. — n. That which has, etc.; a men- 

i struum; solvent. — Dissolv'er, «.— Dissoluble, dis'- 
80-lu-bl, a. Capable of being dissolved, liquefied, 
or disunited. — Dis''solute, -lut, a. Abandoned to 
vicious pleasures; wanton; vicious; licentious; lewd; 
debauched. — Dis'solutely, ocZu.— Dis'soluteness, n: 

— Dissolu'tion, n. Act of dissolving, sundering, or 
separating into component parts ; change from a 
solid to a fluid state; change of form by chemical 
agency; dispersion of an assembly by terminating 
its sessions; breaking up of a partnership; extinc- 
tion of life ; state of oeing dissolved ; destruction. 

Dissonant, dis'so-nant, a. Discordant; unharmonious; 
disagreeing ; incongruous. — Dis'^sonance, -nancy, 
-sT, n. A mingling of discordant sounds ; jargon ; 
incongruity; inconsistency. 

Dissuade, dis-swad', v. t. To advise or 
exhort against. — Dissua'^sion, -zhun, 
n. Act of dissuading ; exhortation 
against a thing ; a dissuasive. — Dis- 
Bua^'sive, -siv, a. Tending to dis- 
suade. — n. An argument, or coun- 
sel, employed to deter one from a 
measure. 

Dissyllable, dis-siKla-bl, n. A word of 
2 syllables only. — Dissyllab'ic, a. 
Consisting of, etc. 

Distaff, dis'^taf , n. ; pi. Distaffs. The 




Distaff. 



staff for holding the flax, tow, or wool, from which 

thread is drawn in spinning by hand; the holder of 

a distaff ; a_woman. 
Distain, dis-tan', v. t. [-tained (-tand'), -xaining.] 

To stain, sully, disgrace. 
Distant, dis'tant, o. Separate; far separated; remote, 

— ill place, time, consanguinity, etc. ; reserved in 
manners; cold; faint, obscure, — as from distance. — 
Dis'tance.-tans, n. Space between two objects ; re- 
moteness of place ; interval of time ; respect ; cere- 
moniousness. — v. t. [distaxced (-tanst), -tanoing.] 
To place at, or cause to appear as if at, a distance; 
to leave behind in a race, surpass, excel. 

Distaste, dis-tast', n. Aversion of the taste; dislike 
of food or drink; disrelish; disgust; alienation of af- 
fection; displeasure; dissjitisf action. — v. t. Not to 
have relish for; to dislike the taste of, loathe. — Dis- 
taste'ful, -ful, a. Unpleasant to the taste; displeas- 
ing to the feelings; nauseous; offensive; repulsive; 
manifesting dislite. — Distaste ''folly, adv. 

Distemper, dis-tem''per, n. A morbid state of the 
animal system, — esp. of brutes; ill humor, or bad 
temper. (Paint.) A preparation of opaque or body 
colors, with size instead of oil; destemper. — v. t. 
[distempeked (-perd), -perixg.] To derange the 
functions of, whether bodily or mental, bring dis- 
ease upon; to disturb, make ill-humored. {Pcu'nt.') 
To make into distemper. — Distem'^perature, -chur, 
n. Commixture of contrarieties; confusion ; dis- 
turbance; slight illness; mental uneasiness. 

Distend, dis-tend', r. t. To lengthen out, stretch or 
spread in all directions, dilate, expand, swell. — v. i. 
To become expanded or inflated. — Disten'^sible, -st- 
bl, a.— Disten'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; 
space occujjied by the thing distended. 

Distich, dis'tik, n. (Pros.) A couple of verses mak- 
ing complete sense; a couplet of 2 lines, of different 
kinds of verse, repeated in the same order. 

Distill, dis-tiK, v. i. [-tilled (-lild'), -tilling.] To 
fall in drops, flow gently; to use a still, practice dis- 
tillation. —v. <. To let fall in drops; to subject to, 
or obtain by, distillation ; to rectify, purify. — Dis- 
till'er, M. — Distill-'able, a. — Distilla'tion, n. Act 
of falling in drops ; operation of extracting spirit 
from a substance by evaporation and condensation; 
rectification; substance extracted by distilling. — 
Distill'ery, -er-Y, n. Works where distilling is car- 
ried on. 

Distinguish, dis-tin'gwish, y. t. [-guished (-gwisht), 
-GUiSHixG.] To separate or recognize by visible 
marks; to separate by definition of terms or logical 
division of a subject; to recognize by characteristic 
qualities; to make to differ, discriminate; to make em- 
inent or known, honor. — v. i. To make distinctions, 
exercise discrimination. — Distin''guished, -gwisht, 
p. a. Having distinction; eminent; noted; illustrious. 

— Distin'^guishing, p. a. Constituting difference, or 
distinction from everything else ; peculiar ; char- 
acteristic. — Distinct, dis-tinkt', a. Having the dif- 
ference marked ; distinguished ; spotted ; varie- 
gated; separate in place; not united by growth or 
otherwise ; different ; individual ; not to be con- 
founded with any other thing; definite: clear; ob- 
vious. — Distinct'ly, adv. — Distinct 'ness, n. — Dis- 
tinc'tion, n. Alarking off by visible signs ; divis- 
ion : discrimination ; distinguishing quality ; esti- 
mation of difference; conspicuous station; superi- 
ority; rank; note; eminence. — Distinct 'ive, -iv, a. 
Marking or expressing distinction. — Distincfively, 
adv. With distinction; plainly. 

Distort, dis-tSrf, v. t. To twist out of natural shape, 
force out of the true posture or direction, wrest 
from the true meaning, deform, pervert, bend. — 
Distor'tion, n. Act of, ©r state of being, etc.; visi- 
ble deformity. — Distorfive, -iv, a. Causing or 
having distortions. 

Distract, dis-trakf, v. t. To perplex, confuse ; to 
agitate by confiicting passions: to render insane, 
craze, — used in the p.p. — Distrac'tion, n. Con- 
fusion of attention, or of affairs ; perturbation of 
mind; a state of disordered reason. — Distracfive, 
-iv, a. Cr asing perplexity. — Distramghf, -trawf, 
a. Disti..cted. 

Distrain, dis-tran', v. t. [-trained (-trand'^. -train- 
ing.] (Laiv.) To seize for debt, without legal pro- 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; tn, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r i 



DISTRIBUTE 



113 



DIVORCE 



eess. — Distrain 'or, -5r, n. — Dis'trict, n. A defined 
portion of a state or city for legislative, elective, or 
other purposes; portion of territory of undefined ex- 
tent; quarter; tract; region; countrr. — v. t. To di- 
vide into districts. — Distress'', ti. flxtreme suffer- 
ing, of body or mind ; that which occasions suffer- 
ing ; state of danger or necessity.. {Law.) The act 
of distraining; thirig taken by distraining. — v. t. 
[DISTRESSED (-trest'), -TRESSiNG.] To cause pain 
or anguish to. (Law.) To seize for debt, distrain. 

— Distress''fal, -lul, a. Inflicting, indicating, or pro- 
ceeding from, distress. 

Distribute, dis-trib'ut, v. t. To divide among sev- 
eral ; to dispense, administer, apportion, allot, as- 
sign; to divide or separate, as into classes, orders, 
etc. — V. i. To make distribution. — Distribu''tioxi, n. 
Act of distributing or dispensing; almsgiving; sepa- 
ration into parts or classes; classification; arrange- 
ment of topics in a discourse. {Print.) The sepa- 
ration of type, and placing each letter in its proper 
box. — Distrib^utive, -tiv, a. Tending to distribute ; 
dealing to each his share. 

District. See under Distrain. 

Distrust, dis-trusf, v. t. Not to confide in or rely 
upon; to mistrust, disbelieve. — w. Doubt of re- 
ality or sincerity; suspicion of evil designs. — Dis- 
trust'fnl, -ful, a. Apt to distrust ; suspicious. 

Disturb, dis-tgrb', v. t. [-turbed (-terbd'), -tcrb- 
ING.] To throw into confusion; to interfere with, 
terminate abruptly; to agitate the mind of, render 
uneasy, discompose, perplex, trouble. — Disturb''- 
ance, -ans, a. Derangement of the regular course of 
things; confusion of the mind; pubhc commotion; 
brawl; disorder. 

Disunite, dis-u-nlf, v. t. To destroy the continuity 
or union of; to break the concord of, divide, sever, 
sunder, separate. — v. i. To part, become separate. 

— Disu'nity, -nl-tt, 7i. State of separation. — Dis- 
union, -un'yun, n. Termination of union; a breach 
of concord 'and its effect; in U. S., severance by any 
State of connection with the Federal government. 

— Disun^'ionist, n. An advocate of disunion. 
Disuse, dis-us', n. Cessation of use, practice, or ex- 
ercise; cessation of custom ; desuetude. — Disuse, 
-uz', V. t. [-used (-uzd"'), -USING.] To cease to use 
or practice, desist irom employing; to disaccustom. 

— Disu''sage, -zej, n. Gradual cessation of use, etc. 
Ditch, dich, n. A trench in the earth, esp. one for 

draining wet land, for fencing inclosures, etc.; a 

fosse or moat. See Ravelin. — v. t. [ditched 

(dicht), DITCHING.] To dig a ditch in. — i;. i. To 

make a ditch. 
Dittany, difta-nY, n. (Bot.) An aromatic perennial 

plant, whose leaves smell like lemon-thyme, and 

yield an essential oil. 
Ditto, difto, contr. Do., n. That which has been 

said; the aforesaid thing; same thing. — adv. As 

before; in the same manner; also. 
Ditty, diftt, n. A song; esp. a little poem to be sung. 
Diuresis, di-u-re'sis, n. (Med.) Excretion of urine. 

— Diurefic, a. Exciting the secretion and discharge 
of urine. — n. A medicine which, etc. 

Diurnal, di-Sr'nal, a. Pert, to the daytime; daily; 

recurring every day; performed in a 

day; constituting the measure of a 

day. (Bot.) Opening during the day, 

and closing at night. — n. A book of 

the daily service of the Rom. Cath. 

Church for the " little hours." — 

Diur'nally, adv. Daily ; everv day. 
Diutumal, di-u-ter'nal, a. Of long 

continuance. 
Divan, dl-van'', n. A book; collection 

of poems; account-book ; a council; 

the Turkish council of state ; royal 

court; court of justice; office for cus- 
toms; the council chamber: audience 

chamber ; saloon for company ; a 

kind of cushioned se_at. 
Divaricate, di-v5r'Y-kat, v. i. To part into 2 branches; 

to open, fork, diverge from. — v. t. To divide into 

2 branches. — a. (Bot.) Widely divergent. 
Dive, div, V. t. [dived (divd), diving.] To descend 

or jplunge into water head first; toplunM thorough 

ly into any business or condition; to sink, penetrate 




— Di'ver, n. One who dives, or who goes deeply into 
a business. (Omith.) A bird of certain genera, 
given to diving. — Di'ving-bell, n. A hollow vessel 
orig. bell-shaped, air-tight, except at the bottom, in 
which one may go into deep water. — Dive'dapper 
n. (Omith.) "The didapper, q. v. 

Diverge, dr-verj'', v. i. [-verged (-vSrJd''), -ver- 
ging.] To tend from a common point in different 
directions; to deviate gradually from a given line; 
to vary from a type, or a normal state, or from the 
truth. — Diverge' ment, Diver'gence, -gency, -st, n. 
A receding from each other in radiating lines. — Di- 
ver'gent, a. Deviating gradually, etc. 

Divert, dl-vert', v. t. To turn off from any course, 
direction, or intended application ; to turn from 
business or study; to please, amuse. — Divers, di'- 
verz, a. Several; sundry; more than one, but not 
many. — Di'' verse, -vers, a. Different in kind; un- 
like ; dissimilar. — adu. In different directions. — 
Di'versely, adv. In different ways, or directions — 
Diver'sity, -tT, n. A state of difference ; unlike- , 
ness; multiplicity of difference; variety. — Diver'- 
sion, -shun, n. Act of turning aside, from any oc- 
cupation, object, etc.; that which diverts from care 
or amuses ; solace : recreation ; sport. (MZ.) Act 
of drawing the attention and force of a.n enemy 
from the principal point of attack. — Divert'ive. -iv, 
a. Tending to divert ; amusing. — Diver'sify, -II, 
V. t. [-FIED (-fid), -eying.] To make diverse or 
various in form or qualities. 

Divest, dT-vest', v. t. To strip, as of clothes, arms, or 
equipage; to deprive.— Divest'iture, -T-chur, n. Act 
of r or state of being, etc. 

Divide, dT-vid', v. t. To sever into parts; to cause to 
be separate; to make partition of among a number, 
apportion; to make discordant or hostile ; to separate 
into 2 parts, for ascertaining M)inions for and 
against a measure. {Logic.) To separate into 
species, —v. i. To part, open; to vote by separating 
a legislative house into 2 parts. — Div'idend, n. The 
share of interest or profit of stock in trade, etc., be- 
longing to each proprietor. (Arith.) A number or 
quantity to be divided. — Divid'er, n. One who, or 
that which, divides ; esp. (jtl.) an instrument for 
dividing lines, describing circles, etc. ; compasses. — 
Divis'ible, -viz'I-bl, a. Capable of being, etc. — 
Divis'ibil''ity, n. Quality of being divisible. — Di- 
vis'ion, -vizh''un, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; 
that which divides; portion separated by the divid- 
ing of a mass; difference in opinion or feeling; dif- 
ference of condition ; separation of the members of 
a deliberative body to ascertain the vote. (^Arith.) 
Process of finding how many times one number or 
quantity is contained in another; rule by which the 
operation is performed. {Mil.) A section of an 
army or fleet, complete in itself, and commanded by 
a general officer. — Divis'ional, a. Marking, express- 
ing, or making division; pert, to a division or dis- 
trict. — Divi'sive, -siv, a. Forming division or dis- 
tribution; creating division or discord- — Divi'sor, 
-zer, n. (Arit^.) The number by which the div- 
idend is divided. — Common divisor. Any number 
dividing 2 or more numbers without a remainder. 

Divine, dT-vin', a. Pert, to, proceeding from, or ap- 
propriated to God, or celebrating his praise; above 
what is human; superhuman; godlike; holy; sa- 
cred; pert, to divinity or theology. — n. A priest; 
clergyman; one skilled in divinity; theologian.— 
v. t. [DIVINED (-vlnd'), -VINING.] To foresee or 
foreknow, foretell, presage, prognosticate. — v. i. 
To practice divination, impart presages of the fu- 
ture, have presages or forebodings, conjecture. — 
Divin'or, n. One who practices divination. - Div- 
ina'tion, n. Act or art of divining or foretelling 
future events; augury; omen. — Divine'ly, «rf*'. Ln 
a godlike manner; by the agency of God. — Divin'- 
ing-rod, n. A forked rod, commonly of hazel, used 
by seekers for water or nietals under ground. — 
Divin^lty, -vin'Y-tf, K. State of being divine; god- 
head; the Deity; God; a false god; a celestial being, 
inferior to God, but superior to man; supernatural 
power or virtue; awe-inspiring character; supreme 
dignity; science of divine things; theology. 
Divisible, Division, etc. See under Divide. 
Divorce, dt-vors', n. (Law.) A legal dissolution of 



stln, eube, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or iQk, ifben, boNbox, ehoir, get. 



DIVULGE 



114 



DOMESTIC 



the marriage contract; separation of a married wom- 
an from the bed and board of her husband ; separa- 
tion of things closely united ; the sentence or writ- 
ing dissolving marriage. — v. t. [divoeced (-vorst''), 
-VORCING.] To separate by divorce, disunite, sun- 
der. 

Divulge, dT-vuli', v. t. [-vdlged (-vuljdO, -vulgixg.] 
To make public, disclose, impart. 

Dizen, diz'n or di'zn, r. t. [dizened (-znd), dizex- 
ING.] To dress gaudily, deck, overdress. 

Dizzy, diz'T, a. Having a sensation of vertigo; giddy; 
confused ; indistinct ; causing giddiness ; unreflect- 
ing; heedless. — v. t. To make giddy, confuse. 

Djiim, jin, n. See Jinnee. 

Do, do, n. (Mils.) A syllable attached to the 1st tone 
of the major diatonic scale for solmization. 

Do, doo, V. t. or avxiliary. [imp. did ; p. p. done 
(dun) ; DOING.] To perform, execute, make ; to 
produce, as an effect or result ; to perform com- 
pletely, finish, accomplish ; to cook completely ; to 
translate or transform into, as a written text;- to de- 
ceive, play a trick upon, hoax, humbug. (Stock 
Exchange.) To cash or advance money for, as a 
bill or note. — v. i. To act or behave ; to fare ; to 
be in a state with regard to health. 

Do, doo, V. i. To be worth, be tit, avail, manage, ac- 
complish a purpose, — as, this will do. 

lio.,pron. difto. See Ditto. 

Docile, dos'il, a. Teachable ; readv to learn ; tract- 
able. — Docil'^ity, -tT, ?i. Teachableness. — Doc'ible, 
a. Docile. — Doc^ibleness, -ibil'lty, n. 

Dock, dok, n. A plant, some species of which are 
weeds, having a long tap-root. 

Dock, dok, V. t. [docked (dokt), docking.] To cut 
off, as the end of a thing, curtail, clip ; to deduct 
from ; to destroy or defeat, bar. — n. The stump of 
a tail, or part left after clipping ; case to cover a 
horse's clipped tail. — Dock'et, ?i. A summary or 
digest ; a label tied to goods. (Law.) An abridged 
entry of proceedings in an action, or list of such en- 
tries; list of causes ready for hearing or trial. A list 
of matters to be acted on in any assembly. — v. t. To 
make an abstract of the heads of; to enter in a dock- 
et, mark the contents of on the back, as of papers. 

Dock, dok, n. An inclosure or basin to receive vessels; 
space between 2 piers for ships; place where the ac- 
cused stands in court. — v. t. To place in a dock. 

Doctor, dok'ter, n. One qualified to teach; a learned 
man ; one who has received the highest degree in a 
faculty; one licensed to practice medicine ; a physi- 
cian ; a mechanical contrivance to remedy a difii- 
culty. — V. t [doctored (-tgrd), -TOEij!f G.J To at- 
tend or treat as a physician ; to make a doctor; to 
alter for the better ; to adulterate, tamper with, fal- 
sify. — v.i. To practice physic. — Doc'toral, a. Pert, 
to the degree or practice of a doctor. — Doc'torate, 
-at, -ship, n. The degree of a doctor. — Doc'toress, 
Doc'tress, n. A female doctor. — Doc'trine, -trin, n. 
Act of teaching ; instruction ; thing taught; body of 
principles in any branch of knowledge ; dogma ; 
tenet. — Doc'trinal, a. Pert, to, or containing, etc. — 
Doc'trinaire', -tre-nar'. n. One who rigidly ap- 
plies to practical concerns the abstract doctrines of 
his own philosophical system ; a political theorist ; 
propounder of new opinions. — a. Pert, to, etc. — 
Doc'iunent, n. An original or official paper, relied 
upon as the basis or support of anything else. — r. t. 
To furnish with documents.— Document''al, a. Pert, 
to, consisting in, or derived from, etc. — Document''- 
ary, -rT, a. Pert, to written evidence ; consisting in 
documents. 

Dodecagon, do-dek'a-gon, n. (Geom.) A regular poly- 
gon, bounded by 12 equal 
sides, and containing 12 
equal angles. — Dodec'a- 
he'dron, n. A regular 
solid contained under 12 
equal and regular penta- 
gons ; a solid having 12 
equal faces. 
Dodge, doj, v. i. [dodged 
(dojd), dodging.] To 
start suddenlv aside, be 
evasive, quibble. — v. t. 
To evade oy starting aside 




Dodecahedrons. 

n. Act of evading by 



gome skiUful movement ; a dexterous device or 
trick. 

Dodo, do'do, n.; pi. Do'does, -doz. A large bird 
of Mauritius, now extinct. 

Doe, do, n. A she-deer ; esp. the female of the fallow- 
deer. — Doe'skin, n. Skin of the doe ; compact, 
twilled woolen cloth. 

Doff, dof, V. t. [DOFFED (doft), DOFFING.] To put off 

(dress) ; to rid one's self of, defer. 

Dog, dog, n. A quadruped of the genus Canis; a 
mean, worthless fellow ; a fellow, — used humor- 
ously. (Astron.) One of the 2 constellations in the 
soutnern hemisphere. An andiron. (Mech.) A 
grappling iron ; an iron with fangs to secure a log 
to be sawed; a catch or clutch, esp. the carrier of a 
lathe, and an adjustable stop to change the motion 
of a machine tool. — v. t. [dogged (dogd), dog- 
ging.] T6 follow insidiously or persistently ; to 
worry ; hunt. — Dog''ged, a. Surly ; obstinate. — 
Dog-^edly, adv. — Dog'gedness, n. — Dog'^gish, a. 
Churlish ; snappish. — Dog's-ear, dogz'er, n. The 
corner of the leaf of a book tunied down. — v. t. To 
turn down, etc. — Dog'-eared, -erd, a. Having the 
corners, etc. — Dog'gerel, -ger-el, a. Low in style 
and irregular in measure, — said of poetry. — n. 
Mean^ undignified verse. 

Doge, doj, n. The chief magistrate in the republics of 
Venice and Genoa. 

Dogma, dog''ma, n. ; E. pi. -mas, -rnaz ; L. pi. -mata, 
-ma-ta. That which is held as an opinion ; an es- 
tablished tenet ; peremptory opinion, a principle of 
doctrine asserted without sufficient evidence. — Dog- 
mafic, -ical, a. Pert, to a dogma; disposed to assert 
authoritatively; magisterial; positive. — Dogmafic- 
all}% adv. Arrogantly; positively. — Dogmafics, n. 
sing. Science of Christian doctrines ; doctrinal the- 
ology. — Dog'matism, -tizm, n. Arrogance or posi- 
tiveness in opiniom — Dog'^matize, v. i. r-nzKD 
(-tizd), -TiziNG.] To assert positively ; teach with 
bold and undue confidence. — Dog'^matist, -tiz'er, n. 

Doily, doi'll, n. A small napkin, generally colored, 
used with fruit and wine. 

Dole, dol, n. Act of dividing and distributing ; thing 
distributed; alms; gratuity. — v.t. [doled (dold), 
DOLING.] To deal out in small portions ; distribute. 

Doleful, doKful, a. Full of grief; piteous; rueful; wo- 
ful; dismal.— Dolc'some, -sum, a. Doleful; sorrow- 
ful. — Do-'lor, n. Pain ; grief ; distress ; anguish. — 
DoKorous, -us, a. FuU of, or occasioning grief ; 
painful ; distressing. 

Doll, dol, n. A puppet or image of a baby for a child. 

Dollar, dol'ler, n. A silver coin of the IT. S., equal to 
100 cents ; a coin of similar value, current in Mex- 
ico, S. Amer., Spain, etc. ; the value of a dollar. 

Dolman, doKman, w. A lady's cloak. 

Dolphin, doKfln, w. (Ichth.) A cetaceous mammal, the 
true dolphin ; also a fish of about .5 feet in length, 
celebrated for its changes of color when dying. 
(Entoni.) A species of apnis infesting beans. (Jsaut.) 
A rope or strap wound round a mast to support 
the puddening when the lower yards rest in the 
slings ; a spar secured to an anchor to which cables 
may be bent; a mooring-post. 

Dolt, dolt, 71. A heavj', stupid fellow, blockhead, ig- 
noramus, dujice, simpleton. 

Domain, do-nian'', n. Dominion; authority; territory 
over which dominion is exerted; landed property; 
estate; esp. land about the mansion-house of a lord, 
and in his immediate occupanc3^ (Law.) Owner- 
ship of land, estate, or patrimony, in one's own 
right. 

Dome, dom, n. A building; house. (Arch.) A struc- 
ture above the roof, usually hemispherical in form; 
cupola; an erection resembling a cupola. 

Domestic, do-mes''tik, a. Pert, to the house or home, 
to one's place of residence and familj', also to a na- 
tion considered as a family, or to one's own coun- 
try; intestine; remaining much at home; devoted to 
home duties or pleasures; li^ang near the habitations 
of man; tame; made in one's own house, nation, or 
country. — n. One who lives in the family of an- 
other, as hired assistant; pi. articles of home manu- 
facture, esp. cotton goods. — Domes'' ticate, -kat, v. t. 
To make domestic, conduct as if at home, accustom 
to live near the habitations of man, tame. — DomOB^* 



&m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 5nd, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 6dd, tSne, 6r ; 



DOMINATE 



115 



DOUBLE 





• 

• 
• • 


• 
• 


• 
• 




liiliJJI!lilllllllllH 


jiiimiuitiiiimiliiimiiiiiiitiiiiiiii 





Domiiios. 



tica'^tion, n. Act of domesticating. — Domestic'ity, 

-tis'I-tl, n. State m Dtiii^ domestic; a iiuuselioid 
act or life. — Doji loile, -sil, m. Au abode or iiuiu- 
sion; place of ]je,iiiaiieiit residence. (Law.) Kc-ji- 
dence at a particular place accompanied with proof 
of an intention to remain there. — v. t. [domiciled 
(-sild), -ciLiXG.] To establish in a fixed residence. 
— Domicil''iary, -siKt-a-rl or -siKya-rl, a. Pert, to 
domicile, or the residence of a person or family. — 
Domicil'iate, -t-at^ v. t. To domicile. 

Dominate, dom't-nat, v. t. To predominate over, rule, 
govern. — v. i. To predominate.— Dern'mance, -nan- 
cy, -si, n. Ascendency; authority. — Doni''inant, a. 
Ruling; prevailing; predominant. — n. (Jhi^.) The 
5th tone of the scale. — Domina''tion, n. Act of dom- 
inating; exercise of power in ruling; government; 
authority; the 4th of the supposed orders of angeli- 
cal beings. — Dom'inative, -tiv, o. Ruling; imperi- 
ous. — Dom''inator, -ter, n. A ruler or ruling power; 
pre^ominimt inlluence. — Domineer'', r. i. [-xeeked 
(-nerd'), -XEERIXG.] To rule with insolence or ar- 
bitrary sway. — Domin'ion, -yun, n. Supreme au- 
thority; predomin-ince; territory over which author- 
ity is exercised. — Domln'ical, a. Pert, to, or given 
by, our Lord; indicj,ting Sunday. 

Dominie, dom'l-af, /(. In Scot., a schoolmaster, par- 
son. — Dom'ino. /(. ,■ /)/. -xos or -xoes, -noz. A cape 
with a hood, loruierly worn 
by priests over head uiii face; 
a hood worn by canons of a 
cathedral chuich; a woman's 
mourning veil, or half-mask; 
a loose cloak, with a hood, 
used as a disguise; one wear- 
ing a domino. }A. A game 
played with 28 pieces of ivory, 
indented with spots from a 1 to double 6. One of the 
pieces of the game. — Don, n. Sir; Mr. ; Signor, — a 
title of C'jurtfesy in Spain; a grand personage, or one 
affecting consequence, pi. The heads of colleges 
and fellows of English universities. — Dona, don'ya, 
n. Lady ; Mistress ; Madam, — a Spanish title of 
courtesy for women. — Don'na, -na, n. The title of 
a lady in Italy. —Duenna, doo-en''na, n. ; pi. -nas, 
-naz. The chief lady in waiting on the Queen of 
Spain; an elderly lady in charge of, young ladies in 
Spain or Portugal; a governess. 

Don, don, v. t. [dojtned (dond), donxing.] To put 
on, invest one s self with, — opp. to doff. 

Donate, do'nat, v. t. To give, esp. for a specific ob- 
iect. — Dona'tion, n. Act of giving; thing given or 
liestowed, gift, grant. {Law.) Act by which one 
tran-sfers to anotaer the title to a thing" of which he 
is owner, without any consideration. — Do'nor, -ner, 
n. A giver; benefactor. {Law.) One who confers a 
power. ^ Donee', -ne', n. One to whom a gift is 
made. {Law.) Party executing a power; appointor. 

Done. See Do. 

Dene, dun, p. p. Given out; issued; made public, — 
used ia the dating clause of an official public docu- 
ment. 

Dosjon, dun'jun, n. A tower in ancient castles, the 
strongest part of the fortifications; the keep. See 
Castle. [Same as dungeon, q. v.] 

Donkey, don'kT, n. ; pi. -kevs, -kiz. An ass, or mule; 
a stupid or •bstinate fellow. — Don'key-en'gine, ?i. 
A small assistant engine in steam-vessels. 

Donna. See under Dominie. 

Doner. Se^e under Dox.\te. 

Doodle, doo'dl, n. A tritler, simpleton. 

Doom, doom, v. t. [doomed (doomd), doomixg.] To 
pronounce sentence or judgment on, condemn; to 
ordain as penalty: to mulct or fine; to assess a tax 
upon; to destine," fate. — n. Judicial sentence; penal 
decree: that to which one is sentenced; penalty; un- 
happy fate. 

Door, dor, n. An opening in the wall of a house for 
going in and out at; frame by which such an open- 
ing is closed; means of access; entrance- way, and 
the apartment to which it leads. 

Dor, Dorr, d6r, Dor'-beetle, Dor'-bug, n. A large, 
destructive tree-beetle; the cockchafer: May-bug; — 
the imago of the voracious white grub-worm. 

Doree, do-re' or do'rT, Do'ry, -rl, John'-dory, n. 
An acanthopterygious fish, of a golden yellow color. 




Dormer-window. 



Dorian, do'rT-an, Doric, dor'ik, a. Pert, to Doris, or 
the Dorian race, in ancient Greece. {Arch.) Pert. 
to, or resembling, the 2d order of columns, between 
the Tuscan and Ionic. See Capital. 

Dormant, d8r'mant, a. Sleeping; not in action; qui- 
escent; not di.sclosed, asserted, or insisted on. {Her.] 
In a sleeping posture. — n. {Arch.) Tklie large beam 
lying across a room; a joist; sleeper. — Dor'mancy, 
-St, n. State of being dormant. 

— Dor'mer, D.-win'dow, n. 
{Arch.) A vertical window on 
the inclined roof of a house. — 
Dor'mitive, -tiv, n. {Med.) A 
medicine to promote sleep; an 
opiate, narcotic, soporific. — a. 
Causing sleep.— Dor'mitory, -rl, 
n. A room or set of rooms for 
sleeping in; bed-room. 

Dormouse, dor'niows, a. ; pi. -mice, 
-mis. A small rodent mamuial which feeds on 
acorns, nuts, etc., like the squirrel, and is torpid in 
winter. 

Dorsal, dor'sal, a. Pert, to the back. 

Dory, do'rl, n. A fish. See Dokee. — A canoe or 
small boat. 

Dose, dos, n. Quantity of medicine given at one time; 
as much as one can take, or as falls to one to receive; 
anything nauseous that one must take. — v. t. 
[dosed (dost), DosixG.] To form into doses, give 
in doses, give medicine to, give potions to constantly 
and without need, give anytliing nauseous to. 

Dost, dust. Second vers. jjr. of do. 

Dot, dot, n. A small spot, made with a pen or point. 

— V. t. To mark with dots or specks, diversify with 
small detucaed objects. — v. i. To make dots or 
specks. — Dot'ted, />. a. Marked with dots; diver- 
sified with small, detached objects. — Dotted note. 
{Mus.) A note followed by a dot to indicate an in- 
crease of length equal to ^ of its simple value, — D. 
rest. A rest lengthened by a dot. [Notes and rests 
are sometimes lollowed by 2 dots, to indicate an in- 
crease of length equal to f of their simple value.] 



-7y- 



-t- 



^ 



Dotted Notes and Rests. 

Dot, a dowry, Dotal, Dotation. See under Dower. 

Dote, dot, V. i. To have the intellect impaired, esp. 
by age, so that the mind wavers; to be excessively or 
foolishly fond. — Do'ter, -tard, n. One who, etc. — 
Do'tage, -tej, n. Childishness; imbecility; senility; 
excessive fondness; weak and foolish affection. — 
Dot'tard, ?i. A decayed tree. —Dot 'terel, -ter-el, 
-trel, n. A wading birii, like the plover, easily taken 
by stratagem; a silly fellow; dupe. 

rouble, dub'l, a. Twofold ; multiplied by 2 ; in- 
creased by its equivalent; in pairs; presenting 2 of 
a set together ; coupled ; divided into 2 ; vacilla- 
ting; deceitful. {Bot.) Having several rows of pet- 
als formed by cultivation from stamens and car- 
pels. — adv. Twice ; twofold.' — v. t. [doubled 
(-Id), -LiXG.] To multiply by 2, make twice as 
great, duplicate; to fold one part upon another part 
of; to contain or be worth twice as much as; to pass 
around or by. {Mil.)_ To unite, as ranks or files, so 
as to form one. — ?;. i. To increase or grow to twice 
as much: to return upon one's track. {Print.) To 
set up a word or phrase a second time by mistake. — 
n. Twice as much; that which is doubled together; 
a plait; fold; a turn in running to escape pursuers; 
a trick : shift ; artifice ; a counterpart; a roofing 
slate of the smallest size used. — Doublet, n. — 
Doub'ly, -II, adv. In twice the quantity. —Doub''- 
leness, n.— Double-entendre, doo'bl-ox-tox'dr, n. 
An expression admitting of a double interpretation, 
one of which is often indelicate. — Doub'let, n. Two 
of the same kind; a pair; couple. {Print.) A word 
or phrase unintentionally doubled. Inner garment 
of a man; waistcoat. {Lapidary Work.) A counter- 
feit stone, composed of 2 pieces of crystal, with color 
between them. (O/it.) An arrangement of two 
lenses for a microscope, to correct spherical aberra- 
tion and chromatic dispersion. ^jZ. Two dice, ha^- 



stin, cQbe, full ; moon, f66t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, ft.en, boxbox, chair, get. 



DOUBT 



116 



DRAGON 




Dovetails. 



ing each the same number of spots ob the upper 
face. — Doubloon'', -loSn', n. A Spanish and Portu- 
guese coin, double the value of the pistole, worth 
nearly $16. 
Doubt, dowt, V. i. To be in uncertainty respecting 
anything ; to be undetermined, waver, fluctuate, 
hesitate; to tear, be apprehensive, scruple, suspect. 

— V. t. To question or hold questionable, hesitate 
to believe; to fear, apprehend, suspect^^ believe. — 
n. Uncertainty of mind or of condition; fear; dif- 
ficulty expressed or urged for solution ; objection.— 
Doubt'ful, -ful, a. Not settled in opinion; admit- 
ting of doubt; not clear or certain; not easy to be 
defined, classed, or named; ambiguous; equivocal; 
of uncertain issue; affected by fear. — Doubf fully, 
adv. — Donbt''faliiess, n. — Doubfless, adv. With- 
out doubt or question; unquestionably. — Du'bious, 
-bl-us, a. Doubtful. — Du'biously, adv. 

Douceur, do5-ser', n. A present; gift; bribe. 
Douche, doosh, n. A jet of water or vapor directed 

upon part of the body, to benefit it medicinally. 
Dough, do, n. A mass of flour or meal moistened and 

kneaded, but not yet baked. 
Doughty, dow'tt, a. Characterized by bravery; val- 
iant; redoubtable. 
Douse, dows, v. t. [doused (dowst), dousing.] To 

thrust or plunge into water ; to dip. [Not the same 

as dowse, q. v.] 
Dove, duv, n. A bird of the pigeon family, some spe- 
cies of which are domesticated; a pigeon; esp. tame 

pigeon. — Dove'-cot, -cote, -kot, n. A 

building or box tor doves. — Dove'- 

tail, n. {Carp.) A joint or tenon 

made by letting one piece, in the 

form of a dove's tail spread, into a 

corresponding cavity in another, so 

that it cannpt be drawn out. — v. t. 

t TAILED (-tald), -TAILING.] To Unite 
y, etc.; to fit ingeniously. 

Dover's Powder, do'verz-pow^'der. 
{Med.) A compound of ipecacuanha, opium, and 
sugar of milk, a sedative and sudorific. 

Dowable, Dowager. See under Dowek. 

Dowdy, dow'dl, a. Awkward; vulgar-looking. — n. 
An awkward, ill-dressed woman. — Dow'diness, n. 

Dowel, dow'el, v. t. [-eled (-eld), -eling.] To fasten 
together by dowels. — n. A dowel-pin ; a piece of 
wood driven into a wall, so that other pieces may be 
nailed to it. — Dow'el-pin, n. A pin of wood or metal 
used for joining two pieces, as of wood, stones, etc. 

Dower, dow'er, n. Endowment; gift; property with 
which a woman is endowed, esp. that which a 
woman brings to a husband in marriage, or that 
portion of a man's real estate which his widow en- 
lOys during her life, or to which a woman is enti- 
tled after the death of her husband. — Dow'ry, -rT, w. 
A gift; the estate which a woman brings to her hus- 
band in marriage; portion given with a wife; dower. 

— Dot, dot, n. In France and in Louisiana, a dowry. 

— Do'tal, a. Pert, to, constituting, or comprised 
in, etc. — Dota''tion, n. Act of bestowing a dowry 
on a woman, or of establishing funds for the sup- 
port of (an institution, charity, etc.). — Dow'able, 
a. Capable of being endowed: entitled to dower. 

— Dow^ager, -jer, n. {Eng. Law.) A widow en- 
dowed, or having a jointure. A title given in Eng. 
to a widow, to distinguish her from the wife of her 
husband's heir bearing the same name. 

Down, down, n. Fine, soft, hairy outgrowth from the 
skin or surface of animals or plants. — Down'^y, -T, a. 
Covered with, made of , or like, down; soft; quiet. 

Down, down, n. A hillock of sand thrown up by the 
wind near the shore; a tract of sandy, level, and 
barren land. 

Down, down, pr-ep. In a descending direction along; 
toward the mouth of a river. — adv. In a descend- 
ing direction; tending to a lower place or condition; 
from a remoter or higher antiquity; to a less bulk; 
in a low position or condition; on the ground; in 
humilitv, dejection, misery, etc. — a. Downcast ; 
dejected ; downright ; plain ; absolute ; positive; 
downward; proceeding from the chief terminus. — 
n.pl. A state of depression; abasement; failure, — 
as, ups and downs. — Down ''cast, a. Cast downward; 
directed to the ground; flowing or circulating down- 



ward. — n. {Mining.) The ventilating shatc down 
which air passes to a mine. 

Dowry. See under D^jvkk. 

Dowse, dows, v. t. [dowsed (dowst), dowsing.] To 
strike in the face. {Naut.) To strike or lower in 
haste, slacken suddenly. To extinguish. 

Dozology, doks-ol''o-j1[, n. A short hymn of praise to 
God. — Doxolog'ical, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Doze, doz, V. i. [dozed (dozd), dozing.] To slum- 
ber, sleep lightly, be drowsy or half asleep. — v. t. 
To pass or spend in drowsiness. — n. A light sleep t 
drowse; slumber. 

Dozen, duz'n, n. ; pi. Dozen (before another noun) 
or Dozens, -nz. A collection of 12 individuals ; a 
set of 12; an indefinite number. 

Drab, drab, n. A woman of vile character ; a strum- 
pet ; prostitute. A thick, woolen cloth of a dun 
color; a dull brownish-yellow or gray color. — a. Of 
a dun color. 

Drabble, drab''bl, v. t. [-bled (-bldV, -bling.] To 
draggle; to wet and befoul. — v. i. To fish tor bar- 
bels with a long line and rod. — Draff, draf, n. Ref- 
use; lees; dregs; hog-wash; grains given to cows. 

Drachma, drak''ma, n. ; E.pl. -mas, -maz, L. pi. -m^e, 
-me. A Greek silver coin ; a Greek weight of about 
2 dwt. 7 gr. Troy. — Dram, Drachm, dram, n. In 
apothecaries' weight, l-8th ounce, or 60 grains; in 
avoirdupois weight, 1-I6th ounce; a minute quan- 
tity, mite; as much liquor as is drunk at once; ha- 
bitual intemperance. 

Draconian, dra-ko'ni-an, a. Pert, to Draco, an Athe- 
nian lawgiver, who punished all crimes with death; 
rigorous ; crueL 

Draft, draft, n. Act of drawing, esp. of loads by 
beasts. {Mil.) A selection of men from a military 
band, also from any collection of persons. An or- 
der directing the payment of money ; bill of ex- 
change; deduction from the gross weight of goods ; 
a figure described on paper ; sTcetch ; outline ; depth 
of water necessary to float a ship ; a current of air. 

— V. t. To draw the outline of, delineate ; to com- 
pose and write ; to draw from a military band or 
post, or from any company; to detach. — Drafts'- 
man, n. Same as Draughtsman. — Drafts, n. A 
game. [See Dkaughts, under Draw.] 

Drag, drag, v. t. [dragged (dragd), dragging.] To 
draw along by main force, pull, haul ; to pulverize 
(land) by drawing a drag or harrow over it; to pass 
through (water) with a drag ; to draw along labori- 
ously, as something burdensome ; to pass in pain or 
with difficulty. — v. i. To be drawn along on the 
ground ; to move heavily or slowly onward ; to fish 
with a drag. — n. A net, to be drawn along the bot- 
tom under water, to raise sunken bodies; a sledge for 
heavy bodies ; a carriage; a heavy harrow, for break- 
ing up clods ; a burglar's implement for forcing 
safes ; something to retard the progress of a mov- 
ing body ; a clog ; a heavy motion, as if dragged 
along. {Founding.) The bottom part of a flask. 

— Draggle, drag''gl, v. t. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] 
To dirty by drawing on the ground or on wet grass; 
to drabble. — v. i. To become wet or dirty by, etc. 

Dragoman, drag''o-man, ?i. ; pi. -mans. An inter- 
preter, in the Levant and the East. 

Dragon, drag''un, n. {Myth.) A monstrous winged 
serpent or liz- 
z a r d , with 
crested head 
and claws. A 
fierce, violent 
person. {As- 
tron.) A north- 
ern constella- i 
tion figured as | 
a dragon. A 
luminous ex- 
halation from 
marshy 
grounds, mov- 
ing like a 
winged ser- 
pent ; a short 

musket hooked Dra"-on 

to a swivel at- "^ 

tached to a soldier's belt, decorated with a drag- 



's? 




&m, fame, far, pass or opera, f&re ; §nd, eve, tgrm ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, ti •• 



DRAIN 



117 



DRILL 



gh's head at the muzzle. {Zo6l.) A genus of E. 
Indian reptiles, having an extension of the ribs, 
covered with a fringe-lilce arrangement of the skin, 
which enables it to glide through the air for short 
distances. [In Scripture the term dragon is applied 
to marine fishes or serpents, to venomous land ser- 
pents, and to Satan.] — Drag'onet, n. A little drag- 
on^^ {Iclith.) A flsh of the goby lamily. — Dragoon', 
-goon'', n. {Mil.) A cavalry soldier, — formerly 
trained to serve also on foot. — v. t. [deagooned 
(-goend'), -GOOXIXG.] To reduce to subjection or 
persecute, by soldiers; to harass, force, persecute. 
Drain, dran.v. <. [drained (drand), deaining.1 To 
draw off by degrees ; to empty or exhaust of ; to 
make gradually dry or empty; to exhaust of wealth, 
resources, etc. ; to filter. — v. i. To flow off gradu- 
ally; to be emptied of liquor by flowing or dropping. 

— n. Act of draining, or of emptying by drawing 
off ; that by which anything is drained, a channel, 
trench, water-c-ourse, sewer. — Drain''age, -ej, n. A 
draining ; mode in which the waters of a country 
pass off by its streams. (Engin.) System of drains 
removing water from towns, etc. 

Drake, dralc, n. The male of the duck kind; the drake- 
fly; a small piece of artillery. 

Dram. See under Drachma. 

Drama, dra'ma or dra'ma, n. A composition, to be 
acted, representing phases of human life ; a real 
series of events invested with dramatic unity. — 
Dramafic, -ical, a. — Dram''atist, n. Author of 
a dramatic composition ; writer of plays. — Dram^a- 
tize, -tiz, V. t. [-TIZED (-tizd), -tizing.] To com- 
pose in the form of the drama, represent in, etc. — 
Dram''atis Perso'nse, -ne. The characters repre- 
sented in a play; interlocutors in a drama. 

Drape, drap, v. i. [draped (drapt), drapixg.] To 
make cloth. — v. t. To cover or adorn with drapery. 

— Dra'per, n. One who sells cloths. — Dra'pery, 
-per-I, n. Occupation of a draper ; cloth, or woolen 
stuffs in general; garments with which anything is 
draped; hangings of any kind, esp. clothing of the 
human figure in sculpture and in painting. 

Drastic, dras'^tik, a. {Med.) Acting with violence ; 
powerful. 

Draught, etc. See under Draw. 

Draw, draw, v. t. [im}}. drew (dr<5o) ; p. p. deawn^ ; 
drawing.] To bring toward or after one by force ; 
to pull along, drag ; to attract, entice, bring forth, 
as, to pull from a receptacle, extract, deduce from 
premises, receive from a lottery, win; to remove the 
contents of, as, to drain by emptying, extract the 
bowels of; to inhale, utter or produce by inhalation; 
to extend in length, stretch ; to extend, or produce, 
as a line on any surface, form by marking, produce, 
as a sketch or picture ; to form a figure or picture 
of, delineate, depict ; to write in due form, prepare 
a draught of ; to require a depth of (water) for 
floating, — said of a vessel ; to sink in water. — v. i. 
To pull, exert strength in drawing ; have force to 
drag along ; to exert an attractive force. (Med.) 
To act as a sinapism, — said of a blister, poultice, etc. 
To furnish transmission to smoke, gases, etc.; to un- 
sheathe ; to sketch, paint, etc. ; to become con- 
tracted, shrink ; to move, come, or go, lit., to draw 
one's self, — with prepositions and adverbs; to make 
a written demand for money deposited or due. — n. 
Act of drawing, draught ; a lot or^hance drawn ; 
part of a bridge raised or drawn aside. — Draw'er, 
n. One who, or that which, etc. One who draws 
liquor ; one who delineates, a draughtsman ; one 
who draws a bill of exchange or order for payment ; 
thing drawn ; a sliding box in a case ; pi. an under- 
garment for the legs. — Drawee', ?i. Person to whom 
an order or bill of exchange is .addressed, or on 
whom it is drawn. — Draw'back, n. A discourage- 
ment or hindrance. {Chin.) Money paid back ; 
esp. duties paid back by the government, on ex- 
portation of commodities on which they were levied. 
— Draught, draft, n. Act of drawing ; as, of moving 
loads, of drawing a net, of drinking, {Mil.) of draw- 
ing men from a military band or from any company, 
of delineating; representation; thing drawn, as, that 
taken by sweeping with a net; quantity drawn in at 
once in drinking; a potion or potation ; {Mil.) forces 
drawn, a detachment ; a sketch, outline, or repre- 



sentation ; {Com.) an order for payment of money, 
bill of exchange, draft; a current of air ; that which 
draws, as, a sink or drain ; pi. {Med.) a mild vesi- 
catory, a sinapism. Capacity of being drawn. 
{Naut.) Depth of water necessary to float a ship, 
esp. when laden. {Com.) Allowance on goods, to 
insure full weight, pi. A game played on a check- 
ered board; checkers. The bevel given to the pat- 
tern for a casting, that it may be drawn from the 
sand without injury to the mold. — a. Used for 
drawing; drawn directly from the barrel, etc. — v.t. 
To draw out, call forth. — Draughf-board, n. Board 
on which draughts are played. — Draughts'man, n.: 
pi. -ME>f. One who draws writings or designs. 

Drawl, drawl, v.i. and t. [drawled (drawld), drawl- 
ing.] To utter in a slow, lengthened tone. — n. A 
lengthened utterance of the voice. 

Dray, dra, n. A low cart for heavy burdens drawn by 
a norse; a drag; a squirrel's nest. — Dray'age, -e], 
n. Use of a dray, or charge therefor. 

Dread, dred, n. Overwhelming apprehension of dan- 
ger; reverential fear; awe; terror; dismaj^; an object 
of fear. — a. Exciting fear; terrible; frightful; ven- 
erable in the highest degree. — v. t. To fear in a 
great degree; to regard with terrific apprehension. — 
V. i. To be in great fear.— Drea^'fnl, -ful, a. In- 
spiring dread, awe, or reverence ; terrible ; shock- 
ing. 

Dream, drem,n. A series of thoughts in sleep; a sleep- 
ing vision; an idle fancy _or suspicion; re very; va- 
gary. — V. I. [dreamed (dremd) or dreamt (dremt), 
dreaming.] To have images in the mind, during 
slumber; to let the mind run on in revery; to antici- 
pate as a coming reality; to imagine. — v. t. To im- 
agine, think of, or believe in a dream, or in an anal- 
ogous state. — Dream'er, n. — Dream'y, -Tf, a. 
[dreamier: dreamiest.] Full of dreams; appro- 
priate to dreams._— Dream'less, a. Free from, etc. 

Drear, Dreary, drer'I, a. [drearier ; -iest.] Ex- 
citing cheerless sensations or associations; comfort- 
less; dismal; gloomy. 

Dredge, drej, 7i. An instrument to take by dragging, 
esp. a raacnine for taking up mud, etc., from the bed 
of a stream. — v. t. [deedged (drejd), dredging.] 
To catch, gather, or deepen with a dredge. 

Dredge, drej, v. t. To sprinkle flour on (meat, etc.). — 
n. A mixture of oats and barley sown together. 

Dregs, dregz, n. pi. Corrupt or defiling matter con- 
tained ina liquid, orprecipitated from it: feculence; 
lees; sediment; the vilest part of anything. 

Drench, drench, v. t. [yEENCHED (drencht), drench- 
ing.] To cause to drink; esp. to put a potion down 
the throat of , as of ahorse; to purge violently; to 
wet thoroughly, soak, saturate with liquid. — n. A 
drink; draught; esp. a potion of medicine forced 
down the throat; one that causes purging. 

Dress, dres, v. t. [dressed (drest) or deest, deess- 
ING.] To make straight. {Mil.) To arrange as sol- 
diers in a straight line, align. To adjust, put in good 
order; to treat with remedies, as a sore; to prepare 
for use, get ready. {Mach.) To cut to proper di- 
mensions; to smooth or finisn work. To put clothes 
upon, attire, array, adorn; to break and train for 
use, as a horse. — v. i. {Mil.) To arrange one's self 
in a line of soldiers. To clothe one's self. — n. 
Clothes; garments: a lady's gown; attention to ap- 
parel, or Ikill in adjusting it. — Dress'ing, n. Dress; 
raiment; an application to a sore or wound; manure 
spread over land. {Cookery.) Stuffing ; forcemeat. 
Gum, starch, etc., used in preparing silk, linen, 
etc. {Arch.) An ornamental molding around doors, 
windows, etc. — Dress'y, -i, a. Attentive to, or 
showy in, dress. 

Dribble, Driblet. See under Drop. 

Drier. See under Dry. 

Drift, etc. See under Drive. 

Drill, dril, v. t. [driller ('"'rild), drilling.] To 
pierce or bore with a drill; 'to train in the military 
art, instruct in the rudiments of any branch of 
knowledge. — v. i. To muster for military or other 
exercise. — n. A pointed instrument for boring 
holes in metals and other hard substances: see Bit, 
under Bite; a drill-press; training of soldiers in the 
military art; instruction in any Dusiness. — Drill'- 
ing, n. Act of piercing with a drill. — Drill'-presB, 



son, cube, full ; moon, f d&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, iiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



DRLL- 



118 



DROWSE 




Drill-press. 



n. A machine-tool for boring in metal. — sergeant. 
-sar'jent, n. A non- 
commissioned officer 
who drills soldiers. 

Drill, dril, v. t. and i. To 
sow (seeds) in rows, 
drills, or channels. — n. 
An implement for 
making holes for sow- 
ing seed; a furrow to 
put seed into. — Dril'- 
ling, n. Act of plant- 
ing with a drill. — 
Drill'-plow, -plough, n. 
A plow for sowing 
grain in drills. 

Drilling, dril'ling, n. A 
coarse linen or cotton 
cloth, for trowsers, etc. 

Drink, drink, 
V. i. [imp. 

DRANK, 

formerly 
DRUNK ; p. 
p. DRUNK or 
DRANK, 

formerly 

DRUNKEN ; 
DRINKING.! 

To swallow 

anything liquid; to partake of intoxicating liquors 
in merriment, feasting, etc., or to excess. — v. i. To 
swallow (liquids), imbibe, absorb; to take in through 
the senses, hear, see. — n. Liquor to be swallowed. 
— Drink''er, n. One who, etc.; esp. who uses spirit- 
uous liquors to excess.— Drink' able, a. — Drank, a. 
Overcome by drinking ; intoxicated ; inebriated. — 
Drunk^en, -n, a. Drunk: given to excessive drink- 
ing ; pert, to or proceeding from intoxication. — 
Drunk''enness, n. State of being, etc. ; inebriety; 
disorder of the faculties as if from intoxication. — 
Draiik''ard, n. One who habitually drinks to excess; 
a toper, inebriate. 

Drip, etc. See under Drop. 

Drive, driv, v. t. [imp. drove (drov); p. p. DErVEN 
(driven); driving.] To push forward, compel to 
move on; to chase, hunt; to urge on and guide, as 
beasts drawing a vehicle; to take in a carriage. {Mivr 
ing.) To dig horizontally. To urge, impel, hurry for- 
ward, force, constrain; to carry on, prosecute. — v. 
i. To rush and press with violence; to be impelled; 
to proceed by urging on a vehicle or the animals 
drawing it; to aim or tend to a point. — n. An ex- 
cursion in a carriage, — disting. fr. a Hde, which is 
taken on horseback; a road for driving ; a direct 

• blow given to a cricket ball. — Driv'er, n. One 
who or that which, etc.; esp. one who drives horses, 
runs a locomotive, oversees slaves, etc. {Mach.) That 
which communicates motion to something else. 
(Naut.) The after-sail in a ship, etc.; spanker: see 
Sail.— Drift, n. That which is driven; a mass of 
matter forced into its present position; a drove or 
flock, as of cattle, birds, etc.; act or motion of drift- 
ing, force which impels; course along which any- 
thing is driven; tendency of an act, argument, etc.; 
object aimed at; import of words. (Arch.) The hor- 
izontal force which an arch e.xerts. (Geol.) A col- 
lection of earth and rocks distributed over portions 
of tlie earth's surface. i3Iech.) A conical hand- 
tool for shaping a hole m metal. (Mil.) A tool for 
driving down the composition in a firework. {Min- 
ing.) A passage under ground. (Naut.) Direction 
of a current: distance to which a vessel is drawn off 
from her desired course; a piece in the sheer-draught, 
where the rail is cut off. — v. i. To be driven along 
by a current of water; to be driven into heaps. (3Iin- 
ing.) To follow a vein, prospect. — v. t. To drive 
into heaps. — Drove, drov, n. A collection of cattle, 
etc., for driving or in motion ; a moving crowd of 
people. (Agr.) A drain or channel for irrigating 
land. — DroV'''er, n. A driver of sheep, cattle, etc. 

Drivel, driv'l, ». i. [-eled (-Id), -elixg.] Toletspit- 
ti« tlowfrom the mouth, like a child or dotard; to be 
•weak or foolish; to dote. — n. Slaver; saliva flowing 
from the mouth; unmeaning utterance; nonsense; 




a fool ; idiot. — Driveler, driv'l-er, n. A slabberer ; 
idiot ; fool. 

Drizzle, driz'zl, v. i. [-zled (-zld), -zling.I To rain 
gently, fall in very smaU drops. — v. t. To shed in 
minute_drops. — n. Fine rain or mist; mizzle. 

Droll, drol, a. Fitted to provoke laughter ; queer ; 
funny; comical. — n. One who raises mirth by odd 
tricks: jester; buffoon: antic; something exhibited 
for sport; a farce. — DroU'ery, -er-I, w. Quality of 
being droll; archness; fun. 

Dromedary, drum^e-der-^, n. A species of camel hav- 
ing one bunch on the back, — 
disting. f r. the B actrian 
Camel, which has two. 

Drone, dron, n. The male of 
the honey-bee, which makes 
no honev, but after living a 
few weefcs, is killed or driven I 
from the hive; a lazy fellow; ] 
sluggard. — v. i. [drone n 
(drond), droning.] To live in „ T 

idleness. — n. A hummiuj:. Dromedary. 

low sound; that which gives out a monotonous tone, 
as, the largest tube of the bagpipe. — v.i. To give a 
low, heavy, dull sound. — v. t.^ To read or recite in a 
dull, monotonous tone. 

Drool, drool, V. i. To drop saliva. _ 

Droop, droop, v. i. [drooped (droopt), drooping.] 
To sink or hang down, as an animal, plant, etc., 
from weakness; to grow faint, be dispirited, flag. 

Drop, drop, n. The quantity of fluid which, falls in 
one small spherical mass; globule about to fall; 
smallest easily measured portion of a fluid; what- 
ever is arranged to drop, hang, or fall from an ele- 
vated position, as, a door or platform opening down- 
ward, trapdoor, machine for lowering weights to a 
ship's decK, contrivance for lowering a gas jet, cur- 
tain which drops in front ot% stage, etc.; a drop- 
press. {Mach.) Distance of a shaft below the base 
of a hanger, pi. Any medicine m.easured by drops, 
i {Naut.) Depth of a sail, from head to foot, amid- 
I ships. — V. t. [dropped (dropt), -ping.] To pour 
j or let fall in drops, distill; to cause to descend sud- 
I denly, let fall; to let go, dismiss, set aside; to com- 
municate in an indirect, cautious, or gentle manner; 
to lower, as a curtain, the muzzle of a gun, etc.; to 
send by dropping into the post-oifice box.asa letter; 
to cover with drops, speckle, bedrop; to ^ve birth 
to, — said of sheep, cattle, etc. — r. i. To distill, 
fall in globules, let drops fall; to descend suddenly, 
abruptly, or spontaneously: to die suddenly, come 
to an end, cease; to come unexpectedly: to iall ; to 
lower. — Drip, v. i. and t. fDuippED"(dript), drip- 
ping.] To let fall in drops. — n. A falling in drops; 
that which falls in drops. (Arch.) Edge'of a roof ; 
eaves: cornice.— Drip'ping, n. What falls in drops, 
as fat from roasting meat. — Drib'ble, -bl, v. i. 
[-BLED (-bid), -blixg.] To fall in drops, or in a quick 
succession of drops; to slaver, as a child or idiot. — 
V. t. To throw down in drops. — Dribblet, -let, n. A 
very small drop; small quantity or sum. 

Dropsy, drop'sT, n. (Med.) An' unnatural collection 
of serous fluid in any part of the body. (Bot.) A 
disease of iflants, occasioned by esces's of water. — 
Drop'sical. a. Diseased with, like, or pert, to, 
dropsy. — I)rop''sicalness, n. 

Drosky,' dros'kr, H. A 4-wheeled Russian carriage ; a 
kind of victoria used in German cities. 

Dross, dros, n. The scum or extraneous matter of 
metals, thrown oft' in melting; rust; crust of metals; 
impure matter; refuse. 

Drought, drowt, n. Dryness of the weather, prevent- 
ing growth of plants. — Drought'y, -T, a. Char- 
acterized by drought : thirsty. — Drought 'iness, n. 
— Drouth, n. Same as Drought. 

Drove, Drover. See under Drive. 

Drown, drown, v. t. [drowned (drownd), drown- 
ing.] To overwhelm in water, submerge, deluge: 
to deprive of life by immersion, sink under water 
till dead ; to overpower, overcome. — v. i. To be 
suffocated in water or other fluid. 

Drowse, drowz, v. i. [drowsed (drowzd), drows- 
ing.] To sleep unsoundly, slumber. — v. t. To make 
heavy with sleepiness. — ». A slight or imperfect 
sleep: a doze. — Drow'sy, -zT, a. [-SIEK, -SIESXj 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, t5rm ; In, ice ; 6dd. tone, fir ; 



DRUB 



119 



DUMB 



Inclined to doze; heavy with sleepiness; disposing 
to Bleep; stupid; soporific. — Drow'sily, adv. — 
Drow'slnesB, n. 

Dmb, drub, v. t. [drubbed (drubd), drubbing. J To 
beat with a stick, thrash, pommel. — n. A blow with 
a stick or cudgel; a thump. 

Drudge, druj, v. i. [drudged (drujd), drudging.] 
To work hard, labor in mean offices with toil. — 7i. 
One who drudges. — Drudg'ery, -er-Y, n. Act of 
drudging; hard labor; ignoble toil. 

Drag, drug, n. Any substance used in the composi- 
tion of medicine, or in dveing or in chemical opera- 
tions; any commodity that lies on hand, or is not 
salable. — I', i. [drugged (drugd), -GING.] To ad- 
minister drugs. — v.t. To season with drugs; tinc- 
ture with something offensive or injurious; dose to 
excess. — Drag'gist, n. One who deals in drugs, 
esp. one who buys and sells, without compounding 
them. — Drug'get, n. A coarse woolen cloth, to 
protect carpets. 

Druid, droo'id, n. A priest among the ancient Celts 
in Gaul, Britain, and Germany. — Dru'idess, n. A 
female Druid ; enchantress. — Druid^ic, -ical, a. 
Pert, to, or like Druids or their religion. — Dru'id- 
ism, n. System of religion, philosophy, etc., of, etc. 

Drum, drum, n. (Mus.) A hollow cylinder or hemi- 
sphere, upon which vellum is stretched, to be 
beaten with a stick. (Mil.) A drummer. Anything 
drum-shaped, as a sheet-iron radiator, receiving 
heat from a stove-pipe ; a cylindrical box in which 
figs, etc., are j»acked. (Anat^ The tympainum or 
barrel of the ear. (Arch.) The upright part of a 
cupola; also the bell-formed part of the Corinthian 
and composite capitals. (Mech.) A cylinder revolv- 
ing on an axis, for turning wheels by means of 
straps around it. (Ichth.) A fish which makes a 
drumming or grunting sound under water. — v. L 
[^drummed (drumd), drumming.] To beat on a 
drum, beat with the fingers, as with drum-sticks; 
to beat, as the heart, throb ; to go about to gather 
recruits, secure partisans, customers, etc. — v. t. To 
execute on a drum, as a tune; with out, to expel 
with beat of drum; with itp, to assemble by beat of 
drum; without up, to solicit the custom of. — Drum'- 
mer, ra. One who beats, etc.; a traveling salesman. 

— Drum'^ming, ra. Act of beating (a drum); act of 
striking repeatedly with the ends of the fingers, etc.; 
noise made by a partridge by beating liis wings upon 
his sides. — Drum'stick, n. Stick for beating a 
drum: upper joint of a fowl's leg, shaped like^ etc. 

Drunk, Dnuikard, etc. See under Drink. 

Drupe, droop, n. (Bot.) A pulpy, coriaceous or 
fibrous pericarp or fruit, without valves, containing 
a nut or stone with a kernel. See Pericarp. 

Dry, dri, a. [drier, >riest.] Free from moisture, 
as (said of the weather) free from rain or mist, (of 
vegetable matter) from juices or sap, (of animals) 
not giving milk, (of persons) thirsty, needing drink, 
("of the eyes) not shedding tears: destitute of that 
which interests or amuses ; unembellished ; plain ; 
characterized by shrewdness, or sarcasm ; sharp. 
(Fine Arts.) Exhibiting a sharp, frigid preciseness 
of execution. — V. t. [dried (drid), drying.] To 
free from moisture. — v. i. To grow dry, lose mois- 
ture; to evaporate wholly, be exhaled. 

Duad, Dual, Duarchy, etc. See under Duo. 

Dualin. See Nitro-glycerine. 

Dub, dub, V. t. [dubbed (dubd), -bing.] To strike 
with a sword and make a knight; to invest with any 
dignity, entitle; to prepare (a game cock) for fight- 
ing, by trimming the 
hackles and cutting off 
the comb and gills. 

Dubious, Dubitation, etc. 
See under Doubt. 

Ducal, Ducat, Duchy, etc. 
See under Duke. 

Duck, duk, n. A kind of 
coarse cloth or light 
canvas, for tents, small 
sails, bed-sacking, etc. 

Duck, duk, n. A water 
fowl; a dip of the head. 

— V. t. [ducked (dukt), 
DUCKING.] To plunge 




Duck (A. boschas). 



into water and suddenly withdraw; to immerse; to 
plunge the head of in water, immediately with- 
drawing it ; to bow, stoop, or nod. — v. i. To 
plunge the head in water ; to drop the head or per- 
son suddenly. — Duck'ling, n. A young duck. 

Duct, dukt, n. Any tube by which a fluid or other 
substance is conducted *< its destination. — Duc''- 
tile, -til, a. Easily led or drawn out; tractable; flex- 
ible; pliable; obsequious; capable of being drawn 
out into wire or threads. — Duc^tileaess, -til'lty, 
-t-tt, n. 

Dudgeon, duj'un, n. A small dagger; hilt of a dagger; 
anger; resentment; malice; ill-will; discord. 

Duds, dudz, n.pl. Old clothes ; tattered garments; 
eif ects in general. 

Due. du, a. Owed; proper to be paid or done to an- 
other ; required by the circumstances ; suitable ; 
enforced oy conscience ; becoming ; appropriate; 
fit ; appointed ; exact ; liable to come at any mo- 
ment ; owing; occasioned. — a(/y. Directly; ex- 
actly; duly. — n. That which is owed, or which 
custom, station, or law requires to be paid; a fee; 
emolument: right; just title or claim. — Duty, -tf, 
n. What is due irciii one to another; esp. what one 
is bound, by any obligation, to do, or refrain from 
doing; service rendered; respectful obedience, — 
said esp. of military service ; reverence ; regard. 
(Com.) Tax, toll, impost, or customs; excise.— 
DU'^teous, -te-us, a. Performing what is due; or 
what law, justice, or propriety requires. — Du'^teous- 
ly, adv. — Du''teousness, n. — Du^tiable, -tT-a-bl, a. 
Subject to the payment of a duty. — Du''tiful, -ful, a. 
Performing obligations required by law, justice, or 
propriety ; submissive to superiors ; controlled by, 
or proceeding from, a sense of duty ; obedient ; 
respectful. — Du'tifully, ady. — Du''tiiulness, n. 

Duel, du'el, re. A combat between 2 persons; esp. a 
premeditated fight between 2 persons to decide a 
difference. — v. i. To fight in single combat. — v. t. 
To attack or flglit singly. — Du'elist, n. One who, 
etc. — Duel'lo, n. A duel; practice of dueling; code 
of laws regulating it. 

Duenna. See under Dominie. 
«Daet. See under Duo. 

Dug, dug, n. A teat, or nipple, esp. of a beast. 

Dug. See Dig. 

Duke, duk, n. Orig. a leader; chief; in Eng. one of 
the highest order of nobility next below the Prince 
of Wales: in some European countries, a sovereign 
prince without the title of king. -;- Duke'dom, -dum, 
n. Seigniory or possessions, title or quality, of a 
duke. — Duch'ess, n. The consort of a duke; a lady 
having tlie sovereignty of a duchy in her own right. 

— Du'cal, a. Pert, to, etc. — Du'cally, adv. — 
Duch'^y, -T, n. Dukedom. — Duc'at, n. A coin of 
several countries in Europe, struck in the domin- 
ions of a duke. 

Dulcet, duKset, a. Sweet to the taste, the ear, or the 
mind; luscious ; melodious ; 
harmonious. — Dul'cimer, 
n. A stringed instrument, 
played on with little sticks 
or metallic rods. 

Dull, dul, a. Slow of under- 
standing'; slow 1 n action, 
motion, perception, sensibil- 
ity, etc.; lacking sharpness; 
blunt ; not bright or clear 
to the eye ; heavy : gross ; 
insensible ; furnishing lit- 
tle delight or variety; inanimate; sluggish; tar- 
nished; obtuse. —v. f. [dulled (duld), -LING.] To 
make dull, stupid, or sluggish : stupefy ; to make 
blunt ; to dim or obscure ; to deprive of activity. 

— v.i. To become dull. 
Duly. See under Due. 

Dumb, dum, a. Without power of speech ; not will- 
ing to speak ; mute; silent. — 
Dumb''-bells, n. Two spheres of iron 
connected by a bar, for swinging 
in the hands. — show, 7i. Gesture 
without words; pantomime. — 
-wait'er, ;;. A movable frame to 
carry dishes, etc., ft-om one story to 
another. — Dumbfound, -founder. Dumb-bells. 




Dulcimer. 




sun, cube, full ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



DUMP 



120 



DYSPEPSIA 



V. t. To strike dumb, confuse. — DTun'my.-mt, n. 
One who is dumb; a dumb-waiter; a sham package j 
in a shop ; figure on which clothing is exhibited: a ! 
locomotive with condensing engines, and without 
the noise of escaping steam; the exposed hand when 
■ 3 persons play at cards ; a clumsy, awkward, or 
thick-witted fellow; one who plays a merely nom- 
inal part in any action: a thing which is not what it 
pretends to be. — a. Silent; mute; sham. - 

Dump, dump, 71. A gloomy state of the mind ; melan- 
choly; despondency, — usually in pi. 

thimp, dump, v. t. [dumped (dumpt), dumping.] To 
unload from a cart by tilting it. 

flumpy, dump'!, a. Short and thick. —Dump 'ling, 
n. A thick pudding or mass of paste in cookery. 

Don, dun, a. 0f a dark color ; partaking of brown 
and black; swarthy; dark: gloomy; obscure. — v. t. 
To cure, as codfish, so as to give them a dun color. 

Dun, dun, V. i. [dunned (dund), -ning.] To beset, or 
ask with importunity, as a debtor, for payment. — 
n. One who duns; an urgent demand of payment. 

Dunce, duns, n. A person of weak intellect ; a dul- 
lard: dolt; thickskull; simpleton._ 

Dunderhead, dun'der-hed, -pate, -pat, n. A dunce. 

Dune, doon, n. A low hill of sand on a sea-coast. 

Dung, dung, n. The excrement of an animal. — v. t. 
[DUNGED (dungd), DUN GIN G.J To manure with dung. 

Dungeon, dun'jun, n. A donjon, q. v., and see Cas- 
TLE; a secure prison; esp. a dark, subterranean place 
of confinement. 

Dunker, dunk'er, ?i. Same as Tunker. 

Duo, du'o, n. {Mus.) A duet. — Duet, du-ef, 71. A 
mu!-ieal composition for two performers. — Du'al, 
a. Expressing or consisting of the number 2; pert, 
to 2. — Du^'aUsm, -izm, n. The dividing into 2 ; 
anything divided into 2 ; a twofold division : a sys- 
tem which assumes, or is founded on a double prin- 
ciple. — Du'alist, n. One who believes in dualism. 

— Dualisfic, a. Consisting of 2; pert, to dualism 
or duality.— Dual'ity, -l-tT, n. That which expresses 
2 in number; division; separation; state or quality 
of being 2. — Du''ad, 11. Union of 2 ; duality. — 
Du'archy, -ar-kl, n. Government by 2 persons. 

— Du'ple, -pi, a. Bouble. — Du'plex, a. Double; 
twofold. — Dn'plicate, -kat, a. Double; twofold.— 
n. That which exactly resembles something else ; 
a copy ; transcript ; counterpart ; that which is of 
the same kind as some other thing, but not neces- 
sarily resembling it in other respects. {Law.) A 
document essentially the same as another, and dif- 
fering from a mere copv in having all the validity 
of an original. —w. t. To double; to make a copv 
of. (Physiol.) To divide into 2 by natural growth 
or spontaneous action. — Duplicate proportion or 
ratio. (Math.) The proportion or ratio of squares. 

— Duplica''tion, n. Act of duplicating. (Physiol.) 
Act or process of dividing by natural growth or 
spontaneous action. — Du'plicative, -tiv, a. Having 
the quality of doubling. — Du'plicature, -chur, n. 
A doubling ; a fold, as of a membrane or vessel. — 
Duplic'lty, -plis'Tf-tt. n. Doubleness of heart, 
speech, or dealing ; dissimulation ; deceit ; guile ; 
deception. (Law.) The use of two or more distinct 
allegations or answers, where one is sufficient. — 
Duuinvir, du-um^ver, n. ; pi. -viri, -vT-ri. One of 
2 officers or magistrates in ancient Rome united 
in the same public functions. — Duum''virate, -rat, 
n. Union of 2 men in one office; office, dignity, or 
rule of, etc. 

Duodecimal, du-o-des'T-mal, a. Proceeding in com- 
putation by twelves. — Duodec'lmals, n.pl. (Arith.) 
A kind of multiplication in which the denomina- 
tions proceed bj' twelves, as of feet and inches. — 
Duodec'lmo, a. Formed of sheets folded so as to 
make 12 leaves. — n. ; pi. -MOS. A book in which a 
sheet is folded into 12 leaves' ; the size of a book 
thus composed, — usually indicated thus: 12mo, or 
12". — Duode'num. n. (Anat.) The first of the small 
intestines, about 12 fingers' breadth in length. 

Dupe, dup, n. One who is misled ; a gull. — v. t. 



[DUPED (dupt), DUPING.] To deceive, trick, mia 
lead by imposing on one's credulity. 

Duple, Duplicate. Duplicity, etc. See under Duo. 

Dure, dur, r. i. [dured (durd), during.] To endure, 
last, continue. — Du'rable, a. Able to endure or 
continue in a particular condition; not perishable 
or changeable; permanent; firm; stable; constant^ 
— Du'rableness, -bil'ity, -tT, n. — Du'rably, adv. — 
Dur'ance, -ans, re. Continuance; duration: impris- 
onment; duress. — Dura'tion, n. Quality of endur- 
ing ; continuance in time ; prelonged "^existence ; 
portion of time during which anything exists. — 
Dur'ing, prep. In the time of ; as long as the ac- 
tion or existence of. 

Durst. See Dare. 

Dusk, dusk, a. Tending to darkness or blackness 1 
darkish. — n. Imperfect obscurity ; twilight ; a 
color partially black or dark.— Dusk^y, -T, a. Par- 
tiallv dark or obscure; dark-colored; gloomy; sad ; 
intellectually clouded. 

Dust, dust, n. Very fine, dry particles of earth, etc. ; 
powder ; fine sand ; the earth as the resting-place 
of the dead; the grave; a low condition : gold-dust ; 
money; specie. — v.t. To free from dust, sprink- 
le witTL dust, reduce to powder. — Dusfer, n. One 
who, or that which, etc.; an overgarment to protect 
the clothes from dust. — Dusfy, -T, a. [-ier, -iest.] 
Filled, covered, sprinkled with, or like, etc. — Dust- 
iness, n. 

Dutch, duch, a. Pert, to Holland, to its inhabitants, 
or their language, — used also, incorrectly, of Ger- 
mans. — V. t. To render clear and hard by dipping 
into hot oil, sand, etc., — as goose-quills. 

Duumvir. See under Duo. 

Dwarf, dwawrf, n. An animal or plant much below 
ordinary size ; esp., a diminutive man. — v. t. 
[dwarfed (dwawrlt), dwarfing.] To hinder from 
growing to the natural size : to stunt. 

Dwell, dwel, v. i. [dwelled (dweld) usually dwelt, 
dwelling.] To abide as a permanent resident; to 
inhabit for a tirwe ; to be domiciled, reside, stay, 
remain. — Dwell'ing, w. Habitation; abode: domi- 
cile. — Dwell'lng-house, n. A house intended for 
residence, disting. fr. a store, office, etc. — place, n. 
Place of residence, abode. ■. 

Dwindle, dwin^'dl, r. i. [-dled (-did), -dling.] To 
diminish, waste away. ^r. t. 'To make less, bring 
low; to break, disperse. — n. Process of dwindling ; 
decline. 

Dye, di, v. t. [dyed (did), dying.] To stain, color, 
give anew and permanent color to. — Dy'er, n. — 
Dye'-house, n. Place where dyeing is carried on. — 
-stuff, n. Material used in dyeing. 

Dying. See Die. 

Dyke. See Dike. 

D]rnamic, di-nam'ik, -ical, a. Pert, to strength or 
power, or to dynamics. — Djmam'ics, n. sing. Sci- 
ence of moving forces, — opp. to statics ; the moving 
moral or physical forces of any kind, or laws whica 
relate to them. (Mus.) Science of the force of mu- 
sical sounds. — Dynam'eter, ?(. (Opt.) An instru- 
ment to determine the magnifjing power of tele- 
scopes. — Dynamefrical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Dy'nam- 
ite, n. See Nitro-glycerine. — Dyn'amom'eter, 
n. An instrument for measuring power, esp. that 
of animals, me-n, or machines. — Dyn'amomefric, 
-ricEj., a. Pert, to a dynamometer, or the measure of 
force. — Dy'nasty, -tt, n. Sovereignty ; esp. a race 
of kings, of the same Une, governing a particular 
country. — Dynas'tic, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Dysentery, dis''en-ter-I, n. (Med.) Inflammation of 
the rectum or colon, with griping pains, desire to 
evacuate the bowels, and discharges of mucus and 
blood.— Dysenter'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, accompanied 
with, )iroceeding from, or afflicted with, etc. 

Dyspepsia, dis pep'sT-a or-sha, -sy, -sT, w. (Med.) Dis- 
turbance of the functions of the stomach ; chronic 
difficulty of digestion. — Dyspep'tic, -tical, a. Af- 
flicted with, pert, to, or consisting in, etc. — Dya- 
pep'tic, n. One afflicted with, etc. 



&aif fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



121 



ECCENTRIC 



E. 




E, e. the Sd vowel and 5th letter of the English alpha- 
bet, is usually silent at the end of words, but indi- 
cates that the preceding vowel has its long sound, 
where otherwise it would be short, as iu mane, mete, 
which without the final e would be pronounced 
man, met. (Jlus.) E is the 3d tone of the model 
diatonic scale. Et> (E flat) is a tone intermediate 
between D and E. 

Each, ech, a. A distrib. adj. pron., used either with 
or without a following noun, and denoting every 
one of the individuals composing a whole, con- 
sidered separately from the rest. [To each corre- 
sponds other. Each other is used elliptically for 
each the other.'] 

Eager, e'ger, a. O rig. sharp; sour: keen; excited by 
desire in pursuit of an object ; ardent to pursue, 
perform, or obtain ; earnest. , 

Eagle, e'gl, n. A rapacious bird of the falcon family: 
its figure is used as a 
heraldic emblem and 
for standards and em- 
blematic devices; a gold 
coin of the U. S., worth 
$10. — Ea'gless, n. A 
female eagle. — Ea'glet, 
n. A voung eagle.— Ea'- 
gle-eyed, a. Sharp- Eao^le 

sighted. -c-a„ie. 

Ear, er, n. The organ of hearing; sense of hearing; 
willingness to listen; attention ; regard ; part of any- 
thing like an animal's ear. — Ear'- 
less, a. Without ears; deaf; unwil- 
ling to hear. — Ear'drop, n. An ear- 
ring. (Bot.) The auricula, a kind 

of primrose. lap, n. Tip of the 

ear. — lock, n. A curl of hair near 
the ear; love-lock. — mark, n. A 
mark on the ear, by slitting or 
cropping, to identify a sheep, etc.; 
any distinguishing mark. — v. t. 
To mark for identification. — ring, 
n. An ornament suspended from 
the ear by a ring passing through 
the lobe. — shot, n. Reach of the 
sense of hearing; distance at which 
words may be heard. — trump''et, 
n. An instrument to aid in hear- 
ing. — wax, n. Cerumen ; a sub- 
stance secreted by the glands of 

the ear. wig, n. A leaf-eating 

insect, vulgarly believed to creep 
through the ear into the brain. 

Ear, er, n. The spike of Indian corn 
or other grain, containing the ker- 
nels. — V. i. To form ears, as corn. 

Ear, er, v. t. To plow or till. 

Earl, erl, n. A nobleman of Eng. ranking below a 
marquis and above a viscount. — EarKdom, -dum, 
n. Seigniory, jurisdiction, or dignity of an earl. 

Early, er'll, a. In advance of the usual or appointed 
time: timely; not late. — adv. Soon; betimes. 

Earn, Srn, ?;. t. [earned (ernd), earning.] To de- 
serve by labor; to acquire by service or performance. 

Earnest, er'nest, a. ' Ardent in the pursuit of an ob- 
ject; eager to obtain; intent; fixed; eager; zealous; 
fervent ; hearty. — n. Seriousness ; reality. A 
pledge given in token of a bargain' made. 

Earth, erth, n. The globe we inhabit; the world; the 
solid materials forming it ; dry land ; soil of all 
kinds, includi ng gravel, clay, loam , etc. ; the ground ; 
a region; country; the people on the globe. \Chem.) 
A tasteless and inodorous, uncolored, earthy-look- 
ing, metallic oxide; a similar oxide, having a slight 
alkaline reaction. — v. t. [earthed (ertht), earth- 
ing.] To hide in, or cover with earth. — v. i. To 
retire under ground, burrow. — Earth'en, -n, a. 
Made of earth, or of burnt clay, etc. — Earth'y, -T, 




External Ear, 

or Auricle. 
a. helix; 6. ant- 
helix ; c. sca- 
pha, or sca- 
phoid (boat- 
like) fossa ; d. 
tragus ; e. anti- 
tragus ; /. the 
concha; g. lobe, 
or lobulus. 




Easel. 



a. Of or pert, to, etc.; terrestrial; gross; unrefined. 

— Earth'ly, -It, a. Pert, to earth ; not heavenly or 
spiritual; sordid ; carnal; mean ; groveling; of all 
things on earth ; possible. 

Ease, ez, n. Freedom from pain, trouble, toil, con- 
straint, etc. ; repose ;_tranquillity ; facility; readi- 
ness.-?;. «. [EASED (ezd), EASING.] To free from 
what pains, disquiets, or oppresses; to render less 
painful, disgusting, or oppressive; to release from 
pressure or restraint, shift a little. — Eas'y, -T, a. 
[EASIER, -lEST.] At ease; free from pain, etc.; not 
causing pain or exertion; not difficult; causing ease 
or comfort ; not resisting ; tranquil ; calm ; com- 
pliant. {Com.) Not straitened in money matters. 

— Eas'ily, -IT, adv. With ease; readily; gently. 
Easel, e'zl, n. A wopden frame to support pictures 

while being painted. 

East, est, n. The point in the heavens 
where the sun rises at the equinox ; 
point opposite the west; eastern part of 
a country; regions east of any country; 
esp., the southern parts of Asia. — a. 
Toward the rising sun. — v. i. To move 
toward the east ; to orientate. — East- 
north-east, east-south-east, etc. See Com- 
pass. — Easfem, a. Situated in, etc.; 
oriental; going toward the east. — Easf- 
emmost', a. Most eastern. — East- 
ward, adv. Toward the east. — East'- 
erly, -IT, a. Coming from, also, situated or moving 
toward, etc. — adv. On or toward, etc. — East'^ing, 
n. (Nav. Sf Sur~v.) Distance eastward from a given 
meridian. 

Easter, esfer, E. day, n. A festival, celebrated on the 
Sunday after Good Friday, commemorating Christ's 
resurrection, corresponding to the Jewish passover. 

Easy^ See under Ease. 

Eat, et, V. t. _[itiip. eat (et) or ate (at); p. p. eat (et) 
or EATEN (efn); eating.] To swallow or partake 
of as food; to corrode, as metal, by rust; to con- 
sume gradually, as a cancer, the flesh; to waste or 
wear away; to devour, gnaw. — v.i. To take food, 
feed; to taste or relish.— Eafable, a. Capable of, or . 
fit to be, etc.; esculent; edible. — n. Anything that 
maybe eaten. — Eat''ing-hOQse, n. A house where 
food is sold ready cooked; restaurant. 

Eau-de-Cologne, o'de-ko-lon', n. A perfumed spirit, 
orig. prepared at Cologne. — Eau-de-vie, -ve, w. 
Brandj^. 

Eaves, evz, n. pi. (Arch.) The lower edges of a 
roof, overhanging the walls. — Eaves'^drop, v. i. To 
stand under the eaves or near the windows of a 
house, to listen to what is said within; to seek tp 
hear others' conversation. — EaveB''dropper, n. 

Ebb, eb, n. The reflux of the tide; return of tide- 
water toward the sea; a falling to a worse state; de- 
cline ; decay. — v. i. [ebbed (ebd), ebbing.] To 
flow back, return, as water toward the ocean ; to 
fall to a worse state, recede, sink. — Ebb'tide, n. 
Reflux of tide-water ; the retiring tide. 

Ebony, eb'o-nT, Eb'on, -un, n. A hard, heavy, and 
durable wood, usually black, which admits of a fine 
polish. — Eb'on, a. Of, like, or black as ebony. — 
Eb'onize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To make black 
like ebony. — Eb'onite, -It, n. India-rubber hard- 
ened by vulcanization, black like ebony, and used 
for buttons, combs, electrical apparatus, etc. 

Eburnean, e-ber''ne-an, a. Made of ivory. 

Ecartd, a'kar-ta', n. A game at cards played with a 
pack from which all cards below the 7s are removed. 

Ecee-bomo, ek''se-ho''mo, n. A picture representing 
the Savior given up to the people by Pilate, and 
wearing a crown of thorns. 

Eccentric, ek-sen'trik, -trical, a. Deviating from the 
center or from the line of a circle; pert, to eccen- 
tricity or to an eccentric; not having the same cen- 
ter, — opp. to concentric ; deviating from the usual 



sQn, cube, full ; moon, fdbt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, liien, boNbON, chair, get. 



ECCLESIASTIC 



122 



EFFERVESCE 



i 




Eccentric of Steam-engine. 



course; irregular; anomalous; odd; whimsical. — 
n. A circle not huvinj; the same center as another 
partly contained within the first ; one who, or that 
whicn, deviates from regularity. (Astron.) The 
supposed ci/cular orbit of a planet about the earth, 
but with the earth not in its center, in the Ptole- 
maic system. {Mech.) A wheel having its axis of 
revolution out of its centerof figure, used to obtain 
a reciprocating or alternate motion from a circu- 
lar one. — Eccen'- 
trically, adv. — Ec- 
centricity,-tris't-tt, 
n. State of being, 
etc. ; oddity. {As- 
tron.) Distance oi 
the center of the or- 
bit of a heavenly 
body from that of 
the body around which it revolves. 

Ecclesiasfic, ek-kle'zt-as'tik, -tical, a. Pert, to the 
church or to its organization. — Eccle^sias^'tic, n. A 
clergyman.— Eccle'sia.a'tically, adv.— Eccle'sias'ti- 
citm, -sizm, n. Strong attachment to ecclesiastical 
observances, privileges, etc. — Eccle'sias'tes, -tez,n. 
Lit. a preacher ; a book of the Old Testament. — 
Eccle'sias'ticufl, n. A book of the Apocrypha. — 
Eccle'siarch, -zT-ark, n. A ruler of the church. 

Echelon, esh'e-loii, n. (Mil.) The position of a mili- 
tary body in the form of steps, or with one division 
more advanced than another. 

Echo, ek'o, 71. ; pi. -oes, -oz. A sound reflected or 
reverberated to the ear. — v. t. [echoed (-od), 
-oiNG.] To reverberate or send back; to repeat with 
assent, adopt. — v. i. To be reverberated; to cause an 
echo, be attended with an echo. 

Eclat, a-kla' or e-kla'', n. Brilliancy of success or ef- 
fort ; demonstration of admiration ; applause. 

Eclectic, ek-lek'tik, a. Selecting; choosing at will. — 
n. One who follows an eclectic method in philos- 
ophy, science, religion, etc. 

Eclipse, c-klips'', n. {Astron.) An interception of the 
light of the sun or moon, by 
intervention of some other 
body, either between it and 
the eye, or between the lumi- 
nous body and that illumi- 
nated by it. Temporary or par- 
tial loss of brilliancy, luster, 
honor, etc. — v.t. [eclipsed 
(-klipsf), -SING.] To darken 
or hide (a heavenly body) ; 
to obscure, or extinguish the beauty, luster, or honor, 
etc., of; to throw into the shade. — v. i. To suffer an 
eclipse, become eclipsed.— EcUp'' tic, n. (Astron.) An 
imaginary great circle of the sphere, — the apparent 
path of the sun, or real path of the earth, as seen 
from the sun. (Geog.) A great circle on the globe, 
answering to the celestial ecliptic. — a. Pert, to, or 
described by, the ecliptic; pert, to an eclipse. 

Eclogue, ek'l'og, n. A pastoral poem, in which shep- 
herds converse with each other; a bucolic; idyl. 

Economy, e-kon^'o-mT, n. Management of domestic 
affairs, esp. as to expense or disbursement ; the 
internal, and esp. the pecuniary, management of 
any undertaking, corporation, state, etc.: system of 
rules by which anything is managed; thrifty house- 
keeping ; frugality.— E'conom''ic, -ical, a. Pert, to 
the household; domestic; pert, to economy or man- 
agement of pecuniary affairs, private or public ; 
saving of unnecessary expense; prudent in expen- 
diture ; managed with frugality ; pert, to the re- 
sources and wealth of a country. — E'coiioin''ically, 
adr. — With economy ; frugally. — E'conom''ic8, n. 
sing. Science of domestic and internal managament; 
political economy. — Econ^'omist, n. One who man- 
ages with frugality ; one conversant with political 
econoniy. — Eoon'omize, v. t. [-mized (-mizd), -miz- 
ING.] To use with prudence, expend with frugality. 
— V. I. To manage pecuniary concerns frugally. 

Ecstasy, ek'sta-sT, n. A state in which the mind is 
carried away beyond the reach of ordinary impres- 
sions ; frenzy ; excessive joy ; rapture ; insanity ; 
madness. (Pathol.) A disease accompanied by loss 
of sensibility, voluntary motion, and mental power, 
the body being erect and inflexible. — Ec8tat''tc, 




Eclipses. S, sun ; 
E, earth ; M, 
moon. 



-ical, a. Rendering one beside one's self; delightful 
beyond measure; rapturous. 
Ecumenic, ek-u-men'ik, -ical, a. General ; universal, 

— said esp. of church councils. 

Edacious. e-da''shus. a. Given to eating ; voracious ; 
devouring. — Ed'ible, -T-bl, a. Eit to be eaten as 
food ; esculent ; eatable. 

Eddy, ed'dT, n. A current of air or water running 
back, or opposite to the main current ; a current 
moving circularly; whirlpool. — v.i. [eddied (-did), 
-DYING.] To move as an eddy. — v. t. To collect as 
into an eddy. 

Eden, e'dn, n. The garden where Adam and Eve first 
dwelt ; a delightjul' region. 

Edentate, e-den'tat, n. An animal of the sloth and 
armadillo tribes, wanting fore teeth and canines. 

Edge, ej, n. The thin cutting side of a blade ; that 
which cuts as an edge does ; any sharp terminating 
border ; readiness or fitness to cut ; acrimony ; se- 
verity ; border or part adjacent to the line of divis- 
ion ; verge; skirt; brink; early part; beginning. — 
V. t. [edged (ejd), EDGING.] To furnish with an 
edge, sharpen ; to furnish with a fringe or border ; 
to make sharp or keen, provoke to action, urge or 
egg on ; to move by little and little. — v. i. To move 
sideways or gradually ; to sail close to the wind. 
■+- Edg'^ng, n. That which forms an edge or border. 

— Edge'wise, adv. In the direction of, etc. 
Edible. See under Edacious. 

Edict, e-'dikt, n. That which is proclaimed by au- 
thority ; special proclamation of command or pro- 
hibition; law; decree; manifesto. 

Edify, ed'T-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To instruct 
and improve in knowledge, esp. in moral and relig- 
ious knowledge. — Ed'ifica'tion, n. Act of, or state 
of being, etc.; a building up, esp. in a moral and re- 
ligious sense. — Ed'iflce, -fis, n. A building; fabric, 

— chie^y applied to large structures. 

Edit, ed'it, v. t. To superintend the publication of ; 
prepare for publication. — Ed'itor, -Sr, n. One who 
edits, esp. wno prepares, superintends, and corrects 
a book, newspaper, etc., for publication. — Edito'- 
rial, a. Pert, to an editor. — w. An article by the 
editor of a newspaper. — Edito^rially, adv. In the 
manner or character of an editor. — Ed'itorsliip, n. 
Business or office of, etc. — Edi''tion, -dish-'un, jt. 
The publication of a literary work ; number of cop- 
ies published at once. 

Educate, ed'u-kat, v. t. To bring up, as a child ; to 
cultivate and discipline the powers of the mind, in- 
struct. — Educa'tion, n. Act or process of, etc. ; tui- 
tion; nurture; teaching; breeding. 

Educe, e-dus', v. t. [educed (-dusf), -cino.] To 
draw forth, as if from concealment, elicit, extract. 

Eel, el, n. A species of soft-finned, snake-like fishes- 

E'en, en. A contr. for Even. 

E'er, ar. A contr. for Ever. 

Eerie, Eery, e'^rT, a. Av/e-inspiring; weird. [Scot.] 

ESable, ef'fa-bl, a. Capable of being uttered or ex 
plained; explicable. 

Efface, ef-fas'', v. t. [-faced (-fasf), -facing.] To 
erase or scratch out, rub off, render illegible, blot 
out, obliterate, cancel; to remove from the mind. 

Effect, ef-fekt', n. That produced by an agent or 
cause ; result of causation ; impression produced ; 
power to produce results ; efficiency ; consequence 
intended, pi. Goods ; movables ; personal estate. 

— V. t. To produce, as a cause, or agent, cause to 
be; to bring to pass, accomplish, achieve. — Effect- 
ive, -iv, a. Suited or tending to, etc.; in condition 
to act efficiently; eflficacious; forcible; energetic.^ 
Effectively, adv. — Effectiveness, n. — Effect^ual, 
a. Producing, or able to produce, an intended ef- 
fect; adequate; efficient. — Effica'^cious, -shus. a. 
Effectual; powerful. — Efficacy, -sT, n. Quality of 
being, etc.; virtue: force; energy. — Effi'^cient, -fish'- 
ent, a. Causing effects; producing results; effective; 
effectual. — n. The producing agent or cause. 

Effeminate, ef-f em'T-nat, a. Soft or delicate to an un- 
■ manly degree; womanish; weak; voluptuous; cow- 
ardly. — V. t. To make womanish, unman. 
Effervesce, ef'fer-ves', v. i. [-vesced (-vest'), -VES- 
ciNO.] To be in a state of natural ebullition; to bub- 
ble and hiss; to exhibit feelings that cannot be re- 
pressed. 



ftm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gud, Sve, tSrm ; In, ice ; odd, tone, dr ; 



EFFETE 



123 



ELECT 




Effuse Branch. 



Effete, ef-fet', a. No longer capable of producing 

young; of worn-out energy; barren; worn out with 

age or excessive indulgence. 
Efficacious, Efficient, etc. See under Effect. 
Effigy, ef'll-jT, Effig'ies, -fij''T[-ez, n. Image of any 

person or thing; likeness in sculpture, painting, etc.; 

impression on a coin representing the prince by 

whom it was issued. 
Effloresce, ef-flo-res', v. i. [-resced (-restQ, -RES- 

CiNG.] (Chem.) To change over the surface, or 

throughout, to a powder; to become covered with a 

whitisti crust or light crystallization. 
Effluent, ef'flu-ent, a. Flowing out. — Efflu'vium, n. ; 

jjZ. -vi.\, -vT-a. Subtile or invisible emanation; esp. 

noisome or noxious exhalation. 
Effort, effert, n. An exertion of power, physical or 

mental; endeavor; struggle; attempt; trial;'essay. 
Effrontery, ef-frunfer-T, n. Excessive assurance. 
Effulgent, ef-fuKjent, a. Diffusing a flood of light; 

shining; splendid. — Efful'gence, -jens, )». State of 

being, etc. ; extreme brilliancy. 
Effuse, ef-fuz'', v. t. [-fused (-fuzdO, -fusixg.] To 

pour out, as a fluid, spill, shed. 

— r. i. To emanate, issue. — a. 
{Bot.) Spreading loosely, esp. 
on one side. — Effu'^sion, -zhuc, 
n. Act of pouring out; thing 
poured out. (Pathol.) Escape 
of a fluid out of its natural 
vessel into another part; secre- 
tion of fluids from the vessels, 
as of lymph or serum, on dif- 
f e r e n t surfaces. — Effu'sive, 
-siv, rt. Pouring forth largely. 

— Effu'sively, adv. — Effu'siveness, re. 
Eft, eft, n. A salamander or newt. 

E. g. or Ex. gr. Contr. for Exempli gratia, q. v. 
under Exami'le. 

Egg, eg, n. A body produced by a female animal, 
within which, when impregnated, the embryo of a 
new individual is developed: eggs of oviparous ani- 
mals contain a supply of nourishment for the em- 
bryo, and are usually inclosed in a spheroidal shell. 
Anything egg-shaped. 

Egg, eg, V. t. [egged (egd), egging.] To urge on; 
instigate. 

Eglanljjine, eg'lan-tin or -tin, re. A species of rose. 

Egolsrri, e''go-izm, re. (Philos.) Subjective idealism. 
An excessive love of self; selfishness. — E'goist, re. 
A follower of Descartes or Fichte; believer in the 
doctrine of subjective idealism; one given to ego- 
tism.— Ergotism, -tizm, re. Practice of too frequently 
using the word /,• self-praise; self-commendation ; 
conceit; vanity. — E'gotist, re. One who, etc. 

Egregious, e-gre'jus, a. Disting. fr. common men or 
actions, — generally in a bad sense; extraordinary; 
monstrous; precious. 

Egress, e'gres, re. Act of going out or leaving; power 
to leave; departure. 

Egyptian, e-jip'shun, a. Pert, to Egypt, in Africa. — 
re. A native of Egypt; a gypsy. 

Eh, 5, interj. An expression of inquiry or slight sur- 
prise. • 

Eider, i^'der, E.-duck, re. A sea-duck, which breeds in 
remote northern regions, 
and produces tine down. 

Eight, at, a. Twice 4 in 
number. — re. The num- 
ber greater by a unit than 
7; the sum of 4 and 4: a 
symbol representing eight 
units, as 8 or viii.— Eighth, 
atth, a. N e X t in order 
after the 7th; consisting of 
one of 8 equal parts into 
which any thing is divided. — re 
parts; an eighth part. (Mtis.) 
The interval of an octave. — 
Eighth note. (Mns.) The 8th 
part of a whole note, or semi- 
breve ; a quaver. — Eighth''ly, 
adv. In the 8th place. — Eight- 
een, at'en, a. Twice 9 in number. — re. The num- 
ber greater by a unit than 17; sum of 10 and 8; a sym- 
bol representing eighteen units, as 18 or xviii. — 




Eider-duck. 

. One of 8 equal 

V P /I 

^ ^ S 

Eighth Notes. 



t 



Eighteenth, -enth, a. Next in order after the 17th; 
consisting of one of 18 equal parts into which anv 
thing is divided.— re. One of 18 equal parts; the 8tn 
after the 10th. — Eighty, afT, a. Eight times ten; 
fourscore. — re. The sum of 8 times ID; symbol rep- 
resenting eighty units, as 80 or Ixxx. — Eight'ieth, 
-1-eth, a. The next in order after the 79th; consist- 
ing of one of 80 equal parts into which any thing is 
divided. 

Either, e'tiier or i'ther (analogy and the best usage 
favoring e'tJier), a. or pron. One or the other, — 
properly of 2 things; each of two, the one and the 
other. — conj. Either is always correlative to or, 
and precedes it, indicating the first of certain things, 
any one of which js true, is to be done, etc. 

Ejaculate, e-jak'u-lat, i\ t. To throw out, as an ex- 
clamation.— r. i. To utter ejaeulations.— ^ac'ula''- 
tion, re. Uttering of a short, sudden exclamation or 
prayer ; exclamation or prayer uttered. {Med.) 
Emission of semen. — Ejac'ulatory, -to-rl, a. Cast- 
ing or throwing out; suddenly darted out; uttered 
in short sentences. — ijject, -jekt', v. t. To throw out, 
cast forth; to drive away, expel violently, or with 
disgrace; to dispossess, as of land, dwellings, etc. — 
^'ec'tion, re. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Ejecf- 
ment, 7i. Expulsion; ejection. (Law?) A species of 
mixed action, which lies for recovery of possession 
of real property, and damages and coats for unlaw- 
f ul^etention of it. 

Eke, ek, v. t. [eked (ekt), eking.] To increase, en- 
large, extend; to supply what is scanty, prolong,— 
generally with oiii. — adv. In addition; also; like- 
wise. 

Elaborate, e-lab''o-rat, v. t. To produce with labor; 

Eerfect with painstaking. — a. Wrought with labor; 
ighly finished. — Elab'orately, adv.— Elab'ora''tion, 
re. Act or process of producing with labor; state of 
being so produced. {Physiol.) Natural process of 
formation or assimilation, performed by living or- 
gans in animals and vegetables. 

Elapse, e-laps'', v. i. [elapsed (-lapstO, elapsing.] 
To slide, slip, or glide by ; to pass away silently. 

Elastic, e-las''tik, a. Springing back; having the in- 
herent property of recovering its former figure ; 
springy; readily returning to a previous condition^ 
afte^- being depressed or overtaxed. — Elastic'ity, 
-tis-nr-ti, re. Quality of, etc.; rebound; power of re- 
sistance to, or recovery from, depression or overwork. 

Elate, e-lat', a. Lifted up; elevated; having the spirits 
raised by success or hope: flushed with confidence; 
puffed up; proud; swelling. — v. t. To exalt the 
spirit of, elevate or flush with success. — Ela''tion, re. 
Inflation of mind ; self-esteem or pride, resulting 
from success. 

Elbow, eKbo, n. The joint connecting arm and fore- 
arm; any flexure or angle, esp. if obtuse, as of a, 
wall, building, etc. ; also an angular or ioijited part 
of any structure. — v. t. [elbowed (el'bod), -bow- 
ing.] To push with the elbow, as when one pushe& 
by another. — v. i. To jut into an angle, project; to 
push rudely along, jostle. 

Eld, eld, re. Old age; old people; old times; antiquity. 

— Eld'er, a. Older; more advanced in age; prior, as 
in origin. — re. One who is older; a senior; an an- 
cestor; predecessor; one who, on account of age, acts 
as ruler or judge; one occupying an ofiice requiring 
experience and dignity. — Eld'erly, -II, a. Some- 
what old. — Eld''erBhip. re. Seniority; oflSce of elder 

— Eld'est, a. Oldest. 

Elder, eld'er, re. A genus of plants having broad um- 
bels of white flowers and dark red berries. 

Elect, e-lekt', v. t. To pick out, make choice of; to 
select for office or employment, select by vote, 
choose, prefer, appoint, {theol.) To designate a* 
an object of mercy or favor. — a. Chosen; taken 
by preference. (Theol.) Set apart to eternal life. 
dhosen, but not invested with office. — re. One 
chosen or set apart, pi. (Theol.) Those chosen 
for salvation. —Elect ''ici8m,-Y-sizm, n. Eclecticism. 

— Elocution, re. Act of choosing ; choice ; act of 
choosing one to fill an office ; power of choosing ; 
free wSl ; discriminating choice ; discernment. 
(Theol.) Predetermination of individuals as ob- 
jects of mercy and salvation. Those eUxted. [OF.] 

— Elec'tioneer', -er', v. i. [-eered (-erd''), -bb«- 



sQn, cube, fuU ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get 



ELECTRXJM 



124 



ELSE 



IXG.] To use influence, argument, or arts for se- 
curing the election of a candidate. — Elective, -iv, 
a. Exerting the power of choice; making selection , 
pert, to, consisting in, or dependent on, choice ; be- 
stowed by election. — Elecfor, -er, n. One who 
elects, or 'has right of choice; one entitled to vote 
in favor of a candidate for office, or legally qualified 
to vote; one of the princes of Germany formerly 
entitled to choose the emperor; one chosen, by vote 
of the people in the U. h., to elect a president and 
vice-president. — Elect'ress, n. The wife or widow 
of a German elector. — Elect''oral, -5r-al, a. Pert, 
to, or consisting of, electors. — Elect'orate. -er-at, 
n. Dignity of an elector ; electorship ; territory of 
an elector. — EKigible, -jT-bl, a. Legally qualified; 
worthy to be chosen; desirable; preferable. 
Eleetnim, e-lek'trum, n. Amber; an amber-colored 
alloy of gold and silver used by the ancients: Ger- 
man silver plate. — Elec'tric, -tfical, a. Pert, to, oc- 
casioned by, derived from, or containing, electrici- 
ty ; callable of occasioning electrical phenomena. — 
Elec'tric, n- A non-conductor of electricity. — Elec'- 
trically, adv. In the manner, or by means of, etc. 

— Electri''cian, -trish'an, n. One versed in the sci- 
ence of, etc. — Electric'ity, -tris't-tl, n. A subtle 
agent or power in nature, evolved in any disturbance 
01 molecular equilibrium, whether from chemical, 
physical, or mechanical cause: science of the phe- 
nomena of the electric fluid. — Elec'trifi'able, a. Ca- 
pable of receiving, or of being charged with, etc. — 
Elec'trify, -fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fyixg.] To charge 
with electricity; to give an electric shock to; to excite 
suddenly; to surprise, esp. by something inspiriting. 

— Elec''tro-mag''net, n. A mass of soft iron, rendered 
temporarily magnetic by a surrounding coil of wire 
through which a current of electricity is passing. — 
Elec'tro-magnet'ic, a. Pert, to magnetism, as con- 
nected with electricity, or affected by it. — Elec'tro- 
ma§''netisin, n. Science of the development of mag- 
netism by voltaic electricity, and of the currents 
evolved. — Elec'tro-neg'ative, -tiv, a. Having the 
property of being attracted by an electro-positive 
body, or a tendency to pass to the positive pole in 
electrolysis. —Elec'tro-pos'itive, a. Of such a na- 
ture relatively to associated bodies, as to tend to the 
negative pole of a voltaic battery, while the associ- 
ated body tends to the positive pole. — Elec'trotype, 
-tip, n. A plate (of a page, etc.) with copper, etc., 
face (electric deposition) and type-metal back. — v. t. 
[-TYPED (-tipt), -TYPING.] To make electrotypes of. 

Eleemosynary, el-e-mos'I-na-rT, a. Pert, to, or in- 
tended for the distribution of, charity; given in, or 
founded or supported by, charity. — n. One who 
subsists on charity. 

Elegant, eKe-gant, o. Pleasing by grace and beauty; 
polished; graceful; refined; exercising a nice choice. 

— EKegantly, adv. — EKegance, -gans, -gancy, -st, 
n. State or quality of being elegant ; grace ; that 
which is elegant. 

Elegy, eKe-j^, 7i. A mournful or plaintive poem; fu- 
nereal song. — Elegiac, e-le^jT-ak or el-e-ji''ak, a. 
Pert, to elegy, or written in elegiacs; used in elegies. 

— n. Elegia^c verse. 

Element, eKe-ment, n. One of the simplest or essen- 
tial parts of which anything consists; one of the ul- 
timate, undecomposable constituents of matter : a 
simple portion of that which is complex; one of the 
essential ingredients of any mixture; one out of 
several parts combined in a system or aggregation. 
{Anat.) One of the smallest natural divisions of 
the organism. {Math.) An infinitesimal part of anv- 
thingof the same nature as the entire magnitude 
considered. One of the necessary data upon which 
a calculation depends, pi. The fundamental prin- 
ciples of any svstem in philosophy, science, or art; 
rudiments. That which ancient philosophy sup- 
posed to be simple and undecomposable, as the 4 so- 
called elements, — air, earth, water, and fire ; state 
natural to anything, or suited for its existence, pi. 
(Eccl.) The bread and wine in the eucharist. — Ele- 
ment'ary, -rl, a. Having only one principle or 
constituent part; pert, to the elements, rudiments, 
etc.; treating of first principles of a science or art; 
simple; uncombined; initial; introductory. 

Elepbant, eKe-fant, n. A pachydermatous quadruped 




Elepliant. 



of India or Africa, hav- 
ing a trunk or prehen- 
sile proboscis and 2 ivo- 
ry tusks, — the largest 
land animal now liv- 
ing. — Elephan'tine, 
-tine, a. Pert, to or 
like, etc. : huge : im- 
mense. — El'ephanti'- 
asis, n. (lied.) One of 
several skin diseases, 
attended with destruc- 
tion or deformity of 
the part affec_ted. 

Elevate, eKe-vat, v. t. To lift to a higher place, raise, 
exalt: to animate, cheer ; to ennoble, dignify; to 
raise to a higher pitch or greater degree of loudness; 
to intoxicate slightly; to lighten, lessen by detrac- 
tion, diminish. — Eleva'tion, n. Act of, or condi- 
tion of bein^, etc. ; an elevated place. (Asti-on.) 
Altitude. (Gunnery.) Angle between the line of 
direction of a gun and the plane of the horizon. 
(Arch.) View of a machine, building, etc., drawn 
to scale, and without regard to perspective. — EK- 
eva'tor, -ter, n. One who, or that which, elevates; 
esp. a contrivance for lifting persons, also goods, 
grain, etc., to an upper floor; a building containing 
elevators for grain. (Anat.) A muscle which raises 
a part of the body. 

Eleven, e-lev'n, a. Ten and ons added. —n. The 
sum of 10 and 1; a symbol representing eleven units, 
as 11 or xi. ; the players on one side in a game of 
cricket, 11 in number. — Elev'enth, -nth, a. Next 
afterthe 10th; constituting one of 11 parts into which 
a thing is divided. — n. (Jne of 11 equal parts. 

Elf, elf, Elve, elv, n. ; pi. Elves, elvz. A diminutive 
spirit, supposed to haunt desert places, and delight 
in mischievous tricks. — v. t. To entangle. 

Elicit, e-lis''it, v. t. To draw out, bring to light. 

Elide, e-lTd', v. t. (Gram.) To cut off or suppress, 
as a syllable. — Elis^'ion. -lizh-'un, n. The cutting 
off, for the sake of meter or euphony, of a vowel or 
syllable, esp. a vowel at the end of a word before 
another vowel in the following line. 

Eligible. See underELECX. 

Eliminate, e-lim''T-nat, v. t. (Alg.) To cause to dis- 
appear from an equation. To set aside a^ unim- 
portant in a process of inductive inquiry; to leave 
out of consideration ; to obtain by separating, as 
from foreign matters; to deduce, infer. 

Elk, elk, n. A large monogamous European deer, with 
palmate antlers, allied to the Amer. moose; a large 
polygamous Amer. deer, with branching antlers, a 
congener of the European red deer. 

Ell, el, n. A measure of length, chiefly for cloth: the 
English ell is 45 inches ; the Flemish, 27; Scotch. 
.37.2; French, 54. 

Ellipse, el-lips'', H. (Geom.i An oval figure bounded 
by a regular curve, — the section of a 
cone by a plane passing obliquely 
through its opposite sides. — Ellip/- 
sis, ri. ,• j>?. -SES, -sez. (Gram.) Omis- 
sion ; a figure of sj'ntax, by which 
words are omitted. 

Elm, elm, n. A tree of several species. 

Elocution, el-o-ku'shun, n. Mode of delivery of any- 
thing spoken, esp. of a public discourse. — Elocu'- 
ticnist, n. One versed in, or a teacher of, etc.— EK- 
oquent, -kwent, a. Able to express strong emotions 
in an elevated and effective manner; adapted to ex- 
press emotion with fluency and power. — EKoquence, 
-kwens, M. Expression of, etc.; what is eloquently 
saidor written; oratory; rhetoric; persuasive speech. 

Elongate, e-lon^gat, a. Drawn out at length. — v. t. 
To lengthen, extend, stretch out. — Elonga'^tion, ii. 
Act of. or state of being, ere; protraction; extensioii : 
that which lengthens out; removal to a distance; de- 
parture; intervening space. 

Elope, e-lop', v. i. [eloped (-iSpf), eloping.] To 
run away, or escape privately, — said esp. of a 
woman, who runs away with a'lover. 

Eloquence, etc. See under Elocution. 

Elso. els, a. & p?-o«. Other; one or something beside. 
^■\-idv. & conj. Beside ; except that mentioned ; 
otherwise; if the facts were different.— Else'wh***, 




Ellipse. 



am, fame, far, pass or operi, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, or ; 



ELUCIDATE 



125 



EMINENT 



-hwar. adv. In any other place; in other places in- 
definitely. 
Elucidate, e-lu'sT-dat, v. t. To make clear or mani- 

test, explain, illustrate. 

Elude, e-lud', v. t. To avoid by artifice, stratagem, 
or dexterity; to remain unexplained or undiscovered 
by; to evade, escape, shun, mock. — Elu'sive, -siv, 
-BOry, -so-rl, a. Tending to elude; evasive; falla- 
cious; deceitful. — Elu''sorinesB, n. 

Elysium, e-lizh''T-um, n. ; E. pi. -iums, -T-umz, L. pi. 
-lA, -I-a. {Myth.) The abode of the blessed after 
death; any delightful place. — £lys''ian, -T-an, a. 
Pert, to, etc. ; bbssjul. 

Emaciate, e-ma'shl-at, v. i. To lose flesh gradually, 
waste away. — v.t. To cause to lose flesh gradu- 
ally. — a. Emaciated. — Ema^cia'^tion, n. Condition 
of "becoming, or state of being, etc. 

Emanate, em'a-nat, v. i. To issue forth from a 
source ; proceed, as a fountain, take origin, flow, 
arise, spring. — Emana'tion, n. Act of, or thing 
which, etc.; effluviurn; efflux. — Em'anant, a. Em- 
anating: passing forth into an act or effect. 

.Ema]icip3,te. e-man'sT-pat, r. t. To set free from ser- 
vitude* voluntarilj'; to liberate: to free from any- 
thing exerting undue or evil influence. — a. Set at 
liberty. — Eman^cipa'tion, n. Act of, or state of be- 
ing, etc.; liberation; release; freedom. — Eman'oi- 
pa'tor, -ter, n. 

Emasculate^ e-mas'ku-lat, v. t. To castrate, geld ; to 
render effeminate. — a. Deprived of virility or 
vigor; unmanned. 

Embalm, em-bam', v. t. [-balmed (-bamd'), -balm- 
ISG.] To preserve from decay by balm or other aro- 
matic oils or spices; to perpetuate in grateful remem- 
brance. ' 

Embank, em-bank', v. t. [-banked (-bankf), -bank- 
ing.] To inclose with a bank, bank up. — Em- 
bank'ment, n. Act of surrounding or defending 
with a bank ; a mound or bank. 

Embargo, em-bar'go, n. A prohibition by public au- 

\ thority, and for a limited time, of departure from a 
port ; any hindrance or restraint. — v. t. J^emb vr- 
GOET) (-god), -GOING.] To hinder from leaving port, 
by law or edict ; to hinder from going forward, by 
an embargo. 

Embark, em-bark', v. t. [-barked (-barkf), -bark- 
ing.] To put on board a vessel ; to engage, enlist, 
or invest in any affair. — r. ?. To go on board of a 
vessel, engage in any busmess, enlist. 

Embarrass, em-bar'ras, v. t. [-easseu (-rast), -pass- 
ing.] To hinder through perplexity, render intri- 
cate, confound, perplex, disconcert, abash, distress. 
{Com.) To incumber with debt, make incapable of 
paying. — Embar'rassment, n. A state of entangle- 
ment or confusion; perplexity arising from insolv- 
ency, or inability to discharge debts. 

Embassy, em'bas-sT, w. The public function of an 
embassador; persons sent as embassadors; dwelling 
or office of an embassador. — Em- or Ambas'sador, 
n. A minister of the highest rank sent by one gov- 
ernment to another, to represent the appointing 
power, in matters between the governments. — Em- 
bas'sado'rial, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Embellish, em-beKlish, r. t. [-lisiied (-lisht), -Lisn- 
ing.] To make beautiful or elegant by ornaments; 
to adorn, decorate, grace, illustrate. — Embel'lish- 
ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; ornament; 
beauty; adornment. 

Ember, em'ber, n. A remnant of burning wood, 
smoldering amid ashes, — used chiefly in pi., to sig- 
nify hot cinders covered with ashes. 

Ember days, em'ber-daz. {Eccl.) Certain days set 
apar<; for fasting and prayer in each of the 4 sea- 
sons of the j'ear, — bein^the Wednesday, Friday, and 
Saturday after the 1st Sunday in Lent : the feast of 
Whitsuntide: Sept. 14th; and Dec.lotli : tlie weeks in 
which these days fall are called ember weeks. 

Embezzle, em-bez'zl, v. t. [-zled (-zld), -zling.] 
To appropriate fraudulently to one's own use. — Em- 
bez'zlement, n. Appropriation to one's own use of 
what is intrusted to one's care. — Embez''zler, n. 
embitter. See Imbitter. 

Emblem, em'blem, n. An object s3'mbolizing some 
other object, quality, etc. : figure : type ; symbol ; 
adumbration. — Erablemat'lc, -ical, a. I^ert. to. 




comprising, or using emblems. — Emblemafically, 

adv. 

Embody, em-bod'T, v. t. [-bodied (-bod'id), -body- 
ing.] To form into a Dody, invest with matter, 
make corporeal; to collect into a whole, incorporate, 
concentrate. — Embod'iment, ?;. Act of, state of 
being, or that which is, etc.; a complete system, like 
an organized body. 

Embogue, em-bog', v. i. To discharge, as a river, its 
waters into thesea or other river. 

Embolden, em-bold'n, i\ t. [-ened (-nd), -ening-I 
To give boldness or courage to, encourage. 

Embonpoint, oN-boN-pwoN', ?i. Plumpness of person; 
fleshiness. 

Embosom, em-bd&z'om, i\ t. To take into the bosom, 
cherish; to hide or half conceal. 

Emboss, em-bos', v. t. [embossed (-host'), -bossing.] 
To cover with bosses or protuberances, ornament in 
relief, fashion raised work upon. 

Embowel, em-bow'el, v. t. [-eled (-eld), -eling.] To 
remove the bowels of, eviscerate, embalm ; to hide 
in the inward parts, bury, secrete. 

Embower, em-bow'er, v. i. [-eeed (-erd), -eking.] 
To lodge or rest in a bower. — v. t. To cover with a 
bower, shelter_with trees. 

Embrace, em-bras', v. t. [-braced (-brasf), -br.\- 
CING.] To clasp or inclose in the arms, press to the 
bosom, cherish with affection ; to surround or in- 
close ; to include as parts of a whole, or divisions of 
a ]5art, comprehend ; to seize eagerly, welcome. — 
V. i. To join in an embrace. — 7i. Close encircling 
with the arms; pressure to the bosom; clasp; hug. 

Embrasure, em-bra'zher, n. {Fort.) An opening in 
a wall or parapet, through 
which cannon are discharged : _,-- 

See Casemate and Castle. 
{Arch.) The enlargement of 
the aperture of a door or 
window, on the inside of the 
■wall, to give more space or 
light. 

Embrocate, em'bro-kat, v. t. 
{Med.) To rub (a diseased 
part) with spirit, oil, etc. — 
Embroca'tion, n. Act of rub- 
bing a diseased part; lotion with which an affected 
part is washed. 

Embroider, em-broid'er, v. t. [-ered (-erd), -being.] 
To cover with ornamental needle-work or figures. 
— Embroid'erer, ?i. — Embroid'ery, -er-Y, n. Varie- 
gated needle-work: decoration. 

Embroil, em-broil', v. t. [-beoiled (-broild'), -broil- 
ing.] To throw into perplexity, contention, or 
trouble; to entangle, encumber, disturb, trouble. 

Embrue. See Imbrue. 

Embryo, em'brT-o, n. ; pi. -os, -6z. The germ of an 
organized being, in any stage of ante-natal devel 
opment, — in,e»g, womb, or seed. 

Emend, e-mend', v. t. To amend. [See Amend.] — 
Emenda'tion, n. Act of altering for the better; cor- 
rection; alteration of a text, to give a better reading. 

Emerald, em'er-ald, n. (Jifin.) A precious stone of a 
rich green color. {Print.) A kind of type, in size 
between minion and nonpareil. 

C^'^his line is printed in Emerald type. 

Emerge, e-mer^', v. i. [emeeged (-merjd'), emer- 
ging.] To rise out of, or as out of, a fluid; to issue 
and appear. — Emer'gence, -gency, -jen-sT, n. Act 
of, etc.; sudden appearance; unforeseen occurrence; 
pressing necessity; exigency. 

Emery, em'er-T, n. {Min.) An extremely hard, com- 
pact, dark-colored, granular mineral, allied to co- 
rundum and sapphire, — used for grinding and polish- 
ing metals, stones, and glass. 

Emetic, e-raet'ic, a. Inducing to vomit. — w. Med- 
icine which, etc. _ '■ ' 

Emigrate, em'T-grat, v. i. To rerriove from one coun« 
try to another.tor residence. — Em'igrant, a. Pert, 
to an emigrant; removing from one country to an- 
other. — n. One who, etc. — Emigra'tion, n. Re- 
moval to another countrj' for residence; a body of 
emigrants. 

Eminent, em'T-nent, a. High; lofty; towering; ex- 
alted in rank, office, or public estimation ; distia* 



{^]f?|l^"'' 



Li^, a^inbrasures in 

a parapet. 
AA, Merlons. 



siin, cube, fuU ; moon, f<56t ; cow, oil ; ligger or ink, tiien, boxboN. cbair, get. 



EMIR 



126 



ENPYOLICAL 



jruished; conspicuous; prominent; illustrious. — Em'- 
inence, -nency, -sT, n. A height, elevation; an ele- 
vated situation among men; distinction; preferment; 
a title of honor, appl. to a cardinal in the Bom. Cath. 
church. 

Emir, Emeer, e-mer', n. An Arabian prince, militarj' 
commander, and governor of a conquered province; 
in Turkey, an honorary title of the descendants of 
.Mohammed. 

Emit, e-mit', r. <. To send forth, cause to issue; to 
issue forth, as an order or decree; to send into circu- 
lation, as notes or bills of credit. — Em'isaary, -sa-rl, 
n. A secret agent, to advance the interests of his em- 
ployers; a spy. — a. Exploring; spying. — Emis'^sion, 
-mish'un, n. Act of sending or throwing out; issue; 
thing sent out, or put in circulation at one time. 

Emmet, ern'met, n. _ An aut or pismire. 

Ewolliate, e-moKlI-at, v. t. To soften, render effem- 
inate. — EmoKlient, -yent, a. Softening; making 
supple. — n. {Med.) An external application to allay 
irritation, and aUeviate soreness, swelling, and pain. 

Einoltunent, e-moKu-ment, n. Profit arising from of- 
.ice ; gain ; that which promotes public or private 
uood. 

Emotion, e-mo''shun, n. A moving of the mind or 
soul; state ot^excited feeling; agitation. 

Empale, em-paK, Impale^, v. t. [-paled (-paid'), 
-I'ALING.] To inclose, surround, shut in; to put to 
death by fixing on a stake. 

Emperil, em-pBr''il, v. t. To put in peril, endanger. 

Emperor. See under Empire. 

Emphasis, em'' fa-sis, w.;pZ. -SES, -sez. (Hhet.) Stress 
of utterance given to words or parts of a discourse, 
intended to be impressed specially on an audience; 
peculiar impressiveness of expression or weight of 
thought. — Em'phasize, v. t. [-sized (-sizd), -siz- 
ing.] To utter with stress of voice, lay emphasis 
upon, make emphatic. — Emphat'ic, -fat''ik,-ical, a. 
Uttered with, or requiring, emphasis; attracting at- 
tention; forcible; impressive; striking. — Emphaf- 
ically, adv. 

Empire, eni'pir, n. Supreme power in governing: do- 
minion of an emperor, or, rarely, of a Icing; predom- 
inant influence; sway; rule; control; government; 
state. — Em'peror, -per-er, n. The sovereign of an 
empire, — a title superior to king. — Em'press, n. 
The consort of an emperor; a woman who rules an 
empire. 

Empiric, em-pir'ik or em^pir-ik, n. One who relies 
upon experiment and observation; one who confines 
himself to applying the results of his own observa- 
tion; esp., a quack doctor, charlatan. — Empir'ic, 
-ical, a. Pert, to, or founded upon, experiment or 
experience; depending upon, etc., without due re- 
gard to science and theory. — Empir'icism, -sizm, v. 
Method or practice of an empiric; practice of medi- 
cine founded on experience, and neglecting science; 
quackery. (Metaph.) The doctrine that all knowl- 
edge is derived from experience. 

Employ, em-ploi', r. /. [-ployed (-ploid'), -ployixg.] 
To keep in service; to use as instrument, means, or 
materials, or as agent, servant, or representative. 
— n. Employment. — Employ^, ox-pUvS-ya', Em- 
ployee', -ploi-e', n. One employed. — Emproy'ment, 
n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; that which engages 
or occupies; service; agency. 

Emporium, em-po'rT-uni,~ n. ,• L. pi. -ria, -rt-a, E. pi. 
-RiUMS, -umz. A place of extensive commerce or 
trade; commercial city; mart. 

Empower, em-pow'gr, v. t. [-ered (-erd), -bring.] 
To give legal or moral power or authority, Or physi- 
cal force to. 

Empress. See under Empire. / 

Empty, emp'tT, a. [emptier, -tiest.] Containing 
nothing; void; not filled; destitute of effect, sincer- 
ity, or sense; unable to satisfy; hollow; waste; de- 
serted; producin^j nothing; lacking sense; destitute 
of reality, or real existence; unsubstantial. — v. t. 
[emptied (-tid), -TYING.] To cxhaust, deprive of 
the contents. — v.i. To pour or flow out, discharge 
itself, become empty. 

Emulate, em'u-lat, v. t. To strive to equal or excel; 
to vie with, rival. — Emula'tion, n. Act of attempt- 
ing to excel ; desire of superiority, with effort to 
attain it ; competition ; rivalry ; contest ; strife. — 



Em'ulator, -tSr, »>. A rival : competitor. — Em'u- 
loUB, -lus, a. Ambitiously desirous of like excel- 
lence with another ; rivaling. — Em'ulously, adv. 

Emulgent, e-mul'jent, a. (Anat.) Milking or drain- 
ing out, — said of the renal arteries and veins. — n. 
An emulgent vessel; a remedy exciting the flow of 
bile. — Emul'sion, -shun, n. A soft, smooth, milk- 
like remedy, formed by mixing oil with water and 
gummy or saccharine substances or j'elk of egg. 

Enable, en-a'bl, v. t. [-abled (-bid), -eling.J To 
give strength or ability to; to supply with sufficient 
power. 

Enact, en-akf, v. t. To decree, make into a law; to 
perform; to act the part of, play. — Enact'ive, -tiv, 
a. Having power to enact, as a law. — Enact'ment, 
n. The passing of a bill into a law; a decree; the 
acting, as a part in a play. — Enact'or, -er, n. 

Enamel, en-am'el, 71. A substance like glass, but more 
fusible and nearly opaque; thing enameled. {Anat.) 
The smooth, hard substance covering the crown of 
a tooth. — V. t. [-eled (-eld), -eling.] To cover 
with, or paint in, enamel; to form an enamel-like 
surface upon. — v. i. To practice enameling. 

Enamor, en-am'er, v. t. [-ored (-erd), -oring.] To 
inflame witjilove, charm, captivate. 

Encage, en-kaj', v. t. To shut up in a cage. 

Encamp, en-kamp', v. i. [-camped (-karnpf), -camp- 
ing.] To form and occupy a camp. — v. t. To form 
into a camp. — Encamp'ment, n. Act of pitching 
tents or forming huts for temporary rest ; place 
where an army or company is encamped; camp. 

Enceinte, oN'sant', n. {Fort.) The main inclosure. 
^a. {Law.) Pregnant; with child. 

Enchain, en-chan', v. t. [-chained (-chand'), -chain- 
ing.] To chain, fasten with a chain ; to restrain. — 
Enchain'ment. n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

Enchant, en-chant', v. t. To charm by sorcery, hold 
as by a spell, delight highly, captivate, fascinate, en- 
rapture, bewitch. — Enchant'er, w.. One who, etc.; a 
sorcerer, magician. — Enchant'ress, n. A woman 
who, etc. — Enchanfment, n. Act of enchanting; 
use of magic arts, spells, or charms; that which en- 
chants ; incantation ; magic ; sorcery ; witchery. 

Encircle, en-ser'kl, v. t. [-cled (-kid), -cling.] To 
form a circle about, embrace; to go or come round, 
encompass, inclose, surround, environ. 

Enclose. See Inclose. 

Encomium, en-ko'mt-um, n. ; E. pi. -ums, X. pi. -a, -a. 
Formal praise; high commendation; eulogy; pane- 
gyric; applause. — Enco'miast'ic, -ical, a. Bestow- 
ing praise; laudatory. 

Encompass, en-kum'pas, v. t. [-passed (-past), -pass- 
ing.] To describe a circle about, inclose, surround, 
invest, hem in, shut up. — Encom'passment, n. Act 
of, or state of being, etc. 

Encore, oN-kor', adv. Once more; again, — a call for 
a repetition of a pari of a play, etc. — v. t. [-cored 
(-kord'), -coring.] To call for, etc. 

Encounter, en-kown'ter, «. A meeting face to face; 
a running against ; a hostile meeting ; conflict ; 
skirmish ; combat ; rencounter ; onset. — v. t. [en- 
countered (-terd), -tering.] To come against face 
to face; esp., to meet in opposition or with hostile 
intent. — v.i. To meet, esp., as enemies. 

Encourage, en-kur'ej, v. t. [-aged (-ejd), -aging.] 
To give courage to, inspire with spirit or hope, em- 
bolden, incite, cheer, stimulate, comfort, promote, 
forward. — Encour'agement, n. Act of, etc. : incen- 
tive ; that which supports, promotes, or advances. 
— Encour'aging, n. Furnishing ground for hope; 
favoring. — Encour'agingly, adv. 

Encroach, en-kroch', v. t. [-croached (-krSchf), 
-croaching.] To enter gradually into the rights 
and possessions of another, intrude, trench, in- 
fringe, trespass. — Encroach'ment, w. Act of, etc. ; 
that taken by encroaching on another. 

Encumber, en-kum'b5r, Incum'ber, v. t. [-bered 
(-herd), -Bering.] To impede the action of, as with 
a burden; to load with debts, mortgages, etc.; to 
clog, hinder. — Encum'brance, n. That which im- 
pedes action ; clog ; impediment ; that which en- 
cumbers an estate; debt; lien; burden; hindrance. 

Encyclical, en-sik'lik-al, a. Sent to many persons or 
places ; circular. —Encyclopedia, -paedia, en-si'klo- 
pe'dTt-a, n. The circle of sciences; esp., a work in 



ftm, fame, far, piss or opera, fare ; §nd. eve, t5rni ; tn, ice ; Odd. tone, 6r ; 



END 



127 



ENJOY 



which the branches of science or art are discussed 
separately, and usually in alphabetical order. [Same 
as cyclopedia.'] — Ency'clope'dian, a. Embracing 
the whole circle of learning. — Ency''cloi)ed''ic, 
-p«d'ical, a. Pert, to an encyclopedia; universal 
in knowledge. — Ency'dope'dist, n. The compiler 
of an encyclopedia; one whose knowledge embraces 
the whole range of science. 

End, end, n. The extreme or last portion; concluding 
part; the conclusion; result; termination of being 
or of happiness; destruction; cause of destruction 
or death; object aimed at ; purpose; what is left; 
remnant. — v. i. To bring to an end or conclusion, 
finish, terminate; to destroy, put to death. — t-.i. 
To come to the end, be finished, cease. — End'less, 
a. Without end or conclusion; perpetually recur- 
ring ; eternal ; interminable ; infinite ; incessant ; 
void of design. — End'wise, -wiz, adv. On end; 
erectl}'; with the end forward. 

Endanger, en-dan''jer, v. t. [-geked (-jerd), -gerixg.] 
To put to hazard. 

Endear, en-der', v. t. [-beared (-derd'), -dearixg.] 
To make dear, or dearer. — Endear'^ment, n. Act 
of, or state of being, etc.; that which, etc. 

Endeavor, en-dev'er, n. A putting forth of power for 
some end; an attempt; trial; effort; exertion. — v. 
i. [endeavored (-erd), -orixg.] To exert power 
to accomplish an ooject; to attempt, try, essay, aim. 
— ?-. t. To attempt to gain. 

Endecagon. See Hexdecagox. 

Endorse, Endorsement, etc. See Indorse, etc. 

Endow, en-dow', v. t. [-dowed (-dowd'), -dowing.] 
To make pecuniary provision for; esp., to furnish 
with dower; to enrich with any gift. Quality, or 
faculty. — ^ Endow'ment, n. Act of settling a fund 
or provision for the support of anyone; property, 
fund, or revenue permanently appropriated to any 
object; gift of nature; talents; natural capacity. 

Endue. See Indue. 

Endure, en-dur'', v. t. [-dured (-durd'), -during.] 
To remain firm under, sustain, brook, undergo; to 
bear with patience, bear up under. — ?;. i. To con- 
tinue in the same state without perishing, abide, 
last; to remain firm under trial, sustain suffering 
patiently. — Endar'able, a. — Endnr'ance, n. A 
state of lasting or duration ; continuance ; act of 
bearing pain or distress without sinking; patience; 
fortitude; resignation. 

Eneid, .£neid, e-ne'ld, n. An epic poem, by Virgil, 
in which .^neas is the hero. 

Enema, e-ne'- or en'e-ma, n. {Med.) An injection, 
or clyster, thrown into the lower bowel. 

Enemy, en''e-mT, n. One who is actuated by unfriend- 
ly feelings; one who hates: adversary : opponent ; 
foe. — En'mity, -tt, a. Quality of being, etc.; hostil- 
ity; rancor; hatred; ill-will; malevolence. 

Energy, en'er-jT, n. Internal ar inherent power ; 
power efficiently exerted ; strength of expression ; 
emphasis; vigor; spirit. {Mech.) Capacity for per- 
forming work, or moving a^inst resistance. — En- 
ergefic, -ical, -jet''ik-al, a. Exerting force; active; 
exhibiting energy; operating with vigor and effect; 
powerful; efficacious; potent; effective. 

Enervate, e-ner-'vat, a. Weakened; without force. — 
V. t. To depi-ive of nerve, force, strength, or cour- 
age; to enfeeble, debilitate; to cut the nerves of. 

Enfeeble, en-fe'bl, v. t. [-bled (-bid), -blixg.] To 
render feeble, deprive of strength, weaken, debili- 
tate, enervate. — ^Enfee^blement, n. Enervation. 

Enfeoff, en-fef, t). t. [-rEOFFEoC-feff), -feoffing.] 
{Law.) To give a feud to, invest with a fee. 

Enfold. See Infold. 

Enforce, en-fors', v. t. [-forced (-forsf), -forcing.] 
To put force upon, constrain, compel; to make or 
gain by force ; to give force to, strengthen, urge with 
energy; to put in force, give effect to. 

Enfranchise, en-fran'chiz, v. t. [-chised (-chizd), 
-CHisiXG.] To set free, liberate, release; to make 
free of a city, corporation, or state, naturalize. 

Enaage, en-gaj', v. t. [-gaged (-gajd'), -gaging.] 
To put under pledge, bind, involve; to gain for 
Bervice, enlist: to win and attach ; to occupy; to 
enter into contest with, encounter. — v. i. To be- 
come bound; to embark, take apart, enlist; to enter 
into conflict. — Engaged', p. a. Pledged ; prom- 




ised; esp., promised in marriage; betrothed; greatly 
interested ; earnest. — Engaged columns. {Arch.) 
Columns partly sunk in-to the wall to which they are 
attached. — E. wheels. (Mech.) Wheels in gear 'with 
each other, — the driver being 
the engaging wheel, the follower 
the engaged. — Engage''ment, k. 
Act of, or state of being, etc.; 
thing engaged or pledged; that 
whicii engages; obligation; en- 
grossing occupation; avocation; 
employment : promise. (Mil.) 
A general action or battle; com- 
bat; fight. — Enga''ging, p. a. 
Winning ; attractive. — Enga''- 
gingly, adv. 
Engender, en-jen'der, v. t. [-dered 
(-derd), -dering.] To form in 
embryo, procreate ; to cause to 
exist, produce; to sow the seeds 
of, breed, beget, occasion, cause. 

— V. i. To be caused or pro- 
duced. 

Engine, en'jin, n. (Mech.) A ma- _ , ^ , 

chine in which mechanical Engaged Columns, 
powers are combined ; any instrument by whicli 
any effect is produced; esp. one designed to kill; 
anything used to effect a purpose : means. — En- 
gineer', -er', n. One skilled in engineering ; one 
who manages an engine; one who carries through 
an enterprise by skillful or artful contrivance. — v. 
t. [engineered (-erd'), -BERING.] To perform the 
work of an engineer; to guide or carry through a 
measure or enterprise. — Engineer 'ing, n. Science 
and art of utilizing natural forces and materials, 

— divided into iniHtary engineering (the designing 
and constructing defensive and offensive works) 
and civil engineering (the designing and construct- 
ing machinery and fixed public works, as roads, 
canals, etc.) 

English, in'gHsh, a. Pert, to England, its inhabitants, 
or their language. — n. The people of England; the 
language of the English nation and of their descen- 
dants in other countries; a peculiar impulse given 
to a ball in the game of billiards. {Prinf.) A kind, 
of type, in size between pica and great primer. 

The type called English 

— Eng'lish, r. ^. [-L!SHED(-glisht''), -LISIIING.] To 

translate into English, Anglicize, inter|)ret. {Bil- 
liards.) To strike (a ball) with the cue, f-o that the 
ball receives a rotary motion deflecting it from its- 
natural course. 

Engrave, en-grav', ?•. t. {imp. -graved (-gravd')! P- 
p. -graved or -GRAVEN'; -GRAVING.] To carve fig- 
ures, letters, or devices upon; to form by incisions- 
upon wood, stone, metal, etc.; to impress deeply, 
infix. — Engrav'er, n. — Engrav'ing, «. Act or art 
of cutting metals, wood, etc., and of representing- 
figures and devices on them, esp. to be printed from 
tliem on paper; an engraved plate; impression from 
a plate; print. 

Engross, en-gros', v. t. [-grossed (-grosf), -gross- 
ing.] To copy in a large, fair hand; to occupy 
wholly, absorb; to take unduly, swallow up, fore- 
stall, monopolize. — Engross'ment, n. Act of, etc.; 
thing engrossed. 

Engnlif. See Ingulf. 

Enhance, en-hans', v. t. [-hanced (-hansf), -han- 
ging.] To raise to a higher point, advance, augment,, 
increase, aggravate. — v. i. To be raised up; to grow 
larger. 

Enigma, e-nig'ma, n. ;pl. -mas, -maz. An obscure ques- 
tion or saying; puzzle; riddle; a statement, wnose 
hidden meaning is to be discovered; an action which 
cannot be satisfactorily explained. — Enigmat'ic, 
-ical, a. Pert, to, containing, or like, etc.; obscure. 

Enjoin, en-join', v. f. [-joined (-joind'), -joining. J 
To put an injunction on, direct with authority, 
order. {Law.) To prohibit or restrain by a judicial 
order or decree. 

Enjoy, en-joi', v. t. [-joyed (-joid'), -joying.] To 
feel or perceive with pleasure; to have and use with 
satisfaction; to have sexual intercourse with. — En- 



sQn, cube, fuU ; moon, fdSt ; cow, oil : linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



ENLARGE 



128 



ENUCLEATE 



joy'able, a.— Enjoy/ment, n. Condition of enjoying; 
pleasure; cause ol joy: gratification; happiness. 

Enlarge, en-larj', v. t. "[-lakged (-larjcl'), -largixg.] 
To make larger, increase the capaeitj- of, dilate, as 
■with joy, affection, etc., increase, exfiand. — v. i. To 
grow large or larger: to be diffuse in speaking or 
writing, expatiate. —Enlarge'inent, ?;. Act of, or 
state of being, etc.; expansion or extension, as of 
the mind; ennoblement; release from confifiement, 
servitude, distress, etc.; diffu.siveness of speech. 

Enlighten, en-llt'n, r. t. [-exed (-nd), -exing.] To 
supply with light, illuminate ; to make clear to the 
intellect or con.science, inform, instruct. — Enlight'- 
ener, n. — Enlight'^enment, m. Act of, or state of 
being, etc. 

Enlist, en-list', i-. t. To enter on a list, enroll, regis- 
ter; to engage in public service, unite firmlv to a 
cause. — 1\ u To engage in public service by en- 
rolling one"s name; to enter heartily into a cause. — 
Enlisfment, «. Act of, or state of being, etc.; the 
writing by which a soldier is hound. 

Enliven, en-liv'n, v. t. [-exed (-nd^, -exixg.] To 
give life, action, or motion to; to give spirit or vi- 
vacitj' to, cheer, animate, inspirit, invigorate. 

Enmity. See under Enemy. 

Enneagon, en'ne-a-gon, n. (Geom.) A polygon of 9 
sides and 9 angles. 

Ennbble, en-no''bl, v. t. [-bled (-bid), -blixg.J To 
make noble, dignify, give titular rank to. 

Ennui, ox-uwe', n. A feeling of weariness and disgust; 
liitlessness; tedium; lassitude. 

Enormous, e-nSr'mus, a. Deviating from, or exceed- 
ing, the usual rule; great beyond the common meas- 
ure; huge; vast; prodigious; exceedingly wicked; 
atrocious. — Enor'mity, -niTT-tl, n. State of being, 
or that which is, immoderate, monstrous, or outrage- 
ous; atrocious crime; flagitious villainy. 

Enough, e-nuf, a. Satisfying desire; adequate; sutR- 
cient. — cul'c. Sufficiently; fully; quite; in a toler- 
able degree. — n. A sufficiencj'; a quantity which 
satisfies desire.— Enow, -now'. " A form of enough. 

Enquire. See Ixquire. 

Enrage, en-raj', v. t. [-raged (-rajd'), -ragixg.] To 
fill with rage, provoke to madness, exasperate. 

Enrapture, en-rap'chur, r. t. [-tuked (-churd), -tue- 
ixg.] To transport with pleasure; to ravish. 

Enravish, en-rav'ish, r. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishixg.] 
To transport with delight, eiichant. 

Enrich, en-rich', v. t. [-kiciied (-richf), -richixg.] 
To make rich, adorn; to fertilize; to store with 
knowledge, instruct. — Enrich'ment, »;. Act of, or 
that which, etc.; decoration; embellishment. 

Enroll, en-rol', v. t. [-rolled (-rold'), -rolling.] To 
write in a roll or register, record, enlist; to envelop, 
involve. — EnroU'ment, n. Act of enrolling; that in 
which anj'thing is enrolled; a register. 

Ensample, en-sam'pl, n. An example. 

Ensconce, en-skons', v. t. [-sconced (-skonsf), 
-scoxciNG.] To cover or shelter, as witn a sconce 
or fort; to protect, hide securely. 

Ensemble, ox-som'bl, n. The whole ; all the parts 
taken together. 

Enshrine, en-shrin', v. t. [-shrined (-shrind'), 
-SiiRiNLNG.] To inclose in a snrine; to cherish. 

Ensign, en'sin, n. The banner distinguishing a com- 
pany of soldiers, army, or vessel; a badge, signal; a 
commissioned officer, who formerly carried the flag 
of a company or regiment. 

Ensilage, en'sl-lej, ?j. {Acjfic.') Process of preserving 
fodder crops in a green state, by ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
depositing th_em in a silo. ■■' ' 

Enslave, en-slav', v. t. [-slaved n.mi ^^lAWAJgi.WiijiajHB/ 
(-slavd'), -SLAVING.] To reduce "■■■"yf'-^'s.r"^ 
to slavery or bondage. — Enslave'- ^■^'^^^■^^l 
ment, n. p^^^' i^s^^c^x 

Ensnare. See Insxare. ^ff^--' -•-;-^/' 

Ensue, en-su', r. t. [-sued (-sud'), f, ^ ■ 

-SUING.] To follow, pursue. — v. 
i. To follow or come after. 

Ensure. See Ixsure. 

Entablature, en-tab'la-chur, n. 
{Arch.) That part of an order 
which is over the columns, in- TtlTllMlll 

eluding the architrave, frieze, and -, 
cornice. Entablature 




Entail, en-tal', n. That which is entailed. (Law.) An 
estate or fee entailed, or limited in descent to par- 
ticular heirs; rule bj^ which the descent is settled. — 
r. t. [extailed (-tald'), -tailixg.] To settle in- 
alienably on a person or thing, or on a person and 
his descendants. 

Entangle, en-tan'gl, v. t. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To 
twist or interweave so as not to be easily separated ; 
to involve in complications, perplex, embarrass, puz- 
zle. — Entan'glement, 7u State of being, etc. ; in- 
tricacy ; perplexity. 

Enter, en'ter, v. t. [-teeed (-terd), -terixg.] To 
come or go into, penetrate; to unite in, join, engage 
in; to attain, reach, begin; to insert; to inscribe, re- 
cord. {Law.) To go into or upon lands, and take 
possession of them ; to place in regular form before 
the court. — v. i. To go or come in; to begin; to pen- 
etrate ; to constitute a part. — En'trance, -trans, ?;. 
Act of entering, also of taking possession (of prop- 
erty or oflfice) ; permission or power to enter ; door 
or passage by which to enter ; act of beginning ; 
commencement ; the causing to be entered, as of 
a ship or goods at a custom-house, a name upon 
a register, etc. — Entree', ox-tra', n. Entry; per- 
mission or right to enter; a course of dishes at table; 
a side dish. — En'try, -trT, n. Act of entering ; en- 
trance ; making a record ; a passage ; vestiBule. 
{Com.) Exhibition of a ship's papers at the custom- 
house, to procure license to land goods. {Law.) 
The taking possession of lands or tenements by set- 
ting foot on them ; a formal putting upon record. 

Enterprise, en'ter-pnz, n. That which is undertaken ; 
a bold attempt; adventure; willingness to engage in 
labor which requires boldness, energy, etc. — v. t. 
To undertake, venture upon. 

Entertain, en-ter-tan', v. t. [-taixed (-tand'), -taix- 
IXG.] To maintain, support; to show hospitality to, 
receive as host; to engage agreeably the attention of, 
divert ; to take into consideration; to cherish. — v. i. 
To receive guests. — Entertain'ing, a. Affording 
entertainment; amusing; diverting. — Entertain'- 
ment, n. Act of receiving as host, or of amusing, 
admitting, or cherishing; that which entertains, esp. 
a feast, banquet ; diversion ; pastime. 

Enthusiasm, en-thu'zT-azm, n. An ardent zeal in re- 
spect to some object, cause, or pursuit; fervor of 
soul; fanaticism. — Enthu'siast, n. One moved by 
enthusiasm; a visionary; fanatic; zealot. — Enthu'- 
siast'ic, -ical, a. Filled with, etc. 

Entice, en-tis', ?-. t. [-ticed (-tist'), -ticixg.] To 
draw on, or instigate, b^' hope or desire; esp. to lead 
astray, tempt, decoy, seduce, inveigle, persuade. 

Entire, en-tlr', a. Complete in all parts; full and 
perfect; whole; not participated with others; full; 
comprising all requisites in itself; without mixture 
or alloy; without defect; complete; unbroken. {Bot.) 
Consisting of a single piece, as a corolla. 

Entitle, en-ti'tl, r. *. [-tled (-tld), -tuxg.] To give 
a title to, dignify by an honorary designation, de- 
nominate, call; to give a claim to, furnish grounds 
for seeking. 

Entity, en'tl-tt, 71. A real being, whether in thought 
or in fact ; essence ; existence. 

Entomb, en-toom', v. t. [-tombed (-toomd'), -tomb- 
ixg.] To deposit in a tomb, bury, inter, inhume. 

Entomology, en-to-mol'o-jt, n. Tliat part of zoology 
which treats of insects. 

Entrails, en'tralz, n. pi. The bowels; guts; viscera; in- 
ternal parts, as of the earth. 

Entrance, Entrie, Entry. See under Exter. 

Entrance, en-trans', r. t. [-tranced (-transf), -tran- 
cing.] To put into a trance, maKe insensible to 
present objects; to ravish with delight or wonder. 

Entrap, en-trap', v. t. [-trapped (-trapf), -trap- 
I'lxo.] To catch as in a trap, insnare. 

Entreat, en-tret', v. t. To treat, deal with, use or 
manage; to treat with, ask earnestly, importune, be- 
seech, beg, implore. — Entreat'y, -T, n. Act of, etc.; 
solicitation ; suit ; petition. 

Entrust. See Intrust. 

Entwine, en-twtn', v. t. [-twined (-twTnd'), -twin- 
ing.] To twine, twist together. 

Entwist, en-twist', v. t. To twist or wreathe around. 

Enucleate, e-nu'kle-at, v. t. To bring out, as a kernel 
from enveloping husks ; to make manifest. 



£m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 5nd, eve, term ; tn, ice ; 8dd, tone, 3r ; 



ENUMERATE 



129 



EQUAL 



Enumerate, e-nu^mer-at, v. t. To count, number, 
compute; to recount, recapitulate. — Enu'mera'^tion, 
n. Act of, etc. ; a detailed account, in which each 
thing is specially noticed. 

Bnunciate, e-nun'shl-at, v. t. To announce, pro- 
claim, declare ; to make distinctly audible, pro- 
nounce. — V. i. To utter words or syllables. — Enun'- 
cia''tion, n. Act of, etc. ; mode of pronunciation, 
esp. as regards distinctness of articulation : thing 
enunciated or announced; declaration. — Enun^ciar 
tive, -tiv, -tory, -to-rT, a. Pert, to enunciation or ut- 
terance. 

Enveigle. See Inveigle. 

Envelop, en-veKup, v. t. [-oped (-upt), -opixg.] To 
surround as a covering ; to wrap up, inclose within 
a case, wrapper, etc. — Envelope, en^'vel-op or oy- 
vel-op', Envel'op, -up, n. That which envelops ; a 
wrapper; esp. wrapper of a letter. 

Enviable, Envions, etc. See under Exvy. 

Environ, en-vi^run, v. t. [-eoxed (-rund), -koxixg.] 
To surround, encompass, encircle ; to involve, en- 
velop. — Envi''ronment, n. Act of, state of being, 
or that which, etc. — Environs, en-vi'- or en'^vt- 
runz, n. pi. Places surrounding another place, or in 
its neighoorhood. 

Envoy, en'voi, n. One dispatched upon an errand ; 
esp. one deputed to negotiate a treaty, or transact 
business, with a foreign government, — disting.fr. 
an ambassador or permanent resident at a foreign 
court. 

Envy, en'vT, v. t. [-vied (-vid), -vying.] To riegard 
with discontent and malevolent longing ; to be 
filled with emulation at sight of ; to desire strongly, 
covet. — V. i. To be fiUed with envious feelings. 

— n. Pain, mortification, or discontent, excited by 
another's superiority; an object of envious feeling. 

— En'viable, a. — En'vious, -us, a. FeeUng, exhib- 
iting, or directed by, envy. — En'viously, adv. 

Enwrap. See Inwrap. 

Epaulet, -lette, ep'aw-let', »j. (i/i7.) A badge worn 
on the shoulder by military and naval officers. 

Epergne, a-parn', n. An ornamental stand in the cen- 
ter of a table. 

Ephemera, e-fem-'e-ra, n. {Med.) A fever of one 
day's continuance only. (jEntoni.) The day-fly, or 
May-fly; strictly, a fly that lives one day only, ap- 
plied also to short-lived insects. — Ephe'm'eral, n. 
Anything which lasts but a day or a very short time. 

— Ephem'eral, -eric, -erous, -rus, a. Beginning and 
ending in a day; diurnal ; existing for a short time 
only. — Ephem''eris, n. ; pi. Ephemeeides, -mer-'I- 
dez. A journal; diary. {Astron.) An astronomical 
almanac; a tabular statement of the assigned places 
of a planet, comet, etc., on successive days. 

Epic, ep-'ik, a. Containing narration ; relating great 

events. — n. An epic or neroic poem. 
Epicure, ep'I-kur, n. A follower of Epicurus, a 

Greek philosopher who assumed pleasure to be the 

highest good ; one addicted to sensual enjoyments ; 

a voluptuary ; sensualist. — Epicurean, -ku'^re-an or 

-ku-re'an, a. Pert, to Epicurus or his philosophy; 

given to luxury; luxurious. — n. A follower of, etc.; 

one given to luxuries of the table. 
Epicycle, ep'T-si'ki, n. {Ptolemaic Astron.) A circle, 

whose center moves round in a 

the circumference of a greater ^'~'C~lfA\ 

circle. — Epicy'cloid, "-kloid, ^^. -^==^==:V 

n. (Geoin.) A curve generated ^~ 

by a point in the circumfer- A 

ence of a movable circle, which -^ 

rolls on the inside or outside 

of the circumference of a fixed ^ 

circle, as by the point n or a' 

in the circle A or A'. 
Epidemic, ep-T-dem'ik, -ical, a. 

Common to, or affecting, a 

whole people or community ; 

generally prevailing. — Epidem'ic, n. {Med.) A 

disease which, arising from a wide-spread cause, af- 
fects many persons at once. 
Epidermis, ep-I-der-'mis, n. {Anat.) The cuticle or 

.■^carf-skin of the body ; outer layer of the skin of 

animals. {Bat.) External layer of the bark of a 

plant. 
Epiglottis, ep-T-glot'^tis, n. (Anat.) A valve of car- 




Epicycloid. 



tilage ai the base of the tongue, which closes the 
glottis and excludes food or drink from the larynx 
while eating. 

Epigram, ep'n:-gram, n. A short poem on one sub- 
ject, ending with a witty thought. 

Epilepsy, ep'i-lep'sT, n. {Med.) The falling sickness; 
a disease characterized by convulsions, stupor, and 
foaming at the mouth. — Epilep'tic, a. Pert, to, af- 
fected with, or consisting of, epilepsy. 

Epilogue, ep'T-log, n. A speech or short poem ad- 
dressed to. the spectators by one of the actors, after 
a play. {Rhet.) Closing part of a discourse. 

Epiphany, e-pifa-nl, n. An appearance, or becom- 
ing manifest. {Eccl.) A festival, celebrated Jan. 
(ith, to commemorate the appearance of our Savior 
to the wise men of the East. 

Episcopal, e-pis'ko-pal, a. Governed by bishops; pert, 
to, or vested in, bishops or prelates ; pert, to the 
church of England, or the Prot. Episc. church of U. S. 

— Epis'copa'lian, -iT-an, «. Pert, to episcopacy or to 
the Episc. church; episcoiial.— n. One who adheres 
to, etc. ; a churchman. — Epis'copa'lianism, -izm, n. 
Episcopacy.— Epis'copally, of/r.— Epis'copate, -pat, 
n. A bishopric: office and dignity of a bishop; collec- 
tive body of bishops. — Epis'copacy, -st, n. Gov- 
ernment of the church by bishops, or by 3 orders of 
ministers — bishops, priests, and deacoris. 

Episode, ep'T-sod, n. {Rhet.) An incidental narra- 
tive, or digression, arising from the main subject. 
Epistle, e-pis''l, n. A writing sent to a person; letter. 

— Epis'tolary, -to-la-rT, a. Pert, or suitable to, or 
contained in, letters. 

Epitaph, ep'"l-taf, ji. An inscription on a monument, 
in memory of the dead. 

Epithet, ep'T-thet, n. An adjective expressing sonie 
quality, attribute, or relation of a person or thing ; 
title; appellation. 

Epitome, e-pifo-ir.e, n. ; pi. -mes, -mez. A brief sum- 
mary ; abridgment ; compendium ; sj'nopsis. 

Epizoiin, ep-t-zo'on, n. ; pi. -zoa, -zo'a. {Zo'ol.) One 
of a class of parasitic insects or worms living upon 
lice, acari, etc.; an animal infecting the surface of 
the bodv of another — as lice, fleas, etc. — Epizootic, 
-zo-ot''ik,'a. Parasitic on animals; pert, to, or af- 
fected bj', diseases prevalent among animals — Cor- 
resp. to epidemic diseases among men. — Epizo'dty, 
-o-tT, n. A murrairi among horses, cattle, etc. 

Epoch, ep'ok, n. A fixed point of time, from which 
dates are reckoned ; a remarkable period of time; 
era ; age. 

Epsom Salt, ep/'sum-sawlt. (J/ec?.) Sulphate of mag- 
nesia having cathartic qualities, — orig. prepared tr. 
mineral waters at Epsom, England. 

Equal, e'kwal, a. Having the same magnitude, di- 
mensions, value, degree, etc. ; having competent 
power or means; fit; not variable; equable; not un- 
duly inclining to either side; uniform; fair; just; 
equitable. — n. One not inferior or superior to an- 
other. — V. t. [equaled (-kwald), equaling.] To 
be or become equal to, or commensurate with ; 
to recompense fullj^ ; to make equal or equal to, 
equalize, regard as equals. — E-'qually, -IT, adv.-^ 
Equality, -kwoKl-tT, n. Condition or quality of 
being equal. {Math.) Exact agreement between ex- 
pressions or magnitudes with respect to qiiantitj'. 

— Equa'tion, n. A making equal: equal division. 
{Math.) An expression of the condition of equality 
between two al^braic quantities, the sign= being 
placed between them. {Astron.) Difference between 
the true and the mean place or other element cff a 
celestialhody.— Equation of jiat/metiis. {Ariih.) Pro- 
cess of finding the mean time of payment of sums 
due at different times. — E. of time. ' {Astron.) Dif- 
ference between mean and apparent time. — Per- 
sonal e. {Astron.) Difference between an observed 
result and the true, depending on personal qualities 
in tiie observer. — Equa'tor, -t5r, n. {Geog.) A great 
circle on the earth's surface, everywhere equally 
distant from the 2 poles, and dividing the earth's 
surface into 2 hemispheres. {Astron.) A great cir- 
cle of the celestial sphere, coincident with the plane 
of tbe earth's equator. — Eq'uity, ek'wI-tTj n. The 
giving, or desiring to give, to each man his due, — 
disting. fr. ju.^tice in requiring a higher standard 
than enactment or custom. {Law.) An equitable 



siin, cube, full ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get. 



EQUESTRIAN 



130 



ESCUTCHEON 




Equilateral 
Triangle. 



claim ; a system of jurisprudence, whose object is 
to supply deficiencies of courts of law. Impartial- 
ity ; rectitude ; honesty ; uprightness. — Eq''ultable, 
a. Possessing or exhioiting equity ; giving, or dis- 
posed to gjve, each his due; pe'rt. to the tribunal or 
rule of equity ; fair ; reasonable ; right ; candid. — 
E'quanim'ity, -tT, n. Evenness of mind; composure; 
calmness.— Ec[uiaii''gtilar, e-kwl-an'gu-ler, a. Con- 
sisting of, or having equal angles. — 
EquUaferal. a. Having all the sides 
equal. — Equilib'rium, -rT-um, n. ; L. 
pi. -Ei.\, -rl-a : E. 1)1. -RiUMS, -umz. 
Equality of weight or force ; a just 
balance' in respect to an object, so 
that it remains firm; equal balancing 
of the mind between motives or rea- 
sons.— E'quinox. n. The precise time 
when the sun enters one of the equinoctial points. 

— Autumnal eoidnox. Time when the svm enters the 
1st point of Libra, being about Sept. 2'5d. — Vei-nal e. 
Time when the sun enters the 1st point of Aries, be- 
ing about March 21st. — E'quipoise, -poiz, ??. Equal- 
ity of weight or force, equilibrium ; a state in which 
tlie 2 ends or sides of a thing are balanced: equality. 
— Equiv'alent, a. Equal in value, force, power, effect, 
import, etc. (Geom.) Equal in dimensions, but not 
superposable. {Geot.) Contemporaneous in origin. 

— n. That which is equal in value, weight, dignity, 
or force.— Equiv^ocal, a. Having different significa- 
tions equally appropriate or plausible ; ambiguous ; 
uncertain ; capable of being ascribed to different 
motives;_uncertain as to its cause or effect.— Equiv'- 
ocate, -kat, v. i. To use words of equivocal or doubt- 
ful signification with a view to mislead ; to prevari- 
cate, evade, shutfle. 

Equestrian, e-kwes-'trT-an, a. Pert, to horses, their 
management, and the art of riding; riding on horse- 
back ; performed by one on horseback. — n. A 
horseman; rider. — "E'quine, -kwin, Equi-'nal, a. 
Pert, to, or like, a horse. 

Equip, e-kwip'', v. t. [equipped (-kwipf), -fi>^g.] To 
supply with what is necessary to efficient action, — 
said esp. of ships or troops; to decorate. — Eq 'ui- 
page, -pej, n. lurniture ; esp. furniture and sup- 
plies of a vessel, or of an army, bo'dy of troops, or 
single soldier ; equipment ; accouterments ; habili- 
ments ; attendance ; retinue. — Equip^ment, n. Act 
of, state of being, or thing used in, etc. 

Era, e-'ra, n. ; pi. ER.iS, -raz. A fixed point of time, 
from which a series of years is reckoned; a succes- 
sion of years proceeding from a fixed ^oint, or com- 
prehended between fixed points ; epoch ; age. 

Eradicate, e-rad'T-kat, v. t. To pull up by the roots, 
extirpate, root out ; to put an end to, exterminate, 
destroy. 

Erase, e-ras', v. t. [erased (-rasf), erasing.] To 
rub or scrape out, efface; to obliterate, as ideas in 
the mind or memory. 

Ere, ar, adv. Before;' sooner than. — prep. Before in 
respect to time. — Ere-long', adv. Soon; before long. 

— Ere-now', adv. Before this time. — Ere-while', 
-whiles', -hwilz'', adv. Sometime ago; a little while 
before. — Erst, erst. adv. Eirst ; at first; in early 
times ; once ; formerly. 

Erect, e-rekf, a. Upright, or in a perpendicular pos- 
ture; raised; uplifted; firmly established; bold. — 
V. t. To set upright, lift up, raise; to raise (a build- 
ing) ; to give loftiness or high t&ne to, exalt ; to 
cheer; to set up (an assertion or consequence from 
premises, etc.); to establish anew, construct, build, 
institute, found. 

Ergo, er'go, adv. Therefore; consequently. [L.] 

lirgot, er'got, n. An elongated, black, poisonous form 
of the kernel of rye and other grasses, caused by a 
fungus, — used to cause contraction of the uterus; 
spur; smut. (Far.) A protuberance behind and be- 
low the pastern-joint. 

Ermine, gr'min, n. An animal allied 
to the weasel, inhabiting northern 
Europe and America, and having 
the fur white in winter, but the tip 
of the tail intensely black through- 
out the year; the fur of the ermine; p, 
the dignity of judges, whose state ii^rmme. 
robes, lined witn ermine, are emblematic of purity. 







(Her.) One of the furs used in blazonry, represented 
by spots shaped as in the cut. 

Erode, e-rod', v. t. To eat into or ^ 
away ; to corrode. — Ero'aion, 
-zhiin, n. Act or operation of, or 
state of being, etc.; corrosion; 
canker. 

Err. er, v. i. [erred Cerd), erring 
(er'ring).] To wander from the 
right way ; to mistake in judgment 
or opinion; to fail morally. — Er- „ 
rafic, -ical, a. Roving about with- Ji.rmine. 
out a fixed destination ; eccentric ; not fixed or sta- 
tionary; transported from the original resting place. 
— Erra'tum, n. ; pi. -ta, -ta. An error in writing or 
printing. — Erro'neous, -us, a. Deviating from a 
right course; not conformed to truth or justice; con- 
taining error ; liable to mislead ; irregular ; false ; 
mistaken. 

Errand, gr'^rand, n. Something to be said or done b3' a 
messenger ; message ; commission; one's purpose in 
going. 

Erst. See under Ere. 

Eruct, e-rukf, Eruc'tate, -tat, v. t. To eject, as wind, 
from the stomach: to belch. — Eructa'tion, n. Act of 
belching; a bursting forth, as of wind or other mat- 
ter from the earth. 

Erudite, er'u-dit, a. Characterized by extensive 
knowledge ; learned. — Erudi'^tion, Tdish'un, n. 
State of being, etc. ; literature ; learning. 

Eruption, e-rup'shun, n. Act of bursting forth, as 
from inclosure or confinement; that which bursts 
forth suddenly or violently. (Med.) The breaking 
out of a cutaneous disease ; the disease itself. — 
Erup'tive, -tiv, a. Breaking forth ; attended with, 
or producing eruption. (Geol.) Produced by, 
etc. 

Erysipelas, er-T-sip'e-las, n. (Med.) St. Anthony's 
fire; an acute inflammatory disease of the skin and 
subjacent tissues. 

Escalade, es-ka-lad', n. (Mil.) An attack in which 
ladders are used to mount a rampart. — v. t. To 
scale; to mount and enter. 

Escalop, es-skol'up, n.' (Conch.) A bivalve shell, with 
one straight side, the face usually marked with ribs. 
A curvingjndenture in the margin of anything. 

Escape, es-kap'', v. t. [-gaped (-kapf), -gaping^ To 
flee from and avoid, shun; to avoid the notice of, 
evade. — v. i. To hasten away, avoid danger or in- 
jury; to be passed without harm. — n. Act of flee- 
in^'from danger, evading harm, or avoiding notice; 
deliverance from injury or restraint. — Escape'^ment, 
n. Act of escaping; the contrivance in a 
time-piece which connects the wheel- 
work with the penduhim or the balance, 
keeping the latter in vibration, — so 
called because a tooth escapes from a 
pallet at each vibration. 

Escarp, es-karp', tI. (Fort.) Anything 
high and precipitous, as the side of the 
ditch next the parapet. — v. t. [es- 
carped (-karpf), -carping.] (Mil.) 
To make into, or furnish with, a steep 
slope. — Escarp^ment, n. A steep de- 
clivity. 

Escheat, es-chet', n. (Feud. &. Eng. Law.) ^„k, . ^^ ^^^^^ 
of lands to the lord of the fee, through extinction of 
the blood of the tenant. (U. S. Law.) Falling or 
reverting of real property to the Slate, as orig. and 
ultimate proprietor, by failure of legal owners ; a 
writ to recover escheats from the person in posses- 
sion. Lands which fall to the lord or state by es- 
cheat; what falls to one; a reversion. — v. i. (Law.) 
To revert, return, or become forfeited to the lord, 
the crown, o_r the state. _ 

Eschew, es-choo', v. t. [-chewed (•-chood''), -chew- 
ing.] To flee from, shun, seek to avoid. 

Escort, es'kOrt, n. An attendant to afford safety, re- 
spect, honor, or attention: a guard; protection on a 
journey or excursion. — Escort', v. t. To attend 
in order to protect; accompany as safeguard. 

Escritoire, es-kri-twdr', n. A writing-desk. 

Esculent, es'ku-lent, a. Suitable to be used for food; 
edible. — n. Anything eatable. 

Escutcheon, es-kuch'un, n. (Her.) The shield; the 




Escape- 
ment. 
Reverting 



am, fame, fiir, pass or opera, fare; 6ji*, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; Odd, tone, or ; 



ESKIMO 



131 



EUCHRE 



field or ground on which a coat of \^ 
.mis is represented ; shield of a 
ainily. [The 2 sides of an escutch- 
eon a.e designated as dexter and 



arm 
1 



B 
D 

E 
F 
H 



sinister, and the different parts by 
Jt'ie lullowing names: A, dexter 
' chief point: B, middle chief point: 
C, sinister chief point; D, honor or 
collar point; E, fesse or heart point; 
F, nomhril or navel point; G, dex- Escutcheon, 
terbase point; H, middle base point; 
1, sinister base point.] {Naut.} Part of a vessel's 
stern on which her name is written. {Carp.) A 
plate finishing a key-hole. 

Eskimo. See Esql'i>i.4.u. 

Esophagus, e-sof'a-^us, n. (Anat.) Passage through 
wiiich lood and drink pass to the stomach; gullet. 

Especial, es-pesh^al, a. Distingujshed among others 
ui tlie same kind ; peculiar ; particular ; principal. 

Espial, Espionage. See under Espy. 

Esplanade, es-pla-nad', m. {Fort.) The sloping of 
tiie parapet of the covered way toward the country; 
clear space between a citadel and the town. (JHort.) 
A grass-plat. Any clear space for public drives. 

Espouse, es-powz', v. t. [-poused (-powzd'), -pous- 
i.NG.] To give as spouse, affiance, unite by promise 
1)1 mixrriaire or by marriage ceremony; to take as 
spousi', accept in marriage, wed ; to take up the 
c luse of, adopt, embrace. 

Espy, es-pi', v. t. [-pied (-pid'), -pying.] To catch 
siiiht of, discern unexpectedly; to inspect narrowly, 
I X inline and keep watch upon, find out, descry, spy. 
— r. i. To look narrowly, look about. — Espi'^al, n. 
.\ ct of, etc.— Espionage, es''pe-on-azh or -ej, n. Prac- 
!ice or employment of spies. 

Esquimau, Eskimo, es'kl-mo, n. ; pi. -maux, -raoz. An 
tudian of tribes inhabiting arctic America and 
(; eenland. 

Esquire, cs-kwir'', n. Orig., a shield-bearer or armor- 
.i>.arer, an attendant on a knight, now, prop., a title 
i)f dignity next below a knight, and given in Eng. 
t< I younger sons of noblemen, to officers of the king's 
c liirts and of the household, to counselors at law, 
j istices of the peace, sheriffs, and other gentlemen: 
.11 the U. S., the title is indiscriminately used in ad- 
(1 essing letters. — v. t. [ESQUiKED (-kwird'), -quik- 
f N r;.] To wait on, attend. 

Tssay, es-sa'', v. t. [-sayed (-sad'), -saying.] To try, 
i'ttenipt; to make experiment or trial of; to assay. — 
Es'say, n. A trial; attempt; endeavor; exertion. 
(Lit.) A composition shorter and less methodical 
than a formal treatise. 

Essence, es'sens, n. Formal or formative nature of 
a complex notion; constituent qualities of a thing; 
materials common to a class as disting. fr. the form 
of an individual or species; a purely spiritual being; 
the solution in spirits of wine of a volatile or essen- 
tial oil; perfume; odor; scent. — v. t. [ESSENCED 
(.-senst), -SENCiNG.] To scent. — Essen'tial, -shal, 
(I. Pert, to the essence; really existing; important 
in the highest degree! highly rectified; pure; un- 
mixed. {Mus.) Necessary; indispensable, — said of 
fiines constituting a chord, distmg. fr. ornamental 
or accidental tones. {Med.) Idiopathic; indejpend- 
ent of other disease. — n. Constituent principle. 

E8*;ablish, es-tab''Iish, v. t. [-lished (-lisht),-LiSHmG.] 
To make stable or firm; to settle; to enact by au- 
thority, ordain; to secure the reception of, uphold; 
to found, institute, — as a colony, state, etc.; to set 
up i n business.— Estab'lishment, n. Act of, or state 
of being, etc.; thing established, as, a form of gov- 
ernment; a permanent civil, military, or commer- 
ci.il organization; a style of living; accustomed 
expense ; income ; salary ; permanent place of resi- 
dence or business. 

Estate, es-taf, n. Fixed condition of any thing or 
person; rank; state; position; property; esp. nrop- 
erty in land; also, property of all kinds which one 
leaves to be divided at his death; one of the ranks or 
classes of men constituting the state. {Law ) The 
interest which one has in lands or other effects. 

Esteem, es-tem'', v. t. [^teemed (-temd''), -teeming.] 
To set a value on, estimate, set a high value on, re- 
gard with respect or affection. — n. High value; 
great regard. — Es'^timable, -tt-ma-bl, a. Capable 



or worthj^ of, etc. — Es'timate, -mSt, v. t. To forna 
an opinion of the value of, without actually measur- 
ing or weighing ; to compute, appraise, rate, calcu- 
late. — n. An approximate judgment as to amount, 
cost, etc. — Estima''tion, 7*. Act of estimating ; 
opinion of the worth, etc., formed without using: 
precise data ; favorable opinion ; esteem ; honor ; re- 
gard. 

Esthetics. See under Esthetic. 

Estop, es-top', V. t. [-TOPPED (-topf), -ping.] {Law.y 
To impede or bar, stop the progress of. -^ Estop''pel> 
n. A conclusive admission, not to be controverted. 

Estrange, es-trani', v. t. [-teanged (-tranjd'), -tran- 
cing.] To make strange, keep at a distance; to di- 
vert from its original use or possessor, alienate; to 
alienate the affections or confidence of. 

Estray, es-tra', n. {Law.) A domestic animal, wan- 
dering from its owner. 

Estuary, esfu-a-rt, n. A narrow passage, as the mouth 
of a river, where the tide meets the current; am ami 
of the sea; frith. 

Etcetera, -eaetera, et-set'e-ra, contr. etc, and &c. Lit. 
and other (things); and so on, — used at the end of 
a sentence, phrase, etc., to indicate that other things 
are to be understood, or might be mentioned. [L.] 

Etch, ech, v. t. [etched (echt), etching.] To pro- 
duce (figures or designs) on metal, glass, etc., by 
lines eaten in by acid. — v. i. To practice etching." 

Eternal, e-ter'nal, a. Without beginning or end of 
existence; always existing; everlasting; endless; im- 
mortal; continued without intermission; perpetual; 
ceaseless; immutable. — 7i. That which is without 
beginning or end; esp. the Deity; God. — Eter'nity, 
-nT-tT, M. Condition or quality of being, etc.; the 
condition which begins at death. 

Ether, c'ther, n. {Physics.) A subtle fluid supposed 
to pervade all space, and to be the medium of trans- 
mitting light and heat. {Chem.) A very light, vol- 
atile, and inflammable fluid, produced by distilla- 
tion of alcohol with an acid. — Sulphuric ether. Th& 
druggist's common ether, produced by distillation 
of alcohol and sulphuric acid, — the most valuable oif 
anesthetics.— Ethe'real, -re-al, a. Pert, to the ether, 
or to regions bej'ond the earth or atmosphere; ce- 
lestial; consisting of ether; exceedingly Ugnt or airy; 
tenuous. {Cheni.) Of, or pert, to, ether. — Ethe'- 
realize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To convert into,, 
or saturate with, ether; to render ethereal. — E'ther- 
ize, V. t. [-IZED (-izd), -izing.] To convert into, or 
put under the influence of, ether. — E'theriza'^tion,. 
J). {Med.) Administration of ether by inhalation;, 
state of the system under its influence. 

Ethic, -ical, eth'ik-al, a. Pert, to manners or morals; 
treating of moral feelings or duties; containing pre- 
cepts of morality. — Eth''ics, n. Science of human 
duty ; body of" rules drawn from this science. — 
EthoKogy,-]!. n.' Science of ethics, also of character, 
and of customs among different communities or in 
different stages of civilization. 

Ethiop, e'tht-op, -opian, -o^pT-an, n. A native or in- 
habitant of Ethiopia ; an African. — Ethio''pian,. 
-op'ic, a. Pert, or relating to, etc. — w. The lan- 
guage of Ethiopia. 

Ethnic, eth'^nik, -nical, a. Pert, to races ; based on 
distinctions of race; heathen; pagan, — opp. to Jew~ 
ish and Christian. — Ethnog'^raphy, -fi, n. Descrip- 
tion of races of men, with tneir characteristics, man- 
ners, etc. — Ethnol'ogy, -fi, n. Science of the divis- 
ion of man into races, their origin, relations, and 
differences. • 

Ethology, etc. See under Ethic. 

Etiology, e-tt-oKo-jT, n. {Med.) Science of the causes 
of disease. {Metaph.) Investigation of causes. 

Etiquette, et-t-kef, n. Observance of the proprietitt» 
of rank and occasion; conventional decorum. 

Etymon, et'l-mon, n.; E. pi. -mons, -monz, Gr. p7. 
-MA, -ma. An original form ; primitive word; root. 
— EtymoKogy, -jT, »«. That pact of philology which 
explains the origin and derivation of words; that 
part of grammar relating to changes in the forms of 
words. — Et'ymolog''ical, -loj''ik-aT, a. Pert, to ety- 
mology. — Etsmiol'^gist, -jist, n. One versed in, etc. 

Eucbanst, u''ka-rist, n. {Eccl.) The sacrament of 
the Lord's supper; communion. 

Euchre, u'ker, n. A game at cards. — v. t. To defeat 



siin, cube, full ; mdon, f66t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



EUDIOMETER 



132 



EVOLVE 




one who has made the trump in playing euchre; to 
defeat, outwit, foil. 

Eudiometer, u-dt-om'e-ter, n. An instrument to as- 
certain the purity of the air, or its 
quantity of oxygen. — Eudiom'etry, 
-tri, n. Art or practice of, etc. 

Enlo^tun, u-lo'jl-um, Eu''logy, -jT, n. A 
speech or writing iu commendation of 
anyone's character or services; enco- 
mium ; panegyric. — Eu'^logize, v. t. 
[-G1ZED C-jIzd), -GiziNG.] To Speak or 
write in commendation of ; to praise. 

— Eu'logist, n. One who, etc. — Eulo- 
gisfic, a. Pert, to, given to, or char- 
acterized by, etc.; laudatory. 

Eunucll, u'^riuk, n. A castrated man, 
often employed as a chamberlain in 
the East. 

liUi)atoriuin,'u'pa-to''rT-um, n. A genus 
of plants, including hemp, agrimony, 
boneset, thorough wort or Indian sage, _ ,. 
etc. ' = = ' Eudiometer. 

Euphemism, u'fe-mizm, n. A delicate word or ex- 
pression used for one harsh or indelicate. — Eu- 
phemis'tic, -tical, a. Pert, to, or containing, etc. 

Euphony, u'fo-nT, n. An agreeable sound, easy, 
smooth enunciation of sounds. — Euphou'lc, -leal, 
-fon'ik-al, Eupho'mous, -fo'nT-us, a. Agreeable in 
sound. — Eu'phonism, -fo-nizm, n. An agreeable 
sound or combination of sounds ; euphony. — Eu- 
phon^icon, n. A kind of pianoforte. — Euphc'nium, 
-nl-um, n. A bass instrument of the sax-horn 
family. ** 

Euphuism, ii'fu-izm, n. (Rhet.) Affectation of ex- 
cessive elegance and refinement of language. 

Eurasian, ii-ra'shan, n. A child of one European and 
one Asiatic parent; one born in Asia of European 
parentage. - 

European, u-ro-pe'an, a. Pert, to Europe or its in- 
habitants. — n. A native or inhabitant of, etc. 

Eustachian, u-sta'kt-an, a. (Anat.) Discovered by 

Eustachius, an Italian physician. — E. tube. (Atiat.) 

A slender air-passage from a cavity in the ear to the 

back part of the mouth. — E. valve. (Anat.) A 

. semilunar, membranous valve in the heart. 

Evacuate, e-vak'u-at, v. i. To make empty; to re- 
move, eject, void, discharge; to withdraw' from or 
desert (a city, fort, etc.); to make void, nullify, va- 
cate. — Evacua'tion, 7i. Act of, etc. ; thing evacuated 
or discharged; esp. a discharge by stool or other nat- 
ural means. — Evac'ua'tive, -tiv, a. Serving or 
tending to evacuate; cathartic; purgative. 

Evade, e-vad', v. t. To get away from by artifice, 
elude, escape. — v. i. To escape, slip away, attempt 
toescape. — Eva'sion, -zhtm, n. Act of, etc.; esp. 
of eluding an accusation, interrogation, etc. ; shift; 
subterfuge ; prevarication ; equivocation. — Eva'- 
sive, -siv, n. Tending to evade; marked by evasion. 

— Eva'sively, adv. 

Evanescent, ev-a-nes'sent, a. Vanishing ; fleeting ; 
imperceptible. — Evanes''cenee, -sens, n. Act, state, 
or quality of, etc. 

Evangel, e-van'jel, n. Good news ; the gospel. — 
EvangeKic, -ical, a. Contained in, or pert, to, the 
4 Gospels ; pert, to, consonant with, or contained 
in, the gospel; earnest for the truth taught in the 
gospel; technically applied to a party in some Prot- 
estant churches. — EvangeKically, adv. — Evan- 
gel'icism^ -1-sizm, n. Evangelical principles. — 
Evan'^gelftt, n. One of the writers of the gospel his- 
tory; one authorized to preach, but not to adminis- 
ter the eucharist; a preacher without fixed charge; 
a revivalist. — Evaa'gelize, r. t. [-iZEp (-Izd), -iz- 
IXG.] To preach the gospel to, convert to a belief of 
the gospel. — v.i. To preach the gospel. 

Evaporate, e-vap'o-rat, v. i. To pass off in vapor, as 
a fluid; to be dissipated, be wasted; — v. t. To dis- 
sipate in vapor or fumes. — a. Dispersed in vapors. 

— Evap'ora'tion, n. Act or process of turning into, 
or passing off in, vapor; transformation of part of a 
fluid into vapor, to concentrate fixed matters con- 
tained in it in a state of greater consistence. 

Evasion, Evasive, etc. See under Evade. 
Eve, ev, Even, e'vn, n. Latter part or close of the 
day; evening; the evening preceding some particu- 



lar day, as Christmas eve is the evening before 
Christmas: period just preceding some event. — 
E'vening, n. Latter part of the daj' and begin- 
ning of night or darkness; latter portion or declin- 
ing period (of life, etc.). 

Even, e'vn, a. Level, smooth, or equal in surface; 
not rough; uniform in motion or action; equable; 
not easily disturbed; parallel ; on a level : equallv 
balanced ; adjusted ; fair ; equitable, — said of ac- 
counts, bargains, etc.; not odd; capable of division 
by 2, — said of numbers. — v. t. [evened (e'vnd), 
EVEXixG.] To make even or level; to balance; to 
balance accounts. — adv. In an equal or precisely 
similar manner; equally; at the very time; so mucn 
as: as was not to De expected.— E'venly, adv.— 
E'^venness, n. 

Evening. See under Eve. 

Event, e-vent', n. That which falls out; any inci- 
dent ; consequence of anything ; occurrence ; ad- 
venture ; issue ; result : end. — Evenffol, -ful, a. 
Full of, or distinguished for, etc. — Evenfual.'-u-al, 
a. Happening as a consequence or result : conse- 
quential ; terminating ; ultimate. — Event'ually, 
adv. — Evenfual^ity, -I-tl, n. (Phren.) Disposition 
to take cognizance of events. See Pheexology. 
— Evenfuate, v. i. To issue, as a consequence or 
event, terminate. 

Ever, ev'er, adv. At any time; at all times: always; 
continually; without cessation or interruption; to the 
end. [Contr. E'er, Sr.] — Ev'erglade, n. Low land 
covered with shallow water and a growth of high 
grass. — green, o. Always green; verdant through- 
out the year. — n. A plant which, etc. — lasfing, 
a. Lasting or enduring forever; immortal; eternal; 
continuing indefinitely. — n. Eternal duration, past 
and future; eternal; a woolen material for shoes, 
etc. {Bot.) A plant, whose flowers dry without los- 
ing their form or color. A game at cards. — ^last'- 
ingly, adv. Perpetually; continually. — liv'ing, a. 
Living without end; eternal; continual: incessant. 
— more', adv. During eternity ; always : for an 
indefinite future period. — Ev'ery, -i:, o. The sep- 
arate individuals which constitute a whole, regard- 
ed one by one. — Ev'ery-day, a. Used or fit for every 
day ; common ; usual : customary. — where, adv. 
In'every place; in all places. 

Evict, Eviction. See under Evixce. 

Evident, ev't-dent, a. Clear to the vision; esp. clear 
to the understanding; obvious; notorious. — Ev'i- 
dence, -dens, n. That which makes manifest; ground 
of belief ; conclusive testimom' ; one who makes 
evident; a witness. {Law.) Means of proof . — v.t. 
[-DEXCED (-denst), -dexcixg.] To render evident 
or clear; to prove, evince. 

Evil, e''vl, a. Having bad natural or moral qualities; 
producing sorrow, distress, injurv, or calamitj' ; 
mischievous; wicked; bad. — n. That which pro- 
duces unhappiness or suif erin^ ; moral badness ; 
malady or disease, esp. in the phrase king's evil, the 
scrofula. — adv. In an evil manner: ill. 

Evince, e-vins', v. t. [evixced (-vinsf), evixcix^g.] 
Lit., to conquer completely; to prove bej'ond rea- 
sonable doubt, make evident. —Evin'cible, a. Ca- 
pable of being proved; demonstrable. — Evin'cive, 
-siv, a. Tendingto, etc.— Evict', r. f. (Law.) To dis- 
possess by legal process. — Evic'tion, n. Act of , etc. 

Eviscerate, e-vis'ser-at, r. t. To take out the entrails 
of, disembowel, gut. 

Evitable, ev'T-ta-bl, a. Capable of being shunned. 

Evoke, e-vok', r. t. [evoked (-vokt'), evokixg.] To 
call out, summon forth. 

Evolve, e-volv', v. t. [evolved (-volvd'), evolvixg.\ 
To unfold or unroll, develop: to throw out, emit. — 
V. i. To become open, disclosed, or developed. — 
Evolute, ev'o-ltit, n. ( Geoni.) A curve from which 
another curve, called the invo- 
lute or evolvent, is described by • 
the end of a thread gradually 
wound upon the former, or un- 
wound from it. — Evolu'tion. 
n. Act of unfolding or unrol- 
ling; in the process of growth, 
development; a series of things 
unrolled or unfolded. (Gconi.) 
Formation of an involute by un- 




A.BC. Evolute. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, t5rm ; Tn, Tee ; 5dd, tone, Qr : 



EWE 



133 



EXCLUDE 



windipg a thread from another curve as an evolute. 
{Ai-itn. & Alg.) Extraction of roots. {Mil. Sc Naval.) 
A prescribed movement of a body of troops, vessel, 
or fleet. (Physiol.) That thebry of generation in 
which the germ is held to preexist in the parent, 
and its parts to be developed, but not actually 
formed, by the procreative acts. (Biology.) History 
of the steps by which any living being has acquired 
its distinguishing: morphological and physiological 
characteristics. XMetajih.) beries of changes under 
natural law, involving continuous progress from the 
homogeneous to the heterogeneous in structure, and 
from the single and simple to the diverse and mani- 
fold in quality or function. — Evolti''tionaxy, -rt, a. 
Pert, to evolution. — Evolu'tionist, w. One skilled 
in evolutions; one who holds the ph3-siological or 
metaphy^sical doctrine of, etc. 

Ewe, u, n. A female sheep. 

Ewer, u'er, n. A pitcher with a wide spout. 

Exact, egz-akt', a. Precisely agreeing with a stand- 
ard, a fact, or the truth ; accurate ; methodical ; 
IJunctual ; marked by nicetj^ or care ; proceeding 
from, or characterizecl by, exactness; correct; pre- 
cise ; nice ; methodical. — v. t. To demand or re- 
quire authoritatively or of right; to extort. — Exac'- 
tion, n. Authoritative demand; a driving to com- 
pliance; extortion; thing exacted; tribute. — Exacf- 
itude', -tud', n. Exactness. 

Exaggerate, egz-aj'er-at, v. t. To increase or amplify; 
to heighten, esp. to represent as greater than truth 
or justice will warrant. (Paint.) To heighten in 
coloring OT design. — Exag'sera'tion, n. Represen- 
tation beyond truth; hyperhole. (Paint.) A repre- 
sentation of things beyond natural life, in expres- 
sion, vigor, etc. — Exag'geratory, -to-rl, -tive, -tiv, 
a. Containing, or tending to, etc. 

Exalt, egz-awlt', v. t. To elevate, lift up; to elevate 
in rank, dignity, power, etc.; magnify, extol; to lift 
up with joy or success, elate; to elevate the tone of, 
utter. (Chem.) To render pure or refined.- Exal- 
ta'^tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

Examine, egz-am^in, v. t. (^-ined (-ind), -inixg.] To 
try and assay by appropriate tests; to inquire into 
and determine; to investigate the fact, reasons, or 
claims of ; to consider the arguments for, or the 
merits of; to try, as an oifender; to test the attain- 
ments of, as a scholar; to question, as a witness; to 
prove by a moral standard, discuss, scrutinize, ex- 
plore. — Exam^ina'^tion, n. Act of, or state of being, 
etc.; careful search, investigation, or inquiry; pro- 
cess for testing qualification. 

Example, egz-am^pl, ?i. A portion taken to show the 
character of the whole; a sample; a pattern or copy; 
a warning ; caution; precedent; an instance illus- 
trating a rule or precept. — Exem'plar, n. A model, 
original, or pattern, to be imitated. — Exem^plary, 
-rl, a. Serving as, etc. ; commendable ; conspicu- 
ous.- Exem'plarlly, -rl-lT, adv. — Exem^plify, -plT- 
fi, V. t. [-FiED (-fid), -FYiXG.J To show by example, 
copy, make an attested copy of, prove hy an attest- 
ed copy. — Exem''pliflca''tion, n. Act of, or thing 
which, etc. 

Exasperate; egz-as'per-at, v. t. To irritate in a high 
degree, aggravate, imbitter, provoke, enrage. — Ex- 
aa'pera'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

Excavate, eks-'ka-vat, v. t. To hollow out, form a 
cavity in, form by hollowing. — Excava'tion, n. Act 
of, etc. ; a hollow formed by removing the interior. 

Exceed, eks-sed'', v. t. To pass or go bej'ond ; to sur- 
pass, excel, transcend. — v. i. To. go too far, pass 
proper bounds; to be more or larger. — 5xceed''ing, 
-ingly, adv. In a very great degree ; unusually ; 
surpassingly; transcendently. — Excess', n. State 
of surpassing or exceeding limits; superfluity; un- 
due indulgence of appetite; intemperance; dissipa- 
tion ; that which exceeds what is usual or proper; 
degree or amount by which one thing or number 
exceeds another; remainder. — Excess'ive, -iv, a. 
Marked by, etc. ; transgressing laws of morality, 
prudence, propriety, etc. ; extreme ; vehement. — 
Excess'lvely, adv. 

Excel, eks-seF, v. t. [-celled| C-seld'), -celling.] 
To exceed, surpass, esp. in good qualities or deeds. 
— V. i. To have good qualities in an unusual degree; 
to surpass others. — Ex'cellence, -lens, n. State or 



quality of being excellent ; a valuable quality ; a 
title of honor : excellency ; superiority ; worth ; 
greatness. — Ex'cellency, -sT, n. v aluab'le quality ; 
excellence ; a title of honor given to dignitaries of 
a court or state, embassadors, etc. — Ex'^cellent, a. 
Excel-ing or surpassing others in virtue, dignity, at 
tainments, etc.; worth v; choice. 

Except, eks-sepf, v. t. To leave out of any number 
specified, exclude. — v. i. To take exception to, ob- 
ject, —prep. With exclusion of ; leaving out; ex- 
cepting; but.— conj. Unless; if not. — Excep'tion, n. 
Act of, etc. ; thing excepted ; a person, thing, or 
case, specified as distinct, or not included. (Law.) 
An objection, oraF or written, taken, as to bail or 
security ; or as to the decision of a judge, etc. An 
objection; dissent; cause of offense. — Excep'tion- 
able, a. Liable to, etc. ; objectionable. — Excep'- 
tional, a. Forming an exception; exceptive; better 
than the average; of marked excellence; eminently 
superior. — Except'ive, -iv, a. Including, making, 
or being an exception ; exceptional. — Excepfor, 
-er, n. One who takes exceptions. 

Excerpt, eks'serpt, v. t. To make extracts from, or 
an extract of ; to select, extract, cite or cite from. — 
11. An extract ; a passage selected from an author. 

Excess, Excessive._ See under Exceed. 

Exchange, eks-chanj', v. t. r-CH.4.>'GED (-chanjd''), 
-CHAJv^GiNG.] To give or take in return for some- 
thing else; esp., in trade, to barter ; to part with for 
a substitute, interchange, commute, bargain, swap, 
traffic. — v. I. To be changed or received in ex- 
change for; to pass in exchange. — n. Act of giving 
or taking one thing in return for another, or of 
giving and receiving reciprocally ; thing given for 
something received. ( Com.) Process of settling ac- 
counts or debts between parties at a distance, with- 
out intervention of money, by exchanging orders 
or drafts, called bills of exchange. (Law.) A mu- 
tual grant of equal interests, the one in considera- 
tion of the other. Place where merchants and bank- 
ers of a city transact business, at certain hours, 

— contr. into 'Change. — Exchange'' able, a. — Ex- 
change'abil'ity, n. — Exchan^ger, n. 

Exchequer, eks-chek'er, n. In Eng., one of the supe- 
rior courts of law, — so called from a checkered 
c.loth, which covered the table. The treasurj'; pe- 
cuniary possessions in general. — v. t. [exciieq- 
UERED C-erd), -uering.] To institute a process in 
the Court of Exchequer. 

Excise, eks-slz', n. An inland duty of the nature of 
a direct tax on the consumer, — also levied on li- 
censes to pursue certain trades, anddeal in certain 
commodities. — v. t. [excised (-sTzd'), -cising.] 
To lay an excise upon; to impose upon; overcharge. 

Excise, eks-siz'', v. t. To cut off ; to separate and re- 
move. — Excis''ion, -sizh^un, «. Act of, etc.; extir- 
pation ; destruction. (Eccl.) Excommunication. 
(Surg.) Removal, esp. of small parts, with a cutting 
instrument. 

Excite, eks-sit'', v. t. To call to activity, awaken, 
stimulate, irritate, provoke. (Med.) To increase 
the vital activity of the body. — Excite'ment, n. 
Act of , or state of being, etc.; agitation; that which 
excites. (Med.) A state of exalted vital activity in 
the body or any of its parts. — Excifer, n. — Excit''- 
ing, p. a. Calling or rousing into action; producing 
excitement. — Excifable, a. Capable of being 
roused into action. — ExcifablKity, w. Quality of 
being, etc. '(Med.) Irritability. — Excifant, n. 
(Med.) A stimulant. — Excita'tion, v. Act of, etc. 

Exclaim, eks-klam', r. i. [-claimed (-klamd''},-CLAiM:- 
IXG.] To cry out from earnestness, passion, sur- 
prise, etc. ; to vociferate. — Exclama''tion, n. Act 
of, etc.; an uttered expression of surprise, joy, etc. 
(Rhet.) A word expressing outcry; an interjection. 
(Print.) A sign by which emphatic utterance or out- 
cry is marked, thus [!]. 

Exclude, eks-klud', v. t. To thrwst out or eject ; to 
hinder from entrance, debar from participation or 
enjoyment. — Exclu''slon, -zhun, w. Act of, etc. 

— Exclu^'sionist, n. One who would exclude an- 
other from some privilege. — Exclu''sive, -siv, -sory, 
-so-rl. a. Able to exclude; not taking into account. 
— n. One of a coterie who exclude others ; an ex- 
clusionist.— Exclu'sively, adv. — Exclu''siveness, n. ' 



sHn, cube, full ; moon, f<)6t ; cow. oil ; linger or ink, tSien, boxbox, chair, get. 



EXCOMMUNICATE 



134 



EXPAND 



Excoaununicate, eks-kom-mu'iiT-kat, r. t. To ex- 
pel from communion, csp. of the church ; to pro- 
uounce an ecclesiastical sentence against. 

Excrement. See under ExcitEXE. 

Excrescence, eks-kres'sens, n. Any thing growing 
out unnaturally from anything else ; a superfluity. 

Excrete, eks-kret', v. t. To discharge from the body 
as useless; to eject. — Excre'tion, n. Act of throw- 
ing ofE effete matter from the animal system ; mat- 
ter excreted : excrement. — Ex'cretive, -tiv, a. 
Having the power of exc.eting, or promoting ex- 
cretion. — Ex^cretory, -to-n, a. Having the quality 
of, etc. — n. {Anal.) A duct or ■s'vssel that receives 
and excretes matter. — E:£'crement, n. Matter ex- 
creted and ejected, esp. alvine discharges ; dung ; 
ordure. _ 

Excruciate, eks-kroo'sht-at, v. t. To inflict most se- 
\ere pain upon; to torture, torment. 

Exciilpate, eks-kuKpat, v. t. To clear from the im- 
putation of fault or guilt ; to exonerate, absolve, 
justify. — Excalpa''tion, n. Act of, etc. — Excnl''par 
toiy, -to-rt, a. Able to, etc. ; excusing. 

Excursion, eks-ker'shun, n. A settiqg out from some 
point; an expedition ; a trip for pleasure or health ; 
tour; ramble ; jaunt ; a wandering from a subject ; 
•digression. — Excur'sive, -siv, a. Prone to make ex- 
cursions ; enterprising ; exploring. 

EacuBe, eks-kuz'', r. /. L-cusED(-kuzd''),-cusiXG.] To 
free frona accusation, or imputation of blame ; to 
exculpate, absolve; to pardon, as a fault, regard with 
indulgence, overlook ; to free from an impending 
obligation or duty ; not to exact ; to ask pardon or 
indulgence for. — Excuse'', -kiis', n. Act of excus- 
ing, apologizing, exculpating, pardoning, releasing, 
etc. ; a plea offered in extenuation of a fault ; apol- 
ogy ; that which extenuates or justifies a fault. — 
Excu«''er, -kuz-'er, n. — Excns'^able, -kuz'-, a. 

Execrate, eks'e-krat, v. t. To denounce evil against ; 
imprecate evil upon ; to abhor, abominate, curse. 
— Execra''tion, n. Act of cursing ; a curse pro- 
nounced ; that which is execrated. — Ex'ecrable, a. 
Deserving, etc. ; detestable ; abominable. 

Execute, eks'e-kut, v. t. To follow through to the 
end, carry into complete effect ; to render valid, as 
by signing and sealing : to give effect to, fulfill, 
achieve, consummate : to inflict capital punishment 
on, put to death. {Mus.) To perform, as a piece of 
music. — V. i. To perform an office or dutj'; to play 
on a musical instrument.— Ex'ecu'ter, n. — Execu- 
tion^ n. Aet of executing ; performance ; legal ac- 
complishment; a putting to death as a legal penalty; 
act or mode of performing works of art, of perform- 
ing on an instrument, engraving, etc. {LaivS) A final 
Iprocess ; act of signin;r and sealing a legal instru- 
ment. Effect. — Execu'^tioner, n. One who executes, 
esp. a judgment of death. — Executive, egz-ek''u-tiv, 
«. Designed or fitted for, qualifying for, or pert, to, 
etc.— ?i. The officer (king, president, etc.) who su- 
perintends the execution of laws. — Exec'utor, -ter, 
n. One who executes or performs; person appointed 
by a testator to execute his wiU, or to see it carried 
into effect, after his decease. — Exec'utreBS, -utrix, 
n. A female executor. 

EzempUir, Exemplify. See under Example. 

Exempt, egz-empt', v. t. To take out or from, grant 
imniunity from, release. — a. Taken out or re- 
moved ; liberated. — n. One freed from duty. — 
Exemp'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

ExerciJie, eks'gr-siz, n. Act of exercising ; exertion ; 
use: act of putting in practice ; performance ; per- 
formance of a public office or ceremony, esp. of 
religious worship; exertion for the sake of training 
or improvement ; hygienic activity ; a disquisition: 
lesson ; task ; that which gives practice ; a trial. — 
v.t. [exercised (-sizd),-ciSiNG.] To set in action, 
employ, school or train, busy; to exert for the sake 

. of improvement, improve by practice, discipline; to 
occupy the attention and effort of; to task, tax, vex; 
to use, employ. — v. i. To take exercise; use action 
or exertion. 

Exert, egz-grt', v. t. To put forth, as strength, force, 
or ability ; to bring into active operation ; to do or 
perform. — Exer''tion., n. Act of, etc.; effort. 

Sxkale, egz-hal', v. t. [-haled (-hald'), -haling.] 
To emit, as vapor, send out, as an odor ; to cause to 



be emitted in vapor, evaporate. — i-.i. To rise or 
be given off, as vapor. — F.xhala'^tion. ?t. Act or 
process of, etc. ; evaporation ; that exhaled ; fume 
or steam ; effluvium. 
Exhaust, e^z-awst', v. 1. To draw out or drain off 
Completely ; to empty by drawing out the contents; 
to use, employ, or expend entirely, wear out, weary. 

— u. Drained; exhausted ; having expended or lost 
it.-^ energy. — n. Foul air let out of a room by a reg- 
ister, etc' — Exhaus'tion, -chun, n. Act of, or state 
of being, etc.! state of being deprived of strength or 
spirits. 

Exhibit, egz-ib'it, v. t. To hold forth or present to 
view; to show, display; to present in a public or 
official manner. {Med.) To administer as a remedy. 

— 11. An J' paper produced as a voucher, or in proof 
of facts. (^Law.) A document proved in a cause, by 
admission or by witness. Thing exhibited, esp. a 
collection of articles placed on public exhibition. 

— Exhib'iter, n. — Exhibition, eks'hi-bish'un, n. 
Act of exhibiting ; manifestation : display ; thing 
displayed ; public show. {Med.) The act of ad- 
ministering a remedy. 

Exhilarate, egz-iKa-rat, v. t. To make cheerful or 
merry ; to enUven, gladden, cheer. 

Exhort, egz-6rt', v. t. To incite by words or advice, ad- 
vise, warn, caution. — v. i. To deliver exhortation. 

— Exhorta'^tion, eks-, m. Act or practice of, etc. ; 
language intended to incite and encourage ; coun- 
sel. 

Exhume, eks-hiim', v. t. [-hujied (-humd'), -huming.] 
To dig up, as from a grave, disinter. 

Exigence, eks'I-jens, -gency, -jen-sI, n. State of be- 
ing exigent ; urgent or exacting want ; distress ; 
emergency : necessity. — Ex'^igent, n. {Law.) A 
judicial writ in the process of outlawry.— a. Re- 
quiring immediate action; pressing. 

E:ale, eks'il, n. Forced separation from one's native 
country ; proscription ; expulsion ; one banished 
from his country. — v. t. [exiled (-ild), -ilixg.] 
To banish from one's country, drive away. 

Exist, egz-ist', v. i. To be ; to" have actual or real be- 
ing, material or spiritual ; to occur ; manifest it- 
seB; to live, have life. — Exist'ence, -ens, -ency, -en- 
sT, n. State of existing or being ; occurrence ; that 
which exists; a being; creature. 

Exit, eks'it, n. Departure of a player from the stage; 
any departure ; act of quitting the stage of action 
or of life ; death ; decease ; way of departure ; pas- 
sage out of a ])lace. 

Exode, eks'od, ;;. {Gr. Drama.) The catastrophe of 
a play. {Rom. Aatiq.) A comic afterpiece. — Ex'- 
odus, -o-dus, n. Departure from a place; esp. depar- 
ture of the Israelites from Egypt under Moses ; 2d 
book of the Old Testament, which relates this de- 
parture. 

Exonerate, egz-on'er-at, v. t. To relieve of (a charge, 
obligation, or load of blame) ; to absolve, acquit, 
clear, discharge. — Exon^era'tien, n. Act of, or state 
of being, etc. 

Exorbitant, egz-Sr'bt-tant, a. Departing from an 
orbit or usual track ; deviating from the usual 
course; excessive; extravagant; enormous; anoma- 
lous ; irregular. 

Exorcise, eks^or-slz, v. t. [-cised (-sizd), -cisiXG.] 
To drive away (an evil spirit) by adjuring by some 
holy name; to deliver from the influence of an evil 
spirit. — Ex'orcism, -sizm, n. Act of exorcising ; a 
form of prayer or incantation for this end. 

Exordium, egz-Sr'dl-um, n. ; E. j)l. -diums, -dY-umz, 
j L. pi. -DiA, -dl-a. Beginning of anything ; esp. in- 
troductory part of a discourse. 
: Exoteric, -ical, eks-o-tgr'ik-al, a. Public ; not secret ; 
capable of being fully comprehended, — opp. to eso- 
teric. 

Exotic, egz-ot'ik, -ical, a. Introduced from a foreign 
country; not native. — Exot'ic, ?i. Anything of for- 
eign qngin, as a plant, word, custom, etc. 

Expand, eks-pand', r. t. To lay open; to make larger, 
dilate, distend; to enlarge, extend, open. — v.i. To 
become opened, spread apart, dilated, or enlarged. 

— Expanse', -pans', n. That which is expanded ; 
wide extent of space or body; the firmament. — Ex- 
pan'sible, o. Capable of being, etc. — Expan'sibil'- 
ity, -tl, n. Capacity of, etc. — Expan'sion, -shun, »». 



am, fame, far, pass or oper&, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrna ; Itn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 5r ; 



EXPATIATE 



135 ' 



EXPRESS 



Act of, or condition of being, etc. ; thing expanded; 
expanse: space; room. 

Expatiate, eks-pa'sht-at, v. i. To move at large, wan 
der without restraint; to enlarge in discourse, des- 
cant. — V. t. To cause or allow to roam abroad; to 
extend, diiiuse. — Expa'tia''tion, n. Act of, etc. 

Expatriate, eks-pa'trT-at, v. t. To banish; to remove 
(one's self) from one's native country. 

Expect, eks-pekt', v. t. To wait for, await; to look 
forward to, anticipate, think, believe. — Expect- 
ance, -ancy, -an-sT, n. Act or state of, etc. ; thing 
expected. — Expect''ant, a. Having an attitude of 
expectation ; waiting ; looking for ; in medicine, 
waiting for the efforts of nature. — n. One who 
waits in expectation. — £xpecta''tion, n. Act or 
state of expecting ; state of being expected ; thing 
expected; ground of expecting; reason for anticipa- 
ting future benefits; value of any prospect depend- 
ing upon the happening of some uncertain event. 

Expectorate, eks-pek'to-rat, v. t. To discharge 
(phlegm, etc.) by coughing, hawking, and spitting. 
— V. i. To discharge matter from the lungs or throat; 
to spit. — Expec'tora'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; matter 
expectorated. — Expec'torant, o. {Med.) Tending 
to promote discharges from the lungs or throat. — n. 
{Med.) A medicine which, etc. — Expec'torative, 
-tiv, a. Expectorant. 

Expedite, eks'pe-dit, v. t. To relieve of impediments, 
(juicken; to dispatch, issue officially. — a. Free of 
impediment ; expeditious. — Expe'dient, -dT-ent, a. 
Hastening forward ; tending to further a proposed 
object; proper under the circumstances ; advisable ; 
profitable ; conducive, or tending to self-interest, 
or selfish ends. — n. Suitable means to accomplish 
an end ; means employed in an exigency ; shift ; 
contrivance ; resource ; substitute. — Expedi'tion, 
-dish-'up, n. Quality of being expedite ; efficient 
promptness; haste; quickness; an important enter- 
prise or attempt at some distance; an excursion for 
a valuable end; body of persons making^ such an ex- 
cursion. — Expedi'tiotis, -dish'us, a. Possessed of, 
or characterized by, expedition ; prompt ; ready ; 
quick; alert. 

Expel, eks-peK, v. t. [-felled (-peld''), -felling.] To 
drive or force out, eject; to drive from one's coun- 
try, hanish. — ExpTtl'sion, -shun, n. Act of, or state 
of being, etc. — Expul'sive, -siv, a. Having power, 
or serving to, etc. 

Expend, eks-pend', v. t. To apply or employ in any 
way; to consume by u.^e, dissipate, waste. — ?•. i. To 
be laid out, used," or consumed. — Expend'iture, 
-chur, w. Act of, etc.; thing expended; expense. — 
Expense'', -pens'', n. Act of expending ; disburse- 
ment ; outlay ; that expended ; cost ; charge. — Ex- 
pen ''sive, -siv, a. Occasioning expense; costlj'; lav- 
ish ; extravagant. 

Experience, eks-pe-'rT-ens, n. Practical acquaintance 
with any matter by personal observation or trial of 
it; repeated trial of a matter; instruction so gained; 
trial; proof; experiment. — v. t. rEXPERiENCEn 
(-enst), -ENCING.] To make practical acquaintance 
with; to have befall one. — Expe'^rienced, -rT-enst,p. 
a. Taught by experience, or repeated observations. 
— Expenen'^tiaUsm, -shal-izm,n. {Metaph.) Doctrine 
that all ideas and knowledge are derived from indi- 
vidual experience, — opp. to intuitionalism. — Ex- 
per'^iment, -per'I-ment, n. A trial deliberately in- 
stituted; practical test; proof. — v. i. To operate on 
a body in order to discover some unknown fact, or 
illustrate a known one ; to test by trial. — Exper'i- 
ment''al, a. Pert, to, given to, or skilled in, founded, 
derived from, or affording, experiment; taught by, 
or derived from, experience. — Expert', a. Taught 
by use, practice, or experience; adroit; skillful. — 
Expert, eks'^pert or eks-pErt'', w. One who is, etc.; 
esp. a scientific_or professional witness. 

Expiate, eks''p1-at, v. t. To make satisfaction or rep- 
aration for; to atone for. — Expia'^tion, n. Act of, 
etc.; satisfaction; means by which atonement for 
crimes is made. — Ex''piator, -ter, n. — Ex'piatory, 
-to-rt, a. Having power to, etc. 

Expire, eks-pir'', V. <. [-fired (-pird''), -firing.] To 
breathe out, emit from the lungs; to emit in minute 
particles, exhale. — v. i. To emit the breath, esp. the 
last breath; to die; to come to an end, terminate. 



perish. — Expira''tion, n. Act of expiring, — as a 
breathing out of air from the lungs ; emission of 
volatile matter; exhalation; la^t emission of breath; 
death; termination ; end ; matter bre_athed forth. 

Explain, eks-plau', i-. t. [-flained (-pland''), -plain- 
ing.] To make plain, manifest, or intelligible; to 
expound, interpret, elucidate, clear up. — v. i. To 
give explanation. — Explana'^tion, n. Act of, etc. : 
that which makes clear; meaning attributed to any- 
thing by one who expounds it ; a mutual exposition 
of meaning, to adjust a misunderstanding ; defini- 
tion ; interpretation ; account. — Explan''atery, 
-plan''a-to-rT, a. Serving to explain; containing ex- 
planation. 

Expletive, eks'ple-tiv, a. Filling up; superfluous. — 
n. A word or syllable not necessary to the sense,, 
but inserted to fill a vacancy, or for ornament. — 
Ex'^pletory, -to-rT,_a. Serving to, etc. 

Explicate, eks''plt-kat, v. t. To unfold the meaning- 
of, explain, interpret. — a. Evolved: unfolded. — 
Ex''plicable, «. — Explica''tion, n. Act of, etc. ; ex- 
planation; interpretation; sense given by an exposi- 
tor. — Explic'lt, -plis''it, a. Distinctly stated; clear; 
not obscure or ambiguous; express; having no dis- 
guised meaning or reservation. 

Explode, eks-plod'', v. i. To burst with a loud report? 
to detonate. — v. t. To cause to explode, touch off; 
to drive out with violence and noise, as by powder;, 
to bring into disrepute, and reject. — Explc'sion,. 
-zhun, n. Act of exploding or detonating. {Steam 
eng.) The sudden and violent shattering of a boiler 
by steam pressure, — disting. fr. ntpture ; a violent 
manifestation of feeling, attended bj' an outburst in 
language, etc. — Explo'sive, -siv, a. Causing ex- 
plosion. 

Exploit, eks-ploit'', ?i. A deed or act; esp. a heroic 
act; feat. — v. i. To turn to account; work (a mine, 
etc.). — Exploita''tion, n. Process of winning ores 
and minerals from their natural position, and ren- 
dering them available. 

Explore, eks-plor'', v. i. [-flored (-plord''), -floe- 
ING.] To search through, look into all parts of, ex- 
amine thoroughly (esp. an unknown country). 

Expoliation. Same as Spoliation. 

Exponent, eks-po'nent, n. {Alg.) A number or quan- 
tity on the right of and above another quantity, de- 
noting how often the latter is repeated as a factor to 
produce the power indicated. One who, or that 
which, stands as an index or representative. 

Export, eks-port"', v. t. To carry (wares, etc.) from a 
country to other communities. — Ex''port, n. Act o±" 
exporting; thing exported. 

Expose. eks-p5z', v. t. [-posed (-pozd''), -posing.^ 
To place in a position to be seen; to lay forth to 
view, as an opinion, etc.; to explain; to deprive of 
cover or protection, lay open to attack or danger; to 
deprive of concealment, as a thing that shuns pub- 
licity; to divulge wrong practices of . — Expos^, -po- 
za'. n. A formal statement, recital, or exposition. 

— Expos^er, n. One who exposes. — Exposi''tion, 
-zish-'un, n. Act of exposing or laying open; a pub- 
lic exhibition or show; the act of expounding tht- 
sense of an author or passage; interpretation; a Tjrork 
containing explanations, or the sense put upon a. 
passage by an interpreter.— Expos'^itive, -tiv, -itory, 
-to-ri, a. Serving to explain; illustrative; exegetical. 

— Expos'itor, -ter, n- One who, etc.; an interpreter. 

— Expos''ure, -po'zhur, n. Act of exposing; state of 
being, etc.; position in regard to points of the com- 
pass, influences of climate, etc.— Expound', -pownd', 
V. t. To explain; clear of obscurity; interpret. 

Ex post facto, eks-post-fak'to. {Lcnv.) Done «fter 
the act to which it relates; from, or by, a thing done 
afterward. [±,.1 — Ex post facto laiv. A law which 
deals with acts done before its passage. 

Expostulate, eks-pSsfu-lat, v. t. To reason earnestly 
with a person on some impropriety of conduct; to 
remonstrate. — Expo8t''ula''tion, n. Act of, etc. ; 
kindly protest. — Expost''ula'tory, -to-rt, a. Con- 
taining, etc. 

Exposure, Expotind. See under Expose. 

Express, eks-pres'', v. t. [-pressed (-presf), -press- 
ing.] To press or squeeze out: to imitate; to repre- 
sent and exhibit (an opinion or feeling) by a look, 
gesture, or esp. by language; to make known one's 



sQn, cube, full; moon, f dSt ; cow, oil ; ligger or ink, tlien, boNboN, chair, get. 



EXPULSION 



136 



EXUDE 



opinions or feelings, — used reflexiveU'; to denote, 
designate; to send Dy express messenger. — a. Closely 
resembling; directlj'^ stated; made unambiguous'; 
clear; plain; explicit; dispatched with special speed 
or directness. — n. A messenger sent on a special 
errand; a quick conveyance for packages, commis- 
sions, etc. — Express''ible, a. Capable of being, etc. 

— Expres''sioii, -presh'^un, n. Act of expressing, or 
forcing out by pressure; act of representing; decla- 
ration ; utterance; lively or vivid representation of 
sentiment, feeling, etc. ; look or appearance, as indic- 
ative of thought orfeeling; mode of speech, phrase. 
(Alg.) The representation of any quantity by ap- 
propriate characters or signs. — Express'ive, -iv, a. 
Serving to, etc.; indicative; full of expression; sig- 
niiicant. — Express'ively, adv. — Express'lveness, 
n.— Express'ly, adv. In an express, direct, or pointed 
manner; in direct terms; plainly. 

Expulsion, Expulsive. See under Expel. 

Expunge, eks-punj', v. t. [-punged (-punjd''), -pux- 
• GiXG.] To blot out, as with a pen; to strike out, wipe 
out or destroy, elface, erase, cancel. 

Expurgate, eks'per- or eks-per'gat, v. t. To purify 
from anything noxious, offensive, or erroneous; to 
cleanse, purge. 

Exquisite, eks'kwT-zit, a. Carefully selected; of sur- 
passing excellence ; exceeding, extreme, keen, — 
used in a bad sense; of accurate discrimination; not 
easy to satisfy; nice; delicate; refined; perfect. — n. 
On« over-nice in dress or ornament; a fop, dandy. 

Exserf, -serted, eks-serfed, a. Standing out; pro- 
jecting beyond other parts. 

Extant, eks'^tant, a. Standing 
out or above the surface; con- 
tinuing to exist; in being; now 
subsisting. 

Extasy. See Ecstasy. 

Extempore, eks-tem'po-re, adv. 
Without previous study or 
meditation; without prepara- 
tion; suddenly. — a. Without 
study; extemporaneous. — Ex- 
' tem'pora''neous, -ne-us, -tem'- 
p o r a r y , -rl, a. Proceeding 
from the impulse of the mo- 
ment; called forth by the oc- 
casion ; unpremedita'ted ; off- 
hand. — Extena'porize, v. i. 

[-EIZED (-rizd), -RIZING.] To 

speak extempore; esp., to t-. i j ci 
make an ofe-hand address. — Exserted Stamens. 
V. t. To do in a hasty, unpremeditated manner. — 
Extem'poriz'er, n. — Extem'poriza'tion, w. Act of, 
etc. 

Extend, eks-tend', v. t. To prolong, esp. in a single 
direction, as a line; to protract; to enlarge, as a 
surface or volume; to expand; to widen, continue, 
as time, lengthen; to hold out or reach forth; to be- 
stow on; to offer. {Law.) To value, as lands taken 
by a writ of extent in satisfaction of a debt. — v. i. 
To be continued in length or breadth; to reach. — 
Exten^'sible, -sile, -sil, a. Capable of being, etc. — 
Exten'sibiKity, n. — Exten'sion, -shun, n. Act of, 
or state of being, etc. (Physics Sf Metaph.) That 
property of a body by which it occupies a portion 
of space. (Com.) A written engagement allowing a 
debtor further time to pay a debt. — Exten'sive, -siv, 
a. Having wide extent; expanded; wide. — Exten''- 
sively, adv. — Exten'siveness, 71. — Exten'sor, 7i. 
{Anat.) A muscle which extends or straightens any 
part of the body, as an arm or a finger. [L.] — Ex- 
tent', M. Space or degree to which a thing is ex- 
tended; superficies; bulk; size; length. 

Extenuate, eks-ten'u-at, v. t. To draw out, as the 
line of an army; to make thin or slender: to lessen; 
to palliate as a crime; to lower or degrade, as repu- 
tation or honor, — v.i. To become thinner, be 
drawn out. — Exten'tta'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; pallia- 
tion (of a crime); mitigation (of punishment). 

Exterior, eks-te'rl-Er, a. External; pert, to that which 
is external; on the outside; extrinsic; pert, to for- 
eign nations; foreign. — n. Outward surface or part 
of athin»; external deportment, form, or ceremony. 

— Exter''^nal, -ter'nal, a. Having relation to space ; 
outward ; exterior; from, or pert, to, the body, its 




appearance, functions, etc.; accidental; irrelevant; 
foreign; pert, to foreign nations. 

Exterminate, eks-ter^ml-nat, v. t. To drive from 
within the limits or borders of; to put an end to the 
power of, eradicate, extirpate. (Math.) To cause 
to disappear, eliminate. — Exter'mina'tion, w. Act 
of, etc.; eradication; excision. {Miitli.) Elimination. 

Extinguish, eks-tin'gwish, v. i. [-glished (-gwisht), 
-GL'ismxG.] To smother, quencn, put an end 
to; to obscure by superior splendor.— Extin'- 
guisber, n. One who, or that which, etc.; 
esp., a utensil to extinguish a candle or lamp. 
— Extin'guishment, n. Act of, etc.; suppres- 
sion; nullitication. (Law.) The putting an 
end to a right or estate by consolidation or 
union. — Extinct', -tinkt'', a. Extinguished; 
put out; quenched; ended; closed. — Ex- 



etc. 



Extin- 



guisher. 



tinc'tion, n. Act of, or state of_beinc 

Extirpate, eks'ter- or eks-ter'pat, v. t. To ' 
pull up by the roots, destroy, eradicate, expel. 

Extol, eks-toK, v. t. [-tolled (-toldO, -tollixg.] To 
elevate bj praise, eulogize, magnify, commend, 
laud, glorify. 

Extort, eks-tdrf, v. t. To wrest or wring from, gain 
hy force, exact. — r. i. To practice extortion. — Ex-, 
tor'tion, n. Act of, etc.; illegal exaction; thing e_x- 
torted ; oppression ; rapacity. — Extor'tionate, -at, 
-ary, -er-I, a. Practicing, pert, to, characterized by, 
or implying, etc. — Extor'tioner, n. 

Extra, eks'tra, a. Over and above; uncommon; ex- 
traordinary. — n. Something in addition to what is 
due or expected ; a special edition of a newspaper ; 
a special train. — Extraor^dinary, -trSr'dt-na-rl, a. 
Beyond or out of the common order or method ; ex- 
ceeding the common degree or measure ; remark- 
able ; uncommon ; rare ; employed for an unusual 
or special object. — n. That which is, ete. — Ex- 
traor'dinarUy, adv. — Extrav'agant, a. Wanderinj^ 
beyond bounds; wild; excessive; unrestrained; pro- 
fuse in expenses; prodigal. — Extrav'agantly, adv. — 
Extrav'agance, -agancy, -gan-sl, n. Act of, or state 
of being, etc.; wildness; excess; prodigality; waste; 
violence. — Extra'neous, -ne-us, a. Not belonging 
to, or dependent on; not essential; foreign. 

Extract, eks-trakf, v. t. To draw out; fo remove 
forcibly from a fixed position; to withdraw by dis- 
tillation, or other chemical process; to take by selec- 
tion. — Ex'tract, n. That which is extracted or 
drawn out; a passage from a book; citation; quota- 
tion; anything drawn from a substance by heat, so- 
lution, distillation, or chemical process. -^ Extrac'- 
tion, n. Act of, etc. ; the stock from which one has 
descended; lineage; birth; descent; thing extracted; 
extract; essence. 

Extradite, eks'tra-dlt,!;. t. To deliver, under a treaty 
of extradition. — Eztradl'tion, -dish'un, ?i. Deliv- 
ery, by one state to anotner, of fugitives from jus- 
tice, in pursuance of a treaty. 

Extreme, eks-trem', a. At the utmost point, edge, or 
border; outermost; furthest; last; final; conclusive; 
the worst or best; most urgent; greatest; highest. 
(Mus.) Extended or contracted as much as possible. 
— n. The utmost point or verge ; extremity; utmost 
limit or degree that is supposable or tolerable; great 
necessity. — Extreme miction. {Bom. CatJi. C/mrc/i). 
The anointing of a dying person with oil. — //* the 
extreme. As much as possible. — In e.rtremis. At the 
point of death. [L.] — Extreme'ly, adv.— Extrem"- 
ist, n. A supporter of extreme doctrines or praetice: 
one who holds extreme opinions. — Extrem'ity. 
-treni'I-tT, n. That at the extreme ; the utmost 
limit; verge; border: end; utmost point: highest de- 
gree of inconvenience, pain, or suifering; greatest 
need or peril. _ _ 

Extricate, eks'trT-kat, v. t. To free from dimealties 
or perplexities; to cause to be emitted or evolved; to 
disentangle, disengage, set free. 

Extrinsic, eks-trin'sik, -sical, a. Not contained in 
or belonging to a body; external; outward; unes- 
sential. 

Exuberant, egz-u'ber-ant, a. Characterized by abun- 
dance; overflowing; superfluous.— Exu'berance. -an- 
cy, -sT, n. State of being, etc. — Exu'berantly, ailv. 

Exude, egz-ud', v. t. To discharge throuo-h pores or 
incisions, as moisture, etc. — v. i. To now from a 



am, fame, fiir, pass or opera, fare ; ?nd, eve, tSrm ; Tn, Ice ; 8dd, tone, 8r ; 



EXULT 



137 



FACT 



body through the pores, or by natural discharge. — 
Ezuda'tion, n. Act of, etc.; substance exuded. 

Exult, egz-ulf, r. i- To leap for joy, rejoice in tri- 
umph. — Eznlfant, a. Inclined to, etc. — Exnita''- 
tion, n. Act of, etc.; triumph. 

Eye, i, n. The organ of sight; power of seeing; view; 
opinion; estimate; space commanded by the organ 
of sight; face; front; 
presence ; observa- 
tion; watch; notice; 
look; aspect; a thing 
resembling the or- 
gan of sight, in form, 
position, or appear- 
ance, — as, the hole in 
a needle; a catch for sc/i- 
a hook ; s p o t on a 
feather, as of a pea- 
cock; bud or sprout 
of a plant or root; 
center of a target, 




•.z r 
Eye. 

(^No.Ut.') Looped part 07J, optic nerve; sc, sclerotic or ex- 
of a rope or stav. — temal coat of the eye ; ch, choroid 
■ "" " coat ; r, retina ; z, sonule ef Zinn; 

■p, position of the Petitian canal ; 
sch, position of canal of Schlemm ; 
i, iris, the opening in the center of 
which forms the pupil ; e, cornea ; 
in. Meibomian glands ; I, crystal- 
line lens. 



t. [EYED (id), EY- 

IXG.] To fix the eye 
on, observe, esp.'to 
watch narrowly, or 
with fixed attention. 
— Eye'ball, n. The 



ball, globe, or apple of the eye. — Eye'bright, n. A 
plant formerlj' used for diseases of the eye. — Eye'- 
brow, n. The brow or hairy arch above the eye. — 
Eye'^glass, n. A glass to assist the sight; the e3-e-piece 
of a telescope, etc. — Eye'lash, n. The line of hairs 
that edges the eyelid; a single one of the hairs on 
the edge of the ej'elid. — Eye'let, n. A small hole 
for a lace or cord, as in garments, sails, etc. ; a metal 
ring or grommet^ to fit, etc. [F. oeillet, dim. of cb?7.] 
— Eye'leteer'', -er', K. A sharp-pointed instrument 
for making eyelet-holes; a stiletto. — Eye'lid, n. 
The cover of the eye. — Eye'sight, n. Vision; view; 
observation; relative power or capacity of seeing. — 
Eye'-piece, n. {Opt.) The lens, or combination of 
lenses, at the ej'e-end of an optical instrument. — 
-Berv'ant, n. A servant who attends to dutv only 
when watched. — serv'ice, n. Service performed 
only under the ej'e of an employer. — sore, n. Some- 
thing offensive to the sight. — stone, n. A small, 
calcareous stone, used for taking substances from 
between the lid and ball of the eye. — tooth, n. ; pi. 
-TEETH. A tooth whose root is long, and points up 
toward the eye ; the pointed canine or cuspidate 
tooth in the upper jaw next to the grinders. See 
Tooth. — -wa'ter, n. A medicated lotion for the 
eyes. — wit'ness. One who sees a thing done. — 
Eyne, in.j). Obs. plural of eye. 
Eyrie, -ry, a'rt, n. Place where birds of prey build 
nests and hatch their young. 



F. 



F, ef, the 6th letter of the English alphabet, is formed 
by the passage of breath between the lower lip and 
upper incisive teeth. Its figure is the same as that 
of the Eolic digamma [F], to which it is related in 
power. See Digamma. — (3fus.) F is the 4th tone 
of the gamut, or model scale. F sharp (F #) is a 
tone intermediate between F and G. 

Fa, fa. (3Ius.) A syllable applied to the 4th tone of the 
gamut or model scale for purposes of solmization. 

Fable, fa'bl, n. A fictitious story intended to enforce 
some useful truth ; an apologue ; plot of an epic or 
dramatic poem; fiction ; falsehood, ^-v. i. [fabled 
(-bid), FABLING.] To feign ; to write or speak fic- 
tion.— r.t. To feign, invent, tell of falsely.— Fab''- 
olous, -lus, a. Feigned; related to fable; not real; 
fictitious; extravaMnt; passing belief ; enormous. 

Fabric, fab'rik, n. Struc- 
ture of anything; work- 
manship ; texture; 
make; thing fabricated, 
as, framework, edifice, 
building, manufactured 
cloth ; act or purpose of 
building ; construction. 
-- Fab^ricate, -ri-kat, v. 
c. To frame, construct, 
build ; to form by art 
and labor ; to forge, de- 
vise falsely. — Fabrlca''- 
tion, n. Act of, etc. ; 
thing fabricated ; a fic- 
tion; figment: falsehood. 

Facade, fa-sad', n. Face, 
front of an edifice. 

Face, fas, n. The exterior 
form of anything ; esp., 
the front part or surface; 
one of the bounding 
planes of a solid. {Mach.) 
The principal dressed 
surface of a plate, disk, 
or pulley, or flat surface 
of a part. Outside ap- 
pearance ; surface show; 
look ; that part of the head 
of an animal, esp. of man, 




Facial Angles. 
European ; 2, African ; 
3, monkey. 



containing the eyes, nose, mouth, etc. ; visage ; 
countenance; cast of features; look; air; boldness; 
shamelessness : effrontery ; presence ;_sight ; front ; 
mode of regard. — r. t. [faced (fast), facing.] 
To meet in front, oppose with firmness, stand op- 
posite to, front upon, turn the front toward, con- 
front; to cover in front. (Much.) To make flat or 
smooth the surface of. To adulterate (tea, etc.).— r.i. 
To turn the face.— Fascial, -shal, a. Pert, to the face. 

— Facial angle. (Atiat.) The angle formed by 2 
straight lines, one drawn from the middle of the ex- 
ternal entrance of the ear to the base of the nose, and 
the other from the prominent center of the forehead 
to the most prominent part of the upper jawbone. — 
Fa'cially, arfi;.- Facet, fas'et, Facette, fa-sef, Ji. 
A little face ; a small surface. 

Facetiae, fa-se'shT-e, n. pi. Witty or humorous writ- 
ings or sayings ; witticisms. — Face'tious, -shus, a. 
Given to wit and good humor; merry; sportive; joc- 
ular ; characterized by pleasantry. 

Facile, fas'il, a. Easy to be done, surmounted, or 
removed ; easy of access ; courteous; affable ; easily 
persuaded to good or bad ; pliant; flexible. — Facil'- 
itate, V. t. To make easy or less difficult. — Facil'- 
ita'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Facil''ity, -tT, n. Quality 
of being easily performed ; ease ; readiness proceed- 
ing from skill or use ; dexterity ; easiness to be per- 
suaded; pliancy; ductility ; easiness of access; com- 
plaisance ; what promotes the ease of any action or 
course of conduct ; assistance. 

Fact, fakt, n. A doing, making, or preparing ; thing 
done ; event ; reality ; truth ; a thing supposed or 
asserted to be done ; act ; deed ; incident. — Fac'- 
tion, -shun, n. A party acting from selfish motives 
against a government or established order of things ; 
combination ; clique ; junto. — Fac^'tionist, n. One 
who promotes faction. — FaC'tious, -shus, a. Given 
to faction ; prone to clamor against public measures 
or men ; pert, to, proceeding from, or indicating, 
faction. — Facetiously, adv. -^ Fac'tiousness, n. — 
Facti'tious, -tish^us, a. Made by art, — disting. fr. 
what is produced by nature ; artificial ; unnatural. 

— Fac'tor, -ter, n. {Com.) An agent, esp., who 
buys and sells goods, and transacts business, for 
others on commission. {Math.) One of the quan- 
tities which, wheri multiplied together, form a prod- 



sun, cube, full : moon, f66t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



FACULTY 



138 



FALSE 



uct. A condition helping to produce some result. 
Fac'tory, -rl, n. A place where factors transact 
business for employers; body of factors in anyplace; 
/ building used for manufacturing goods; a manufac- 
tory. — Fac-sim'tle, -T-le, n. ; pi. -iles, -lez. An 
«xact copy or reproduction. — Facto'tum, n.; pi. 
-TL'MS, -tumz. One employed to do all kinds of 
work. 

X'acnlty, fak'ul-tT, n. Ability to act or perform; esp., 
original capacity for mental activity ; inlellectual 
endowment ; power ; privilege or permission ; li- 
cense ; a body of men to whom any speciiic priv- 
ilege is granted ; in Europe, the graduates in any of 
tiie 4 departments of a university or college (Philos- 
ophy, Law, Medicine, and Theology); the members 
of a isrofession or calling ; the corps of professors 
and tutors in an American college. 

JFad, fad, n. A hobby; crotchet; trifling pursuit. 

Tade, fad, v. i. To perish gradually, wither ; to lose 
freshness, color, or brightness ; to sink away, grow 
dim, vanish. — v. t. To cause to wither, wear away. 

Taery, -ie, fa'er-T, a. or h. Same as Fairy. 

J'ag, fag, ?i. A laborious drudge ; esp., a school-boy 
who does menial services for one of a higher class 
in English schools. — v.i. [fagged (fagd), -ging.] 
To act as a fag, drudge ; to become weary, tire. — 
f. t. To treat as a fag, compel to drudge ; to cause to 
labor diligently, tire bv labor. 

■ffagot, fag''ut,w. A bundle of sticks, for fuel, or for rais- 
ing batteries, etc., in fortification ; a single stick ; a 
bundle of pieces of iron or of steel in bars; one hired 
to take another's place at the muster of a company. 

— V. t. To make a fagot of, bind in a bundle. 
Talirenheit, fa''ren-hit, a. Pert, to, or measured by, 

a thermometer having the zero of its scale at SS'' 
below the freezing-point of water and the boiling- 
point at 212" above. [Inventor's name.] 

iFaienc^, Fayence, fl''oNs, w- Glazed earthen ware. 

IFail, fal, v. i. [failed (fald), failing.] To be want- 
ing, fall short, be lacking; to be aifected with want; 
to Decome diminished, decline, decay ; to fall off in 
"vigor, activity, resources, etc. ; to become extinct, 
jperish, die ; to be wanting with respect to an effect, 
■adutj' to be performed, result to be secured, etc.; 
4o miss; to be baffled or frustrated ; to become un- 
able to meet one's engagements, become bankrupt 
«r insolvent. — v. t. To be wanting to ; not to be 
sufficient for ; to disappoint. — n. Failure ; defi- 
ciency ; lack ; want. — Fail''iire, -yer, n. Cessation 
of supply, or total defect ; deficiency ; omission ; 
non-performance ; defect from decay ; bankruptcy; 
suspension of payment. — Fallacy, faKla-sT, n. De- 
ceptive or false appearance; deceitfulness; mistake; 
sophistry. (.Logic.) An apparent argument, pro- 
fessing to decide the matter at issue, but not really 
doing so. — FaUa''ciou3, -shus, a. Embodying or 
pert, to a fallacy ; fitted to deceive. — Fal'lible, a. 
Liable to mistake, to deceive, or to be deceived. 

Fain, fan, o. Well-pleased; disposed; inclined; esp., 
content to accept. — adv. With pleasure ; gladly. 

Faint, fant, n. The act of fainting ; a swoon. — a. 
Lacking strength; weak; languid; wanting in cour- 
age, spirit, or energy ; timorous ; dejected ; lacking 
distinctness ; hardly perceptible, done in a weak or 
ieeble manner. — v. i. To become weak ; grow 
feeble, swoon ; to lose courage, become depressed ; 
to decay, disappear, vanish. 

Fair, far, a. Free from spots, imperfection, or hin- 
drance ; unblemished ; pure ; pleasing to the eye ; 
beautiful; free from a dark hue ; of a light shade ; 
not overcast; cloudless; propitious; unincumbered; 
open ; characterized by frankness, honesty, impar- 
tiality, candor ; inspiring hope and confidence ; dis- 
tinct ; legible ; not distinguished or unusual ; mod- 
erate; middling. — adv. Fairly. — n. A fair woman. 

— Fair'ly, -ll, adv. Clearly ; openly; distinctly ; 
honestly ; pleasantly. — Fair'ness, n. State of be- 
ing, etc. ; freedom from stains or impurity ; hon- 
esty; candor; distinctness. 

Fair, far, n. A gatliering of buyers and sellers, for ex- 
hibition and sale of wares. 

Fairy, far'T, n. An imaginary supernatural being or 
spirit,_in human form. — Fay, fa, n. A fairy; elf. 

Faith, tath, n. Belief; reliance on testimony; firm and 
earnest belief, on probable evidence of any kind, esp., 



or bent like a 




as to moral truth. (_Tkeol.) Loving belief in the 
Savior ; belief in the truthfulness and supernatural 
origin of the Scriptures. That which is believed ; a 
system of religious belief; esp. the system taught by 
Christ ; also, the creed of a Christian church ; strict 
adherence to duty and fulfillment of promises; prom- 
ise given.— Faith 'ful, -ful, a. Full of faith; disposed 
to believe, esp'. in the declarations and promises of 
God ; firm in adherence to promises, engagements, 
or duty; loyal; conformable to truth: worthy of be- 
lief ; trusty ; honest ; sincere ; veracious. — Faith'- 
fully, adv. — Faith-'fulness, n. — Faith'less, a. Un- 
faithful; unbelieving; esp. not believing in God or 
religion ; not observant of promises, allegiance, or 
duty; disappointing; deluding. 

Falcate, laKkat, -cated, a. Hooked 
sickle or scythe. — Falchion, 
fawKchun or -shun, n. A 
short sword, with a curved 
point. — Falcon, faw'kn, 
71. A raptorial bird hav- 
ing a short, hooked beak, 

powerful claws, and great ifit /!lHKl?'3iiiiBri,\ Al/I;/ 

destructive power; esp., one^ 
of this family trained to the ' 
pursuit of other birds, or 
game. 

Fall, fawl, V. i. [imp. fell ; 
p.p. fallen (fawln); fall- 
ing.] To descend to a lower 
position, drop down, make a 
descent by the force of grav- 
ity alone ; to become sud- 

f^flas^^^l^t Wrish"?a^I: Head and foot of Fal- 
ish ; to lose strength ; to be 

brought forth ; to decline in power, wealth, value, 
etc.; to become degraded, sink into vice, error, or sin; 
to become embarrassed, be entrapped; to become de- 
jected; to pass into a new state of body or mind; to 
happen, come to pass; to rush or hurry ; to pass by 
chance, lot, inheritance, etc.; to be dropped or ut- 
tered carelessly. — v. t. To sink, depress. — n. Act 
of descending by gravity, or of dropping or tum- 
bling; death; overthrow: ruin; degradation; dimi- 
nution of price or value; a sinking of tone; cadence; 
declivity; aslope; descent of water; cascade; cata- 
ract; discharge of a river into ocean, lake, or pond; 
extent of descent ; season when leaves fall from 
trees; autumn; that which falls; a falling; act of 
felling or cutting down; lapse from innocence or 
goodness, esp. the apostasy of our first parents. 

— Fell, V. t. [FELLED (feld), felling.] To cause to 
fall, prostrate (trees, etc.) ; to turn or sew down 
the edges of (seams). 

Fallacy, Fallible, etc. See under Fail. 

Fallow, faKlo, a. Left unfilled after having been 
plowed for culture ; pale red or pale yellow. — n. 
Land that has lain a year or more plowed without 
being sowed; the tilling of land, witjiout sowing it 
for a season.— v.t. [fallowed (-lod), -lowing.] 
To plow, harrow, and break up (land), without 
seeding. — Fal'low deer. A species of deer, yellow- 
ish in color, smallei than the stag, and domesticated 
in England. 

False, fawls, a. Uttering falsehood; given to deceit; 
dishonest; not faithful or loyal; treacherous; perfid- 
ious; not true; fitted to deceive or disappoint; not 
genuine or real; designed to deceive; counterfeit; 
not well founded; erroneous. (J/us.) Not in tune. 

— adv. Falselv. — False'ly, adv. In a false man- 
ner ; not truly. — False'-heart'ed, a. Hollow ; 
treacherous ; deceitful ; perfidious. — Fal8e''hood, 
n. Want of truth or veracity, honesty or integ- 
rity ; deceitfulness ; perfidy ; counterfeit ; impos- 
ture; lie; fiction; fabrication. — Fals'iQr, -t-fi, i'. «. 
[-FIED (-fid), -fying.] To represent falsely, coun- 
terfeit, forge; to prove to be false, or untrustworthy; 
to violate, break by falsehood. (Law.) To prove 
false, as a judgment. (Equity.) To show, in ac- 
counting, that an item of charge in an account ia 
wrong. — u. i. To tell lies, violate the truth. — Fals'- 
ifi'er, n. — Fals'ift'able, a. — Fal'siflca'tion, n. Act 
of, etc.; a counterfeiting; confutation. (Equity.) 
The showing an item of charge to be wrong. — Fals'- 



im, fame, liir, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; tn. Ice ; 6drd, tone, 5r ; 



FALTER 



130 



FASCES 



ity, -T-tt, n. Quality of being false ; a false asser- 
tion; lie; deceit. — Falsette', -ef, -efto, n. That 
species of voice in a man whose compass lies aboYe 
his natural voice. 

Falter, fawKtSr, v. i. [-teeed (-terd), -terixg.] To 
fail, stumble; esp. to hesitate, stammer; to tremble, 
totter; to fail in distinctness or regularity of exer- 
cise, —said of the mind or of thought. 

Fame, fam, n. Public report or rumor; renown; no- 
toriety; celebrity; credit; honor. — v. t. [famed 
(famd), FAMiNG.l To report; to make famous. — Fa'- 
mous, -mus, n. Celebrated in fame; renowned; dis- 
tinguished in story; remarkable; signal; illustrious. 

Family. fauT'I-lI, n. The body of persons living in 
one house, and under one head; household; a tribe 
or race; kindred; course of descent; genealogy; lin- 
eage; a group of kindred individuals, more compre- 
hensive than a genus. — Famil'lar, -yar, a. Pert, to 
a larailj- ; domestic ; intimate, as a friend or com- 
panion ; well versed in (a study) ; unceremonious ; 
free ; well known, as a friend ; well understood, as 
a book or science. — n. _ An intimate ; close com- 
panion ; a demon or evil spirit supposed to attend 
at a call. — Familiar'ity, -yar- or -l-ar^I-tT, n. State 
of being familiar; unconstrained intercourse; free- 
dom from constraint; fellowship; affability; inti- 
macy. — Famil'larize, v. t. [-jabized (-yar-izd), 
-izixG.] To make familiar or intimate; to' habitu- 
ate, accustom; to make easy by practice or study. — 
Famil'Iarly, adv. In a familiar manner; without 
formality; commonly; frequently. 

Famine, fam'in, n. General scarcity of food; dearth; 
destitution. — Fam'ish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -iSH- 
ING.] To starve, kill, or destroy with hunger; to ex- 
haust the strength of by hungeV; to kill by depriva- 
tion of anything necessary; to constrain by famine. 
— V. i. To die of hunger, starve: to suffer from 
deprivation of anything necessary. 

FamouB, etc. See under Fame. 

Fan, fan, n. An instrument for producing currents of 
air, by motion of a broad sur- 
face ; as, an instrument for 
cooling the person. (Much.) An 
instrument for_ exciting cur- 
rents of air, in winnowing 
grain, blowing a fire, ventila- 
tion, etc., or for checking rapid 
motion by the resistance of the 
air; something in the form of a 
woman's fan, as a peacock's 
tail, a window, etc.; a vane, 
used to k e e p the sails o f a 
smock windmill in the direc- 
tion of the wind. — V.t. [FANNED 
(fand), -NiNG.] To move as with a fan 
moving the air; to ventilate, blow 
on ; to winnow. — Fan'ner, n. — 
Fan'-blow'er, -wheel, n. A wheel 
with revolving vanes to impel a cur- 
rent of air. — light, n. (Arch.) A 
window shaped like an open fan. — 
-palm, n. The talipot-tree of the E. 
In dies, whose leaves are at first 
folded like a fan, but spread open. — 
•tail. «. A kind of bird, esp. a pig- 
eon, having a fan-shajjcd tail; a form 
oi gas-burner. 

Fanatic, fa-nat'ik, -leal, a. Pert, to, 
or indicating, fanaticism; exces- 
sively enthusiastic, esp. on religious Fan-palra. 
subjects. — ^Fanafic, ?i. One affected by excessive 
and unreasoning zeal. — Fanat''icalness, -icism, -T- 
sizm, n. Excessive zeal ; wild notions of i-eligion ; 
superstition; frenzy. 

Fancy, fan'st, n. I'he faculty by which the mind 
forms an image of anything p'erceived before, power 
of combining and modifymg such objects into new 
images, power of creating and recalling such ob- 
jects for amusement or emDellishment; an image of 
anytliing formed in the mind; conception; caprice; 
whim: impression; inclination, liking, or the object 
of inclination or liking; that which pleases the taste 
or caprice witnout much use or value. — v. i. [fan- 
cied (-sid), -cying.] To figure to one's self, imag- 
iae. — V. t To form a conception of ; to have a 




Fan-wheel. 

to cool by 




fancy or liking for. — a. Adapted to please tht 
fancy or taste. — Fan''cier, -sl-er, n. One gov- 
erned by fancy; one who fancies or has a special 
interest m; one who keeps for sale. — Fan''cifil, -st- 
ful, a. Full of, or guided by, fancy; whimsical; 
abounding in wild images; fantastical; visionary. — 
Fan''cifuliy, of/r. — Fan'cifulness, n. — Fantas^'tic, 
-tical, a. Produced by the fancy; unreal; of the 
nature of a phantom; fanciful; imaginative; vision- 
ary: irregular; wild; capricious. — Fantas'tic, n. 
One given to fantastic dress or manners; a dandv. — 
Fantas'tically, adv. — Fantas'^ticalness, -tical''ity, 
n. — Fan'tasy, -st, n. Same as Fancy. — Fan'tasm, 
Fan'^tom, n. Same as Phantasm, Phantom. 

Fane, fan, n. A temple ; place consecrated to religion. 

Fang, fang, n. A tusk or pointed tooth of a dog or 
other carnivorous animal, with which pre}'^ is seized 
and torn; a venomous tooth, as of a serpent; a long, 
pointed tooth; a claw or talon; any shoot or other 
thing by which hold is taken. 

Far, far, a. [farther and farthest are used as. 
compar. and superl. of far, in imitation of further 
and FURTHEST: the ME. forms ■were f err er, f err est.] 
Distant in any direction ; remote ; contrary to de- 
sign or wishes; at enmity with; more distant of the 
two. — adv. To a great extent or distance of space 
or of time ; in great part ; in a great proportion; 
very much; to a certain point, degree, or distance. 

— Far''ther, -tlier, a. jMore remote ; additional ; 
tending to a greater distance ; longer. — adv. At or 
to a greater distance; beyond; moreover. — Far''- 
thest, -liiest, a. More distant or remote ; furthest. 

— adv. At or to the greatest distance. 

Farce, fars, n. (Cookery.) Stuffing, like that used in 
dressing a fowl; force-meat. A low style of comedy? 
ridiculous or empty show. — Far'^cical, -sT-kal, a. 
Pert, or appropriated to farce; ludicrous; deceptive. 

Fare, ffir, v. i. [fared (fard), faring.] To go, pass, 
travel; to be in any state, good or bad; to be treated 
with bodily or social comforts ; to happen well or 
ill. — 11. Price of passage by land or water; experi- 
ence ; food ; provisions for the table. — Farewell', 
interj. Go well ; good-by ; adieu. — n. A wish of 
welfare at parting ; act of departure. — a. Parting; 
valedictory. 

Farina, fa-ri''na or -re'na, n. The flour of corn, or 
any starchy root. (Chem.) Starch or fecula, one of 
the proximate principles of vegetables. — Far^ina'- 
ceous, -shus, a. Consisting or made of meal or flour; 
yielding farina or flour; like or pert, to meal. 

Farm, farm, n. A tract of land inclosed for cultiva- 
tion by a tenant; ground devoted to agriculture; a 
landed estate; a lease. — v. t. [farmed (farmd), 
farming.] To lease or let for an equivalent, as 
land for a rent; to give up to another, as an estate, 
business, revenue, privilege, etc., receiving in return 
a percentage of what it yields; to take at a certain 
rent or rate; to cultivate, as a farm. — v. i. To till 
the soil, labor as an agriculturist. — Farm'er, n. One 
who farms, as, a cultivator of leased ground; or, one 
who collects taxes, customs, excise, etc., for a cer 
tain rate per cent. ; or, an agriculturist, husbandman. 

— Farm'ing, n. The business of cultivating land. 
Faro, ffir'o, n. A gamfe at cards, in which a person 

plays against the &awA, kept by the proprietor. 
Farrago, f ar-ra'go, n. A mass composed of materials 

confusedly mixed; a medlej'. 
Farrier, far'rt-gr, n. A smith who shoes horses ; 

a veterinary surgeon. — Far''riery, -T, h. Art 

of shoeing horses; treatment of diseases of 

horses and cattle. 
Farrow, f ar'ro, n. A litter of pigs. — v.t.Si: i. 

[farrowed (-rod), -bowing.] To bring forth 

(pigs). 
Farrow, far''ro, a. Not producing young in a 

given year, — said only of cows. 
Farther, Farthest. See under Far. 
Farthing, f ar''thing, n. The fourth of an Eng. 

penny. 
Farthingale, f ar'thin-gal, n. A hoop petticoat. 
Fasces, fas'sez, n. pi. (Rom. Antiq.) An ax 

tied up with a bundle of rods, and borne Fasces. 

before magistrates as a badge of authority. — 

Fascine', -sen', n. (Fort.) A bundle of sticks of 

wood, used in raising batteries, filling ditehes, etc. 



sHn, cabe, full -, moon, fd&t : cow, oil ; linger or ink, tten, boxboN, chair, get. 



FASCINATE 



140 



FEAST 



FascinsM^, fas-'si-nat, v. t. To bewitch, enchant; to 
allure irresistibly or powerfully, enrapture, capti- 
vate. — Fascina''tion, n. Act of, etc.; unseen, inex- 
plicable influence; that which fascinates; a charm; 
spell. 

Fashion, fash'un. n. The make or form of anything; 
pattern ; workmanship ; prevailing mode or style, 
esp. of dress ; mode of action; manner; sort; way. 
— V. t. [FASHIOXED (-und), -ONIXG.] To form, give 
-" shape to; to fit, adapt, accommodate. — Fash'ion- 
able, a. Conforming to the fashion or established 
mode; established by custom or use; current; pre- 
vailing at a particular time; observant of the cus- 
tomary mode ; genteel ; well bred. — n. A person 
of fasnion. 

Fast, fast, a. Firmly fixed ; closely adhering; firm 
against attack, or in adherence; steadfast; faithful; 
not easily disturbed or broken ; sound ; moving 
rapidly ; swift ; rash and inconsiderate ; extrava- 
gant ; dissipated. — adv. In a firmly established, 
also in a rapid manner. — Fasten, fas'n, v. t. [-exed 
(-nd), -ENING.] To fix firmly, make fast, secure; to 
hold together, cause to cleave together, cement, at- 
tach, affix, annex. — v. i. To fix one's self ; to 
clinch. — Fasfening, n. Any thing that binds and 
makes fast, as a lock, catch, bolt, bar, etc. — Fasf- 

I ness, n. State of being, etc.; fixedness; security; a 
fast place; stronghold; fortress. 

Fast, fast, v. i. To abstain from food, go hungry; to 
practice abstinence as a religious duty. — n. Ab- 
stinence from food, esp., as a religious mortification 
or humiliation; a time of fasting. 

Fastidious, fas-tid'T-us, a. Difficult to please; deli- 
cate to a fault; squeamish. 

Fat, fat, a. Abounding with fat, as, fleshy, plump, 
corpulent, oily, greasy, unctuous, rich; exhibiting 
the qualities of a fat animal; coarse; heavy; gross; 
dull; stupid; yielding a rich supply; productive.— 
n. An oily, concrete substance, deposited in ani- 
mal bodies; the richest productions; best part. . — v. 
t. To make fat, fatten. — v.i. To grow fat, plump, 
and fleshy. — Faften, -tn, v. t. [-tened (-tnd), 
-TEXING.] To make fat, fill full; to make fertile and 
fruitful, enrich. — v. t. To grow fat. — Fat'ner, 
-tener, n. One who or that which, etc. — Fafty, 
-tl, a. Containing or like fat; greasy. 

Fat, fat, n. A large tub, cistern, or vessel; a vat. 

Fate, fat, n. A decree pronounced bj' God; inevit- 
able necessity; appointed lot; esp., final lot, death, 
destruction ; destiny; doom ; chance. pZ. {Myth.) 
Three goddesses (Clqtho, Lachesis, and Atropos) 
supposed to determine the course of human life. — 
Fa'tal, a. Proceeding from, or appointed by, fate; 
necessary; inevitable; causing death or destruction; 
destructive; calamitous. — Fa'tally, culv. — Fa'tal- 
ism, -izm, n. The doctrine of fate, or inevitable ne- 
cessity. — Fa'talist, n. One who maintains that all 
things happen by inevitable necessity. — FataKity, 
-T-tT, n. State of being fatal, or proceeding from 
destiny; invincible necessity ; state of being pro- 
ductive of death; tendency to destruction or danger; 
mortality. 

Father, fa'thSr, n. Male parent; a remote male an- 
cestor; progenitor; esp., a first' ancestor; one vener- 
ated tor agfe, kindness, wisdom, etc.; a senator of 
ancient Rome ; a dignitary of the Rom. Cath. 
chu'ch, superior of a convent, confessor, priest, etc.; 
a dii'nitary or elder clergyman in the Protestant 
church; one of the chief ecclesiastical authorities 
of the first centuries after Christ; a producer, au- 
thor, or contriver ; the first of a series ; a distin- 
guished example or teacher ; the Supreme Being; 
in theology, the first person in the Trinity.—)), t. 
[fathered (-therd), -tiierixg.] To make one's self 
the father of, beget ; to take as one's own child, 
adopt, acknowledge one's self author of.— Fa'ther- 
hood, n. State of being a father; paternity. — Fa'- 
therly, -IT, a. Pert, to, or like, etc.; paternal; ten- 
der ; protecting. — Fa'therliness, n. Qualities of, 
etc. — Fa'therless, a. Destitute of, etc.; without a 
known author.— Fa'ther-in-law, n. Father of one's 
husband or wife. 

Fathom, fatii^uin, n. A measure of length =6 feet; 
space to which a man can extend his arms. — v. t. 
[fathomed (-umd), -omixg.] To measure by a 



sounding line; esp., to sound the depth of, get to the 
bottom of._ 

Fatigue, fa-teg'', »i. Weariness from exertion; cause 
of weariness; labor; toil; labors of military_men, 
disting. fr. use of arms. — v. t. [fatigued (-tegd'^), 
-guing.] To weary with exertion, exhaust the 
strength or endurance of, jade, tire. 

Fatten, Fatty, etc. See under Fat. 

Fatuous, fat^u-us, a. Feeble in mind; weak; impo- 
tent; illusor}^^-Fatu'ity, -T-tl, ??. Imbecility. 

Faubourg, fo'^boorg, n. A suburb iii French cities. 

Fauces, faw'sez, n. pi. The posterior part of the 
mouth, terminated by the pharynx and larynx. 

Faucet, faw'set, n. A tube stopped with a peg, spigot, 
or slide, for drawiiig liquid from a vessel. 

Faugh, faw, interj. Exclamation of abhorrence. 

FaulcMon. Same as Falchiox. 

Fault, fa wit, n. Want; absence; lack; default; any- 
thing wanting, or that impairs excellence; a moral 
failing; an offense less serious than a crime; blun- 
der; vice. (Geol. & Mining.) A displacement of 
strata or veins at a fissure, so that they are not con- 
tinuous. {Hunting.) A lost scent. — v. t. To cause 
a fault or displacement in (strata or veins). — • 
Fault 'y, -T, a. Containing, or guilty of, faults; im- 
perfect; blamable. — Fault'less, a. Without fault; 
blameless; spotless; perfect. 

Faun, fawn, n. {Rom. Myth.) A god of shepherds 
and fields, — half goat and half man. — Fau''na, -na, 
n. {Zool.) The animals of any given area or epoch. 

Fauteuil, fo-teK, n. An arm-chair, usually orna- 
mented; a seat in the French Academy. 

Favor, fa-'ver, n. Kind regard; propitious aspect; act 
of countenancing, or condition of being counte- 
nanced; support; a kind act or office; an act of 
grace; mildness; lenity; object of kind regard; a 
gift, token of love; something worn as a token of 
affection; a letter, — so called in compliment. — v. t. 
[FAVORED (-verd), favorixg.] To regard with kind- 
ness, aid, befriend; to afford advantages for success 
to, facilitate. — Fa'vorable, a. Manifesting or in- 
dicating partiality; propitious; tending to promote 
or facilitate ; advantageous. — Fa'vorite, -it, n. A 
person or thing regarded with peculiar favor; one 
treated with partiality. — a. Regai-ded with, etc. 

Favus, fa-'vus, n. {Pathol.) A disease of the_ scalp 
caused bv a parasitic fungus. — Favose', -vos', a. 
(fiat.) Iloney-combed; like 
the section of a honey- 
comb ; having pits, depres- 
sions, or cells. 

Fawn, fawn, ?i. A young fal- 
low deer; a buck or doe of^ 
the first year. 

Fawn, fawn, v. i. [fawxed ■ 
( f a w n d ) , FAWXiXG.] To 
court favor by cringing, 
court servilely, flatter 
meanly. 

Fay. See Fairy. 

Fay, fa, v. t. and i. [fayed (fad), fayixg.] 
suit, unite closely with. 

Fealty, fe'al-tT, n. Fidelity to one's lord, to a supe- 
rior power, or to a government; homage; lo3'alty. 

Fear, ler, n. A painful emotion excited by expecta- 
tion of evil or apprehension of danger; solicitude; 
alarm; dread; terror. {Script.) Reverence for the 
Supreme Being, or for men of authority or worth. 
That which causes apprehension or alarm. — v. t. 
[feared (jerd), fearixg.] To feel a painful appre- 
hension of, be afraid of, dread; to have a reveren- 
tial awe of, venerate. — v. i. To be in apprehension 
of evil, be afraid. — Fear''ful, -ful, a. Full of fear; 
afraid ; easily frightened ; indicating, or caused by 
fear; inspiring fear; horrible ; shocking; awful. — 
Fear'less, a. Free from fear; bold; darmg; heroic. 

Feasible, fe'zT-bl, a. Capable of being effected; prac- 
ticable. — Fea'sibleness, -sibiKity, -tT, n. 

Feast, fest, n. A festival; holiday; a solemn or joyous 
anniversary; a festive meal; "banquet ; sometning 
delicious or highly agreeable. — v. i. To eat sump- 
tuously; to be highly delighted. — v. t. To entertain 
with sumptuous provisions; to delight, gratify lux- 
uriously. —Fes'tal, -tlve, -tiv, a. Pert, to a holi- 
day or feast; joyous; gay. — Fes'tival, -tT-val, a. 




To fit. 



Sm, fame, far, pdss or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



FEAT 



141 



FELON 



Festal. — n. A time of feasting or celebration ; a 
civil or religious anniversary. — Festiv'ity, -tT, n. 
Condition of being festive.; a festive celebration; 
festival. —Fete, fat, «. A festival; holiday. — v. t. 
To feast; to honor with an entertainment. 

Feat, fet, n. An act; deed; exploit; a striking act of 
strength, skill, or cunning; a trick. — Feat'ly, adv. 
Neatly; dexterously; adroitly. — Feat'' ore, fe'chur, 
n. Make, form, or appearance of a person; esp. 
good appearance; cast or appearance of the human 
face, esp. of any single part of the face; a lineament; 
structure of anything; marked peculiarity. 

leather, feth'er, n. One of the growths, generally 
formed each of a central quill and a vane on each 
side of it, which cover a bird; a plume; pen. — v. t. 
[FEATHERED (-erd), -EEIXG.] To dress in feathers; 
to furnish (an arrow, cap, etc.) with feathers ; to 
adorn, deck; to tread, as a cock. — v. i. To become 
feathered or horizontal; to curdle when poured into 
another liquid, and float in feather-like flakes. 

Featly, Feature. See under Feat. 

Febrile, fe'bril or feh^ril, a. Pert, to, indicating, or 
derived from fever.— Feb'rlfa''cient, -shent, Febrif - 
ic, a. Producing fever. — Feb'^rifuge, -rl-tuj, n. 
{Med.) A medicine serving to remove fever. — a. 
Having the qua^lity of subduing fever: anti-febrile. 

Febrtiary, feb^roo-a-rT, n. The 2d month in the year, 
— containing, in common years, 28 days, in bissex- 
tile or leap year,_29 days. 

Feces, Faeces, fe'sez, h. pi. Excrement; ordure; also 
dregs, settlings, sediment. — Fe''cal, a. Pert, to, or 
containing, etc. — Fec'ula, -u-la, n. Any pulveru- 
lent matter obtained from plants by simply break- 
ing down the texture, washing with water, and sub- 
sidence ; esp. nutritious part of wheat ; starch or 
farina; green matter of plants. — Fec'tilent, a. Foul 
with extraneous or impure substances ; dreggy ; 
turbid. 

Fecond, fek'- or fe'kund, a. Fruitful in children; 
prolific. — Fec'undate, v. t. To make fruitful or 
prolific ; to impregnate. — Fecim''dlty, -dl-tT, n. 
Quality or power of producing fruit or young ; 
power of germinating, as in seeds; fertility; rich- 
ness of invention. 

Fed. See Feed. 

Federal, fed'er-al, a. Pert, to a league, contract, or 
treaty; composed of states retaining only a subordi- 
nate sovereignty. — Fed'eral, -alist, n. An advocate 
of confederation; esp. {Amer. Hist.), a friend of the 
Constitution of the U. S. at its formation and adop- 
tion. — Fed'eraUsm, -izm, n. The principles of 
Federalists. — Fed'erate, a. United by compact, as 
states or nations; leagued; confederate. — Federa'- 
tion, w. Act of uniting in a league; ajeague, con- 
federacy. — Fed'erative, -tiv, a. Uniting; joining in 
a league. 

Fee, fe, n. Property; possession; reward for services, 
esp. payment for professional services ; charge. 
(Fend. Laiv.) A right to the use of a superior's 
land, as a stipend for services to be performed; land 
so held ; a fief. (Eno. Laio.) An estate of inherit- 
ance supposed to be held either mediately or imme- 
diately from the sovereign. (Amer. Law.) An es- 
tate of inheritance belonging to the owner, without 
condition attached to the tenure. — v. t. [feed 
(fed), FEEIXG.] To reward for services, recompense, 
hire, bribe. — Fee'-farm, n. (Law.) Land held of 
another in fee, at an annual farm or rent; estate in 
fee-simple, subject to a perpetual rent. — sim'ple, 
n. An absolute fee; fee without conditions or lim- 
its. — Fief, f ef , n. An estate held on condition of 
military service ; fee ; feud. — Feoff, f ef , n. A fief. — 
V. t. [FEOFFED (feft), -FixG.] To invest with a fee 
or feud; to enfeoff. — Feud, Feed, fud, n. A stipen- 
diary estate in land, held by service ; fief ; fee. — 
Feud'al, Feod'al, a. Pert, to, consisting of, or 
founded on, etc. — Feudality, -tT, ?i. State or 
quality of being feudal ; feudal form or constitu- 
tion.— Feud'ary, -atary, -atory, -rl, a. Held by feu- 
dal tenure. — Feu'daliza'tion, v. Act of reducing 
to, etc. — Feud'^alism, -izm, ti. The feudal system. 

Feeble, fe'bl, a. [feebler, -blest.] Deficient in 
strength; wanting force or efficiency in action or 
expression; infirm; languid; imbecile; faint. 

Fetl, fed, v. t. [fed, feeding.] To give food to. 



supply with nourishment, fill the wants of, satisfy; 
to graze; to cause to be cropped by feeding; to give 
for food, furnish for consumption. (Mach.) To 
supply with materials, as a printing press with 
paper; to subject to operation, as the work, or the 
tool, in machines. — v. i. To take food, eat; to sub- 
sist by eating, prey; to pasture, graze. — n. That 
which is eaten by beasts; provender; fodder; a pas- 
ture ground; allowance given to a horse, cow, etc.; 
water supplied to steam-boilers. (Hack.) The parts 
that move the work to the cutting-tool, or the tool 
to the work. — Feed'er, w. One who gives food; one 
who, or that which feeds a machine; one who fur- 
nishes incentives, eats or subsists, or fattens cattle 
for slaughter; a fountain or channel that supplies 
a main canal with water; a branch railroad wTiich 
increases the business of the main line. (Mining.) 
A side branch of a vein that passes into a lode. 
Feel, fel, r. t. [felt, feelixG.] To perceive by the 
touch, examine by touching ; make trial of, test ; 
to perceive within one's self, experience, be affected 
by ; to have an inward persuasion of. — v. i. To 
have perception by the touch or nerves of sensa- 
tion; to have the sensibilities moved; to perceive 
one's self to be, — followed by an adjective descri- 
bing the state, etc. ; to know with feeling, know 
certainly; to appear to the touch, give a perception. 

— ??. Feeling; sensation communicated by touching. 

— FeeKer, ?i. One who, or that which, feels. (Nat. 
Hist.) One of the organs with which certain ani- 
mals try objects by the touch; a palp. A proposal, 
observation, etc., to ascertain the views of others. — 
FeeKing, p. a. Possessing, or expressive of, great 
sensibility ; sensitive. — n. The sense ; sense of 
touch; an act or state of perception by touch; con- 
sciousness; capacity of the soul for emotional states; 
state or condition of emotion ; any mental state ; 
sentiment ; agitation ; opinion. — FeeKingly, adv. 
In a feeling manner ; affectingly. 

Feet. See Foot. 

Feign, fan, v. t. [feigxed (fand), feignixg.] To 
imagine ; to assert by a fiction, pretend ; to make a 
show of, counterfeit. — Feint, f ant, n. That which 
is feigned; a pretense; a seeming aim at one part 
■when another is to be struck. — v. i. To make a 
mock attack. 

Feldspar, feld-'spar, Fel'spar, n. (Min.) A crystal- 
line mineral, vitreous in luster, and breaking in two 
directions : it consists of silica, alumina, and potash. 

Felicity, fe-Us^'I-tT, «. State of being happy; blessed- 
ness; that which promotes happiness ; a gratifying 
event; bliss; beatitude. — Felic'itous, -tus, a. Hap- 
py; skillful; well applied or expressed; appropri- 
ate. — Felic'ltously, adv. — Felic'itate, -tat, v. t. 
To make happy, delight; to express pleasure to, con- 
gratulate. — Felie'lta'tion, n. Congratulation. 

Feline, fe''lln, n. Pert, to the cat. 

Fell. See under Fall. 

Fell, fel, a. Cruel; inhuman; fierce ; ravenous, bloody. 

Fell, fel, n. A skin or hide of a beast. 

Fell, fel, n. A hill ; range of hills ; mountain-side ; 
low, marshy, wild land. 

Felloe. Same as Felly. 

Fellow, feKlo, n. One who follows ; an adherent ; 
companion ; associate ; a man without good breed- 
ing or worth ; an equal in power, rank, character, 
etc. ; one of a pair ; a mate ; a person ; individual ; 
one of the associates in an English college, admitted 
to share in its revenues ; a member of a literary or 
scientific society or corporation ; one of the trustees 
of a college. — FeKIowship, n. State or relation of 
being a fellow or associate ; familiar intercourse ; a 
state of being together; partnership; an association ; 
company. (Enr/. Universities.) A foundation for 
the maintenance of a resident scholar. (Arith.) 
Rule for dividing profit and loss among partners. 

Felly, feKlt, FeKloe, -lo, n. A curved segment of the 
rim of a wheel, between the spokes and tire. 

Felon, feKon, n. {Law.) One who has committed 
felony. One guilty or capable of heinous crime ; crim- 
inal ; malefactor. {3Iea.) A whitlow; paronychia; 
inflammation of a finger or toe. — a. Malignant; 
fierce; traitorous; disloyal. — FeKony, -nT, n. {Eny. 
Law.) An offense which occasions forfeiture of 
lands or goods at the common law, and to which 



siin, cube, full ; moon, f<56t ; cow, oil ; linger or iok, tiien. boNboN, chair, get. 



FELSPAR 



142 



FIANCE 



capital or other punishment may be added. A hei- 
nous crime : esp. one punishable by death or impris- 
onment. — Felo'nious, -nt-us, a. Having the qual- 
ity of felony ; malicious ; villainous ; perfidious. — 
Fe'lo-de-se', n. A self-murderer ; a suicide. 

Felspar. See Feldspar. 

Felt. See Feel. 

Felt, felt, 11. Cloth or stuff of wool, or wool and fur, 
not woven, but wrought into a compact substance 
by rubbing or beating ; a hat made of wool. — v. t. 
To make into, or cover with, felt. — Felfing, n. 
Material of which felt is made; felt-cloth. 

Felucca, fe-luk'ka, n. {Nnut.) A vessel, with oars 
and lateen sails, used in the Mediterranean. 

Female, fe'mal, n. One of the sex that bears young. 
{Bot.) A plant which bears the pistil, is impreg- 
nated bj' pollen of male' flowers, and produces fruit. 
— a. Pert, to the sex which conceives and gives 
birth, or to an individual of the female sex : char- 
acteristic of the sex ; feminine. {Bot.) Having 
pistils and no stamens; pistillate. —Fem''inine, -Y- 
nin, a. Pert, to woman; womanish; womanly; hav- 
ing the qualities of a female; modest, graceful, affec- 
tionate, confiding ; lacking manly force or vigor, ef- 
feminate. (Gram.) Havmg a form belonging esp. 
to words which are epithets of females. — Feminin''- 
ity, -tT, 71. Quality or nature of, etc. 

Femoral, f em'o-ral, a. Pert, to the thigh. 

Fen, fen, n. ' Boggy land ; moor ; marsh. 

Fence, fens, n. That which fends off attack or dan- 
ger ; a wall, hedge, or other inclosing structure 
about afield, etc., esp. a wooden barrier; self-defense 
by the use of the sword ; fencing. — v. t. [fenced 
(fenst), FENCING.] To fend off danger from, pro- 
tect, guard ; to inclose with a fence or other protec- 
tion. — V. i. To make a fence, give security ; to de- 
fend one's self b}' the sword. — Fen'^cible, -sT-bl, a. 
Capable of being defended, or of making or afford- 
ing defense. — n. (Mil.) A soldier enlisted for the 
defense of the country, and not liable to be sent 
abroad. — Fen'cing, n. Art of self-defense with the 
sword ; materials lor making fences ; a sj'stem of 
fences. 

Fend, fend, v. t. To keep off, shut out. — v. i. To 
act in opposition, resist, parry. — Fend''er, n. One 
who, or that which, etc. ; esp. a metallic frame to 
hinder coals of fire from rolling to the floor; a buffer 
to prevent a vessel from striking against a wharf or 
another vessel. 

Fenian, fe'nt-an, n. A member of an organization 
for the overthrow of English rule in Ireland. 

Fennel, fen^'nel, n. A plant of various species, culti- 
vated for its carminative seeds, or as a salad plant. 

Feed, Feoff, etc. See under Fee. 

Ferment, ter'raent, n. That which causes fermenta- 
tion ; heat ; tumult. — Ferment', v. t. To cause fer- 
ment or fermentation in. — v. i. To undergo fermen- 
tation, work, effervesce ; to be active or excited. — 
Fermenta'tion, n. That effervescent change of or- 
ganic substances by which their starch, sugar, glu- 
ten, etc., under the influence of moisture, air, and 
warmth, are decomposed and their elements recom- 
bined in new compounds ; active state of the intel- 
lect or feelings. 

Fern, fern, n. (Bot.) An order of cryptogamous 
plants, having their fructification on 
the back of the fronds or leaves. 

Ferocious, fe-ro'shus, a. Indicating 
cruelty; ravenous; fierce; savage; bar- 
barous. — Fero'ciousness, Feroc'lty, 
-ros'''f-tT,_ n. State of being, etc. — 
Fierce, lers, a. Furious ; violent ; im- 
petuous, as beasts, storms, etc. ; exces- 
sively eager or ardent ; vehement in 
cruelty; fell. 

Ferreous, fer-'re-us, a. Partaking of, 
made of, pert, to, or like, iron. — Fer'- 
rate, -rat, n. {Chem.) A salt consisting of ferric 
acid in combination with a base. — Fer'ric, a. Pert. 
to, or extracted from, iron. — Fer'rous, -rus, a. 
Pert, to, or derived from, etc.,— said of compounds 
containing le£s iron than ferric compounds. — Fer- 
ru''ginous, -roo'jl-nus, a. Partaking of, or contain- 
ing particles of, iron ; resembling ir»n-rust in ap- 
pearance or color. 




Fern. 



Ferret, fgr'ret, n. An animal of the weasel kind. — v. t. 
[ferketed, -eting.J To drive or hunt out of a 
hiding place ; to search carefully. 

Ferret, fgr^ret, n. A kind of narrow tape. 

Ferret, fer^ret, w. (Glass Manuf.) The iron used to 
try melted matter, to see if it is fit to work, and to 
make the rings at the mouths of bottles. 

Ferrule, ff r^'ril or fer'rool, n. A ring of metal round 
the end of a cane, handle, etc., to prevent splitting. 

Ferry, fCr'rt, v. t. [-eted (-rid), -rying.] To trans- 
port over a river or other water, in a boat. — v. i. To 
pass over water in a boat. — ?i. A vessel in which 
passengers and goods are conveyed over water : a 
wherry ; place where persons or things are carried 
across water, in ferry-boats ; right of carrying per- 
sons, animals, or goods across water, for hire. 

Fertile, fer'til, a. Producing fruit in abundance; pro- 
lific ; productive; rich. (Bot.) Capable of produ- 
cing fruit. — Fer'tileness, -til'^ity, n. State of be- 
ing, etc. — Fer'tilize, -liz, r. ^ I-lized (-llzd), -li- 
ziNG.] To make fertile, fruitful, or productive ; to 
enrich. — Fer'tiliZa'tion,' n. Act or process of, etc. 

Ferule, f er'ril or f er'^rool, n. A flat piece of wood, for 
punishing children.— r. t. [feruled (-rild or -ruld), 
-ULING.] To punish with a ferule. 

Fervent, fer'vent, a. Hot; boiling; warm in feeling; 
ardent in temperament ; earnest ; vehement ; ani- 
mated. — Fer'vently, ac/w. — Fer'vency, -si, n. State 
of being, etc. ^Fer'vid, a. Very hot: burning; boil- 
ing; ardent; vehement; zealous. — Fer'vor, -ver, n. 
Heat ; excessive warmth ; intensity of feeling or ex- 
pression; zeal. 

Festal, Festival, Festive, etc. See under Feast. 

Fester, fes''ter, v. i. [-tered (-terd), -tering.] To 
grow virulent, corrupt, rankle, suppurate; to become 
malignant and invincible, — said of passions. — v. t. 
To nurse, as something that rankles. — n. A sore 
which rankles and discharges corrupt matter; a pus- 
tule; a festering or rankling. 

Festoon, fes-toon', n. A garland, wreath, etc., hang, 
ing_in a curve. — v. t. [festooned 
(-toond''), -TOONING.] To form in, or 
adorn with, festoons. 

Fetal. See under Fetus. 

Fetch, fech, r. t. [fetched (fecht), 
fetching.] Togo and bring; to get; 
to bring, — as, to obtain as price or 
equivalent, sell for; or, to recall 
from a swoon; or, to reduce, throw; to bring to ac» 
complishment, make, do; to reach, arrive at, attain, 

— V. i. To bring one's self, move, arrive. — n. A 
stratagem ; trick ; artifice ; apparition of a living 
person. 

Fete. See under Feast. 

Fetid, fefid, a. Having an offensive smell; stinking. 

— Fe'tor, -tSr, )!. A strong, offensive smell; stench. 
Fetlock, feflok, n. The part of the leg where the 

tuft of hair grows behind a horse's pastern joint. 
See Horse. 

Fetter, fefter, n. A chain for the feet; anything that 
confines ; a restraint. — v. t. [fettered (-terd), 
-TERIXG.] To put fetters on, shackle, bind; to im- 
pose restraints on, confine. 

Fetus, fe'tus, M. ; ;3Z. Fetuses, -ez. The growing em- 
bryo of a viviparous animal, esp. an unborn child. 

— Fe'tal, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Feud, fud,?t. A combination of kindred to revenge 
injuries to any of their blood, on the offender and 
all his race ; an inveterate strife between families, 
clans, or parties in a state ; deadly hatred ; contest. 

Feud, Feudal, Feudalism, etc. See under Fee. 

Feuilleton, te'ye-tawN, it. A part of a French news- 
paper, devoted to light literature, criticism, etc. 

Fever, fe'ver, n. (Med.) A diseased state of the sys- 
tem, marked by increased heat, acceleration of the 
pulse, and a derangement of the functions. Strong 
excitement of any kind ; a season of excitement. 

— Fe'verish, a. Affected by; pert, to, indicating, ot 
like, fever. 

Few, fu, a. Not many; small, limited, or confined iq 
number, — indicating a small portion of units con- 
stituting a whole. 

Fez, fez, n. A red, brimless cap, worn by Turks, etc. 

Fiacre, fe-a'kr, n. A French hackney-coach. 

Fianc?, n. m. ; -ce'e, fe-aN'sa, n. /. One betrothed. 




Festoon. 



Sm, fame, far, piss or oper4, fare; end, eve. tCMin ; Tn, Ice; 6dd, tone, Cr ; 



FIASCO 



143 



FILE 



fiasco, fe-as'ko, w. (3fus.) A failure in a musical 
performance. A failure of any kind. 

Fiat, fi'at, n. A command to do something. 

Fib, fib, n. A lie or falsehood. — v. i. [fibbed (fibd), 
-Bixo.] To lie, speak falsely. 

Fiber, -bre, fibber, n. One of the delicate, thread-like 
portions of which tissues of plants and animals are 
partly constituted; any fine thread, or thread-like 
substance; esp., one of the rootlets of a plant. See 
KooT.— Fi'brous, -brus, a. Having, or consisting of, 
fibers. — Fi'bril, ??. A small fiber; branch of a finer. 

— Fibrillose, fi-briK- or fib'ril-los, a. Composed of 
fibrils. — Fibril'lous, -lus, a. Pert, to, or formed of 
xinall fibers, as the cap of a mushroom. — Fi'^brine, 
-brin, n. {Cheni.) A peculiar organic compound 
luund in animals and vegetables, and also contained 
ill the clot of coagulated blood. 

FibTila, flb'u-la, n. ,- pi. -l.-e, -le. A clasp or buckle. 

(Anat.) The outer and smaller bone of the leg. 

(Surg.) Ajieedle to sew up wounds. 
Fichu, fe-shoo', n. A cape, usuallv of lace, worn by 

ladies over neck, bosom, and shoulders. 
Fickle, flk'l, a. Liable to change or vicissitude; of 

cliangeable mind; wavering; irresolute; unstable; 

inutaole; capricious. 
FictilOf fik'til, a. Molded into form by art. — Fic'tion, 

-shun, n. Act of feigning, inventing, or imagining; 

thing invented or irnagined, esp. a feigned story ; 

fabrication ; falsehood. — Ficti'tious, -tish-'us, a. 

Feigned ; counterfeit ; false. — Fig'ment, n. An in- 
vention; fiction. 
-id, fid, n. (Naut.) A bar of wood or iron, to support 

the topmast. A bar or pin, to support or steady 

anything; a tapering pin, to open the strands of a 

rope in splicing. 
ir'iddle, fid'dl, n. (3Ius.) A stringed instrument of 

music ; violin ; kit. {Bot.') A perennial plant, a 

species of dock. — w. t. [fiddled (-did), -dling.] 
■ To play on a violin; to shift the hands often, like a 

player on a fiddle, and do nothing; to tweedle, trifle. 

— Fid'dler, n. A player on, etc.; a kind of small 
crab. — Fid'dle-stick, n. The bow for playing on, 
etc. — Fid'dle-dee-dee'', interj. An exclamatory 
phrase, equivalent to Noiviense ! — Fid'dle-fad'dle, 
n. A trifle; trifling or fussj' talk; nonsense. 

Fidelity, it-deVl-n, n. Faithfulness ; adherence to 
right; esp., adherence to a person or party to which 
one is bound; loyalty; adherence to one's promise; 
veracity; honesty; adherence to the marriage con- 
tract; integrity;' faith; fealty. 

Fidget, fij'et, v. i. To move uneasily one way and 
the other. — n. Irregular motion; uneasiness; one 
who fidgets. — Fid'gety, -t, a. Restless. 

Fidocial, fl-du'shal, a. Ha^^ng faith or trust; con- 
fident; undoubting; of the nature of a trust; fidu- 
ciary. — Fidu'ciary, -shT-a-rT, a. Confident ; un- 
douDting ; firm ; holding, held, or founded, in trust. 

— n. One who holds a thing in trust for another; a 
trustee. (Theol.) One who depends for salvation on 
faith, without works. 

Fie. fi, interj.. An exclamation denoting contempt. 

Fief. See under Fee. 

Field, feld, n. Felled ground ; cleared land ; place 
where a battle is fought; battle; an open space: 
wide extent ; an expanse. {Her.) The surface of 
the shield; any blank space or ground on which 
figures are drawn. A collective term for all the 
riders in a hunting field, fielders in cricket, or com- 
petitors in any contest. — v.i. In games of ball, to 
stand out in the field, to catch balls. — Field'er, 
n. A player in cricket or base-ball who catches 
balls struck by the batsman. — Field'-book, n. A 
book for entries of measurements taken in the field, 

in surveying or civil engineering. col'ors, n. pi. 

{Mil.) SmaU flags with which tne quartermaster- 
general marks out ground for the squadrons and 

battalions. day. {Mil.) A day when troop* are 

practiced in field exercises and evolutions. — glass, 
fi. A small, powerful telescope or binocle. — gun, 
n. {Mil.) A small cannon, used on the battle-field; 
field-piece. — hand, n. An agricultural laborer. — 
-mar'shal, n. {Mil.) The commander of an army; 
a military officer of high rank in Germany; the 
highest military officer in England except the cap- 
tain-general. — -notes, n. pi. {Surv.) Notes made 



in the field. — officer, n. {Mil.) A military officer 
above the rank of captain, and below that of gen- 
eral, as a major, lieutenant-colonel, or colonel. — 
-piece, n. {Mil.) A field-gun. — sport, w. Diver- 
sion in the field, as shooting and hunting. — work, 
n. {Mil.) A temporary work thrown up by troops 
in the field. Work done out of doors, as, {Surv.) 
work with the chain and compass, etc., disting. fr. 
calculations ; {Bot.), collection of specimens for 
analysis; {Geol.), excursions for study, etc. — Field'- 
fare, -far, n. A bird of the thrush kind. 

Fiend, tend, n. An implacable or malicious foe; the 
devil ; an infernal being. — Fiend'ish, a. Like a 
fiend ; malignant. — Fiend'ishly, adv. 

Fierce, etc. Isee under Feuocious. 

Fieri-facias, fi^e-ri-fa'shT-as, ?t. {Law.) A judicial 
writ, commanding the sheriff to collect from the 
goods, chattels, or real estate of the defendant, the 
sum recovered in debt or damages. 

Fiery, etc. See under Fire. 

Fife, lif, n. {Mus.) A pipe used as a wind-instru- 
ment. — V. i. [fifed (tift), FiFiXG.] To play on a 
fife. 

Fifteen, Fifth, Fifty, etc. See under Five. 

Fig, fig, n. {Bot.) A fruit tree growing in warm 
climates; its fruit, 
eaten fresh or dried. A 
worthless thing, — in con- 
tempt. {Far.) An ex- 
crescence on the frog of a 
horse's foot, resulting 
from a bruise. 

Fight, fit, V. i. [FOUGHT 

(fawt), FIGHTIXG.] To 
strive or contend for vic- 
tory, contend in arms; to 
act in opposition, make 
resistance. — v. t. To 
carry on, or wage (a con- 
flict or battle); to contend 
with, war against; to 
cause to fight, manage or 
maneuver in a fight. — n. 
A battle, engagement, 
struggle for victory ; com- 
bat;"action; conflict. 

Figment. See under Fictile. 

Figure, fig'tir, n. Form of any thing; shape; outline; 
structure; appearance; representation of any form 
by dra:wing, painting, etc.; an image; a pattern cop- 
ied in cloth, paper, etc.; appearance or impression 
made by one's conduct; a character standing for, or 
representing, a number; a numeral; digit, as 1, 2, 3, 
etc.; value, as expressed in numbers; price; a type 
or representative. {Rhet.) Pictorial language ; a 
trope; deviation from rules of grammar. {Logic.) 
The form of a syllogism with respect to the position 
of the middle term. — v. t. [figured (-urd), -ur- 
IXG.] To make an image of, by drawing or model- 
ing; to embellish with designs, mark upon; to indi- 
cate by numerals; to calculate; to state by a meta- 
phor, signify or symbolize; to image in the mind. 
{Mus.) To write (figures or other characters) over 
or under the bass, indicating the accompanying 
chords; to embellish. — v.i. To make a figure, be 
distinguished. — Fig'ure-head, n. {N^aut.) The 
figure or bust projecting from the bow of a ship. 
See Ship. A person nominally at the head of an as- 
sociation or enterprize, but lacking ability or au- 
thority to control affairs. — Figura'tion, ra. Act of 
giving determinate form. {Mus.) Mixture of con- 
cords and discords. — Flg'urative, -tiv, a. Repre- 
senting by a figure, or by resemblance; typical; rep- 
resentative ; used in a tropical sense, as a metaphor; 
not literal; abounding in figures of speech; flowery; 
florid. — Fig'uratively, arlv, 

Filaceous, Filament, etc. See under File. 

FUbert, fil'bert, n. {Bot.) The nut or fruit of the 
cultivated hazel. 

Filch, filch, V. t. [FILCHED (fllcht), FILCHING.] To 

steal or take privily, — said of petty thefts; to pilfer. 
File, fil, n. An orderly succession; a line, row; as, 
{Mil.) a row of soldiers ranged behind one another; 
a collection of papers, arranged for preservation and 
reference; wire or other contrivance by which papers 




Fig, Leaf and Fruit. 



sQn, cube, full ; moon, f66t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



FILE 



144 



FIRE 



are kept in order: fine wire thread of gold or silver: 
tinsel-covered silk.— i-. t. [filed (lild), filing.] 
To set in order, place on ftle, insert in its proper 
place among arrann;ed papers; to bring before a 
court or legislative body bj' presenting papers in a 
regular way. {Laiv.) To'put upon the files or among 
the records of a court, —v. i. {Mil.) To inarch (sol- 
diers) in a file or line, one after another. — Fila'- 
ceous, -shus, a. Composed or consisting of^'threads. 

— Fi'lose, -los, a. Ending in a thread-like process. 

— Fil'^ajnent, n. A thread, or thread-like appendage; 
esp. (Hot.), the thread-like part of the stamens sup- 
porting the anther: see Anthek. — Fil'igree, ?i. Net- 
work containing beads; ornamental work, executed 
in fine gold or silver wire. — a. Pert, to or made of, 
etc. — Fil'let, n. A little band or twist, esp. one to 
encircle the head ; a piece of meat made up of mus- 
cles, esp. the fleshy part of the thigh; meat rolled 
into a string-like form. {Arch.) A square ornament, 
listel; the longitudinal ridge between the flutings of 
a Grecian column, except the Doric. {Her.) A kind 
of ordinary crossing the shield horizontally. — v. t. 
To bind, furnish, or adorn with a fillet. 

File, fil, n. A steel instrument, covered with sharp- 
edged furrows, for abrading or smoothing hard sub- 
stances; a shrewd, artful person, cheat, pickpocket. 

— V. t. [FILED (flld), FILING.] To rub, smooth, or 
cut away, with a file; to smooth, polish, improve. ^- 
Fil'ing, n. Particle rubbed off by a file. 

Filial, flKyal, a. Pert, to a son or daughter; becom- 
ing a child in relation to parents; bearing the rela- 
tion of a child. — Fil'iate, -T-at, v. t. To adopt as 
son or daughter. — Filia'^tion, n. Relation of a child 
to a father; the fixing of a bastard child on some one 
as its father; affiliation. 

Filibuster, flKl-bus'ter, n. A lawless military adven- 
turer, esp. one in quest of plunder; a free-booter, 
pirate. — v. i. To act as a filibuster ; to obstruct leg- 
islation by persistent dilatory motions on the part of 
the minority. 

Filigree, Fillet, etc. See under File. 

Fill, fil, r. t. [filled (fild), filling.] To make full; 
to supply aDundantl}% cause to abound; to satisfy, 
content; to possess and perform the duties of, oc- 
cupy, hold; to supply with an incumbent. — v. i. To 
become full, have an abundant supply, be satiated; 
to fill a cup for drinking, give to drink, — n. A full 
supply; as much as satisfies; a thill of a carriage. 

Fillibeg, fiKlT-beg, n. A kilt or dress reaching nearly 
to the knees, worn in the Highlands of Scotland. 

Fillip, fiKlip, «). t. [-LIPED (-lipt), -liping.] To strike 
with the finger nail, jerked from under the thumb. 

— 71. A jerk of a finger. 

Filly, fiKlT, n. A young horse; esp. young mare; fe- 
male colt; a lively, roistering, or wanton girl. 

Film, film, n. A thin skin; pellicle; membranous cov- 
ering, causing opacity; a slender thread, as one of 
those in a cobweb. — v. t. To cover with, etc. 

Filose. See under File. 

Filter, fil'ter, n. A piece of woolen cloth, paper, etc., 
or a receptacle filled with charcoal, etc., through 
which liquids are strained. — r. t. [filtered (-terd), 
-TEKING.] To purify (a liquid) by passing it through 
a filter: to filtrate. — v. i. To pass through a filter. 

Filth, filth, n. Foul matter; dirt; nastiness; anything 
that defiles the moral character: pollution.— Filth'y, 
-T,a. [-IEU,-IEST.] Defiled with filtli; impure; vulgar. 

Fin, fin, n. {Ichth.) 
One of the projec- 
ting, bony, mem- 
branous organs 
with which a fish 
or fish-like animtil 
controls its posi- 
tion and m o v c- 
ments. 

Final, fi'nal, a. Yin?. 

Pert, to the end , » , « ," „ , , , 

or conclusion ; 1' ventral; 2, anal; 3, caudal; 4, 
last; terminating; I'fctoral; o, hrst dorsal; 6, sec- 
conclusive ; deci- """ dorsal. 

sive; mortal; respecting the purpose or ultimate end 
in view. — Final 'ity, -T-tT, »;. Final state; afinal or 
conclusive arrangement, settlement. — Fi'nally, adv. 
At the end; ultimately; lastly; completely. — Finale, 





fe-na'la, n. {Mm.) The end of a piece of musici 
last note; close. [It.]— Fin'- 
ial, -T-al, n. The knot, or 
bunch of foliage, termina- 
ting pinnacles in Gothic 
architecture ; the pinnacle , 
itself. — Fin''isli, v. t. [-ished , 
(-isht), -ISHING.] To bring I 
to an end, put an end to, 
terminate; to bestow the ut- 
most labor upon, complete, 
perfect. — n. That which 
finishes or perfects; esp. the 
last hard, smooth coat of 
plaster on a wall. — Fi'nite, 
-nit, a. Limited in quantity, degree, or capacity; 
bounded. — Fi'nis, n. An end; conclusion. 

Finance, etc. See under Fine, n. 

Finch, finch, n. One of a family of singing birds. 

Find, find, w. «. [found (fownd), finding.] To meet 
with or light upon accidentally, fall in with; to learn 
by experience or trial, perceive, experience, detect, 
feel; to come upon by seeking, discover by study, 
gain, as the object of effort; to provide for, supply, 
furnish; to arrive at, as a conclusion, establish. — "v. 
i. {Law.) To determine as an issue of fact, and de- 
clare it to a court. — n. Thing found; a discov- 
ery, esp. of something archaeologically valuable. — 
Found^ling, fownd'-, n. A child found without a 
parent or protector. 

Fine, fin, a. Finished; brought to perfection; supe- 
rior; elegant; beautiful; showy; aiming at effect ; 
over-dressed or over-decked; nice; delicate; exquis- 
ite; sly; fraudulent; not otiarse, gross, or heavy. — v. 
t. [fined (find), fining.] To make fine, purify. 
— Fin'ery, -er-l, M. Ornament; decoration; a refin- 
ery, furnace for making iron malleable. — Fine'- 
draw, V. t. [-drawn, -drawing.] To sew up a rent, 
without doubling the edges, so as to conceal it. — 
Fine'-drawn, p. a. Drawn out too subtly. — Fin''- 
ical, a. Affectedly fine; fastidious; foppish. — Fin'- 
ically, adv. — Finesse, f T-nes', n. Subtilty of con- 
trivance to gain a point; artifice; stratagem. — v.i. 
[finessed (-nesf), -sing.] To employ, etc.; in whist, 
to play a low card when holding higher, trusting 
that the opponent cannot take it. 

Fine, tin, n. JNIoney paid to settle a claim, or termi- 
nate a matter in dispute; esp. a payment of money 
imposed as punishment for an offease; a mulct. 
{Feudal Laiv.) A final agreement concerning lands 
or rents between persons. {Eng. Law.) A sum of 
money paid for obtaining a benefit, favor, or priv- 
ilege. — v.t. [FINED (find), FINING.] To imposc a 
pecuniary penalty upon ; to mulct. — Finance, fl- 
nans', n. The income of a ruler or state: revenue; 
sometimes, income from an individual ;7jZ. available 
resources. — Finan'cial, -shal, a. Pert, to finance or 
public revenue. — Finan'naiist, h. One skilled in 
financial matters.— Finan'cially, of/y.- Fin'ancier'', 
-ser', n. An officer wno administers the public rev- 
enue; one skilled in financial operations. — v. i. To 
conduct financial operations. 

Finery, Finesse, etc. See under Fixe, a. 

Finger, fin'^ger, n. One of the .5 terminating members 
of the hand; a digit: also, one of the 4 extremities 
of the hand, excluding the thumb; the breadth of a 
finger; skill in the use of the fingers, as in music. — 
v.t. [FINGERED (-erd),-ERiNG.] To touch with the 
fingers, handle; to perform on, or with, the fingers; 
to touch lightly; to pilfer, purloin, ^r. i. (Mus.) 
To use the fingers in playing on an instrument. 

Finial, Finis, Finish, etc. See under Fixal. 

Finical, etc. See under Fine, a. 

Fiord, fT6rd (one syllable), n. A bay or inlet. 

Fir, f er, n. A tree allied to the pines. 

Fire, fir, n. Evolution of light and heat in the com- 
bustion of bodies ; combustion : state of ignition; 
fuel in combustion, as on a hearth nr in a furnace; 
the burning of a house, etc.: conflagration; ardor 
of passion ; warmth of imagination ; enthusiasm ; 
discharge of fire-arms. — v. ?'.''[FrEED (iird), firing.] 
To set on fire, kindle; to inflame, irritate; to ani- 
mate, give life or spirit to; to cause to explode, dis- 
charge. {Far.) To cauterize. — v.i. To take fire, 
be kindled, kindle; to be irritated or inflamed with 



&m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Bnd, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r : 



FIRKIN 



145 



FLAME 



passion; to discharge fire-arms. — Finery, -er-T, a. 
Consisting of, like, or heated bj-, fire; ardent; impet- 
uous; irritable; fierce. — Fire'-alarm', n. An alarm 
given of a conflagration; apparatus forgiving alarm, 
as by telegraphic signals. — arm, n. A weapon which 
acts by the force of gunpowder. — clay, n. A kind 
of clay, chieflj' pure silicate of alumina, capable of 
sustaining intense heat. — fly, n. A winged, lumin- 
ous insect; an Amer. beetle giving intermittent light 
from the abdomen; a W. Ind. beetle which emits a 
brilliant light from a spot on each side of the thorax, 
etc. — proof, a. Proof against fire; incombustible. 

— V. t. To render proof, etc. — Fire'inan, n. ; pi. 
-MEX. One whose business is to extinguish fires in 
towns: one who tends fires, as of a steam-engine. — 
Fire'side, n. A place near the fire or hearth; home; 
domestic life. 

Firkin, fer'kin, n. A measure of capacity, equal to 
9 ale gallons, or 7:^^ imperial gallons; a'cask of in- 
determinate size, — used chieflfy for butter and lard. 

Firm, fSrm, a. Fixed ; closely compressed ; not 
easily disturbed; unchanging m purpose; not giv- 
ing way; solid ; stable ; stanch ; sturdy ; resolute; 
constant. — n. The name, title, or style under which 
a company transact business; a partnership or house. 

— Firm^ly, ac/t". — Firm-'ness, n. State or quality of 
being, etc. SeePHRExoiOGY.— Fir'mament, w. The 
region of the air; sky or heavens. 

Firman, fer'man or fer-man', n. ; pi. -maxs. A de- 
cree of the Turkish or other Oriental government. 

First, ferst, a. Preceding all others of a series or kind; 
placed in front of all others; foremost; most eminent, 
exalted, or excellent; primary; primordial; original; 
highest ; chief; principal. — adv. Before anything 
else in time, space, rank, etc., — used in composi- 
tion. — n. (Mies.) The upj^er part of a duet, trio, 
etc. — TirsVly, adl-. In the first place; to commence. 

Firth. Same as Frith. 

Fisc, fisk, n. The treasury of a prince or state. — Fisc'- 
al, a. Pert, to the public revenue. 

Fish, fish, n. ,• 2^1- Fishes, -ez, for which the sing, is 
often used collectively. An animal that lives in 
water. (Zool.) An oviparous, vertebrate animal, 
breathing by gills or branchise, and living almost 
entirely in "the water. The flesh of fish, used as 
food. — r. i. [FISHED (fisht), fishixg.] To attempt 
to catch fish; to seek to obtain by artifice. — v.t. To 
catch, draw out or up ; to search by raking or 
sweeping. {JVaut.) To strengthen, as a mast or 
j'ard, with a piece of timber. {Railroad Engin.) To 
splice, as rails, with a fish-joint. — Fish'y, -T, a. 
Consisting of, like, or full of, etc.; dubious; extrava- 

fant, like fishermen's stories. — Fish'-ball, n; A 
ried cake, made from chopped fish, mashed pota- 
toes, etc. — glue, n. Isinglass. — book, n. A hook 
for catching fish. 

— -joint, n. {JRail- 
roads.) A splice 
consisting of fish- 
plates bolted to 
the sides of adja- 
cent rails. — 

-plate, n. One of the wrought-iron plates for spli- 
cing rails. — mon'ger, n. A seller of fish. — skin, n. 
{Pathol.) A disease in which the skin becomes 
thickened, hard, and scaly. 

Fissile, fis-'sil, a. Capable of being split, cleft, or 
divided in the direction of the grain, or of natural 
joints. — Fis'sure, fish'er, n. A cleft; longitudinal 
opening. 

Fist, fist, n. The hand with the fingers doubled into 
the palm. — v. t. To strike with the fist. 

Fisttila, fisfu-la, ??. .■ pi. -L.E,-le. A reed; pipe. (Surg.) 
A deep, narrow, chronic abscess. An abnormal open- 
ing from one internal organ to another, caused by 
ulceration or accident. 

Fit, fit, a. Adapted to an end, object, or design; 
suitable by nature, art, or culture ; suitable to a 
standard of duty, propriety, or taste; proper; be- 
coming; expedient; apt; adequate. — v.t. To make 
fit or suitable, adapt to the purpose intended, quali- 
fy; to brin^into a required form; to furnish duly; 
to be suitable to, answer the requirements of . — v. 
i. To be proper or becoming, of the right size, or ad- 
justed to the desired shape; to suit. — n. Adjust- 



Fi.<h-joint 




ment. (^Mach^ Coincidence of parts in contact. -, 
Fit'ly, adv. Properly. —Fit''nes8, n. 

Fit, fit, 71. A sudden and violent attack of a disorder: 
a convulsion; paroxysm; attack of disease; an at- 
tack of anything wliich masters one for a time; a 
passing humor; impulsive action; a sudden emis- 
sion; a song, strain, canto. — Fit'' ful, -ful, a. Full of 
fits; irregularly variable; unstable. — Fiffolly, adv. 

Fitch. Same as Vetch. 

Five, fiv, n. A number next greater than 4, and less 
than 6 ; the sum of 4 and 1 ; a symbol representing 
this number, as 5 or V.— a. 4 awd 1 added ; 1 more 
than 4. —Fifth, a. Next after the 4th; being one of 
5 equal parts. — n. The quotient of 1 divided by 5; 
one of 5 equal parts. — Fifth'ly, adv. In the 5th 
place. — Fifteen, -ten, a. 5 and 10: 1 more than 14. 

— n. The sum of 5 and 10; a symbol representing 
this number, as 15, or XV. — Fifteenth, a. Next 
after the 14th ; being one of fifteen equal parts. — 
n. One of 15 equal parts. —Fifty, -tt, a. 5 times 10. 

— n. 5 tens; sum of 49 and 1 ; symbol representing, 
etc., as 50, or L. — Fiftieth, a. Next after the 49th; 
being one of 50 equal parts. — n. Quotient of 1 di- 
vided by 50; one of 50 equal parts. 

Fix, fiks, V. t. [fixed (flkst), fixixg.] To make firm, 
stable, or fast; to establish; to hold steadily; as the 
eye on an object, attention on a speaker, etc. ; to 
implant, pierce; to adjust, set to rights; place in the 
manner desired or most suitable, settle, determine, 
put in order. — v. i. To settle or remain permanent- 
ly, rest ; to become firm, cease to flow or to be fluid, 
liecome hard and malleable. — n. A difficult position ; 
predicament; dilemma. — Fix''ture, -chur, h. That 
which is attached to something as a permanent ap- 
pendage ; fixedness. (Laiv.) Anything accessory 
annexed to houses and lands, so as to constitute a 
part of them. 

Fizz, fiz, Fiz'zle, -zl, v. i. To make a hissing sound; 
to fail of success in an undertaking, bungle. — n. A 
failure, or abortive attempt. 

Flabby, flab'bT, a. Yielding to the touch, and easily 
moved or shaken; wanting firmness; flaccid. 

Flaccid, flak'sid, a. Yielding to pressure for want of 
firmness; soft and weak; limber; lax; flabby. 

Flag, flag, V. i. [flagged (flagd), -gixg.] To hang 
loose without stiffness ; to be loose and yielding; to 
grow spiritless or dejected, lose vigor, droop, lan- 
guish, pine. — V. t. To let fall into feebleness. 

Flag, flag, F.-stone, n. A flat stone used for paving. — 
V. t. To lay with flat stones. — Flake, n. A film; 
flock ; lamina; layer ; scale ; a platform of hurdles, 
for drying codfish, etc. (Naut.) A stage huijg over 
a ship's side, for workmen to stand on in calking, 
etc. — r. t. [flaked (flakt), flakixg.] To form 
into flakes. — v. i. To separate in laj'ers. scale off. 

Flag, flag, n. A cloth to wave in the wind, usually 
beariHg a device and attached at one end to a staff; 
military or naval ensign or colors; banner; standard. 
(Bot) ' An aquatic plant, with ensiform leaves, 
which flutter in the wind. — v. t. To signal to with 
a flag. 

FlageUate, flaj'el-lat, v. i. To whip; scourge. — Flag- 
eUa'tion,_M. A flogging; discipline of the scourge. 

— Flail, flal, n. An instrument for threshing or beat- 
ing grain from the ear. 

Flageolet, flaj''o-let', n. {Mus.) A wind-instrument, 
having a mouth-piece, and 6 principal holes. 

Flagi'tious, fla-iish''us, n. Disgracefully or shame- 
fully criminal ; guilty of enormous or scandalous 
crimes or vices; atrocious; flagrant; abandoned.— 
Fla'^grant, a. Flaming; burning; in preparation or 
performance ; raging ; flaming into notice ; notori- 
ous; flagitious; glaring; enormous. 

Flagon, flag''un, n. A vessel with a narrow mouth, 
for holding liquors. 

Flail. See under Flagellate. 

Flake, etc. See under Flag, a stone. 

Flambeau, flam'bo, n. ; pi. -beaux, -bo, or -beaus, 
-boz. A flaming torch, used in illuminations, etc. 

Flame, flam, n. A stream of burning vapor or gas; a 
blaze; burning zeal; passionate excitement or strife ; 
warmth of affection; a sweetheart. — v. i. [flamed 
(.flanid), FLAMIXG.] To burn with rising, stream- 
ing, or darting .fire; to blaze ; to break out in vio- 
lence of passion. — Flamingo, -min-'go, n. A bird of 



siin, cube, full ; moon, f66t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get. 
10 



FLANK 



146 



FLESH 




Flaminjro. 



a bright red color, having long 
legs and neck, aad a beak bent 
down as if broken. 
Flank, flank, n. The fleshy part ff 
an animal's side between the ribs 
and hip; see Beef, Horse. (J///.) 
The side of an army: the extreme 
right or left. (Fort.) That part 
of a bastion which reaches from 
the curtain to the face, and de- 
fends the opposite face: see Bas- 
tion. (Arch.) The side of a build- 
ing. — V. t. Fflanked (flanUt), 
FLAXKING.] lo Stand atthe flank 
or side of, border upon; to oxer- 
look the flank of, pass around or 
turn the flank of. — v. i. To border, touch; to be 
posted on the side. — Flange, flanj, n. A projecting 
edge or rim, as of a earwheel, to keep it on the rail, 
or of a casting, by which it may be fastened to some- 
thing else. — r. t. [flaxged (flanjd), flaxgixg.] 
(Mach.) To make a flange on. — f. i. To be bent 
into a flange, take the form of a flange. 
Flannel, flan'nel, n. A soft, nappy, woolen cloth, 

of loose texture. 
Flap, flap, n. Anything broad and limber that hangs 
loose, or attached by one side or end and easily 
moved ; the motion of such an object, or a stroke 
with it, or the noise made by a stroke. (Surg.) A 
piece of skin and flesh left attached to the stump in 
amputation, made to cover the end of the bone. pi. 
(Far.) A disease in horses' lips. — v. t. [flapped 
(flapt), -PIXG.] To beat with a flap, strike; to move, 
as something flap^like. — v. i. To move (wings, etc.) ; 
to fall and hang like a flap. 
Flare, flar, )•. i. [flaked (flard), flarixg.] To burn 
with a glaring and waving flame ; to shine out w4th 
a sudden, unsteady light; to be exposed to too much 
light; to open or spread outward.— k. An unsteady, 
broad, offensive light; leaf of lard. 
Flash, flash, n. A sudden burst of light ; momentary 
blaze, brightness, or show ; an instant ; very brief 
period ; the slang language of thieves, tramps, etc. 
— a. Low and vulgar; slang. — i-. i. [flashed 
(flasht), flashixg.] To break forth, as a sudden 
flood of light, show momentary brilliancy ; to burst 
forth with a flood of flame and light : to make a 
(juick and unexpected transit. — v. t. To send out 
in flashes, convey by a flame, or by a quick and start- 
ling motion. — Flash'y, -T, a. Dazzling for a mo- 
ment; showy; gaudy; insipid; vapid. 
Flask, flask, n. A narrow-necked vessel for holding 
fluids ; a powder-horn. (Founding.) A box con- 
taining the sand forming the mold. 
Flat, flat, a. Having an even and horizontal surface; 
lying at full length; level with the earth; prostrate; 
fallen ; laid low ; ruined ; wanting relief or variety ; 
monotonous ; lacking liveliness, — said of colnmer- 
cial exchange and dealings; depressed; dull; not re- 
lieved, broken, or softened; clear ; absolute ; down- 
right. (J/«5.) Below the true pitch, — hence, as 
applied to intervals, minor, or lower by a half -step ; 
not sharp or shrill; not acute. (Pron.) Uttered with 
voice instead of breath; spoken, in distinction from 
whispered ; vocal ; sonant, — said of certain conso- 
nants, as 6, t/, g, etc. — adv. Directly ; plainly. 
(Stock Exch.) Without allowance for accrued in- 
terest. — n. A level surface without elevation or 
prominences; a low, level tract of ground ; a shoal ; 
shallow ; strand ; a floor or story in a building ; a 
platform car on railroads ; the flat part, or side, of 
anything; a dull fellow; simpleton. (Mus.) A char- 
acter [b J before a note, indicating a tone a half-step 
or semitone lower. — v. t. To make flat, flatten, 
level; to render dull, insipid, ©r spiritless; to depress 
in tone, as a musical note, esp., to lower in pitch by 
half a tone. — v. i. To become flat, or flattened. 
(Mus.) To fall from the pitch. — Flat'ten, -tn, v. t. 
[-TEXED (-tnd), -texixg.J To level, make flat; to 
throw down ; to prostrate, depress, deject ; to make 
vapid or insipid. (Mus.) To lower the pitch of. — 
V. i. To become flat. 
Flatter, flat'ter, v. t. [-tered (-tSrd), -terixg.] To 
gratify, coax, wheedle; to gratify the self-love, van- 
ity, and pride of; to pleaselsy artfuP commendation, 




Flax. 



or with false hopes. — Flat'terer, n. — Flat'tery, -T, 
n. Act of, etc.; adulation; compliment; obsequious- 
ness. 

Flatulent, flat'u-lent, a. Affected with gases in the 
alimentary canal; windy; generating wind in the 
stomach; turgid with air. — Flat-'nlence, -lency, -sT, 
n. State or condition of being, etc. 

Flaunt, flant, r. i. To throw or spread out. move os- 
tentatiously. — V. t. To display ostentatiously. 

Flavor, fla'ver, n. Odor; fragrance; that quality of 
anything which affects the taste; relish; savor; that 
which imparts a peculiar odor or taste. — v. t. [fla- 
vored (-verd), -VORIXG.] To give flavor to. 

Flaw, flaw, n. A bursting or cracking; a breach; gap; 
Assure. (Na2it.) A sudden gust. A tumult, quar- 
rel; any defect made by violence or neglect; blem- 
ish; imperfection; speck. — v.t. [flawed (flawd), 
flawixg.] To break, violate. 

Flax, flaks, n. (Bot.) A plant having a single, slen- 
der stalk, with blue flowers: the fiber 
of the bark is used for making thread 
and cloth, called linen, camhiic, lav:n, 
lace, etc.; linseed oil is expressed from 
the seed. The fibrous part of the flax 
plant, when broken and cleaned by 
hatcheling or combing. — Flax'en, a. 
Made of, or like, flax. — Flax'y, -T, a. 
Like flax; of light color; fair. — Flax'- 
comb, n. A toothed instrument through 
which flax is drawn in preparing it for 
spinning; ahatchel. — dress'er, n. One 
who breaks and swingles flax, or pre- 
pares it for the spinner. — Flax'^seed, 
n. Seed of the flax plant; linseed. 

Flay, fla, v. t. [flayed (flad), flayixg.] 
To skin, strip oft' the skin of. 

Flea, fle, n. A small insect remarkable 
for its agility and troublesome bite. 

Fleck, flek, n. A spot, streak, speckle, 
dapple.— r. t. [flecked (flekt), fleck- 
IXG.] To spot, streak or stripe, variegate, dapple. — 
Flick, V. t. and i. [flicked (flikt), flickixg.] To 
strike with a quick, light blow. — n. A slight blow, 
jerk. 

Fledge, flej, v. t. [fledged (flejd), fleugixg.] To 
supply with the feathers necessary for flight, fur- 
nish with any soft covering. 

Flee, fle, v. i. or t. [fled, fleeixg.] To run away, 
as froni_danger or evil, escape. 

Fleece, fles, n. The coat of wool covering a sheep, or 
shorn from a sheep at one tijne; any soft woolly cov- 
ering.—!'. *. [fleeced (flest), fleecixg.] To de- 
prive of a fleece; to strip of money or property, rob; 
to spread over as with wool. 

Fleer, fler, v. i. [fleered (fl3rd), fleerixg.] To 
make a wry face in contempt ; to deride, sneer, 
mock, gibe. — v.t. To mock. 3out at. — n. Deris- 
ion; mockery. 

Fleet, flet, n. A navy or squadron of ships; esp. a 
number of ships of war. — a. Swift in motion : nim- 
ble. — v.i. To fly swiftly, hasten. (Kaut.) To slip 
(a rope or chain) down the barrel of a capstan or 
■windlass. — v.t. To pass over rapidly; to cause to 
pass lightlj', or in mirth and joy. (Nmit.) To draw 
apart the blocks of; to cause to slip down the barrel 
of a capstan or windlass.— Fleet'ness, n. Swiftness; 
celerit\'; speed. — Fleet'^ing, p. a. Not durable; tran- 
sient; 'transitorj'. — Fleet -foot, a. Swift of foot; 
running, or able to run, rapidly. — FlotiKla, -la, n. 
A little fleet, or fleet of small vessels. 

Flesh, flesh, n. The muscles, fat, etc., covering the 
framework of bones in animals; animal food; meat, 
esp. of beasts and birds used as food, disting. fr. 
fish ; the human system; the body; the human race; 
mankind; human nature ; tenderness of feelinir; 
tendency to physical pleasure; carnality. (Theol.) 
The soul uninfluenced by spiritual influences. Kin- 
dred; stock; race; the pulpy substance of fruit; part 
of a root, fruit, etc., fit to be eaten. — v. t. [fleshed 
(flesht), FLESH iXG.] To feed (hawks, dogs, etc.) 
with flesh, as an incitement to exertion: to use (a 
sword, etc.) upon flesh, esp. for the first time; to 
glut, accustom.— Flesh'y, -T, a. [-ier, -iest.] Plump; 
corpulent; gross. (Bot.) Composed of firm pulp; 
succulent. — Flesh'iiJesSj n. — Flesh'ly, -ll, a. Pert. 



fim, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; Tn, Ice ; 5dd; t5ne, tr ; 



FLEUR-DE-LIS 



147 



FLOW 



to the flesh; corporeal; animal, not vegetable; hu- 
man, not celestial, not spiritual; carnal; lascivious. 

Fleur-de-lis, fleT'de-le', n. The flower-de-luce ; iris. 
{Her.) The royal insignia of France. 

Flew. See Fly. 

Flex, fleks, v. t. [flexed (flekst), flexing.] To bend. 

— Flex'ible, a. Capable of being bent; pliable; yield- 
ing to pressure; capable of yielding to others' influ- 
ence: too easy and compliant ; capable of being 
adapted; supple; ductile; obsequious; wavering. — 
Flex'ibleness, -ibil'ity, n. Condition or quality of 
being, etc. 

Flick. See under Fleck. 

Flicker, flik'er, v. i. [-eked (-5rd), -being.] To flut- 
ter, flap without flying, waver or fluctuate, like a 
flame in a current of air : to blaze fitfully, as a 
dying fire or lamp. — n. Fluctuation; sudden and 
brief increase of brightness. {Ornith.) The golden- 
headed woodjjecker, yellow-hammer. 

Flier, Flight, Flighty. See under Fly. 

Flimsy, flim''zl, a. [-siek, -siest.] Weak; feeble; 
slight; vain; of loose and unsubstantial structure; 
without reason or plausibility; shallow. 

Flinch, flinch, v. i. [flinched (flincht), flinching.] 
To show signs of yielding or of suffering; to wince. 

Flinders, flin'derz, 71. jjI- Small pieces or splinters. 

Fling, fling, v. t. [flung, flinging.] To cast, send, 
or throw from the hand; to hurl, dart; to shed forth, 
emit; to prostrate, baffle, defeat. — v.i. To throw, 
wince, flounce; to cast in the teeth, utter harsh lan- 
guage; to throw one's'self in a violent or hasty man- 
ner, rush. — n. A cast from the hand; a throw; a 
contemptuous remark; sneer; a kind of dance. 

FUnt, flint, n. (3Iin.) A very hard variety of quartz, 
which strikes fire with steel, and is an ingredient in 
glass. A piece of flinty stone formerly used in fire- 
arms to strike fire.— Flint'y, -T, a. [-ier, -iest.] Of, 
abounding in, or Kke, etc. — Flint'^iness, n. 

Flip, flip, n. A mixture of beer and spirit sweetened 
and heated by a hot iron. 

Flippant, flip^pant, a. Of smooth, fluent, and rapid 
speech; voluble; talkative ; speaking confidently, 
without knowledge or consideration; pert; petulant. 

— Flip''pantness, -pancy, -sT, n. — FUp'per, n. The 
paddle or limb of a sea-turtle, seal, etc.; broad fin 
of a fish. 

Flirt, flert, v. t. To throw with a jerk or quick effort, 
fling suddenly; to move playfully to and fro; to jeer 
at, treat with contempt. — v. i. To act giddily, or to 
attract notice; esp. to play the coquette; to jeer or 
gibe. — n. A sudden jerk, darting motion, jeer; one 
who flirts; a coquette: a pert girl. — Flirta'tion, n. A 
flirting; a quick, sprightly motion; playing at court- 
ship ; coquetry. 

Flit, flit, V. i. To fly with rapid motion, dart along, 
fleet; to flutter, rove on the wing; to pass rapidly 
from one place to another; to be unstable, be easily 
or often moved. — Flifter, n. A rag, tatter, frag- 
ment. — Flit'ter-mouse, n. A bat. 

Flitch, flich, n. The side of a hog salted and cured. 

Float, flot, n. Anything which rests on the surface of 
a fluid, esp. to sustain, move, or mark the position 
of some other thing; a raft; the cork on an angling 
line, to indicate the bite of a fish; float-board of a 
wheel; a quantity of earth, 18 feet square and I foot 
deep ; a wooden instrument with which masons 
smooth plastering on walls ; a single-cut file for 
smoothing. — v. L To rest on the surface of a fluid; 
to be buoyed up ; to move quietly or gently on the 
water or through the air. — v.t. To cause to rest 
or move on the .surface of a fluid ; to flood, inun- 
date, overflow. {Plastering.} To pass over and level 
the surface of with a float dipped frequently in 
water. — Flota'tion, n. Act of floating; science of 
floating bodies. — Flo'tant, a. {Her.} Streaming in 
the air. —Flot ''sam, -son, n. {Laiv.} Goods lost by 
shipwreck and floating on the sea. 

Flock, flok, n. A company or collection of living 
things, esp. of sheep or birds; a Christian congrega- 
tion.— u. i. [flocked (flokt), FLOCKING.] To 

gather in crowds. 
Flock, flok, n. A lock of wool or hair; finely pow- 
dered wool or cloth, used when colored for making 
flock-paper, pi. The refuse of cotton and wool, or 
the shearing of woolen goods. — Floc'culent, a. Co- 



alescing and adhering in flocks, like wool. {Omith.) 
Pert, to the down of unfledged birds. 
Floe, flo, 71. An extensive surface of ice in the ocean. 

Flog, flog, V. t. [FLOGGED (flogd), FLOGGING.] To 

beat or strike with a rod; to whip, lash. 

Flood, flud, n. A body of moving water, esp. overflow- 
ing land not usually covered; a deluge; freshet; in- 
iKidation; the flowing in of the tide, — opp. to ebb; 
a ^reat quantity; abundance: superabundance; the 
deluge in the days of Noah; a great body or stream 
of any fluid substance; menstrual discharge. — v. t. 
To overflow, inundate, deluge. 

Floor, flor, n.. The solid surface of wood, etc., forming 
the bottom of a room, bridge, etc. ; the body of a 
public hall, disting. fr. platform, gallery, etc. ; a 
suite of rooms on a level in a house ; a story ; any 
platform or flooring. {Legis. Assemblies.) Tlie part 
of the house assigned to the members ; the right to 
speak. {Naut.) That part of the bottom of a vessel 
most nearly horizontal. — r. t. [floored (flord), 
FLOORING.] To cover with a floor; to strike down or 
lay level with the floor ; to silence by some decisive 
argument. 

Flop, flop, V. t. [FLOPPED (flopt), -PiNG.] To clap or 
strike, as a bird its wings, etc.; to spring up and fall 
heavily to the ground'again, as a dying fish or fowl; 
to let down the brim of (a hat, etc.). — v. i. To strike 
about with something broad and flat; to rise and 
fall. — w. The sound made by a flat object falling 
upon a floor, etc. 

Flora, flo-'ra, n. {Myth.) The goddess of flowers. 
{Bot.) The complete system of vegetable species 
native in a given locality, or period; a description 
of such plants. — Flo^ral, a. Pert, to Flora, or to 
flowers. {Bot.) Containing, or belonging to, the 
flower. — Flo'rist, n. A cultivator of, or writer on, 
plants. — Flores'cence, -sens, n. {Bot.) A bursting 
into flower; a blossoming. — Flo'ret, ?i. 
{Bot.) A little flower; the partial or ' 
separate little flower of an ago:regate 
flower. — Flo'ricul'ture, -kul'cnur, ?i. 
Cultivation of flowering plants.— 
Flor'id, fl5r-, a. Covered with, or 
abounding in, flowers; bright in color; 
of a lively red color: embellished with 
flowers of rhetoric; excessively ornate. 
— Flor'in, ?i. Orig. a Floraitine coin, 
with a lily on it; a coin of gold or sil- 
ver, of different values in different 
countries. 

Floss, flos, n. A downy or silken substance in the 
husks of maize, etc.; a fluid glass floating on iron 
in puddling-furnaces; untwisted filaments of silk. — 
Floss'-thread, n. Soft flaxen thread, for embroidery. 

Flotation, Flotsam, etc. See under Float. 

Flotilla. See under Fleet. 

Flounce, flowns, v. i. [flounced (flownst), floun- 
cing.] To spring, turn, or twist with sudden ef- 
fort; to flounder. — Ji. Act of, etc.; a sudden jerk- 
ing motion of the body. — Floun'der, v. i. [-deeed 
(-derd), -deeing.] To plunge and struggle, as 4 
horse in mire ; to fling the limbs and body, as in 
making efforts t6 move; to roll, toss, and tumble. 

Flounce, flowns, n. A loose ruffle or flap, around the 
skirt of a lady's dress, —v. t. To deck with, etc. 

Flounder, flown-'der, n. A small, edible, tide-water 
flat-fish: when young 
it swims vertically, 
and has symmetrical 
eyes, but soon turns 
on its side, and the 
under eye passes 
through its head. 

Flour, Flourish, etc. See 
under Flower. 

Flout, flowt, V. t. To 
mock or i n s u 1 1 ; to 
treat with contempt. ♦- 
insult. 

Flow, flo, V. i. [FLOWED (flod), flowing.] To 
change place or circulate, as a liquid; to become 
liquid, melt; to glide smoothly or without friction, 
proceed, issue forth; to have or be in abundance, 
abound, be copious; to hang loose and waving; to 
rise, as the tide, — opp. to ebb ; to discharge blood 




Florets. 




Flounder. 
v.i. To sneer. — n. A mock. 



stin, cube, full ; moon, fdbt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



FLOWER 



US 



FLY 



in excess from the uterus. — v. i. To cover with 
water, overflow, inundate, flood; to cover with var- 
nish. — n. A stream of water or other fluid; a cur- 
rent ; any gentle, gradual movement of thought, 
diction, music, etc.; abundance ; copiousness; the 
tidal setting in of water from ocean to shore. 

Flower, floNv'er, n. A circle of leaves on a plant; a 
bloom or blossom. (Bot.) That part of a plant 
destined to produce seed, and including oneTor both 
of the sexual organs. The fairest, freshest, and 
choicest part of anything; a, figure of speech; orna- 
ment of style. — ('. J. [FLOWERED (-erd), -eking.] 
To blossom, bloom, produce flowers ; to come into 
the finest condition. — *;. t. To embellish with 
flowers. — FloW'eret, n. A floret ; small flower. — 
Flow'ery, -er-T, a. Full of, etc.; highly embellished 
wifc figurative language ; florid. — Flour, flowr, 71. 
The finely ground meal of wheat or other grain ; 
fine, soft powder of any substance. — v. t. [floured 
(flowrd), FLOURiXG.] To grind and bolt; to sprinkle 
with flour. — Flour'y, -T, a. Of or like, etc. — Flour- 
ish, fler''ish, v. i. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] To grow 
luxuriantly, thrive; to be prosperous, be increased 
with good qualities; to use florid language, be copi- 
ous and flowery; to make bold and sweeping, fanci- 
ful, or wanton movements; to make ornamental 
strokes with the pen: to execute a fanciful strain of 
music, by way of ornament or prelude; to boast, 
vaunt, brag. — v. t. To cause to thrive, develop, ex- 
pand; to ornament with anything showy, embellish; 
to grace with ostentatious eloquence; to move in bold 
or irregular figures; to brandish. — w. Decoration; 
showy splendor; ostentatious embeliishment; show; 
a fanciful stroke of the pen or graver; a fantastic or 
decorative musical passage; the waving of a weapon, 
etc.; brandishing. 

Flown. See Fly. _ 

Fluctuate, flukfu-at, v. i. To move as a wave, roll 
hither and thither; to move now in one direction 
and now in another, be irresolute or undetermined, 
waver, vacillate, scruple. 

Flue, flu, n. An air-passage, esp. for conveying smoke 
and flame from a fire ; a passage surrounded by 
water, for the gaseous products of combustion, — dis- 
ting. fr. tube, which holds water, and is surrounded 
by fire : small flues are called JIue.-iubes. 

Fluent, flu'^ent, a. Flowing or capable of flowing, 
liquid; gliding; current; ready in the use of words; 
voluble; copious; smooth. — n. (^Math.) A variable 
quantity, considered as increasing or diminishing, 
— called, in modern calculus, the function or in- 
tegral. — Flu'ency, -sY, n. Quality of being, etc. — 
Flu'id, a. Capable of flowing; liquid or gaseous. — 
n. A body whose particles move easily among them- 
selves. — Flume, flum, n. A stream; esp. a channel for 
water driving a mill-wheel, or used in gold-washing. 

Fluff, n. Nap ; down. 

Flugelman, flu'gl-man, n. {Mil.) The leader of a file; 
a fugleman. 

Fluke, fluk, n. {Naut.) The part of an anchor which 
fastens in the ground : see Anchor. One of the 
points of a whale's tail ; any unexpected advantage. 

Flummery, flum'mer-I, n. A light kind of food, for- 
merly made of flour or meal ; empty compliment. 

Flung, See Flixg. 

Flunk, flunk, ?'. i. [flunked (flunkt), flunking.] 
To fail, back out, through fear. — )i. A failure. 

Flunky, flunk'I, n. A livery servant ; one who is ob- 
pequious or cringing. 

Fluorescence, f lu'o-r6s''sens, n. A property possessed 
by many substances, of glowing when exposed to 
light, cathode rays, X rays, etc. — Fluoroscope, flu- 
Sr^o-skop, 71. (I'/ii/s.) A fluorescent screen, with 
liood to protc'ct the eyes, used for observing the shad- 
ows cast by oljjects placed in the path of the X rays. 

Flurry, flur-'ri:, n. A sudden blast or gust ; violent 
agitation; commotion; bustle; confusion. — v. t. 
Tflurried (-rid), -rying,] To agitate, alarm. 

Flush, flush, V. i. [flushed (flusht), flushing.] To 
flow and spread suddenly. — v. t. To cause (game, 
etc.) to start ; to cleanse by inundating with a sud- 
den rush of water. — n. A sudden flowing; rush; a 
flock of birds suddenly started up; a run of cards of 
the same suit. — a. Full of vigor ; well furnished ; 
affluent; liberal; prodigal. {Arch. a7id Mech.) Form- 



ing a continuous surface. Consisting of cards cf 
the same suit. 

Flush, flush, r. ». To become suffused, as the cheeks-: 
to turn red, blush; to shine suddenly, glow. — v. t. 
To redden suddenly, put to the blush ; to make 
glowing, redden; to animate with joy, elate, elevate. 
— n. A rush of blood to the face; blush; glow. 

Fluster, flus'ter, v. t. [-teked (-terd_), -teking.] To 
make hot and rosy, as with drinking : to confuse, 
muddle. — n. Heat; agitation; disorder. 

Flute, flat, n. (31us.) A pipe used as a wind instru- 
ment, having on the side a mouth orifice and holes 
stopped by the fingers or by keys. ( Arch.) A chan- 
nel in a column or pillar ; flutmg; reed. A channel 
or groove in wood or other work, or in plaited mus- 
lin, as a lady's ruffle. — v. t. To play or sing in a 
clear, soft note, like that of a flute; to form flutes or 
channels in. -Flut'ed.^^. a. Thin; fine; flute-like;- 
formed with flutes. — Flutter, Flau'tist, flaw'-, 
Flufist, n. One who plays on the flute. — Flufing, 
71. A furrow in a column or in a lady's ruflfle; fluted 
work. — Fluti'na, -te'na, n. A musical instrument 
resembling the concertina. 

Flutter, flufter, v. i. [ tered (-terd), -teeing.] To 
flap the wings rapidly, without flying, or with short 
flights ; to move with quick vibrations or undula- 
tions ; to move irregularly, fluctuate. — v. t. To vi- 
brate or move quickly ; to agitate, disorder, throw 
into confusion. — n. Act of fluttering; quick and 
irregular motion; hurry; confusion. 

Fluvial, flu'vt-al, -viafic, a. Pert, to rivers; growing 
or living in streams or ponds. 

Flux, fluks, 71. Act of flowing ; quick succession ; 
change ; matter which flows, as tide setting m tow- 
ard the shore; state of being liquid. (Chem. & 
Metal.) Any substance used to promote fusion of 
metals or minerals. {Med.) Discharge of a fluid 
from the bowels or other part ; esp., an excessive 
and morbid discharge; matter thus discharged. — ■ 
i\t. [FLU.x:ED(flukst), fluxing.] To fuse. — Flux'- 
ion, fluk'shun, 71. Act of flowing; matter that flows; 
a constantly varying indication. 

Fly, fli, V. i. limp, flew (flu) ; p. p. flown (flon) ; 
FLYING.] To move in the air with wings; to float or 
move in the air, as clouds, etc. ; to move rapidly, like 
a bird ; to atteinpt to escape, flee ; to part, burst in 

gieces. — v. t. To shun, avoid ; to cause to fly, set 
oating, as a kite. — n. ( Entom.) A winged insect 
of various species, whose wings are transparent; esp. 
the house fly. A fish-hook dressed m imitation of a 
fly; a kind of light carriage; that part of a flag from 
the union to the extreme end. (Xaut.) That part 
of a compass on which the points are marked. 
{Mech.) A contrivance to equalize motion or ac- 
cumulate power in a machine. (Pri)it.) One who 
takes sheets from the press ; that part of a power- 
printing press which receives the printed sheet and 
lays it aside. — FU'ers, n. pi. Arms revolving around 
a bobbin on a spinning machine, which twist the 
sliver, etc., into roving, yarn, thread, etc., and wind 
it on the bobbin.- Fly'er, n. (Arch. ) A step in a flight 
of stairs which are parallel to each other. — Fiy'- 
blow, n. The egg of a fly. —r. «. To deposit an egg 
in. or upon, as"a fly. —-wheel, ?;. -A. wheel in ma. 
chinery that equalizes its movements, or accumu- 
lates power for a variable or intermitting resistance. 
See Steam Engine.- Fly'ing-artlKlery, n. {Mil.) 

Artillery trained to rapid evolutions. fish, n. 

ilchih.) A fish which can sustain itself in the air 
for a short time, by its 
long pectoral fins. 
— -jib, M. (Naut.) A 
sail outside of the 
standing-jib, on t h e 
flying-jib-boom. See 
S.MLS. — -jib-boom, n. 
(Naut.) A spar ex- 
tending beyond the 
jib-boom. See Ship. _ _^ 
— squir'rel, 7i. (Zo'61.) t^^^^_^ 
A squirrel having an ~--=~^-=»-« 
expansive skin on 
each side, reaching 
from the fore to the 
hind legs, by which it 




Flying-fish. 



fim, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



FOAL 



149 



..:"OOT 




is borne up in leaping. — Flight, flit, n. Act of flee- 
ing or flying ; hasty de- 
parture, mode of flying ; 
ioftj[ elevation and ex- 
cursion; soaring; a num- 
ber of things passing 
through the air together, 
esp. a flock of birds ; a 
reach of stairs from one 
landing to another. — 
PUght'^^y, -T, a. Fleet- 
ing; swift; transient; in- -c., • ■ , 
dulging in flights of im- Fljmg-squirrel. 
agination, humor, caprice, etc.; volatile ; giddy. — 
Flight'iness, ;;. 

Foal, 151, n. A colt or filly. — i-. t. & i. [foaled (fold), 
FOALING.] To bring forth, as a colt or filly. 

Foam, fom, n. An aggregation of bubbles on the sur- 
face of liquids after violent agitation; froth; spume. 
— v.i. [FOAMED (tomd), FOAMiXG.] To froth, gather 
foam; to form or become filled with foam.— v. t. To 
throw out with violence; to cause to foam. 

Fob, fob, n. A watch pocket. 

Fob, fob, r. t. [FOBBED (fobd),-BiNG.] To cheat, trick. 

Focus, fo'kus, n. ; E. pi. -cuses, -kus-ez ; L.pl. -ci, 
-si. ( Opt.) A point in which the rays of light meet, 
after being reflected or refracted. (Geoin.) A point 
on the principal axis of a conic section, such that 
the double ordinate to the axis through the point 
shall be equal to the parameter of the curve. A 
central point ; point of concentration. — v. t. To 
bring to a focus. — Fo'cal, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. 

Fodder, fod'der, n. Food for cattle, horses, and 
sheep, as hay, straw, and various vegetables. — v. t. 
[foddeked (-derd), -deking.] To feed (cattle) with 
dry food, cut grass, etc. 

Foe,'fo, n. An enemy; hostile army; opponent. 

Feetua. Same as Fetus. 

Fog, fog, n. Vapor rising from water or wet land and 
obscuring the lower part of the atmosphere; mist; a 
cloud of dust or of smoke. — v. t. [fogged (fogd), 
-GiXG.] To envelop, as with fog; befog. — Fog^gy, 
-gt, a. [-GIEK, -GiEST.] Filled or abounding with, 
etc.; cloudy; misty; dull; obscure. 

Fog, fog, n. (Agric.) A second growth of grass; after- 
grass ; long grass that remains in pastures till win- 
ter; dead grass in meadows, etc. 

Fogy> -gie, -gey, fo'gT, n. A dull old fellow; a per- 
son behind the times; a conservative. 

Foible, foi'bl, n. A particular moral weakness ; a 
tailing; weak point; infirmity; frailty; defect. 

Foil, foil, V. t. [foiled (foild), foilixg.] To render 
vain or nugatory, frustrate, baffle, balk. — 7i. Fail- 
ure of success when on the point of being secured ; 
defeat; miscarriage; a blunt sword, or one having a 
button at the end, —used in fencing. 

Foil, foil,w. Avery thin sheet or plate of metal; a thin 
leaf of metal, placed under precious stones, to in- 
crease their brilliancy or give them color; anything of 
contrastin"' color or qualities, which sets oif anotlier 
thing to advan- 
tage. (Arch.) 
A leaf-like or- 
nament, in win- 
d o w s , niches, 
etc., called tre- 
foil, quatrefoil, ^^^^^^ ^^^.../^^ 
qumquefoil, ^ ^ 
etc., according to the number of cusps it contains. 

Foist, foist, V. t. To insert surreptitiously, or without 
■warrant; to interpolate; to pass off as genuine. 

Fold, fold, n. A doubling of a flexible substance ; 
times or rei)etitions, — used with numerals, chiefly 
in composition, to denote multiplication orincrease; 
that which is folded together, or which infolds ; em- 
brace. — V. t. To lap or lay in plaits ; to double : to 
lay (the arms, etc.) together; to inclose within folds. 
— 'r. i. To become folded. 

Fold, fold, n. A pen for sheep, etc.—v.t. To con- 
fine (sheep) in a fold. 

Foliaceous, fo'll-a'shus, a. (Bot.) Pert, to, or having 
the texture or nature of, a leaf ; having leaves inter- 
mixed with flowers. {Min.) Consisting of leaves 
or laminae; of the form of a leaf or plate.— Fo'^liage, 
-ll-ej, n. A collection of leaves as produced by na- 





ture. {Arch.) The representation of leaves, flow, 
ers, and branches. — Folio, foflT-o or foKyo, n. A 
sheet of paper once folded; a book made of sheets, 
each folded once; a page in a book; two opposite 
pages bearing the same serial number. {Law.) A 
leaf containing a certain number of words: a certain 
number of words in a writing. — a. Formed of sheets 
folded so as to make 2 leaves ; of, or equal.to, the size 
of 1 fold of a sheet of printing paper, when doubled 
so asJ:o make 2 leaves. 

Folk, fok, n. People in general, or a separate class of 
people. 

Follicle, foKlt-kl, n. {Bot.) A simple pod opening 
down the inner suture ; a ves- 
sel distended with air. {Anat.) 
A little bag in animal bodies; a 
gland. 

Follow, foKlo, r. t. [-lowed 
(-lod), -lowixg.] To go or come 
after; to go in pursuit of, strive 
to obtain; to go with, as a leader, -p ,,• , rn ,\ 
accept as authority, take as a -EOlUcle. {Bot.) 
rule of action; to copy after, take as an example; to 
succeed in order of time, rank, or office; to result 
from, as effect from cause, or inference from prem- 
ise; to watch, as a receding obiectr; to keep the mind 
upon while in progress; to understand the meaning, 
connection, or force of; to attend upon closely, as a 
profession or calling. — v. i. To go or come after, 
pursue, attend, accompany, be a result,. succeed. — 
FoKlower, ?i. One who follows; imitator; disciple; 
adherent; attendant. {Steam Eng.) The cover of a 
piston; a gland. {JIach.) Part of a machine that re- 
ceives motion from another part. — Following, a. 
Being next after; succeeding; ensuing. 

Folly. See under Fool. 

Foment, fo-ment', v. t. To apply warm lotions to; to 
instigate, cherish, and promote by excitements; to en- 
courage. —Fomenta'tion, 71. {Med.) Act of foment- 
ing, or of applying lotions or poultices ; the lotion 
applied to a diseased part; encouragement. 

Fond, fond, a. Orig. foolish, simple; foolishly tender 
and loving: doting; loving; tender; much pleased. 

— Fond'ly, adv. — Fond'ness, n. — Fond'le, fond-'l, 
V. t. [-led (-Id), -lixg.] To treat with tenderness, 
caress. 

Font, n. Assorted type : see under Fouxd. — A bap- 
tismal vessel: see under Fouxt. 

Fontanel, f on'ta-nel', Fontic'uliiB, n. {Med.) An arti- 
ficial ulcer for the discharge of humors from the 
body. — Fon'tanel, n. {Anat.) A space between the 
bones of an infant's skull occupied by cartilaginous 
membrane. 

Food, food, n. What is fed upon; victuals; provisions; 
anything that sustains, nourishes, and augments ; 
aliment; sustenance; fare. 

Fool, fool, M. One destitute of reason; an idiot; one 
deficient in intellect; a simpleton, dunce. {Script.) 
A wicked person. A professional jester or buffoon. 
~v. i. [FOOLED (foold), foolixg.] To act like a 
fool, trifle, toy. — v. t. To infatuate, make foolish; 
to make a fool of, impose upon, cheat. — FooKery, 
-er-T, n. Practice of folly; absurdity; act of folly or 
weakness: piece of absurdity or nonsense. — FooK- 
ish, a. Marked with, or exhibiting, folly; void of 
understanding; weak in intellect; exhibiting a want 
of judgment. — FooK-hard'y, a. Daring without 
judgment; foolishly bold; rash; venturous; head- 
long. — Fool'hard'iness, n. — Fools''cap, n. A long 
folio writing paper, about 13^ by 16J inches. [Orig. 
made with a water-mark of a fool's cap and bells.] 

— FoKly, -It, n. State of being a fool; want of sense; 
levity, weakness, or derangement of mind; a fool- 
ish act; weak conduct; foolery. 

Foot, i&bi, n. ; pi. Feet, fSt. The part of a leg below 
the ankle; lowest part or foundation; last of a row 
or series ; fundamental principle ; basis ; ordinary 
level or rank; a measure consisting of 12 inches. 
{Mil.) The foot-soldiers, infantry. (Pros.) A com- 
bination of syllables constituting a metrical element 
of a verse. — v.i. To tread to measure or music; to 
dance; to walk. — v. t. To strike with the foot, kick; 
to tread; to sum up, as numbers in a column; to add 
afoot to.— Footling, w. Ground for the foot; firm 
foundation to stand on; established place; relative 



etin, cube, full ; moon, f66t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boKboir, chair, get. 



FOP 



150 



FORE 



condition; state; tread; esp. tread to measure; act of 
adding up a column of figures; sum total of such a 
column; act of putting a foot to anything, or that 
• which is added as afoot; a plain cotton lace, without 
figures; the finer refuse part of whale blubber, not 
wnolly deprived of oil. (A)-c?i.) The broad founda- 
tion or base of a wall. — Foof-ball, n. An inflated 
ball, kicked about; sport of kicking, etc. — hold, n. 
A holding with the feet ; that on which one may 
tread securely. — man, n. ; pi. -mex. A soldier who 
marches and fights on foot; a male servant who at- 
tends the door, carriage, table, etc. — pound, 7i. The 
dynamic unit, — being the amount of work done in 
raising 1 pound through 1 foot. — print, n. A trace 
or foot-mark. — soFdier, n. A soldier who serTes on 
foot. — sore, a. Having tender or sore feet, as from 
much walking. — step, n. Sound made by putting 
down the foot; mark or impression of the foot; a 
track: visible sign of a course pursued; token. 

Fop, fcp, n. A fellow vain and conceited or over nice 
and affected in dress or manners; a coxcomb; dandy. 
— Fop'pery, -per-T, ?i. The behavior, manners, dress, 
etc., of a fop; coxcombry; folly; impertinence; fool- 
ery. — Fop'pish, a. Fop-like; vain of dress; affected 
in manners; finical; spruce; dandyish. 

Tot, for, prep. In the place of; instead of; because 
of; by reason of; with respect to; concerning; in the 
direction of; toward; during; as being, etc., — indi- 
"cating that in consideration of, or with reference to, 
which anything takes place. — conj. Because; since; 
because, introducing a reason of something before 
advanced, the cause, motive, explanation, etc., of 
an action related or statement made. — Forev'er, 
adv. To eternity ; eternally ; at all times ; continu- 
ally; incessantly; always; endlessly. 

Forage, fSr'ej, n. Act of 'providing food ; food for 
horses and cattle. — v. i. [foraged (-ejd), -aging.] 
To wander in search of food; to ravage, feed oil 
spoil. — V. t. To strip of provisions, supply with 
forage. — Foray, Forray, f o-ra' or f Sr-'a, n. A sud- 
den incursion in border war; a raid. — v. t. To ravage. 

Forbear, fdr-bar', v. i. [imp. forbore (-bor'') or (obs.) 
FORBARE; p. p. FORBORNE; lORBEARiNG.] To re- 
frain from proceeding, pause, delay; to refuse, de- 
cline. — V. t. To avoid, abstain from; to treat with 
consideration, indulge, l3ear with. — Forbear'ance, n. 
Act of, or quality of being, forbearing; long-suifer- 
ing; patience; refraining; mildness. — Forbid', v. t. 

[-BADE (-bad''); p. p. -BIDDEN Or (obs.) -BID ; -BID- 
DING.] To command to forbear, or not to do; to for- 
bid from entering or approaching; to oppose, ob- 
struct, prohibit, interdict, hinder. — v.i. To utter 
a prohibition, prevent. — Forbid^dance, w. Act of, 
or condition of being, etc. — Forbid'der, n. — For- 
bid'' ding, p. a. Repelling approach; repulsive; un- 
pleasant; odious; abhorrent. — Forbore, -borne. See 
FORBEAR. —Forfend' or Forefend", v. t. To fend 
off, avert, forbid, prohibit, defend, guard, secure. — 
Forego', v. t. [i/np. forewent; p. p. -gone ; -going.] 
To quit, leave, relinquish the enjoyment or advan- 
tage of, give up, resign, renounce. [See also under 
Fore.] — Forgef, v. t. [imp. -got or (obs.) -gat; p. 
». -GOT, -GOTTEN; -GETTING.] To lose the remem- 
brance of; not to think of; to treat with inattention, 
slight, neglect. — To forget one's self. To be guilty 
of what is unworthy of one; to lose one's dignity, 
temper, or self-control. — Forgefful, -ful, a. Apt to 
forget; heedless; careless; neglectful. -^Forget'ful- 
nesB, n. Quality of being forgetful: loss of remem- 
brance or recollection ; oolivion; failure to bear in 
mind; careless omission. — Forgef-me-not', n. (Bot.) 
A small herb, bearing a blue lower, ;— the emblem 
of fidelity. — Forgefter, m. — Forgive', -giv', v. t. 
[imp. -gave; p. p. -GIVEN; -giving.] To cease to im- 
pute, remit, excuse; to cease to feel resentment 
against, absolve, pardon. — Forgiv'able, rt. — For- 
give'nesB, n. Act of, or disposition or willingness 
to, etc.; pardon; remission. — Forgiv'er, n. — For- 
giv'ing, ?J. a. Disposed to forgive; mild; merciful; 
compassionate. — Forlorn', a. Deserted ; lost : in 
pitiful plight; abject; pitiable.— Forlornhope. (Mil.) 
A detachment ol. men to lead in an assault, enter a 
breach, or perform service of uncommon peril. — 
Foresee', V. 1 {imp. -sook (-sdbk): p. p. -.sak'en; 
•Sak'i^g.I To quit or leave entirely, depart or 




withdraw from, abandon, desert, reject.— Forswear', 

-swSr', V. t. [imp. -swore (-sw5r); p. p. -sworn; 
-swearing.] To reject or renounce upon oath; to 
renounce earnestly or with protestations; to deny 
upon oath. — v. i. To swear falsely, commit perjury. 

— Forswear'er, M. A perjurer. 

Force, fors, n. Strength or energy of body or mind; 
esp. power to persuade, convince, or impose obliga- 
tion; compulsory power; strength for war: a body of 
combatants. (Law.) Violence; validity: efficacy. 
(Physics.) Any action between 2 bodies tending to 
change any physical relation between them. — v.. t. 
[forced (forst), forcing.] To constrain to do, or 
to forbear, by exertion of power not resistible; to 
impress by force; to do violence to, esp. to ravish, 
violate; to obtain by strength, capture by assault; 
to impel, drive, wrest, extort, get, etc., bv main 
strength; to exert to the utmost, strain, produce by 
unnatural effort; to provide with forces, garrison. — 
For'cible, -sl-bl, a. P o s 
sessing lorce, efficiency, or' 
energy; marked b}^ excess- 
ive violence ; using force 
against opposition; ob- 
tained by com pulsion; pow- 
erful ; efficacious; potent ; 
weighty ; cogent. — For'ci- 
bly, adv. — Force'- or For'- 
cing-pmnp, n. A kind of pump 
used to throw water to a distance, 
or force it onward by direct action 
of the piston. 

Force, fbrs, v. t. (Cookery.') To 
stuff, lard.— Force'-meat, n. Meat 
chopped fine, seasoned, and used 
as stuffing. 

Forceps, f6r'seps, n. A two-bladed ^=j 
instrument for grasping or trac- 
tion ; a pair of tongs or pincers, _ ' ". 
esp. for delicate operations, as iorcmg-pump. 
those of watchmakers, dentists, ^> piston ; p, de. 

gt(>_ hvery tube. 

Ford, ford, n. A place where a river, or other water, 
may be passed by wading; a stream; current. — v. t. 
To wade through. —Ford' able, a. 

Fore, for, ce. Advanced in place or position; toward 
the front; forward; advanced in time; antecedent: 
advanced in order or series. — adv. In advance; at 
the front; in the part that precedes. — n. The front. 

— For'mer, a. compar. Preceding in time; a.icient; 
long-past; prior; anterior; foregoing: first mentioned. 

— For'merly, -IT, adv. In time past; of old; hereto- 
fore. — Fore'most, a. First in place; chief in rank, 
dignity,etc.—For'ward, -wards, adv. Toward a part 
or place before or in front; onward; in advance; pro- 
gressively, — opp. to backward. — For' ward, a. Near 
or at the fore part; ready; prompt; willing; earnest; 
eager; over ready; less modest or reserved than is 
proper ; unusually advanced; precocious; prema- 
ture. — V. t. To help onward, advance, promote: to 
send forward, transmit. — For'wardei:, n. One who, 
etc. ; esp. who transmits goods. — For'wardly, adv. 

— For'wardness, n. — Fore'-ann, v. t. To arm or 
prepare for attack or resistance before the time of 
need. — Fore-arm', n. (Anat.) That part of the arn'v 
between elbow and wrist. — Forebode', v. t. To 
foretell, prognosticate; to have an inward convic- 
tion of, as of a calamity to happen; to presage, por- 
tend, betoken.— Forebod'er, «. — Fore'cast, v. t. 
[-cast; -CASTING.] To Contrive beforehand, scheme, 
project; to foresee, provide against. — v.i. To con- 
trive beforehand. — Forecast , n. Previous contriv- 
ance or determination; foresight of consequences, 
and provision against them ; prognostication .— Fore'- 
castle, -kas-sl, n. (Naut.) That part of the upper 
deck of a vessel forward of the foremast, or of the 
after part of the fore channels; in merchant vessels, 
the forward partof the vessel, under the deck, where 
the sailors live. See Ship. — Forecit'ed, -sTl'ed, a. 
Cited or quoted before or above. — Foredoom', )•. t. 
To doom beforehand, predestinate. — Fore'father, 
n. One who precedes another in the line of geneal- 
ogy ; an ancestor. — Fore'flnger, -fin-ger, n. The fin- 
ger next to the thumb; the index. — Fore'foot. «. ; 
pi. -feet. One of the anterior feet of an animal. 



\sr^ fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, te;m ; In, :ce ; 6dd, tone, 6r : 



FORE 



151 



FORM 



(Naut.) A piece of timber terminating the keel at 
the fore-end, and connecting it with the stem. — 
Fore'front, -frunt, n. The foremost part or place. 

— Forego', v. t. [imp. -wext; p. p. -gone ; -going.] 
To go Before, precede. [See also under Forbear.] 

— Foregone conclusion. One which has preceded ar- 
gument or examination; one predetermined. — Fore''- 
groand, n. That part of the field of a picture which 
seems to lie nearest the spectator, or before the fig- 
ures. — Fore'hand, n. All that part of ahorse be- 
fore the rider; the most important part; prudence; 
advantage. — Fore^handed, a. Early; timely; sea- 
sonable; not behindhand; in easj' circumstances. — 
Fore'liead, fOr'ed, n. That part of the face froui 
the usual line of hair on the top of the head to the 
eyes; the brow; assurance. — Forejudge', v. t. To 
judge before hearing the facts and proof, prejudge. 
XO. Eng. Law.) To expel from court for miscon- 
duct. —Foreknow', -no', v.t. [imp. -knew; p.p. 
-KNOWN; -KNOWING.] To have previous knowledge 
of, know beforehand. — Foreknow'er, «. — Fore- 
knowl'edge, -nSl'ej, n. Knowledge of a thing be- 
fore it happens; prescience. — Fore'land, n. A prom- 
ontory' or cape; head-land. (Fort.) A piece of ground 
between the wall of a place and the moat. — Fore'- 
lay', r. f. To contrive antecedentl}'; to lie in wait 
for. — Fore'locfe, n. The lock of hair growing from 
the forepart of the head. {Saut.) A flat piece of 
iron driven through the end of a bolt, to retain it in 
place. — To take time, or occasion, by the forelock. 
To make prompt use of anything; not to let slip an 
opportunit}'. — Fore'man, 71. ; pi. -men. The first or 
chief man, — as, the chief man of a jury, who acts 
as their speaker; chief of a set of hands employed in 
a shop; overseer. — Fore'mast, n. {Naut.) The for- 
ward mast of a vessel; the one nearest the bow. See 
Ship. — Foremen'tioned, -shund, a. Mentioned be- 
fore; recited in a former part of the same writing. — 
Fore'name, n. A name preceding the family name 
or surname; a first name. — Fore'named, -namd, a. 
Named or nominated before; mentioned before in 
the same writing. — Fore'noon, n. The former part 
of the day, from morning to noon. — Fore-ordain', 
v.t. To ordain or appoint beforehand; to predes- 
tinate, predetermine. — Fore-or'dina'tion, n. Pre- 
vious appointment; predestination. — Fore'part, h. 
The part most advanced, or first in time or in place, 
anterior part, beginning. — Fore'-plane, n. ( Carp.) 
The first plane used after the saw and ax; jack- 
plane. — Fore'rank, n. The first rank, front.— Fore- 
run', v. t. [i/np. -KAN; 73. p. -RUN; -RUNNING.] To 
run before, precede; to come before as an earnest of 
something to follow, announce. — Forerun'ner, n. 
A messenger sent before to give notice of the ap- 
proach of others ; a harbinger; sign foreshowing 
something to follow; prognostic. — Fore'sail, n. 
iJfaut.) A sail extended on the fore-yard; the first 
triangular sail before the mast of a sloop or cutter. 
See Sail. — Foresee', v. t. [imp. -saw; p.p. -seen; 
-seeing.] To see beforehand, see or know before 
occurrence, foreknow. — Foreseer', -ser', n. — Fore- 
sliad'ow, V. t. To shadow or typify beforehand, 
prefigure. — Foreshort'en, -short'n, v. t. (Paint.) 
To shorten by representing in an oblique position; 
to represent as seen obliquely. — Foreshort'ening, n. 
The representation or appearance, or diminution of 
length, of objects viewed obliquely.— Foreshow', v. 
t. [imp -SHOWED; p. p. -SHO>VN; p. pr. & vh. n. 
-SHOWING.] To show or exhibit beforehand, prog- 
nosticate, foretell. — Foreshow'er, n. — Fore'side, n. 
The front side ; a specious outside. — Fore'sight, 
-sit, ?i. The act or power of foreseeing; prescience; 
foreknowledge; action in reference to the future; 
wise forethought. (Surv.) Any sight or reading of 
the levebng-staff, except the one backward, called 
the back-sight. — Fore'skin, n. (Anat.) The skin 
that covers tlie glans penis ; prepuce. — Forestall', v. 
t. To take beforehand, anticipate; to pre-occupy; 
to exclude, hinder, or prevent, by prior occupation 
or by measures taken in advance ; to monopolize, 
engross. (Eng. Law.) To obstruct or step up, as a 
way; to intercept on the road. — Forestall'er, n. 
One who purchases provisions before they come to 
market, to raise the price. — Foretaste', n. A taste 
beforehand ; anticipation. — Fore'taste, v. t. To 



taste before full possession, anticipate; to taste be- 
fore another. — Foretell', v. t. To tell before occur- 
rence, foretoken, foresliow, predict, augur. — v. t. 
To utter prediction or prophecy. — Foretell'er, n. — 
Fore 'thought, -thawt, n. Anticipation; prescience; 
premeditation; provident care; forecast. — Foreto'- 
ken, -kn, v. t. To foreshow. — Fore'token. n. Prog- 
nostic: previous si";n. — Fore'-tooth, w. ; pi. -teeth. 
(Anat.) One of the teeth in the forepart of the 
mouth; an incisor. — Fore'top, ?«. The hair on the 
forepart of the head ; fore-lock; that part of a head- 
dress that is forward. (Nuitt.) The platform at the 
head of the foremast. See Ship. — Forewarn', v. t. 
To warn beforehand, caution in advance, inform 
previously. 

Foreclose, for-kloz', v. t. [-closed (-klozd'), -clo- 
sing.] To shut up or out, preclude, stop, prevent, 
bar, exclude. — Foreclo'sure, -zhur, 71. Act or pro- 
cess of foreclosing ; a process in law which bars a 
mortgager'? right of redeeming a mortgaged estate. 

Foreign, lor'in, a. Not native ; extraneous ; alien; 
remote; not pertinent; not appropriate; not agree- 
able; not admitted; excluded; outlandish; remote. 
— For'eigner, n. One of a foreign country ; an 
alien. — For'eignness, n. * 

Forefend. See under Forbear. 

Forensic, fo-ren'sik, -sical, a. Pert, to courts of ju- 
dicature or public discussion and debate; used in 
courts and legal proceedings, or in public discus- 
sions; argumentative. 

Forest, for'est, n. An extensive wood ; in U. S., a 
wood of native growth. — v. i. To cover with trees 
or wood. 

Forever. See under Foe. 

Forfeit, fSr'flt, a. Lost or alienated for an offense ; 
liable to penal seizure. — n. A thing lost, or the 
right to which is alienated, by a crime, oif ense, neg- 
lect of duty, or breach of contract; a fine; mulct; 
penal t3'; something deposited and redeemable by a 
fine. — ?-', t. To lose, or lose the right to. — For'fei- 
ture, -ft-chur, n. Act of forfeiting; the losing of 
some right, privilege, estate, honor, oflfice, or effects, 
bj' an offense, crime, breach of condition, etc. ; 
thing forfeited; amercement; penalty. 

Forgave. See Forgive, under Forbear. 

Forge, forj, n. A place where iron is wrought by 
heating and hammering; esp. a furnace, where iron 
is wrought; a smithy; works where iron is rendered 
malleable by puddling and shingling; a workshop; 
place where anything is produced, shaped, or de- 
vised. -r,'. <. [forged (forjd), FORGING.] To f omi 
by heating and hammering ; to shape out in any 
way, produce; to make falsely; to produce (that 
which is not genuine), fabricate, counterfeit, feign, 
falsify. — V. i. To commit forgery. (Naut.) To 
move heavily and slowly, as a ship with the sails 
furled. — For'gery, -jer-T, n. Act of forging, fab- 
ricating, or producing falsely ; esp., the crime of 
fraudulentlj' making a writing purporting to be 
done bj' another; thing forged. 

Forget, Forgive, Forlorn, etc. See under Fo-rbkar. 

Fork, lork, n. An instrument with prongs or tines; 
anytliing fork-shaped ; one of the branches of a 
river, road, etc.; place where a road, tree, etc., di- 
vides; aprong; point. — ?', i. [forked (f6rkt), fork- 
ing.] To shoot into blades, as corn; to divide into 
branches. — v. t. To raise or pitch with a fork, as 
hay ; to dig and break with a fork, as ground ; to 
form into a fork-like shape; to bifurcate. 

Form, fSrm, n. The shape and structure of anything; 
configuration; frame; external appearance; a men- 
tal transcript or image; constitution; mode of con- 
struction, arrangement, organization, etc. ; estab- 
lished method or practice; formula: show without 
substance ; conventionality; formality; orderly ar- 
rangement ; shapeliness ; comeliness ; beauty ; a 
shape ; phantom ; mold ; pattern ; model ; a long 
bench or seat; a class in a school; class or rank in 
society; the seat or bed of a hare. (Print.) A page, 
or pages, imposed andlocked up in a chase. (Phren.) 
Perception of form. See Phrenology. — v. t. 
[formed (f6rmd), forming.] To give form or shape 
to; to construct, fashion; to model, train ; to go to 
make up, act as constituent of ; to provide with a 
form, as a hare. — Form'less, a. Shapeless ; with- 



sQn, cube, full ; moon, f(56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien. bosbojf, chair, get- 



FORMER 



152 



FOX 



out determinate form ; irregular in sliape. — Form''- 
al, a. Pert, to the form, external appearance, or 
organization of a thing ; pert, to the constitution 
of a thing, as (listing, fr. the matter composing it; 
constitutive; essential; done in due form, or with 
.solemnity ; express ; according to form ; regular ; 
methodical; having the form without the substance 
or essence; dependent on form; conventional; pre- 
cise; stiff; prim. — Formal 'ity, -I-tt, n. Condition 
or quality of being formal, express, strictly cere- 
monious, precise, etc. ; form without substance ; 
compliance with conventional rules ; ceremony ; 
conventionality; the formal part; essence; an es- 
tablished order; usual and express method. — For- 
ma'tion, n. Act of giving form or shape to or of 
giving being to; manner in which a thing is formed; 
structure; construction. (Gcol.) The series of rocks 
belonging to an age, period, or epoch. (Mil.) An 
arrangement of troops, as in square, column, etc. — 
For'mula, -la, ?i. ,• L.pl.-h.K,-\e; E. pi. -las, -\a.z. A 
prescribed or set form ; established rule. — For''mu- 
late, V. t. To reduce to, or express in, a formula. — 
For''mulize, v. t. [-lized (-lizd), -lizixg.] To for- 
mulate. 

Former, Forme^y. See under Fore. 

Formidable, i6r''ni'r-da-bl, a. Exciting fear or appre- 
hension ; terrible ; shocking ; tremendous. 

Fornicate, fSr^iiT-kat, -cated, a. Vaulted; arched. — 
For'nicate, v. i. To have unlawful sexual' inter- 
course. — Fomica''tion, n. Incontinence or lewd- 
ness of an unmarried person; criminal conversation 
of a married man with an unmarried woman. 

Forray. See under Fokage. 

Forsake, Forswear, etc. See under Forbeae. 

Forsootli, for-sooth'', adv. In truth; in fact. 

Fort, fort, n. (Mil.) A fortified place; fortress; for- 
tiiication. — For'tress, n. A fortified place : strong- 
hold; fortified town; castle; citadel.— For-'tify, -tT-fi, 
V. t. r-FiED (-fid), -FYiXG.] To add strength to, 
strengtlien ; to secure by forts, batteries, etc. — For'- 
tiflca'^tion., n. Act of, or that which, etc. ; esp. de- 
fensive works; fortress; citadel; bulwark. — For^'ti- 
tude, -tiid, w. Passive courage; resolute endurance; 
firmness in confronting danger. — Forte, fort, n. The 
strong^point; that in which one excels. 

Forth, forth, adv. Forward; onward in time orin place; 
out from a state of concealment, confinement, non- 
development, etc.; bej'ond the boundary of a place; 
abroad. — Forth'-corn'mg, a. Ready to come fortli, 
or appear; making appearance. — Fofiiliwith'', -with' 
or -witli'', adv. Immediatelj' ; without delay ; di- 
rectly. — Further, fer'tlier, a. compa;-. More remote; 
more in advance; farther; additional. — adv. To a 
greater distance ; moreover. — r. t. [furthered 
(-erd), -ering.] To help forward, promote, assist. 

— Fur'thermore, adv. or conj. Moreover ; besides ; 
in addition to what has been said. — Fur'thermost, 
«. ]Most remote ; furthest. — Fur'thest, a. superl. 
Most remote ; farthest. — adv. At the greatest dis- 
tance. 

Fortieth, Fortnight, etc. See under Fouk. 

Fortify, Fortitude, Fortress. See under Fort. 

Fortune, fSr'chun, n. Chance ; accident ; luck ; for- 
tuity; appointed lot in life; fate; destiny; what be- 
falls one; event; good or ill success; esp. favorable 
issue ; estate ; possessions ; esp. large estate, great 
wealth. — V. i. To come casually to pass; to happen. 

— For'tunate, -nat, a. Coming by good luck; au- 
spicious ; receiving some unexpecfed good : lucky ; 
successful ; prosperous. — Fortu'itous, -tu'T-tus, a. 
Happening by chance ; occurring unexpectedl}^ or 
witliout known cause ; accidental ; casual ; contin- 
gent ; incidental.— Fortu'ity, -I-tT, n. Accident; 
chance ; casualty. 

Forty. See under Four. 

Forum, fo'rum, n. ; E. ]>l. -rujis, L. pi. -ra, -ra. A 
market-i)lace or public place in Rome, where causes 
were judicially tried, and orations delivered. 

Forward, Forwardness, etc. See under Fore. 

Fosse, fos, n. (Foi-t.) A ditch or moat. (Anat.) A 
non-articular depression in a bone, wider at the 
margin than at the bottom; one of variously shaped 
cavities in the soft parts. — Fos''8il, a. Dug out of 
the earth; pert, to, or like, fossils; petrified. — n. A 
substance dug from the eartli. (Falcon.) The pet- 



rified form of a plant or animal in the strata of the 
earth. 

Foster, fos'ter, v. t. [-teret) (-terd), -tekixg.] To 
feed, nourish, support, rear up; to cherish, forward, 
promote the growth of, stimulate. 

Fought. See Fight. 

Foul, fowl, a. Covered ■with or containing extraneous 
matter which is no.xious or offensive ; nasty; im- 
pure ; morally defiled in origin or tendency ; ob- 
scene; scurrilous: cloudy or rainj' ; stormy; loath- 
some; hateful; unpropitious ; not fair or advanta- 
geous; not conformed to the established rules of a 
game, conflict, test, etc.; unfair; dishonest; cheat- 
ing; interfered with in motion by collision or en- 
tanglement with anything ; entangled. — r. t. 
[Fol'LED (fowld), fol'lixg.) To make filthy, defile, 
dirt}', soil ; to bring into collision with something 
that impedes motion; to jostle, in a race. — v.i. To 
become entangled or clogged. — n. An entangle- 
ment; collision. 

Foulard, foo-liird'', n. A thin fabric of silk or silk- 
cotton, tor handkerchiefs and dresses. 

Found, Foundling. See under Find. 

Found, fownd, v. t. To fix upon a basis, literal or 
figurative ; to fix or establish firmlj', to furnish ma- 
terials for beginning, begin to raise, build, institute. 
— Founda'tion, n. Act of founding, fixing, or es- 
tablishing ; that upon which anything is founded; 
groundwork ; ba*e or underground part of a struc- 
ture ; basis ; a donation, esp. for a charitable pur- 
pose ; an endowment ; an endowed institution or 
charity. 

Found, fownd, v. t. To form by pouring metal into 
a mold ; to cast. — Found'ery, -er-I, -ry, -rt, n. Art 
of ca.sting ; works where metals are cast. — Fount, 
Font, ?i. (Print.) A properl J' assorted quantity of 
type of the same size, style, and age. 

Founder, fownd'er, v. i. [-eeed (-erd), -erixg.] 
(JVaut.) To fill with water, and sink, as a ship; to 
fail, miscany; to trip, fall, stumble and go lame, as 
a horse. — v. t. To cause soreness in the feet or 
limbs of, so as to lame,— said of a horse. — n. (Far.) 
A lameness from inflammation in a horse's foot; 
inflammatory fever of the body, or rheumatism. 

Fount, Fountain, fownfin, n. A spring or natural 
source of water ; an artificially produced jet or 
stream of water; structure in which such a jet or 
stream flows; origin; first cause. — Font, ». A foun- 
tain, spring; a basin for water in baptism. 

Four, for, a. One more than .3, or one less than 5; 
twice 2. —/i. The sum of 4 units: a symbol repre- 
senting four units, as 4 or iv. — Four'score, a. A times 
20; 80.— «. 80 units. [SeeScORE.J — Four 'square, a. 
Having 4 sides and 4 equal 
angles. — n. That which has, 
etc.; a quadrangle. — Four'- 
way, a. Allowing passage 
in any one of 4 directions. 
— Fourth, a. Next following 
the 3d and preceding the 
5th; forming 1 of 4 parts *j 
into whicli a thing is di- 
vided. — n. One of 4 equal 
parts into _\\'hich, etc. — 
Four'' teen, -ten, n. The sum 
of 10 and 4 ; sj'mbol repre- 
senting this number, as 14 
(5r xiv. — a. 4 and 10 more; 
twice 7. — Four'teenth, a. 
Succeeding the 13th and 
preceding the 1.5th; making 
one of 14 parts. — n. One of 
14 equal parts. (Mux.) The 
octave of the 7tli. — Fort'night, n. The space of 14 
nights; 2 weeks. — For "ty, -tT, a. 4 times 10; 39 and 
1 added. — n. The sum of 40 units ; symbol repre- 
senting it, as 40 or xl. — For'tieth, -tT-etli, a. Fol- 
lowing the 39th; constituting 1 of 40 parts. — ?J. One 
of 40 equal parts.' . 

Fowl, fowl, n. A bird, esp. a large, edible bird. 

Fox, i'oks, n. (Zo'ol.) A predaceous animal of several 
species of the genus Vulpes, remarkable for cun- 
ning. A sly, cunning fellow, (yaut.) A small 
strand of rope, made bj' twisting roi>e-yarns. (Icth.) 
A ~flsli ; the dragonet. A long-tailed shark, found 




Four-way Cock. 
a, to steam-pipe ; b, to 
upper cylinder ; c, to 
condenser; d, to lower 
cvlinder. 



am, JBme, far, pass or onera. fare ; ?nd, eve, term ; In. ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



FRACAS 



1«3 



FREEZE 




Common Fox ( Vulijes vulgaris). 



in temperate and tropical seas, — the 
sea-ape, sea-fox, 
thrasher. — v. t. 
[FOXED (fokst), 
F o X I X G .] To 
cover the feet of 
boots with new 
front upper 
leather. — r. i. 
To turn sour, - 
said of beer, 
etc., in ferment- 
ing. 

Fracas, fra'kas, 
n. An uproar ; 
disturbance. 

Fraction, frak-'shun.n. A portion; fragment. (Arith. 
or Alg.) Adivision of a unit or wliole iuiml)ei-. — Coni- 
7)ion or vulgar fracUun. One in wliich the number 
of equal parts into which the integer is divided is 
indicated by figures or letters, culled the denomi- 
nator, written below a line, over which is the nu- 
merator, indicating the number of these parts in- 
cluded in the fraction, as i, one-half; -|, two fifths. 

— Decimal f. One in which the denominator is a 
unit or 1 with ciphers annexed, — commonly ex- 
pressed by writing the numerator only with a point 

before it; thus, .5 = five tenths, ^^; .25 = ^-^-^.— 

Frac'tional, -ary, -a-rT, a. Pert, to fractions; con- 
stituting a fraction. — Frac'tious, -shus, a. Apt to 
break out into a passion; apt to fret; peevish; irrit- 
able ; pettish. — Frac'tiously, adv. — Frac'tious- 
ness, n. — Frac'ture, -chur, n. Act of breaking or 
snapping asunder; rupture; breach. (Surg.) The 
breaking of a bone, (il/m.) The appearance of a 
freshly-broken surface, displaying its texture. — v. 
t. [fractlked (-churd), -TUKiNG.J To cause, etc.; 
to break, crack.— Frag''ile, fraj''il. a. Easily broken; 
brittle; frail; liable to fail. — Fragil'ity, -T-tT, n. 
State of being, etc. — Frag'ment, n. A part broken 
oft" ; detached portion. — Frag'mentary, -a-rt, a. 
Composed of fragments ; broken up ; incomplete. 

Fragrant, fra'grant, a. Sweet of smell; having agree- 
able perfume; odoriferous; balmy; spicy; aromatic. 

Frail, fral, a. Easilj' broken; fragile; hable to fail 
and perish; not tenacious of life; weak; infirm; of 
infirm virtue; weak in resolution. — Frail'ty, -tl, n. 
Condition of being frail; weakness of resolution; li- 
ableness to be deceived ; a fault proceeding from 
weakness; infirmity; failing; foible. 

Frame, fram, v. t. [framed (framd), framing.] (Cai-p.) 
To construct, adjust and • 
put together, fabricate, 01 y y kk ■ i r ' y 

make; to originate, devise, 

' invent or fabricate (some- 
thing false) ; to regulate, 
shape, conform ; to provide 
with a frame, as a picture. 
— n. Anything composed 
of parts fitted and united 
together ; a fabric ; struc- 
ture ; a case or structure for 
admitting, inclosing, o e 
supporting things, as that 
which contains a window, 
door, picture, etc.; a sort 
of loom; the bodily struc- 
ture; make or build of a person: the skeleton; form; 
constitution: system; regulated or adapted condi- 
tion; particular state, as of the mind; humor. 

Franc, frank, n. A silver coin, orig. of France, equal 
to about 191 cents. 

Franchise, etc. See under Frank. 

Frank, frank, a. Free in uttering real sentiments; 
not reserved; ingenuous; candid; open; sincere. — 
V. t. [franked (frankt), franking.] To send by 
public conveyance free of expense; to exempt from 
charge for postage. — n. A letter free of postage, or 
of charge for sending by mail ; that which makes a 
letter free, as the signature of one possessing the 
privilege. — Fran'chise, -chiz, ?«. A constitutional 
right or privilege, esp. the right to vote. (Law.) A 
privilege conferred upon individuals by grant from 




Frame (Carp.). 

ah, ah, uprights or 
posts; e fZ, e (/, struts, 
ties, or braces. 



a sovereign or government. The district to which a 
particular privilege extends ; asylum ; sanctuary. — 
V. i. [FEANCHiSED (-chizd), -cmsiNG.] To make 
free. 

Frank, frank, n. One of the German tribes inhabiting 
Franconia, who in the 5th century conquered Gaul 
and established the kingdom of I ranee; an inhabi- 
tant of Western Europe; European, — a term used 
in the East; a franc, q. v. 

Frantic, etc. See under Frenzy. 

Fraternal, fra-ter'nal, a. Pert, to brethren; becoming 
brothers; brotherly. — Frater'nity, -nT-tT, w. State 
or quality of being fraternal; brotherhood; a body 
of men associated for their common interest, busi- 
ness, or pleasure ; a brotherhood. — Fraternize, f ras- 
ter- or fra-ter'niz, v. i. [-nized (-nlzd), -nizing.] 
To associate or hold close fellowship. — Frafricide, 
-rT-sid, n. Th'e murder of a brother; one who kills 
a brother. 

Fraud, frawd, n. Deception deliberately practiced, to 
gain an unfair advantage ; a deceptive trick; guile; 
craft; stratagem; imposition; cheat. — Frand'^ulent, 
-u-lent, a. Using, containing, founded on, or pro- 
ceeding fr., fraud; obtained or performed by arti- 
fice; trickish; cunning; cheating; insidious; unfairr 
knavish. 

Fraught. See under Freight. 

Fray, fra, n. _Aft'ray; broil; contest; combat. — v. t. 
[FRAYED (frad), FRAYING.] To frighten, terrify. 

Fray, fra, n. A fret or chafe in cloth. — v. t. To ruD, 
wear off by rubbing, fret (cloth, etc.) — v. i. To 
rub ; to wear out easily by rubbing; to ravel. 

Freak, frek, ti. A sudden, causeless change of mind; 
whim; caprice; sport. 

Freak, frek, v. t. [freaked (frekt), freaking.] To 
variegate, checker. — Freckle, frek'l, ?j. A yellow- 
ish spot in the skin; any small discoloration. — v. t. 
[freckled (-Id), -ling.] To color with freckles or 
small discolored spots; to spot. — v. i. To become 
covered with freckles. 

Free, fre, a. [fre'er, fre'^est.] Not under restraint, 
control, or compulsion; at libertj^; not under arbi- 
trary government; enjoying political liberty; liber- 
ated, by arriving at a certain age, from the control 
of parents or master; released from arrest; capable 
of voluntarj' activity: clear of offense or crime; un- 
constrained by timidity or distrust; unrestrained; 
immoderate; not close or parsimonious; liberal; not 
united or combined with anything else; at liberty to 
escape ; exempt ; clear ; released; invested with a 
freedom or franchise; not obstructed or appropri- 
ated; not gained by importunitj^ or purchase; not 
arbitrary or despotic: assuring liberty. — v.t. [freed 
(fred), freezing.] To make free, set at liberty, dis- 
engage, clear; to keep free, exempt: to relieve from 
the constraint of. — Free'dom, -dum, n. State of be- 
ing free: exemption from control; liberty; particu- 
lar privileges; franchise ; immunity; improper fa- 
miliarity; license. —Free''inan, n.; pi. -MEN. One 
who enjoys liberty; one not a slave or vassal; one 
possessed of a peculiar privilege. — Freed^'man, 
fred'-, n. One "who has been a slave, and is freed. 
— Free'hold, n. (Law.) An estate in real property, 
of inheritance or for life; the tenure hy which it is 
held. — Free'holder, n. One owning, etc. — Free'- 
boot'er, n. One who wanders about lor plunder; a 
robber; pillager. — Free'nia'son, -sn, n. One of a 
secret association, said to have been orig. composed 
of masons, now of persons united for mutual assist- 
ance. — Free''ma'sonry, -sn-rT, n. Institutions or 
practices of, etc. — Free^'stone, n. Stone composed 
of sand or grit, — easilj' cut. — Free'thinker, n. One 
who discards revelation; an unbeliever; skeptic. — 
Free'thinking, a. Skeptical.— »i. Unbelief .— Free'- 

born, a. Born free; inheriting liberty. trade', n. 

Commerce unrestricted by tariff regulations or cus- 
toms duties ; free interchange of commodities. — 
-trad'er^ n. An advocate of, etc. 

Freeze, frez, v. i. [imp. froze; p.p. frozen; freez- 
ing.] To become congealed by cold; to be hardened 
into ice or a like solid body; to become chilled. — v. 
t. To congeal, harden into ice ; to cause loss of ani- 
mation or life in, from lack of heat ; to chill. — 
Frost, fr5st, n. Act oi" state of freezing; severe cold; 
frozen dew, — hoar-frost or white-frost. — v. t. To 



stin, cube, full; moon, fd&t; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNbox, chair, get. 



FREIGHT 



154 



FROM 



cover with anything like hoar-frost, as cake with 
sugar. 
Freight, I'rat, n. That with which anything is laden; 
cargo; what is paid for transportation of merchan- 
dise. — r. t. To load with goods, as a ship or vehicle. 

— Fraught, frawt, a. Freighted; laden; stored. 
French, f rench, a. Pert, to 1 ranee or its inhabitants. 

— n. The language of the people of France; collect- 
ively, the people of France. — French''man, n. ; pi. 
-MEX. A native or naturalized inhabitant of, etc. 

— French'ify, -fi, v.t. [-fied (-fid), -fyixg.] To 
make French, Gallicize. 

Frenzy, fren-'zl, n. Violent agitation of the mind ap- 
proaching to distraction: insanity; madness; rage; 
delirium. — Fran'tic, Frenet'ic, -ical, Phrenet'ic, 
a. Mad: raving; noisy; wild. — Fran'tically, adv. 

Frequent, fre'kwent, a. Happening at short intervals; 
given to any course of conduct. —Frequent', i-. t. 
To visit often, resort to habitually. — Fre'quency, 
-si, n. Condition of returning frequently; occur- 
rence often repeated. 

Fresco, fres'ko, n. Coolness ; shade ; a method of 
painting on walls on a freshly laid stucco- ground 
of lime or gypsum. — v. t. [frescoed (-kod), -co- 
IXG.] To paint in fresco. 

Fresh, fresh, a. Possessed of original life and vigor; 
new and strong ; lately produced, gathered, or pre- 
pared for market ; recently made ; in a raw, green, 
or untried state ; renewed in vigor, or readiness for 
exertion ; tending to renew in vigor ; cool ; brisk; 
not salt, as water or meat. — n. A pool or spring of 
fresh water ; an inundation ; freshet ; the mingling 
of fresh with salt water in rivers or bays. — Fresh'^ly, 
adv.— Fresh'^ness, ?i.— Fresh'en, v. t. [-ened (-nd), 
-ENIXG.] To make fresh, take saltness from any- 
thing. (iVaMi.) To relieve, as by change of place, 
or by renewing the material used to prevent chaf- 
ing- —v. i. To grow fresh, lose saltness, grow brisk 
or strong. — Fre8h''et, n. A flood in a river from 
rains or melted snow. 

Fret, fret, v. t. To wear away by friction, eat away, 
corrode, chafe ; to make rough, agitate, disturb ; to 
tease, irritate, vex, make angry. — v. i. To be worn 
away or corroded; to chafe; to be agitated or vexed; 
to utter peevish expressions. — n. Agitation ; vex- 
ation ; agitation of the surface of a fluid, esp. by 
fermentation, pi. {Mining.) The worn sides of 
river banks, where ores accumulate. — Frefful, -ful, 
a. Disposed to fret; peevish; cross. 

Fret, fret, v. t. To ornament with raised work, vari- 
egate, diversify.— w. Herpes; tetter.— Fret 'work, n. 
Work adorned with frets; ornamental open work in 
wood, iron, or stone. 

Fret, fret, n. {Arch.) An ornament made of small 
fillets combined in geo- 



metrical or other pat 
terns; a raised band or 
an open slot. {Her.) A 
bearing composed of ^^ 
bars crossed and inter- '^^ 
laced. {Mus.) A wire 



E 



s 



Fret. 

on the finger board of a guitar or similar instrument, 

to guide the finger in playing. — v. t. To furnish with 

frets, as an instrument of music. 
Friable, fri'a-bl, a. Easily crumbled or pulverized. 
Friar, fri'ar, n. {Rom. Cath. Ch.) A member of any 

religious order, esp. of a mendicant order. 
Fribble, frib'bl, a. Frivolous ; trifling ; silly. — n. A 

frivolous fellow; a coxcomb; fop. — v. i. To trifle. 
Fricassee, frik'as-se'', n. A dish made of fowls or 

small animals cut into pieces, and stewed or fried. 

— V. t. [FRICASSEED (-sed'), -SEEiXG.] To make a 
fricassee of. 

Friction, frik'shun, n. Act of rubbing one body 
against another; attrition; abrasion. {Mech.) The 
eftectof rubbing, or resistance which a moving body 
meets with from the surface on wMch it moves. 

Friday, fri'da, n. The 6th day of the week. 

Fried. See Fry. 

Friend, frend, n. One attached to another by senti- 
ments of esteem, respect, and aifection ; a well- 
wisher; an intimate associate ; one not an enemy ; a 
favorer; promoter; one of the religious sect usually 
called Quakers. — v. t. To act as the friend of. 

— Friend'liness, n. — Friend'ship, n. Attachment 



to a person, proceeding from intimate acquain- 
tance, or from favorable opinion of his estimable 
qualities ; friendly relation or intimacy ; friendly 
aid, office, or kindness. 

Frieze, frez, n. A coarse woolen cloth with nap on 
one side. — v. t. To make a nap on (cloth). 

Frieze, frez, n. {Arch.) That part of an entablature 
between the architrave and cornice. 

Frigate, f rig'at, n. A ship of war, larger than a cor- 
vette or sloop of war, and less than a ship of the 
line. 

Fright, frit, n. A passion excited by sudden danger ; 
violent fear ; alarm ; terror ; consternation. — v. t. 
To alarm suddenly with danger, affright, scare, 
dismav, daunt. — Frighfen, v. t. [-ened (-nd),-EN- 
iXG. J To fright. — Fnght'ful, -ful, a. Full of terror; 
alarmed; exciting alarm; terrible; dreadful; awful; 
horrid; shocking. 

Frigid, frij'id, a. Cold; of low temperature; wanting 
warmth, fervor, vivacity, etc. ; impotent. 

Frill, fril, n. Orig. the ruffling of a hawk's feathers 
when shivering with cold ; a ruffle (on clothes). — 
V. t. [frilled (frild), -ling.] To decorate with 
frills. — V. i. To shake or shiver, as with cold. 

Fringe, frinj, w. A trimming consisting of lianging 
threads; a line of projecting objects along the edge 
of any place or thing ; a border ; confine. — v. t. 
[FRINGED (frinjd), fringing.] To adorn or border 
with fringe. 

Frippery, frip'per-t, n. Old clothes ; cast dresses ; 
second-hand finery; useless matter: place where old 
clothes are sold; traffic in old clothes. 

Friseur. See under Friz 

Frisk, frisk, v. i. [frisked (friskt), frisking.] To 
leap, skip, dance, gambol. — n. A frolic; a fit of 
wanton gayety. — Frisk'y, -I, a. Frolicsome. 

Frit, frit, 11. The material for glass or ceramic glaze, 
wholly or partially fuzed but not vitrified. — v.t. 
To prepare (materials for glass, etc.^ by exposing to 
heat. — Frifter, n. A small pancake of fried Bat- 
ter; a small piece of meat fried; a fragment; shred; 
small piece. — w. t. [frittered (-terd), -tering.] 
To cut (meat) into small pieces for fr3'ing; to break 
into small fragments. 

Frith, frith. Firth, ferth, n. A narrow arm of the sea; 
estuary; a kind of weir for catching fish. 

Frivolous, friv'o-lus, a. Of little weight, worth, or 
importance; given to trifling, or unbecoming levity; 
trivial; petty. — FriV'olousness, Frivol'lty, -tT, n. 

Friz, Frizz, friz, v. t. [frizzed (frizd), -zing.] To 
form into small curls, as hair; to crisp; to form into 
little burs, or knobs, as the nap of cloth. — n. That 
which is frizzed; anything crisped or curled. — Fri- 
seur, fre-zer', n. A hair-dresser. — Friz^zle, r. t. 
[-zled (-zld), -ZLiNG.] To curl or crisp, as hair; to 
friz. — Friz'zler, n. 

Fro. See under From. 

Frock, frok, w. An outer garment; esp. a loose, coaro,. 
garment worn by men over other clothes, or a gown 
worn by women and children. 

Frog, fro^, n. {Zobl.) A well-known amphibious an- 
imal, with 4 feet, a naked body, and no tail. {Far.) 
A tender, horny substance in thft middle of a horse's 
foot, dividing into 2 branches, and running toward 
the heel in the form of a 
fork. An oblong cloak-but- 
ton, swelled in the mid- 
dle. {Railroads.) A trian- 
gular plate for the wheels 
where tracks cross at an 
acute angle. 

Frolic, froFik.a. Full of levity or pranks; gay; merry. 
— n. A wild prank ; flight of mirth : scene of gay- 
ety; merry-making.— v.i. [frolicked (-ikt). -ick- 
iNG.] To play pranks, sport. — FroKicsome, -sum, 
a. Sportive. — FroKicsomeness, n. 

From, from, prep. Out of the neighborhood of ; less- 
ening proximity to ; leaving behind ; by reason of ; 
out of; by aid of ,— used to express departure, setting 
out, commencement of action, being, state, occur- 
rence, etc., or procedure, emanation, absence, sep- 
aration, etc. — Fro, adv. From ; away : back or 
backward. — Fro'ward, o. Unwilling' to comply 
with what is required ; perverse ; wayward ; re- 
fractory. 




Railroad Frog. 



ftm, fSme, far, pftss or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r ; 



FROND 



155 



FUN 




Frond. 



Frond, frond, n. {Bot.) The organ formed by the 
union into one bodj' of 
stalks and leaves in cer- 
tain plants, as ferns. 

Front, frunt, n. The fore- 
head or brow ; the face ; 
the countenance, as ex- 
pressive of character, tem- 
per, or disposition, esp. of 
boldness of disposition, or of impudence ; the part 
of anything directed forward ; position directly 
before the face of a person, or foremost part of a 
thing ; a front-piece of hair worn by ladies. — v. t. 
To oppose face to face, meet; to stand opposed or 
opposite, or over against; to adorn in front. — v. i. 
To stand foremost; to have the face or fr9nt toward 
any point of compass. — a. Of, or relating to, the 
forward part;_having a position in front; foremost. 
— Front'^ier, -er, n. That part of a country which 
fronts or faces another country or an unsettled re- 
gion; the-boundary; border. — a. Lying on the ex- 
terior part; bordering; conterminous; acquired on a 
frontier. — Fronfispiece, -pes, ?i. That which pre- 
sents itself to the front view. {Arch.) The principal 
face of a building. An illustration fronting the first 
page of a book. 

Frost, Frozen, etc. See under Freeze. 

Froth, froth, n. A collection of bubbles on liquids; 
spume; foam; empty, senseless show of wit or elo- 
quence; light, unsubstantial matter. — v. t. [frothed 
(frotht), FEOTHING.] To cause to foam, cover with 
froth. — V. i. To throw up foam. — Frotli^y, -1, a. 
[FKOTHIEE, -lEST.] Full of, Or Consisting of, froth; 
spumous ; foamy ; not firm or solid ; soft ; vain ; 
empty; unsubstantial. 

Frounce, frowns, v. t. [feouk^ced (frownst), feoux- 
CiXG.] To curl or frizzle about the face, as the 
hair. — n. A wrinkle, plait, or curl; a mass of pim- 
ples in a horse's or hawk's palate. 

Frouzy, frow'zl, a. Fetid; musty; dim; cloudy. 

Froward, etc. See under Feom. 

Frowey, frow'T, a. (Cai-p.) Working smoothly, or 
without splitting, — said of wood. 

Frown, frown, v. t. [feowned (frownd), feowning.] 
To contract the brow, scowl, put on a stern, grim, 
or surly look; to look on with disfavor, look threat- 
ening, lower. — V. t. To rebuke with a look. — w. A 
wrinkling of the brow in displeasure ; rebuke ; 
sternness, etc.; expression of displeasure. 

Frowy, Frowzy. Same as Feouzy. 

Frugal, fioo''gal, a. Economical in the use of re- 
sources; sparing ; saving.— Frugal'ity,-T-tY,n. Qual- 
ity of b^ing frugal; good husbandry or housewifery. 

Frait, froot, n. Whatever is to be enjoyed, partaken 
of, or made use of ; product ; result ; that part of 
plants which contains the seed ; esp. the juicy, 
pulpj' products of certain plants ; the produce of 
animals; offspring; young. — Fnufful, -ful, a. Full 
of fruit; producing fruit abundantly; fertile; pro- 
lific ; fecund ; abundant ; plenteous. — Fruiffully, 
adv. — FraiffulneBS, n. — Fruitless, a. Not bearing 
fruit; productive of no advantage; barren; useless; 
abortive ; idle ; profitless. — Fruitlessly, adi>. — 
Fruiflessness, n. — Frui''tion, -ish-'un, n. Use or 
possession of anything, esp. accompaiiied with pleas- 
ure; gratificationj enjoyment. 

Frustrate, frus'trat, v. t. To bring to nothing, pre- 
vent from attaining a purpose; to make null or of 
no effect; to baffle, balk, nullify. —a. Vain; in- 
effectual; useless; void. 

Frustum, frus'tum, w. ; pi. -TA,-ta, or -tums. {Geom.') 
The part of a solid next the 
base, formed by cutting off 
the top. 

Frutescent, froo-tes'sent, a. 
(Bot.) Becoming shrubby, or 
like a shrub. 

Fry, fri, v. t. [fried (frid), fet- 
ing.] To cook in a frying-pan 
over the fire, as meat ; to cook in boiling fat, as 
doughnuts. — v. i. To be heated and agitated, as 
meat in a frying-pan ; to ferment, foam, or dissolve 
with heat. — n. A dish of anything fried. 

Fry, fri, n. A swarm or crowd, esp. of little fishes; a 
large number; young fishes or animals. 




Frustums. 



Fuchsia, fu'shA, n. (Bot.) A genus of flowering 
plants. [Fr. Leonard Fuchs, a German botanist.] 

Fucus, fu^kus, n.; pi. -ci, -si. A paint; dye; false 
show. (Bot.j A genus of sea-weeds of a tough, 
leathery kind; sea-wrack, and other species. 

Fuddle, fud'dl, v. t. [-dled (-did), -dling.] To 
make foolish by drink. — v. i. To drink to excess. 

Fudge, fuj, n. A made-up story; stuff'; nonsense. 

Fuel, fu'el, n. Combustible matter, as wood, coal, 
peat, etc.; anything that feeds flame or excitement. 

Fugaeious, fu-ga'shus, a. Flying, or disposed to flv; 
volatile. — Fu''gitive, -jT-tiv, a. Apt to flee away; 
liable to disappear; easily blown away or absorbed: 
escaping from duty, service, danger, etc.; unstable, 
volatile ; evanescent. — n. One who flees from \\\a 
station or duty, danger or punishment; a deserter; 
one hard to be caught or detained.— Fugue, fug, 
n. {Mus.) A musical composition in contrapunt." I 
style, in which a subject is proposed by one part, 
and then responded to by the others, according tt> 
certain rules. 

Fugleman. Same as Flugelman. 

Fulcrum, f uKkrum, n. ; L. pi. -cea, -kra ; E. pi. 
-CRUMS. A prop or support. 
{ilech.) The point about which T A i 

a lever turns in lifting or mov- n (~\ 

ing a bodj^ ^ ^^ 

Fulfill, Fulfillment. See under „ „ , 
Full. ^' Fulcrum. 

Fulgent, fuKjent, a. Exquisitely bright ; shining; 
dazzling; eitulgent. — Ful'gency, -si, re. Brightness; 
splendor; glitter. 

FuUgiBOUS, fu-lij''Y-nus, a. Pert, to soot or smoke; 
sooty; dark; dusky; smoky. 

Full, lul, a. Filled up; replete; having within it all 
that 'it can contain ; not empty or vacant ; abun- 
dantly furnished or provided: suflficient; ample; not 
wanting in any essential quality ; complete ; per- 
fect. — n. Complete measure; utmost extent. — adv. 
Quite; completely; exactly. — v.i. To become full v 
or wholly illuminated. — Ful'ly, -IT, adv. — In full 
manner or degree ; without lack; entirely; clearly. — 
Fulfill, Fulfil, ful-fiK, V. t. [-filled (-fild^), -fill- 
ing.] To fill up, make full or complete; to accom- 
plish or carry into effect, bring to pass, effectuate. 
— FulfilKment, n. Accomplishment ; completion ; 
performance. — Fulsome, fuKsum, a. Offending or 
disgusting by over-fullness, excess, obsequiousness, 
or grossness. 

Full, ful, V. t. [fulled (fuld), fulling.] To cleanse 
and scour (cloth); to niake compact, strengthen, 
and thicken (woolen cloth, etc.), by a felting pro- 
cess, esp. in a mill; to thicken and diminish the size 
of (underclothes, etc.), in washing. — v. i. To be- 
come fulled or thickened. — FuU'er, n. — Full''ery, 
-er-Y, M. Works where fulling is carried on. — Full'- 
ing-mill, n. A mill for fulling cloth; a machine for 
felting wool hats. — FulKer's-earth, n. A variety of 
clay, used in cleansing cloth, as it imbibes the grease 
and oil used in preparing wool. 

Fulminate, fuKml-nat, v. i. To thunder, make a 
loud, sudden noise, detonate, explode ; to issue de- 
nunciation, thunder forth menaces. — v. t. To cause 
to explode; to utter (denunciation or censure.) — n. 
(Chem.) A compound which explodes by percus- 
sion, friction, or heat. 

Fulsome, etc. See under Full. 

Fulvld, fuKvid, Ful'vous, -vus, a. Tawny; dull yel- 
low, with a mixture of gray and brown. 

Fumble, fum'bl, v. i. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To feel 
or grope about ; to seek awkwardly ; to handle 
much, turn over and over. — v. t. To manage awk- 
wardly, crowd or tumble together. 

Fume, fum, n. Vapor or gas arising from combustion 
or chemical action, esp. noxious or offensive exhala- 
tion; smoke; reek; anything unsubstantial or airy; 
idle conceit.— -y. r. [fumed, (ftimd), fumixg.] To 
smoke, throw off vapor, or e3chalations; to pass off 
in vapors; to be in a rage. — v. t. To smoke, dry jn 
smoke; to disperse in vapor. — Fn^'mlgate, -mT-gat, 
V. t. To apply smoke to, expose to smoke or disin- 
fecting gas, as in cleansing infected apartments, 
clothing, etc. ; to perfume. — Fumiga''tion, n. Act of 
fumigating; vapor; scent raised by fire. 

Fun, fun, n. Sport ; merriment ; frolicsome amuse- 



sQn, cube, full ; moon, f66t 5 cow, oil ; ligger or ink, then, boJfboN, chair, get. 



FUNCTION 



156 



FYKE 



ment. — Fun^'ny, -nT, a. [-nier, -niest.] Droll ; 
comical. 
Fwnction, funk'shun, n. Act of executing; perform- 
ance; peculiar or appointed action; natural or as- 
signed action. iMathS) A quantity so connected 
■vrith another, that, if any alteration be made in the 
latter, there will be a consequent alteration in the 
former,— the dependent quantity being called a, func- 
tion of the other. —FTinc'tional, a. Pert, to func- 
tions; required by, or involved in, the appropriate 
action. — Func'tionary, -a-rT, n. One charged with 
the performance of a function; esp. a public official. 
Fund, fund, n. A stock or capital; an invested sum 
whose income is devoted to a specific object; a store 
laid up, from which one may draw at pleasure; a 
supply, ijl. The stock of a national debt; public se- 
curities. — V. t. To provide a fund for the payment of 
the interest of ; to place in a fund, as money. — 
riuid''able, a. Capable of being funded or converted 
into bonds. — Fon^dameut, n. The seat; part of the 
body on which one sits; the buttocks; the orifice of 
the intestines ; anus. — Fundament''al, a. Pert, to 
the foundation or basis- essential, as an element, 
principle, or law; elementary. 
Foneral, fu''ner-al, n. The ceremony of burying a 
dead person; obsequies; burial; procession attend- 
ing the burial of the dead. — a. Pert, to burial; used 
at the interment of the dead. — Fune'real, a. Suit- 
ing a funeral; dismal. 
Fungus, fun^gus, n. ; L. pi. -Gi, -ji; E.'^l. -guses, -ez. 
{Bot.) An acotyledonous 
or cryptogamous plant, such 
as the mushrooms, toad- 
stools, the microscopic 
plants which form mold, 
mildew, smut, etc., and the 
minute vegetable parasites 
of animals ; also, excres- 
cences on plants. {Med.) A 
spongy, morbid growth or 
granulation in animal bod- 
ies ; proud-flesh. — Fun''-'\ 
gous, -gus, a. Like fungus; 
excrescent ; growing sud- 
denly, but not substantial. 

runnel, f uu^'nel, n. A n i n - 
verted hollow cone with a 
pipe ; a tunnel ; stove-pipe; 
steamship's chimney. 

Funny. See under Fun. 

Fur, fer, n. The short, fine, 
soft hair of certain animals, 
skins of wild animals with the fur ; peltry ; any 
coating resembling fur, as a coat of morbid matter 
on the tongue in fever. — v!t. [furred (f erd), fur- 
ring.] To line, face, or cover with fur; to cover 
with morbid matter, as the tongue. {Arch.) To nail 
strips of board upon, as a foundation for lathing. — 
Fur''rier, -rl-er, n. A dealer in furs. — Fur'riery, -t., 
n. Furs collectively; trade in furs. — Fur'ring, w. 
(^Carp.) The nailing on of strips, preliminary to 
lathing; the strips. — FuT'^ry, -rf, a. Covered with, 
or consisting of, fur. 

Furbelow, fer''be-lo, n. A puckered flounce ; plaited 
border of a gown or petticoat. — v. t. [furbelowed 
(-lod), -LOWING.] To put a furbelow on. 

Furbish, fer-'bish, v. t. [-bished (-bisht), -bishing.] 
To rub or scour to brightness; to polish. 

Furcate, fer^'kat, -cated, a. Forked; branching like 
the prongs of a fork. 

Furious, etc. See under Fury. 

Furl, ferl, V. t. [furled (ferld), furling.] To wrap 
or roll, as a sail, close to the yard, stay, or mast ; to 
gather into close compass. 

Furlong, fer'long, n. The 8th of a mile. 

Furlough, fer'^lo, n. (Mil.) Leave of absence ; esp. 
leave to be absent from service for a certain time. — 
V. t. [furloughed (-lod), -loughing.] To grant 
leave of absence, as to an officer or soldier. 

Furnace, f Sr'nas, n. An inclosed place where a hot fire 
is maintained, as formelting ores, warming a house, 
baking bread, etc. 

Furnish, fer-'nish, v. t. [-nished (-nisht), -nishing.] 
To supply with anything necessary or useful, pro- 
vide, equip; to oifer for use, afford; to fit up, supply 




Fungi. 

1, Agaricus comatus. 

2, Boletus edulis. 

3, Morchella esculenta. 



with proper goods, vessels, or ornamental append- 
ages. — Fur'niture, -nl-chur, n. Tha.t which fur- 
nishes, or with which anything is furnished or sup- 
plied ; whatever must be supplied to a house, room, 
etc., to make it habitable or agreeable ; chattels ; 
movables ; effects ; necessary appendages to any- 
thing, as to a machine, carriage, horse, etc. {Fi-int.) 
Pieces of wood or metal placed around the pages, to 
hold them in place in the chase. 

Furrier, Furring, Furry, etc. See under Fur. 

Furrow, fur^'ro, n. A trench in the earth made by a 
plow; any trench, channel, or groove; a wrinkle on 
the face. — v. t. [furrowed (-rod), -rowing.] To 
cut a furrow in, plow; to mark with wrinkles. 

Further, Furtherance, etc. See under Forth. 

Furtive, fer-'tiv, a. Stolen; obtained or characterized 
by stealth; sly; secret; stealthy. 

Fury, f u'^rl, w. Violent passion; over-mastering agi- 
tation or enthusiasm; violent anger; extreme wrath. 
{Myth.) A goddess of vengeance. A stormy, tur- 
bulent, violent woman; virago; termagant. — Fu'- 
rious, -rl-us, a. Transported with passion ; rushing 
impetuously; moving violently: boisterous; raging; 
mad; frantic; frenzied. 

Furze, ferz, n. A thorny evergreen shrub with yellow 
flowers, common in Great Britain; gorse; whin. 

Fuse, fuz, V. t. [fused (fuzd), fusing.] To liquefy 
by heat, dissolve, melt; to blend or unite. — v. i. To 
melt. — Fu'sible, -zT-bl, a. — FusibiKity, n. — Fu'- 
sion, -zhun, n. Act or ojperation of melting, without 
the aid of a solvent; state of being melted: union of 
things into oneness, as if melted together. 

Fuse, fuz, n. A tube filled with combustible matter, 
used in blasting, discharging a shell, etc. — Fusee', 
n. A tube or m'afch; fuse; cigar-light; fusil. — Fu'- 
sil, -zil, n. A light musket or firelock. — Fu^'sillade, 
-lad, n. {Mil.) A simultaneous discharge of fire- 
arms. — Fusillade'', v. t. To shoot down by a simul- 
taneous discharge.— Fusileer', -ier, -er', n. {Mil.'i 
Formerly, a soldier armed 
with a fusil; now an infan- 
try soldier wearing a bear- 
skin cap like a grenadier's. 

Fusee, fu-ze', n. The conical ' 
wheel of a wateh or clock. 




Fusee. 



designed to equalize the power of the mainspring.— 
Fu'^sil, -zil, n. {Her.) A bearing of a rhomboidal or 
spindle-shaped figure. — Fu'sifonn, a. {Bot.) Spin- 
dle-shaped; tapering at each end. 

Fusel, fu-'sel. Fusel oil, n. {Chem.) An acrid, oily 
alcohol, nauseous and poisonous. 

Fuss, fus, n. A tumult; bustle; annoying ado. — v.i. 
[fussed (fust), fussing.] To make a bustle or ado. 

— Fuss^y, -T, a. [-ier, -iest.] Making a fuss, or 
unnecessary ado about trifles. — Fuss'^iness, n. 

Fust, fust, n. A strong, musty smell; mustiness. -^ 
Fusfy, -T, a. [-ier, -iest.] Moldy; rank; rancid. 

Fustian, fust-'yan, n. A coarse twilled cotton stuff, 
including corduroy, velveteen, etc. ; an inflated 
style of writing; bombast. — a. Made of fustian; 
pompous; turgid; inflated; bombastic. 

Futile, fu'til, a. Of no weight or importance; an- 
swering no purpose; failing of the designed effect; 
useless; vain; trifling. — FutiKity, -T-tT, ?;. Want of 
importance or effect; uselessness. 

Futtock, fut''tok, n. {Ncmt.) One of the timbers 
which are scarfed together to form a 
rib of a vessel.— Futtock-plates. {Naut.) 
Plates of iron in a top, to which the 
dead-eyes are secured. — -F.-s/iroMcfs. 
Small shrouds beneath a top. < 

Future, f u'chur, a. About to be ; liable 
to be or come hereafter. —w. Time to 
come; time subsequent to the present. 

— Futu'rity, -tu'rl-tT, n. The state of 
being yet to come; future time; time to 
come; the future; a future event. 

Fuze, n. See Fuse. 

Fuzz, fuz, V. I. [fuzzed (fuzd), -zing.] 

To fly off in minute particles.— w. Fine, 

light particles; loose, volatile matter. aa, dead-eyes; 
Fy. Same as Fie. bb, futtock- 

Fyke, fik, n. A long bag-net distended plates ; e, 

Dy hoops, into which fish can pass, but futtock 

not return. 




Futtock. 



shrouds. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term : in, ice ; Odd, tSne, 6r ; 



157 



GALLIC 



G. 




€r, je, the 7th letter in the English alphabet, has 2 
sounds: one simple (called the hard sound, repre- 
i^ented in the phonetic re-spellings in this vocabu- 
lar}^ by g), the other compound (represented p , 
I'yi)- (Mus.) G is the name of the 5th tone U 
of the natural or model scale, — called also sol. ^E_.- 
It was also orig. used as the treble clef, and \y\) 
has changed into the character represented in r^T" 
the margin. Gtt (G sharp) is a tone interme- ~, 
diate between G and A. " '''" 

Gab, gab, n. The mouth ; idle prate ; loquacity. — v. 
i. [GABBED (gabd), GABBIXG.] To talk idlv, prate : 
to impose upon one; to lie. — Gab'ble, r.i' [-bled 
(-bldX -BLING.] To talk 
noisily, rapidly, and idly, or 
without meaning ; to jab- 
ber, babble, chatter ; to utter 
inarticulate sounds, cackle. 

— n. Loud or rapid talk 
without meaning ; inarticu- 
late rapid sounds, as of 
fowls. — Gab'bler, n. 

Gabardine, gab'ar-den', n. A 
loose upper garment. 

Gabion, ga'bt-un. n. (Fort.) 
A wicker cylinder filled Gabion, 

with earth, for constructing parapets and tempora- 
ry defenses. 

Gable, ga'bl, ?i. (Arcli.) The vertical triangular por- 
tion of the end of a house, from 
the eaves to the top; the end of 
a house. 

Gad, gad, w. Thepoint of aspear; 
arrow-head; goad; wedge or in- 
got of iron or steel. — v. i. To 
rove or ramble idly.— Gad'der, 
Gad '■-about', n. One who roves 
idly. — Gad'fly, n. An insect 
which stings cattle, and d e- 
posits its eggs in their skin; 
bot-fly; breeze-fly. 

Gael, gal, n. sing. & »?. A Scotch 
Highlander of Celtic origin; an Gable. 

Irish Celt. — Gaelic, ga'lik, a. Pert, to the Gael. — 
«. The language of the Highlanders of Scotland. 

Gaff, gaf, n. A harpoon; an iron hook on a handle, 
for landing large fish. (Jfaut.) A boom or yard, 
extending the upper edge of a fore-and-aft sail. See 
Ship. — v. t. To strike or take with a gaff. 

Gag, gag, V. t. [GAGGED (gagd), gagging.] To stop 
the mouth of, oy thrusting in something, to hinder 
speaking; to silence; to cause to heave with nausea. 

— V. i. To heave with nausea. — n. Something 
thrust into the mouth to hinder speaking; a speech 
interpolated by an actor in his part as written. 

Gage, gaj, M. A pledge or pawn; security; something 
ttirown down as a challenge to combat, as a glove, 
"■auntlet, etc. — v. t. [gaged (gajd), gaging.] To 
bind by pledge, caution, or security; to engage. 

Gage, n. A measure. See Gauge. 

Gaiety ,_Gaily. Same as Gayety, etc. . See under Gay. 

Gain, gan, v. t. [gaixed (gand), gaining.] To get, 
as a profit or advantage; to acquire, win; to be suc- 
cessful in; to win to one's side, conciliate; to reach, 
attain to, arrive at. — v. i. To have advantage or 
profit; to grow rich; advance in happiness, etc. — n. 
Thing gained; profit; advantage ; benefit; acquisi- 
tion. — Gain'ful, -ful, a. Producing profit, advan- 
tage, or wealth; advantageous; lucrative. — Gain'- 
fally, adv. — Gain'folness, n. — Gain'less, a. Un- 
profitable. 

Gain, gan, n. (Arch.) A beveled shoulder of a bind- 

■ ing ]oist,_to give resistance to the tenon bejow. 

Gainsay, gan-sa'' or gan'sa, v. t. [-said (-sad), -say- 
ing.] To contradict, oppose in words. 

Gairish, Garish, gar'ish, a. Gaudy; showy; affected- 
ly fine; extravagantly gay; flighty. 





Gait. See under Gate, 

Gaiter, ga'ter, n. A covering for the ankle, fitting 

down upon the shoe ; a kind of shoe, chiefly oi 

cloth, covering the ankle. 
Gala, ga'la, n. Pomp, show, or festivity. 
Galactometer, gal'ak-tom'e-ter, n. An instrument to 

ascertain the quality of milk, by indicating its spe- 
cific gravitj' ; a lactometer. — Gal'axy, -aks-T, n. 

(Astron.) The Milky Way. An assemblage of splen- 
did persons or things. 
Gale, gal, n. A wind between a stiff breeze and a 

tempest; a breeze; a state of excitement or passion. 

— V. i. {Naut.) To sail fast. 
Galeas. See under Galley. 
Galeate, ga^le-at, -ated, a. Covered, as with a heL 

met. (Bot.) Having a flower like 

a helmet. 
Galena, ga-le'na, n. Sulphuret of 

lead; the principal ore from which 

lead is extracted. 
Gall, gawl, n. (Physiol.) The bitter, 

alkaline, greenish-yellow liquid in 

the gall-madder ; bile. Anything 

bitter ; spite ; malignity. — Gall'- 

blad'der,M. (Anat.) A pear-shaped 

membranous sac, on the under 

side of the liver, containing gall. 
Gall, gawl, G. nut, n. A vegetable , 

excrescence produced by an insect 

in the bark or leaves of plants, as 

the oak-apple, etc., —used in dye- Galeate Corolla' 

ing, making ink, etc.- Gall'-fly, n. ^^^^ate «.orolla. 

The insect which, etc. — Gallic, gaKlik, a. (Chem.) 

Pert, to, or derived from, galls. 
Gall, gawl, V. t. [galled (gawldX galling.] To 

fret and wear awaj' by friction ; to excoriate, 

chafe; to tease, vex, chagrin; to harass, annoy. — n. 

A wound in the skin from rubbing. 
Gallant, gaKlant, a. Showj'; splendid; magnificent; 

gay; noble in bearing or spirit; heroic; courageous; 

brave. -♦- Gallant', n. A gay, courtly, or fashionable 

man ; one attentive to ladies ; one who wooes ; a 

lover; suitor. — a. Attentive to ladies. — i'. t. To 

attend or wait on (a lady). — GaKlantly, adi\ In a 

fallant manner, spirit, or bearing; gayly; nobly; 
ravelj^. — Gallanfly, arfi'. In a polite or courtly 
manner. — GaKlantness, n. Gayety ; nobleness ; 
braverj-.— Gal'lantry, -rl, n. Bravery; intrepidity; 
attention to ladies ; intrigue. — Galloon, -loon'', n. A 
narrow woven fabric of cotton, woolen, silk, etc., 
for binding garments, hats, shoesj etc. 

Galleass, Galleon. See under Galley. 

Gallery, gaKler-T, n. A long and narrow corridor, or 
connecting passage-way ; a room for exhibiting 
works of art; a collection of paintings, sculptures, 
etc. ; a platform on the interior sides of a building, 
supported by brackets or columns. (Natit.) A frame 
like a balcony, projecting from a ship's quarter. 

Galley, gaKlt, n. ; pi. -leys, -liz. (Naut.) A low, 
flat-built vessel, with one deck, and navigated with 
sails and oars; a light open boat; the cook-room of 
a ship. (Cheni.) An oblong reverberatory furnace, 
with a row of retorts whose necks protrude through 
lateral openings. (Print.) A f rame or tray f or.receiv- 
ing type from the composing-stick. — GtaKley-slave, 
n. One condemned to work at the oar on a galley.^ — 
Gal'eas, GaKleass, -liass, n. A vessel larger than a 
galle>% and resembling a galleon, formerly nsed by 
the Spaniards and Venetiiins. — 'Gal'lot, Gal'liot, n. 
A small galley ; a brigantine, built for chase ; a Dutch 
vessel, with main and mizzen masts and a large gaff 
main-sail. — Gal'leon, n. A large ship, with 3 or 4 
decks, formerly used by the Spaniards in war and 
commerce. 

Gallic, gaKlik, -lican, a. Pert, to Gaul or France. — 
Gal'licism, -iT-sizm, «. A mode of speech peculiar 
to the French. — Gal^'licanism, n. The principles of 



siin, cnbe, full; m(M)n, f 6&t ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boxboN, chair, get. 



GALLIUM 



158 



GARMENT 




the Gallican church, or Roman Catholic church in I 
France, — esp. of those within that church who seek 
to maintain its national position against papal en- 
croachments, — opp. to ultrainontanisiii. — Gal'licize, 
-siz, i\ t. [-CIZED (-sizd), -cizixG.J To render con- 
lormable to the French idiom or language. 

GalliTim, gaKlt-um, n. (Chem.) A silver-white, hard 
metal, somewhat malleable, melting at 86" Fahr. 

Gallon, gaKlun. n. A measure of capacity = 4 quarts. 

Galloon. See under Gallant. 

Gallop, gal'lup, v. i. [-loped (-lupt), -loping. J To 
run with leags or bounds, as a horse; to move very 
rapidly. — n. A mode of running by a quadruped, 
by lifting alternately the fore feet and the hind feet 
together, in successive bounds.— 6al''lopade, -ad, n. 
A kind of dance; music appropriate tc it. — Gallop- 
ade', V. i. To perform_this dance. 

Gallows, gaKlus or gaKloz, n. sing. ; pi. -lowses. An 
instrument of execution, consisting of 2 posts and a 
cioss-beam on the top, from which a criminal is sus- 
pended by a rope round his neck; a like instrument 
j or suspending anything, /j^ A pair of suspenders 
or braces. 

Gaily. See Galley. 

Galoot, ga-loot', n. A noisy, riotous fellow ; rowdy. 
(Slang. U. S.J 

Galvanic, gal-van'ik, a. Pert, to, containing, or ex- 
hi siting, galvan- 
ism. TFr. Gal- 
i-uni, of Boloena, 
w ho invented his 
battery in 1791. J — 
Galvanic battery. 
An apparatus of 
metals, acids, 
etc., for generat- 
ing galvanism.— D ** 
GalMranism, -va- Galvanic Battery, 
nizm, n. Electricity developed by chemical action 
between different substances without the aid of fric- 
tion; science of galvanic electricity. — GaKvanist, n. 
One versed in galvanism. — GaKvanize, v. t. [-ized 
(-Tzd), -IZING.] To affect with galvanism; to plate 
with metal, bv means of galvanism; to restore to 
consciousness by galvanic action. 

Gamble, Gambler^ See under Game. 

Gamboge, gam-booj'' or -boj', n. A concrete vegeta- 
ble juice, or gum-resin, of reddish-yellow color, pro- 
duced by trees, and used as a pigment. 

Gambol, gam'bol, v. i. [-boled (-bold), -boling.] To 
dance about in sport ; to frisk. — n. A skipping 
about in frolic; a hop.— Gam'^mon, n. A hog's thigh, 
pickled and smoked or dried; a smoked ham. — v. t. 
To make bacon of. (Naut.) To fasten (a bowsprit 
to the stem of a ship). 

Game, gam, n. Sport of any kind; jest; frolic ; a con- 
trivance, arrangement, cr institution, , furnishing 
sport or amusement ; use of such a game ; a single 
match at play; contest; thing gained, as the staTce 
in a game ; animals pursued By sportsmen ; scheme 
pursued; plan; project. — a. Ready to fight to the 
last, like a game-cock ; brave ; resolute ; pert, to 
those animals hunted for game. — v. i. [gamed 
(gamd), gaming.] To play at any sport; to play for 
a stake or prize; to gamble.— Gam'^mon, n. An impo- 
sition, hoax, humbug; the game of back gammon.— 
V. t. To beat in back gammon by removing all one's 
counters before one's antagonist has removed any ; 
to impose on by improbable stories ; to humbug. — 
Gam'ble, f . I. [-bled (-bid), bling.J To play or 
same for stakes. — Gam'bler, n. 

Gamin, ga-maN', n. A neglected city boy. 

Gammon (of bacon). See under Gambol. —Humbug. 
See under Game. 

Gamut, gam'ut, n. (Mits.) The scale. 

Gander, gan'der, n. The male of the goose. 

Gang, gang, n. A number going in company; a com- 
pany, esp. of disreputable persons; a squad of work- 
men; a labor-saving combination of similar imple- 
ments. (Mining.) A gangue.— Gangne, gang, h. The 
mineral substance inclosing metallic ore in the vein. 

Ganglion, ean'glT-un, n. A collection of nerve cells, 
^ivins off nerve fibers. 

Gangrene, gan''gren, n. (Med.) The first stage of 
mortification of flesh, in which it becomes discol- 



ored.— v. t. To mortify. —v. i. To become morti- 
fied or putrescent; to lose vitality. 
Gannet, gan'net, n. The Solan goose, a eea-fowl al- 
lied to the pelican. 
Gantlet, ganflet, -lope, 

-lop, n. A military or 

naval punishment in 

which the offender runs 

between 2 files of men 

facing one another, who 

strike_him as he passes. 
Gaol, jal, Gaoler. See 

Jail. 
Gap, gap, n. An opening 

in anything made by 

breaking or parting; an 

opening for passage or 

entrance; hiatus; an 

opening which is irrep 




Gannet. 



arable. — Gape, gap, in Eng. pron. gap, v. i. [gaped 
(gapt), GAPING.] To open the mouth wide, as, ex- 
pressing desire for food; or indicating sleepiness, in- 
difference, dullness; or showing surprise, astonish- 
ment, expectation, etc.; or manifesting a desire to 
injure, devour, or overcome; to open as a gap; to 
gaze, stare, yawn. — n. The act of gaping. 

Gar, gar, Gar'flsh, n. A slender sea-fish of the pike 
family, having a long, pointed head ; one of similar 
form, with rhombic scales, found in fresh waters. 

Garage, ga-razh', n. A place where motor vehicles are 
housed and cared for. 

Garb, garb, n. Clothing; esp. official dress; fashion, or 
mode of dress; exterior appearance; looks. 

Garbage, gar'bej, n. Refuse parts of flesh; offal; any 
worthless or offensive matter. 

Garble, gar'bl, v. t. [-bled (-bid), -bling] To sift 
or bolt; to pick out such parts of as niaj' serve a pur- 
pose; to mutilate, corrupt. 

Garden, gar''dn, n. A piece of ground for cultivating 
flowers, or vegetables, etc.; a rich, well-cultivated 
spot or tract of country. — v. i. [-dexed (-dnd), 
-dening.] To lay out or labor in a garden. — Gar'- 
dener, -dn-er, n. 

Gargle, gar'gl, v. t. [-gled (-gld), -oling.] To wash 
or rinse (the mouth or throat); esp. to hold a me- 
dicinal preparation suspended and agitated in the 
throat. — ?i. A liquid preparation for washing the 
mouth and throat. — 
Gar''eoyle, goil, n. 
(Arch.) A projectin 
water-spout, c a r v e i 
grotesquely. 

Garish. See Gaieish. 

Garland, gar'land, n. A 
wreath or chaplet of 
branches, flowers, ^ , 

feathers, etc.; a coro- Gargoyle, 

nal; the top; principal thing; thing most prized: a 
collection of little printed pieces ; an anthology. 
(Naut.) A bag, used by sailors to keep provisions 
in; a ring of rope lashea on a mast. — v. t. To deck 
with a garland. 

Garlic, gar'hk, n. A garden plant, allied to the onion, 
having a bulbous root, strong smell, and acrid taste. 

Garment, gar'ment, n. Any article of clothing. — 
Gar'nish, v. t. [-nished (-nisht), -nishing.] To 
adorn, embellish ; to furnish, as a fort with troops. 
(Law.) To warn, give notice to. — n. Decoration; 
ornament; also, garments, esp. showy ones. (Cook- 
er.) Something set round a dish as an embellish- 
ment. In jails, fetters ; also an entrance-fee de- 
manded by old prisoners of one just committed. — 
Gar'nishee', n. (Law.) One m whose hands the 
property of another has been attached ; a trustee. 
— Gar'nishment, n. Ornament; decoration. (Law.) 
Legal notice to appear and give information to the 
court on any matter; warning to a person, in whose 
hands the effects of another are attached, not to 
pay money or deliver goods, but to appear in court 
and give information as garnishee. A fee.— Gar'ni- 
tnre, -nT-chur. n. That which garnishes; embellish- 
ment. — Garrison, gar'rt-sn, n. (3fil.) A body of 
troops in a fort or fortified town, to defend it or to 
repress the inhabitants ; a strong place, in which 
troops are quartered for its security. — v.t. [GAB- 




im, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; find, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



GARNER 



159 



GELATINE 



RISONED (-snd), -SONING.] To place troops in (a 
fortress, etc.) for its defense ; to defend by for- 
tresses manned with troops. 

Garner, gar'ner, n. A granary ; place wherein grain 
is stored. — v. t. [gakxeked (-nerd), ->'eeing.] 
To store in a granary. 

Garnet, gar'net, n. (Min.) A mineral of a deep-red 
color. (Kaui.) A tackle to hoist the cargo. 

Garnish, Garrison, etc. See under Garment. 

Garret, gar'ret, 71. That part of a house on the upper 
floor, immediately under the roof; an attic. 

Garrote, gar-rot'', n. A Spanish mode of execution by 
strangulation, with an iron collar affixed to a post 
and tightened by a screw; instrument by which the 
punishment is inflicted. — v. t. [garroted ; -eot- 
iNG.] To strangle with the garrote ; to seize by the 
throat from behind, to strangle and rob. 

Garrulous, gar'roo-lus, a. Indulging in long, prosy 
talk, with repetition and excessive detail; loqua- 
cious. — Garru'lity, -ll-tt, n. Quality of being, etc. 

Garter, gar'ter, n. A band to hold up a stocking on 
the leg; the badge of the highest order of knighthood 
in Great Britain: the order itself. — v. t. [gartered 
(-terd), -TERTNG.] To bind with a garter; to invest 
with the order of the Garter. 

Gas, gas or gaz, n. An aeriform elastic fluid ; illumi- 
nating gas, — a mixture of carbureted hj^drogen and 
oleflant gas or bi-carbureted hydrogen, obtained by 
distillation of coal. — Gaseous, gaz'e-us or ga-'zhus, 
a. In the form of gas, or an aeriform fluid; lacking 
substance or solidity; tenuous. —Gassy, gas'st, a. 
Full of gas; inflated; full of ambitious or deceitful 
talk. — Gas''ify, r. <. [-fied (-fid), -eying.] To con- 
vert into gas. — Gas'olene, -len, -line, -lin, n. A high- 
ly volatile mixture of fluid hydrocarbons, obtained 
from petroleum, also by distillation of bituminous 
coal. — Gasom-'eter^ gaz-, n. A gas-holder. 

Gasconade, gas-kon-ad', ??. A Doast or boasting ; 
vaunt; bravado. — v. i. To boast, brag, bluster. 

Gash, gash, w. «. [gashed (gasht), gash ixg.] To make 
a long, deep incision in. — n. A deep and long cut. 

Gasket, gas'ket, n. {Naut.) A flat, plaited cord to furl 
the sail, or tie it to the yard. {Mech.) Platted hemp 
to pack pistons, as of steam-engines and pumps; any 
ring or washer of packing. 

Gasp, gasp, V. i. [gasped (gaspt), gasping.] To labor 
for breath, respire convulsively or violently ; to 
pant with eagerness. — v. t. To emit with gaspings. 

— n. A labored respiration; convulsive opening of 
the mouth for breath. 

Gastric, gas'trik, a. (Anat.) Pert, to the stomach. 
— Gastri'tis, n. (Med.) Inflammation of the stomach. 
— Gas'^teropod, n. CZobl.) A molluscous animal (as 
the snail), having a muscular ventral disk, which 
serves in place of feet. — Gastron'omy, -mT, n. Art 
or science of good eating ; epicurism. — Gastron''- 
omer, n. One fond of good living ; an epicure ; 
glutton. — Gastronom'ic, -leal, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Gate, gat, n. A passage-way in the wall of a city, field, 
edifice, etc.; a movable barrier closing an opening in 
a fence or wall or placed across a road; a frame stop- 
ping the passage of water through a dam, lock, etc.; 
an avenue; means of entrance. — Gait, gat, n. Walk; 
march; way; manner of walking or stepping. 

Gather, gath'er, v. t. [-ERED(-erd),-ERiNG.] To bring 
together, collect, assemble; to harvest, pick, pluck; 
to amass in large quantity or numbers ; to make 
compact, consolidate ; to draw together (a piece of 
cloth, by a thread), pucker, plait ; to derive, as an 
inference; to infer, conclude. — v. i. To come to- 
gether, congregate; to increase; to come to a head, 
as a sore; to draw an inference. — n. A plait or 
fold in cloth, made by drawing the thread through 
it. — Gath'ering, n. That gathered or brought to- 
gether, asa crowd, assembly ; a tumor, suppurated 
or maturated; an abscess. 

Gaucherie, gosh^re, n. Awkwardness ; blundering. 

Gaud, gawd, n. A piece of worthless finery; a trinket. 

— Gaud''y, -T, a. [-iee, -iest.] Ostentatiously fine. 
Gauffer, gawffer, v. t. To plait, crimp, or flute; to 

goffer, as lace. 
Gauge, Gage, gaj, v. t. [gauged (gajd), gauging.] To 
measure or ascertain the contents of, as of a pipe, 
hogshead, etc. ; to measure the capacity or ability 
of; estimate. — n. An instrument to determine dis- 




Gauntlet. 



tances, dimensions, or capacity; a standard of any 
kind; estimate. (Physics.) Apparatus for determin- 
ing at any moment the state, or volume, or pressure 
of a fluctuating object, as water, steam, etc. (Naut.y 
Position with reference to a vessel and to the wind: 
the depth to which a vessel sinks in the water. The 
distance between the rails of a railroad. [When the 
gauge is 4 ft. 8 J in. it is called standard gauge ; when 
less, narrow gauge.'] (Plastering.) The quantity 
of plaster of Paris used with common plaster to- 
hasten its setting; the composition used in finishing 
plastered ceilings, etc. 

Gaunt, gant, a. Lean ; meager ; pinched and grim. 

Gauntlet, giinflet, n. A glove with plates of metal 
on the back, worn as defensive armor; 
a long glove, covering the wrist. 

Gauze, gawz, n. A very thin, transparent 
stulf, of silk, linen, cotton, 
wire, etc. — Gauz'y, -T, a. 
Pert, to, like, or thin as 
gauze. 

Gave. See Give. 

Gavel, gaVel, n. A small 
heap of grain, not tied up; 
the mallet of a presiding officer. 

Gavelkind, gav'el-kind, n. (O. Eng. Law.) A tenure 
bj' which land descended from the father to all his- 
sons in etjual portions, and the land of a brother, 
dying without issue, descended equally to his 
brothers. 

Gawk, gawk, n. A cuckoo; a simpleton; booby.— 
Gawk'y, -t, a. [-ier, -iest.] Foolish and awkward r 
clumsj^ and clownish. — n. A fellow awkward fron:> 
being overgrown, or from stupidity. 

Gay, ga, a. Excited with delight ; merry; gleeful : 
sprightly ; jolly ; jovial ; having many or show.r 
colors ; dissipated ; loose ; lewd. — Gayety, Gaiety, 
ga''e-tl, n. State of being gay; merriment; acts or 
entertainments prompted by, or inspiring, merry 
delight,— used often in pi.; finery; show; jollity. 

— Gayly, Gaily, ga'lT, adv. 

Gaze, gaz, v. i. [gazed (gazd), gazing.] To fix the 
eyes in a steady and earnest look ; to gape, stare. — 
«. A fixed lobk ; a look of eagerness, wonder, or 
admiration : object gazed on. 

Gazelle, ga-zeK, n. A small antelope of Asia and N. 
Africa, remarkable for 
its swiftness, elegant 
form, and the soft luster 
of its eyes. 

Gazette, ga-zet', 71. A 
newspaper; esp., an of- 
ficial journal. — r. t. To 
announce or publish in 
a gazette, or officially. 

— Gaz'etteer', -ter'', w. 
A writer of news ; offi- 
cer who publishes new* 
by authority; a geo- 
graphical dictionary; 
alphabetical descrip- 
tive list. 

Gear, ger, ?». jNIanufactured stuff or material; goods; 
clothing; ornaments; dress; horse-trappings. 
(3fach.) A toothed wheel, or toothed wheels col- 
lectively; connection of toothed wheels with each 
other; gearing. — v. t. [geared (gerd), gearing.] 
To dress, put on gear, harness. — Grear'ing, n. Har- 
ness. (Mach.) Parts by which mo- 
tion communicated to one portion 
of a machine is transmitted to an- 
other, considered collectively ; esp., 
a train of wheels for transmitting 
and varying motion. 

Gee, je, v. t. [geed (jed), geeing.] 
To turn to the ott'-side, or from the 
driver (i. e., in the U. S., to the right 
side), said of cattle, or a team. 

Gelatine, jeKa-tin, n. (Chein.) An 
animal substance which dissolves 
in hot water, and forms a jelly on cooling; animal 
jelly. Glue and isinglass are forms of gelatine. — 
Gelatinate, je-lat'l-nat, v. t. To convert into gela- 
tine, or a jelly-like substance. — v. i. To be con- 
verted, etc. — Gelat'ina'tion, n. Act or process of. 




Gazelle. 




Spur Gearing. 



sQa, cube, fuU ; moon, f66t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, liien, boNboN, chair, get. 



G-ELD 



160 



GEOCENTRIC 



etc. — Gelat'^lnize, v. t. ort. [-xized (-nizd), -nizing.] 
Same as Gelatixate. — Gelat'lnoBS, -mis, a. Of 
the nature and consistence of gelatine ; viscous. — 
Gel'ly, -IT, n. Jelly. 

6«ld, geld, V. t. To castrate, emasculate; to deprive of 
anything essential; to deprive of anything excep- 
tionable, expui-gate. — Geld'^ing, n. Act of castrat- 
ing; a castrated animal, esp. a horse. 

6«m, jem. n. {Bot.) A bud. A preciou.'? stone, esp. 
when cut and polished for ornament; a jewel; any- 
thing beautiful, rare, or costly. — v. t. [^gemmed 
(jemd), -MING.] To adorn or embellish, as with gems. 
— Gem'mate, -mat, a. Having buds; reproducing by 
buds. — G'enuna''tion, jj. {Nat. Hist.) Formation of a 
new individual by the protrusion or part of an ani- 
mal or plant, whether it becomes free or remains con- 
nected with the parent stalk. {Bot.) The arrange- 
ment of buds on the stalk. The period of expan- 
sion of buds. 

Gendarme, zhoN-darm', n. ; pi. Gens-d'armes or 
Gexdarmes, same pron. An armed policeman. 

Gender, jen'der, n. Sex, male or female. (Gram.) A 
difference in words to express distinction of sex. — 
V. t. [GEXDEEED (-derd), -DEKixo.] To beget, en- 
gender. 

Genealogy, jen-e-aKo-jT, n. An account of the descent 
of a person or family from an ancestor; a list of an- 
cestors; pedigree; descent from a progenitor; lineage. 

Genera, n. ; pi. of Genus. 

General, jen'er-al, a. Relating to a genus or kind; 
I)ert. to a whole class or order ; comprehending 
many species or individuals; not limited to a precise 
or detailed import ; lax in signification ; widely 
spread; prevalent; extensive, though not universal; 
having a relation to all ; common to the whole. — 
n. The whole; the total, — used in pi., or in sing. 
with the definite article; the chief or superior officer 
in an administration; esp., one of the chief military 
officers of a country. — Gen^eraUy, adv. In gen- 
eral ; commonly; upon the whole. — Gen'^eralness, 
n. Condition or quality of being general; frequency; 
commonness. — GeneraKity, -I-tT, n. State of being 
general; that which is general; a vague statement 
or phrase ; the main body, bulk, greatest part. — 
Gen'eralize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To bring 
under a genus or genera; to use with a more exten- 
sive application ; to make universal in application, 
as a formula or rule ; to derive, as a genus, or as a 
general conception, or general principle. — v. i. To 
form classes or genera ; to take general or compre- 
hensive views. 

Generate, jen''er-at, v. t. To beget, procreate, propa- 
gate, engender; to cause to be, bring into life; to 
originate, esp. by a vital or chemical process ; to 
produce, cause. — Gen'erable, a. — Genera'tion, n. 
Act of, etc. ; origination by some process, math- 
ematical, chemical, or vital ; production ; forma- 
tion ; thing generated ; progeny ; offspring ; a sin- 
gle step or stage in the succession of natural de- 
scent; the mass of beings living at one period; the 
ordinary interval of time at which one rank follows 
another, or father is succeeded by child; an age; 
race; kind; breed; stock. (Geom.) Formation or 
production of any geometrical magnitude, by the 
motion of a point or other magnitude. (Physiol.) 
The aggregate of the functions and phenomena 
which attend reproduction. 

Generic, Generically, etc. See under Gexus. 

Generous, jen'er-us, a. Exhibiting those qualities be- 
longing to high birth; noble; magnanimous; free to 
give. — Gen'eros'ity, n. Quality of being generous; 
nobleness of birth or of soul; magnanimity; liberal- 
ity; munificence. 

Genesis, jen^e-sis, n. Act of producing, or giving birth 
or origin to anything; production; formation; origi- 
nation; the 1st book of the Old Testament. (Geom.) 
game as Gexeeation. 

Crenet, Jennet, jen'et, n. A small-sized, well-propor- 
tioned, Spanish horse. 

Crenet, G^nette, jeu'et or je-net', n. A carnivorous 
animal, allied to the civet, of gray color, spotted and 
banded with black or brown, found in southern Eu- 
rope, Africa, and Asia; its fur; cat-skin, when made 
into muffs, etc., to imitate skins of the genet. 

Oeae7a, je-ne'va, re. A strongly alcoholic spirit dis- 



tilled from grain, and flavored with juniper-berries 
or oil of turpentine; gin; Hollands; schiedam. 

Genial, je''nT-al or jen'yal, a. Contributing to, or 
concerned in, propagation or production ; genera- 
tive ; kindly ; sympathetically cheerful. 

Genie, je'nT, n. One of a fabulous class of beings, re- 
garded by the Arabians as intermediate between 
angels and men, created of fire, and capable of as- 
suming any form, or of becoming invisible, at pleas- 
ure. [See Jin:see.] 

Genital, ien''I-tal, a. Pert, to generation. — Gen'^itals, 
II. pi. The sexual organs; the privates. — Gen-'itor, «. 
One who procreates; a sire; father. — Gen'itive, -tiv, 
n. (Gram.) A case in the declension of nouns, ex- 
pressing the relations expressed in English by of. — 
a. Pert, to, or indicating, source, origin, possession, 
etc. — Geniti'val, a. Of the form of, or pert, to, the 
genitive case. 

Genius, jen-'yus, n. ;pl. -iuses, -yus-ez. The peculiar 
structure of mind with which'each individual is en- 
dowed by nature; special taste, inclination, or dispo- 
sition; distinguished mental superiority; esp. supe- 
rior power of invention or origination of any kind; 
talent ; a man endowed with uncommon vigor of 
mind; peculiar constitution or character. — Genius, 
jCnT-us, n. ; pi. -KU, -nM. A tutelary deity sup- 
posed bv the ancients to preside over a man's des- 
tiny in tife; hence, a supernatural being; a spirit; 
the animating spirit of a people or period. ' 

Genre, zhoN''r, n. A style of painting, sculpture, etc., 
representing every-day life and manners. 

Genteel, jen-teK, a. Possessing or exhibiting the qual- 
ities belonging to high birth and breeding ; well 
bred ; easy in manners ; elegant in appearance, 
dress, or manner; polite; fashionable. — Gen'^tUe, -til, 
n. One of a gentile or non-Jewish nation ; a wor» 
shiper of false gods, heathen, pagan. — a. Pert, to 
the nations at large, as disting. f r. the Jews ; of pa- 
gan or heathen people. (Grain.) Denoting a raoe 
or country. — Gen'^tilism, -izm, n. Heathenism; pa- 
ganism ; worship of false gods. — Gen'tle, -tl, a. 
[-TLER, -tlest.] Well-bom; of good family or re- 
spectable birth ; refined in manners ; not rough, 
harsh, or severe ; soothing. — Gen'tly, -tlT, adv. — 
Gen'tleness, n. — Gentil'ity, -tiKl-tT, n. Politeness 
of manner; graceful and easy mien; state or quality 
of being genteel.— Gen'tlefoilk, -f ok, -folks, -foks, n. 
pi. Persons of good breeding aiid family. — Gen'- 
tleman, 71. ; pi. -men. A man who is well born, or of 
good family ; one of gentle or refined manners. 

Gentian, jen'shan, n. (Bot.) A plant whose root has 
a yellowish-brown color, and verv bitter taste, and 
is used as an ingredient in stomacnic bitters. 

Genuine, jen^u-in, a. Pert, to or proceeding from, 
the original stock; not spurious, false, or adulter 
ated ; authentic ; real ; pure. 

Genus, je'nus, n. ; pi. Gexera, jen''e-ra. (Logic.') A 
class of objects divided into several subordinate spe- 
cies. (Science.) An assemblage of species possess- 
ing certain characters in common, by which they 
are distinguished from all others, — subordinate fo 
tribe and sub-tribe. — Gener'ic, -ical, -n6r''ik-al, «. 
Pert, to a genus or kind ; comprehensive. 

Geocentric, je-o-sen'trik, -trical, a. (Astron.) Having 
reference to the earth as center; in relation to or 
seen from the earth, — disting. fr. heliocentric, as 
seen from the sun; having reference to the center of 
the earth. — Geod'esy, -od'e-sT, n. (Math.) That 
branch of surveying whicli allows for the curvature 
of the earth, as in surveys of states, or of long lines 
of coast. — Geog^raphy, -f r, n. Science or description 
of the world, its inhabitants, divisions, governments, 
products, etc. — Geograph'ic. -ical, -grafik-al, a. 
Pert, to geography. — Geog'rapher, -fer, n. One 
versed in, etc. — Geol'ogy, -jT, «. Science of the struc- 
ture and mineral constitution of the globe, the causes 
of its physical features, and its history. — (Seolog'ic, 
-ical, -loj''ik-al, a. Pert, to, etc. — GeoKogize, v. i. 
[-GIZED '(-jizd), -GizixG.] To Study geology, make 
geological investigations. — Geom'etry, -trT, n. That 
branch of mathematics which investigates the rela- 
tions, properties, and measurement of solids, sur- 
faces, lines, and angles.— Gteomefric-rical, a. Pert., 
or according to, the rules or principles of geometry; 
determined by geometry, — often used in a techni- 



fim, fame, far, pass or opera, fire ; end, eve, iSnn ; tn, ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



GERANIUM 



161 



GIRAFFE 



cal sense, as opp. to mechanical. — Geomefrically, 
adv. — G6om'etn''cian, -trish'an, n. A geometer. — 
Geor'gic, j8r''jik, n. A rural poem ; poetical com- 
position on husbandry. 
Geranitun, je-ra'nT-um, n. A genus of plants having- a 
beak-like torus or receptacle,— called also crane's-bill; 
many of the cultivated pelargoniums are called grero- 
niums. 
jrenn, jerm, n. {Physiol.) That which is to develop 
an embryo; an ovary; bud. That from which any- 
thing sprinrs ; origin ; first principle. — Grer'man, 
-main'', -mane', -man', a. Nearly related; closely 
akin; closely allied; appropriate; relevant. — Cousins 
german. Cousins having the same grandfather. — 
Ger'minal, -ml-nal, a. Pert, to a germ. — Ger'mi- 
nant, a. Sprouting; sending forth germs or buds. — 
Ger'minate, -nat, v. i. To sprout, bud, shoot. — v. t. 
To cause to sprout. 

(rerman, jer'man, a'. Pert, to Germany.— w. ; pi. Gee- 
mans. A native or inhabitant of Germany; the Ger- 
man language; a dance, including a waltz movement 
and variable figures; a party at which it is danced. 

Gerund, jer'und, n. {Lat. Gram.) A kind of verbal 

- neuter noun, governing cases like a participle. — 
Genuid''ive, -iv, n. The future passive participle. — 
Gestation, jes-ta'shun, n. The act of carrying young 
in the womb; pregnancy; passive exercise, in which 
one is carried about. — Gesture, jes^chur, n. A mo- 
tion of the body or limbs expressing sentiment or 
passion or emphasizing an argument or assertion. — 
V. t. and i. [gestured (-churd), -uking.] To gestic- 
ulate. — Gestic'ulate, -lat, v. i. To make gestures or 
motions, as in speaking. — v. t. To represent by ges- 
ture; to act. — Gestic'ula'tion, 71. Act of gesticula- 
ting; a gesture; antic tricks or motions. 

Get, get, V. t. [imp. got, obs. gat; p. p. got, obsoles- 
cent GOTTEN; GETTING.] To procure, obtain, gain 
possession of, acquire, come by, win; to have, pos- 
sess, — when used with Mve and^cK^; to beget, pro- 
create; to learn, commit to memory; to prevail on, 
persuade; to procure to be, or to occur, — with a fol- 
lowing participle ; to betake, carry, — in a reflexive 
use. — v.i. To make acquisition, gain ; to fall or 
bring one's self into a state or condition ; to come to 
be, become, — with a following adjective belonging 
to the subject of the verb. — Gef-up, n. General 
composition or structure; manner in which parts of 
a thing are combined; make-up: style of dress. 

Gewgaw, gu'gaw, n. A showy trifle, toy, bauble. 

Geyser, gi'ser, n. An eruptive boiling spring, com- 
mon in Iceland. 

Ghastly, gast'lT, a. [-lier, -liest.] Death-like; pale; 
horrible; shocking; dreadful. — adv. In a ghastly 
manner; hideously. 

Gherkin, ger'kin, n. A small species of cucumber 
used for pickling. 

Ghost, gost, w. The spirit; the soul of man; the soul 
of a deceased person; an apparition; any faint sem- 
blance, — as, the ghost of a chance. — Ghosfly, -II, a. 
Relating to the soul; not carnal or secular; spiritual; 
pert. tq_apparitions. 

Ghoul, gool, n. An imaginary being among Eastern na- 
tions, which preys upon h'umanhodies. 

Slant, ji'ant, n. A man of extraordinary bulk and 
stature; a person of extraordinary powers, bodily pr 
intellectual. — a. Like a giant; extraordinary in 
size or strength. — Gi'antess, n. A female giant.— 
Gi'ant-pow'der, w. Dynamite: see Nitro-glycee- 
iNE. — Gi'gante'an, ji^gan-te^an, Gigan'tic, a. Of 
extraordinary size: mighty. 

Gib, jib, n. A piece or slip, in a machine or structure, 
to hold other parts together, or keep them in place, 
— usually held in place bv a wedge, key, or screw. 

CWbber, gib'ber, v. i. [-bered (-herd), -eeeing.] To 
speak rapidly and inarticulately. — Gib'berish, n. 
Rapid talk; unmeaning words- — a. Unmeaning. 

Gibbet, jib^bet, n. A kind of gallows, an upright post 
with an arm projecting from the top; 
the projecting beam of a crane, on which 
the pulley is fixed. — v. t. To hang on 
a gibbet; to expose to infamy. 

Gibe, jib, v. i. [gibed (jTbd), gibing.] To _ti 
rail; to utter taunting, sarcastic words; -i^^^i^' 
to flout, fleer, scoif. — v. t. To deride, 
scofE at, treat with sarcastic reflections, 



n 



Gibbet. 




taunt. — n. An expression of censure mingled with 
contempt; railing. 

Giblets, jib'lets, n. pi. The eatable parts of a fowl 
wiiich are removed before cooking. 

Giddy, gid'dl, a. [-dier, -diest.] Having in the head 
a sensation of whirling or reeling about ; light- 
headed; dizzy; inducing giddiness; bewildering oa 
account of rapidity; gyratory; inconstant; unstable; 
changeable; wild; thoughtless; excited. — v.i. Te 
reel. — v. t. To make dizzy, render unsteady. 

Gift. See under Give. 

Gig, gig, n. A top or whirligig; a light, one-horse car- 
riage, with one pair of wheels. {Naut.) A ship's 
wherry, or long, light boat. A playful or wanton 
person; a rotatory cylinder, covered with wire teeth., 
for teaseling woolen 
cloth ; a dart or har 
poon; fishgig. 

Gigantean, Gigantic. See 
under Giant. 

Giggle, gig'gl, n. A kind 
of laugh, with short 
catches of the voice or 
breath. — v. i. [gig- 
gled (-gld), -gling.] 
To laugh in a half suppressed or silly manner ; to 
titter. 

Gild, gUd, V. t. [gilded or gilt; gilding.] To over- 
lay or overspread with a thin covering of gold; to 
cover with a gold-like color; to illuminate, brighten; 
to give a fair external appearance to. — GiWing, n. 
Art or practice of overlaying things with gold leaf 
or a coating of gold; a thin surface of gold covering 
some other substance. — Gilt, n. Gilding. 

Gill, gil, n. {Physiol.) A fimbriated organ of respira- 
tion, in fishes and other water animals. The flap be- 
low the beak of a bird; the flesh on the lower part of 
the cheeks, or under the chin. 

Gill, jil, n. A measure of capacity = l-4th of a pint. 

Gill, jil, ?j. Ground-ivy; malt liquor medicated with 
ground-ivy; a young woman; a sportive ^irl. 

GilUe, Gilly, gil'lt, n. A boy; page; menial; in Scot., 
a gamekeeper, or sportsman's attendant. 

Gillyflower, iillT-flow'Sr, n. A name for various cru» 
ciferous plants, as the stock, clove-pink, etc. 

Gilt. See under Gild. 

Gimbal, gim'bal, n. A combination of rings for sus- 
pending anything, as a com- 
pass, so that it may keep a con- 
stant position. — Gim'mal, n. 
Joined work whose parts move 
within each other, as a bridle 
bit or in terlockr d rings; a 
quaint piece of machinery. 

Gimcrack, jim-'krak, n. A trivial' 
mechanism; a device; toy. 

Gimlet, gini'let, n. A small instrument for boring 
holes by turning it with the nand. 

Gimmal. See under Gimbal. 

Gimp, gimp, n. A kind of silk, woolen, or cotton 
twist or edging, for trimming dresses, etc. 

Gin, jin, n. An alcoholic liquor; geneva (which see). 

Gin, ]in, n. A machine by which mechanical powers 
are employed in aid of human strength ; esp. a ma- 
chine for raising weights, also for separating the 
seeds from cotton ; a snare: trap. — v. t. [ginned 
(jind), -NiNG.] To clear of seeds by a macliine: to 
catch in a trap. 

Ginger, jin'jer, n. A plant of the E. 
and W. Indies, whose hot and spicy 
root is used in cookerj' and medi- 
cine. — Gin'gerbread, n. Sweet cake 
flavored with ginger. 

Gingerly, jin' jer-lT, adv. Nicely; 
cautiously: daintily. 

Gingham, ging'am, n. A cotton cloth, 
the yarn of which is dyed before 
weaving. 

Ginseng, jin'seng, n. A plant whose 
root is valued as a medicine among 
the Chinese. 

Gip, jip, V. t. To take out the entrails 
of (herrings). 

Gipsy. See Gypsy. 

Giraffe, jl- or zhe-raf, n. An African 




Gimbal. 




Giraffe. 



stis, cube, full ; moon, f<5&t ; cow, oil ; lisger or igk, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



IJ 



GIRD 



162 



GLISTEN 



quadruped, whose fore legs are much longer than 
tlie hinder ones; the camelopard, — the tallest of 
animals. 

Gird, gerd, n. The stroke of a rod; a severe twitch or 
pang; a cut, sarcastic remark, gibe. — v. t. To strike, 
gibe. — V. i. To gibe, sneer, jest scornfully, utter 
sarcasms. 

Gird, gerd, v. t. [girded or girt; girding.] To en- 
ci. cle with any flexible band; to make fast, as cloth- 
ing, by binding with a cord, bandage, etc. ; to sur- 
round, dress, invest. — Gird'er, «. {Arch.) Amain 
beam in a wall, floor, etc., to support a structure or 
weight, or to bind others together. (Engin.) Any 
simple orcompound beam supported at both ends.— 
Gird'le, -1, n. That which girds or encircles ; esp. a 
liand encircling the body and binding together the 
clothing.— v. <. [GIRDLED (-did), -LING.] To bind 
with a belt or sash, gird ; to inclose, environ ; to make 
a circular incision through (the bark and alburnum 
of a tree), to kill it. — Girt, gert, v. t. To gird, sur- 
round.— Girt, Girth, gerth, n. A band encircling 
the body; esp. one by which a saddle is fastened 
upon a horse's back; the measure round the body; 
the circumference of anything. 

Girl, gerl, n. A female child, or young woman.— GirK- 
hood, n. The state or time of being a girl.- GirKish, 
a. Like or befitting a girl; pert, to a woman's youth. 

Gist, jist or jit, n. The main point of a question; point 
on which an action rests; pijh of a matter. 

Give, giv, V. t. [imj). gave (gav); p. p. given (giv'n); 
GIVING.] To bestow without receiving a return; to 
impart (a possession); to grant (authority or permis- 
«on): to yield possession of, pay; to comrhunieate 
or announce (tidings); to render or utter (an opin- 
ion, judgment, sentence, shout, etc.); to permit, al- 
low, license; to exhibit as a product or result, pro- 
duce; to devote, apply. -rf. i. To yield to force or 
pressure; to move, recede. — Giv' or, n. — Gift, n. 
Anything given or bestowed ; some quality or en- 
dowment given to man by God. (Laiv.) A volun- 
tary transfer of real or personal property, without 
any consideration. Present; donation; grant; bene- 
faction; boon; gratuity; talent; faculty. — v. t. To 
endow with some power or faculty. 

Gizzard, giz'zerd, n. An enlarged part of the ali- 
mentary canal in birds, having strong muscular 
walls. 

Glacial, gla^'shal, a. Pert, to ice or its action ; icy ; 
esp. pertaining to glaciers. {Chem.') Having a 
glassy appearance, as crystals. — Glacier, gla'ser or 
glas'I-er, n. A mass of ice, or snow and ice, formed 
in the region of perpetual snow, and moving slowly 
down mountain slopes or valleys.— Glacis, gla-'sis or 
glasses', n. An easy, insensible slope ; esp. {Fort.), 
an earthen parapet to the covered way. 

Glad,glad,a. [gladder; -dest.] Well contented; joy- 
ous ; pleased ; wearing a gav or bright appearance ; ex- 
pressing or exciting joy; cheering; ani- 
mating. — V. t. To make glad, affect 
with pleasure, cheer, gladden. — Glad'- 
den, -dn, v. t. [-dened (-dnd), -den- 
ING.] To make glad, cheer, please, ex- 
hilarate. — V. i. To be or become glad. 
— Glad'ly, -IT, arfw. — Glad'ness, m. — 
Glad'^some, -sum, a. Pleased; joyful; 
c.iusing joy; pleasing. — Glad''somely, 
(ulv. 

Glade, glad, w. An open passage through, 
I' grassy opening in, a wood. 

Ciadiate, glad'I-at, a. {Bot.) Sword- 
>;iaped, as the leaf or legume of a 
I liint. — Glad'ia'tor, -ter, n. A sword- 
player; prize-fighter; esp. in ancient 
Rome, one who fought publicly in the 
arena. — Gladi'olus, -o-lus, n. A flow- 
ering plant of many species having 
bulbous roots and gladiate leaves. 

Glair, glS.r, n. The white of an egg ; any 
viscous, transparent substance. — v. t. 
[glaired (glard), glairing.] To 
smear with, etc. 

Glamour, gla'moor or glam'er, n. Witch- 
ery, or a charm on the eyes, making 
tliem see things falsely. 

Glance, glans,n. A sudden shoot of light; 




sudden darting of the si^ht ; brief turning of the 
attention to a thing. {Min.) Any mineral having 
a metallic or semi-metallic luster. — v. i. [glanced 
(glanst), GLANCING.] To dart a ray of light; to fly 
off obliquely from an object struck; to snatch a mo- 
mentary or hasty view; to make an incidental or 
passing reflection, allude; to be visible only for an 
instant at a time; to twinkle. — v. t. To shoot or dart 
suddenly or obliquely. 

Gland, gland, n. {Anat.) A simple or complex organ 
for secreting, absorbing, or changing some peculiar 
substance from the blood or animal fluids. (Bot.) A 
cellular spot or prominence which secretes oil or aro- 
ma; any very small prominence. {Steam Mack.) The 
cover of a stuffing-box. {Mach.) A cross-piece or 
clutch for engaging machinery moved by belts. — 
Glans, n. {Anat.) The vascular body forming the 
apex of the penis. {Med.) An enlargement of the 
thyroid gland ; bronchocele ; goitfer ; a pessary. — 
Gland'ular, -uloas, -lus, a. Containing, consisting 
of, c: like glands. — Gland''ers. n. {Far.) A highly 
contagious disease of the mucous membrane in 
horses. 

Glare, glar, n. A bright, dazzling light; a fierce, pier- 
cing look. — r. i". [glared (glard), GLARING.] To 
shine with a clear, bright, dazzling light ; to look 
with fierce, piercing eyes ; to be ostentatiously 
splendid. — v. t. To shoot out, or emit (light). — a. 
Polished so as to reflect light brightly ; smooth ; 
slippery; glib. 

Glass, glas, n. A hard, brittle, transparent substance, 
formed by fusing silica with fixed alkalies, etc.; any- 
thing made of glass, — esp. a looking-glass; mirror; a 
glass filled with running sand for measuring time, or 
the time in which a glass is exhausted of its sand ; a 
drinking-glass; tumbler ; an optical glass; lens; spy- 
glass ; — m pi. spectacles. A barometer. — v. t. 
[glassed (glast), GLASSING.] To see, as in a glass ; 
reflect, as in a mirror; to cover with glass; glaze. — 
Glaze, V. t. [glazed (glazd), glazing.] To furnish 
with glass, as a window; to cover or overlay with a 
vitreous or shining substance; to vitrifv the surface 
of; to render smooth or glossy, —v. i. To assume a 
glassy luster. — n. The vitreous coating of pottery 
or porcelain; glazing. {Cookei-y.) Broth boiled down 
to a gelatinous paste, to put on braised dishes. — 
Glaz'er, w. A workman who glazes pottery, etc.; a 
calenderer or smoother of cloth, paper, etc. ; a 
wooden wheel covered with emery or with an alloy- 
ring of lead and tin, for polishing cutlery, etc. — 
Gla'zier, -zher, n. One whose business is to set glass. 
— Glaz''ing, n. Act or art of setting glass, or of 
crusting with a vitreous substance, or of polishing, 
smoothing, or rendering glossy; glass or glass-like 
substance with which any surface is incrusted or 
overlaid. 

Gleam, glem, w. Ashoot of light; beamj ray; bright- 
ness; splendor. — v. i. [gleamed (glemd), gleam- 
ing.] To shoot, or dart (light) ; to shine, cast hght; 
to glimmer, glitter. 

Glean, glen, v. t. or i. [gleaned (glend), gleaning.J 
To gather (stalks or ears of grain left by the reap- 
ers); to gather with patient and minute labor. 

Glebe, gleb, n. Turf ; soil ; ground. {Eccl. Law.) 
Landlielonging to a parish church or benefice. 

Glee, gle, n. Joy ; merriment ; esp. mirth at a feast. 
{Mvs.) A composition for 3 or more voices, gen- 
erally of a light and secular character. — Glee^fnl, 
-ful, a. Merry; gay; joyous. 

Glen, glen, n. A secluded and narrow valley ; a dale. 

Glib, glib, a. [glibber, -best.] Smooth ; slippery ; 
voluble; easily moving; fluent: flippant. 

Glide, gild, v. i. To move gently or smoothly; to pass 
rapidly and easily, as over a smooth surface. 

Glim, glim, n. A light or candle. — Glirn'mer, v. i. 
[-MERED (-merd), -mering.] To give feeble or scat- 
tered rays of light, shine faintly, gleam, glitter. — n. 
A faint light ; feeble, scattered rays of light. — 
Glimpse, gfinips, n. A sudden flash; short, hurried 
view. —v. i. To appear by glimpses. — j;. <. To catch 
a glimpse of, see by glimpses. 

Glint, glint, n. A ghmpse; glance; gleam. —v. t. To 
glance; peep forth. 

Glisten, glis-'n, v. i. [-tened (-nd), -tening.] T« 
sparkle or shine; esp., to shine with a subdued and 



'\ 



fim, fame, far, pass or opera, fSre ; gnd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; 



GLITTER 



163 



GOAT 




flWul luster. — Glla'tsr, v. i. [-tered (-terd), -ter- 
iXG.] To be bright, sparkle, shine, gUsten. 

Glitter, gliftSr, v. i. [-teeed (-terd), -teeing.] To 
sparkle with light ; to be showy, specious, or strik- 
ing ; to gleam, shine, glare. — n. A bright, spark- 
ling light; brilliancy; luster. 

Gloaming, glom'^in^, n. Twilight; dusk. 

Gloat, glot, V. i. To look steadfastly, gaze with ma- 
lignant satisfaction, or passionate desire. 

Glebe, glob, n. A round or spherical body ; ball ; 
sphere; orb; anything nearly spherical in shape: the 
earth ; a sphere on which is a map of the earth or 
of the heavens. — Globose', -bos'', Glo'bous, -bus. 
Glob'ular, a. Round; spherical, or nearly so. — 
Globos'ity, -b6s''I-tT, n. Quality of being round : 
sphericity. — Globe''-&sh, n. A 
fish whicn, by inflating an ab- 
dominal sac, can swej.1 out 
its body to a globular shape. 

— Glob'ule, -ul, n. A little 
globe; a small particle of 
spherical form. — Glom'^erate, 
-er-at, v. t. To gather or wind 
into a ball. — Glomera'tion, ^, ,,„ ^^v, 
n. Act of gathering or form- UioDe-nsn. 

ing into a spherical body; thing formed into a ball. 

Gloom, gloom, n. Partial or total darkness ; dimness ; 
obscurity ; cloudiness or heaviness of mind ; aspect 
of sorrow ; dullness ; dejection ; sadness; — v. i. 
[GLOOMED (gloomd), GLOOMixG.] To shine obscure- 
ly, glimmer ; to appear dark, dismal, or gloomy. — 
V. t. To render gloomy, make sad or sullen. — 
Gloom'y, -T, a. [gloomier, -iest.] Imperfectly il- 
luminated ; dim ; dismal ; affected with, or express- 
ing gloom; heavy of heart; moody; sullen ; morose. 

Glory, glo'rT, n. Praise, honor, etc., accorded hj com- 
mon consent; reputation; fame; an object of pride 
or boast; occasion of praise; pride; boastfulness; the 
presence of the divine Being; celestial honor; heaven. 
{Paint.) A halo around the head or entire person. 

— V. i. [gloried (-rid), -eying.] To exult with joy, 
rejoice; to boast, be proud of. — Glo'rious, -rt-us, a. 
Exhibiting attributes, qualities, or acts worthy of 
glory ; noole ; illustrious ; magnificent ; splendid ; 
eager for distinction. — Glo'riously, -IT, adv. — Glo'- 
rify, -rl-fi, V. t. [-FIED (-fid), -FYiNG.] To make 
glorious by bestowing glory upon; to render worthy 
of praise; to render homage to, worship, adore. — 
Glo'iiflca'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

Gloss, glos, n. Brightness or luster from a smooth 
surface; polish; a specious appearance, representa- 
tion, and interpretation. — r. t. [glossed (glost), 
GLOSSING.] To make smooth and shining, render 
specious and plausible. — 1\ i. To make sly remarks. 

— Gloss'y, -T, a. [-ier, -iest.] Smooth and shining; 
specious; plausible. — Gloss'^iness, n. 

Gloss, glos, n. Comment; explanation; interpretation 
or exposition of a passage, book, etc. — v.t. To il- 
lustrate, explain. — v. i. To comment, make ex- 
planatory remarks. — Gloss'^arist, n. A writer of 
glosses or of a glossary. — Gloss'' ary, -rt, n. A vo- 
cabulary of words requiringelucidation. 

Glottis, gloftis, n. {Anat.) The narrow opening at 
the upper part of the larynx, between the vocal 
cords. — Glot''tal, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Glove, gluv, n. A cover for the hand, with a separate 
sheath for each finger. — v. t. [gloved (gluvd), 
GLOVING.] To cover with, or as with, a glove. 

Glow, glo, V. i. [GLOWED (glod), GLOWING.] To shine 
with an intense or white heat; to be bright or red 
with animation, blushes, etc. ; to feel hot, as the 
skin; to feel the heat of passion. — n. Shining heat, 
or white heat; incandescence ; brightness of color; 
redness; intense excitement or earnestness. — Glow'- 
worm, w. A coleopterous insect: the female, which 
is wingless, emits, at night, a green light from the 
extremity of _the abdomen. 

Glucose, glu'kos, n. A soft, cheap sugar, made from 
starch, etc., by aid of sulphuric acid, etc.; found 
also in fruits, honey, and urine of diabetes; grape 
sugar; starch sugar; diabetic sugar. 

Glue^ glu, n. A hard, brittle gelatine, obtained by 
boiling the skins, hoofs, etc., of animals : when 
heated with water, it becomes viscid and tenacious, 
and is used as a cement. — v. t. [glued (glud), glu- 




ing.] To join with glue; to hold together, unite, 
— Glu'ten, n. (Cfiem.) The viscid, tenacious sub- 
stance which gives adnesiveness to dough. — 61u'« 
tinoas, -nus, a. Like glue; viscous; tenacious. 

Glum, glum, a. Sullen; moody; silent. 

Glume, glQm, n. (Bot.) A bract, scale, or 
husk, covering the flower or seed of grain 
or grasses. 

Glut, V. t. To swallow greedily, gorge; to 
satiate, sate. — n. Thing swallowed down; 
full supplv ; supplv beyond sufficiency 
or to loatning ; a large wooden wedge 
used in splitting blocks. — Glut'ton, -tn, 
n. One who eats voraciously; a gorman- 
dizer; one eager to excess. {Zool.) A car- _ - 
nivorous mammal; the wolverine. — Glume. 
Glut'tonous, -tn-us, a. Pert, to a glutton or to glut- 
tony; given to excessive eating. — Glut'tony, -T, n. 
Act or practice of a glutton; excess in eating; vo- 
racity. 

Gluten. See under Glue. 

Glycerine, glis''er-in, n. {Chem.) A sweet viscid 
liquid, formed from fatty substances, and consist- 
ing of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 

Gaarl, narl, v. i. [gnarled (narld), gnarling.] To 
growl, murmur, snarl. 

Gnarl, narl, n. A knot in wood. 

Gnash, nash, v. t. [gnashed (nasht), gnashing.] To 
strike together, as in anger or pain. — v. i. To grind 
or strike together the teeth. 

Gnat, nat, n. A small dipterous insect, — some species 
blood-suckers, others injurious to vegetation. 

Gnaw, naw, v. t. [gnawed (nawd), gnawing.] To 
bite off little by little; to wear away by scraping: 
with the teeth; to corrode, fret away. — v'. i. To use 
the teeth in biting; to bite repeatedly. 

Gneiss, nis, n. {Geol.) A schistose rock, consisting 
of quartz, feldspar, and mica or hornblende. 

Gnome, nom, n. An imaginary being, supposed to 
inhabit the inner parts of the earth, and guard 
mines, quarries, etc.; a dwarf; goblin. 

Gnemon, no^mon, w. (Dialing.) The style or pin of 
a sun-dial, whose shadow shows the hour of day; 
the index of the hour-circle of a globe. — Gnos'tic, 
n. {Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect in the first ages of 
Christianity, whose system combined oriental the- 
ology and Greek philosophy with the doctrines of 
Christianity. — a. Pert, to the Gnostics or their 
doctrines. 

Gnu, nu, n. A S. African antelope, having a horse's 
neck, body, and tail, 
and single, recurved 
horns. 

Go, go, V. i. [imp. went; 
p. p. GONE ; going.] 
To pass from one 
place to another ; to 
proceed, advance, — 
employed in the most 
various applications 
of the movement of 
animate and inani- 
mate beings, and of 
movements of the 
mind; to walk; to pass, circulate; to be with youn"-, 
be pregnant, gestate; to pass away, leave, depart; 
to be lost or ruined, perish, die. — v, t. To take (a 
share in an enterprise); 
to bear a part in. — w. A 
circumstance ; fashion or 
mode;_noisy merriment. 

Goad, god, n. A pointed 
instrument to urge on a 
beast; anything that 
stimulates. — v. t. To 
prick, drive with a goad, 
arouse, instigate. 

Goal, gol, n. The point set 
to bound a race; mark; 
end or final purpose. /-•„,(.'„ a^^A 

Goat, got, n. A mammif- <^°*t ^ ^ead. 

erous quadruped, having cloven hoofs, and chew- 
ing the cud, — allied to the sheep. — Goatee'', n. 
Part of the beard left depending from the chin, re- 
sembling a goat's. 




Gnu, 




stin, cube, full; moon, f (56t ; cow, oil; linger ur inK, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



GOB 



164 



GOURMAND 



Gob, gob, n. A small quantity; mouthful; the mouth; 
spittle or saliva. — Gob'ble, v. t. [-bled (-bid), 
-BLIXG.] To swallow hastily, eat down voraciously. 

— V. i. To make a noise like a turkey-cock. — Gob'- 
bler, n. Agreedy eater; gormandizer; a turkev-cock. 

Goblet, gob'let, n. A drinking vessel without a 
handle. 

Goblin, gob'lin, n. An evil spirit ; frightful phan- 
tom; gnome; elf. 

God, god, n. An object of worship; a divinity; deity; 
the Supreme Being ; Jehovah. — God'ly, -IT, a. 
Reverencing God, His laws, etc.; pious; righteous; 
conformed to God's laws. — God'like, a. — God''leES, 
a. Having, or acknowledging, no God ; ungodly; 
wicked. — God''dess, 7i. A female deity. — God''- 
child, n. One for whom a person becomes sponsor 

at baptism. daughter, -daw-ter, n. A girl for 

whom, etc. — God'father, n. A man who becomes 
sponsor. — God''head, n. Deity ; divinity ; divine 
nature or essence ; a god or goddess ; the Deity ; 
God ; the Supreme Being. — God''motlier, n. A 
woman who becomes sponsor. — God'^send, «. Some- 
thing sent by God; an unexpected acquisition or 
piece of good fortune. — Gr00d''-by, -bye, good-bi'', n. 
or interj. Farewell, — a form of address at parting. 
[Contr. of God he with you.] — Gos^pel, n. Glad tid- 
ings, esp. concerning Christ and his salvation; one 
of the historical narratives of Christ's life; a sys- 
tem of religious truth or doctrine. — Gos'sip, n. 
Orig. a sponsor; a comrade; an idle tattler; tattle; 
rumor. — v. i. To prate, tattle. 

Goggle, gog'gl, V. i. [-GLED (-gld), -gling.] To strain 
or roll the eyes. — a. Full and rolling or staring, 

— said of the eyes. — n. A strained or affected roll- 
ing of the eye. pi. A kind of spectacles. 

Goiter, -tre, goi'tgr, n. {Med.) Bronchocele ; an en- 
largement of the thyroid gland. 

Gold, gold, n. A precious metal, of reddish yellow col- 
or and metallic luster, ductile and malleable ; mon- 
ey ; wealth; a yellow color like that of the metal. — 
Gold'erij -n, a. Made of, consisting of, or of the 
color of, gold; very precious. 

Gondola, gon'do-la, n. A long, narrow, flat-bottomed 

plesisu re-boat, 

used at Venice ; 
in U. S., a plat- 
form car, used on 
railroads. — G o n- 
dolier', -ler'', n. A 
man who rows a 
gondola. 

Gone. See Go. 

Crong, gong, n. A 
circular instru- 
ment of copper 
and tin, produ- 
cing, when struck, 
a loud, harsh 
sound; a stationary call-bell. 

Good, gd&d, a. [bettek; best.] Possessing desirable 
qualities; wholesome; adapted to the end designed; 
possessing moral excellence or virtue; kind; benevo- 
lent; suited; clever; skillful, — followed esp. by at; 
adequate; sufficient, — in a commercial sense, hav- 
ing pecuniary ability: considerable; full ; complete ; 
fair; honorable. — n. That which possesses desirable 
qualities, promotes success or happiness, is service- 
able, fit, excellent, etc.: welfare; prosperity; benefit. 
pi. Wares, commodities, chattels. — adv. Well ; 
equally well; to a good degree; 
quite ; considerably. — Good''- 
nesB, n. State of being good ; 
excellence; virtue; kindness. — 

Good'ly, -II, a. [-LIEK, -LIEST.] 

Pleasant ; agreeable ; comely; 
graceful; portly; large. 

Good-by._See under God. 

Goose, goos, n. ; pi. Geese, ges. 
A large web-footed fowl, mi- 
gratory when wild, living on 
land and eating grass when do- 
mesticated; a tailor's smoothing iron, whose handle 
resembles a goose's neck ; a simpleton; a game of 
chance. — Gos'Ung, goz'ling, n. A young goose. 

Gooseberry, gooz''bgr-rY, n. The fruit of a thorny 




Gondola. 




Goose. 



shrub; the shrub itself, found in aU temperate r& 
gions. 

Gopher, go'fgr, n. A burrowing animal of several 
kinds, — pouched rat, squirrel, land-tortoise, etc. 

Gopher, go'fer, n. A species of wood used in build- 
ing Noah's ark. 

Goraian, gOr-'dl-an, a. Pert, to Gordius, king of Phry- 
gia, or to a knot tied by him, which could not be un- 
tied, but was cut by Alexander the Great; hence, in- 
tricate; complicated; difficult. 

Gore, gor, n. Blood ; thick or clotted blood. — Gor'y, 
-T, a. Covered with gore ; bloody ; murderous. -• 
Gor'-crow, n. The common or carrion crow. 

Gore, gor, n. A wedge-shaped piece of cloth, sewed 
into a garment, etc., to give greater width at a par- 
ticular part ; a triangular piece of land. — v. t. To 
cut in triangular form. 

Gore, gor, v. t. [goeed (gord), goring.] To pierce, 
stab. 

Gorge, gdrj, n. The throat; gullet; a narrow passage, 
as, a defile between mountains, or entrance into an 
outwork of a fort; that which is swallowed, esp. by 
a hawk. — v. t. [gorged (g6rjd), goegi>"g.] To 
swallow; esp., to swallow with greediness; to glut, 
satiate. — v. i. To feed greedily. — Gor^get, -jet, n. 
A piece of armor defending the throat or neck. {Mil.) 
A pendent metallic ornament, worn bv officers. 
(Surg.) A cutting instrument used in lithotomy. — 
Gor^geons, -jus, a. Imposing through splendid or 
various colors ; showy ; fine. 

Gorgon, g6r''gon, n. {Myth.) A maiden of terrific 
aspect, whose sight turned the beholder to stone. 
Anything very ugly or horrid. 

Gorilla, go-riKla, n. An ape, of tropical Africa, of 
great size, strength, and fe- 
rocity. 

Gormand, gGr^'mand, Grounnand, 
goor'^mand, n. A glutton. — 
Gor'mandize, 1). I. or «. [-dized 
(-dizd), -dizing.] To eat greed- 
ily, feed ravenously. — Gor'- 
mandiz'er, n. — Gourmet, 
goor^'ma, n. A connoisseur in 
eating and drinking. [F.] 

Gorse, g6rs, n. A thick, prickly 
shrub, bearing yellow flowers Gorilla 

: n early spring ; furze; whin. 

Gory. See under Gore. 

Gosling. See under Goose. 

Gospel, Gossip. See under God. 

Gossamer, gos'sa-mer, n. A filmj^ substance, like cob- 
webs, floating in the air. — Gos'samer'y, -mer^I, a. 
Like gossamer ; flimsj' ; unsubstantial. 

Got, Gotten. See Get. 

Goth, goth, n. One of an ancient Teutonic race, who 
overran the Roman empire ; a bar- 
barian ; rude, ignorant person.— K 
Goth^ic, a. Pert, to the Goths. 
{Arch.) Pert, to a style of architec- 
ture with high, s'harply-pointed 
arches, clustered columns, etc.: see 
Capital. Rude ; barbarous. — n. 
The language of the Goths. {Print.) 
A style of square-cut type, with no f 
hairlines. iS 



11^=' The Type called GOTHIC. 

— Goth'icism, -T-sizm, n. A Gothic 
idiom ; conformity to the Gothic 
style of building; rudeness of man- 
ners; barbarousness. — Goth'icize, 

V. t. [-CIZED (-sTzd), -CIZING.] To 

make Gothic or barbarous. 
Gouge, gowj, in Eng. gooj. n. A chisel, 
with a semi-cylindncal blade. — v. t. 

[GOUGED (gOWjd), GOUGING.] To 

scoop out with a gouge; to force out 
(the eye of a person) with the thumb 
or finger ; to cheat. 

Gourd, gord, n. A rapid-growing cu 
curbitaceous plant, bearin°; a one- 
celled, many-seeded, hard-shelled 
fruit : which, when dry, is used for 
dippers, bottles, etc. 

Gourmand, Gourmet. See under Gormaxd, 





French G o t h i a 
Window, Tour, 
nay Cathedral, 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, tSrm ; Tn, ice ; Qdd, tone, 6r ; 



GOUT 



165 



GRANT 




Gout, gowt, «. {Med.) A painful constitutional dis- 
ease ; inflammation of the joints, esp. of the great 
toe. — Gout'y, -Y, a. Diseased with, subject to, or 
pert, to, etc. — Goutiness, n. 

Gout, goo, n. Taste; relish. 

Govern, guv^'ern, v. t. [-erned (-5rnd), -erning.] 
To regulate by authority; to influence, direct, man- 
age. XGram.) To require to be in a particular case. 

— V. i. To exercise authority, administer the laws, 
have the control. — Gov'ernor, -er, 
n. One who governs; esp., a chief 
ruler or magistrate; a tutor, guar- 
dian. {Naut.) A pilot. {Mach.) A 
contrivance connected with mills, 
steam-engines, etc., to maintain 
uniform velocity with a varying 
resistance: see Steam E^'G1XE. — 
Gov'erness, n. A female i^overnor; 
an instructress. — Gov'ernante', 
-ant', re. Alady in charge of j'oung 
women ; a governess. — Grov'erii- _ 
ment, re. Act of governing; exer- uovernor. 
cise of authority; restraint; regulation; the system 
of polity in a state ; established form of law ; right or 
power of governi-iig ; authority ; the raling power ; 
the administration; a commonwealth; state. {Gram.) 
The influence of a word in regard to construction. 

— GoVernmenfal, a. Pert, to, or made by govern- 
ment. 

Gown, gown, re. A loose upper garment; esp. the outer 
dress of a woman; the official robe of professional 
men and scholars; hence, civil officers, disting. fr. 
military; a wrapper worn by gentlemen within doors. 

Grab, grab, 71. A sudden grasp or seizure. — v.t.&. i. 
[GRABBED (grabd), -BIN G.] To gripe suddenly, seize. 

Grace, gras, re. Exercise of love, kindness, or good- 
will; favor bestowed; the divine favor toward man; 
enjoyment of divine favor ; inherent excellence ; 
beauty, physical, intellectual, or moral; elegance of 
manners ; the title of a duke or an archbishop of 
England; a prayer before or after meat. pi. {Myth.) 
Graceful and beautiful females, the attendants of 
Venus. {Mils.) Ornamental tones. A play con- 
sisting in throwing_a hoop by means of two sticks. — 
V. t. [GRACED (grast), GRACING.] To adom, deco- 
rate ; to dignify, honor.'— Grace'ful, -ful, a. Dis- 
playing grace or beauty in form or action ; elegant; 
easy. — Graee'^less, a. Wanting in grace or excel- 
lence, esp. in divine grace ; depraved ; degenerate ; 
corrupt. — Gra^'cious, gra'shus, a. Abounding in, 
or characterized by, grace ; winning favor; accept- 
able; beautiful; graceful; produced by divine grace; 
benevolent; beneficent; benignant; merciful. 

Grade, grad, n. A step or degree in any series, rank, 
or order; in a road or railroad, the rate of ascent or 
descent; a graded ascending or descending portion 
of a road; a gradient. (Stock-breeding.) The result 
of crossing a native stocK with a better breed. — v. t. 
To reduce to a level, or to an evenly progressive as- 
cent, as the line of a canal or road. — Gra'dient, a. 
Moving by steps; walking; rising or descending by 
regular degrees of inclination. — re. Rate of ascent 
or descent in a road, etc. ; grade ; a part of a road 
which slopes upward or downward. — Grada'^tion, 
n. Act of progressing by regular steps ; state of be- 
ing graded, or arranged in ranks; any degree in an 
order or series ; gradual blending of one tint with 
another. — GradMial, -u-al, a. Proceeding by steps or 
degrees; progressive; slow. — n. An order of steps; 
an ancient book of hymns, some of which were 
chanted on the steps {gradus) of the pulpit. — Grad''- 
Tially, adv. In a gradual manner ; step by step. — 
Grad'uate, -u-at, v. U To mark with degrees ; to di- 
vide into regular steps, grades, or intervals ; to ad- 
mit to a certain grade or degree, esp. to an academ- 
ical degree; to prepare gradually. —v. i. To pass 
to, or to receive, an academical degree ; to pass by 
degrees, change gradually. — re. One admitted to an 
academical degree. — a. Arranged by successive 
steps or degrees; graduated. — Gradua'tion, re. Act 
of graduating; art of dividing into degrees or definite 
parts ; marks on an instrument indicating degrees, 
etc. 

Gra£, graf , Graft, ^af t. n. A small shoot or scion of 
a tree inserted m another tree ; portion of a tree 



growing from such shoot, —n. t. To insert, as a cut- 
ting from one tree in a branch or stem of another. 

Graft, graft, re. Acquisition of money or anything 
of value by the dishonest use of positions of trust; 
anything so acquired. — Graffer, n. 

Grain, gran, re. A kernel, esp. of corn, wheat, etc.; 
the fruit of certain kindred food plants, viz., corn, 
wheat, rye, oats, barley, etc., — used collectively; 
any small, hard particle; small portion ; a small 
weight, — the 2()th of a scruple in apothecaries' 
weight, 24th of a pennyweight troy; a reddish dye 
from the coccus insect or kermes; a red color of any 
hue, esp. (Poet.) Tyrian purple; that arrangement of 
the particles of any body which determines its com- 
parative roughness; texture; arrangement or direc- 
tion of the veins or fibers of wood ; the hair-side of 
leather, or the marking on that side. pi. The husks 
or remains of malt after brewing, or of any grain af- 
ter distillation; residuum.— v. t. [grained (grand), 
GRAINING.] To paint in imitation of the grain of 
wood; to form into grains, as powder, su^ar, etc.— ?;. 
i. To form grains, or assume a granular form. — 
Gran''ary, -rt, re. A storehouse for thrashed grain. — 
Grange, granj, re. A granary ; barn ; farm, with 
stables, etc.; in U. S., an association of farmers to 
promote direct communication between producers 
and consumers, excluding middlemen. — Gran'ule, 
gran^ul, 71. A little grain ; small particle. — Gran-'u- 
louB, -lus, -ular, -ulary, -la-rt, -tilate, -ulated, a. Con- 
sisting of, or like, grains or granules. — Gran''ulate, 
-lat, V. t. To form into, etc.; to raise in small asper- 
ities ; to roughen on the surface. — v. i. To collect 
or be formed into grains. — Grannla'tion, re. Act of 
forming into grains ; development of small grain- 
like cells in a sore, filling up'the cavitj', and uniting 
the sides. — Graniv'orous, -rus, a. Eating grain or 
seeds. — Gran'ite, -it, w. ( Geol.) A crystalline, un- 
8tratifie_d rock, of quurtz, feldspar, and mica. 

Grain, gran, re. A prong ; tine ; pi. a fish spear. 

Grallatory, graKla-to-rT, -torial, -to^rl-al, a. Pert, to 
the grallatores or wading birds. 

Gram. See under Grammar. 

Graminaceous, gram-i-na'shus, Gramin^eal, -ecus, -e- 
us, a. Pert, to the grasses. — Graminiv'orous, a. 
Feeding on grass, etc. 

Grammar, gram'mar, re. Science of language ; art of 
speaking or writing with propriety, according to 
established usage ; a treatise on the principles of 
language, or on the elements of any science. — Gram- 
ma^'rian, -rT-an, n. A philologist ; one who teaches 
grammar. — Grammatical, a. Pert, to, or accord- 
ing to the rules of, grammar.— Gram, Gramme, gram, 
re. The metric unit of weight, = 18.756 grains troy 
or 15.432 grains avoirdupois. 

Grampus, gram^pus, re. A voracious cetaceous mam- 
mal of the dolphin 
family, having sock- 
eted, conical teeth, 
and breathing by a ' 
spout-hole on the top 
of the head. 

Granary. See under ri,.o^r,„= 

Grain. . Grampus. 

Grand, grand, a. Of large size; extensive ; relatively 
great; greatest; chief; principal ; great in size and 
tine or imposing in appearance; holding elevated or 
advanced rank, as in years or station; majestic; dig- 
nified; stately; exalted. — Grand'eur, -jur, re. Quality 
of being grand; splendor of appearance; elevation of 
thought or expression, or of mien or deportment; no- 
bility of action; sublimity; augustness; magnificence. 
— Grand'^aunt, -ant, re. The aunt of one's father or 
mother. — un'cle, re. — child, re. A son's or daugh- 
ter's child. daugk'ter, re. Daughter of a son or 

daughter. — son, n. — father, re. A father's or moth- 
er's father. — mother, re. — sire, re. A grandfather; 
any male ancestor. — Grandee'^ -de', re. A man of 
rank ; in Spain, a nobleman of the first rank. — 
Grandil'oquent, -o-kwent,-oquous, -kwus, a. Speak- 
ing in a lofty style ; bombastic. — Grandiloquence, 
-kwens, re. Lofty words or phrases ; bombast ; pom- 
posity of speech. — Grand'^iose, -T-os, a. Imposing ; 
striking; flaunting; turgid; bombastic. 

Grange, Granite, Granivorous, etc. See under Gkain. 

Grant, grant, v. t. To allow, yield, concede; to be- 




Biin, cube, full ; moon, fdtt ; cow, oil ; ligger or iQk, tiien, boNboN, chair, ^et. 



GRANULAR 



IGG 



GREASE 




stow or confer, in answer to prayer or request; to 
make conveyance of, give the possession or title of. 

— )i. Act 01 granting; a bestowing; admission of 
something as true: thing granted; gift; boon. (Law.) 
A transfer of property by deed or writing; esp., an 
appropriation or conveyance by the government. 

Granular, Grannie, etc. See under Grain. 

Grape, grap, Ji. The fruit of the vine. ( J/«7.)jGrrape-shot. 

— Grfap'y, -I, a. Made of, or like, 
grapes.— Grap'ery, -er-I, n. A building 
tor cultivating grapes. — Grape'^-shot, 71. ^ 
{Mil.) A numoer of iron balls, included 
between circular iron plates at top and 
bottom, with rings and a connecting 
pin. 

Graphic, -ical, grai'ik-al, a. Pertaining 
to writing; written; inscribed; well de- 
lineated or described. — Graph'ically, 
ii'fr. In a graphic or picturesque man- 
ner. — Graph'ite, -it, n. (Mn.) Apoly-fj , . 
nunphous mineral, composed of very '"-""•f^ 
pine carbon, disting. by softness, metallic luster, and 
by leaving a lead-colored trace on paper, — used for 
pencils, and. for many mechanical uses, and often 
called plumbago or black-lead. — Graphophone, 
graf 'o-fon, n. A form of phonograph. 

Orapple, grap'pl, v. t. [-pled (-pld), -fling.] To 
seize, lay fast held on, with the hands or with 
hooks. — 1'. i. To contend in close fight. — n. A 
Beizing: close hug in contest. {Navt.) A hook for 
fastening one ship to another. — Grap'llne, Grap'- 
nel, n. A small anchor, with 4 or 5 flukes or claws ; 
any instrument designed to grapple or hold. 

Grasp, grasp, v. t. [grasped (graspt), grasping.] To 
seize and hold, catch, take possession of; to compre- 
hend. — n. Gripe of the hand ; seizure by embrace ; 
power of seizing and holding; wide-reaching power 
of intellect to comprehend subjects. — Grasp^ing, a. 
Seizing; avaricious ; greedy of gain; exacting. 

Grass, gras, n. Herbage; the plants constituting the 
food of cattle, etc.; pasture. {Bot.) An endogenous 
plant having long, narrow, alternate leaves, sheath- 
ing a stem generally jointed and tubular, flower 
generally in glume-covered spikelets,andfarinaceous 
seeds. — v. t. [grassed (grast), grassing.] To 

cover with grass or 

turf. — Grass'hop- 
per, n. A jumping 
orthopterous n o c- 
turnal insect, with 
4 joints in feet, and 
green or transpar- 
€ n t wing - covers, 
which feeds on 
grass or leaves : the 
common diurnal 
" grasshoppers " 
are locusts. — Graze, 

V. J. [GRAZED 

(grazd), GRAZING.] 

grass : to eat (herbage) -from the'ground ; to tend 
grazing cattle. — v. i. To eat grass or herbage ; to 
supply grass. — Graz^'er, n. One who grazes or feeds 
on herbage. — Gra'zier, -zher, n. One who pastures 
cattle, and rears them for market. — Graz'^ing, n. 
Act of feeding on grass; a pasture. 
Grate, grat, n. A lattice-work, used in windows of 
piisons, etc.; a frame of iron bars for holding coals. 

— >'. t. To furnish with grates or cross-bars.— Grac- 
ing, n. A partition of parallel or cross-bars. 

Grate, grat, v. t. To rub roughly or harshly, as one 
body against another; to wear away in small par- 
ticles, by rubbing with anvthing rough ; to fret, 
ve.x, irritate. — v. i. To rub'hard, so as to offend; to 
make a harsh sound by friotion of rough bodies. 

— Grat'er, n. One who, or that which, etc. ; esp. an 
in.'^truinent for rubbing off small particles of a body. 

— Grafing, n. A harsh sound of rubbing. 
Grateful, grat'ful, a. Having a due sense of benefits; 

willing to acknowledge and repay benefits; afford- 
ing pleasure ; pleasing to the taste ; acceptable ; 
gratifying ; welcome. —Grate-'folly, ady. — Grate'- 
ralness, n. — Grati^, grat'T-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), 
-FYINO.] To please by satisfying some wish; to give 
pleasure to, recompense. — Grat'itude, -tud, n. State 




Grasshopper (G. viridissimus). 
To feed or supply (cattle) with 



of being grateful; thankfulness. — Grat'lflea'tion, n. 
Act of gratifying mind, taste, or appetite; that which 
affords pleasure. — Gra'tia, arfy. For nothing; freely; 
gratuitously.— Gratu'itous, -I-tus, a. Given without 
a recompense ; without reason, cause, or proof. — 
Gratu'ity, -tr, n. A free gift, present. —Grat'tUate, 
V. t. To salute with declarations of joy ; congratu- 
late. — Gratula'tion, n. Act of, etc.— Grat'olatory, 
-to-rl, a. Expressing joy. 
Grave, grav, v. t. [imp. graved (gravd),p.p. graven 
or GRAVED; GRAVING.] To carve or cut, engrave; to 
give shape to, by cutting with a chisel. (Naut.) To 
clean, as a ship's bottom, by burning off filth, grass, 
etc., and paying it over with pitch. — v. i. To write 
or delineate on hard substances; to practice engrav. 
ing. — n. An excavation in the earth as a place ol 
burial; tomb; sepulcher ; death or destruction, pi. 
The sediment of melted tallow. — Grav'er, n. One 
who, etc. ; a sculptor ; an engraving tool, burin, 
q. v.; a tool for turning metals. — Grav'iag, n. Act 
of, etc. ; thing graved or carved ; act of cleaning a 
ship's bottom ; impression on the mind, heart, etc. 

— Grav'ing-dock, n. A dry dock, in which ship's 
bottoms are cleaned, etc. — Grave '-clothes, n. pi. 
Clothes m which the dead are interred. — stone, n. 
A memorial stone set by a grave. — yard, n. A yard 
for the interment of the dead; cemetery. 

Grave, grav, a. Of importance ; influential ; serious, 

— said of character, relations, etc. ; not light or gay; 
solemn ; sober ; plain ; serious ; weighty ; momen- 
tous. (Mies.) Not acute or sharp; low; deep. — Gra- 
va^men, w. (Law.) The grievance complained of ; 
the substantial cause of action. — Grav'ity, -I-tl, n- 
Sobriety of character or demeanor ; relative impor' 
tance, significance, dignity, etc. (Physics.) The 
tendency of a mass of matter toward a center of 
attraction; esp., the tendency of a body toward the 
center of the earth. (Mas.) Lowness of sound. -^ 
Specific gravity. The ratio of the weight of a body 
to the weight of an equal volume of some otheJ 
body taken as the standard, — usually water fol 
solids and liquids, and air for gases. — Grar'itate, 
V. i. To obey the law of gravitation, tend toward 
the center. — Gravita'tion, n. Act of gravitating. 
(Fhf/sics.) That attraction by which all bodies or 
particles of matter in the universe tend toward each 
other. 

Gravel, grav'el, n. A mass of small stones or frag- 
ments of stone mixed with sand, etc. (Med.) Small 
calculi in the kidneys and bladder ; painful symp- 
toms caused by such calculi. — v. t. [graveled 
(-eld), -eling.J To cover with gravel ; to stick in 
the sand ; hence, to puzzle, embarrass ; to hurt (a 
horse's foot) by gravel lodged under the shoe. — 
Grav'elly, a. Abounding with, or consisting of, 
gravel. 

Gravy, gra'vT, n. Juices obtained from meat in cook- 
ing, made into a dressing; liquid dressing for food. 

Gray, gra, a. Hoary ; white mixed with black ; old ; 
mature. — n. Any mixture of white and black; an 
animal of gray color. 

— Gray'-beard, n. An 
old man.— Gray'ling, 
n. A fish allied to the 
trout, found in N. 
Europe . — Gray '- 
wacke,-wak,n. (Geol.) GravUnff. 
A conglomerate or --.lajii & 
grit-rock, consisting of pebbles and sand firmly uni- 
ted together. 

Grayhound. See Greyhound. 

Graze, Grazier, etc. See under Grass. 

Graze, graz, r. t. [grazed (grazd), grazing.] To 
rub or touch in passing. — Graz'^ing, 71. A touch in 
passing. ^ 

Grease, gres, n. Animal fat in a soft state ; esp., fatty 
matter of land animals. (Far.) An inflammation 
of the heels of a horse. — Grea«e, grez or gres, v. t. 
[greased (grezd or grest), greasing.] To smear or 
anoint with grease;_to bribe; to cheat or cozen. — 
Greasy, grez'l or gres'T, a. [-ier; -iest.] Composed 
of, or characterized by, grease; oily; fat; unctuous; 
smeared with, or like grease or oil; smooth. (Far.) 
Affected with the disease called grease. — Greas'^ily, 
adv. 




&m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, tSrm ; tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, dr ; 



-«WSf 



GREAT 



167 



GROIN 



Great, grfit, a. Large in solidity, surface, or linear 
dimensions; of wide extent; big; expanded; large in 
number; numerous ; long continued ; superior; ad- 
mirable; commanding ; endowed with extraordi- 
nary powers, strong, mighty, noble; holding a chief 
position, eminent; weighty; important. {Geneal- 
ogy-) Older, younger, or more remote, by a single 
generation.— Grea<-(/ranc?/ai^er, a grandfather's fa- 
ther ; Qreat-grandson, a grandson's son. Etc. — 
Great'ly, adv. In a great degree; much; nobly; il- 
lustriously. — GreafnesB, n. l.argeness of bulk, di- 
mensions, number, quantity, etc. ; high rank or 
place; mf\gnanimity ; strength or extent of intellec- 
tual faculties; force; intensity. — Great'^coat, n. An 
over-coat._ 

Greaves, grevz, n.pl. Ancient armor for the legs. 

Greaves, grevz, Graves, gravz, n.pl. The sediment of 
meltedjallow. 

Grebe, greb, n. A diving bird, having a straight, sharp 
beak, lobated toes, no tail, and legs set far back. 

Grecian. _See under Greek. 

Grbed, gred, n. An eager desire or longing ; greedi- 
ness. — Greed'y, -T, a. [-ier, -iest.] Having a keen 
appetite for food or drink; ravenous; voracious; ea- 
ger; covetous. — Greed''ily, afZw. — Greed'tness, n. 

Greek, grek, a. Pert, to Greece, Grecian. — n. A na- 
tive or inhabitant of Greece ; language of Greece. 

— Gre'cian, -shan, a. Pert, to Greece. — n. A Greek; 
one versed in the Greek language, literature, or his- 
tory. 

Green, gren, a. Having the color of growing grass, or a 
color composed of blue and yellow ; verdant ;emerald : 
set Light ; full of life and vigor; new; recent; not 
ripe ; not fully grown or perfect ; immature in age 
or experience; young; raw; awkward; notseasoned; 
not dry ; containing its natural juices. — n. The 
color of growing plants ; a grassy plain or plat. x>l- 
Fresh leaves or branches; wreaths. (CooA^r?/.) Leaves 
and stems of young plants 
dressed f or_f ood. — v. t. 
[greened (grend), green- 
ing.] To make green. 

Greet, gret, v. t. To salute 
kindly or respectfulh', wel- 
come, accost.— V. i. To give 
salutations. 

Gregarious, gre-ga'rf-us, a. 
Living in a flock or herd. 

Grenade, gre-nad'', n. {Mil.) 
A hollow shell filled with 
powder, and fired by a fuse. 

— Gren ' adier'', - d e r '', n. 
Orig., a soldier who threw _ , , _, 
grenades ; later, one of a Grenade and Fuse, 
company of tall soldiers, posted on the right of a 
battalion, to lead it in attacks; 
now, one of a regiment so- 
called. 

Grew. See Grow. 

Grey. Same as Gr.\y. 

Greyhound, gra'^hownd, n. A 
slender, swift, keen-sighted 
variety of dog. [Not f r. gray.'] 

Griddle, grid'al, n. A pan, 
broad ;ind shallow, for bak- 
ing cakes ; a cover, to close 
an opening in the top of a 
stove ; a sieve with a wire bot- 
tom, used by miners.— Grid 'iron, -i-ern, n. A grated 
utensil_for broiling meat, etc. 

Grief, gref, n. Pain of mind ; painful sense of loss ; 
cau_se of sorrow. — Grieve, grev, i\ t. [grmeved 
(grevd), GRIEVING.] To occasion grief to, inflict 
mental pain upon, make sorrowful. — v. i. To feel 
grief, be in pain of mind on account of an evil, sor- 
row, mourn. — Griev'ance, -ans, n. A cause of grief 
or uneasiness; wrong done and suffered; affliction; 
burden ; oppression ; injury. — Griev'ous, -us, a. 
Causing grief or sorrow; painful; hard to bear; hei- 
nous; flagitious; full of grief. 

Griffin, griffin. Griffon, n. {Myth.) An imaginary 
animal, generated between the lion and eagle. 
{Zobl.) A species of vulture found in the moun- 
tainous parts of Europe, N. Africa, and Turkey. 

Grig, grig, n. The sand eel; a cricket; grasshopper. 





Greyhound. 



Grill, gril, v. t. [grilled (grild), -ling.] To broil on 
a grate or gridiron ; to torment as if by broiling. 

Grim, grim, a. [grimmer, -mest.] Of forbidding or 
fear-inspiring aspect; ferocious; horrid; surly. 

Grimace, grl-mas'', n. A distortion of the counte- 
nance, to express contempt, disapprobation, etc. ; 
a smirk; made-up face. 

Grimalkin, grl-maKkin, n. An old cat. 

Grime, grim, n. Foul matter; dirt. — v.t. To sully or 
soil deeply; to dirt. — Grim 'y, -T, a. 

Grin, grin, v. i. [grinned (grind), -ning.] To open 
the mouth and withdraw the lips from the teeth, as in 
laughter, scorn, or pain. — v. i. To express by grin- 
ning. — n. Act of, etc. 

Grind, grind, v. t. [ground (grownd), grinding.] 
To reduce to powder, by friction, as in a mill, or 
with the teeth ; to wear down, polish, or sharpen by 
friction; to prepare for examination ; to oppress by 
severe exactio:as, harass. — v. i. To perform the 
operation of grinding ; to become pulverized, pol- 
ished, sharpened by friction; to drudge. — Grind'er, 
n. One who, or that which, grinds; one of the dou b- 
le teeth which grinds or masticates food, a molar ; 
see Tooth. — Grind^'ery, -er-T, n. Shoemakers' ma- 
terials. — Grind'stone, n. A flat, circular, revolving 
stone, for grinding and sharpening tools. — Grist, 
grist, n. That which is ground at one time; supply; 
provision. — Grist'-mill, n. A mill for grinding 
grain. — Gris'tle, -1, n. (Atiat.) A smooth, solid, 
elastic substance in animal bodies; cartilage. 

Gripe, grip, v. t. [griped (gript), griping.] To catch, 
with the hand, clutch; to seize and hold fast; to pain 
the bowels of, as if by pressure or contraction; to 
pinch, distress. — v. i. "To hold or pinch as with a 
gripe; to get money by hard bargains or exactions; 
to suffer griping pains. {JVaut.) To tend to come 
up into the wind, as a ship. — n. Grasp; seizure; 
clutch; that on which the grasp is put; a handle; op- 
pression ; cruel exaction; pinching distress; spas- 
modic pain in the intestines. {JVaut.) The fore- 
foot; sharpness of a ship's stern under the water; pi. 
ropes, dead-eyes, and hooks, to secure the boats to 
the deck. — Grip, grtp, n. A grasp; a holding fast; 
a peculiar clasp of the hand; that by which any thing: 
is grasped. — v.t. [gripped (grTpt), -ping.] To give 
a grip to, grasp, gripe. 

Grisette, gre-zef, n. A young, laboring French 
woman; esp. one kept as a servant and mistress. 

Grisly, gris'^lt, a. Frightful; horrible; terrible. 

Grist, Gristle, etc. See under Grind. 

Grit, grit, w. Sand or gravel; rough particles; struc- 
ture of a stone as to fineness or coarseness, or adap- 
tation to grinding and sharpening; spirit; spunk. 
{Geol.) A hard, gritty conglomerate or sand-stone. 
pi. Hulled and broken grain; groats. {High Milling.)' 
Fragments of cracked wheat smaller than groats. — 
V. i. To give forth a sound as of sand under the feet; 
to grind. — v.t. To grind, grate. — Grit''ty, -tl, a. 
Containing, or consisting of, sand, etc.; rough; spir- 
ited and resolute. — Grifstone, n. A hard sand- 
stone. 

Grizzle, griz-'zl, n. Gray; a mixture of white and 
black. — Griz'zled, -zld, a. Gray. — Griz'zly, -zlt, 
a. Sornewhat gray. 

Groan, gron, v. i. [groaned (grond), groaning.] To 
give forth a low, moaning sound, as in pain or sor- 
row; to strive after earnestly. — n. A low, moaning 
sound, — uttered in pain; sometimes, in derision. 

Groats, grawts, n. j}l. Oats or wheat broken or cracked- 
Grocer, gro''ser, n. A dealer in tea, sugar, spices, etc. 

— Gro'cery, -ser-T, 7i. ]>l. Commodities sold by gro- 
cers. A grocer's store. 

Grog, grog, n. A mixture of spirit and water, usually 
not sweetened. — Grog'^gery, -ger-T, n. A grog-shop. 

— Grog'^gy, -gl, a. Overcome with grog ; tipsy -, 
weakened in a fight so as 'to stagger; moving in a 
hobbling manner, from tender feet, — said of ahorse. 

— Grog'giness, n. — Grog''shop, n. A place for re- 
tailing, etc. 

Grogram, grog'ram, Grog''ran, n. A coarse stuff made 
ot silk and mohair; also, a strong, coarse silk. 

Groin, groin, n. The depressed part of the body be- 
tween belly and thigh. {Arch.) Tlie angular curvet- 
made by the intersection of 2 semi-cylinders or 
arches.— w. t. [groined (groind), groining.] {Arch.) 



sttn, cube, fijll ; moon, f<56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, bonboN, chair, get. 



GROOM 



168 



GUARD 





GroRrbeak. 



To fashion into, or adorn 
with g r o i n s. — Groined, 
groind, a. {Arch.) Hav- 
ing an angular curve made 
by intersection of arches. 

Groom, groom, 71. A servant; 
esp. one in charge of 
horses; one of several offi- 
cers of the English royal 
household, chiefly in "the 
lord chamberlain's depart- 
ment ; a man recently 
married, or about to be 
married; a bridegroom. — 
V. t. [GEOOMED (groomd), 
GKOOsiiNG.] To tend or 
carefor(ahorse). — ^ • j»»v 

Grooms'mai, «. An at- Gromed Arch, 

tendant of a bridegroom at his wedding. 

Groove, groov, w. A furrow, channel; a long hollow 
cut by a tool. — v. t. [grooved (groovd), grooving.] 
To cut a groove in, form intq^grooves, furrow. 

Grope, grop, v. i. [groped (gropt), groping.] To at- 
tempt to find something in the dark, or as a blind 
person, by feeling; to feel one's way. — v. t. To 
search out by feeling in the dark. 

Gross, gros, a. Great; excessively or disproportion- 
ately large; bulky; coarse; rough; not easily aroused; 
stupid; vulgar: indelicate; obscene; impure; thick; 
dense; palpable; whole: entire; total. — n. Vhe main 
body, mass: the number of 
12 dozen. — Groas'ness, n. — 
Gross'beak, -bek, ?;. A sing- 
ing bird of several species, 
allied to the flnch and lin- 
net, having a convex bUl, 
very thick at the base. 

Grot, groj, Grot'to, n. ; pi. 
-toes, -toz. A natural cav- 
ern; an artificial cave or cav- 
em-like apartment. — Gro- 
tesque'', -tesk'', a. Like figures formerly painted in 
grottoes; whimsical; extravagant. 

Grotind, imp. and^j. x>- of Grind c^. v. 

Grotind, grownd, w. The surjace of the earth, also of 
a floor ; region ; territory : land ; estate ; basis on which 
anything rests ; fouadation ; premise, reason, or da- 
tum ; originating force, agency, or agent. {Paint.) 
The surface on which an object is represented; that 
portion of manufactured articles, of a uniform color, 
on which the figures are drawn or projected, pi. 
Sediment; dregs: lees. {Arch.) Pieces of wood, flush 
with the plastering, to which moldings, etc., are at- 
tached. (3Ius.) A composition in which the base, 
consisting of a few bars of independent notes, is 
continually repeated to a varying melody; the tune 
on which descants are raised. 'Elec.) A conduct- 
ing connection with the earth, making it part of an 
electrical circuit. — v. t. To lay or set on the ground; 
to found; to fix or set, as on a foundation, fix firmly; 
to instruct in elements or first principles. (Elec.) 
To connect with the ground, so as to make the earth 
a part of an electricalcircuit. — v. i. To run aground; 
to strike and remain fixed. — Ground^'leBs, a. With- 
out groirnd or foundation; false. 

Group, groop, n. A cluster, crowd, or throng; an as- 
semblage of persons or things: an assemblage of fig- 
ures or objects in a certain order or relation, or hav- 
ing some resemblance or common characteristic. 
(J/«s.) A number of 8th, 16th, etc., notes tied to- 
gether; any musical ornament consisting of several 
short tones. — V. t. 
[GROUPED (groopt), 
GROUPING.] To form a 
group of, form an a s - 
semblage, arrange, 
combine. 

Grouse, grows, n. A 
stout-legged rasorial 
kird, of several species, 
with feathered feet and 
short bill. 

Grout, growt, ». Coarse 
meal; pollard; a kind of 
thick sue; lees; grounds; 




Grouse. 



dregs; sediment; a thin, coarse mortar; also, a finer 
material, used in finishing ceilings; a kind of wild 
apple. — V. t. To fill up (joints between stones) with 
grout. — Grout'y, -T, a. Cross; surly; sullen. 

Grove, grOv, n. A cluster of trees shading an avenue; 
a group of trees smaller than a forest. 

Grovel, grov'l, i\ i. [-eled (-Id), -eling. ' To creep 
on the earth, or with the face to the ground; to act 
in a prostrate posture: to be low or mean. 

Grow, gro, V. i.[i7np. grew (groo): j>. ji. grcwn (gron); 
GROWING.] To increase in size by a natural and or- 
ganic process; to increase in any w'ay, be augmented; 
to thrive, flourish; to result as an effect from a 
cause, become; to become attached or fixed, adhere. 

— V. t. To cause to grow, cultivate, produce, raise. 

— Growth, n. Process of growing; gradual increase 
of animal and vegetable bodies; production; that 
which has grown; effect: result. 

Growl, growl, v. i. [growled (growld), geowling.] 
To murmur or snarl, as a dog; to utter rn an^ry, 
grumbling sound. — v.t. To express by •'.rowling. 
^-n. The murmur of a cross dog. 

Grub, grub, v. i. [grubbed (CTubd), -bing.] To dig 
in or under the ground; to he occupied in digging; 
to beg, esp. food. — ?j. t. To dig, dig up by the roots. 

— 71. A fleshy larve, esp. a larve of a beetle or wee- 
vil ; a short, thick man, dwarf; that which is grubbed 
up for food; victuals. 

I Grudge, gruj, v. t. [grudged (grujd), grudging.] To 
part with reluctantly, desire to get back af;ain. — v. 
i. To be covetous or envious, unwilling or reluc- 
tant. — n. Uneasiness at the possession of something 
by another; ill will; envy; pigue; hatred; .«pite. 

Gruel, groo'el, n. A light, liquid food, made by boil- 
ing meal in water. 

Gruff, gruf, a. Of a rough or stem manner, voice, or 
countenance; rugged; harsh. 

Grum, grum, a. Morose ; severe of countenance ; 
glum; grim; low; deep in the throat; giittural. — 
Grum''ly, adv. — Grum^'ble, -bl, v. i. [-bled (-bid), 
-BLING.] To murmur with discontent ; io growl, 
snarl ; to rumble, roar. — v. t. To express with 
grumbling. — Gruin''bler, n. 

Grunt, grunt, v. i. To make a deep guttural noise, 
like aiiog. — n. A guttural, or shorty rough sound. 

Guaiacum, gwa-'ya-kum, n. A genus of small, crooked 
trees, of tropical Amer. ; balsamic resin ox lignum- 
vitEB, — used in med. 

Guano, gwa'no, n. Excrement of sea-fowls, - used as 
manure. 

Guarantee, gar'an-te', n. (Laiv.) A promise to an- 
swer for the payment of some debt, or periormance 
of some duty, in case of the failure of another who 
is primarily liable ; a warranty; security; :i guaran- 
tor; the person tq^whom a guaranty is made. — v. t. 
[guaranteed (-ted'), -teeing.] To engaf,e for the 
payment of debt or performance of dutv, by an- 
other person; to make sure; warrant. — Grar'anty, 
-tT, ?i. — I', t. [-TIED (-tid), -tying (-tT-ing'' ] Form 
of Guarantee generally used by legal \\ riters in 
U. S. — Guar''antor', -t6r', n. (Laiv.) One who makes 
or gives a guaranty; a warrantor; surety; one who 
engages to secure another in any right or possession. 

Guard, gard, r. t. To protect from danger ; to secure 
against surprise, attack, or injury ; to aci^ompany 
for protection; to protect the edge of, esp. witn an 
ornamental border. — r. i. To watch by way of 
caution or defense; to be in a state of defense or 
safety. — ??. That which guards or secures; as, a 
man or body of men stationed to protect a person or 
position, a watch, sentinel; or, one in charge of a 
mail coach or a railroad train, conductor; or, an ex- 
pression or admission to secure against objections 
or censure ; any attachment to protect against in- 
jury, defacement, or loss; as, part of a sword hilt 
protecting the hand; or, ornamental lace or hem 
protecting the edge of a garment; or, a chain or cord 
fastening a timepiece to one's person; or, a fence to 
prevent falling from the decK of a vessel; or, a 
widening of the deck of a steamboat by a frame- 
work, which protects the water-wheel and the shaft 
against collision. {Fencing.) A posture of defense. 

— Guard'ian, -T-an, ?t. One who guards, preserves, 
or secures ; a warden. {Law.) One wJio has the 
custody of the person or property of an infant, a 



fim, fame, tix, ]»a6s or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Sdd, tone, dr; 



GUAVA 



169 



GURGLE 




Gudgeon. 



minor without living parents, or a person incapable 
of managing his own affairs. — a. Guarding; pro- 
tecting. — 6uard''ianslup, n. Office of a guardian. 

6aava, gwa'va, n. A tropical tree, or its fruit, which 
is made into jelly. 

Gubernatorial, gu'ber-na-to'rt-al, a. Pert, to govern- 
ment, or a governor. 

Gadgeon, gud'jun, n. A small fresh-water fish, easily 
caught : a person 
easily cheated or 
insnared ; a bait ; 
allurement. 
{Mach.) The iron 
pin in the end of 
a wooden shaft or 
axle, on which it 
turns in a collar or on a gudgeon-block; formerly, 
the part of any horizontal shaft on which it runs. 
{Navi.) An eye or clamp on the stern-post to hang 
the rudder on. 

Guerrilla, ger-riKla, n. An irregular warfare, by at- 
tacks of independent bands; one who carries on ir- 
regular or predatory warfare. 

Guess, ges, v. t. [guessed (gest), -sing.] To judge of 
at random; to form an opinion of, from reasons 
seemingly preponderating, but not decisive ; to con- 
jecture rightly; to hit upon by accident, —v. i. To 
make a guess, think, suppose. — n. A conjecture; 
judgment without sufficient grounds. 

Guest, gest, n. A visitor; a lodger at a hotel, etc. 

Guffaw, guf-faw', n. A loud burst of laughter. 

Guide, gid, v. t. To lead or direct, conduct in a course 
or path, pilot ; to regulate and manage, train, in- 
fluence. — n. One who, or that which, etc.; a path- 
finder ; conductor ; director ; regulator. (Mil.) A 
' non-commissioned officer, placed on the flank of a 
rank or end of a line, to preserve proper position, 
distance, etc. — Guid'ance, -ans, n. Act of guiding ; 
direction; government. — Guide'-bars, -blocks, n. pi. 
(Mach.) Pieces of metal on which the cross-head of 
a steam -en- j. 

fine slides. ^1^ 
eeping it ;^ f^^ , 1 *^ 

parallel to the 
cy linde r ; y 
slide-rods. 

Guild, gild, n 
An association of men, of the same class or kindred 
pursuits, for mutual aid and protection. — Guild''- 
hall, -hawl, n. The hall where a guild or corpora- 
tion assemble. 

Guile, gil, n. Craft; artifice; duplicity; deceit. 

Guillotine, giKlo-ten', n. A machine for beheading 
by the stroke of a steel blade. 
— V. t. [quil'loxined'' 
(-tend'), -TiNiNGj To be- 
head with, etc. [Inventor's 
name.] 

Guilt, gilt, n. State resulting 
from violation of law; crim- 
inality and consequent ex- 
posure to punishment ; of- 
fense against right ; expo- 
sure to legal penalty or for- 
f eiture. — Guilfy, -T, a. 
[-IER,-IEST.] Evincmg guilt; 
criminal ; wicked. — Guilf- 
ily, adv. — Guilfiness, n. — 
Guilfless, a. Free from guilt 
or trial. — Guilflessness, n. 

Guinea, gin'e, n. An old gold coin of Eng., worth 
21 shillings sterling, or about .$5. — Guiu'ea-fowl, 
-hen, n. A harsh voiced fowl allied to the pheas- 
ants, orig. fr. Africa. — worm, 
n. A long, parasitic worm of 
hot regions, burrowing in hu- 
man cellular tissue, esp. of the 
legs. 

Guinea-pig, gin'^e-pig, n. A small 
Brazilian rodent. 

Suise, giz, n. External appear- 
ance in manner or dress; garb; 
mien; custom; mode; practice. 

Guitar, gi-tar', n. A stringed 
musical instrument, res em- 






Guillotine, 
without experience 



Guitar. 



bling the violin, having 6 strings, played upon witk 

the fingers. 
Gulch, gulch, n. Orig., a glutton ; a ravine ; deep 

ravine or water-course. 
Gules, gulz, n. {Her.) A red color; red. 
Gulf, gulf, n. An abyss; deep chasm or basin. {Geog.) 

A large bay ; open sea. 
GuU, gul, n. (Ornith.) A web-footed sea-fowl, with 

long, narrow wings, and a straight beak hooked at 

the tip. A trick; fraud; one easily cheated ; a dupe. 

— V. t. [GULLED (guld), -LING.] To dcceive, cheat, 
defraud. — GuKlible, -ll-bl, a. Easily deceived. 

Gullet, gul'let, n. (Anat.) The esophagus. Some- 
thing resembling the food-passage. — Gul'ly, -II, n. 
A channel worn in the earth by a current of water; 
a ditch; gutter. — v. t. [gullied (-lid), -lying.] To 
wear into a gully. — Gulos^ity, -los'I-tl, ti. Greedi- 
ness ; voracity. 

Gulp, gulp, V. t. [gulped (gulpt), GULPING.] To swal- 
low eagerly, swallow up. — n. A swallow, or as 
much as is swallowed at once ; a disgorging. 

Gum, gum, n. The hard, fleshy substance covering 
the jaws and investing the teeth. — Gum'-rash, n. 
(Med.) A cutaneous disease. 

Gum, gum, n. A vegetable secretion of many trees 
and plants which nardens when it exudes,' but is 
soluble in water; also, with less propriety, exuda- 
tions not soluble in water, —v. t. [gummed (gumd), 
-MING.] To smear with, or unite or stiffen by gum. 

— V. i. To harden into gum, become gummy. — 
Gum^'my, -ml, -mous, -mus, a. [-miee, -miest.] 
Consisting of, producing, or covered with, gum; vis- 
cous ; adhesive. — Gum^'-res'ln, -rez'in, n. The 
milky juice of a plant solidified by exposure te air ; 
an inspissated sap ; a combination of true gum and 
resin, requiring both water and alcohol to entirely 
dissolve it. — tree. m. (Bot.) The black gum, of the 
southern U. S.; a large Australian tree. In the south- 
ern U. S., a hollow tree. 

Gumbo, gum^'bo, n. Okra ; a dish composed of okra, 
tomatoes, and a little mustard together. 

Gump, gump, n. A foolish person ; dolt ; dunce. 

Gumption, gump-'shun, n. Capacity ; shrewdness ; 
common sense. (Paint.) Art of preparing colors. 

Gun, gun, n. Any weapon having a long barrel from 
which missiles are thrown by the power of gun- 
powder, compressed air, etc. (Mil.) A cannon 
proper, as distinguished from howitzers, etc. — v. i. 
[GUNNED (gund), -NiNG.] To practice fowling or 
hunting small game. — Gun'ner, n. One who works 
a gun ; a naval warrant officer, in charge of the 
ordnance. — Gun-'nery, -ner-T, n. Art and science 
of firing guns. — Gun'ning, n. Act or practice of 
hunting game with a gun. — Gun'nel, Gun'wale, 
-nel, n. (Naut.) The upper edge of a vessel's side; 
uppermost wale of a ship. — Gun'powder, n. A mix- 
ture of saltpeter, sulphur, and charcoal pulverized, 
granulated, and dried. — Gun'reach, n. The distance 
to which a gun will shoot ; gunshot. — Gun'shot, n. 
(Mil.) The distance of the point-blank range of a 
cannon-shot; effective distance to which shot can be 
thrown from a gun. — Gun''smlth, n. One who 
makes or repairs small arms; armorer. — Gun'stock, 
n. The stock or wood in which the barrel of a gun 
is fi.xed. — Gun'-boat, n. (Mil.) A boat or vessel of 
light draught, fitted to carry guns. — cot'ton, n. A 
highly explosive substance obtained by soaking 
cotton, etc., in nitric and sulphuric acids, —-deck, n. 
(JS'aut.) Lower deck of a ship where the gun-room 
is ; main-deck of a frigate, etc., where guns are in 
battery. — meVal, n. An alloy of 9 parts of copper 
and 1 of tin, used for cannon, etc. — room, n. (Naut.) 
An apartment on the after end of the lower gun- 
deck ©f a ship of war, occupied by the gunner or as 
a mess-room by the lieutenants, etc. 

Gunnel, gun'nel, n. A little spotted fish, found on the 
N. Atlantic shores. 

Gunny, gun-'nl, n. A strong_, coarse kind of sacking. 

Gunter's Chain, gun't.erz-chan. The chain commonly 
used for measuring land, — being 4 rods, or 66 feet, 
long. — G.-Scale. A rule, 2 feet long, with graduated 
lines for solving questions in arithmetic, etc. 

Gurgle, gSr'gl, v. »". [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To run 
or flow in a broken, noisy current. — n. Sound 
made by flowing liquid. 



stin, cube, fijll ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; ligger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



&URNARD 



170 



HACKLE 




Gurnard. 



^Mrnard, per'nard, -net, n. A sea-fish, having a large 

and spiny head with 

mailed cheeks, and 

making a grunting 

noise when caught. 
Srush, gush, V. i. [gushed 

(gusht), GUSHING.] To 

now copiously, rush 
forth as a fluid from 
confinement; to act 
with a sudden and rapid impulse : to talk effusively, 
enthusiasticalijs or aftectedly . — n. Violent issue of 
a fluid from an inclosed place ; fluid thus emitted ; 
sentimentality. — Gust, n. A blast of wind ; burst 
of passion. — Gust'y, -I, a. Subject lo, or attended 
by, gusts ; tempestuous. 

Crusset, gus'set, n. A piece of cloth inserted in a gar- 
ment, to strengthen or enlarge some part. 

Gust, n. A squall. See under Gush. 

Gust, gust, Gus'to, n. The sense or pleasure of tast- 
ing; keen appreciation ; relish; capacity for enjoy- 
ment ; taste. — Gusfatory, -to-rl, a. Pert, to taste. 

Gut, gut, n. The intestinal caHal of an animal; a 
string made from an intestine; a narrow passage or 
channel of water. lA. The whole mass of intestines. 
— V. t. To take out the bowels from, eviscerate; to 
destroy the interior of. 

Gutta, gufta, n. ; j'l- -t-e, -te. A drop. (^Arch.) One 
of a series of ornaments, 
shaped like a frustum of 
a cone, beneath the tri- 
glyphs, also the mutules, 
in the Doric order. — Gut'- 
ter, ?i.. A channel for con- 
veying away rain from a 
roof, also at the road side, etc. — v. t. [guttered 
(-tard), -TERING.] To form into small, longitudinal 
hollows or channels. — i-. i. To become hollowed or 
channeled. — Guftiform, a. Drop-shaped. 

Gutta-percha, gut'ta-per'cha, n. An inelastic inspis- 
sated sap from trees of the Malayan archipelago, re- 
sembling caoutchouc in its properties. 




Gutta. 



Guttural, gufter-al, a. Pert, to, or formed in, the 
throat. — n. A letter pronounced in the throat. 

Guy, gi, n. A rope or rod attached to anything to 
steady it. 

Guy, gi, 11. A grotesque effigy of Guy Fawkes, dressed 
up m Eng., on Nov. 5th, anniversary of the Gunpow- 
der Plot; a person of queer dress or appearance. 

Guzzle, guz'zl, V. i. [-zled (-zld), -zling.] To swal- 
low liquor greedily, drink frequently. — v. t. To 
swallow much or often. — n. An insatiable person. 

Gybe, jib, v. t. & i. [gybed (jibd), gybing.] {J^aut.) 
To shift from one side of a vessel to the other. 

Gymnasium, jini-na''zl-um, n. ; jjL -sia, -zl-a. A place 
for athletic exercises; school fox the higher branches 
of literature and science. — Gym^nast, n. One who 
teaches or practices gymnastic exercises ; manager 
of a gymnasium. — Gymnas'tic, -tical, a. Pert, to, 
etc. — G3nnnas'tically, adc. — Gymnas'tic, n. Ath- 
letic exercise; one who practices or teaches, etc. — 
Gymnas'tics, 'a. Athletic exercises, or the art of 
performing, etc. 

Gypsum, jip''sum, n. (Jifin.) A mineral consisting of 
sulphate of lime and 21 per cent, of water: when 
burnt to drive off the water, and ground up, it forms 
plaster of Paris. 

Gypsy, Gipsy, Gypsey, jip''sl, n. ; toI. -sies, -siz. One 
of a vagabond race, orig. fr. India, living by theft, 
fortune-telling, tinkering, etc. ; a cunning or crafty 
person. 

G3nrus, ji'^rus, n. ;p?. -EI, -ri. (^Anat.) A convolution of 
the brain. — Gy'ratOj-rat, v. i. To revolve round a cen- 
tral point, move spirally.— Gs^a'tion, n. Act of turn- 
ing or whirling around a fixed center; a circular oi" 
spiral motion; rotation. — Gy'ratory, -to-rt, a. Mo"* 
ing in a circle, or spirally. — Gyx'falcon, jer''f aw-kn, 
n. A falcon from the far north, bolder and stron- 
ger than the peregrine or common European falcon. 
— ^y'roscope, -skop, n. A rotating wheel mounted 
in a rin^ or rings, illustrating the dynamics of rota- 
ting bodies, composition of rotations, etc. 

Gyve, jiv, n. A shackle, esp. one to confine the legs; 
a fetter. — v. t. [gyved (jivd), ayrm G.] To fetter. 



H. 



B, ach, the 8th letter of the Eng. alphabet, commonly 
classed as a consonant, is a mere breathing, aspira- 
ting a following vowel. (Mus.) The 7th degree in 
the diatonic scale, used by Germans for B natural. 

Ha, liii, inter:). An exclamation of surprise, joy, or 
grief. 

Habeas Corpus, ha'be-as-k^r'pus. (Law.) A writ to 
bring a party before a court or judge; esp., one to 
inquire into the cause of a person's imprisonment 
or detention by another, to protect the right to per- 
sonal liberty. [L., you may have the body.] 

Haberdasher, hab'er-dash'er, n. A seller of small 
wares, such as tapes, pins, needles, thread, etc. 

Habiliment, ha-bil'T-ment, n. A garment ; clothing. 

Habit, hab'it, n. The usual condition of a person or 
thing ; ordinary state ; esp. physical temperament ; 
fixed custom ; involuntary tendency or aptitude 
to perform certain actions, acquired by their fre- 
quent repetition ; manner ; way ; custom ; moral 
character ; attire ; dress ; habiliment ; a garment, 
esp. a closely fitting coat worn by ladies. — v. t. To 
dress, clothe, array. — Hab'itant, n. An inhabitant; 
dweller; resident. — Hab'itable, a. — Hab^'itableness, 
-a/bil'lty, -tt, n. — Hab'itancy, -an-sT, n. Same as 
Inhabitancy. — Habita'tion, n. Act of inhabit- 
ing ; state of dwelling : place of abode ; mansion ; 
residence. — Habit'ual, -u-al, a. Formed or ac- 
quired by, or according to, habit ; rendered per- 
manent by continued causes. — Habifually, adv. — 
Habit''uate, i>. t. To make accustomed, accustom; 
familiarize. — Habifua'tion, n. Act of, or state of 
being, etc. — Hab''itnde, -tud, n. Frequent repeti- 
tion of an act or feeling, and its resulting conse- 



(luence ; customary manner or mode of living, feel- 
ing, or acting. — Habitue, a-bit'oo-a', n. One habit- 
uated to a certain place, employment, etc. ; a fre- 
quenter. 

Hack, hak, v. t. [hacked (hakt), hacking.] To cut 
irregularly and awkwardly, notch ; to speak with 
stops or hesitation. — v. i. To cough in a broken 
manner, hawk. — w. A notch ; cut; hesitating or 
faltering speech. — Hag'gle, v. t. [-gled (-gld), 
-GLING.] To cut into small pieces; to roughen by 
cutting; to tease, worry. — v. i. To be difficult in 
bargaining, chaffer, higgle. — Hig'gle, r. i. [-gled 
(-gld), -GLING.] To carry provisions about for sale ; 
to chaffer. 

Hack, hak, n. A horse, or carriage, let out for com- 
mon hire; a family horse used in all kinds of work; 
a man who hires "himself out for literary work ; a 
drudge ; a large pick for working stone ; a rack for 
feeding cattle; a frame for drying fish, or cheeses; a 
place where bricks are dried" before burning ; the 
wooden frame in the tailrace of a mill. — a. Hack- 
neyed; hired; mercenary. — Hack'ney, -nT, n. ; pi. 
-XEVS, -niz. A hack; nag; pony; one worn by hired 
drudgery; a hireling; prostitute. — a. Let out for 
hire; prostitute; much used; common; trite. — v. t. 
[hackneyed (-nid), -keying.] To devote to com- 
mon use, as a horse or coach; to make trite or com- 
monplace. 

Hackberry, hak'bSr-rT, n. An Amer. tree, resembling 
an elm, bearing a small, edible fruit. 

Hackle, hak'l, Heck'le, Hatch'el, hach'l, v. t. [-led 
(-Id), -LING.] To separate, as the coarse part of flax 
or hemp from the fine, by drawing it through the 



am, fame, far, pdas or operi, fire ; end, eve, term ; tn, Ice ; 8dd, tSne, 6r ; 



HACKMATACK 



171 



HAND 




teeth of a hackle or hatchel; to tear rudely asunder. 

— n. An instrument with teeth lor separating 
(coarse flax from fine) ; any flimsy substance un- 
spun, as raw silk; a fly for angling. 

Hackmatack, hak'ma-tak, n. The black larch or 
tamarack tree. 

Had. See Have. 

Haddock, had'^dok, n. A sea-fish smaller than the cod, 
which it resembles 

Hades, ha''dez,«. The hab- 
itution of the dead 

Haft, haft, n. A handle 
(of a sword, etc.); hilt. tt jj i^ 

Hag, hag, n. An ugly old Haddock. 

woman; a fury; she-monster; a witch; sorceress. — 
Hag'gard, a. Appearing wasted by want; thin; hol- 
low-eyed. 

Haggard, hag^gard, a. Wild or intractable. — n. An 
untrained hawk; anything wild or intractable. 

Haggle. See under Hack, v. t. 

Hagiographa, hag-t-og''ra-f a, n. pi. That part of the 
Old Testament not embraced by the Law and the 
Prophets; the lives of the saints. — Hagiol'ogy, -jT, n. 
A narrative of the lives of the saints. 

Haguebut, hag^'but or hag''e-but. See Aequebuse. 

Hah, interj. Same as Ha. 

Ha-ha, ha-ha', n. A fence, wall, or ditch sunk in a 
slope so as not to be seen until one is close upon it. 

Hail, hal, n. Frozen rain, or grains of ice precipi- 
tated from the clouds. — v. i. [hailed (hald), hail- 
ing.] To pour down masses of ice or frozen vapor. 

— V. t^ To pour down, as hail. 

Hail, hal, interj. An exclamation of salutation. — n. 
A wish of health; a salutation. — v. t. To call to one 
at a distance ; to salute ; to name, address. In the 
phrase, to hailfrom,to assign as a ship's port of reg- 
istry, or the place whence one comes or to which 
one belongs. —Hale, a. Sound; healthy; robust. 

Hair, hSr, n. A small animal filament growing from 
the skin, or a mass of such. {Bat.) A filament on the 
surface of plants. (MecJi.) Asecondaryspringinsome 
rifle or pistol locks, to unlock the tumbler. — Hair^y, 
-T, a. Made of, covered with, or like, etc. — Hair'- 
iness, n. — Haix'^less, a. Without hair. — Hair''- 
breadth, n. The diameter or breadth of a hair; a 
very small distance. — a. Very narrow. 

Hake, hak, n. A sea-fish of 
the cod family, having 
only 2 dorsal fins. 

Halberd, hoKberd, -bert, n. 
Ah ancient weapon, a „ i^ 

combination of battle-ax, iiaKe. 

spear, and biU-hook, with a handle 6 ft. long. 

Halcyon, haKst-on, n. The king-fisher. — a. Pert, to, 
or like the halcyon, which was said to lay her eggs 
near the sea during the calm weather about the 
winter solstice; peaceful; happy. 

Hale, hal, a. Sound; healthy. 

Hale, hal or hawl, v. t. [haled (hald or hawld), hal- 
ing.] To drag, haul. 

Half, haf, n. ; pi. Halves, havz. One of 2 equal parts 
ot i thing. — a. Consisting of a moiety, or half . — 
ai/r. In part, or in an equal part or degree.— Halve, 
hiiv, ?,'. t. [halved (havd), halving.] To divide 
into 2 equal parts. — Half-and-half ', n. A mixture 
of beer or porter and ale. — blood, «. Relation be- 
tween persons born of the same father or of the same 
mother, but not of both. — blood'ed, a. Proceeding 
from a male and female of diiferent breeds or races; 

degenerate ; mean. breed, n. A person who is 

hali-blooded ; esp. the offspring of Indians and 
whites. — broth'er, n. A brother by one parent 
only. — sis'ter, n. — caste, n. One horn of a Hindoo 
pa'-ent on the one side, and of a Etiropean on the 
other. — cock, n. The position of the cock of a gun 
when retained by the first notch. — note, n. (Mus.) 
A minim, in value 




one half of a semi- 
breve, or whole note, 
and represented thus: 
— pay, n. Half the 
amount of wages or 
salary; more common- 



i 



7=^ 



2± 



:^ 



HaU Notes. 



ly, rtiniinished orreduced pay. — ^penny, haf'pen-nT, 
hap'pen-nt,orha''pen-nT,n.pZ.; Half-pence, haf'-. 



An English coin worth 1 cent ; the value of half a 
penny. — step, ti. {Mua.) A semitone. — tone, 
-ton. A middle tint, neither very dark nor very 
light, in a painting, engraving, photograph, etc.; a 
photo-engraving having such tints. — way, adv. In 
the middle; at half the distance, — a. Midway. 

Halibut, hoKT-but, n. A large, edible flat-fish, dark 
above and white beneath. 

Hall, hawl, n. A building or large room devoted to 
public business or domestic convenience ; a pas- 
sage-way at the entrance of a house or suite of cham- 
bers ; a manor-house ; a large edifice belonging to a 
collegiate institution; a place of public assembly ; a 
college in an English university. ' 

Halleluiah, -jah, hal'le-lu'ya, APlelu'iah, n. & intery. 
Praise ye Jeliovah, — an exclamation. 

Halloo, hal-loo', v. i. [-looed (-Idod'), -looing.] To 
cry out, call to by name, or by the word halloo.— v. t. 
To encourage with shouts, chase with shouts, call or 
shout to. — n. A call to invite attention. — inte7j . 
Ho, there! hoi 

Hallow, haKlo, v. t. [-lowed (-lod), -lowing.] To 
make holy, consecrate, treat as sacred.— Hal'loween', 
-en', n. The evening preceding All Saints' day. 

Hallucination, hal-lu'sT-na'shun, n. Error; delusion; 
mistake ; an illusion of sensible perception, occa- 
sioned by some bodily or organic disorder. 

Halo, ha'lo, n. ; pi. Ha'los, -loz. A circle of light; in 
painting, a glory ; a luminous circle round the sun 
or moon. — r. t. or i. [haloed (-lod), haloing.] 
To form, or surround with, a halo. 

Halt, hawlt, v. i. To stop in walking or marching ; 
to step lamely, limp; to nesitate ; to nave an irregu- 

• lar rhythm. — v.t. {Mil.) To cause to cease march- 
ing ; to stop. — a. Halting in walking; lame. — n. 
A stop in marching; act of limping; lameness. 

Halter, hawl'ter, n. A strong strap or cord ; esp. a 
strap and headstall for a horse ; a rope for hanging 
malefactors. — v. t. [haltered (-terd), -ieking.j 
To put a halter on. 

Halve. See under Half. 

Halyard, Halliard, hal'yard, n. (Naut.) A rope or 
tackle for hoisting or lowering yards, sails, flags, etc. 

Ham, ham, n. The inner or hind part of the knee; 
the thigh of any animal, esp. that of a hog cured by 
salting and smoking. —Ham'string, «. One of the 
tendons of the leg. — v. t. [hamstrung or -stringed 
(-stringd), -stringing.] To lame or disable by cut- 
ting the_tendons, etc. 

Hames, hamz, n. pi. The curved pieces fastening a 
horse's traces and harness to the collar. 

Hamlet, ham'let, n. A small village. 

Hammer, ham'mer, n. An instrument for driving 
nails, beating metals, etc.; something of like form 
or action, as the striker of a clock, gun lock, etc. — 
V. t. [hammered (-merd), -mering.] To beat, form, 
or forge with a hammer; to contrive by intellectual 
labor, — v. i. To be busy; to be in agitation. 

Hammock, ham'mok, n. A netting or cloth suspended 
by clews, to hold a bed, ^ _>.^'<^5 — ^KN ^^ ^ 

Hamper, ham'pSr, w. A ' " ' 

large basket for con- 
veying things to mar- 
ket, etc. An instru- ""Wf/^^Sf^mmm/// ' 
ment that shackles; a WwMmmW 

fetter. — V. t. [ham- Hammock. 

pered (-perd), -per- 
ing.] To put a fetter on, shackle, encumber. 

Hand, hand, n. The outer extremity of the human 
arm, consisting of the palm, thumb, and fingers; 
that which resembles a hand, as, a limb of certain 
animals, or an index or pointer of a dial; a measure 
of the hand's breadth; 4 inches; a palm, — applied 
to the measurement of ahorSe's height; side; part; 
direction; power of performance; skill; actual per- 
formance; deed; act; an agfent, servant, or laborer; 
style of handwriting ; chirography ; possession ; 
ownership ; course of performance or execution ; 
agency in the transmission from one person to an- 
other; that which is held in a hand at once. — v. t. 
To give, transmit, lead, guide, or lift, with the 
hand.— Hand''y,-t,a. [-ier, -iest.] Skillful in using 
the hand ; dexterous ; adroit ; ready to the hand ; 
convenient. — Hand'ily, adv. — Hand 'cuff, n. A fas- 




stin, cube, full ; moon, f<36t ; cow, oil j linger or ink, then, boNboN, ciiair, get. 



HANG 



172 



HARM 



tening consisting of a rin^ around the wrist, usually 
connected by a chain witTi one on the other wrist; a 
manacle. — r. t. [haxdcuffed (-kuft), -cuffixg.] 
To put handcuffs on; to manacle. — Hand^ful, -ful, 
w. .- pi. -Ft'LS. As much as the hand will contain:' a 
small quantity or number. — Hand'^maid, -maiden, 
n. A maid tliat waits at hand; a female servant. — 
Hand' writ 'ing, n. The form of writing peculiar to 
each hand or person; chirography; what is-written 
by hand; manuscript. — Hand^'icap, n. A race in 
w'hich the horses carry diiierent weights, according 
to their age and character for speed, etc., to equalize 
the chances as much as possible ; an allowance of 
a certain amount of time or distance in starting, 

f ranted in a race to the competitor possessing in- 
erior advantages. — v. t. To encumber with a 
handicap ; to hamper. — Hand'icraft, n. Manual 
occunation; work performed by the hand. — Hand- 
icraftsman, n. ; pi. -MEX. A man skilled in manual 
occupation ; a manufacturer. — Hand'iwork, ?i. 
Work done by the hands. — Hand'kercliief, hank'- 
er-chif, n. A cloth, for wiping the face, etc.; a neck- 
erchief; neckcloth. — Hand'le, -1, v. t. [-led (-Id), 
-LiXG.] To touch; to use or hold with the hand; to 
manage or wield; to make familiar bj' frequent 
touching; to deal with, practice; to treat;' to practice 
on, transact with; to discourse on, discuss. — n. That 
part of a vessel orinstrument held in the hand when 
used.— Hand'some, han-'sum, a. [-somer, -somest.] 
Having a pleasing appearance or expression; come- 
ly; good-looking; marked with propriety and ease; 
appropriate; liberal; generous; moderately large. 
Hang, hang, v. t. [hanged (hangd) or huxg, hang- 
ing. Hanged is preferable to hung when reference 
is had to execution by suspension.] To suspend; to 
fasten, so as to allow of free motion upon the point or 
points of suspension; to put to death bv suspending; 
to decorate by hanging pictures, tropliies, drapery, 
etc.; to droop. — v. i. To be suspended, dandle, de- 
pend; to be fastened so as to allow free motion on 
the point of suspension; to rest for support, depend; 
to be a weight; to hover, impend; to lean or in- 
cline. — n. The manner in which one part hangs 
upon another; connection; arrangement; plan. — 
Hang'er, n. One who, or that which, etc. ; a short 
sword; that by which a thing is suspended, esp. 
(Mack.) a part suspending a journal-box, in which 
shafting runs. — Hang''er-on, n. One who hangs on, 
or sticks to, a person, place, or plan; a dependent.— 
Hang'ing, n. Death by suspension; that which is 
hung, as, drapery for a room. — Hang'-dog, n. A de- 
graded man, fit only to be the hangman of dogs. — 
a. Like, etc. — Hang''- 
man, n. ; pi. -men. One 
who hangs another ; a 
public executioner. — 
Hang''nail, n. A small 
piece of skin hanging f r. 
the rootof aflnger-nail. — 
Hang'bird, ?i. The Balti- 
more oriole, — whose nest 
hangs from the limb of a 
tree. — nest, 7i. The nest 
of, etc.— Hang 'ing- but- 
tress, n. (Arch.') A but- 
tress supported upon a 
corbel, and not standing 
solid on the foundation. 

— Hank, hank, n. Two 
or more skeins of yarn 
or thread tied together. 
(jVaui.) A ring sliding on 
a stay, to which a sail is 

bent. — Hank'er, v. i. [-ered (-erd), -bring.] 
desire vehemently. 

Hap, hap, n. That which happens or comes suddenly 
or unexpectedly; chance; fortune; accident; casual 
event; fate; lot. — v. i. [happed (hapt), -PiXG.] To 
happen, befall, come by chance. — Hap'ly, -IT, adv. 
By hap, chance, or accident; perhaps. — Hap'^less, a. 
Without hap or luck; unfortunate ; unhappy. — 
Hag'-haz'ajd, n. Extra hazard; chance; accident. 

— Hap'pen, -pn, v. i. [-pened (-pnd), -pexing.] To 
come by chance, fall out; to take place, occur. — 
Hap'py, -pT, a. [-piek, -piest.] Favored by hap. 




Hang-nest. 



To 



luck, or fortune; successful; enjoying good; de- 
lighted; satisfied; secureof good;prosperous;blessed; 
furnishing enjoyment; propitious ;favorable. — Hap'- 
pily, -pl-ll, adv. By good fortune ; in a happy man- 
ner, state, or circumstances; with address or dexter- 
ity; luckily; successfully; felicitously; gracefully. — 
Hap'piness, n. 

Hara-kfri, ha'ra-ke'rT, n. A Japanese method of sui- 
cide by cutting _ open the stomach. [Incorrectly 
written hari-kari.'] 

Harangue, ha-rang'', n. A speech addressed to a pub- 
lic assembly; a popular oration; declamation; rant- 
ing. — V. i. [harangued (-rangd'), -rangcing.] To 
address a large assembly. — v. t. To address by a 
harangue. 

Harass, nar-'as, v. t. [-assed (-ast), -assing.] To f»- 
tigue to excess; to weary with importunitj', care, or 
perplexity; to annoj^ an enertiy by repeated and un- 
looked-for attacks ; to weary, jade, tease, vex, dis- 
turb. 

Harbinger, har'bin-jer, n. An officer of the Eng. 
royal household who precedes the court when trav- 
eling, to provide lodgings, etc.; a forerunner; pre- 
cursor. —v. <. [harbingered (-jerd), -gering.] To 
precede and announce, usher in. 

Harbor, har'ber. ?i. A place of security and comfort; 
a lodging ; asylum; a refuge for ships; port or haven. 

— v.t. [harbored (-herd), -BORING.] To entertain 
as a guest, shelter; to protect (a ship from storms); 
to secrete (a thief); to indulge, cherish (malice, etc.). 

— V. i. To lodge or abide for a time ; to take shelter. 
Hard, hard, a. Not easily penetrated, or separated 

into parts ; not yielding to pressure ; difficult to 
penetrate with the understanding; difiicult to ac- 
complish; full of obstacles; difficult to resist or con- 
trol; difficult to bear or endure; severe; oppressive; 
unreasonable; unjust; difficult to please or touch; 
not easy to influence; not agreeable to the taste; 
rough, acid, sour, as liquors. (Pron.) Abrupt or 
explosive in utterance. — adv. With pressure; with 
urgency; diligentlj'; earnestlj'; with difficulty; un- 
easily; vexatiously; vigorously; energetically; rap« 
idly; violently. — 'Hard'ly, adv. In a difficult man- 
ner; scarcely; barely; severely; harshly; roughly. 

— Hard'en, -n, v. t. [-exed (-nd), -exing.] To 
make hard or more hard; to indurate; to strengthen, 
inure; to confirm in wickedness, obstinacy, etc. — 
V. i. To become hard or more hard, acquire solid- 
ity; to become strengthened. —Hard'ener, -n-er, re. 
One who hardens. — Hard'hack, n. A very astrin- 
gent plant, common in pastures. — Hard'^hip, w. 
That which is hard to bear, — as toil, injury, etc. — 
Hard^ware, n. Ware made of metal, as cutlery, 
kitchen furniture, etc. — Hard''-fa'vored, a. Having 
coarse or harsh features. — fist'ed, a. Having hard 
or strong hands, as a laborer; covetous; niggardly. 
— Hard'y, -T, a. [-ier, -iest.] Bold; brave ; stout ; 
intrepid; full of assurance; impudent; strong; firm; 
compact ; inured to fatigue ; able to bear exposure 
to cold weather. — Hard'ihood, -iness, n. Boldness, 
united with firmness and constancy of mind ; au- 
dacity; impudence. — Hard'Hy, adv. 

Hare, har, «. A swift rodent, having long hind legs and 
ears, short tail, and divided 
upper lip. — Hare''-lip, n. 
A lip, commonly the upjjer 
one, having a fissure or per- 
pendicular division like 
that of a hare. — Har'rier, 
har''rt-er, n. A k i n d of 
hound used in hunting Hare. 

hares. 

Harem, ha'rem, n. The apartments allotted to females 
in the East; the wives and concubines belonging to 
one man. 

Harier, Harrier. See under Hare and Harry. 

Hark, hark, v. i. To listen. [Imperat. of hearken, q. v.] 

Harlequin, har'le-kin or -kwin, n. A buffoon, dressed 
in party-colored clothes ; a merry-andrew ; zany. 

Harlot, har'lot, n. A prostitute; strumpet. — Har'^lot* 
ry, -rT, n. Trade or practice of, etc.; prostitution. 

Harm, harm, n. Injury; hurt; damage; misfortune; 
evil; wickedness. — v.t. [harmed (harmd), harm- 
ing.] To hurt, damage.— Harm^ful, -ful, a. Full of 
harm; injurious. — HarmHesB, a. Free' from harm 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; 



HARMONY 



173 



HATCHMENT 



•r from power or disposition to harm; innocent; un- 
harmed. — Harm'^lesBly, adv. — Harm''lesBiiess, n. 

Aarmony, har'mo-nl, n. Just adaptation of parts to 
each other; concord, or agreement in facts, opinions, 
manners, interests, etc. ; a literary work which 
brings together parallel passages respecting the same 
events, and shows their consistency. {Mus.) Musical 
concord ; a succession of chords according to the 
rules of progression and modulation ; science of 
their construction and progression. — Harmo'iiious, 
-nl-us, a. Adapted to each other ; symmetrical ; 
agreeing in action or feeling; musically concordant; 
symphonious. — Hannc'niously, adv. — Hannon''ic, 
-ical, a. Concordant; musical; consonant. (Mu».) 
Relating to harmony or music; harmonious. {Math.) 
Having relations or properties bearing some resem- 
blance to those of musical consonances. — Harmon''- 
ics, n. sing. & pi. Sing. Doctrine or science of mu- 
sical sounds. PI. (3Ius.) Secondarj' tones which 
accompany any principal, and apparently simple, 
tone, as the octave, the 12th, the 15th, and the 17th. 
— Har'^monist, n. One who shows the harmony of 
corresponding passages of different authors, as of 
the 4 evangelists. (Mas.) A musical composer. — 
Hamio''iuum, -nt-um, n. A keyed instrument of 
music, in which the tones are produced by the vibra- 
tion of free reeds. — Har^monize, v. i. [-nized 
(-nizd), -NizixG.] To agree in action, adaptation, 
or effect on the mind; to be in peace and friendship, 
as individuals or families ; to agree in vocal or mu- 
sical effect. — V. t. To adjust in fit proportions, cause 
to agree ; to show the harmony of. (31us.) To ac- 
company with harmony. — Har''moniz''er, 7i. 

Harness, har-'nes, n. The iron covering which a sol- 
dier formerly wore ; armor of a horse; equipments 
of a draught horse ; tackle; tackling; the part of a 
loom comprising the heddles with their mesins of 
support and motion. — i'. t. [haexessed (-nest), 
-XESSING.] To dress in armor, equip lor defense, 
make ready for draught. 

Harp, harp, n. An upright, stringed instrument of 
music, usually 
played witn 
the fingers of 
both hands. — 
V. i. [harped 
(harpt), HAEF- 
ING.] To play 
on the harp; to 
dwell tediously 
or monotonous- 
ly in speaking 
or writing. — 
Harp'er, -ist, n. 
A player on the 
harp. — Harp'- 
sichord, -si- 
k6rd, n. A mu- 
sical i n s t r u - 
ment, now su- 
perseded by 
the piano-forte. 

Harping-iron, 
harp 'ing-i'Sm, 
Harpoon', 
-poon'', n. A 
barbed javelin, 
with cord at- 
t a c h e d , for 
striking large 
fish, whales, H 

etC.—V.t. [HAE- ^ 

pooNED (-poond'), -POOXiNG.] To catch or kill with, 
etc. 

Harpings, harp'ingz, n. pi. (^Naut.) The fore parts 
of the wales, encompassing the bow of a ship. 

Harpy, har^pt, n. ; pi. -pies, -piz. {Myth.) A fabu- 
lous winged monster, ravenous and filthy, having 
a woman's face and vulture's body. One who is ra- 
pacious; an extortioner, plunderer. (Oniith.) The 
marsh harrier. A large, crested, stout-legged, preda- 
ceous bird of Mexico and South America, — the 
harpy eagle. 

HarquebiiBe. Same as Aequebuse. 

Harridan, har''rY-dan, n. A decayed strumpet; a hag. 




Harrier, n. A dog. See under Hake, -r- A bird. See 
under Haery. 

Harrow, har''ro, n. An iron-toothed instrument drawa 
over plowed land to level it and break the clods, 
and to cover seed when sown. — v. L [haerowed 
(-rod), -ROWING.] To draw a harrow over, to break 
clods and level the surface or to cover seed sown; 
to lacerate, torment, harass. — Har'rower, n. One 
who harrows; a hawk; a harrier. 

Harry, har''rl, v. t. [-ried (-rid), -rying.] To strip, 
pillage ; to worry, harrow. — Har'rier, -rt-gr, n. A 
low-flying bird of the falcon family, of several spe- 
cies. 

Harsh, harsh, a. Rough to the touch, taste, or feel- 
ing ; grating; austere; severe. — Harsh^ness, w. 

Hart, hiirt, n. A stag ; the male of the red deer. — 
Harts'horn, n. The antler of the hart, or male 
deer. — Scdt of harts7ioni. An impure solid carbon- 
ate of ammonia, obtained by distillation of harts- 
horn. — Spirit of h. A solution of carbonate of am- 
monia. 

Harum-scarum, hSr^'um-skar'um, a. Wild ; rash. 

Harvest, har'vest, n. The season of gathering crops; 
that which is reaped; product of any labor; gain. — 
V. t. To reap or gather (fruits, etc.). 

Has. SA. piei'son sing . o/Have. 

Hash, hash, v. t. [hashed (hasht), hashing.] To 
chop into small pieces, mince and mix. — n. That 
which is chopped up ; minced meat, or meat and 
vegetables minced; a second preparation or exhibi- 
tion of old matter. 

Hasheesh, -ish, hash'esh, re. A slightly acrid, narcotic 
and intoxicating gum-resin, produced by common 
hemp when cultivated in warm climates. 

Haslet, has'let, n. Inwards of a beast, esp. of a hog, 
used for food. 

Hasp, hasp, n. A clasp, esp. one that passes over a 
staple to be fastened oy a padlock; a spindle to wind 
thread on. — v.t. [hasped (haspt), hasping.] To 
fasten with a hasp. 

Hassock, has''sok, n. A thick mat for kneeling in 
church. 

Hast. 2d person sing. o/Have. 

Hastate, has'tat, -tated, a. {Bot.) Shaped like the 
head of a halberd. 

Haste, hast, re. Celerity of motion; 
state of being urged or pressed by 
business; sudden excitement of 
feeling or passion; dispatch; hurry; 
precipitation. — Haste, Has'ten, 
has'n, V. t. [hast''ed, hastened 
(has'nd); hast'ing, has'tening.] 
To drive or urge forward, push on, 
expedite, hurry. — v. i. To move 
with celerity, be rapid, speedj% or i 
q u i c k . — Hast'y, -T, a. [-ier, 
-iest.] Quick ; speedy ; forward ; 
eager; precipitate; rash; caused by, 
or indicating, passion. 

Hat, hat, n. A covering for the head, esp. one with 
a crown and brim.— Hafter, n. One who makes or 

Hatch, hack, v. t. [hatched (hacht), hatching.] To 
produce from eggs by incubation, or by artificial 
heat; to contrive or plot; to originate. — v. i. To 
produce young, bring the young to maturity. — w. 
As many chickens as are produced at once; a orood; 
act of exclusion from the egg; disclosure; discovery. 

Hatch, hach, v. t. To cross with lines in a peculiar 
manner in drawing and engraving. — Hatch'et, n. 
A small, short-handled ax, to be used with one hand. 
—To bury the hatchet. To make peace. — 2b take up 
the h. To make war, — fr. practice of Amer. Indians. 

Hatch, hach, n. A door with an opening over it; a 
weir for catching fish; a floodgate; a bed-frame; the 
frame of cross-bars laid over the opening in a ship'g 
deck; cover of the opening ih a deck or floor, or into 
a cellar ; hatchway. — Hatch'-boat, n. A swift-sail- 
ing, yacht-like fishing boat, having a small sail at 
the stern and no bowsprit. — way, n. An opening 
in a deck, floor, etc., covered by a hatch or trap- 
door. 

Hatchel. Same as Hackle. 

Hatchet. See under Hatch, to cross with lines. 

Hatchment, hach'ment, n. {Her.) A frame bearing 




Hastate Leaf. 



sQn, cube, full ; moon, f66t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



HATE 



174 



HEAD 



the escutcheon of a 
dead person, placed 
in front of the house, 
on a hearse, or in a 
ehnrch. An ornament 
on the hilt of a sword. 
Hate, hat, v. t. To have 
a great aversion to, 
dislike, regard with 
ill-will, abhor, detest, 
loathe. — n. Strong 
dislike or aversion ; 
hatred. — Hat'er, n. 
— Hat'able, a. — 
Hate-'ful, -ful, a. 
3Ianifesting hatred 




Hatchment. 




exciting or deserving dislike or disgust; odious; de- 
testable ; loathsome; malignant. — Hate'fully, «(/r. 

— Hate'fulness, n. — Ha'tred, n. Very great dislike; 
odium; enmity; rancor; repugnance; antipathy. 

Hauberk, haw'berkjW. A shirt of mail formed of steel 
rings interwoven. 

Haughty, haw'tr, a. [-tier, -tiest.] High; lofty; 
having a high opinion of one's self, with contempt 
for others ; expressing or indicating haughtiness; 
proud ; arrogant ; scornful ; imperious. — Haugh''- 
tily, -tt-lT, adv. — Haugh'tiness, n. Quality of be- 
ing, etc. ; superciliousness ; loftiness. — Hauteur, 
o-ter', n. Haughty manner or spirit ; haughtiness ; 
pride. [F.] 

Haul, hawl, v. t. [hauled (hawld), hauling.] To 
pull or draw with force; to drag; to transport by 
drawing. — v.i. (JVaut.) To change the direction of 
a ship, sail with changed course. To pull apart, as 
badly trained oxen, when yoked. — n. A pulling 
with force ; a draught of a net ; that taken at once (by 
hauling a net, etc.). 

Haulm, Halm, Haum, hawm, n. The stem or stalk of 
grain, beans, etc.; straw. 

Haunch, hanch, ji. The hip; thigh; hind quarter; that 
part of an animal 
body between loin 
and buttock. See 
HoESE. — Haunches 
of anarch. (Arch.) 
The parts between 
the crown and the 

HauntllJaft, V. t. To ^ ^' Haunches of an Arch, 
frequent, resort to frequently; to visit pertinacious- 
ly or intrusively; to infest, as a ghost or apparition. 

— V. i. To persist in staying or visiting. — n. A 
place to which one frequently resorts. 

Hautboy, ho'boi, n. An oboe; a wooden musical pipe, 
with a reed, finger holes, and keys, resemb- 
ling the clarionet. A treble stop in an organ. 
( Bot.) A sort of strawberry. 

Hauteur. See under Haughty. 

Have, hav, v. t. [had, havixg. Indie, pres- 
ent, I hare, thou hast, he has; we, ye, they 
have.'] To own, hold in possession; to pos- 
sess, as something which appertains to, is 
connected with, or affects one; to hold, re- 
gard, or esteem; to accept possession of; to 
obtain; hence, to beget or bear (young); to 
cause or procure to be, effect, require; to 
cause or force to go; to take; to take or hold 
one's self; to be under obligation. 

Havelock, hav'e-lok, ?i.' A light cloth cover- 
ing for the head and neck, used by soldiers. 

Haven, ha'vn, n. A harbor ; port ; place of 
safety; shelter; asylum. 

Haversack, hav'er-sak, n. A bag in which a J [ant- 
soldier carries his rations when on a march; Ooy. 
leather bag for carrying charges from ammunition 
chest to gun. 

Havoc, hav'ok, n. Wide and general destruction ; dev- 
astation ; waste. — i\ t. To waste, destroy, lay 
waste. — inter). A cry orig. used in hunting, after- 
ward in war as signal for slaughter. 

Haw, haw, n. A hedge; an inclosed garden or yard; 
the berrv and seed of the hawthorn. — Haw'flnch, n. 
A Email bird; the gross-beak. — Haw'thorn, «. A 
thorny flowerins: slirub or tree, — used in Europe for 
hedges. — Haw-haw, Ha'-ha, n. A fence or ditch 



sunk between slopes, so that it is not perceived till 
approached. 
Haw, haw, n. A hesitation or intermission of speech. 

— V. I. [hawed (hawd), hawing.] To stop, in speak- 
ing, with a sound like haw, speak with hesitation. 

Haw, haw, v. i. To turn to the near side, or toward 
the driver, — said of cattle or a team. — v. t. To 
cause (a team) to turn to the near side (U. S., the 
left side). 

Hawk, hawk, n. A rapacious bird of many species, re- 
sembling the falcons, except in the shortness of its 
wings; a falcon. — v.i. [hawked (hawkt), iiawk- 
ING/I To catch birds bj' means of hawks trained 
for the purpose; to practice falconry; to soar or 
strike like a hawk. 

Hawk, hawk, v. i. To make an effort to force up 
phlegm with noise. — v. t. To raise (phlegm) by 
hawking. — ?}. A noisy effort to force up phlegm 
from the throat. 

Hawk, hawk, v. t. To sell by outcry; to cry, peddle. 

— Hawk'^er, n. A peddler. 

Hawse, hawz, n. {Naut.) The situation of the cables 
before a vessel's stem, when moored with 2 anchors, 
one on either bow; distance ahead to which the ca- 
bles usually extend. — Hawse''hole, n. A hole in 
the bow of a ship, through which a cable passes. ^ 
Haws''er, n. (Naut.) A small cable ; a large rope, in 
size between a cable and a tow-line. 

Hay, ha, n. Grass dried for fodder. — v. i. To cut and 
' dry grass for preservation. — Hay'-cock, n. Aconical 
pile of hay, in the field. — fe'ver, a. {Med.) A catarrh 
accompanied with fever, and sometimes with parox- 
ysms of dyspnoea, to which some persons are sub- 
ject in the spring and summer; hay-asthma; hay- 
cold ; rose-cold ; rose-fever. 

Hazard, haz'ard, n. That which comes suddenly or 
unexpectedly; chance; accident; casualty; danger; 
peril; risk; a game at dice. — v.t. To expose to 
chance or evil : to venture to incur, or bring on; to 
endanger. — v. i. To encounter risk or danger.— 
Haz'^ardous, -us, a. Exposed to hazard; risky; bold; 
daring; precarious; dangerous; uncertain. 

Haze, haz, n. A slight lack of transparency in the air; 
light vapor or smoke in the air ; dimness. — v. i. To 
be hazy. — Ha'zy, -zt, a. Thick with haze. 

Haze, haz, v. t. [hazed (hazd), hazing.] To vex 
with chiding or reproof; to play abusive tricks upon. 

Hazel, ha'zl, n. A nut-bearing shrub or small tree 
used for making hoops, crates, charcoal for gunpow- 
der and crayons, etc. — a. Of alight brown color. 

He, he, proM. [iwm. he; poss. his; mj. him; pi. nom. 
THEY; 730SS. theirs: ohj. THEM.] The man or mascu- 
line being or object named before; any man; the 
man or person ; man ; any male person. — Himself, 
2:>ron. An emphasized form of he; having command 
of himself ; in his true character. — By himself . Alone. 

Head, hed, n. That part of any animal bodj' contain- 
ing the perceptive organs of sense, and foremost or 
uppermost in the creature's locomotion; the upper- 
most, foremost, or most important part of an inani. 
mate object; the larger, thicker, or heavier part or 
extremity; place where the head should go; chief; 
leader; place of honor, or of command; an individ- 
ual; seat of the intellect; brain; understanding: the 
source, fountain, spring, or beginning, as of a stream 
or river; hence, the altitude of the source, and also 
the quantity in reserve, and the pressure resulting 
from either; that part of a gulf or ba.y most remote 
from the outlet; a separate part of a discourse; cul- 
minating point or crisis; strength; force; height; a 
rounded mass of foam on beer, etc.; ahead-dress; 
power ; armed force ; an ear of wlieat, barley, or 
other small cereal; the eatable part of a cabbage, etc. 

— i\ t. To be at the head of; to lead, direct; to form 
a head to, fit or furnish with a head; to get in front 
of, so as to hinder or stop; to check or restrain. — v. 
i. To originate ; to go or tend ; to form a head. — 
Head'ing,' «. Act of providing with a head ; what 
stands at the head ; title ; material for the heads of 
casks. (Mining.) A gallery, drift, or adit in a mine. 
(Sewing.) The extension of a line of ruffling above 
the line of stitch. (Masonry.) End of a stone pre- 
sented outward — Head'y, -t, a. Willful : rash ; 
hasty; apt to affect the head; intoxicating. —Head'*, 
iness, n. Rashness ; stubbornness ; oHstinacy. — ♦ 



Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



HEAL 



175 



HEAVEN 



Head^'ache, n. Pain in the head. — Head'^and, n. 
(&eog.) A cape; promontary. A ridge or strip of 
unplowed land at the ends of furrows, or near a 
fence. — Head'^less, a. Having no head; beheaded; 
destitute of a chief or leader. — Head''long, adv. 
With the headforemost; rashly; precipitately; hasti- 
ly; without delay or respite. — a. Acting without 
deliberation ; hasty ; rash ; steep ; precipitous. — 
Head'ship, n. Authority or dignity; chief place. — 
Heads ''man, n. ; pi. -men. An executioner. — Head'- 
spring, n. Fountain; source; origin. — Head^ stall, n. 
That part of a bridle or halter which encompasses 
the head. — Head'^strong, a. Not easily restrained; 
directed by ungovernable will, or proceeding from 
obstinacy; violent; untractable; stubborn; heady.— 
Head' way, 71. Progress made by a ship in motion; 
progress; success. {Arch.) Clear space or height 
under an arch, over a stairway, etc. 

Heal, hel, v. t. [healed (held), healing.] To make 
hale, sound, or whole; to cure of a disease or wound; 
to remove or subdue ; to restore to original purity or 
integrity ; to reconcile. — v. i. To grow sound, re- 
turn to a sound state. —Heal'ablo, a. — Heal'er, n. 
— Heal''ine, a. Tending to cure; mild; mollifying. 
^ Health, nelth, n. State of being hale, sound, or 
whole, in body, mind, or soul ; esp. the state pf be- 
ing free from physical pain or disease ; a wish of 
health and happiness. — Health'ftil, -ful, a. Free 
from disease ; serving to promote health ; whole- 
some; salutary; indicating, characterized by, or re- 
sulting from, health.— Health'fully, adu.— Health''- 
fulness,TO.— Health'y,-T, a. [-iek, -iest.] Being in a 
state of health ; conducive to health ; sound ; hale ; 
wholesome ; salutary ; salubrious. 

Heald, held, n. A heddle. 

Heap, hep, n. A pjle or mass; a crowd; throng. — 
v.t. [heaped (hept), heaping.] To throw or lay 
in a heap, make a heap of, pile ; to accumulate. 

Hear, her, v. t. [heard (herd), hearing.] To per- 
ceive by the ear; to give attention to, listen to, heed, 
obey ; to attend to for the purpose of judging a 
cause between parties, try; to listen to and answer 
favorably ; to favor. — v. i. To have the sense or 
faculty of perceiving sound ; to perceive or appre- 
hend by the ear, receive by report. — Hear'ing, n. 
Act of perceiving sound ; sense by which sound is 
perceived; attention to what is delivered; audience; 
a listening to facts and evidence, for adjudicatisn ; 
extent within which sound may be heard. — Hear''- 
aay, n. Report ; rumor ; common talk. — Hearken, 
hark'n, v. i. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To listen, give 
heed, hear with attention, obedience, or compli- 
ance. 

Hearse, hers, n. A carriage for conveyingthe dead to 
the grave; monument; tomb. — v. t. To lay in a 
hearse. 

Heart, hart, n. (Anat.) A 
hollow, muscular organ, 
contracting rhythmical- q. 
ly and keeping up the ■' 
circulation of the blood. 
The seat of the affec- 
tionsorsensibilities, also "" 
of the understanding or 
will, and of moral life ™ 
and character ; individ- L 
ual disposition and char- 
acter ; the inmost or 
most essential part of 
any body or system ; 
vital portion ; courage ; 
spirit ; vigorous activ- 
ity ; p o w e r of fertile 
production ; that which 
is heart-shaped, esp. a 
figure like that 
in the margin, 
or one of a se- 
ries of playing- 
cards, distin- 
guished by it. — 
Heart''en,-n,r.«. [-ened 
(-nd), -ENiNO.] To en- 
courage, embolden.— 
Hearfy, -t, a. [-ier, -iest.] Exhibiting the action 





Heart. 



Section of Heart, 
superior vena eava ; 6, pul- 
monary artery ; c, aorta ; d, 
pulmonary artery ; e, pul- 
monary veins;/, left auricle; 
g, mitral valve; h, left ven- 
tricle ; i, septum ; j, right 
ventricle ; k, vena cava in- 
ferior ; in, tricuspid valve ; 
n, right auricle ; o, pulmona- 
ry veins. [See Lung.] 



of the heart; proceeding from the heart; exhibiting 
strength; sound; firm ; promoting strength; nour- 
ishing; rich; sincere ; cordial ; warm ; zealous; vig- 
orous; energetic. -^ Heart'ily, -t-lT, adv. — Hearfi- 
ness, ». — Heart'less, a. Without a heart; destitute 
of sensibility or courage; unsympathetic; cruel. — 
Heart's'-ease, n. Peace or tranquillity of feeling. 
{Bot.) A species of violet; pansy. 

Hearth, harth o?' berth, w. The floor of a fire-place; 
the house itself, considered as the abode of comfort 
and hospitality; a projecting shelf in front of a 
stove; a form of metallurgic furnace; the lower part 
of a blast or reverberatory furnace. 

Heat, het, n. Caloric ; the force, agent, or principle 
in nature which renders bodies solid, fluid, or aeri- 
form, and which we perceive through the sense of 
feeling; sensation caused by caloric, when present 
in excess; high temperature, as disting. fr. low tem- 
perature, or cold ; indication of high temperature; 
redness; high color; flush; state of heing once heat- 
ed or hot ; a single effort, as in a race ; a course ; ut- 
most violence, rage, vehemence; agitation of mind, 
exasperation ; animation in thought or discourse ; 
ardor; fermentation; sexual excitement in animals. 

— V. t. To make hot, communicate heat to, — said 
of inanimate objects ; also of animals, to excite by 
action, or make feverish; also of the passions, to in- 
flame, excite. — v. i. To grow hot by the action of 
fire, by fermentation, or by chemical action. — Heat''- 
er, n. One who, or that which heats. 

Heath, heth, n. {Bot.) A flowering shrub of many 
species. A place overgrown with heath; a desert; 
a cheerless tract of country. — Heath '-cock, n. ( Or. 
nith.) A large bird which frequents heaths ; the 

black grouse. hen, n. The female of, etc. — 

-game, n. The heath-cock, etc. — grass, n. A per- 
ennial, leafy-stemmed grass. — Heather, hSth'Sr, re. 
Heath. — Heath'ery, -er-t, a. — Heathen, he'tlin, re. 
Apagan; idolater; an irreligious, unthinking person. 

— a. Gentile; pagan.— Hea'thendomi-dum, re. That 
part of the world where heatheaism prevails ; hea- 
then nations collectively. — Hea'thenish, a. Pert, 
to, etc. : rude ; savage ; inhuman. — Hea'thenish- 
ness, re. — Hea'thenism, -izm, re. Religious system 
or rites of a heathen nation ; idolatry ; paganism ; 
manners or morals prevalent in a heathen country. 

— Hea'thenize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izino.] To ren-" 
der heajhen or heathenish. 

Heave, hev, v. t. [imp. heaved (hevd) or hove (hSv); 
p. p. HEAVED, sometimes hoven (hov'n) ; heav- 
ing.] To move upward, lift; to raise, elevate; to 
throw, cast, send; to force from or into any position; 
to throw off ; to raise or force from the breast. — v. 
i. To be thrown up, be raised; to rise and fall with 
alternate motions, as the bosom in heavy breathing, 
as waves in a heavy sea, as ships on the billows, etc. ; 
to swell, dilate, distend; to labor, pant; to make an 
effort to vomit, retch. — n. An upward motion ; 
swell or distention, as of the breast, waves, etc. ; an 
effort to raise up something, as the contents of the 
stomach, etc. (GeoL) A horizontal dislocation in 
a lode, at an intersection with another lode. pi. A 
disease of horses characterized by difficult breath- 
ing.— Heav'y, -T, a. Having the heaves. — Heavy, 
heVT, a. [-ier, -iest.] Heaved or lifted with la- 
bor; weighty ; ponderous ; large in size, extent, or 
quantitj' ; bulky ; difficult to move ; not easy to 
bear ; hard to endure ; laden with that which is 
weighty; pregnant; bowed down; slow; sluggish; 
lifeless; dull; inanimate ; strong ; violent ; loud ; 
low, or deep ; clammy ; salid ; not easily digested; 
impeding motion ; cloggy ; clayey ; having much 
bod}' or strength; dark with clouds, or ready to rain. 

— adv. With great weight ; ponderously. — Heav'- 
ily, -T-lt, adv. With great weight; grievously; slow- 
ly; with difficulty. — Heft, re. Weight; ponderous- 
ness. — V. t. To heave up, lift; to try the weight of, 
by raising. 

Heaven, hev^n, n. The arch overhanging the earth ; 
the sky; atmosphere; the dwelling-place or immedi- 
ate presence of God ; the home of the blessed ; the 
Supreme Being ; God; felicity; bliss. — Heav'enly, 
-n-lt, a. Pert, to, resembling, or inhabiting heaven; 
celestial; appropriate to heaven in character or hap- 
piness; perfect; pure; supremely blessed. — adv. In 



siin, cube, full ; moon, idbt ; cow, oil ; ligger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



HEAVY 



176 



HELM 



a manner resembling that of heaven; by the influ- 
ence or agency of heaven. — Heav'enlinesB, n. 

HeaTy, etc. See under Heave. 

Hebdomadal, heb-dom''a-dal, -dary, -da-rl, a. Week- 
ly ; consisting of, or occurring once in, 7 days. — 
Hebdom''adary, n. (Jiom. Cath. Ch.) A member 
of a chapter or convent, whose week it is to perform 
certain services. 

Isbrcw, he'broo, n. One of the ancient inhabitants 
of Palestine ; an Israelite : Jew ; the Hebrew lan- 
guage. — a. Pert, to the Hebrews, or to their lan- 
guage. — Hebra'ic, a. Pert, to the Hebrews ; desig- 
nating their language. — Hebra'ically, adv. After 
the manner of the Hebrew language ; from right 
to left. — He'toraism, -izm, n. A Hebrew idiom ; a 
peculiar expression in the Hebrew language ; the 
Hebraic type of character ; servile and severe al- 
legiance to conscience: stoical self-control; unrelax- 
ing industry. — He^braist, n. One versed in the 
Hebrew language and learning. — Hebraist''ic, a. 
Pert, to, or resembling, Hebrew. — He^braize, v. t. 
To convert into the Hebrew idiom ; to make He- 
brew or Hebraistic. — v. i. To speak Hebrew, or to 
conform to the Hebrew idiom. 

Hecatomb, hek''a-toom, n. {Antiq.') A sacrifice of 
100 oxen or beasts of the same kind; any large num- 
ber of victims. — Hectare, hek-tar', 7i. A measure of 
area= 100 aces, or 10,(XK) square meters =2.4711 acres. 

— Hec'togram, -to-gram, n. A measure of weight ^ 
100 grams or about 3.527 ounces avoirdupois. — Hecto- 
liter, hek-toKt-ter or hek'to-li'ter, n. A measure 
for liquids = 100 liters = 1-lOth cubic meter, nearly 
26i gallons of wine measure. — Hectometer, hek- 

* tom'^e-ter or hek'to-me'ter, n. A measure of length 
= 100 meters, nearly 32.S.0y En^. feet. — Hectostere, 
hek'to-star'', n. A measure ot solidity = 100 cubic 
metei-s = 35.31.05 cubic feet. 

Heckle. Same as Hackle. 

Hectic, hek'tik, -tical, a. Pert, to hectic: habitual; 
constant : affected with hectic fever. — Hec'tic, n. 
{Alecl.) The fever of irritation and debilitv, occur- 
ring usually at an advanced stage of exhausting 
disease, as in pulmonary consumption. 

Hector, hek'ter, ?!. A bully; a blustering, turbulent, 
noisy fellow; one who teases or vexes. — v. t. [hec- 

^TOEED (-terd), -TOKIXG.] To bully, bluster, irritate, 
vex. — V. i. To bluster. [Name of a Trojan warrior.] 

Heddle, hed'dl, n. ( Weavinfj.') One of the threads of 
varn or metal in the harness of a loom ; a heald: each 
heddle has a central eye or loop by which the warp 
thread passing through it is raised or depressed to 
form the shed for the passage of the weft shuttle. 

Hedge, hej, n. A fence or line of bushes (esp. thorn- 
bushes) or small trees thickly set. —t:. «. [hedged 
(hejd), HEDGING.] To inclose or separate with a 
hedge; to hinder from 
progress or success; to sur- 
round for defense, protect, 
hem in ; to surround so as 
to prevent escape. — i-. i. 
To hide as in a hedge, 
skulk; to bet on both sides. 

— Hedge'-hog. n. (ZooL)^ 

A small insectivorous ani- 

mal having p r i c k 1 e s or tt i v. 

spines on the upper part of lledge-nog. 

its body, and able to roll itself into a ball. 

Heed, hed, v. t. To mind, regard with care, take 
notice of, attend to, observe. — n. Attention; notice; 
regard ; careful, reverential, or fearful attention. 

— Heed^fol, -ful, a. Full of heed ; cautious : vig- 
ilant: attentive. — Heed'fuUy, a(h\ — Heed'folness, 
n. — Heed 'IMS, a. Without heed: careless; thought- 
less. — Heed'lessly, adv. — Heed'lessness, n. 

Heel, hel, n. The hinder part of the foot, or of any 
covering for the foot; the latter or remaining part 
of anything ; something heel-shaped ; a protuber- 
ance; a spur, as set on the heel; part of a thing cor- 
responding in position to the human heel, esp. 
(yaut.) the after end of a ship's keel, or the lower 
end of a mast, boom, bowsprit, etc. —v. t. [heeled 
(held), HEELING.] To use the heels in, as in dancing, 
running, etc.; to add a heel to. 

Heel, hel, t>. t. (,Naut.) To incline; to lean, as a ship. 

Beft. See under Heave. 




Hegemony, he-gem'o-nT, n. Leadership; preponder 
ant influence (of a government or state). 

Hegira, he-ji^ra or hej'I-ra. «. The flight of Moham- 
med from Mecca, Sept. 13, a. d. 622; the lunar year 
beginning July 16, a. d. 622, — from which date'Mo- 
hammedans reckon time; any flight or exodus. 

Heifer, hef ''er, n. A young cow. 

Heigh-ho, hi'ho, interj. An exclamation of surprise, 
uneasiness, or weariness. 

Height, Hight, hit, n. Condition of being high; ele- 
vated position ; distance to which anything rises 
above that on which it stands, above the earth or 
level of the sea; altitude; that which is elevated; an 
eminence; hill; mountain; elevation in excellence 
of any kind, as in power, learning, arts ; an ad- 
vanced degree of social rank; utmost degree in ex- 
tent or violence : progress toward eminence; grade. 

— Heighfen, Hlght'en, -n, v. t. [-ened (-nd),-EX- 
ING.] To raise higher, elevate ; to carry forward, 
make better, increase ; to advance toward a worse 
state ; to set off to advantage bj' contrast. 

Heinous, ha'nus, a. Hateful ; odious ; great ; enor- 
mous; monstrous; flagrant; atrocious. 

Heir, ar, n. One who receives, inherits, or is entitled 
to succeed to the possession of property after the 
death of its owner; one who receives endowment fr. 
an ancestor or relation. — Heir'dom, -dum, n. Suc- 
cession bj' inheritance. — Heir''ess, a. A female heir. 

— Heir'^loom, -loom, n. Any piece of personal prop- 
erty, which descends to the" heir along with the in- 
heritance: one which has been long in a family. 

Hektare, Hektogram, etc. See Hectare, etc., under 
Hecatomb. . 

Held. See Hold. 

Heliac, he'll-ak, Heli'acal, «. {Astron.) Rising or set- 
ting at or near the same time as the sun. — He'lio- 
trope, -trop, n. {Bot.) A fragrant plant ; turnsole. 
(Geodesi/ and Mil. Signal Service.) An instrument 
for making signals to an observer at a distance, by 
means of the sun's raj's thrown from a mirror. 
{Min.) A variety of chalcedonj'^, of a deep-green 
color, variegated with blood-red' or yellowish spots. 

— He'liotype, -tip, n. A picture made by heliotypy. 

— He'^lioty'py, -ti'pl, n. A method of printing pho- 
tographic pictures from a surface of prepared gela^ 
tine. 

Helix, he'liks, n. ; pi. Hel'ices, -i-sez. A spiral line, 
as of wire in a coil; something spiral. {Arch.) A 
little volute under the 
abacus of the Corin- 
thian capital: see Cap- 
it a l. iAnat.) The 
whole circuit or ex- 
tent of the externa] i 
border of the ear : see! 
Ear. (Zool.) A spiral 
univalve shell, as of a 
snail. — HeKlcoid, a. 
( Geom.) A warped 
surface generated bv 

a straight line moving Helices (Zobl 1 

m a certain manner.— iieucts (£.001.). 

a. Spiral ; curved like the spire of a univalve shell. 

Hell, hel, n. The place of the dead : lower regions ; 
grave ; the place or state of punishment for the 
wicked after death; place where outcast persons or 
things are gathered, as, a dungeon or prison.; also, in 
certain games, a place to which those caught are 
carried for detention; also a gambling-house; also 
a place into which tailors throw shreds, or printers, 
broken type. — Hell'ish. a. Pert, to, or fit for, hell ; 
infernal ; malignant , wicked ; detestable. 

Hellebore, heKle-bor.n. {i:ot ) A poi- 
sonous plant used in medicine. 

Hellenic, hel-len'ik or -le'nik, a. 
Pert, to the Hellenes, or inhabitants 
of Greece ; Greek ; Grecian. 

Helm, helm, n. (Xaut.) A vessel's 
steering apparatus; esp. the tiller. 
The place of management. — . 
Helms'man, n. ; pi. -mex. The man ' 
at the helm. 

Helm, helm, v. t. To cover with a 
helmet. — Helm, Helm'et, n. De- 
fensive armor for the head ; head- Barred Helmet. 





Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare 5 6nd, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



HELMINTHIC 



177 



HERMENEUTIO 



piiece ; morion ; thing like a helmet in form, posi- 
tion, etc., as, the upper part of a retort, or the hood- 
formed upper sepal of some flowers. 

Belminthic, hel-min'thik, a. Pert, to, or expelling 
worms. — n, A medicine for expelling worms ; ver- 
mifuge. 

Hslp, help, V. t. [imp. & p. p. helped (helpt), obs. 
imp. HOLP and p. p. holpen ; helping.] To aid, 
assist; to furnish with the means of deliverance; to 
furnish with relief in pain or disease ; to change 
for the better, remedy; to prevent, hinder; to for- 
bear, avoid. — v.i. To lend aid or assistance. — n. 
Aid; assistance : remedy; relief ; in U. S., one who 
helps, a domestic servant. — Help'er, n. One who 
helps or assists; an assistant; auxiliary. — Help'ful, 
-ful, a. Furnishina: help ; useful ; wholesome. — 
Help'^folness, m. — Help'less, a. Destitute of help 
or strength; feeble; weak; beyond help; irremedi- 
able ; bringing no help. — Help^lessly, adv. — Help'- 
lessness, n. — Help'^mate, -meet, n. An assistant; 
helper; consort; wife. [Fr. a misunderstanding of 
an help meet (fit). Gen. ii., IS.] 

Helter-skelter, hel'ter-skel'ter, adv. In hurry and 
confusion. 

Helve, helv, n. The handle of an ax or hatchet; head 
of the ax. — 2). t. [helved (helvd), helving.] To 
furnish (an ax) with a helve. 

Hem, hem, n. The border of a garment or cloth, doub- 
led and sewed, for protection or ornament; edge; 
margin. — r.t [hemmed (hemd), -mixg.] To fold 
and sew down the edge of; to border, edge. 

Hem, hem, interj. An exclamation whose utterance 
is a sort of half-cough, indicative of hesitation or 
doubt, — better expressed by hm. — n. The sound 
thus represented. — V. i. To make the sound; to 
hesitate in speaking. 

Hemal, Haemal, he'mal, a. Pert, to the blood or blood 
vessels.— Hem'orrliage, hem'Sr-ej, w. {Med.) Any 
discharge of blood from the blood-vessels. — Hem'^- 
orrhoids, -roidz, n. pi. (Med.) Small erectile tumors 
of the vascular, mucous, or cellular tissues of the 
rectum; piles. — Hem-'atite, -a-tit, n. {Min.) The 
sesquioxide, or specular ore, of iron. [Fr. the red 
color of the powder.] — Brown hematite. The hy- 
drous sesquioxide of iron; limonite. 

Hemiplegia, hem-l-ple'jT-a, Hem''iple'gy, -jT, n. (Med.) 
A palsv that affects one side only of the body. — 
Hemip-'ter, -teran, ?i. (Entom.) One of an order of 
insects having the wing-covers transparent toward 
the end, or throughout, the true wings straight and 
unplaited. and feeding on vegetable or animal juices 
by mean? of a sucking- 
tube.— Hemip'teral, -ter- 
ous, -us, a. Of, or pert, to, 
etc.— Hem'isphere, -t-sfer, 
n. A half sphere: one half 
of a sphere or globe; half 
of the terrestrial globe, or 
a projection of the same 
in a map or picture. — 
Hemispher-'ic, -s f e r i k, 
-ical, a. Containing, or 
pert, to, etc. — Hem^istich, 
-stik, n. Half a poetic 
verse, or 9 verse not com- Hemipter (Pentaiome). 
pleted. 

Hemlock, hem'lok, n. An umbelliferous plant whose 
leaves and seeds yield an acrid poison (conia) used 
in med.; an evergreen tree common in N. Amer.; 
hemlock spruce. 

Hemorrhage, etc. See under Hemal. 

Hemp, hemp, n. A plant the fiber of whose skin or 
bark is used for cloth and cordage ; fiber of the 
plant, prepared for spinning; a rope. 

Hen, hen, n. The female of any fowl, esp. of the do- 
mestic fowl. — Henniane, n. A plant poisonous to 
domestic fowls: all parts of the plant are highly nar- 
cotic, and it is used in medicine as a substitute for 
opium; hyoscyamus. 

Hence, hens, adv. From this place, this time, this 
cause or reason, or this source, origin, or cause. 
—Henceforth'' or Hence'forth, Hencefor''ward, adv. 
From this time forward. 

Henchman, bench' man, n. ,- pi. -men. A page ; serv- 
ant; hanger-on. 




Hendecagon, hen-dek'a-gon, n. (Cfeom.) A plan« 
figure of 11 sides and 11 angles. 

Henna, hen'na, n. (Bot.) An oriental flowering shrub 
of the gexi\i% Laivsonia. Powdered henna leaves, oi 
a paste made of the leaves, used by Egyptians and 
Asiatics to dye their nails, etc., of an orange hue. 

Hepatic, he-pat'ik, -ical, a. Pert, to, or having the 
color of the liver. 

Heptad, hep'tad, n. ( Chem.) An atom whose equiv- 
alence is 7 atoms of hydrogen, or which can be 
combined with, substituted for, or replaced by 7 
atoms of hydrogen. — Hep'tagon, n. (Geom.) A 
plane figure consisting of 7 sides and 7 angles. — 
Hep'tarchy, -tark-T, n. A government by, or coun- 
try governed by, 7 persons. 

Her, her, pi-on. and a. The objective case of the per- 
sonal pronoun she ; pert, to a female, or a noun in 
the feminine gender ; being the possessive case of 
. the personal pronoun she. — Herself, proti. An em^ 
phasized form of she; in her ordinary or real char- 
acter; in her right mind; sane. 

Herald, her'ald, n. (Aiitiq.) An officer who pro- 
claimed war or peace, and bore messages from the 
commander of an army. In Eng., an officer who 
regulates public ceremonies, and records and bla.. 
zons the arms of the nobility and gentry; a king at 
arms; a proclaimer; publisher; a forerunner ; pre- 
cursor; harbinger. — v. t. To introduce, or give tid- 
ings of, as by a herald; to proclaim.— Her'aldry, -rT, 
n. Art or office of a herald; art, practice, or science 
of recording genealogies, and blazoning arms. 

Herb, erb, n. A plant having a soft or succulent stalk, 
or stem, that dies to the root every year. — Herby, 
herbal, a. Of the nature of, pert, to, or covered with, 
herbs.— Herb'age, erb'- or herb'ej, n. Herbs collect- 
ively; grass; pasture. (Law.) Libertv or right of pas- 
ture in the forest or grounds of another man. [F.] — 
Herb''al, herb^al, n. A book containing the names 
and descriptions of plants; a collection of dried 
plants. — Herbif'erous, -§r-us, a. Bearing herbs. — 
Herbivorous, -o-rus, a. Eating herbs; feeding on 
vegetables. 

Herculean, her-ku'le-an, a. Very great, difficult, or 
dangerous; having extraordinary strength and size. 

Herd, herd, n. A number of beasts assembled together; 
a company of people; crowd; rabble. — v. i. To 
unite or associate in a herd, as beasts; to unite in a 
company \>y custom or inclination. — v. t. To form 
or put^into a herd. 

Here, her, adv. In this place, — opp. to ther^; in the 
present life or state. — Here''about', -abouts', adv. 
About this place; in this neighborhood. — Hereaft''er, 
adv. In time to come : in some future state. — n. 
A future existence or state. — Hereaf, adv. At, or 
by reason of, this. — Hereby', adv. By means of 
this. — Herein', adv. In this. — Here'inkft'er, adv. 
In the following part of this. — Hereto', adv. To 
this. — Here^tofore', adr. In times before the pres- 
ent ; formerly. — Here'unto', adv. Unto this or 
this time ; hereto. — Here'upon', adv. On this ; 
hereon. — Herewith', -with' or -witii', adv. With 
this. — Herein'to, adv. Into this. —Hereof, -of 
o?' -ov', adv. Of , concerning, or from this. — Here- 
on', adv. On this ; hereupon. 

Hereditary, he-red't-ta-rt, a. Descended by inheri- 
tance ; capable of descending from an ancestor to 
an heir ; transmitted, or that may be transmitted, 
from a parent to a child ; ancestral ; patrimonial; 
inheritable.— Her'itage, -ej, n. Thing inherited; in- 
heritance. 

Heresy, her'e-sT, n. An opinion opposed to the es- 
tablished or usually received doctrine; esp. (Theol.) 
rejection of, or erroneous belief in regard to, some 
fundamental religious doctrine or truth ; hetero- 
doxy.— Her'etic, n. One who holds to a heresy; one 
who believes some doctrine contrary to the Christian 
religion; schismatic; sectarian. (^Rom.Cath. Church.) 
A Protestant. —Heret'ical, a. Containing, or per- 
taining to, heresy. 

Hermaphrodite, her-maf'ro-dlt, n. An animal or hu- 
man being having both the male and the female gen» 
erative organs. (Bat.) A flower that contains both 
the stamen and the pistil within the same calyx, or 
on the same receptacle. 

Hermeneutic, her-me-nu'tik, -tical, a. Pert, to inter- 



sun, cube, full ; m66n, f66t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



HERMETIC 



178 



HIGH 



pretation; excgetical. — Hermeneu''tic8, n. sin.?- Sci- 
ence of interpretation ; exegesis,— esp. applied to 
interpretation of the Scriptures. 

Hermetic, her-mt'fik, -ical, a. Pert, to chemistry; 
chemical: pert, to that philosophy which pretends 
to explain all the phenomena of nature from the 3 
chemical principles, salt, sulphur, and_,mercury ; 
pert, to the system which explains causes of diseases, 
etc., on the principles of the hermetical philosophy, 
esp. on the system of an alkali and acid ; perfectly 
close, so that no air, gas, or spirit can escape. 

Hermit, her'mit, n. A recluse ; anchoret ; esp. one 
who lives in solitude from religious motives. — Her'- 
mitage, -ej, n. The habitation of a hermit; a secluded 
residence. 

Hern. Sameias HEKO>f. 

Hernia, her'nt-a, n. {Surg.') A rupture ; a tumor 
formed by protrusion of any internal part through 
a natural or accidental opening in a muscular or 
membranous wall. 

Hero, he'ro, n. ; pi. -roes, -roz. A man of distin- 
guished valor, intrepidity, or enterprise in danger; 
a great or extraordinary person ; principal' person- 
age in a poem, storjs etc. {Myth.^ An illustrious 
man, placed among the gods, after his death. — 
Heretic, a. Pert, to, like*or becoming a hero; brave; 
intrepid; noble. — Heroine, her''o-in, n. A female he- 
ro. — Her^oism, -izm, n. The qualities or character 
of a hero; courage; fortitude; bravery; valor. 

Heron, her'un, n. A wading bird of many species 
with long slender legs, neck, 
and bill. — Her'' onry, -ri, n. 
A place where herons breed. 

Herpes, her'^pez, n. (Med.) 
An eruption of the skin ; 
esp. an eruption of vesicles 
in small distinct clusters, ac- 
companied with itching or 
tingling, including shingles, 
ringworm, etc. — HerpetoK- 
Ogy, -jT, n. Natural history 
or description of reptiles, 
including oviparous quad- 
rupeds. 

Herring, her'ring, n. A small 
fish, appearing in vast shoals 
in the spring, upon the coasts 
of Europe and America, 
where they are taken in great quantities. 

Hers, herz, Herself. See Hek. 

Herschel, her''shel, n. A planet discovered by Dr. 
Herschel, in 1781, — now called Uranus. 

Hesitate, hez-'I-tat, v. i. To stop or pause respecting 
decision or action; to be in suspense or uncertainty, 
doubt, waver, scruple ; to stop in speaking, falter, 
stammer. — Hesita'tion, n. Act of hesitating.— Hes'- 
itancy, -tan-sT, n. Act of hesitating or doubting; 
doubt; action or manner of one who nesitates; inde- 
cision. 

Hessian Fly, hesh'an-fli, n. A small, two-winged 
fly, or midge, destructive to young wheat. 

Hetchel. Same as Hackle. 

Heteroclite, het''er-o-klit, n. (Oram.) A word which 
is irregular or anomalous, esp. a noun irregular in 
declension. Any thing or person deviating from 
common forms. — Heferodox, a. Contrary to some 
acknowledged standard, as the Bible, creed of a 
church, etc.; not orthodox; holding opinions or doc- 
trines contrary to some acknowledged standard. — 
Het'eroge'neal, -je-'ne-al, -neous, -us, a. Differing 
in kind; having unlike qualities; dissimilar. 

Hew, hu, V. t. [imp. hewed; p. p. hewed (hiid) or 
HEWN (hun); hewing.] To cut with an ax, shape 
with a sharp instrument, chop, hack. 

Hexad, heks'ad, w. (Chen.) An atom whose equiv- 
alence is 6, or which can be combined with, substi- 
tuted for, or replaced by, 6 atoms of hydrogen. — 
Hex'agon, n. ( Geoni.) A plane figure of 6 sides and 
6 angles. — Hexag'onal, a. Having, etc.— Hex'ahe''- 
dron, n. A regular solid body of 6 equal faces; a 
cube. — Hexam'eter, n. ( Gr. & Lat. Pros.) A verse 
of 6 feet, either dactyls or spondees. — a. Having, 
etc. — Hexan'gular, -an''gu-lgr, a. Having 6 angles 
or corners. 

Hey, ha, interj. An exclamation expressive of joy or 




Heron. 



exhortation.— Hey'day', tH<eo. An expression ol 
frolic, exultation, or wonder. 

Heyday, ha'da. n. A frolic; wildness. 

Hiatus, hi-a'tus, n. ; L. pi. same as sing.; E. pi. -tuses. 
-ez. An opening ; gap ; chasm ; space where some- 
thing is wanting ; a break in a manuscript, where 
part is lost or effaced. (Gram.) Concurrence of 2 
vowels in 2 successive syllables or words. 

Hibernal, hi-bgr'nal, a. Belonging or relating to 
winter; wintry; winterish. — Hi'bernate, -nat, v. i. 
To winter; to pass fhe winter in seclusion, esp. in 
lethargic sleep, as bats, bears, etc.— Hiberna'tion, n. 
Act of, etc. 

Hibernian, hi-ber' nt-an, a. Pert, to Hibernia, now 
Ireland; Irish. — n. A native or inhabitant of Ire- 
land; a Milesian. 

Hiccough, Hiccup, Hickup, hik'kup, n. A spasmodic 
contraction of the diaphragm and adjacent parts, 
producing a sudden sound, usuallv caused by gas-, 
trie derangement ; the sound itself. — v. i. [hic- 
coughed (-kupt), -COUGHING.] To have, etc. 

Hickory, hik''o-rt, n. A nut-bearing American tree of 
several species, having strong, tenacious wood. 

Hicksite, hiks'it, n. A follower of Elias Mcfcs, who se- 
ceded fr. the Society of Friends in the U. S., in 1827 

Hid, Hidden. See Hide, v. t. 

Hidalgo, hi-daKgo, n. In Spain, a nobleman of the 
lower class; a gentleman by birth. 

Hide, hid, v. t. {imp. hid; p. p. hid, hidden; hiding.] 
To withhold, or withdraw from sight ; to conceal 
from knowledge, keep secret, disguise, dissemble, 
screen ; to protect from danger, defend. — v. i. To 
lie concealed or secreted; to keep one's self out of 
view. 

Hide, hid, n. The skin of a beast, raw or dressed; the 
human skin,— so called in contempt. — v. t. To 
flog, whip.— Hide'-bound, a. Having the skin stuck 
so closely to the ribs and back, as not to be easily 
loosened or raised; having the bark so close as to im- 
pede growth. 

Hide, hid, n. (O. Eng. Law.') A house or dwelling; a 
portion of land, differently estimated at 60, 80, or 
100 acres. 

Hideous, hid'e-us, a. Frightful or shocking to the 
eye; distressing to the ear ; hateful ; grim ; grisly ; 
terrible. — Hid''eously, adv. — Hid^eousness, n. 

Hie, hi, V. i. [hied (hid), hying.] To hasten. 

Hierarch, hi'e-rark, n. One who rules or has author 
ity in sacred things; chief of a 
sacred order. — Hi' erarch'y. 
-rark'T, n. Dominion in sacred 
things; the body of persons 
having ecclesiastical authority 
a government administered D^ 
the priesthood. — Hi'srafic, a 
Consecrated to sacred uses: 
sacerdotal ; pert, to priests, — 
applied to a mode of ancient 
Egyptian writing, being the 
sacerdotal character. — Hi'er- 
oglyph, -glif, -glyph'ic, n. A 
sacred character, — esp. the 
picture-writing of the ancient Egyptian priests; tho 
figureof an animal, etc., standing for a phrase, word, 
or letter; any character or figure having a mysterious 
significance. — Hi'eroglyph'ic, -ical, a. Emblemat- 
ic; expressive of some meaning by characters, pic- 
tures, or figures; obscure; enigmatical. — Hi'eroK- 
ogy, -jT, n. A discourse on sacred things ; esp. sci- 
ence of the ancient writings and inscriptions of the 
Egyptians. — Hierophant, hi-er'o- or hi^e-ro-fant, u. 
A priest; one who teaches the mysteries of religion. 

Higgle, etc. See under Hack, v. t. 

Higgledy-piggledy, hig'gl-dT-pig'gl-dT, adv. In con- 
fusion; topsy-turvy. 

High, hi, a. Of great altitude ; elevated ; raised up ; 
lofty ; sublime ; distinguished ; sometimes equiv- 
alent to great, used ndefinitely; possessing some 
characteristic quality in a marked degree; proud ; 
violent ; forcible ; intense ; dear in price ; promi- 
nent; eminent, — used in technical senses, as, (Fine 
Arts) wrought so as to be prominent from the sur- 
face, also, in an elevated style; (Law & Politics) re- 
lating to, or derived from the sovereignty of a state, 
as, high treason; (Chron.) remote in time or antiqui- 




Hieroglyphics. 



am, fame, far, pAss or opera, fare ; end, 5ve, tSrm ; Tn. Ice ; Cda, tone, or ; 



HIGHT 



179 



HOARD 




Hilum 



ty; (.Cookery.) strong-scented, as tending toward pu- 
trefaction; (Geof/O remote from the equator, north 
or south ; (Mus.) acute or sharp. — adv. In a high 
manner; to a great altitude; eminentlj-; profound- | 
ly; powerfully. — n. An elevated place; superior 
region. — High'ly, -It, adv. — High-'ness, n. State of 
being, etc.; a title of honor given to princes, etc. — 
Hight, n. Same as Height, q. v. — High'land, n. \ 
Elevated land; a moantainous region. — High 'land- ' 
er, n. An inhabitant of highlands; esp. ot the High- \ 
Zanc/s of Scotland. — High'way, n. A public road; ■ 
way open to all passengers; path; course. 

Higlit, hit, V. i. [imp. and p.p. hight, hot, hote, 
HOTEN.] To be called or named. 

Kilarious, hi-la^rt-us, a. Mirthful ; merry ; jovial ; 
jolly. —Hilar'ity, -lar'T-tT, n. Pleasurable excite- 
ment of the spirits; glee; merriment; jollit3\ 

Hill, hil, 7j. An eminence less than a mountain; the 
earth raised about the root of a plant; a group of 
plants growing together, and having earth heaped 
up about them. — v. t. [hilled (hild), hilling.] To 
surround with earth. — KJlKy, -T, a. Abounding 
with, etc.— HilKiness, n.— Hill'ock, n. A small hill. 

Hilt, hilt, n. The handle of anything, esp. of a sword, 
dagger, or cutting instrument. 

Hilnm, hi'lum, n. {Bot.) The mark or scar where a 
seed was attached to its base ; eye of a 
bean, etc. 

Him. Himself. See under He. 

Hind, hind, n. The female of the red 
deer or stag. 

Hind, hind, n. A peasant; rustic; swain; 
agricultural laborer. 

Hind, hind, a. [hinder, hindmost or hindersiost.] 
Placed in the rear, and not in front. — Hind'er, a. 
Pert, to that part in the rear, or which follows. — 
Hin^der, htu'der, V. t. [-dered (-derd), -dering.J 
To prevent from moving forward; to check or re- 
tard in progress; to embarrass, shut out, interfupt, 
obstruct, impede, delay. — v. i. To interpose or 
cause impediments. — Hin'derance, -drance, n. Act 
of, or that which, etc. — Hin'derer, n. 

Hindoo, -da, hin'doo, w. ; p^ -Doosor-Dus, -dooz. One 
of a race inhabiting Hindostan ; an adherent of 
Brahmanism. — Hin'^dooism, ndnism, -doo-izm, n. 
The doctrines, rites, or religious principles of the 
Hindoos; Brahmanism. — Hindoostan'ee, -dustan'i, 
-stan'e, a. Of, or pert, to, the Hindoos or their lan- 
guage. — n. The camp and court language of the 
Hindoos. — Hin'dee, -di, -de, w. The purest modern 
dialect of, etc. — Hin''dTU, -doo-e, n. The language 
of, etc., before the Mussulman invasion, — a pure 
Aryan tongue. 

Hinge, hinj, n. The hook or joint on which a door, 
gate, lid, etc., turns ; that on which anything de- 
pends or turns: a governing principle, rule, or point. 

— V. t. [hinged (hinjd), hinging.] To furnish 
■with hinges. — v.i. To stand, depend, or turn, as 
on a hinge. 

Hinny, hin'nt, n. The produce of a stallion and a 
she-ass; a mule. 

Hint, hint, v. t. To bring to mind by a slight men- 
tion or remote allusion; to allude to, suggest, im- 
ply. — V. i. To make an indirect reference, etc. — n. 
A distant allusion; slight mention; intimation; in- 
sinuation; suggestion. 

Hip, hip, n. The lateral parts of the pelvis and the 
nip joint, with the flesh covering them; the haunch. 
{Arch.) The external angle formed by the meeting 
of 2 sloping sides of a roof. 

Hip, hip, w. The fruit of the rose. 

Fipped, hipt, Hip'pish, a. Somewhat hypochondriac. 

Hippocampus, hip-po-kamp'us, n. A small armor- 
plated tish, with equine head and neck and pre- 
hensile tail, allied to the pipe-fish; sea-horse. {Myth.) 
One of Neptune's horses, half horse and half fish. 
— HUp^podrome, -drom, n, A circus, or place in 
which horse-races and chariot-races are performed. 

— Hip'pogriff , n. {Myth.) A monster, half horse and 
half griffin; a winged horse. — Hippoph'agous, -pof- 
a-gus, a. Feeding on horses. — Hippoph'agy, -a-jt, 
n. Act or practice of, etc. — Hip'popot'amus, n. ; Eng. 
pi. -MUSES, L. pi. -MI. A herbivorous pachyderma- 
tous aquatic quadruped of Africa, having a very 
large muzzle, small eyes and ears, thick and heavy 



body, short legs, a 
short tail, and skin 
without hair, except 
at the extremity of 
the tail. 
Hire, hlr, v. t. [hired 
(hird), HIRING.] To 
procure (the services 
of another, or a 
chattel or estate) for 
temporary use, for a 




Hippopotamus. 



compensation; to contract with for wages; to bribe; 
to grant the use of, tor compensation; to let, lease. 

— n. Price, reward, or compensation for the tem- 
porary use of anything; recompense for personal 
service; wages; salaiy; pay; a bribe. 

Hirsute, her-sut'', a. Rough with hair; set with bris- 
tles; hairy; shaggy. 

His. hiz, ijron. See He. 

Hiss, his, V. i. [hissed (hist), hissing.] To make a 
sound like that of the letter s, esp. in contempt or 
disapprobation; to make a like sound, as a goose or 
serpent, or as water thrown on hot metal, or steam 
escaping through a narrow orifice; to glide with a 
whizzing noise. — v.t. To condemn by hissing; to 
procure disgrace for. — n. A sound like that of s, 
esp. as a mark of disapprobation; voice of a goose 
or serpent. — Hiss''ing, n. A hiss; occasion of con- 
tempt; object of scorn and derision. 

Hist, hist, interj. Hush; be silent. 

Histology, his-toKo-jt, n. Science of the minute struc- 
ture of the tissues of plants, animals, etc. 

History, his'to-rt, n. A statement of what is known; 
a record; description; a narrative of events; a state- 
ment of the progress of a nation or an institution, 
with philosophical inquiries respecting effects and 
causes. — ^i'atural history. Description and classifi- 
cation of objects in nature, as minerals, plants, ani- 
mals, etc., and the phenomena which they exhibit 
to the senses. — Histo'^rian, ?!. A writer or compiler 
of history; chronicler; annalist. — Histor^ic, -tOr'- 
ik, -ical, a. Containing, pert, to, contained or ex- 
hibited in, deduced from, or representing history. 

Histrionic, his-trt-on'ik, -ical, a. Pert, to a stage- 
player, or to playing; theatrical. 

Hit, hit, r. t. [imp. & p. j}. hit; hitting.] To reach 
with a stroke or blow; esp. to reach or touch an ob- 
ject aimed at, as a mark, usually with force; to reach 
or attain exactly, accord with, suit. — v. i. To meet 
or come in contact, strike; to succeed in an attempt. 

— n. A collision; the stroke or blow that touches 
anything, — often with implied luck or chance; an 
apt expression or turn of thought. 

Hitch, hich, v. i. [hitched (hicht), hitching.] To 
become entangled, caught, linked, or yoked ; to 
move spasmodically by jerks, or with stops ; to 
fidget, move. — v. t. To fasten, unite, yoke, harness; 
to raise or pull with a jerk. — n. A catch ; impedi- 
ment; temporary obstacle or stoppage. (JVaut.) A 
knot or noose in a rope for fastening it to a ring or 
other object. 

Hither, hith'er, adv. To this place. — a. On the side 
or direction toward the person speaking; nearer. 

— Hith'erto', -too', adv. To this place; up to this 
time; as yet; until now. — Hith'erward, oav. This 
way; toward this place; hither. 

Hive, hiv, n. A box or other place for a swarm of 
honey-bees to live in; a swarm of bees; crowded or 
busy place; company; crowd, — v. t. [hived (hlvd), 
hiving.] To collect into, or cause to enter, a hive; 
to collect and lay up.in store. — v. i. To take shelter 
or lodgings together. 

Hives, hlvz, n. {Med.) A disease, the croup; also an 
eruptive disease, allied to chicken-pox. 

Ho, Hoa, ho, inteij. Halloo! oho! oh! attend! — a call 
to excite attention, or to give notice of approach; 
stop! standstill! hold! whoa! 

Hoar, hor, a. White, or grayish-white; gray or white 
with age; hoary. — Hoar^y, -t, a. White or whitish; 
hoar. (Bot.) Covered with short, dense, grayish- 
white hairs.— Heartiness, ?i. — Hoar'-frost, w. The 
white particles formed by congelation of dew. — 
Hoar'hound, Hore'hound, n. A bitter plant, one 
species^f which is used for coughs. 

Heard, hord, n. A store of anything laid up; a hidden 



siin, cube, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; liflger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



HOARSE 



180 



HOMAGE 



stock; treasure. —V. t. To collect and lay up; to 
store secretly. — v. i. To collect a hoard, lay up a 
store. 

Hoaxse, hors, a. Having a harsh, rough, grating voice, 
as when affected with a cold; rough; discordant. 

Hoas, hoks, n. A deceptive jtrick or story; a practical 
joke. — r. t. [hoaxed (hokst), hoaxing.] To de- 
ceive; to play a trick upon for sport, or witliout mal- 
ice. — Hc'cas, V. t. To deceive or cheat; to adul- 
terate, drug. — n. One who, etc. — Ho'cus-po'cus, h. 
A juggler; juggler's trick. — v.t. To cheat. 

Hob, hob, n. The nave of a wheel; the flat shelf at the 
side of a grate, where things are placed to be kept 
warm. — Hob'nail, n. A thick-headed nail for shoes. 

Hob, hob, «. A clown; rustic; taiiy. — Hob^goblin, 
n. An imp; frightful apparition. 

Hobble, hob'bl, v. i. [-bled (-bid), -blixg.] To walk 
lamely, bearing chiefly on one leg; to limp; to move 
roughly or irregularly. — r. t. To hopple, clog. —n. 
An unequal, halting gait ; difficulty ; perplexity. 

— Hob'bledehoy', -de-hoi', -tehoy'',». A stripling; a 
youth between boyhood and manhood. 

Hobby, hob'bt, Hob'by-horse, n. A strong, active 
horse, of middle size; an ambling horse; a nag; a 
stick, or figure of a horse, on which boys ride; a sub- 
ject upon which one is constantly setting off; a fav- 
orite theme of discourse, thought, or effort. 

Hobnob, hob'nob, arftJ. Take or not take, — a famil- 
iar invitation to reciprocal drinking. — v. i. To drink 
or feast familiarly. 

Hock, hok, n. The hough, q. v. See Horse. — v.t. 
To hamstring; to hough. [See Hough.] 

Hock, hok, n. A light-yellowish Rhenish wine, either 
sparkling or still. 

Hockey, hok'T, n. A game at ball played with a club 
hooked at the bottom. 

Hocus, Hociis-pocus. See undet Hoax. 

Hod, hod, n. A trough or box on a handle for carrying 
mortar and brick; a coal-scuttle. 

Hodgepodge, hoj'poj, n. A mixed mass; a medley of 
ingredients. 

Hodiernal, ho-dl-er'nal, a. Of, or pert, to, the pres- 
ent day. 

Hoe, ho, n. An instrument for cutting up weeds and 
loosening the earth. — v. t. [hoed (nod), hoeing.] 
To cut, dig, scrape, or clean, or to clear from weeds, 
or to loosen or arrange the earth about, with a hoe. 

— V. i. To use, or laoor with, a hoe. — Hoe'^cake, n. 
A coarse cake, of Indian meal, baked before the fire, 
or in the ashes, — sometimes on a hoe; a johnny- 
cake. 

Hog, hog, n. A swine; porker; esp. a castrated boar; 
a mean, filthy, or greedy fellow, — the domesti- 
cated animal, k^nt tor lard and pork, being com- 
monly trained to gluttonous and filthy habits. — 
V. t. [hogged (hogd), -GiNG.] To cut short the hair 
ot. — v. i. To become bent upward in the middle, like 
a hog's back. — Hog'^ish, a. Having the qualities 
of a hog; gluttonous; filthy; selfisli; swinish.— Hog'- 
sty, -sti, n. A pen or house for swine. — Hog'-frame, 
H. A fore-and-aft truss, on steamboats, to prevent 
vertical flexure. 

Hogshead, hogz^'hed, n. An Eng. measure of capaci- 
ty = 63 wine gallons, or 52| imperial gallons; in U. 
S., a large cask, of indefinite contents. 

Hoiden, Hoyden, hoi'^dn, ti. A rude, bold girl; a romp. 

— a. Rude; bold; inelegant; rustic. 

Hoist, hoist, V. t. To raise, lift; esp. to lift bv means 
of tackle. — ti. That by which anything is "hoisted; 
act of hoisting. {Naiit.) The perpendicular height 
of a flag or sail. — Hoist'way, n. An opening in 
floors of a warehouse, etc., through which to hoist 
goods. 

Hoity-toity, hoi'tT-toi'tT, a. Thoughtless,' giddy, 
flighty, — used also as an exclamation, denoting sur- 
prise, with some degree of contempt. 

Hold, hold, V. t. [held or {Law) holden; holding.] 
To sustain, restrain, keep in the grasp, retain; to 
maintain possession of, or authority over, defend; 
to be in possession of, derive title to; to impose re- 
straint upon; to keep up in being or action, carry on, 
continue; to prosecute, nave, take, or join in; to con- 
tain, as a vessel, anything put into it; to have ca- 
pacity for; to accept (an opinion), maintain; to con- 
sider, regard, account. — v. i. To keep one's self in 



a given position or condition; to remain fixed, as, to 
halt, stop, — mostly in the imperative; or, to remain 
unbroken or unsubdued; or, to last, endure; or, to 
be valid, continue on being tested; or, to remain at- 
tached, cleave; to derive right or title. —n. Act of 
holding; manner of holding, whether firm or loose; 
seizure; grasp; authority to take or keep; claim; 
binding power and influence; something wnich may 
be seized for support; place of confinement; prison; 
custody; a fortified place. (J/its.) A character [thus, 
(0\] placed over or under a note or rest, indicating 
that it is to be prolonged. 

Hold, hold, n. The interior cavity of a vessel, in which 
the cargo is stowed. See Ship. 

Hole, hoi, n. A hollow place or cavity; an excavation 
in the ground, or a natural cavity inhabited by an 
animal; a low, narrow, or dark lodging ; aperture; 
perforation; rent; pit; den; cell. — Hollow, hSl'lo, a. 
Containing an empty space, within a solid sub- 
stance ; not solid ; sunken ; reverberated from a 
cavity, or resembling such a reverberated sound ; 
not sincere or faithful. — n. A cavity; hole; exca- 
vation ; a low spot surrounded by elevations ; con- 
cavity. — V. t. [hollowed (-lod), -lowing.] To 
make hollow, excavate. — adv. So as to make hol- 
low, or empty of resources, strength, etc.; complete- 
ly. — Hol'lowness, n. — HoKlow-heart'ed, a. In- 
sincere; false; not sound and true. 

Holiday, Holiness, etc. See under Holy. 

Holland, hol'land, n. A kind of linen first manufac- 
tured in Holland. — Hollands, n. Gin made in, etc. 

Hollo, -loa, hoKlo or hol-lo'', -la, -la, interj. & n. Ho; 
attend ; here. —Hollo, hoKlo or hol-lo'. Hoi ''la, -la, 
[-LAED (-lad), -laing.] v. i. To call out or exclaim; 
to halloo. — HoKlow, -lo, interj. and v. t. Same as 
Hollo. 

Hollow, HoUowness, etc. See under Hole. 

Holly, hoKlt, 11. An evergreen tree or shrub having 
glossy green prick- 
ly leaves, and bear- 
ing berries that 
turn red or yellow 
about Michael- 
mas; also the holm 
oak, an evergreen 
oak. 

HoUyhock, hoKlT- 
h o k , n. A t a 11 
flowering plant of 
many varieties ; 
rose-mallow. 

Holm, holm or hom. 
Holm Oak, n. The 
evergreen oak._ 

Holm, holm or hom, 
n. An islet, or riv- 
er isle; a low, flat 
tract of rich land 
on the banks of a 
river. 

Holocaust, h o 1 ' o - 
kawst, n. A burnt 
sacrifice or o ff e r- 
ing, wholly consumed by fire ; a great slaughter. 
— HoKograph, -graf, n. Any writing, as a letter, 
deed, will, etc., wholly in the handwriting of the 
one from whom it proceeds. 

Holster, hoKster, n. A leather case for a pistol, car- 
ried by a horseman. 

Holy, ho'lT, a. [-LIEE, -liest.] Set apart to the ser- 
vice or worship of God; hallowed; sacred; accept- 
able to God ; free from sinful affections ; pure ; 
guiltless. — Ho'liness, u. — His Holiness. A title of 
the Pope and of Greek bishops. —Ho'ly-day, n. A 
consecrated day; religious anniversary or festival; 
a festival of any kind; holiday. [In the latter sense, 
holiday is the preferable spelling.]— HoKiday, hSl'-, 
n. A festival day; day of exemption from labor; 
day of amusement or of joy and gayety . — a. Pert. 
to, etc.; joyous; gaj'. — Ho'ly-stone, n. {Naut.) A 
stone for cleaning the decks of ships. — v. t. To 
scrub with, etc. 

Homage, hom'ej, n. {Fexid. Laiv.) An acknowledg- 
ment made by a tenant to his lord, on receiving in- 
vestiture of fee, that he was his man, or vassal. Re* 




Holly. 



3,m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; fend, eve, term : In. Ice : 8dd. tone, or ; 



HOME 



181 



HOOF 



•pect or reverential regard; esp., respect paid by ex- 
ternal action ; obeisance ; reverential worship ; de- 
vout affection. 

Home, horn, n. The house in which one resides; place 
or country in which one dwells; all that pertains to 
a dwelling-place. — a. Pert, to one's dwelling, 
country, or family; domestic; close; pointed.— adr. 
To one's home or country; close ; closely; to the 
point. — Home ' less, a. Destitute of a home. — 
Home'ly, -II, a. [-lier, -liest.] Belonging to home; 
domestic; familiar; plain; rude in appearance; un- 
polished; of plain features; not handsome.— Home'- 
liness, M. — Home'sick, a. Depressed in spirits by 
separation from home. — Home'sickness, n. — 
Home'spun, a. Spun or wrought at home; coarse; 
plain; plain in manner; rude. — ?i. Cloth made at 
home. — Home'stead, n. The inclosure or ground 
immediately connected with a mansion: home or 
seat of a family. (Law.) A person's dwelling-place, 
with that part of his landed property contiguous to 
it. — Home'ward, adv. Toward home. — Home''- 
bred, a. Bred at home ; native ; domestic ; rude ; 
uncultivated. — made, a. Made at home ; of do- 
mestic manufacture. 

Homeopathy, ho-me-op^a-tM, n. (Med.) Theory that 
disease is cured by remedies which produce on a 
healthy person effects similar to the symptoms of 
the patient's complaint, the remedies being usually 
administered in minute doses. — Ho'meopath'ic, a. 
Of, or pert, to, etc.— Ho'meop'atlust, HCtoeo^ath, 
n. A believer in, or practitioner of, etc. — Homoiou'- 
sian, -moi-ob'zl-an, n. {Eccl. Hist.) One who held 
that the Son was of like, but not the same, essence 
with the Father, — opp. to hoinooitsian, q. v., under 

HOMOCENTRIC. 

Homer, ho'mer, w. A Hebrew measure, — as a liquid 
measure, 7-5 wine gallons; as a dry measure, 11 l-9th 
bushels. 

Homeric, ho-raer'ik, a. Pert, to Homer, the poet of 
Greece, or to Ms poetry. 

Homicide, hom'T-sid, n. The killing of any human 
being 'oy the act of man; manslaughter; one who 
kills another; amanslayer. 

Homily, hom'T-ll, n. A plain and familiar sermon; a 
serious discourse. — Homileflcs, n. sing. Science of 
preaching or of preparing and delivering homilie.s or 
sermons. 

Hominy, hom'i-nY, n. Maize hulled and broken, but 
coarse, prepared for food by being mixed with water 
and boiled. 

Hommock, hom'mok, n. A hillock; small eminence. 

Homocentric, ho-mo-sen'trik, a. Having the same cen- 
ter. — ^Homocer''cal,-ser''kal, a. {Ichth.) 
Having the tail symmetrical, the ver- 
tebral column terminating at its com- 
mencement, — opp. to heterocercal. — 
Homcsop'athy, n. Same as Homeop- 
athy. — Homoge''neal, -je'ne-al, -ne- 
ous, -ne-us, a. Of the same kind or 
nature; consisting of elements of the Homocercal 
like nature. —Ho-'mogene'ity, -ne'I- . ' 

tl, -ge^neousness, n. Sameness of kind vtail or a ner- 
or nature; uniformity of structure or ring), 
material. — Homogen-'esis, n. That method of nat- 
ural descent in which the successive generations are 
alike ; garaogenesis, — opp. to Tieterogenesis. — Homol'- 
ogouB, -gus, a. Having the same relative position, 
proportion, value, or structure. — Hom''ologue, -log, 
n. That which is, etc.— Hom'onsrm, -nim, n. A word 
having the same sound as another, but differing from 
it in meaning, — as the noun bear and the verb hear. 
— Homon''3niioii8, -T-mus, a. Having different sig- 
nifications, or applied to different things ; equivocal; 
ambiguous. — Homon-^ymy, -mT, n. Sameness be- 
tween words which differ in signification ; ambigu- 
ity. — Ho'mooU''sian, -mo-6o''zT-an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) 
One of a sect who maintained that the Son had the 
same essence with the Father, — opp. to homoiousian, 
q. v., under Homeop.\thy. 

Homonjr. Same as Hominy. 

Hone, hon, n. A stone of a fine grit, used for sharp- 
ening instruments, esp. razors. — v. t. [hoxed 
(hond), HONING.] To sharpen on a hone. 

Honest, Honesty, etc. See under Honor. 

Honey, hun'I, n. A sweet, viscid tluid, esp. that col- 





Honey-comb. 



lected by bees from flowers, and stored in honey- 
comb; that which is sweet or pleasant; sweet one; 
darling. — v. i. [honeyed (-id), -eying.] To use 
endearments ; to practice servile flattery, fawn. — 
V. t. To make luscious, sweeten. — Hon^ey-bag, n. 
The receptacle for honey 
in a bee. — comb,?i. The 
mass of waxen cells, 
formed by bees, for their 
honey, eggs, etc. ; any 
substance, perforated 
with cells like those of a 

honey-comb. dew, n. 

A sweet, saccharine sub- 
stance, found on the __ 
leaves of plants in drops, ^ 
like dew. — guide, n. An 
African bird, allied to 
the cuckoo, which, by its 
motions and cries, leads to hives of wild honey. — 
-lo'cust, 71. A N. Amer. tree, having long pods with 
a sweet pulp between the seeds. — moon, w. The 

first month after marriage. suck'le, n. One of 

several species of flowering plants, from whose co- 
rolla a drop of honey may be sucked. 
Honor, on''er, n. Esteem due to worth; when said of 
the Supreme Being, reverence, veneration ; mani- 
festation of respect or reverence; that which right- 
fully attracts esteem, respect, or consideration, — 
esp., excellence of character, — in men, integrity; in 
women, chastity; a nice sense of what is right, just, 
and true, with a correspondent course of life; dig- 
nity ; high rank ; reputation ; a mark of respect. 
pi. Academic or university prizes or distinctions; 
in certain games, the 4 highe.^t cards — the ace, king, 
queen, and jack.— v. t. [honored (on-'erd), -OE- 
IN6.] To regard or treat with honor, esteem, or 
respect, — when said respecting the Supreme Being, 
to adore, worship; to dignify, elevate in rank or sta- 
tion. {Com.) To accept and pay when due. — Hon'- 
orable, a. Worthy of honor; estimable ; actuated 
by principles of honor; proceeding from an upright 
and laudable cause; conferring honor ; performed 
or accompanied with marks of honor; an epithet of 
distinction; becoming men of rank and character. 

— Hon'ora'rium, Hon''orary, -rl, ji. A fee offered to 
professors in universities, and to medical or other 
professional gentlemen. — Hon''oraiy, a. Confer- 
ring, or intended merely to confer, honor; possess- 
ing title or place without performing services or re- 
ceiving reward. — Hon'^est, a. Decent; honorable; 
fair; good; unimpeached; fair in dealing with oth- 
ers; upright; just; free from fraud; equitable; ac- 
cording to truth; proceeding from just principles, or 
directed to a good object; chaste; virtuous. — Hon'- 
estly, -IT, adv. — Hon'esty, -tt, n. Quality or state of 
being honest; upright disposition or conduct; integ- 
rity; probity; faithfulness; honor; justice; equity; 
candor; veracity. 

Hood. hd6d, n. A covering for the head, which leaves 
only the face exposed; anything resembling a hood 
in form or use, as, the top of a carriage, or a chim- 
ney-top, often movable on a pivot. — r. t. To cover 
or furnish with a hood; to cover, hide. — Hood'-cap, w. 
A kind of seal, hav- 
ing a membranous 
muscular sac over 
its head, which it 
inflates when 
alarmed. — mold'- 
ing, -mould'ing, ?;. 
(Arch.) A project- 
i n g molding, a s 
over the head of 
the arch of a Goth- 
ic door or w i n- 
dow ; drip - stone. 

— Hood'' wink, v. t. 
[-WINKED (-winkt), 

-WINKING.]" To 




a, a. 



blind by covering the eyes; to cover, hide; to impose 

on. 
Hoodltun, hood-'lum, n. In California, etc., a rough; 

rowdy; ragamuffin; blackguard. 
Hoof, hoof or h<56f , n. ; pi. HOOFS, rarely Hooves. The 



sQn, cube, full ; m(5on, f(36t ; oow, oil ; liager or igk, tiiep, bowboN, chair, get. 



HOOK 



lb2 



HORSi 



horny substance that covers or terminates the feet 
of certain animals, as horses, oxen, sheep, goats, 
deer, etc.; see Hokse. An animal; a beast. 
Book, hd6k, n. Some hard material, bent into a curve 
for catching, holding, or sustaining anything ; a 
snare; a scythe or sickle; a bolt or spike with a ver- 
tical pin at one end. — v. t. [hooked (hS&kt), hook- 
ing.] To catch or fasten, seize or draw,wiih a hook; 
to draw or obtain by artifice, insnare; to steal. — v. 
i. To bend, be curved. — Hooked, h66k''ed or h6&kt, 
a. Hook-shaped; curvated; provided with a hook. 

— Hook''edness, n. 

Hookali, h(1t)k''a, n. A kind of pipe, used in the 
Orient, having a long, flexible stem, in which the 
smoke_of the tobacco passes through water. 

Hoop, hoop or hd6p, n. A circular band of wood or 
metal, esp. one for holding together the staves of 
casks, etc.; a flattened ring; a circle, or combination 
of rings of elastic material, for exj)anding the skirts 
of dresses, — chiefly in pi. ; a quart pot,— orig. bound 
with hoops, like a barrel. — v. t. [hooped (h(36pt), 
hooping.] To bind or fasten with hoops; to clasp, 
encircle. 

Hoop, hoop, w. I. To whoop, q. v. — Hoop'^er, n. A 
wild swan, which utters a note like whoop. — Hoop''- 
ing-cough, n. A cough in which the patient wJioops, 
with a deep inspiration of breath. 

Hoosier, hoo'zher, n. A citizen of Indiana. 

Hoot, hoot, V. i. To cry out or shout in contempt; to 
cry as an owl. — v. t. To utter contemptuous cries 
or shouts at. — n. A cry in contempt; cry of an owl. 

Hoove, hoov, Hoveu, hov'n, 71. A disease in cattle, 
with inflation of the stomach by gas. 

Hop, hop, V. i. [hopped (hopt), -ping.] To leap on 
one leg; to skip, as birds do; to move by leaps, as 
toads do. — n. A jump ; a dance. — Hop/'per, n. 
One who hops; a trough through which grain passes 
into a mill by jolting or shaking ; a vessel in which 
seed-corn is carried for sowing. — Hop''-scotch, n. A 
child's game, in which a stone is driven by the foot 
from one compartment to another of a figure traced 
or scotched upon the ground. — Hop^ple, -pi, v. t. 
[-PLED (-pld), -PLiNG.] To tie the feet of loosely to- 
gether, to prevent running or leaping, —n. A fetter 
for horses, or other animals, turned out to graze. 

Hop, hop, n. A twining vine ; pi. its bitter, aromatic 
ffower-scales and fruit, 
dried and used in brew- 
ing, cooking, and medi- 
cine.— Hop' -bine, -bind, 
n. The stalk or vine on 
which_hops grow. 

Hope, hop, n. A desire of 
eome good, with at least 
a slight belief that it is 
obtainable ; that which 
gives hope or furnishes 
ground of expectation; 
thing which is hoped 
for; anticipation; trust; 
belief; confidence. — v. i. 

[hoped (hoptX HOPING.] 

To entertain nope, place 
confidence. — v. t. To 
desire with expectation. 

— Hope'ful, -ful,a. Full 
of liope ; having qualities 
which excite hope ; 
promising. — Hope''fully, 
at/)'. — Hope'fulness, n. 

— Hope'less, a. Destitute of hope; despairing; giv- 
ing no ground of hope; desperate; unhoped for; un- 
expected. — Hope'lessly, adv. — Hope''lessness, n, 

Horal, Horary. See under Hour. 

fiorde, hord. n. A wandering troop or gang; esp. a 
clan or tribe of a nomadic people possessing no fixed 
habitations. 

Horehound. See Hoaehound, under Hoar. 

Horizon, ho-ri'zun, n. The apparent junction of the 
earth and sky. (A.itron.) A plane passing through 
the eye of the spectator and at right angles to the 
vertical at a given place, — called the sert-tible hori- 
zon ; a plane parallel to the sensible horizon of a 
place, and passing through the earth's center, — 
Balled the raiionaZ ot celestial horizon. — Hor'izon'- 




Hop. 



tal, a. Pert, to, near, or parallel to, etc.; on a levtl ; 
measured or contained in a plane of the horizon. — 
Hor'izon'tally, adv. 
Horn, h8rn, n. A hard, projecting, and usually curved 
and pointed organ, growing from the heads of cer- 
tain animals; sometning made of, or like a horn, as, 
a wind instrument of music; or, a drinking-cup; or, 
a utensil for holding powder; something resembling 
a horn in position or projection; the tough fibrous 
material of which horns are composed. (Script.) 
A symbol of strength, power, exaltation. An em- 
blem of a cuckold, — chiefly in pi. — v. t. [horned 
(hornd), horning.] To furnish with horns; to give 
the shape of a horn to ; to cuckold. — Homed, h6rnd, a. 
Having, or shaped like, etc. — Hornby, -T, a. [-ier, 
-lEST.] Consisting of horns or of a horn-like sub- 
stance; hard; callous. — Hom''-book, w. A primer, 

— formerly covered with horn to protect it; any ele- 
mentary text-book ; hand-book. mad, a. Mad 

as one who has been horned or cuckolded; stark 

mad; raving crazy. owl, n. A species of owl, 

having 2 tufts of feathers on its head. stone, 

n. {Mill.) A silicious stone resembling flint, but 
more brittle. — Horn''beam, n. A tree having a 
smooth, gray bark and white and very hard wood. 
— Horn^bill, M. A large bird of 
Africa and Asia, having a large 
bill curving downward, on 
which is a process reseniDling 
another growing upward. — 
Horn-'blende, n. (Min.) A com- 
mon mineral, occurring massive, 
or in prismatic crystals, and of 
various colors: it consists essen- 
tially of silica combined with 
magnesia, lime, or iron. — Hor'- 
net, n. A large, strong, venom- 
ous wasp. — Hom'pipe, n. An 
instrument of music consisting 
of a wooden pipe, with holes, and 
a horn at each end; a lively air 
of compound triple time; a Brit- ^r i.-,i 

ish dance. Hornbill. 

Horologue, Horoscope, etc. See under Hour. 

Horror, hor'rer, n. A shaking, shivering, or shudder- 
ing, as in the cold fit which precedes a fever; a pain- 
ful emotion of fear, dread, and abhorrence ; that 
which excites horror or dread. — Hor'rible, -rt-bl, a. 
Exciting, or tending to excite, horror; dreadful; aw- 
ful; shocking; hideous; horrid. — Hor''rid,a. Rough; 
bristling; prickly; fitted to excite horror; very offen- 
sive or disagreeable. — .Hor''rify, -rt-fi, v. t. [-fied 
(-fid), -FYING.] To make horrible, strike with horror. 

— Horrific, a. Causing horror; frightful. 

Horse, h6rs, n. A hoofed quadruped used for draught 





Horse. 



1, ears ; 2, forelock ; .% fore- 
head ; 4, eye ; 5, eye-pits ; 6, 
nose ; 7, nostril ; 8, point of 
nose ; 9, lips ; 10, nether jaw ; 
11, cheek ; 12, poll ; 13, mane; 
14, withers; 15, parotid 
glands ; 16, throat ; 17, neck ; 
18, jugular vein ; 19, shoul- 
der ; iiO, chest ; 21, ribs ; 22, 
back ; 23, loins ; 24, hip ; 2.1, 



flank ; 26, belly ; 27, haunch ; 
28, thigh ; 29, buttock ; 30, 
stifle ; 31, leg ; 33, tail ; M, 
hock ; 34, cannon or shank- 
bone ; 85, arms ; 36, knees ; 

37, passage for the girths ; 

38, elbow ; 39, shaak ; 40, bul- 
let ; 41, pasterns ; 42, coro- 
net ; 43, toot ; 44, hoof ; 45, 
fetloek. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; In, ice ; Odd, tout, u. ; 



HOSTATION 



183 



HOWEL 



or the saddle; the male of the genus horse, disting. 
f r. the female ; mounted soldiery, cavalry (used 
without pi. termination); a frame with legs used for 
supporting something. {Mining.) A mass of earthy 
matter inclosed between branches of a vein. {Naut.) 
A foot-rope from the middle of a yard to its extrem- 
ity; a thick rope near the mast for hoisting a yard or 
extending a sail on it. — v. t. [horsed (hSrst), hor.s- 
IXG.] To provide with a horse or horses; to ride or 
sit ou anything astride ; to cover (a mare) — said of 
the male. — HorBe''man, n. ; pi. -men^. A rider on 
horseback. (JUL) A mounted soldier. — Horse'maii- 
ship, n. Act or art of riding, and of training and 
managing horses; manege. — Horse'shoe, n. An iron 
shoe for horses, shaped like the letter U ; anything so 
shaped. — Horse'-bean, n. A kind of small bean usu- 
ally given to horses. — car, n. A railroad car drawn 
by horses. — chest'nut, -ches'nut, n. A tree bearing 
showy flowers and large nuts, — said to have been 
brought fr. Constantinople; the nut. [So called be- 
cause the nut was formerly ground and given to 
horses.] — lat^itndes, n. pi. A sailor's name for 2 
zones of calms and baffling winds, one in each hemis- 
phere, — said to be very fatal to horses on shipboard. 

laugh, n. A loud, coarse, boisterous laugh. — 

-pow'er, n. The power which a horse is capable of 
exerting. (Mack.) A standard by which the capa- 
bilities of steam engines, etc., are measured, — esti- 
mated as 3.3,000 pounds raised 1 foot in a minute. A 
machine operated by horses. — race, n. A race bv 
horses. — rad''ish, n. (Bot.) A cruciferous herb, al- 
lied to scurvy grass, having a root of a pungent taste, 
used, when grated, as a condiment and in medicine. 
— rake, n. A rake drawn by horse-power. 

Hortation, hSr-ta'shun, n. Act of giving advice. 

Horticulture, h6r''tt-kuFchur, n. Art of cultivating 
gardens; cultivation of a garden or orchard. 

Hosanna, ho-zan'na, n. ;pl. -a'as, -naz. An exclama- 
tion of Of aise to God. 

Hose, hoz, n. ; pi. Hose, formerly Hosen, ho'zn. 
Close-fitting breeches, as formerlj'' worn, reaching to 
the knee; stockings; a flexible pipe to convey water. 
— Hc'sier, -zher, n. One who deals in hose, or in 
goods knit or woven like hose. — Ho'sierjr, -zher-1, 
V. Business of a hosier; stockings and knit goods. 

Hospice, hos''pes, n. A place of refuge or entertain- 
ment for Alpine travelers kept b.v monks, who also 
occupy it as a convent. — Hos''p"itable, -pt-ta-bl, a. 
Receiving and entertaining strangers without re- 
ward; kind to guests; proceeding from or indicating 
kindness to guests. — Hos'^pital, n. A building in 
which the sick are treated: a refuge for the disabled, 
infirm, or dependent. —Hos'pitarity, -T-tT, n. Act 
or practice of one who is hospitable. — Host, hOst, n. 
One from whom another receives food, lodging, or 
entertainment; a landlord. — Host'^ess, n. A female 
host or innkeeper. — Hostler, hos'ler or os'ler, n. 
One who has the care of horses at an inn ; stable-boy ; 
groom. — HoteK, n. An inn or public house; esp. one 
of some style or pretensions. 

Host. See under Hospice. 

Host, host, n. An army ; any ffreat number or multi- 
tude. — Hostile, h6s''til, a. Pert., or appropriate to, 
an enemy; inimicil; adverse; repugnant. — Hostil'- 
ity, -tiKl-tT, n. State of being hostile; act of an open 
enemy, esp. in plural, nets of warfare. 

Host, host, n. (Rom. Cath. Church.) The consecrated 
wafer, believed to be the body of Christ, offered in 
The mass as a sacrifice. 

Hostage, hos-'tej, n. A person given as a security for 
the performance of conditions. 

Hostess, etc. See under Hospice. 

Hostile, etc. See under Host, an army. 

Hot, hot, a. [hotter ; hottest.] Having much 
sensible heat ; characterized by heat, ardor, or ani- 
mation ; lustful ; lewd ; acrid ; biting ; pungent ; 
fiery; eager; brisk; violent; furious. 

Hotchpotch, hoch'poch, n. A confused mixture of 
insredients. (Law.) A blending of property for 
equality of division. In Scot., a kind of mutton 
broth, containing green peas, carrots, etc. 

Hotel, etc. See under Hospice. 

Hough, hok, re. The hock, the joint on the hind leg 
of a quadruped, between knee and fetlock : see 
Horse ; the posterior part of the knee-joint in man. 




— V. t. [houghed (hokt), houghing.] To disable 
by cutting the sinews of the leg; to hamstring. 
Hound, hownd, n. A hunting dog; prop., one which 
hunts game by the scent. — v. t. To incite, as a 
hound, to pursuit; to hunt, chase; to urge on, as by 
hounds; to incite or spur on. 
Hour, owr, 7i. Sixty minutes; the time of the day, as 
indicated by a timepiece ; fixed or appointed time ; 
conjuncture; limit of the time appointed for one's 
regular labor, — as, after hours, pi. (Myth.) God- 
desses of the seasons, etc. — Hour^Iy, 
-It, a. Happening or done every hour; 
occurring every hour; frequent; often 
repeated; continual. — arfr. Every 
hour; frequently.— Hour'-glasB, n. An 
instrument for measuring time, esp. 
the interval of an hour, by the running 
of sand out of a glass veesel. — Hor'o- 
loge, hSr-'o-loj, n. A timepiece of any 
kind. — Horolog'ical, -1 Q i'i k - a 1, a. .=^^^ 
Pert, to a horologe, or to horoloary. — u , 

Horol'ogy, -jT, n. Science of measur- Wour-glal^s. 
ingtime.— Hor'oscope, -skop.re. (Astrol.) An obser- 
vation of the heavens at the moment of a person's 
birth, by which astrologers claimed to foretell the 
events of his life ; scheme of 12 houses or signs of the 
zodiac, into which the circuit of the heavens was 
divided for such prediction of fortune. 
Houri, how'rl or hoo'r'I. n. A nymph of paradise, — 

so called by Mohammedans. 
House, hows, n. ; pi. Houses, howz'ez. A building 
used as a shelter for animals of any kind ; esp. one 
for the habitation of man ; a dwelling ; mansion ; 
tenement; household affairs; domestic concerns; a 
household; family; a race of persons from the same 
stock ; a tribe ; esp. a noble or illustrious race ; a 
body of men united in their legislative capacity. 
(Com.) A firm or commercial establishment. (As- 
troJ.) A 12th part of the heavens. An inn; hotel; an 
audience; assemblj' of hearers. — House, howz, v. t. 
[housed (howzd), housing.] To shelter, protect by 
covering. — v. i. To take shelter or lodgings, abide. 
dwell.— House'hold, n. Those who dwell under the 
same roof and compose a family. — a. Belonging to 
the house and family; domestic. — HouBe'holder, n. 
The head of a family; one who occupies a house. — 
House 'keeper, n. One who occupies a nouse with his 
family; a householder; alemale servantwho hasthe 
chief care of the family. — House'wife, hows' wif or 
huz'wTf, n. The mistress of a family; a little case 
for materials used in sewing, etc., — prop, hussif, q. 
v. — House'wifely, -IT, a. Pert, to a housewife, or to 
female management of home affairs; like a house- 
wife.— House'wifery, huz'wif-rl, n. Business of the 
mistress of a family; female management of domes- 
tic concerns.— House'-'break'er, n. One who feloni- 
ously breaks into a house. — break'ing, n. Act of, ete. 
— ^wann'ing, n. An entertainment given when a 
family enters a new house. 
Housing, howz'ing, n. A saddle-cloth ; horsecloth ; 
act of putting under shelter. (Arch.) Space taken 
out of one solid, to admit the insertion of another ; 
a niche for a statue. (Mach.) The part of the 
framing which holds a journal-box in place ; uj)- 
rights supporting the cross-slide of a planer. 
Hove. See Heave. 

Hovel, huv'l, n. An open shed for sheltering cattle, 
etc., from weather; a small, mean house. — v. t. 
[hoveled (-Id), -ELING.] To put in a hovel, shelter. 
Hover, huv'er, v. i. [-eeed (-erd), -ering.] To hang 
fluttering in the air. or upon tne wing ; to move to 
and fro m the neighborhood of. 
How, how, adv. In what manner or way ; by what 
means ; to what degree or extent ; in what propor- 
tion; for what reason; in what state, condition, or 
plight. — Howbe'lt, conj. Be it as it may; neverthe- 
less; notwithstanding; yet! but; however. — How- 
ev'er, adv. In whatever manner or degree; at all 
events; at lea.'st. — conj. Nevertheless; notwithstand- 
ing ; yet ; still ; though. — How'soev'er, adv. In 
what manner soever; to whatever degree ; however. 
Howdah, how'da,, n. A seat on the back of an ele- 
phant or camel. 
Howel, how'el, n. A cooper's plane for smoothing 
and chamfering the inside of casks, etc. 



siin, cube, f^U ; moon, f 06t ; cow, oil ; liflger or i]jk, tiien. boKboN, chair, get. 



HOWITZER 



184 



HUxVlP 




Howitzer, how'its-Sr, n. (JUL) A short, large bore 

cannon, with. 

or without a 

c h a m b e r, in- 

tended to 

throw large 

projectiles with 

small charges. 
Howl, h o w 1, V. 

i. [HOWLED 

(howld), HOWL- __ 

iXG.] To cry Howitzer, 

as a dog or wolf; to utter a loud, protracted, and 
mournful sound ; to utter a sound of distress, wail ; 
to roar, as a tempest. ^ v. t. To utter with outcry. 

— n. The protracted cry of a dog, etc. ; a loud cry 
of distress; yeU. — Howl'et, n. An owl ; owlet. 

Hoy, hoi, n. (Naiit.) A coasting vessel for passengers 
and goods, usually a sloop. 

HHb, hub, n. The central part or nave of a wheel ; 
hilt of a weapon ; projecting obstruction ; mark at 
which quoits, etc., are cast ; block for scotching a 
wheel; a fluted steel screw for cutting chasing tools, 
etc.; a punch for making die-matrixes. 

Habbub, hub'bub, n. A great noise of confused voices; 
a tumult; uproar; riot. 

Huckaback, liuk'a-bak, n. A kind of linen with raised 
figures, for table-cloths aud towels. 

Huckleberry, huk''l-ber'rT, n. A branching shrub, of 
several species, producing a small, black, edible 
berry; the fruit of this shrub. [Written also whortle- 
berry.'] 

Huckster, huk'ster, n. A retailer of small articles ; 
a peddler ; hawker ; a mean, trickish fellow. — v. i. 
To deal in some small articles, or in petty bargains. 

Huddle, hud'dl, v. i. [-dled (-did), -dling.] To press 
or hurry in disorder ; to crowd together confusedly. 

— V. t. To hurry and slight; to put on, put together, 
or put away hastily or in disorder. — n. A confused 
crowd of persons or things; tumult; confusion. 

Hue, hu, n. Color; shade; tint; dye. 

Hue, hu, n. A shouting or vociferation. 

Huff, huf, n. A fit of petulance or an^er ; a boaster. — 
V. t. [huffed (huft), HUFFixG.] To swell, puff up ; 
to treat with insolence, bully. — v. i. To dilate, swell 
up; to take offense; to bluster, storm. 

Hug, hug, V. t. [hugged (hugd), -ging.] To embrace 
closely; clasp to the bosom; to hold fast, treat with 
fondness ; to cherish in the mind. (iVa«i.) To keep 
close to. — n. A close embrace; clasp; gripe. 

Huge, huj, a. Very large or great ; monstrous ; im- 
mense; extended; gigantic; vast. 

Hugger-mugger, hug'^er-mug'ger, n. Privacy ; se- 
crecy. — a. Secret; sly; disorderly; mean. 

Huguenot, hu''ge-not, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A French Prot- 
estant of the period of the religious wars in France 
in the 16th century. 

Hulk, hulk, n. The body of a vessel; esp. the body of 
an old ship unfit for service ; anything bulky or un- 
wieldy. — Hulk'ing, a. Heavy; 'unwieldy. 

Hull, hul, n. The outer covering of anything, esp. of 
a nut or of grain; the husk. (Xaut.) The frame or 
body of a vessel: see Ship. — v. t. [hulled (huld), 
HULLING.] To strip off or separate the huU or hulls 
of; to pierce the hull of (a ship). 

Hum, hum, v. i. [hummed (humd), -mixg.] To make 
a dull, prolonged, nasal sound, like that of a bee in 
flight; to drone, murmur, buzz, drawl; to make as 
if speaking, but without opening the mouth, or ar- 
ticulating; to mumble. — v. t. To sing with shut 
mouth; to murmur without articulation; to make a 
murmur or buzz of approbation. — n. Noise of bees 
in flight, of a revolvmg top, whirling wheel, etc.; 
any inarticulate buzzing 
sound; an imposition or 
hoax.— Hum^bug,/!. Im- 
position under fair pre- 
tenses; a hoax; one who 
hoaxes ; an impostor. — 
V. t. [humbugged 
(-bugd), -ging.] To de- 
ceive, impose on, cajole. 

— Hum' drum, a. Dull; 

stupid; commonplace. — - „ _. ,. , 
H«'mliig-biTd, n. A Humming-hir/? 




very small Amer. bird of many species, remarkable 
for the metallic brilliancy of its plumage, its swift 
motion, and the humming sound of its wings when 
in flight, or hovering about flowers in pursuit of in- 
sect food. 

Hum, hum, interj. Ahem; hem, — a sound with a 
pause implying doubt and deliberation. 

Human, hu'man, a. Pert, to man or mankind; hav- 
ing the qualities or attributes of man. — Hu'manly, 
-II, adv. After the manner of men. — Hu^manist, n. 
One who pursues the study of the humanities, or jpo- 
lite literature; one versed in the knowledge of hu- 
man nature. — Human'ity, -T-tT, n. Quality of be- 
ing human; mankind collectively; quality of being 
humane ; kindness; benevolence; mental cultiva- 
tion; liberal education, pi. The branches of polite 
or elegant learning; belles-lettres. — Hu''manlze, v. t. 
[-ized (-izd), -iziNG.] To render human or humane. 

— V. i. To become or be made more humane; to be- 
come civilized, be ameliorated. — Humanlta'^rian, 
-rl-an, n. One who holds that Jesus Christ was 
merely a man: one who practices humanity or be- 
nevolence. {Philos.) One who limits the sphere of 
duties to human relations and affections, excluding 
the spiritual. — a. Pert, to humanitarians; benevo- 
lent; philanthropic: ethical, — disting. fr. religious. 

— Human'ita'rianism, -izm, n. Doctrine or practice 
of, etc. — Humane'', -ma-n', a. Having the feelings 
proper to man, and a disposition to treat others with 
kindness ; kind ; benevolent ; merciful ; tending to 
refine. 

Humble, hum^bl or um'bl, a. [-bler. -blest.] Low; 
unpretending; mean; thinking lowly of one's self ; 
not proud, arrogant, or assuming; modest; meek. — 
V. t. [humbled (-bid), -BEING.] To bring low, re- 
duce the power, independence, or exaltation of, 
bring down; to make lowly in mind, abase the pride 
of, degrade, sink. — Hum'bly, -J3II, ac/r.— Hum'ble- 
ness, n. — Humiliate, hu-miKl-at, v. t. To reduce to 
a loM-er position, humble, depress, abase. — Humil'- 
ia'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — HunuP- 
ity, -tT, n. State or quality of being humble; lowli- 
ness of mind; modesty; diffidence. 

Humble-bee, hiun''bl-bej n. A large, hairy bee, of many 
species, having nests in the ground; a'bumble-bee. 

Humbles, Umbles, um^'blz, Nom'bles, n. pi. The en- 
trails of a deer or other beast. — To eat humble pie. 
To take up with mean fare, accept humiliation, 
apologize abjectly. 

Humbug, Humdrum. See under Hum. 

Humerus, hu'mer-us, n. The shoulder ; the upper 
arm; esp. the long bone fr. shoulder to elbow. 

Humid, hu'mid, a. Containing sensible moisture ; 
damp; moist. — Humid''ity, -T-tT, »i. Moisture; damp- 
ness; degree of wetness or saturation. 

Humming-bird. See under Hum. 

Hummock, hum'mok, ??. A rounded knoll or hillock; 
a ridge or pile of ice on an ice-field: timbered land. 

HTimor, hu'mer or u^'mer, n. Moisture: any fluid of 
an animal body except blood, esp. a portion of the 
eye. (Med.) A vitiated or morbid animal fluid, 
such as often causes an eruption on the skin; an 
eruptive affection of the skin ; a rash. State of mind 
(formerly fancied to depend on the condition of the 
fluids of the body); disposition; temper: whim; ca- 
price ; present disposition: that quality of the im- 
agination which excites mirth by ludicrous images 
or representations : wit : satire ;' pleasantry. — v. t. 
[hujiored (-merd), -.MOr.iXG.] To comply with the 
humor of, please by indulgence, favor; to adapt one's 
self to. — Hu'moral, a. Pert, to, or proceeding from, 
the humors. — Hu'^moralism, -izm, n. State of be- 
ing humoral; doctrine that diseases have their seat in 
the humors or fluids of the bod3^ — Hu'morism, n. 
(3Ted.) Humoralism. Humorousness. — Hu'morist, 
n. One who attributes diseases to the diseased state 
of the humors ; one who has strong peculiarity of 
character, which he indulges in oad or whimsical 
ways ; one who has a playful fancy or genius ; a 
wag; droll. — Hu'morous, -us, a. Subject to be gov- 
erned by humor or caprice; full of humor; exciting 
laughter; jocose; witty; merry; capricious; whimii- 
cal. — Hu'moroualy, -IT, a^ir. — Hn'morousness, n. 

— Hu'morsome, -sum, a. Influenced by humor. 
Hump, hump, n. A protuberance; bunch; esp. the 



im, &me, far, pas§ or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; In. ice ; Odd, tone, or ; 



HUNCH 



185 



HYDRA 



protuberance lormed by a crooked back; a hunch. 
— Hnmp'back, n. A crooked back;- hunchback. 

Hnnch, hunch, n. A hump; protuberance; a thick 
piece ! hunk ; a push or jerk, as with the elbow. — 
V. t. [HUNCHED (huncht), HUNCHIXG.] To push 
with the elbow or with a sudden jerk; to crook, as 
the back.— Hunch''back, n. A humpback; one who 
has, etc. 

Eimdred, hun'dred, n. The number of ten times ten; 
a division of a county in Eng., supposed to have 
originally contained 100 families, or freemen. — a. 
Ten times 10; 90 and 10. — Htin''dredth, «. Next fol- 
lowing in order the 9Sth; forming one of 100 i)arts 
into waich anything is divided.— n. One of 100 equal 
parts into which one whole is divided. 

Hung. See Hang. 

Hanger, hun'ger, n. A craving for food; any eager 
desire. — r. i. [hungered (-gerd), -geeing.] To 
crave food; to long for. — v. t. To make hungry, 
famish. — Hun'gry, -gri, a. [-gkiee, -gkiest.] Feel- 
ing hunger; having an eager desire; showing hun- 
ger; not rich or fertile; poor; barren. — Hun''grily, 
^I, adv. 

Hunk, hu^k, 72. A large lump or piece; a hunch. — 
Hunk'^er, n. One opposed to progress in politics; a 
conservative ; fogy. — Hunks, n. A covetous, sordid 
man; a miser; niggard. 

Hunt, hunt, i\ t. To follow after (game or wild ani- 
mals)? to chase; to search diligently after, pursue. — 
V. i. To follow the chase, go out in pursuit of game; 
to seek by close pursuit, search. —n. A chase of 
wild animals, for catching them; pursuit; search; an 
association of huntsmen. — Hunt'^er, n. One who 
pursues- wild animals, a huntsman; a dog, also a 
horse, used in the chase ; a watch which has the crys- 
tal protected by a metalli* cover. 

Hurdle, her'dl, n. A framework of withes and stakes 
or of iron; a crate. 

Hurdy-gurdy, her-'dT-ger'dT, 
n. A stringed instrument 
of music, whose sounds are 
produced by, the friction of 
■a. wheel, and regulated by Hurdy-gurdy, 

the fingers. 

Hurl, herl, v. t. [hueled (herld), hurling.] To send 
whirling or whizzing through the air; to throw vio- 
lently. — n. Act of hurling ; a cast ; fling. 

Hurra, -rah, hoor-ra'', interj. Huzza! a shout of joy or 
exultation. 

Hurricane, hur''r'I-kan, n. A violent storm, character- 
ized by fury of the wind and its sudden changes. 

Hurry, hur'rl. v. t. [-eied (-rid), -eying.] To Kasten, 
urge onward; to cause to be done quickly; to im- 
pel to violent or thoughtless action ; to precipitate, 
expedite, quicken. — v. i. To move or act with haste 
or precipitation. — n. Act of hurrying; haste; speed; 
urgency; bustle. 

Hurt, hert, v. t. [hurt, hueting.] To wound or 
bruise painfully; to damage, injure, harm ; to wound 
the feelings of, annoy, grieve. — n. A physical in- 
jury causing pain; detriment; wound; narm; loss; 
mischief; disadvantage. — Hturfful, -ful, a. Tending 
to impair or destroy; pernicious; harmiul; mischiev- 
ous; injurious; unwholesome. — Hur''tle, -tl, v. i. To 
clash, jostle; to move rapidly, skirmish; to make a 
clashing, terrifying, or threatening sound. — v. t. To 
brandisli; to push forcibly. 

Hurtleberry. Same as Hucklebeeet and Whoetle- 
beeey. 

Husband, huz'band, n. A man who has a wife. — v. t. 
To direct and manage with frugality; to cultivate 
(land); to till.— Hus''bandman, n. ; pi. -men. Afarm- 
er ; tiller of the ground. — Hus''bandry, -rt, n. Care 
of domestic affairs; domestic economy; business of a 
husbandman or farmer; agriculture; Ullage. 

Hush, hush, a. Silent ; still ; quiet. — n. Stillness ; 
quiet, —w. t. [hushed (husht), hushing.] To still, 
silence; to calm (commotion or agitation).— v. i. To 
be still; to be silent, — esp. used in the imperative, 
as an exclamation. — Hush'-mon'ey, w. A bribe to 
secure silence. 
Husk, husk, n. The external covering of certain fruits 
or seeds of plants. — v. t. [husked (huskt), husk- 
ing.] To strip off the external covering of.— Husk'- 
Ing, n. Act of stripping off husks, as from Indian 



corn; a meeting of neighbors, to assist in husking 
corn. — Husk'y, -1, a. Abounding with, consisting 
of, or like husks. 

Husky, husk'T, a. Rough in tone; hoarse; raucous. 

Hussar, huz-zar'', n. {Mil.') Orig. one of the national 
cavalry of Hungary ana Croatia; now one of the 
light cavalry of European armies. 

Hussif, huz'zif , n. A case for thread, needles, etc., — 
called also housewife. 

Hussy, huz'zl, n. An ill-behaved woman or girl; a 
jade; pert girl; a case for thread, needles, etc.: see 
iHussiF. — Hus^wife, -zif or -wif , n. A female econ- 
omist or housekeeper; a worthless woman; a case for 
sewing materials. See Housewife. — Hus^wifery, 
n. Management of family concerns by a woman. 

Hustings, Jius'tingz, n. pi. The principal court of the 
city of London, held before the lord mayor, record- 
er, and aldermen ; place where the election of a mem- 
ber of Parliament is held; platform on which candi- 
dates stand. 

Hustle, hus'l, V. t. [-tled (-Id), -tling.] To shake 
together in confusion, jostle, shove about roughly. 

Hut, hut, K. A small house, or cabin. — v.t. To place 
in huts, as troops in winter quarters. 

Hutch, huch, n. A chest, box, etc., for storing things; 
a coop for rabbits; a low-wheeled car in a mine. 

Huzza, huz-za', n. A shout of joy. — interj. Hurrah! 
— V. i. [huzzaed (-zadO. -zaing.] To utter a shout 
of joy, approbation, or encouragement. 

Hyacinth, hi-'a-sinth, n. (Bot.) A bulbous plant of 
many varieties, bearing sjrikes of fra- 
grant flowers: the "wUd hyacinth" 
{Eastern quamash) and " Peruvian 
hyacinth" are varieties of s cilia. 
{Min.) A red variety of zircon, some- 
times used as a gem. 

Hybrid, hi'brid or hib''rid, n. An ani- 
mal or plant produced from mixture 
of 2 species; a mongrel; mule. — a. 
Produced from, etc. 

Hydra, hi'dra, n. ; E. pi. -deas, -draz, 
L. pi. -DE^, -dre. {Myth.) A water- 
serpent having many heads, one of 
which, being cut off, was succeeded 
by another, unless the wound_ was 
cauterized. A multifarious evil, or 
one not to be repressed by a single 
effort. {Zool.) A minute kind of fresh 
water polyp. — Hy'drous, -drus, a. 
Containing water, watery. — Hy- 
dran-'gea, -je-a, n. {Bot.) A shrubby 
genus of plants bearing opposite 
leaves and large heads of showy flowers. — Hy'drant, 
n. A pipe or spout at which water may be drawn 
from the mains of an aqueduct; a water-plug; street 
fountain. — Hy'drate, -drat, n. { Chem.) A compound 
formed by the union of a definite proportion of water 
with some other substance, generally forming a neu- 
tral salt. — Hy'dride, -drid, n. { Chem.) A compound 
of the binary type, in which hydrogen, as a nega- 
tive, is united vrith some other element. — Hydrau''- 
lic, -draw'lik, -lical, a. Pert, to hydraulics, or to 
fluids in motion. — Hydrau'lics, n. sing. That 
branch of science or of engineering which treats of 
fluids, esp. water, in motion. — Hydraulic cement. 
Cement which will harden 
under water. — H. press. A 
press in which great power 
is obtained from a forcing 
pump which forces water 
into a large cylinder. — H. 
ram. A machine for rais- 
ing water by means of the 
momentum of the water of 
which a portion is to be 
raised.— Hy'drocele, -sel, n. 

{Med.) Dropsy of the scrotum' or of the coverings of 
the testicles or spermatic cord. — Hydroceph'alus, 
-sef'a-lus, w. {Med.) Dropsy of the brain. — Hy'dro- 
dynam^ic, a. Pert, to, or derived from, the force or 
pressure of water. — Hy'drodsmam'^ics, n. Principles 
of dynamics, as applied to water and other fluids. — 
Hy'drofluor'ic, -floo-8r''ik, a. { Chem.) Pert, to, or 
derived from, fluorine and hydrogen. — H. add. An 
acid obtained by distilling fluor-spar with sulpburie 




Hyacinth. 




Hydraulic Eam. 



siin, cube, full ; moon, f(56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, ehair, get. 



HYEMAL 



186 



HYSTERON-PROTERON 




^i;::j^ 



acid. — Hv'drogen, -jen, w. (^Chem.') An inflamma- 
ble, colorless, inodorous gas of extreme lightness, — 
one of the elements of water.— Hydrog'^rapher, -fSr, 
71. One who draws maps of the sea, etc., with the ad- 
jacent shores. — Hydrog'Taphy, -ft, n. Art of meas- 
uring and describing the sea, lakes, rivers, etc., or of 
forming charts of the same. — HydroKogy, w. Sci- 
ence of water, its properties, phenomena, and laws, 
its distribution in lakes, rivers, etc., over the earth's 
surface. — Hydrom''eter, n. An instrument for deter- 
mining the specific gravities and thence the strength 
of liquids; also, one for measuring the velocity or 
discharge of water, as in rivers, from reservoirs, etc. 

— Hydrom'^etry, -trT, n. The determining the spe- 
cific gravity and strength of liquids; art or operation 
of measuring the velocity or discharge of running 
water. — Hydrop''athy, -a-tht, n. The water-cure, a 
mode of treating diseases by the use of pure water. 

— Hydropath''ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Hydrop'a- 
thist, Hy'dropath, n. One who practices, etc.— Hy- 
dropho'oia, -fc'bT-a, n. {Med.) A preternatural 
dread of water, — a symptom of canine madness; the 
disease caused by inoculation with the saliva of a 
rabid dog. — Hydxostat'ic, -ical, a. Relating to hy- 
drostatics; pert, to, or in accordance with, the prin- 
ciples of the equilibrium of fluids. — Hydrostat'ics, 
n. Science of the pressure and equilibrium of fluids. 

Hyemal, hi-e'mal, a. Belonging to, or done in winter. 

Hyena, hi-e'na, n. ; pi. -jjas, -naz. A carnivorous 
m a m m a 1 o f 
Asia and Afri- 
ca, allied to the 
dog: its habits 
are nocturnal, 
and it gener- 
ally feeds upon 
carrion. 

Hygeian, hi-je'- 
an, a. Relating 
to Hygeia, god- 
dess of health; 
pert, to health 

or its preserva- _ 

tion. — Hy'- Hyena. 

giene, -jl-en, n. Science of preserving health, esp. 
of households and communities.— Hygien-'ic, -en-ik, 
a. Pert, to, etc.; sanatory. 

Hygrology, hi-groKo-jT, n. " Doctrine of the fluids of 
the body, or the phenomena and causes of atmos- 
pheric moisture. — Hygroin''eter, n. An instrument 
for measuring the moisture of the atmo.'sphere. — Hy- 
gromet''ric, -rical, a. Pert, to hygrometry; made by, 
or according to, the hygrometer; readily absorbing 
and retainiiig moisture. — Hygrom'^etry, -tri, n. De- 
termination of the humidity of bodies, esp. of the 
atmosphere. 

Hymen, hi''men, n. (3ft/th.) The god of marriage and 
nuptial solemnities. (Anat.) The virginal mem- 
brane. — H3rmene''al, -e^an, a. Pert, to marriage or 
a wedding; nuptial. — ra. A marriage song ; epitha- 
lamium. — Hymenotc'teral, -ter-al, -terous, -us, a. 
Pert, to an order of insects having 4 membranous 
wings, as the bee, the wasp, etc. 

Hymn, him, n. An ode or song of praise, adoration, 
thanksgiving, etc., esp. one sung in worship. — v. t. 
[hymned (himd), hymning.] To worship or extol 
by singing hymns; to sing. — Hym''nal, n. A book of 
hymns.— HsminoKogy, -jT, n. A collection of hymns; 
hymns of a period or country; hymns collectively ; 
treatise on hymns. 

Hyoid, hi'oid, Hyoid'ean, -e-an, a. Having the form 
of an arch, or of the Greek letter upsi- 
lon [v]. — Hyoidbone. A bone between 
the root of the tongue and the larynx. 

Hjrp, hip, n. A morbid depression of 
spirits; melancholy. — v. t. To make 
melancholy, depress the spirits of. 
[Contr. of hypochondria, q. v.] 

Hyperbaton, hi-pgr'ba-ton, n. (Gram.) 
A figurative construction, changing the 
natural and proper order of words and 
sentences. — Hyper'bola, -bo-li, n. 
iOeom.) A curve formed by a section 
of a cone, when the cutting-plane 
makes a greater angle with the base Hyperbola. 




than the side of the cone makes. — Hyper^'bole, -bo- 
le, n. (Rhet.) A figure of speech which expresse.« 
more or less than the truth; exaggeration. — Hyper- 
bolic, -ical, a. {Math.) Pert, to or of the nature of 
the hyperbola. Relating to, or containing, hyper- 
bole. — Hy'perboKically, -ITC, adv.. In the form of 
a hyperbola; with exaggeration. — Hyperbo'iean, 
-re-an, a. Northern; very far north; arctic; hence 
very cold; frigid. — n. An inhabitant of the most 
northern region of the earth.— Hjrpercrific, n. One 
critical beyond measure ; a captious censor. — Hy- 
percrit'ic, -ical, a. Over-critical ; critical beyond 
use or reason; excessively nice or exact. — Hyper- 
crificism. -sizm, w. Excessive or unjust criticism. 

— HsTper'trophy, -tro-fl, n. {Med.) Morbid en- 
largement or overgrowth of an organ or part of the 
body. 

Hyphen, hi'fen, n. {Print.) A mark, thus [-], to con- 
nect syllables of divided, or parts of compound, 
words. 

Hjrpnotic, hip-nofik, a. Tending to produce sleep; 
soporific ; characterized by unnatural or morbid sleep. 

— Hyp'^notism, -no-tizm, ». A kind of mesmeric 
sleep or somnambulism; a similar condition pro- 
duced by gazing at a very bright object. 

Kypo. hi''po, n. A morbid depression of spirits; hyp. 

— Hjrp'oclion''dria, hip'o-kon''drI-a, n. {Med.) A 
mental disorder, in which one is tormented by mel- 
ancholy and gloomy views, esp. about his own 
health. — Hyp'ochon'driac, a. Pert, to the hypo- 
chondrium, or the i arts of the body so called; af- 
fected, characterized, or produced by, hypochondria; 
producing melancholy, or low spirits. — m. A person 
affected with hj'pochondria. — H3rp'ochon''drium, n. ; 
pi. -DEIA. {Anat.) That part of the cavity of the 
abdomen which, on either side, is beneath the carti- 
lages of the false ribs. — Hypoc'risy, -ri-sT, n. The 
act or practice of a hypocrite; simulation, or dissim- 
ulation; esp. the assuming of a false appearance of 
virtue or religion. — Hj^a^ocrite, -krit, n. A pretender 
to virtue or piety which he has not. — Hypocrific, 
-ical, a. Belonging to a hypocrite; exhibiting hypoc- 
risy. — Hs^ocrifically, «(/«.- Hypoder'mlc, -der'- 
mik, a. {Med.) Pert, to what is under the skin; sub- 
cutaneous. — H. injection. The introducing, by a syr- 
inge, under the skin, some medicinal substance — 
ansEsthetic, narcotic, etc. — HjT)ogas'tric, a. {Anat.) 
Relating to, or situated in, the middle of the lower 
part of the abdomen. — Hypotenuse, hi- 
or ht-pot'e-ntis, n. (Geom.) The longest 
side of a right-angled triangle, or the 
line that subtends the right angle. — Hy- 
potli''ecate, hi- or hi-, v. t. {Law.) To 
confer on (one's creditor) a right in a 
thing, with power to sell it for the dis- 
charge of a debt out of the proceeds; to ^^^ hynot- 
subject (property) to liability for a debt enuse 
without delivery of possession or trans- 
fer of title; to pledge. — Hypotli''eca''tion, M. {Civ. 
Law.) Act or contract by which property is hypothe- 
cated. {Laiu of Shipping .) A contract whereby the 
vessel, freight, or cargo is made liable for repayment 
of money advanced for the necessities of the ship. — 
H3rpotli''enuse. Same as Hypotenuse.— Hypoth^e- 
sis, hi- or hi-, n. ;pl. -SES, -sez. A supposition = some- 
thing not proved, but assumed for the purpose of 
argument; a theory assumed to account for Known 
facts or phenomena. — Hypothefic, -ical, a. Char- 
acterized by a hypothesis ; conditional ; assumed 
without proof for the purpose of reasoning. — Hypo- 
theficaUy, adv. 

Hyson, hi^sn, n. A species of green tea. 

Hyssop, hls'sup or hi'zup, n. A plant whose leaves 
nave an aromatic smell, and a warm, pungent taste. 

Hysteria, his-te''rT-a, n. {Med.) A nervous affection, 
manifested by alternate fits of laughing and crying, 
or temporary delirium, with a sensation of strangu- 
lation. — Hyster'^ic, -tgr'ik, -ical, a. Of, or pert, to, 
affected, or troubled with, hysterics; convulsive; fit^ 
ful. 

Hysteron-proteron, his'te-ron-prot'e-ron, n. {Rhet.) 
Afigure in which the word that should foUowcomes 
first; an inver.sion of logical order, in which the con- 
clusion is put before the premi.ses, or the thing 
proved before the evidence. 




S.m, fame, far. pass or operd, fare ; yiid, eve, t5rm ; Tn, Tee ; Odd, tone, or; 



187 



IDLE 



I. 




1, i, the 9th letter of the Eng. alijhabet, has 2 principal 
sounds, — the long sound, as in pine, fine, tee; and 
the short, as in jA)^ fin, gift. I and J were formerly 
regarded as the same character, and in English dic- 
tionaries were long classed together. 

I,i,j)roii. [pass. yiY or ynnE ; objective HE ; pi., nom. 
WE; pass. OUK or ouFiSs obj. us.] The nominative case 
of the pronoun of flie first person, — the word by 
which a speaker or writer denotes himself. 

Iamb, i-'amb, lam'Tjus, L. pi. lAii-'Bi, -bi ; H. pi. 
-BUSES, -bus-ez, lam'^bic, n. 
(P)-^s.) A foot of 2 syllables, 
the 1st short and 2d long, or the 
1st unaccented and 2d accented. 
A verse composed of such feet. 
pi. A satirical poem; satire; lam- 
poon. 

Ibex, i'beks, n. A wild goat of 
the Alps and other mountains 
of Europe, remarkable for its 
long, recurved horns. 

Ibidem, i-bi''dem, adv. In the 
same place, — abbrev. ibid. [L.] Ibex. 

Ibis, i'bis, n. A grallatoi-y bird, one species of which 
was regarded in ancient Egypt 
with adoration. 

Ice,is,«. Frozen water or other fluid; 
concreted sugar ; water or cream 
flavored and frozen. — v. t. [iced 
(ist), ICING.] To cover with, or con- 
vert into, ice; to cover with con- 
creted sugar; to frost; to cool, as 
with ice ; to freeze. — lacing, n. A 
covering of concreted sugar; frost- 
ing. — Ice'berg, n. A hill or moun- 
tain of ice floating on the ocean. — 
Ice''blinli, ti. A bright appearance near the horizon, 
occasioned by the reflection of light from ice, and 

visible before the ice itself is seen. cream, ?i. 

Cream or milk, sweetened, flavored, and congealed 
by a freezing mixture. — -floe, n. A large sheet of 
floating ice. — house, n. A repository for preserving 
ice durnig warm weather.— -plant, n. A species of 
mesembry.anthemum, sprinkled with watery vesi- 
cles, which glitter like ice.— Iceland'ic, n. The lan- 
guage of the inhabitants of Iceland: it is of Scandi- 
navian origin, and more nearly allied to the old 
Norse than any other language now spoken. — Ice''- 
land-moss, n. A kind of nutritious lichen, found in 
arctic regions and on high mountains.— I'cicle, -sl- 
kl, n. A pendent conical mass of ice. 

Ichneumon, ik-nu'mon, 7i. A carnivorous animal of 
Egypt, resembling a 
weasel, very destruc- 
tive to the eggs of 
the crocodile, and of 
poultry ; a hymenop- 
terous insect whose 
larves are parasitic in Ichneumon, 

other insects; ichneumon flv. 

Ichnograph, ik'no-graf, Ichnog'raphy, -ra-ft, 7i. 
(Drawing.) A horizontal section of a building or 
other object; a ground-plan. 

Ichthyology, ik-thl-ol'o-jl, n. Scienee of the stnic- 




Ibis. 





Ichthyosaurus. 

ture, habits, classification, etc., of fishes. — Ich'thy- 
esaur', -o-sawr', -sau'roa, -saw'rus, n. (Paleon.) An 
extinct carnivorous reptile, lizard-like, and with 
vertebrae like those of fishes. 



j Icicle, Icing, etc. See under Ice. 

Iconoclast, i-kon'o-klast, ji. A destroyer of images or 
idols; one who exposes impositions or shams. 

Icosahedron, i'ko-sa-he'dron, n. A solid of 20 equal 
sides. {Geoni.) A regular solid, consisting of 20 
equal and similar triangular pyramids whose ver- 
tices meet in the center of a circumscribing sphere. 

Icteric, ik-ter'^ik, n. A remedy for the jaundice. — 
Icter'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or affected with, jaundice; 
good against the jaundice. 

Ictus, ik'^tus, n. (Pros.) The stress of voice laid upon 
the accented syllable of a word. — Ic'tic, a. Pert, to 
or produced by a blow; sudden; abrupt. 

I'd, Id. A contr. fr. Iviould or I had. 

Ida, id, n. A lake fish of N. Europe, of the genus of 
the dace, roach, etc., but ascending rivers to spawn. 

Idea, i-de'a, n. ; pi. Ide'^as, -az. The image or picture 
pf a visible obiect, formed by the mind ; a similar 
image of any oDject, whether sensible or spiritual; 
a general notion or conception, formed by general- 
ization ; a notion, conception, or thought ; a belief, 
doctrine, or opinion ; one of the archetypes or pat- 
terns of created things, conceived by the Platonists 
to have existed from eternity in the mind of the 
Deity. — Ide'al, n. A conception proposed by the 
mind for imitation, realization, or attainment ; a 
standard of perfection, beauty, etc. — a. Existing in 
idea or thought ; intellectual; mental; proposed for 
imitation, realization, or obedience; existing in imag- 
ination only; unreal; teaching the doctrine of ideal- 
ism. — Ide''alism, -izm, n. The system or theory that 
makes everything to consist in ideas ; doctrine that 
we have no rational grounds to believe in the real- 
ity of anything but ideas and their relations. — Ide'- 
aust, n. One who holds the doctrine of idealism ; 
one who idealizes, or forms picturesque fancies or ro- 
mantic expectations. — Ideal^ity, -\-Vi, n. A lively 
imagination, united to a love of the beautiful. See 
Phkenology.— Ide''alize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izinq.] 
To make ideal, give an ideal form or value to. — 
V. i. To form ideas. 

Idem, i'dem. The same as above, — abbreviated id. 
[L.] — Iden'tical, -tik-al, a. The same ; the very 
same ; not different : expressing sameness or the 
same truth. — Iden^tically, adv. — Iden'tify, -tt-fi, 
V. t. [-FIED (-iid), -FYING.] To make to be the same, 
unite or combine, treat as having the same use or 
effect ; to determine or establish the identity of, 
prove to be the same. — v. i. To become the same, 
coalesce in interest, purpose, use, effect, etc. — Iden'- 
tifica'tion, ?». Act of, etc. — Iden-'tity, -tt-tt, n. State 
or quality of being identical; sameness; condition of 
bein^ the same with something described or asserted, 
or of possessing a character claimed. 

Ides, idz, n.pl. (Anc. Rom. Calendar.) The 15th day 
of March, May, July, and October, and the 13th of 
other months. 

Idiom, id''T-um, n. A mode of expression peculiar to a 
language or dialect; genius or peculiar cast of a lan- 
guage; peculiar form of language. — Wiomafic, -o- 
mat-'ik, -ical, a. Peculiar to a language ; conformed 
to the mode of expression of a language. — Idioc'- 
rasy, ;ok'ra-sTr, I''dios3m''crasy, -sin-'kra-st, n. Pe- 
culiarity of constitution or temperament ; Individ- ' 
ual characteristic or susceptibility.— Id'iot, -1-ut, n. 
Orig., a person in private life, also an unlearned, 
ignorant, or foolish person; now, a person destitute 
from birth of the ordinary intellectual powers ; a 
simpleton. — Wiocy, -o-sT, Id'iotcy, n. Absence of 
the mental faculties, natural to man, from congen- 
ital imperfection in the size, form, or quality of the 
brain. — Idiofic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or like an idiot ; 
foolish, sottish. — Id'iotism, -izm, n. An idiom. 

Idle, i'dl, a. [idler, idlest.] Of no account ; use- 
less ; vain ; unprofitable ; not called into active service ; 
inactive; doing nothing ; averse to labor or employ- 
ment; indolent; lazy. — v. t. [idled (-did), idling.] 



siiin, cube, full ; moon, f66t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboif, chair, get. 



IDOL 



188 



IMAGE 



To spend in idleness, wa^te, consume. — I''dleness, 
11. Inaction; sluggishness; sloth. 

Idol, i'dul, n. An ima^e or represcntatKiii o-f any- 
thing; image of a divinit}', made as an object of wor- 
ship; that on which the "affections are strongly, ex- 
cessively, and improperly set; deceitful image ; phan- 
tom. — I'dolize, r. t. [-IZED (-Tzd), -izixa.] To make 
an idol of, pay idolatrous worship to; to Jove or rev- 
erence to excess oradoration. — I''doliz'er, n. — Idol''- 
ater, -doKa-ter, n. A worshiper of idols; a pagan; an 
adorer; great admirer. — Idolatress, n. A female 
worshiper of idols. — IdoKatrons, -trus, a. - Pert, to, 
or of the nature of, consisting in, or partaking of, 
etc. — IdoKatry, -tri, n. Worship of idols, or anytning 
which is not God; excessive veneration for anything. 

Idoneoixs, i-do''ne-us, a. Suitable; fit; proper. " 

Idyl, i'dil or id'il, n. A short pastoral poem; also a 
narrative poem, in an elevated and finished style. 

If, if, cot)j. In case that; granting, allowing, or sup- 
posing that; whether. 

Igneous, ig''ne-us, a. Pert, to, consisting of, contain- 
ing, or like fire. {Geol.) Resulting from the action 
of tire. — Ignite'', -nit', v. t. To kindle, set on fixe. — 
c. /. To take fire, be^in to burn. — Igni'tor, -ter, n. 
One who, or that which, etc.; esp. the contrivance for 
inflaming powder in a torpedo, etc. — Ignit'lble, a. 
Capable of being ignited. — Igni''tion, -nish-'un, n. 
Act of, or state of being, etc. — Ig^nis-fafuus, -u-us, 
n. ; pi. iG'jfES-FAT'ui, -nez-fat'u-T. A flitting light 
that appears, at night, over marshy grounds, etc., j 
supposed to be occasioned by decomposition of ani- 
mal or vegetable substances, or by inflammable gas; 
will-o'-the-wisp. 

Ignoble, ig-no^bl, a. Of low birth or family; not no- 
ble or illustrious; mean; worthless; not honorable, 
elevated, or generous; base; degenerate; degraded; 
disgraceful; infamous. — Igno''Dly, -blT, adv. — Ig'- 
nominy, -min'I, 71. Public disgrace or dishonor; an 
act deserving disgrace ; opprobrium ; reproach ; 
shame; contempt; infamy. — Ignomin''ious, -I-us, a. 
Marked with, or deserving, etc.; infamous; despica- 
ble. — Ignomin'iously, adv. — Ignore'', -nor'', v. t. 
[-XOEED (-nSrd'), -noeixg.] To be ignorant of. 
(Law.) To throw out (a bill) as false or ungrounded. 
To refuse to take notice of: to leave out of account 
or consideration. — Ignora''nms, n. ; pi. -iirsES, -ez. 

' An ignorant person; a vain pretender to knowledge. 
— Ig'norance, -rans, w. Conditionof being ignorant; 
want of knowledge. — Ig''norant, a. Destitute of 
knowledge ; uninstructed or uninformed ; unac- 
quainted; unaware; displaying, or resulting from, 
ignorance; illiterate. — Ig''norantly, adv. — Ig''no- 
rantism, -izm, n. Policy of keeping the masses in a 
state of ignorance ; obscurantism. — Ig''norantist, n. 
One who, etc. 

Iguana, T-gwa''na, n. An edible lizard of tropical 
Amer. • , 

Hex, i''leks, n. A genus of evergreen trees and shrubs, 
including holly. —Hic'ic, T-ris''ik. a. Pert, to the 
holly, — said of an acid contained in its leaves. — 
H'icin. -cine, -sin, n. The bitter principle of, etc. 

Heum, iKe-uni, a. The lower part of the small intes- 
tine. — Il''iuin, -T-um, ?i. One of the flattened upper 
side bones of the pelvis, forming part of the hip 
joint; flank bone; haunch bone. — n''iac, -I-ak, Ili''- 
acal, «. Pert, to the ileum or the ilium. 

Jliad, iKT-ad, n. A Greek epic poem, composed by 
Homer, on the destruction of Ilium, the ancient Troy. 

nk, ilk, a. The same; also; each; every. [In Scot- 
tish usage, the phrase of that ilk denotes that one's 
surname and the title of his estate are the same ; as. 
Grant of that ilk, i. e., Grant of Grant; in Eng. and , 
the U. S., it is ignorantly used to signify of that j 
same kind ; as, others of that ilk.] ' ! 

HI, il, a. [Conip. and superl. wanting, their places 
being supplied by woy-se and ivorst, q. v.] Bad, evil; 
contrary to good in a physical sense ; opposed to 
advantage, happiness, etc. ; contrarj' to good, in a 
moral sense ; sick; unwell; not accordant with rule, 
fitness, or propriety ; cross ; surly ; peevish. — n. 
Evil of any kind; misfortune; disease: pain; wick- 
edness; depravity; iniquity. — adv. With pain or 
diflSculty; not €asily; not rightly or perfectly; not 
well. — Ill''ness, n. Disease ; indisposition ; malady ; 
sickness; wrong moral conduct: wickedness.— Il-'ry, 



-It, rtrff. In an ill or evil manner; not well, [bome 
times used, improperly, for ill.] 
Illaudable, il-lawd''a-bl, n. Not laudable; worthy ol 
censure or dispraise. — Ille''gal, a. Not lesal; con- 
trary to law: unlawful: illicit. — niegaKity , -T-tT, n. 
Quality or condition of being illegal. — ine''galize, 
?■. t. To render unlawful. — Ille''gs3ly, adc.— JMeg''- 
ible, -lej'T-bl, a. Incapable of being read; not leg- 
ible or readable. — Illeg''ibly, adv. — Illeg'ibil''itjr, >;. 
. — Illegifimate, -jit'l-mat, a. Xot regular or au- 
" thorized: unlawful; unlawfully begotten; born out 
of wedlock: illogical; not authorized by good usage. 

— r. t. To render illegitimate. — Illegit'inia''tion, u. 
Act of illegitimating: state of being illegitimate; il- 
legitimacy.— lUegifimacy, -sT, w. State of bastard v ; 
state of being not genuine.— Illib''«ral, a. Xot lib- 
eral; not free, generous, or noble; niggardly; mean; 
base; narrow-minded; indicating a lack of breeding, 
culture, etc. — Iilib'eral''ity, n. Quality of being il- 
liberal. —Illib''erally, adv. — Ulic'it, -lis''it, a. Xot 
permitted or allowed: prohibited; unlawful. — IL- 
lini''itable, a. Incapable of being limited or bound- 
ed ; limitless ; unlimited ; immeasurable ; infinite ; 
vast. — Illiferate, «. Ignorant of letters or books; 
untaught; unlearned; unlettered. — niit'orateness, 
-eracy, -sT, n. State of being illiterate; ignorance; a 
literary blunder. — Illog''ical, -loj''ik-al, a. Ignorant 
or negligent of, or contrary to, the rules of logic or 
sound reasoning. 

Illness. See under III. 

niude, il-lud'', v. t. To play upon by artifice, deceive, 
mock. — niu'sion, -zhun, 71. An unreal image pre- 
sented to the bodily or mental vision : delusion ; 
mockery ; chimera ;' fallacy ; hallucination : a lace 
fabric used for ladies' dresses, bridal veils, etc. — II- 
lu''sionist, n. One given to illusion; a juggler. — II- 
lu''sive, -siv, a. Deceiving by false show: deceitful. 

— lUu'sory, -so-rl, a. Deceiving by false appear- 
ances; fallacious. 

Illume, il-lum' [-lumed (-lumd''), -lumixg], Illu'- 
minate, Illu''mine, -min, r. t. To enlighten, supply 
with light ; to light up (a building, etc.) in token of 
rejoicing or in honor of some person, party, or event ; 
to adorn (a book or page) with colored illustrations; 
to explain, elucidate. — niu''inina''tion, n. Act of, or 
state of being, etc.; festive decoration of buildings 
with lights; adornment of books with colored illus- 
trations; thing illuminated, as a house, book, or 
manuscript; that which illuminates or gives light; 
brightness; splendor. — Illu''mina'tive, a. Tending 
to illuminate or illustrate; illustrative. 

Illusion. Illusive, et^. See under Illude. 

Illustrate, il-lus'trat, v. t. To make clear or bright; 
to set in a clear light, exhibit distirictly; to explain; 
to exemplify, esp. by means of figures, comparisons, 
examples, etc.; to ornament and elucidate with pic- 
tures or figures. — niustra''tion, n. Act of illustra- 
ting; explanation: elucidation; state of being illus- 
trated: that which illustrates, esp., a picture, etc. — 
Illus''trative, -tiv, a. Tending to illustrate; explain- 
ing. — Illus'trious, -trT-us, a. Possessing luster, 
brightness, or brilliancy: characterized by greatness, 
nobleness, etc.; conferring luster or honor; brilliant; 
distinguished; famous; renowned; eminent; glori- 
ous. 

Illy. See under III. 

Image, im''ej, n. A similitude of any person or thing, 
sculptured, drawn, or otlRrwise made perceptible to 
the sight; statue; picture; likeness; effigy; an idol; 
semblance ; appearance; representation of anything 
to the mind. (Eliet.) A word-picture; illustration; 
description: metaphor. (Opt.) The figure of iny ob- 
ject formed by rays of light upon the retina of the 
eve, or upon "a mirror or screen, or at the focus of 
a' lens. — r. t. [imaged (-ejd), -agixg.] To form, 
an image of ; to represent to the mental vision. 

— Im''agery, -ej-rT, 71. Images in general, or in 
mass ; unreal show ; work of the imagination or 
fancv; false ideas: rhetorical decoration ; figures in 
discourse. — Imag''ine, -aj''in, v. t. [-ined (-ind), 
-ixiXG.] To form in the mind a notion or idea of; 
to contrive in purpose; to represent to one's self; to 
fancy, suppose, plan, frame. — i-. i. To form con- 
ceptions, think, suppose. — Imag''inary, -rT, a. Ex- 
isting only in imagination or fancy ; iaeal ; chimer- 



am, fame, far, pass or operi, fare ; gnd, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; 



IMAM 



189 



IMPENETRABLENESS 




Imbricate 
Scales. 



ical ; visionary ; unreal. — Imag'ma''tion, n. Power ] 
by which the mind forms ideas or mental images ; | 
power to create or reproduce an object of sense pre- j 
viously perceived, or to recall a mental or spiritual 
state before experienced ; power to recombiue ma- 
terials furnished by experience or direct apprehen- 
sion; fancy; power to recreate with readiness, imder 
the stimulus of feeling, for an elevated end or pur- 
pose; invention. — Imag'ina'tivo, -tiv, a. Proceed- 
ing from, and characterized by, the imagination ; 
given to imagining; full of images, fancies, etc. 

Imam, t-mam'% I'man, i''man. Imaum'', T-mawm', n. 
A priest among Mohammedans ; a Mohammedan 
prince who has supreme spiritual and temporal pow- 
er. 

Imbankment. Same as Embankment. 

Imbecile, im'be-sil or -seK, a. Destitute of strength, 
either of body or of mind; decrepit; weak; feeble; 
impotent.— n. One who is, etc.— Im'becil'ity, -t-tl, 
n. Quality of being imbecile. 

Imbed, im-bed'', v. t. To sink or la}% as in partially 
inclosing clay, mortar, etc. 

Imbezzle. Same as Embezzle. 

Imbibe, im-bib'', v. t. [-bibed (-bibd''), -bibing.] To 
drink in, absorb; to receive into the mind and re- 
tain. — Imbibi''tion, -bish^un, n. Act of imbibiner. 

Imbitter. im-bit'ter, v. t. [-tered (-terd), -teeing.] 
To make bitter, make unhappy or grievous; to make 
more distressing, render violent, exasperate. 

Imbody, Imbolden, Imbosom, etc. See Embody, Em- 
bolden, etc. 

Imbow, im-bo'', v. t. To make like a bow; to arch, 
vault. 

Imbricate, im'^ferT-kat, -cated, a. Bent and hollowed 
like a roof or gutter-tile; lying over 
each other in regular order, "Uke shin- 
gles on a roof. 

Imbroglio, im-broKyo, n. An intricate 
plot; a complicated and embarrassing 
state of things. 

Imbrown, im-brown'', v. t. [-browned 
(-browndO; -browning.] To make 
brown, darken the color of, tan. _ 

Imbrue, im-broo'', v. t. [-brued (-brood''), 
-bruing.] To soak; to drench m a fluid, 
as in blood. 

Imbmte, im-broof, v. t. To degrade to 
the state of a brute, make brutal. — v. 
i. To sink to the state of a brute. 

Imbue, im-bu', v. t. [-bued (-bud'), -bu- 
ing.] To tinge deeply, dye; to cause to 
become impressed or penetrated. 

Imitate, im'T-tat, v. t. To follow as a 
pattern, model, or example; to copy; to 
produce a likeness of, in form, color, 
qualities, conduct, manners, etc. ; to 
counterfeit; to produce by imitation. 

— Im'^itable, a. Capable or worthy of being, etc. — 
Im'itabil'ity, -tT, n. — Imita'tion, n. Act of imita- 
ting; thing made or produced as a copy J likeness; re- 
semblance. See Phrenology. — Im'itativo, -tiv, a. 
Inclined to imitate; imitating; exhibiting an imita- 
tion of a pattern or model; formed after a model, 
pattern, or original. — Im'itator, -tSr, n. 

Immaculate, im-mak'u-lat, a. Spotless; without blem- 
ish; unstained; undetiled; pure; limpid. — Immate'- 
rial, -rt-al, a. Not consisting of matter; incorporeal; 
spiritual; of no essential consequence; unimportant. 

— Immature'', -tured'', -twrd'', a. Not mature or ripe ; 
not arrived at perfection or completion; crude; too 
early; premature.— Immature''ly, arfu.- Immature''- 
ness, -tu''rity, -rl-tt, n. Condition or quality of be- 
ing immature. 

— Immea3''urable, im-mezh'Sr-a-bl, a. Incapable 
of being measured ; illimitable. — Immeaa''urahly, 
adv. — Imme''diate, -dt-at, a. Not separated by anj'- 
thing intervening ; proximate ; close ; not deferred 
by an interval of time; present; producing its effect 
by direct agency; acting directly. — Imme''diately, 
adv. In an immediate manner; without intervention 
of anvthing ; without delay ; directly ; instantly; 
quickly; presently. — Immemo''rial, -rX-al, a. Beyond 
memory, record, or tradition ; out of mind. (Eng. 
Law.) Previous to the reign of Richard I. — Imme- 
mo^rially, adv. — Immense'', -mens', a. Unlimited; 



unbounded; very great; huge; infinite;_ immeasur- 
able; prodigious; monstrous. — Immen'sity, -sT-tT, u. 
Unlimited extension; infinity; vastness in extent or 
bulk; greatness. — Immen''surable, a. Not Ui be 
measured; immeasurable. 

— Immis''cible, im-mis''sT-bl, a. Not capable (>f be- 
ing mixed. —Immis'cibil''ity, n. — Immit-'igable, u. 
Not capable of being mitigated or appeased. 

— Immob''ile, im-mob''il, a. Incapable of 1 cing 
moved; fixed; stable. — Immobil''ity, n. Conduidn 
or quality of being, etc. — Immod'erate, -er-ai, <:. 
Not moderate; not confined to suitable limits: ex- 
cessive ; exorbitant; unreasonable; extravagant. — 
Immod'est, a. Not limited to due bounds; immod- 
erate; wanting in the reserve or restraint whicli de- 
corum and decency require; indecorous; shameless; 
impudent; indecent; unchaste; lewd; obscene. — 
ImHior''al, -mor''al, a. Not moral; inconsistent with 
rectitude; contrarj- to conscience or the divine law; 
vicious; unjust; impure; unchaste; profligate; aban- 
doned; lewd; obscene. — Immoral''ity, -mo-raKlt-tT, 
n. Quality of being immoral; vice; an immoral act 
or practice. — Immor'tal, -m5r''tal, a. Not mortal ; 
exempt from liability to die; connected with, or ter- 
minating in, immortality; destined to live in all ages 
of this world; eternal; never-ending; ceaseless; en- 
during; imperishable; deathless. — ImmortaKity, ?«. 
Quality of being immortal; unending existence; ex- 
emption from oblivion. — Immor'talize, -Iz, v. t. 
To render immortal; to exempt from oblivion, per- 
petuate. — Immor''tally, adu.— Im'mortielles'', -teK, 
n. x>l. (^Bot.) A name of several genera of unfading 
flowers; everlasting, q. v. Wreaths composed of 
them, — placed upon coffins, monuments, etc. — Im- 
mov'able, -moov'a-bl, a. Incapable of being moved ; 
firmly fixed; steadfast; not to be induced to change; 
incapable of being altered or shaken; unalterable; 
not easily affected or moved; unimpressible; hard- 
hearted. (Law.) Permanent in place or tenure ; 
fixed. — n. That which cannot be moved, pi. (Civil 
Law.) Lands, and things adherent thereto, — by na- 
ture, as trees; by the hand of man, as buildings and 
their accessories ; by their destination, as seeds, 
plants, manure, etc.; and by the objects to which 
they are applied, as servitudes. 

— Immune, im-uiun', a. Exempt ; protected by . 
inoculation. — Immu''nize, v. t. To make immurie. 
Immu'nity, im-mu''n1-tl, n. Exemption from any 
charge, duty, office, tax or imposition ; a particu- 
lar nrivilege ; freedom ; state of bemg not suscepti- 
ble to poison, disease, etc. — Immu' table, a. Not 
mutable ; unchangeable ; invariable ; unalterable. 

— Impalpable, im-paKpa-bl, a. Not palpable ; not 
to be felt; extremely fine, so that no grit can be per- 
ceived by touch ; not easily apprehended by the 
mind.— Impar''ity, -par''Y-tT, n. Inequality; dispro- 
portion ; difference of degree, rank, numoer, etc. ; 
indivisibility into equal parts. — Impar''tial, -par'- 
slial, a. Not partial ; unprejudiced; disinterested; 
equitable; just. — Impar'tial''ity, -shT-aK- or -shaK- 
T-tT, w. Freedom from bias; disinterestedness; equi- 
tableness. — Impar''tially. -shal-lT, adv. — Imparf- 
ible. -parfY-bl, a. Not partible ; indivisible. -•Im- 
parfibiKity, n. Quality of being impartible; indi- 
visibility'. — Impas8''able, -pas''a-bl, a. Incapable of 
being passed; impervious; impenetrable; patnless. — 
Impas'sibil'lty, n. Qualits' or condition of being im- 
passible. — Impas''sible, -pas''sl-bl, o. Incapable of 
suffering or passion, pain or sympathy ; unfeeling i 
without sensation. — Iinpas''Bive, -pas''siv, a. Not sus- 
ceptible of pain or suffering; insensible; impassible. 

— Impa8''sivene8S, n. — Impa'tience, -shens, n. 
Quality of being impatient ; restlessness ; want of 
patience; v-olence of temper; passion. — Impa'- 
tient, «. Nrc patient ; not bearing with composure ; 
intolerant ; hasty. — Impa''tiently, adv, 

— Impec'cable, im-pek''ka-b}, a. Not liable to sin ; 
exempt from the possibilitv of doing wrong. — Im- 

Eec'cancy, -kan-sT, -cabil'^ity, -tl, n. Quality of 
eing, etc. — Impecun^'ious, -kun'T-us, a. Not hav- 
ing money ; poor. — Impecu'nios''ity, n. Want of 
money, — Imp6n''etrable, -e-tra-bl, a. Incapable of 
being penetrated or pierced; inaccessible (to knowK 
edge, reason, sympathy, etc.). — Impen''etrablenes8, 
-trabiKity, n. Quality of being impenetrable. (J'/n/s- 



siin, cube, full ; moon, f(56t ; cow, oil ; ligger or igk, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



IMPENITENT 



190 



IMMINENT 



tcs.) That property of matter by which it excludes 
all other matter from the space it occupies. Obtuse- 
ness ; stupidity ; want of sympathy or susceptibil- 
ity ; coldness. — rmpen'iteiit, a. Not penitent ; not 
repenting of sin ; notcmtritc; obdurate. — n. One 
who does not repent ; a hardened sinner. — Imper- 
ceiv'able, -per-sev'a-bl, -cep'tible, -sep'tl-bl, a. 
Not perceptiole ; insensible ; impalpable 4 not easily 
apprehended ; very small : fine ; very slow in prog- 
ress. — n. That wliich cannot be perceived on ac- 
count of its smallness.— Impercep'tibleness. -tibil'- 
ity, n. Quality of being, etc. — Impercep'tibly, adv. 

— Imper'fect, a. Not perfect or complete in all its 
parts; wantiir^ in soms part; unfinished; not equal 
to the standard; not fulfilling its design; esthetically 
or morally defective; marked by, or subject to, de- 
fects or evil.— 7mpe/:/^ci tof^'e. {Oram.) A tense ex- 
pressing uncompleted action or state, esp. in past 
time.— Imperfec'tion, -fek'shun, >«. Qualitj^or con- 
dition of being imperfect; want of perfection; de- 
fect; deficiencv: fault; failing; frailty; foible; blem- 
ish; vice.— Imper'fectly, a /c— Imper'forate, -per''- 
fo-rat, a. Not perforated or pierced; having no open- 
ing. — Imper'^isliable, -pir'ish-a-bl, a. Not perish- 
able; indestructible. —Imper''meabl6, -per^me-a-bl, 
a. Not permeable ; not permitting passage, as of a 
fluid, through its substance ; impervious. — Imper'- 
Bonal, a. Not personal ; not representing a person ; 
not having indi^'iduality. — Impersonal verb. (Gram.) 
A verb without the inflections appropriate to the 1st 
and 2d persons ; one without a definite subject, as, 
it rains. — Imper'sonal''ity, n. Condition or quality 
of bein^ impersonal. —ImperspiC'uous, -per-spik'u- I 
us, a. Not perspicuous ; obscure ; vague. — Imper'- 
spicu''ity, re. Want of perspicuity. — Im'persua''- 
sible, -swa^'zt-bl, a. Not to be moved by persuasion: 
not yielding to arguments. — Imper'tirienee, -nency, j 
-nen-sT, re. Condition or quality of being imperti- j 
nent; irrelevance; unbecoming conduct ; rudeness; ] 
inciviUty; that which is impertinent; a thing out of 1 
place, or of no value, etc. — Imper'tinent, a. Not I 
pertinent; having no bearing on the subject ; irrele- ' 
rant ; inapplicable ; contrary to rules of propriety ; i 
impudent; rude ; of no account ; trifling; frivolous. | 

— Im'pertur''bable, -per-ter'ba-bl, a. Incapable of 
being perturbed or agitated. — Ini'pertxu:'babil''ity, | 
n. — Imper'turba'tion, re. Freedom from agitation 
of mind; calmness; quietude. — Imper'vlable, -vl- 
a-bl, -vlous, -tI-us, a. Not pervious; not admitting 
of entrance or passage through; impassable; impene- 
trate. 

— Impi'ety, im-pi'e-tf, re. Quality of being impi- 
ous ; irreverence toward the Supreme Being ; an 
impious act ; want of reverence, filial affection, or 
obedience to parents; ungodliness; irreligion; sin- 
fulness ; profaneness. — Im''pious, -pT-us, a. Not 
pious ; profane ; proceeding from, or manifesting, a 
want of reverence for the bupreme Being. 

— Impla'cable, im-pla''ka-bl, a. Not placable; inca- 
pable of being pacified; unappeasable; inexorable; 
relentless. — Implau'^sible, -plaw'zi-bl, a. Not plau- 
sible ; not wearing the appearance of truth. — Im- 
plTuaed', -plumd'', -plu-'mous, -mus, a. Ka.ving no 
plumes or feathers. 

— ImpoKicy, im-poKl-sT, n. Qualitv of being impol- 
itic; inexpedience; bad policy. —Impolite'', -lit', a. 
Not polite; not of poli^^lied mmners; unpolite; im- 
civil ; rude. — Impolitic. -T-l>ik, a. Not politic ; 
wanting in policy or prudent m imGrement ; indis- 
creet ; inexpedient. — Impoa'derable, -der-a-bl, a. 
Not ponderable; without sensible weight. —Impon'- 
derabil'ity, n. Quality of being, etc. — Impc'rous, 
-po'ru.*, «. Destitute of pores; compact in texture; 
solid.- Imporos'ity, -ros'i-tr, n. Want of porosity; 
compactness that excludes pores. — Importune', 
-ton', V. t. [-TUXED (-tund'), -rrxiXG.] To request 
with urgency; to press with solicitation, tease. — Im- 
portu'nity,-nT-tr, re. Quality of being importunate; 
urgent request: pertinacious solicitation.— Import'- 
Tmaxy, -p6rt'u-na-sT, n. Quality of bein? importu- 
nate. — Import'UHate, a. Troublesomelv urgent ; 
pertinacious in solicitation. — Import'unately, adv. 
— Impos'sible, -pos'sT-bl, a. Not possible; incapa- 
ble of existence, or of being done, thousht, endured, 
etc.; impracticable. -Impos'sibil 'ity, ?i. Quality of 



being impossible; an impossible thing. — Im'potent, 
a. Not potent ; wanting power, strength, or vigor, 
whether physical, intellectual, or moral. (Law.) 
Wanting the power of procreation. — re. One who 
is, etc. — Im'potence, -t«ncy, -ten-sT, n. Condition 
of being, etc. {Law & Physiol.) Want of procrea- 
tive power. 

— Imprac'ticable, im-prak'tt-ka-bl, a. Not prac- 
ticable; incapable of being accomplished by means 
at command ; not easily managed ; untractable ; 
not to be overcome or persuaded by any reasonable 
method ; not capable of being easily dealt with : in- 
capable of being passed or traveled ; impossible ; 
infeasible. — Imprac'ticableness. -ticabil'ity, ;;. — 
Imprac'ticably, adv. — Imprecis'ion, -sizh'un, n. 
Want of precision or exactness. — Impreg'nable, a. 
Not to be stormed or taken by assault ; not to be 
shaken: invincible. — Imprescrip'tible, -skrip'tT-bl, 
a. Not capable of being lost or impaired by neglect 
to use, or by the claims of another founded on pre- 
scription ; not derived from, or dependent on, ex- 
ternal authority. — Improb'able, a. Not probable ; 
unlikely to be true. — icaprob'ably, adv. In an im- 
probable manner. — Improb'abU'ity, re. Quality of 
being improbable; unlikelihood. — Improp'er, a. 
Not proper; not fitted to the circumstances, design, or 
end; unfit; indecent. — Improjier fraction. (Arith.) 
A fraction whose denominator is less than its nu- 
merator, as, A. — Improp'erly, adv. In an improper 

manner; not fitly; unsuitably; incongruously; inac- 
curately.— Im'propri'ety, -pri'e-tT, re. Unfitness or 
iinsuitableness to character, time, place, or circum- 
stances: that which is improper; an unsuitable act, 
expression, etc. — Improv^ident, a. Not provident; 
wanting forecast; inconsiderate; negligent; heed- 
less. — Improvise', -viz', v. t. [-vised (-vizd'), -vis- 
ing.] To speak extemporaneously, esp. in verse; to 
bring about on a sudden, off-hand, or without pre- 
vious preparation ; to do or make on the spur of the 
moment. — v. i. To utter compositions without pre- 
vious preparation ; to do anything off-hand. — Im' 
prov'visato're, -ve'za-to'ra, re. One who composes 
and sings or recites poems extemporaneously and 
immediately. [It.] — Improv'visatri'ce, -ve-za-tre'- 
cha^re. A woman who, etc. [It.] — Impru'dence, 
-proo'dens, re. Quality of being imprudent; want of 
prudence; an imprudent act. — Impm'dent, a. Not 
prudent ; wanting prudence or discretion ; injudi- 
cious; incautious; unadvised; rash. — Ijnpru'dently, 
«c?v. — Im'pudence, re. Quality of beins impudent; 
effrontery ; sauciness. [F.] — Im'pudent, a. Bold, 
with contempt or disregard of others ; unblushingly 
forward; wanting modesty; shameless; audacious; 
brazen; pert ; rude ; saucy ; impertinent ; insolent. 

— Impu'nity, -nT-tt, n. Exemption from punish- 
ment or penalty, — or from injury or loss ; security. 

— Impure', -pur', a. Mixed with extraneous sub- 
stances; not pure; foul; defiled by sin or guilt; un- 
holy ; unhallowed ; unchaste ; lewd : unclean : ob- 
scene. (Old Test.) Not purified according to the law 
of Moses; ceremonially unclean. — Impufe'ness. Im- 
pu'rity, -rT-tT, n. Condition or quality of being, 
or that which is impure. — Imputres'eibl*, -sT-Vl, a. 
Not putrescible; not subject to putrefaction or cor- 
ruption. 

Immanent, im'ma-nent, a. Remaining within ; in- 
herent: internal or subjective, — opp. to emanent, or 
transitive. 

Immanity, im-man't-tt, n. Alonstrosity; atrocity. 

Immanuel. im-man'u-el, re. God with us, — an appel- 
la^-'on of the Savior. 

Immerse, im-mers', v. t. [-mersed (-mersf), -mers- 
I.VG.] To plunge into anything that surrounds or 
covers, esp. into a fluid; to engage deeply, involve. 

— Immer'sioH, -shun, re. Act of, or state' of being, 
etc.; state of being deeplv engaged. (Astr-on.) Dis- 
appearance of a celestial body, bj"^ passing behind an- 
other, or into its shadow. 

Immesh, im-mesh', r. t. [-meshed (-meshf), -mesh- 
ing.] To entangle in the meshes of a net. orin a web. 

Immigrate, im'mT-grat, v. 1. To remove into a coun- 
try for permanent residence. — Im'migrant, n. One 
who, etc. — Immigra'tion, re. Act of immigrating. 

Imminent, im'rai-nent, a. Threatening immediately 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, tSrm ; In. ice : 5dd, tone, or ; 



IMMOLATE 



191 



IMPOSE 




to fall or occur; impending; near; at hand ; threat- 
ening evil : dangerous. — Ini'^iniiience, -nens, n. 
Quality or condition of being, etc. ; that which is im- 
minent ; impending evil or danger. 

Immolate, im'mo-lat, v. t. To sacrifice; to kill, as a 
sacrificial victim.— Immola'^tion, «. Act of, or state 
of being, etc.j that which is immolated ; a sacrifice. 

Immure, im-mur'', v. t. [-mured (-murd''), -muring.] 
To inclose within walls, imprison, incarcerate. 

Imp, imp, n. A graft; scion; a young or inferior devil; 
little demon; a mischievous child. — i'. t. [imped 
(impt); IMPING. J To graft ; to extend, enlarge, or 
mend, as by inserting a feather into a broken wing ; 
to increase, strengthen, plume. 

Impact, im-pakt', v. t. To drive close, press firmly 
together. — Im'pact, «. Collision; force communi- 
cated. iMech.) The single instantaneous blow or 
stroke of a body in motion against another either in 
motion or at rest. 

Impair, im-par', v. t. [-paired (-pard''), -pairing.] To 
make worse; to diminish in quantity, value, excel- 
lence, or strength: to injure, weaken, enfeeble. 

Impale, im-paK, v. t. [-paled (-paid'), -paling.] To 
fix on a stake; to put to death by fixing on a stake; 
to inclose, as with stakes, posts, or palisades. (Her.) 
To join, as 2 coats of arms, pale-wise. — ^Impale^ment, 
n. Act of impaling; space inclosed 
by stakes or pales. (Her.) The 
division of a shield pale-wise, or 
by a vertical line. 

Impanel, im-pan'el, v. t. [-eled 
(-eld), -ELiNG.] To write or enter 
(the names of a jury) in a list; to 
form (a list, etc.). 

Impart, im-part', v. t. To bestow a 
share or portion of ; to allow an- 
other to partake in; to make 
known, show by words or tokens, 
communicate, confer, give, reveal. Impalement. (Her.) 
disclose, divulge. — v. i. To give a part or share. 

Impassion, im-pash'un, v. t. [-passioned (-pash^'und), 
-SIGNING.] To move or affect strongly with passion. 
— Impas'^sioiied, •pash''und, p. a. Actuated or agi- 
tated_by passion; animated; excited. — Impas'^sion- 
ate, -at, v. t. To affect powerfully. 

Impeach, im-pech-', v. t. [-peached (-pechf), -peach- 
ing.] Tocharge with a crime or misdemeanor; esp., 
to charge (an officer) before a competent tribunal, 
with misbehavior in office ; to bring discredit on, 
charge with impropriety, call in question, accuse, 
arraign, censure, indict. — Impeach''ment, w. Act 
of, or state of being, impeached, — as, a calling to 
account, arraignment, esp., arraignment of a pub- 
lic officer for maladministration ; or a calling in 
question as to purity of motives or rectitude of con- 
duct, etc. 

Impede, im-ped', v. t. To hinder, obstruct.— Imped'- 
• iment, -ped^'T-ment, n. That which impedes or hin- 
ders progress or motion ; obstruction ; obstacle; dif- 
ficulty. — Impediment in speech. A defect which 
prevents distinct utterance. — Imped''itive, T-tiv, a. 
Co'ising hindrance; impeding. 

Impel, im-pel', ?>. t. [-pelled (-peld'), -felling.] To 
drive or urge forward; to incite to action, instigate, 
actuate, move. — Im'pulse, -puis, n. Act of im- 
pelling ; impulsion ; action of a force so as to pro- 
duce motion suddenly; effect of an impelling force; 
sudden and unconsidered thought or mental pur- 
pose exciting to action ; hasty inclination ; impres- 
sion; mstigation; shock. — ImpTil''sioii, -shun,w. Act 
of impelling ; influence acting unexpectedly or 
temporarily on the mind, from without or within; 
impulse. — Impal'sive, -siv, a. Having power of 
driving or impelling; actuated by impulse. (Mech.) 
Acting momentarilyj or by impulse. 

Impend, im-pend', v. i. To hang over, be suspended 
above, be imminent; approach menacingly. — Im- 
pend'^ence, -ency, -en-st, n. State of impending ; 
near approach; menacing attitude. — Impend'^ent, a. 
Impending; imminent; threat'ening; pressing close- 
ly. — Impend'^ing, p. a. Hanging over ; impend- 
ent. 

Imperative, im-per''a-tiv, a. Expressive of command: 
commanding ; authoritative ; not to be avoided or 
evaded ; obligatory ; binding. 



Imperial, im-pe'rl-al, a. Pert, to an empire, or to an 
emperor ; belonging to supreme authority, or one 
who wields it; royal; sovereign; supreme; of superi- 
or size or excellence. — n. A tuft of hair on a man's 
lower lip ; a large kind of drawing-paper, 21 by 30 
inches. — Imperialism, im-pe'rT-al-izm, n. Power 
or character of an emperor ; imperial authority : 
spirit of empire ; the policy, practice, or advocacy 
of seeking, or acquiescing in, the extension of 
the control, dominion, or empire of a nation.— 
Impe'^rialist, /(. A subiect or soldier of an emperor ; 
advocate of imperiiil governmynt. — Impe'^rious, 
-rl-us, a. Coiumaudiiig ; authoritative ; naughty, 
arrogant. 

Imperil, im-pSr'il, v. t. [-iled (-ild), -iling.] To bring 
into peril, endanger. 

Impersonate, im-per'sun-at, v. t. To invest with per- 
sonality; to ascribe the qualities of a person to; per- 
-sonify; to represent the person of ; personate. — Im- 
per'sona'tion, Imperson'ifica''tion, n. Act of, etc. 

Impetus, im^pe-tus, n. The force with which any 
body is driven or impelled; momentum. — Impet'u- 
ous, -pet''u-us, a. Rushing with force and violence; 
vehement in feeling ; passionate. — Impet'uously, 
ac/f. — Impet'uousness, -uos'ity, -u-os''i-tt, 7i. 

Impinge, im-pinj', v. i. [-pinged (-pinjd''), -pin- 
ging.] To fall or dash against; to touch upon, hit. 

Implant, im-plant', v. i. To set, plant, or infix, for 
the purpose of growth ; to sow. — Implanta'tion, n. 
Act of implanting, etc., in the mind or Jieart. 

Implead, im-pled^ v. t. (Law.^ To institute and 
prosecute a suit against in court: to sue at law. 

Implement, im'ple-ment, n. Whatever may supply a 
want ; esp., an instrument, utensil, or tool. 

Implicate, im^plTt-kat, v. t. To infold, entangle; to con- 
Kcct in many relations; to bring into connection with; 
to show to be connected or concerned. — Implica''- 
tion, n. Act of, or state of beiag, etc. ; entanglement; 
that which is implied, but not expressed; inference. 
— Implic'it, -plis'it, a. . Fairly to be understood, 
though not expressed in words; implied; trusting to 
the word of another, without reserve ; unquestion- 
ing. — Imply', -pli'', V. t. [-plied (-plTdO, -plying.] 
To contain by implication ; to include virtually ; 4o 
involve, import, mean, signify. — Impli'edly, -ed-lt, 
adv. By implication. 

Implore, im-plor',v. t. [-ploeed (-plord'), -ploeing.J 
To call upon, or for, in supplication; to pray earnest- 
ly; to beseech, crave, entreat, beg. 

Import, im-porf, v. t. To bring in from abroad; esp. 
to bring (merchandise) from another country, in 
the transactions of commerce; to include, as signifi- 
cation or*ntention; to imply, signify, denote, mean; 
to be of importance or consequence to, interest, con- 
cern. — Im'port, n. That which is imported, or 
brought in from abroad ; purport ; meaning ; intended 
significance ; importance ; consequence. — Impor'- 
tance, n. Quality of being important; consequence; 
moment ; significance. — Impor'tant, a. Having 
weight or consequence ; significant ; momentous ; 
grave. — Importa'tion, n. Act or practice of import- 
ing; goods introduced into a country from abroad. 

— Imporfer, n. One who imports goods. 
Impose, im-poz', v. t. [-posed (-pozd'), -posing.] To 

lay on ; to set or place, put. deposit ; U. lay as a 
charge, burden, tax, duty, obligation, command, 
etc.; to levy; to pass off, palm. (Eccl.) To lay (the 
hands in confirmation or ordination). (Print.) To 
prepare for printing or casting by arranging the 
pages upon the stone, and securing them in the chase. 

— Impos'ing, p. a. Adapted to impress forcibly; 
impressive ; commanding. — Impos'ing-stone, re. 
(Print.) A stone on which the pages or columns of 
type are imposed or made into forms. — Imposi'tion, 
-zish'un, n. Act of imposing, laying on, affixing, 
enjoining, inflicting, obtruding, etc.; thing imposed; 
charge; burden; injunction; levy; tax; a trick or de- 
ception put on others. (Eccl.) Act of laying on the 
hands as a religious ceremony, in ordination and 
the like. — Impos'tor, -pSs'ter, re. One who imnopes 
upon others, esp. one who fraudulently assumes a 
character or title not his own ; deceiver ; cheat ; pre- 
tender. — Imposfure, -pSs'chu'-, n. Act or conduct 
of an impostor ; deception practiced under a false 
character; fraud ; trick ; imnosit.ion ; delusion. — 



stin, cQbe, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



IMPOSTHUME 



192 



INABILITY 



I 




Im'post, -post, 71. A tax, tribute, or duty; often a 
duty laid by government on goods im- 
ported into a country; tribute; toll; ex- 
cise; custom. {Arch.) That part of a 
pillar, pier, entablature, wall, or abut- 
ment upon which an arch or superstruc- 
ture rests. 

Imposthume, im-pSst'htim, n. A coUec-' 
tion of pus or purulent matter in any 
part of an animal body; an abscess. 

Impostor, Imposture, etc. See under Im- 
pose. 

Impound, im-pownd', v. t. To confine in 
a pound or close pen, restrain witliin 
limits. 

Impoverish, im-pov'er-ish, v. t. [-ished 
(-isht), -ISHING.] To make poor, reduce 
to poverty ; to exhaust the strength, ■, ' . 
richness, or fertility of. "' -^mpost. 

Imprecate, ira'pre-kat, i-. t. To call down by prayer, 
as something hurtful or calamitous; to invoke, as 
evil. — Impreca'^tion, n. Act of imprecating, or in- 
voking evil on any one; curse; anathema. — Im^pre- 
catory, -to-rl, a. Maledictory. 

Impregnate, im-preg^nat, v. t. To make pregnant, 
get with young; to render fruitful or fertile, fertil- 
ize; to infuse particles of another substance into. — a. 
Rendered prolific or fruitful; impregnated. — Im- 
pregna'tion, n. Act of impregnating; fecundation; 
state of being impregnated ; intimate mixture of 
parts or particles; infusion; saturation. — Impregn', 
-pren'', v. t. To impregnate. 

Impress, im-pres', v. t. [-pressed (-presf), -peess- 
IXG.] To press, or stamp, in or upon; to make a 
mark or figure upon ; to produce by pressure; to in- 
culcate, imprint; to take by force for public service. 

— Im'press, n. A mark made by pressure ; in- 
dentation; imprint; stamp; mold; mark of distinc- 
tion; impression or influence wrought on the mind; 
act of impressing for the public service. — Impres''- 
sion, -presh'un, n. Act of impressing or stamping; 
that produced by pressure, — as, a stamp made by 
pressure, mark ; or, sensible result of an influence 
exerted from without ; or, influence on the pur- 
poses, feelings, or actions; or, effect or influence on 
the organs of sense, which is the condition of sen- 
sation or sensible perception ; hence, an indistinct 
notion, remembrance, or belief; or, a copy taken by 
pressure from type, an engraved plate, etc., also, all 
the copies taken at once; an edition; that which 
impresses, or exercises an effect, action, or agency. 
(Paint.) The ground-color ; a stratum of a single 
color laid upon a wall or surface. — Impres'sion- 
able, a. Susceptible of impression ; capable of being 
molded; susceptive. — Impress'ive, -iv, a. Making, 
or tending to make, an impression ; adapted to 
arouse the attention or touch the feelings ; capable 
of being impressed; susceptible; impressible. 

Impresario, im-pre-sa're-o, n. The manager of an 
opera, etc. 

Imprimis, im-pri'mis, adv. In the first place; first in 
order. 

Imprint, ira'print, n. Whatever is printed on the 
title-page of a book; esp. the name of the printer or 
publisher, with time and place of publication. — Im- 
print'', V. t. To impress ; to mark by pressure ; to 
stamp; to stamp or mark, as letters on paper, by 
means of types; to fix indelibly, as on the memory. 

— Im^prima'ttir, n. A license, "to print a book, etc. 
Imprison, im-priz''n, v. t. [-oned (-nd), -oning.] To 

put into a prison, confine in a prison or jail; to limit, 
liinder, or restrain; to incarcerate, immure. — Im- 
Bris^onment, ». Act of, or state of being, etc.; re- 
straint of liberty; custody; durance. 

Zmpromirtn, im-promp'^tu, adv. or a. Off-hand; with- 
out previous study; extempore. — n. An off-hand or 
extemporaneous composition. 

Impropriate, im-pro-^rT-at, v. t. Orig., to appropriate 
to private use. (Eng. Eccl. Law.) To place the 
profits of, for care and disbursement, in the hands 
fif a layman; to appropriate to private use or put in 
po.ssession of a_layman. _ 

Improve, im-proov', v. t. [-pkoved (-proovd'), -peov- 
ING.] To make better; to increase tne value or good 
qualities of; to use to good purpose; to advance, 



mend, correct, rectify. — v. i. To grow better; to make 
orshow improvement; to grow worse; to increase, be 
enhanced, rise. — Improve'ment, n. Act of improv- 
ing, or state of being improved ; progress toward 
what is better; act of making profitable use of any- 
thing, or state of being profitably employed ; prac- 
tical application, as of the doctrines and principles 
of a discourse; that which improves anything, or is 
added to it by way of improving it. 
Impugn, im-pu.n'', v. t. [-pugsed (-pund'), -pugnino.] 
To attack by words or arguments, contradict, call in 
question.— 'impugn'' able, -pun''a- or -ptig''na-bl, a. 
- Capable of being, etc. — Impugn''er, n. 
Impulse, Impulsion, etc. See under Impel. 
Impunity, Impure, etc. See under Immaculate. 
Impurple, iin-per''pl, v. t. [-pled (-pld), -pling.] To 

color or tinge with purple, make red or reddish. 
Impute, im-put'', v. t. To charge, ascribe, attribute; 
to charge to one as the author, responsible origina- 
tor, or possessor of. {Theol.) To set to one's account 
as the ground of approval or condemnation. — Im- 
puta^'tion. n. Act of imputing or charging; thing 
imputed or charged; charge of evil; censure; re- 
proach ; intimation. {Theol.) Attribution of per- 
sonal guilt or personal righteousness on account of 
the offense or the atonement of another. — Imput- 
ative, -tiv, a.y Coming by imputation; imputed. 
In, in, prep. Within ; inside of; surrounded by; not 
outside of. — adv. Not out ; within ; inside; into. 
{Law.) With privilege or possession. — m. A person 
who is in office, — opp. of out; a reentrant angle ; a 
nook or corner. — In^'ner, a., coynpar. Further in; 
interior; internal; not obvious; obscure; pert, to the 
spirit or its phenomena. — In'^nermost, In'^moat, a. 
superl. Furthest inward; most remote from the out* 
ward part. — In''ly, -11, a. Internal; interior; secret, 

— adv. Internally ; secretly. — In''to, -too, prep. Tq 
the inside of; within.— In' ward, a. Placed within; 
interior; seated in the mind or soul. — n. That which, 
etc.; esp„ »?., the inner parts of the body; the vis- 
cera. — In'^ward, -wards, adv. Toward the inside, 
center, or interior; into the mind or thoughts. — 
In'^wardly, adv. In or toward the inner parts or 
heart; internally; secretly; privately. — In-and-in, a. 
{Breeding.) From animals of the same parentage. — 
In'asmuch'', adv. Seeing that; considering that ; 
since, — followed by as. — In'somuch'', adv. So; to 
such a degree; in such wise. — Inn ''ing, n. Ingath- 
ering of grain; in games of ball, the turn for using 
the bat; pi. lands recovered from the sea. 

In-, in, inseparable pref., with negative force: it be- 
comes i- before gn, il- before I, im- before m and p, 
and ir- before r. Many of the words formed by it 
are self-explanatory: those which have been insert- 
ed in this vocabulary are grouped under Ignoble, 
Illaudable, Immaculate, Inability, and Ieka- 

TIONAL. 

Inability, in-a-bil''T-tT, n. Quality or state of being 
unable ; lack of ability ; incaimcity ; weakness. 

— In'access''ible, -ak-ses''T-bl, a. Not accessible ; 
not to be reached, obtained, or approached. — Inae- 
cess'^ibly, adv. — Inaccess''iblene8S, -ibil''ity, n. — 
Inac' curate, -rat, a. Not accurate ; displaying a 
want of careful attention; erroneous.— Inac'curate- 
ly, arfu. — Inac ''curacy, -sT, n. State of being in- 
accurate; want of exactness; mistake; fault; error; 
blunder. — Inac'tion, n. Want of action; idleness; 
rest. — Inacfive, -iv, a. Not active ; having no 
power to move; not disposed to action or effort; not 
busy; idle; dull; indolent; slothful; lazy. (Chein.) 
Not producing results. — Inad'equate, -e-kwat, a. 
Not adequate; unequal to the purpose ; insuflBcient 
to effect the object; incommensurate; disproportion- 
ate; incompetent; incapable. — Inad''equateness, 
-equacy, -e-kwa-sT, n. Quality or state of being 
inadequate ; inequality ; incompleteness. — Inad- 
vert''ent, a. Not turning the mind to a matter; 
careless. — Inadverfently, adv. — Inadvert''ence, 
-ency, -en-sT, n. State of being, etc. ; lack of heed- 
fulness or attentiveness; an oversight, mistake, or 
fault, proceeding from negligence ; carelessness ; 
thoughtlessness. — InaKienable, -aKyen-a-bl, a. In- 
capable of being alienated, or transferred to another. 
— Inane'', -an'', a. Destitute of contents ; empty ; 
purposeless ; void of sense or intelligence. — Ina- 



am. fame, fiir, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; tn, ice ; Qdd, tone. Or ; 



INANITY 



193 



INCONVENIENCE 
/ 



oi'tion, -nish'un, 7i. Condition of being inane; 
emptiness; exhaustion from want of food. — Inan''- 
ity, -an'I-tt, n. Inanition; void space; emptiness; 
deficiency of contents ; senselessness ; frivolity. — 
Inan'lmate, -t-mat, a. Xot animate ; destitute of 
life or spirit; lifeless; inert: inactive; dull; soulless; 
spiritless. — Inappro^priate, -pri-at, «. Not proper 
or appropriate ; unbecoming ; unsuitable, as in 
manners, moral conduct, etc. —Inapt 'itude, -apt'- 
T-tud, n. Want of aptitude; untitne-ss; uusuitable- 
ness. — Inar'^able, -ar''a-bl, a. Not arable ; n_ot 
capable of being plowed —Inartic'ulate, -tik''u-lat, 
a. Not articulate; not distinct, or with distinction 
of syllables. (Zool.) Not jointed or articulated. — 
Inar'tifi.''cial, -flsh'al, a. Not artificial : not made 
or performed by the rules of art: cliaracterized by 
artlessness or simplicity. — Inatten'tion, n. Want 
of attention or consideration; inadvertence; heed- 
lessness ; neglect. — Inatteii''tive, -tiv, a. Not at- 
tentive; not fixing the mind on an object; careless; 
heedless; negligent; remiss.— Inaud'^ible, -awd''i-bl, 
a. Not audible; incapable of being heard: making 
no sound ; noiseless ; silent. — Inauspi''cioas, -aws- 
pish'us, a. Not auspicious; ill-omeued; unlucky; 
evil. 

— IncaKculable, in-kal'ku-la-bl, a. Not capable of 
being calculated ; bej'ond calculation ; very great. 

— Inca'^pable, a. Not capable ; not having ade- 
quate power or capacity, mental, physical, or spa- 
tial ; not in a moral condition in which it would 
be possible (to do an immoral or dishonorable act); 
not in a state to suffer or receive; not admitting. 
(Law.) Unqualified or disqualified, in a legal sense. 

— Inca'pably, adv. — Inca'pabil''ity, n. Quality 
of being incapable ; incapacity ; want of power. 
(Law.) Want of legal qualifications. — Ineapac'lty, 
-pas'I-tt, n. Want of capacity; defect of intellectual 
power; inability; incompetencv; unfitness; disqual- 
ification. (Law.) Want of legal ability or competen- 
cy. — Incapac'ltate, v. t. To deprive of capacity 
or natural power ; to disable, deprive of competent 
power or ability. (Law.) To deprive of legal or con- 
stitutional requisites; to disqualify. — Incapac'ita''- 
tion, 7t. Want of capacity; disqualification.— Incau'- 
tions, -kaw'shus, a. Not cautious; not circumspect; 
unwary; indiscreet; imprudent; impolitic; thought- 
less ; improvident. — Incer'titude, -ser''tT-tud, n. 
Uncertainty ; doubtfulness ; doubt. — Inces'^sant, 
-ses'sant, a. Continuing or following without inter- 
ruption; unceasing; uninterrupted; continual; con- 
stant ; perpetual. — In^cest, -sest, n. The crime of 
cohabitation or sexual commerce between persons 
related within the degrees wherein marriage is pro- 
hibited. — IncesfuoUB, -u-us, a. Guiltj^ of incest; in- 
volving the crime of incest. —Incivir''ity, -sI-viKI- 
tt, n. Quality of being uncivil; want of courtesy; 
unmannerliness; impoliteness; any act of rudene'ss 
or ill breeding. — Inciv'ism, -siv'izm, «. Want of 
civism ; want of patriotism or love to one's country.^ 
Inclem''ent, -klem'^ent, a. Not clement; void of "ten- 
derness; unmerciful ; severe; harsh; physically se- 
vere; stormy; boisterous; rigorously cold, etc.-^In- 
clem''ency, -en-sl, n. Condition or quality of being, 
etc.; physical harshness; storminess; severe cold. — 
Incog'', -kog'', adv. In concealment; in disguise; in 
a manner not to be known. [Contr. fr. incognito.'] — 
Incog^'itative, -koj^'I-ta-tiv, a. Not cogitative ; 
wanting power of thought. — Incog''nito, -nT-to, a. 
or adv. Unknown ; in disguise ; in an assumed 
character, and_ under an assumed name. — n. One 
unknown or in a disguise, or under an assumed 
character; assumption of a feigned character; state 
of being in disguise or assumed character. — Inco- 
ber^'^ent, -ko-her'ent, a. Not coherent; wanting co- 
nesion ; loose ; unconnected ; wanting agreement; 
incongruous; inconsistent. — Incombus'tible, -tt-bl, 
a. Not combustible ; not capable of being burned, 
decomposed, or consumed by fire. — Incommen''- 
surable, -men'shoo-ra-bl, a. Not commensurable ; 
having no common measure or standard of com- 
parison. — Incommen'surabil''ity, n. Quality or 
state of being, etc. — Inconimen''surat6, a. Not 
commensurate ; not admitting of a common meas- 
ure; not of equal measure or extent; unequal; in- 
adequate : insufficient. — Incommode'', -mod', r. t. 



To give inconvenience to, give trouble to, disturb, 
molest, disquiet. — Incommo''dious, -mo'dT-us, a. 
Not Commodious ; tending to incommode; not af- 
fording ease or advantage ; giving trouble. — In- 
commut'^able, -mtit^a-bl, a. Not commutable; not 
capable of being exchanged with another. — In- 
com'parable, -pa-ra-bl, a. Not comparable; admit- 
ting of no comparison with others; peerless; match- 
less ; transcendent. — Incompat'^ible, -pat''I-bl, a. 
Not compatible ; incapable of co-existence ; irrec- 
oncilably opposed ; inconsistent ; incongruous ; dis- 
similar ; discordant ; repugnant ; contradictory. — 
Incom-'petent, -pe-tent, a. Not competent; wanting 
in adequate strength, power, capacitj', means, quali- 
fications, etc.; wanting the legal or constitutional 
qualifications ; not lying within one's competency, 
capacity, or authorized power; unfit ; inadmissibfe. 
— Incom''petence, -tency, -ten-sT, n. Quality of be- 
ing, etc. (Luvj.) Want of competency or legal fitness 
to be heard or admitted as a witness, or to sit or act 
as a juror. — Incomplete'', -plet', a. Not complete; 
unfinished; imperfect; defective. (Bot.) Lacking 
calj'x or corolla, or both. — Incom'prelien'sible, 
-hen'sT-bl, a. Not comprehensible; incapable ot be- 
ing comprehended or understood; inconceivable. — 
Inconceiv'able, -sev'a-bl, o. Not conceivable ; in- 
capable of being conceived by the mind ; incom- 
prehensible. — Inconclu'sive, -"klu'siv, a. Not con- 
clusive; not settling a point in debate, or a doubtful 
question. — Incon''gruen-t, -kon'groo-ent, a. Not 
congruent ; unsuitable ; inconsistent. — Incongru'- 
ity, -kon-groo''I-tI, n. Want of congruity; unsuit- 
ableness of one thing to another; inconsistency. — 
Incon''gnious, -kon''groo-us, a. Not congruous to 
a standard or end; not reciprocally agreeing; incon- 
sistent; inappropriate; unfit; improper. — Incon'- 
sequent, -se-kwent, a. Not following from the 
premises: invalid; illogical; inconsistent. — Incon''- 
sequen''tial, -kwen'shal, a. Not regularly following 
from the premises : not of consequence ; of little 
moment. — Incon''sequence, -kwens, n. Quality of 
being inconsequent; inconclusiveness. — Inconsid'- 
erable, a. Unworthy of consideration; unimportant; 
trivial. — InconBid''erablenesB, n. — Inconsid'erate, 
-er-at, a. Not considerate; not attending to the cir- 
cumstances which regard safety or propriety; pro- 
ceeding from heedlessness ; rash ; negligent ; im- 
provident; incautious; injudicious; rash; hasty. — 
Inconsist''ent, a. Not consistent ; at variance, esp. 
as regards character, sentiment, or action ; not ex- 
hibiting conformity of sentiment, steadiness to 
principle, etc. ; incompatible ; incongruous ; irrec- 
oncilable ; repugnant; contradictory. — Inconsisf- 
eace. -ency, -en-si, 71. Quality of being, etc. ; ab- 
surdity in argument or narration ; unsteadiness ; 
changeableness. — Incon'sonance, -sonancy, -so-nan- 
sT, n. Want of consonance or harmony of action 
or thought. (3fu3.) Disagreement of sounds; dis- 
cord. — Inconspic'tiouB, -spik'u-us, a. Not con- 
spicuous ; hardly discernible. — lacon'stant, a. 
Not constant ; subject to change of opinion, incli- 
nation, or purpose; chano;eable; variable; mutable; 
fickle ; volatile ; unstable. — Incon'stancy, -stan- 
sT, 71. Quality of being, etc.: want of uniformity; 
dissimilitude. — Ineon8iim''able, -sum''a-bl, a. Not 
consumable. — Inconsiim''mate, -suni'mat, a. Not 
consummate; not finished; not complete. — Incon- 
test''able, n. Not contestable; too clear to be con- 
troverted; indisputable ; irrefragable ; undeniable: 
unquestionable; indubitable. — Incontig''aouB, -tig'' 
u-us, a. Not contiguous; separate. — Incon''tiiien';, 
-tT-nent, a. Not continent; not restraining the pr.s- 
sions or appetites, particularly the sexual appetite ; 
unchaste ; lewd. {Med.) Unaole to restrain natural 
evacuations. — n. One who is unchaste. — Inc<'D-'- 
tinently, adv. Without due restraint of the pas- 
sions or appetites ; unchas'tely ; immediately ; at 
once ; suddenly. — Incon^'tiHence, -nency, -n(,n-sT, 
71. Quality of being, etc. — Incon'trovert'ible, a. 
Not controvertible; too clear or certain to admit of 
dispute ; indisputable. — Incon'trovert''ibly, (tdt\ — 
Inconven''ient, -ven''yent, a. Not convenie'it; not 
becoming or suitable ; unfit ; inexpedient ; giving 
trouble or uneasiness ; disadvantageous ; inoppor- 
tune. — Inconven''ience, -iency, -yen-st, it W\iit 



sfin, cube, full : moon, f<36t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 
1.'^ 



INOONVENIENCE 



194 



INDISPOSE 



li 



of convenience; that which gives trouble or uneasi- 
ness ; incommodiousness ; disquiet ; disturbance ; 
annoyance ; trouble.— Inconven'ience, v. t. To 
bring to inconvenience ; to occasion inconvenience 
to; to incommode. — Inconvertible, -vert'I-bl, a. 
Not convertible; not capable ot being changed into 
something else. — Incorpo'real, -po''^re-alr^ a. Not 
corporeal; not consisting of matter; immaterial; un- 
substantial; bodiless; spiritual, (iaw.) Not having 
a visible existence; intangible, as, an equity of re- 
demption is an incorporeal hereditament. — Incorpo''- 
really, arfi;.— Incor'pore''ity, n. Quality of being 
incorporeal; immateriality. — Incor'porate, -rat, a. 
Incorporeal ; not corporate. — Incorrect', a. Not 
correct ; not according to a copy or model, or to 
established rules; not in accordance with the truth; 
not accordant with the rule of duty or of morality; 
inaccurate ; erroneous ; wrong ; faulty. — Incor'- 
xigible, -rl-jl-bl, a. Not corrigible ; incapable of 
being corrected or amended ; irreclaimable. — In- 
■cor'ngibleness, -gibil'ity, w. — Incor^rigibly, adv. 

— In.corrtipt'', a. Not affected with corruption or 
decay; not defiled or depraved; pure; untainted. — 
Incorrupt'^ible, a. Incapable of corruption, decaj', 
or dissolution: inflexibly iust and upright. — Incor- 
rup'tion, -rup'shun, n. Absence of, or exemption 
from, corruption. — IncoiTupt''ive, -rupt'iv, a. Not 
liable to corruption. — In'create, -kre-at, In-'crea'- 
ted, a. Uncreated. — Incred-'ible, a. Not credible; 
impossible to be believed ; not to be credited. — In- 
^red'ibleness, -ibil'ity, 91. — Incred''ibly, adv. In a 
manner to preclude belief. — Incred'ulous, -u-lus, a. 
Not credulous; indisposed to believe; skeptical. — 
Incred'uIouEness, Incredu'lity, n. Quality of be- 
ing incredulous ; indisposition to believe ; .skepti- 
cism; unbelief; disbelief .— Incur''able, -kur'a-bl, a. 
Not curable; incapable of being cured; not admit- 
ting remedy or correction ; irremediable; irrecover- 
able; irretrievable. — n. A person diseased beyond 
the reach of cure ; a sick person who cannot be 
cured. — Incttr'ableness, -abil'lty, n. — Incur'ably, 
adv. So as to be incurable. — Incn'rious, -ku''rl-us, 
a. Not curious or inquisitive; destitute of curiosity; 
tininquisitive. 

— Inde''cent, in-de'sent, a. Not decent; unfit to 
be seen or heard ; indelicate ; immodest ; gross ; 
unchaste; obscene; filthy. — Inde-'cently, adv. In 
a manner to offend delicacy. — Inde'cence, -con- 
ey, -sen-sT, n. Want of decency ; lack of modes- 
ty; that which is indecent; an indecent word, act, 
etc.; indecorum: impurity; obscenity.— Indecis'ion, 
-sizh'un, n. Want of decision ; wavering of mind; 
irresolution. — Indeci'sive, -si'siv, a. Not decisive ; 
not bringing to a final close ; prone to indecision; 
wavering; vacillating; hesitating. — Indeelin''able, 
-klin-'a-bl, a. (Gram.) Not declinable ; not va- 
ried by terminations. — Indeclin''ably, adv. With- 
out variation of termination. — Indecorous, -de-ko'- 
rus or -dek'o-rus, a. Not decorous; violating good 
manners ; unbecoming ; unseemly ; rude ; coarse ; 
uncivil. — Indecorously, -de-ko''- or -dek''o-, adv. — 
Indecorousness, n. Violation of propriety. — Inde- 
co'rum, n. Want of decorum ; impropriety of be- 
havior; a breach of decorum. — Indefafigable, -f af- 
t-ga-bl, rt. Incapable of being fatigued; unwearied; 

Sersevering: assiduous. — Indefea'sible.-fe-'zl-bl, o. 
ot to be defeated; incapable of being made void. — 
Indefea'sibil'ity, n. — Indefecfible, a. Not liable to 
defect, failure, ordocay. — Indefect'ibil'ity, n. — In- 
defecfive, -iv, a. Not'defective; perfect; complete. 

— Indefen'sible, «. Not defensible ; not capable of 
being maintained, vindicated, or justified. — Inde- 
fen'sive, -siv, a. Having no defense. — Indefin'- 
able, -fin''a-bl, a. Incapable of being defined. — In- 
definite, -def''T-nit, a. Not definite; not limited, 
precise, or certain; liaving no determined or certain 
limits. (Bot.) More than 12, esp. when the number 
is not constant, — said of the parts of a flower, 
etc. — Indehis'cent, -de-his'sent, a. (Bat.) Not 
opening spontaneously at maturity. — Ind«lib'6rate, 
-de-lib''er-at, a. Done without deliberation ; sud- 
den ; unpremeditated. — Indel^ible, -deKl-bl, a. 
Not to be blotted out: incapable of being effaced, 
lost, or forgotten. — IndeKicate, -deKt-kat, a. Not 
delicate ; offensive to good manners, or to purity 



of mind ; indecorous ; unseemly ; coarse ; broad ; 
gross ; indecent. — IndeKicacy, -T-ka-st, n. Want 
of delicacv ; coarseness of manners or language. — 
Ind6m''niiy, -nl-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To 
save harmless, secure against future loss or dam- 
age ; to make up for that which is past : to reim- 
burse. — Indem'nifica''tion, n. Act of indemnifying; 
reimbursement of loss, damage, or penalty; that 
which indemnifies. — Indem'nity, -nt-tl, n. Secu- 
rity to save harmless; exemption from lessor dam- 
age ; compensation or remuneration for loss, dam- 
age, or injury sustained. — Indemon'strable, -mon'- 
stra-bl, a. Incapable of being demonstrated; not 
susceptible of proof.— Independ'^ent, a. Not depend- 
ent ; not subject to the control ot others ; affording 
a comfortable livelihood ; not subject to influence ; 
self-directing ; expressing or indicating the feehng 
of independence ; free ; easj*; bold; separate from; 
exclusive. {Eccl.) Belonging or pert, to the Inde- 
pendents. — n. (Eccl.) One who believes that 
an organized Christian church is complete in itself, 
and independent of all ecclesiastical authority. — 
Independ'ence, -ens, -ency, -en-sT, n. State or qual- 
ity ot bein^, etc. ; exemption from reliance on others, 
or control by them. — Indescrib'able, -skrib-'a-bl, a. 
Incapable of being described. — Indesert', -zert'',_7i. 
Want of merit or worth. — Indeter'minate, -ml-nat, 
a. Not determinate ; uncertain ; not precise. — In- 
deter'mina''tion, 7i. Want of determination; an un- 
settled or wavering state, as of the mind; want of 
fixed or stated direction. — Indifferent, -fer-ent, a. 
Not making a difference; having no influence or pre- 
ponderating weight; of no account; neither particu- 
larly good, nor very bad ; passable ; not inclined to 
one side, party, or thing more than to another ; neu- 
tral ; impartial ; unbiased ; disinterested ; feeling no 
interest, anxiety, or care, respecting anything. — 
Indifference, -ens, n. Quality of being indifferent, 
or not making or measuring a difference ; passable- 
ness ; mediocrity ; impartiality ; freedom from bias; 
state of the mind when it feels no interest in what 
is presented to it ; carelessness ; unconcern ; apa- 
thy ; insensibility. — Indif ferency, -en-sY, n. Ab- 
sence of interest jn, or influence from, anything; 
equilibrium ; indifferentism. — Indif ferentism, 
-izm, n. State of indifference. — IndigeBt''ed, -dt- 
jesfed, a. Not digested ; undigested ; crude ; not 
regularly disposed and arranged. (Med.) Not brought 
to suppuration. — Indigesfible, a. Not digestible; 
not easily converted into chyme: not to be received 
or patiently endured. — Indiges^'tion, -jes'chun, n. 
Want of due digestion ; a failure of the gastric 
juices to produce necessary changes in food in the 
alimentary canal ; dyspepsia ; ditficult or painful 
digestion. — Indig''nant, a. Affected with indig- 
nation ; feeling wrath and scorn or contempt. — li- 
digna'^tion, n. Strong disapprobation of what is 
flagitious in character or conduct ; anger mingled 
with contempt, disgust, or abhorrence ; wrath; re- 
sentment ; rage. — Indig'^nity, -nt-tT, n. Unmerited 
contemptuous treatment ; contvmely ; injury ac- 
companied with insult. — Indirect', -dT-rekf, a. 
Not direct ; not straight or rectilinear ; circuitous ; 
roundabout; not tending to an aim, purpose, or re- 
sult by the most plain and direct method or course; 
by remote means ; not straightforward or upright ; 
unfair; dishonest. — Indirec'tion, n. Oblique course 
or means : dishonest practices; indirectness. — In- 
di8C6rn''ible, -diz-zern'I-bl, a. Incapable of being 
discerned; not discoverable. — ladiacerp '' tible, 
-serp''tT-bl, a. Not discerptible ; incapable of being 
destroyed by dissolution or separation of parts. — 
Indiscreef, -kref, a. Not discreet; wanting in dis- 
cretion: imprudent; injudicious; rash; hasty; heed 
less. — Indiscre'tion, -kresh'un, n. Want ot discre 
tion; imprudence; an indiscreet act; indiscreet behav. 
ior. — Indiscrete', -kref, a. Not_discrete or separa- 
ted. — Indiacrim'inate, -krim'T-nat, a. Wanting dis- 
crimination ; not making anv distinction. — Indis~ 
pen'sable, a. Not dispensable ; impossible to be 
omitted or spared ; absolutely necessary ; not ad- 
mitting dispensation ; not providing for release or 
exemption. — Indispose'', -poz', v. t. [-posed 
(-pozd'), -POSING.] To render unfit or unsuited, 
disqualify; to disqualify for the exercise of proper 



&m, fame, far, p&ss or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; Tn, Ice ; 5dd, tSne, dr ; 



INDISPOSEDNESS 



195 



INFANTINE 



functions ; to make somewhat ill ; to disincline, , 
render averse or unfavorable ; to make unfavorable ■ 
or disinclined, — with toward. — Indi8pos''edness, n. \ 
Condition or quality of being, etc.; slight aversion; I 
indisposition. — IiKlispo8i''tion, -zish-'un, n. Con- 1 
dition of wanting adaptation or affinity ; slight dis- 
order of the healthy functions of the body; want of 
fitness in feeliag; disinclination: aversion. — Indis'- 
putable, -pu-ta-bl, a. Not disputable ; too evident ' 
to admit of dispute ; incontestable ; unquestion- | 
able; incontrovertible; certain; positive. — Indis'pu- 1 
tableness, m. — Indis''putably, ar/i. — Indis'soluble, { 
-so-lu-bl, a. Not capable of being dissolved, melted, | 
or liquefied ; perpetually binding or obligatory. — 
Indis '' BOlnbleness, -lubil ' ity, n. — Indistinct '', 
-tinkt'', a. Not distinct or distinguishable ; obscure 
to the mind ; confused ; not presenting clear and j 
well-defined images or perceptions; imperfect; faint; 
undefined; indefinite; vague; ambiguous; uncertain. 
— Indistinc'tion, n. Want of distinction or distin- 
guishableness; confusion ; indiscrimination; equal- 
ity of rank or condition. — Indistinct ''ly, acZi). Not 
clearly ; confusedly ; obscurely. — Indistin'^gnislia- 
ble, -tin'f wish-a^bl, a. Not distinguishable ; unable 
to be distinguished. — Individ''aal, -vid'u-al, a. Not 
divided, or not to be divided ; single ; one ; of, or 
pert, to, one only; peculiar to, or characteristic of, 
a single person or thing ; distinctive. — n. A single 
person, animal, or thing of any kind ; esp. a hu- 
man being; a person. — Individ ''nalism, -izm, n. 
Quality of being individual ; individualitj' ; excess- 
ive or exclusive regard to one's personal interest ; 
selfishness. (Social Science.) Doctrine that the in- 
terests of society are best promoted by each indi- 
vidual's seeking his own personal welfare, — opp. 
to socialism and communism. — Individ'oaKity, -u- 
aKl-tl, n. Condition or quality of being individual; 
distinct nature or existence ; character or property 
peculiar to an individual ; distinctive character. 
See Pheexologt. — Individ''ual'iza''tion, n. Act of 
individualizing ; state of being individualized. — 
Individ^ualize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To select 
or mark as an individual ; to particularize. — In- 
divid'nally, adv. In an individual manner or re- 
lation : separately ; inseparablv; incommunicably. 

— Individ ■'uate, ' -u-at, r. t. I'o distinguish from 
others of the species ; to discriminate; to cause to 
exist as an individual whole. — Individ'ua'tion, m. 
Act of making single, or the same, to the exclusion 
of others ; act of endowing with individuality ; act 
of separating into individuals by analysis. — Indi- 
vis''ible, -viz'T-bl, a. Not divisible; not separable 
into parts. {Math.) Not capable of exact division; 
incommensurable. — n. That wV.ich is indivisible. 
(Geom.) One of the elements or principles, sup- 
posed to be infinitely small, into which a body or 
figure may be resolved ; an infinitesimal. — Indoc''- 
ible, -dos''l-bl, a. Incapable of being taught, or not 
easily instructed ; intractable. — Indoc'ile, -dos'^il, 
a. I*fot teachable; not easily instructed ; dull ; in- 
tractable. — Indocil'ity, n. Dullness of intellect ; 
intractableness. — In-'dolence, -lency, -do-len-sl, w. 
Habitual idleness; indisposition to labor ; laziness. 

— In'dolent, a. Indulging in ease ; avoiding labor 
and exertion ; habitually idle; lazy; listless ; slug- 
gish. — Indolent tumor. (Med.) A tumor causing 
little or no pain. — Indom''ital>le, -dom''T-ta-bl, a. 
Not to be subdued ; untamable ; invincible. — In- 
du'^bitable, -bT-ta-bl, a. Not dubitable ; too plain 
to admit of doubt ; unquestionable ; evident ; in- 
contestable. 

— Ined'ited, in-ed''it-ed, a. Not edited; unpublished. 

— Ineffable, a. Incapable of being expressed in 
words ; unspeakable ; unutterable. — Inefface-'able, 
-fas'a-bl, a. Incapable of being effaced. — Ineffecf- 
ive, -fekt'^iv, a. Not effective; incapable of produ- 
cing any effect, or the effect intended; useless: vain; 
fruitless; weak. — Ineffecfual, -u-al, a. Not produ- 
cing the proper effect; ineflficient; weak.— Inef'fica''- 
cions, -ft-ka'shus, a. Not eflScacious ; not having 
power to produce the effect desired, or the proper 
effect.— Ineffica'cionsness, Inef'ficacy, -ka-sT. n. 
Inefficiency; ineffectualness. — InefB.'ciency, -fish'- 
en-sl, n. State or quality of being inefficient; want 
of power or exertion of power to produce the effect. 



— Inefficient, -fish'ent, a. Not efficient ; not pro- 
ducing the effect ; ineflHcacious ; habitually slack 
or remiss ; effecting nothing. — IneKegant, a. Not 
elegant ; wanting in anything which correct taste 
requires. — IneKegance, -gancy, -gan-sT, n. Quality 
of being, etc. — Inel'iglble, -t-jt-bl, a. Not eligible; 
not proper to be elected to an office ; undesirable. 

— Inerigibil^ity, n. — Inept' , a. Not apt or fit ; 
unfit; unsuitable; improper; silly; nonsensical. — 
Inept'^itude, -l-tud, n. Quality of being inept ; 
unfitness; foolishness; nonsense. — Inequal '' ity, 
-kwoKt-tT, n. Quality of being unequal; lack of uni- 
formity; diversity; unevenness; want of levelness; 
disproportion to any office or purpose ; inadequacy. 
(Alg.) The expression of 2 unequal quantities, with 
the sign of inequality between thenij— as, 3 > 2. (As- 
tron.) An irregularity or deviation in the motion of 
a planet or satellite from its uniform mean motion. 

— Ineq'tiitable, -ek''wl-ta-bl, a. Not equitable ; not 
just. — Inert', -ert', a. Destitute of the power of 
moving itself, or of active resistance to motion im- 
pressed; indisposed to move or act; dull ; powerless 
for an effect or influence ; inactive ; sluggish. — In- 
er'tia, -er^'shl-a, n. (Physics.) That property of mat- 
ter by which it tends when at rest to remain so, and 
when in motion to continue in motion. Indisposition 
to move; inactivity; sluggishness. — Ines'^timable, -tl- 
ma-bl, a. Incapable of bein^ estimated or computed; 
above all price; incalculable; invaluable. — Inev'- 
itaile, -1-ta-bl, a. Not evitable ; incapable of being 
avoided ; unavoidable ; not to be withstood or re- 
sisted. — Inexact', -egz-akt', a. Not exact: not pre- 
cisely correct or true. — Inexcus'a1»le, -eks-kiiz''a-bl, 
a. Not admitting excuse or justification. — Inex- 
hanst'ible, -egz-awsft-bl, «. Incapable of being 
exhausted or emptied ; unfailing. — Inexist'ent, 
-egz-ist'ent, n. Not having being ; not existing ; 
existing in something else ; inherent. — Inex'ora- 
ble, -eks'o-ra-bl, a. Not to be persuaded or moved 
by entreaty or prayer; unyielding; unchangeable. 

— Inex'orabiI''ity, n. — Inexpe'dient, -eks-pe'dl- 
ent, a. Not expedient ; not tending to a good end 
or to promote a purpose or cause ; unfit ; improper. 
— Ine:^e'rience, -eks-pe'rY-ens, n. Absence or want 
of experience. — Inexpe'rienced, -rt-enst, a. Not 
having experience ; unskilled. — Inexpert', -eks- 
pert', a. Not expert ; without knowledge or dex- 
terity derived from practice. — Inex'piable, -eks'- 
pl-a-bl. a. Admitting of no atonement or satisfac- 
tion ; incapable of being appeased by atonement ; 
implacable. — Inex'plicable, -eks'plT-ka-bl, a. Not 
explainable ; incapable of being explained, inter- 
preted, or accounted for. — Inexplic'it, -eks-plis'it, 
a. Not explicit; not clearly stated. — Inexpress'i- 
ble, -eks-pres'sT-bl, a. Not capable of expression ; 
not to be uttered ; unspeakable ; ineffable ; untold. 

— Inexpress'ive, -iv, a. Not expressing or intend- 
ing to express; meaningless ; inexpressible. — Inex- 
pug'nable, -eks-pug'na- or -ptin'a-bl, a. Incapable 
of being subdued by force ; impregnable. — Inex- 
tincf, -eks-tinkt', a. Not quenched ; not extinct. 

— Inextin'giiishable, -tin'gwish-a-bl, a. Not capable 
of being extinguished; unquenchable. — Inextir'- 
pable, -eks-ter'pa-bl, a. Not capable of being extir- 
pated. — Inex'tricable, -eks'trl-ka-bl, a. Not capa- 
ble of being extricated. 

— Infal'lible, in-faKlI-bl, a. Not fallible ; entirely 
exempt from liability to mistake ; not liable to fail, 
or t« deceive confidence; certain. — In'famy, -fa-ml, 
n. Total loss of reputation; public disgrace ; extreme 
baseness or vileness. (Law.) That loss of character 
which a convict incurs, and by which a person is at 
common law rendered incompetent as a witness. 

— In'famons, -mus, a. Of ill report ; having a 
reputation of the worst kind ; held in abhorrence ; 
detestable ; scandalous ; disgraceful ; base ; igno- 
minious. (Law.) Branded, with infamy by convic- 
tion of a crime. — In'fant, n. A young babe; some- 
times, a child several years of age. (Law.) A per- 
son not of full age; a minor. — a. Pert, to infancy ; 
intended for young children. — In'fancy, -si, n. 
State of being an infant ; early part of life ; begin- 
ning or early period. (Law.) State or condition of 
one under age ; nonage ; minority. — In'fantUe, -til 
or -ttl, la'fantine, -tin or -tin, a. Pert, to, or char- 



sun, cube, full ; moon, ffi&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, bojrbox, chair, get. 



INFANTA 



196 



msciENT ■ 



■acteristic of, infants or young ehildren. — Infan'ta, 
-ta, ti. In Spa-in and Portugal, anv princess ot tlie 
royal blood, except the eldest daughter whea heiress 
apparent. — Inlan''te, -ta, n. Any son of the king, 
except the eldest, or heir apparent. — Infanficide, 
— I-sId, ?i. (Law.) The killing of a newlv-born child. 
Child-murder; a slaj^er of infants. — In'^antry, -fant- 
tT, n. (Mil.) Foot-soldiers, disting. fr. caA'alrj-. — 
Jnfea'sible, -fe^zt-bl, a. Not capaGle of being done 
or accomplished; impracticable. — Infec^und, a. 
Unfruitful ; not producing young ; barren. — In- 
felic''itous, -lis'I-tus, a. Not felicitous ; unhappy; 
unfortunate. — InfeiiC'ity, -I-tt, n. Unhappiness, 
?uisery ; niiafortune ; unfortunate state ; unfavor- 
ableness. — Infer'tile, -fer''til, a. Not fertile: un- 
productive ; barren. — IiiLfertil''ity, n. — In'fidel, 
-fl-del, a. Unbelieving; disbeUeviug the inspiration 
'Of the Scriptures, or the divine institution of Chris- 
tianity. — n. One without faith, or unfaithful; a 
•disbelieTe- in Christianity ; unbeliever ; esp. a free- 
tiiinker, atheist, or skeptic; formerlj', one not of tlie 
faith, — said by persons of any religion of those not 
of the same belief, as by Christians of Mohamme- 
dans, and vice versa. — Iiifidel''ity, n. Want of faith 
or belief; skepticism; disbelief of the divine origin 
of Christianitj' ; unfaithfulness to the marriage con- 
tract; breach of trust; treachery; deceit. — lu^'finite, 
-fT-nit, a. Unlimited or boundless, in time or space; 
without limit in power, capacity, intensity, or moral 
excellence; perfect; indefinitely large or extensive; 
immeasurable ; illimitable ; unbounded. {Math.) 
Greater than any assignable quantity of the same 
kind. {Mils.) Capable of endless repetition. — n. In- 
finite space or extent; the Almighty. {Math.) An in- 
finite quantity or magnitude. An infinity; an incal- 
culable or very great number. — Ia'finites''imal, a. 
Infinitely small; less than any assignable quantity. — 
n. {3fath.) An infinitely small quantity, or one less 
than any assignable quantity. — Irifiii''itive, -T-tiv, a. 
Unlimited ; not bounded or restricted. — Infinitive 
mode. (Gram.) That mode of the verb which ex- 
presses^the action of the verb without limitation of 
person or number ; as, to love : infinitive is often 
used as a noun to denote this mode. — Iiifin.''itude, -I- 
'tud, ti. Quality of being infinite ; inftniteness ; in- 
finite extent; immensity: boundless number; count- 
less multitude. — Itifi.n''ity, -T-tT, ?i. Unlimited ex- 
tent of time, space, or.quantity ; boundlessness ; un- 
limited capacity, energy, or excellence ; endless or 
indefinite numoer ; immense multitude. (Math.) 
The state of a quantitj' when greater than any as- 
signable quantity of the same kind. — Infirm'', 
—term'', a. Not firm or sound; weak; weak of mind; 
: irresolute : not solid or stable ; sickly ; feeble ; im- 
becile. — Infij:m''ary, -a-rt, n. A hospital, or place 
where the infirm or sick are lodged and nursed. — 
Jafixm''ity, -1-tt, n. State of being infirm ; an im- 
perfection or weakness; esp., a disease, malady; fail- 
ing ; foible; debility; imbecility; imperfection. — 
Zaflex-'ible, -fleks'I-bl, a. Not capable of being 
bent ; firm ; firm in purpose ; not to be changed ; 
incapable of change; unbending; unyielding; rigid; 
inexorable ; stubborn ; unrelenting. — Infor''mal, 
-fSr^mal, a. Not in the regular, usual, or estab- 
lished form; irregular; not according to official or 
prescribed rules or forms; not binding; without cei- 
emony. — Iiifran''gibl6, -jl-bl, a. Not capable of be- 
ing broken or separated into parts ; not to be vio- 
lated. — Iiifre''quent, -kwent, a. Seldom happen- 
ing or occurring to notice; unfrequent; rare; uncom- 
mon. — Infre'quence, -quency, n. 
— Ingel'able, in-jeKa-bl, a. Incapable of being con- 
;5ealed. — Iaglo''fi0U3, -rl-us, a. Not glorious; not 
bringing honor ; shameful ; disgraceful. — Inglo'ri- 
ously, adv. — Iii''grat6, -grat, a. Ungrateful; unpleas- 
ing to the sense. — n. An ungrateful person. — In- 
^afitude, -grSt'I-tud, n. Want of gratitude ; in- 
sensibility to favors ; unthankfulness. 
— Inharinon''ic', in-har-mon''ik, -leal, a. Not har- 
monic ; unharmonious. — Inharmo'iiious, -mo-'nT- 
Tis, a. Discordant. — Inhos'pitable, -pT-ta-bl, a. 
Not hospitable ; not disposed to entertain strangers. 
— Inhos'pitableness, -pital'lty, n. — iHlrn'man, a. 
Destitute of the kindness belonging to a human be- 
'ing ; characterized by, or attended with, cruelty ; 



pitiless; merciless ; savage ; barbarous. — Inhuman'- 
ity, H. State of being inliunian. 

— Inim'ical, in-im^T-kal, a. Having the dispositioH 
or temper of an enemy ; unfriendly ; opposed in 
tendency, influence, or effects; repugnant. — Inim''- 
itable, -i-ta-bl. a. Not capable of being imitated or 
copied.— Iniq''uity, -ik^wt-tl, n. Absence of, or de- 
viation from, equator just dealing; wantof rectitude; 
an act of injustice or unrighteousness ; wickedness ; 
sin; crime; a character in the old Eng. moralities, 
or moral dramas, having the name sometimes of one 
vice and sometimes of another. — Iniq''uitous, -wl- 
tus, a. Characterized by iniquity ; wicked ; nefari- 
ous ; crixiinal. 

—Injudicious, in-ju-dish'us, a. Not judicious: void 
of judgment; indiscreet; unwise; rash; hasty; im- 
prudent. — In''jure, -jur, v. t. [-jured (-jurd), -jue- 
ISG.] To do harm to, Kurt, damage; to wound, as the 
person; to impair soundness, as of health; to damage 
or lessen the value of, as goods or estates ; to slan- 
der, or impair, as reputation or character ; to dimin- 
ish, as happiness; to give pain to, as the sensibilities 
or the feelings : to impair, as the intellect or mind. 
— Iiyu''rious, -ju'rl-us, a. Not just; wrongful; hurt- 
ful or prejudicial to the rights of another ; tending 
to injure; pernicious; baneful; contumelious: hurt- 
ing reputation. — In'jury, -ju-rt, n. That which in- 
jures, brings harm, or occasions loss or diminution 
of good; miscliief; detriment; damage. — Irgus'tice, 
-tis, n. Want of justice and equity ; violation of 
the rights of an individual ; wrong. 

— In'nocent, in'no-sent, o. Not harmful; free from 
guilt ; not tainted with sin: lawful; permitted; not 
contraband; harmless; inoffensive; pure; blameless; 
faultless; upright. — n. One free from guilt or harm; 
an ignorant person; hence, an idiot; dolt; simpleton. 
— In^nocence, -sens, ?i. State of being innocent; in- 

nocuousness; state of being not chargeable with guilt 
or sin; purity of heart; ignorance; imbecility.— In '- 
nocency, -sen-st, n. Same as Ixxocence, but anti- 
quated. — In'nocently, adv. — Innoc''uotis,-nok''u-us, 
a. Harmless; safe; producing no ill effect; innocent. 
— Innox^ious, -nolc'shus, a. Free from mischievous 
qualities; harmless in effects ; innocent ; guiltless.— 
Innu'merable, -mer-a-bl, a. Not capable of being 
numbered, for multitude ; very numerous ; counts- 
less ; numberless ; unnumbered. — Innutri'tion, 
-trisli'un, n. Want of nutrition. — Innutri^tious, 
-trlsh'us, a. Not nutritious, or nourishing; in nutri- 
tive. — Innu'tritlve, -trT-tiv, a. Not nourishing. 
— Inobserv''ant, in-ob-zerv'ant, a. Not taking notice; 
heedless. — Inobserv'ance, -ans, n. Want of observ- 
ance ; negligence. — Ino'dorous, -o'der-us, a. Want- 
ing scent ; having no smell. — Inoffen''8iv6, -siv, a. 
Giving no offense, provocation, ordisturbance; harm- 
less; doing no injury or mischief. — Inoffi''cial, -fisli''- 
al, a. Not official; not done in the urual forms or by 
the proper officer. — InofS.''cious, -fish^us, a. Not 
civil or attentive. (Law.) Regardless of natural 
obligation ; contrary to natural duty. — Inop'era- 
tive, -er-a-tiv, a. Not operative : producing no ef- 
fect. — Inop'portune'', -por-tun', a. Not opportune; 
unseasonable in time. — Inor-'dinate, -Sr^dl-nat, a. 
Not limited to rules prescribed, or to usual bounds; 
irregular; disorderly: excessive; immoderate. — Inor- 

fan'io, -ical, a. Not organic; without organs; not 
eing, or derived from, an organized structure ; un- 
organized: pert, or relating" to unorganized sub- 
stances. — Inor''ganized, -izd, a. Not having organic 
structure. 

— Inqui'etude, in-kwi'e-tud, n. Disturbed state ; 
uneasiness ot mind or body. 

— Insalu'brious, in-sa-lu'brT-us, a. Not salubrious ; 
not healthful: unwholesome. — Insalu'brity, -brT-tY, 
n. Unliealthfulness; unwholesomeness. — Insano', 
-san'', a. Not sane ; unsound in mind ; crazy ; dis- 
tracted; delirious; frantic; raving; mad; used by, or 
appropriated to, insane persons. — Insan''ity, -san'T- 
-tt, n. Derangement of mind ; disorder of the men- 
tal faculties arising from diseaseof thebrain; aliena- 
tion; aberration ; mania. — Insa'tiable, -shT-a-bl, a. 
Incapable of being satisfied or appeased. — Insa'- 
tiate, -shT-at, a. Insatiable. — Insati'ety, -ti'e-tl, n. 
Insatiableness. — Insafurable, -u-ra-bl, a. Not capa- 
ble of being saturated. — Inscient, in'shY-ent or in- 



a::i, i'lnie. fir, pass or opera, fire ; end, eve, term ; tn, ice ; Qdd, tone, or ; 



INSCRUTABLE 



197 



INVULNERABLE 



Bi'^ent, a. Having little or no knowledge; ignorant. 

— Iiiscra''table, -skroo'ta-bl, a. Incapable of being 
searched into and understood by inquiry or study, 
or of being discovered or explained by human rea- 
son. —Insec' able, -sek'a-bl, a. Incapable of being 
divided by a cutting instrument. — Insecure', -se- 
kur', a. Not secure ; not safe; exposed to or appre- 
hensive of danger or loss. — Insecu'rity, -ku^rt-tT, 
n. Condition of being insecure ; danger ; hazard ; 
want of confidence in one's safety ; uncertainty. — 
Insen'^sate, a. Destitute of sense; stupid; foolish. — 
Insen-'sible, -sl-bl, a. Destitute of the power of per- 
ceiving; void of feeling; wanting tenderness ; inca- 
pable of being peiceived by tlie senses ; progressing 
by imperceptible degrees ; imperceptible ; dull ; stu- 
pid; torpid; unfeeling; indifferent; hard; callous. — 
Insen'sibiKity, «.— Inseii''tieiit, -shent, a. Not hav- 
ing perception, or power of perception. — Insep'a- 
rable, -a-m-bl, a. Not separable ; incapable of being 
separated or disjoined. — Insignif'^icant, -t-kant, a. 
Not significant ; destitute ol meaning ; having no 
weight or effect; without weight of character ; un- 
important; immaterial; trivial; mean; contemptible. 

— Insignificance, -icancy, -T-kan-sI, n. Want of 
significance or meaning-; want of force or effect; un- 
importance ; want of claim to consideration or no- 
tice. — Insincere'', -sin-ser', a. Not sincere ; not be- 
ing in truth what one appears to be ; deceitful; hyp- 
ocritical ; false, — said of things; not to be trusted 
or relied upon; dissembling; disingenuous., — Insin- 
cer'ity, -ser't-tl, n. Want of sincerity ; dissimula- 
tion ; hypocrisy ; deceitf ulness. — Insip'id, a. Des- 
titute of taste ; wanting spirit, hie, or animation ; 
vapid; dull; spiritless; lifeless; flat.— Insipid'ity, 
-pid'I-tT, Insip^idness, n. Quality of being insipid ; 
want of taste ; tastelessness ; want of interest, life, 
or spirit. — Insobri^ety, -bri^'e-tt, n. Want of sobri- 
ety ; intemperance. — Inso'ciable, -sha-bl, a. Not 
sociable; not given to conversation; taciturn. — In'- 
solent, -so-lent, a. Proud and haughty, with con- 
tempt of others ; proceeding from insolence ; over- 
bearing; insultisag; abusive ; saucy ; impudent; au- 
dacious ; pert ; opprobrious. — In'solence, -so-lens, 
n. Pride or haughtiness manifested in contemptu- 
ous and overbearing treatment of others ; impu- 
dence. — InsoKuble, -soKu-bl, a. Not soluble; in- 
capable of being dissolved, particularly by a liquid; 
not to be solved or explained. — Insolv'able, a. 
Not solvable ; not capable of solution or explica- 
tion ; incapable of being paid or discharged. — In- 
solv'ent, a. {Laio.') Not solvent ; not having suf- 
ficient estate to pay one's debts; not sufficient to 
pay all the debts of the owner; respecting persons 
unable to pay their debts. — n. One not solvent. — 
Insolv'ency, -en-sY, n. Condition of one unable to 
pay his debts as they fall due, or in the usual course 
of trade and business; insuflficiency to discharge all 
debts of the owner. — Insom'^nia, -nY-a, w. Want of 
sleep ; inability to sleep ; wakefulness. — Insom'- 
nioas, -uT-us, a^ Restless in sleep ; sleepless. — In- 
souciance, aN-soo'se-ONs'', 7i. Carelessness ; uncon- 
cern. — Insta''ble, a. Not stable; prone to change or 
recede from a purpose ; mutable ; inconstant. — In- 
Bubor'dinate, -Sr-'dt-nat, a. Not submissive ; mu- 
tinous. — Insubor'dina''tion, n. Want of subordi- 
nation; disobedience to lawful authority. — Insuf''- 
ferable, -fer-a-bl, a. Incapable of being suffered ; 
insupportable; unendurable; intolerable; disgusting 
beyond endurance. — Insuffi'^cient, -fish''ent, a. Not 
sutficient; inadequate to any need, use, or purpose ; 
wanting in strength, power, ability, or skill ; incom- 
mensurate ; unequal ; unfit. — Insu'perable, -per-a- 
bl, a. Not superable; incapable of being passed over, 
overcome, or surmounted; insurmountable; uncon- 
querable ; invincible. — Insupporfable, a. Incapa- 
ble of being supported or borne ; insufferable ; in- 
tolerable. — Insurmounfable, -ser-mownt''a-bl, a. 
Incapable of being surmounted, or overcome ; insu- 
perable. — Insuscep'tible, -sus-sep'tf-bl, a. Not 
susceptible; not capable of being moved, affected, or 
impressed. 

— Intact', in-takt', a. Untouched, esp. by any- 
thing that harms, defiles, etc. ; uninjured. — In- 
tan'gible, -jY-bl, a. Not tangible ; that cannot be 
touched ; immaterial ; not perceptible to the touch. 



— In'teger, -te-jEr,n. A whole number, in contra- 
distinction from a fraction or a mixed number. — In'- 
tegral, -te-gral,a. Complete; whole; entire; not^frac- 
tional. {Math.) Pert, to, or being a whole num- 
ber ; pert, to, or proceeding by, integration. — n. A 
whole ; an entire thing ; a whole number. (Malh.y 
An expression which, being differentiated, will pro- 
duce a given differential. — In'tegrant, a. Making 
part of a whole; necessary to constitute an entire 
thing. — In'tegrate, -grat, V. t. To make entire ; to 
restore ; to give the sum or total. {Math.) To find 
the integral of . — Integra 'tion, n. Act of making 
entire. {Math.) Operation of finding the primitive 
function which has a given function for its differen- 
tial coefficient. — Integ'rity, -teg^rr-tl, n. State of 
being entire or complete ; wholeness ; moral sound- 
ness; honesty; uprightness; unimpaired, or genuine 
state; purity; probity; virtue ; rectitude. — Intem'- 
perance, -per-ans, n. Want of moderation or due 
restraint; excess in any indulgence; habitual indul- 
gence in spirituous liquors; act of becoming, or state 
of being, intemperate. — Intem'perate. a. Indul- 
ging to excess any appetite or passion, either habitu- 
ally or in a particular instance ; excessive; ungov- 
ernable ; inordinate ; addicted to excessive or ha- 
bitual use of spirituous liquors. — Inter'minable, 
-ter'mY-na-bl, a. Without termination; admitting 
no limit; boundless; immeasurable; infinite; unlim- 
ited; wearisomely protracted. — Intes'table, a. Not 
legallyl qualified or competent to make a testament. 

— Intes'tacy, -ta-sY, n. State of one dying without 
having made a valid will. — Intes'tate, a. Dying 
without having made a valid will ; not devised- or 
bequeathed; not disposed of by wiU. — n. A person 
who dies without making a valid will. — IntoKera- 
ble, -er-a-bl, a. Not tolerable ; not capable of being 
endured ; insufferable. — IntoKerance, -er-ans, n. 
State of being intolerant ; refusal to allow to others 
the enjoyment of their opinions ; illiberality ; big- 
otry. — intol''erant, a. Not enduring difference of 
opinion or sentiment, esp. in relation to religion; 
not able or willing to endure. — Intract ' able, 
-trakt'a-bl, a. Not tractable ; not easily governed, 
managed, or directed; indisposed to be taught, disci- 
plined, or tamed; stubborn; perverse; refractory; 
unruly; headstrong; untenchable. — Intracfable- 
ness, -abiKity, w.— Intran'sitive, -sT-tiv, a. {Grarn.y 
Expressing an action or state limited to the agent, — 
i. e., an action that does not pass over to, or operate 
upon, an object. — Intrep'id, a. Fearless ; bold ; 
brave ; undaunted. — Intrepid'ity, -tre-pid't-fT, n^ 
State or quality of being intrepid ; fearless bravery ; 
courage ; heroism ; valor. 

— Inutil'ity, in-u-tiKl-tT, n. Uselessness; unprofita- 
bleness. 

— InvaKid, in-vaKid, a. Not valid ; of no force, 
weight, or cogency; weak. {Laiv.) Having no force, 
effect, or efficacy ; void ; null. — In'valid, a. In ill 
health ; feeble ; infirm, — w. A person who is weak 
and infirm, sickly or indisposed. -^ v. t. To enroll 
on the list of invalids in the military or naval serv- 
ice. — Invalidate, -t-dat, v. t. To render invalid ; 
to destroy the strength or validity of, render of no 
force or effect. — Inval'ida'tion, n. Act or pre cess 
of rendering invalid. — Invalid^ity, n. Want of co- 
gency; want of legal force or efficacy. — Inva'riable, 
-rT-a-bl, a. Not given to variation or change ; ttii- 
mutable ; unalterable ; always uniform. — Inver'- 
tebral, -vgr'te-bral, a. {Zoot.) Destiti<te of a a'P'-- 
tebral column, as some animals ; invertebrate. ^In- 
ver'tebrate, -brat, n. An animal which, etc. — In- 
ver'tebrate, -brat'ed, a. Destitute of a backbone ; 
invertebral. — Invin'oible, -sT-bl, «. Incapable of 
being conquered or overcome ; unconquerable : in- 
superable. — Invi^olable, -o-la-bl, a. Not violnble ; 
not capable of being broken or violated ; not to be 
profaned: sacred ; not susceptible of hurt or wound. 

— Invi'olate, -lat, -lated, a. Unhurt ; unprof aned ; 
unpolluted ; unbroken. — Invis'ible, -viz't-bl, a. 
Incnpable of being seen; imperceptible by the si^ht. 

— Invis'ibiKity, n. State of being, or that which is, 
invisible. — InvoKuntary, -un-ta-rt, a. Not having 
will or power of choice ; independent of will or 
choice; not proceeding from choice; not done will- 
ingly. — Invul'nerable, -ner-a-bl, a. Incapable of 



stin, cube, full ; moon, fOfit : cow, oil ; Uager or ink, then. boNboN, chair, get. 



INAMORATA 



1^8 



INCOME 




being wounded or receiving injury ; unassailable ; 
able to resist argument. * 

Inamorata, in-am'o-ra''ta, n. f., -rato, -rii'to, n. m. 
One enamored, or in love; a lover. 

In-and-in, Inasmuch. See under Ijfjpre/J. 

Inarch, in-arch'', v. t. [-arched (-arcnt'), -arching.] 
To graft by uniting, as a scion, to 
a stock, without separating it from 
its parent tree. 

Inaugurate, in-aw'gu-rat, v. t. To 
induct into office formally ; to 
cause to begin; to set in motion, 
or action; to make a public exhi- 
bition of for the first time.— In- 
au'gural, -gu-ral, a. Pert, to, or 
performed or pronounced at, an 
inauguration. — n. An inaugural 
address. — Inaugura'tion, n. Act 
of inaugurating ; formal begin- 
ning of any movement, course of 
action, etc. — Inau'guratory;, -ra-_ 
to-rt, a. Suited or pert, to inau-' , , . 
guration. Inarching. 

Inbeing, in-be'ing, n. Inherence; inherent existence. 

Inborn, in-'bSrn, a. Born in or with; implanted by 
nature. 

Inbreed, in-bred', v. t. [-Bred, -breedtxg.] To pro- 
duce or generate within; to breed in-and-in : see 
under In. — In'bred, a. Bred within ; natural. 

Inca, in'ka, n. ; pi. Incas, -kaz. A king or prince of 
Peru, before its conquest by the Spaniards. 

Incage, in-kSj'', v. t. [-caged (-kajd'), -caging.] To 
confine in a cage; to inclose. 

Incalescent, in-ka-les-'sent, a. Growing warm ; in- 
creasing in heat. — Incales'cence, -sens, -cency, -sen- 
-sl, n. A growing warm ; incipient or increasing 
heat; calef action. 

Incandescent, in-kan-des'sent, a. White or glowing 
with heat. — Incandes^'cence, -sens, n. A white 
heat, or the glowing whiteness of a body caused by 
intense heat. 

Incantation, in-kan-ta'shun, n. Act of enchanting; 
enchantment; act of using magical formulas. 

Incarcerate, in-kar''ser-at, v. t. To imprison, confine, 
shut up, or inclose. — a. Imprisoned ; confined. — 
Incar'cera'tion, n^ Act of, or state of being, etc. 

Incarnate, in-kar'nat, v. t. To clothe with flesh, em- 
body in flesh. — a. Invested with flesh; embodied 
in a fleshy nature and form. — Incama'^tion, n. Act 
of assuming flesh, or of taking a human body and 
the nature of man ; state of being united witli a hu- 
man form and nature; an incarnate form; a striking 
exemplification in person or act ; manifestation. — 
Incar'native, -tiv, a. Causing new flesh to grow. 
— Incar^'nadine, -din, a. Flesh-colored; of a carna- 
tion color. — V. t. To dye red. 

Incase, in-ka.s', v. t. [-cased (-kasf), -casing.] To 
inclose in a case, surround with something solid. — 
Incase^'ment, n. Act or process of, etc.; any inclos- 
ing substance. 

Incendiary, in-sen'di-a-rY, n. One who maliciously 
sets fire to a building ; one who excites or inflames 
factions ; an agitator. — a. Pert, to the malicious 
burning of a dwelling ; inflaramatory ; seditious. — 
Incense'', -sens'', v. t. To enkindle or inflame to 
violent anger ; to enrage ; exasperate ; irritate; heat; 
fire. — In^'cense, n. Odors of spices and gums 
burned in religious rites ; a mixture of fragrant 
gums, spices, etc., for producing a perfume. — v. t. 
To perfume with incense. — Incen''sive, -siv, a. 
Tending to excite or provoke ; inflammatory. 

Incentive, in-sen'tiv, a. Inciting ; encouraging or 
moving. — n. That which incites to determination 
or action ; motive ; stimulus : encouragement. 

Inception, in-sep''_shun, n. Beginning ; commence- 
ment. — Incep'tive, -tiv, a. Beginning ; expressing 
or indicating beginning. — Incip'^ient, -sip'I-ent, a. 
Same as Inceptive. — Incip'iently, arfw. — Incip'- 
ience, -ency, -T-en-st, n. Inception. 

Inch, inch, w. The 12th part of a lineal_ foot; a small 
distance or degree. — Inch''-meal, -mel, n. A piece 
an inch long. — adv. By small degrees ; little by 
little. 

Inchoate, in'ko-at, a. Recently, or just, begun; incip- 
ient; also, incomplete. — Inchoa''tion, n. Act of be- 




ginning; commencement; inception. — InchD'ative, 
-tiv, a. Expressing or indicating beginning. 

Incident, in''sT:-dent, a. Falling upon, as a ray of light 
upon a reflecting surface ; happening accidentally ; 
casual; fortuitous; liable to happen; naturally hap- 
pening or appertaining. {Law.) Dependent upon, 
or appertaining to, another thing, called the prin- 
cipal. — n. That which usually falls out or takes 
place; an event; circumstance; that which happens 
aside from the main design: an episode or subordi- 
nate action. (Laiv.) Something depending on or 
passing with the principal. — Incident'al, a. Hap- 
pening, as an occasional event ; not necessary ta 
the chief purpose : occasional ; accidental ; casual ; 
fortuitous ; contingent. — n. An incident. — Inci- 
dent''ally, adv. Without intention ; accidentally ; 
beside the main design. — In'- » ^^ 

cidence, -dens, n. An acci- "^ 

dent or casualty. {Physics.) 
Direction in which a body, or 
a raj' of light or heat, falls on 
any surface. — Angle of inci- 
dence. The angle whicli a ray 
of light, or body, falling on jj- 
anj' surface, makes with a per- . „ ,t i ^ ■ 
pendicular to that surface. ^ .^ H, angle of in- 

Incinerate, in-sin''er-at, v. t. To cidence ; C B H, 
burn to ashes. angle of reflection. 

Incipience, Incipient, etc. See under Inception-. 

Incise, in-siz'', v. t. [-cised (-sizd'), -cising.] To 
cut in or into with a sharp instrument, carve, en- 
grave. — 7m cised leaf. iBot.) 
One sharply and deeply cut or 
notched.— Incis''ion, -sizh''un, n. 
Act of cutting into a substance ; 
separation of the substance of 
any body made by a cutting in- 
strument ; a cut ; gash. — In- 
ci''sive, -si'' siv, a. Having the 
quality, of cutting, or penetra- 
ting ; sharp ; acute ; sarcastic ; 
biting. — Inci''sor, -zer, n. A 
cutter ; a fore tooth, which cuts, 
bites, or separates : see Tooth. _ . . .. „ 

Incite, in-sit', v. t. To move to Incised Leaf . 
action, stir up, spur on, stimulate, instigate, rouse, 
prompt, animate. — Incite''ment, n. Act of inciting; 
that which incites ; motive ; incentive ; stimulus, 
encouragement. 

Inclasp, in-klasp'', v. t. [-clasped (-klaspt''), -clasp- 
ing.] To clasp within or into ; to hold fast to, em- 
brace, encircle. 

Incline, in-klin'', v.i. [-clixed (-klind''), -clining.] 
To deviate from a line, direction, or course toward 
an object; to lean; to favor an opinion, a course of 
conduct, or a person ; to be disposed. — r. t. To 
cause to deviate from a line, position, or direction ; 
to give a tendency or propension to, as to the will 
or affections ; to dispose; to bend ; to cause to stoop 
or bow. — n. An ascent or de- 
scent, as in a road or railwaj' ; 

- a grade. — Incl i n e d plane. 
{Mech,) A plane that makes an 
oblique angle with the plane ^^ 
of the horizon; a sloping plane: 
it is one of the mechanical pow- -^ I>, inclined Hane. 
ers. — Inclina''tion, n. Act of inclining; leaning; de- 
viation from a normal direction or position ; pro- 
pension ; a disposition more favorable to one thing 
than to another ; bent ; tendency ; bias ; preposses- 
sion ; predilection ; love : i-egard ; desire. (Geom.) 
The angle made by 2 lines or planes, which meet, or 
would meet, if produced. 

Inclose, in-kloz', r. t. [-closed (-klozd'), -closing.] 
To surround, shut in, confine on all sides, encom- 
pass ; to put within a case, envelope, etc. — Inclos'- 
ure, -klo'zligr. n. Act of, state of being, or thing 
which is inclosed ; space contained; that which in- 
closes ; a barrier, fence. 

Include, in-klud'', v. t. To confine within, contain, 
shut up; to comprehend, as a genus the species, the 
whole a part, an argument or reason the inference; 
to embrace. — Inclu''sive, -siv, a. Inclosing ; encir- 
cling ; comprehending the stated limit or extremes. 
j Income, in'kum, n. That gain which proceeds from 





am, fame, fiir, pass or oper4, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; tn. Tee ; 5dd. tone, 6r ; 



INCORPORATE 



199 



INDIGENT 



labor, business, or property of any kind; revenue ; re- 
ceipts ; esp. the annual receipts of a private person, 
or a corporation, from rents, business profits, etc. — 1 
In'coming, -kum-ing, a. Coming in; accruing; com- 
ing in as occupant or possessor. 

Incorporate, in-k^r'po-rat, a. United in one body; in- 
corporated; associated.— V. t. To combine (difterent 
ingredients) into one body or mass; to give a material 
form to, embody; to unite with a substance or mass 
already formed or in being; to combine into a struc- 
ture or organization; to form into a legal body, or 
body politic; to constitute into a corporation. — v. i. 
To unite so as to make a part of another body; to be 
mixed or blended. — Incor'pora'tion, n. Act of in- 
corporating, or state of being incorporated ; union 
of different ingredients in one mass ; combination 
into a structure or organization. {Law.') The for- 
mation of a legal or political body by the union of 
individuals; body incorporated; a corporation. 

Increase, in-kres'', v. i. [-creased (-kresf), -CKEas- 
ixo.] To become greater in bulk, quantity, num- 
ber, value, intensity, authority, etc. ; to grow, aug- 
ment, advance ; to' multiply by the production of 
young. — V. t. To augment or make greater in bulk, 
quantity, or amount; to add to; to improve in qual- 
ity; to aggravate. — Increase, in-kres'' or in'kres, n. 
A growing larger; that which results from growth ; 
produce; profit ; interest ; progeny; issue; offspring; 
augmentati®n ; extension; growth ; addition; acces- 
sion.— Increment, in'kre-ment, n. Art or process of 
increasing ; augmentation ; matter added : produce. 
(Math.) The increase of a variable quantity or 
fraction from its present value to its next ascend- 
ing value. (.Rhet.) An amplification without strict 
climax. 

Incremate, in^'kre-mat, v. t. To consume (a dead 
body) by burning; to cremate. 

Incrust, m-krusf, v. t. To cover with a crust or 
hard coat ; to form a crust on the surface of. — In- 
cnista'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; a crust 
or coat of anything on the surface of a body. 

Incubate, in'ku-bat, v. i. To sit, as on eggs for hatch- 
ing. — Incuba'tion, w. Act of, etc. (Path.) Germi- 
nation of a contagious poison. — I. of a disease. Pe- 
riod between the reception of a morbific poison and 
the manifestation of the disease. — In'cubus, n. ; E. 
jjZ. -BUSES, -bus-ez, i. p^ -Bi, -bi. {Med.) The night- 
mare. Anything that weighs heavily upon one, or 
prevents the free use of the faculties. 

Inculcate, in-kuKkat, v. t. To impress by frequent 
admonitions, teach hy frequent repetitions; to urge 
on the mind. — Iuculca''tion, n. Act of, etc. 

Inculpate, in-kuKpat, v. t. To expose to blame; to 
censure; to accuse of crime, impute guilt to; to crim- 
inate. — Incul''patory, -pa-to-rl, a. Imputing blame. 
{Law.) Tending to establish guilt; criminatory. 

Incumbent, in-kum''bent, a. Lying or resting upon ; 
supported; buoyed up ; lying or resting, as duty or 
obligation ; indispensable. — n. One in present pos- 
session of a benefice, or office. — Incum'bency, -ben- 
sTf, n. State of being, or that which is, incumbent; a 
weight ; rule ; duty ; obligation. (Eccl.) State of 
holding a benefice, or office. 

Incur, in-ker^, v. t. [-cueeed (-kerd''), -cueeixg 
(-kerning).] To meet or fall in with, as sometMng 
from which inconvenience or harm is to be appre- 
hended; to expose one's self to; to become liable or 
subject to ; to contract. — Incur'^sien, -shun, n. An 
entering into a territory with hostile intention ; in- 
vasion ; inroad ; raid ; foray. — Incur'sive, -siv, a. 
Making an attack or incursion; hostile. 

Incurvate, in-kerv'at, v. t. To bend, crook. — a. 
Curved inward or upward. — Incurva'^tion, n. Act 
of bending, or of being curved; state of being bent; 
act of bowing. — Incurve', v. t. [-curved (-kervd'^), 
-CDEViXG.] To bend, make crooked. — Incurv''ity, 
-T-tT, n. State of being, etc. ; curvature. 

Indebt, in-def, ?;. t. To bring into debt, place under 
obligation. — Indebfed, a. Being in debt; under ob- 
ligation; obliged by something received, for which 
restitution or gratitude is due. — Indebfedness, n. 

Indeed, in-ded', adv. In reality; in truth; in fact, — 
used interjectionally, as an expression of iurprise. 

Indent, in-denf, v. t. To cut into points or inequal- 
ities, like a row of teeth; to notch, jag; to bind out 



by indenture or contract. (Print.) To begin a line or 
lines at a greater or less distance from the margin. — 
V. i. To be cut or notched; to crook or turn; to wind 
in and out. — n. A cut or notch in the margin of any- 
thing. — Indenta'^tion, n. A notch ; a cut in the 
margin of paper or other things ; a recess or depres- 
sion in any border. (Print.') Act of, etc. ; blank 
space at the beginning of a line. — Indent'ed, p. a. 
jagged; notched; bound out by indented writings. — 
Indenture, -den'chur, n. Act of indenting, or state 
of being indented. (Law.) A mutual agreement in 
writing between parties, whereof each party had 
formerly a part. — v. t. [ihdentueed (-cliurd), 
-TUEixG.] To feind by indentures. 

Index, in''dek_s, n. ; E. pi. -dexes, -deks-ez ,■ L. pi. 
-DICES, -dl-sez. That which points out, indicates, or 
maniiests ; esp., a pointer or hand that directs to 
anything, as the hour of the day, road to a place, 
etc. ; table tor facilitating reference to topics, names, 
etc., in a book. (Anat.) The fore finger, or point- 
ing finger. (Arith. & Alg.) The figure or letter 
which shows the power ©r root of a quantity ; the 
exponent. [In this sense, the plural is always in- 
dices.] — V. t. [IXDEXED (-dekst), -DEXING.] To pro- 
vide with or form an index or table of references. 

Indian, ind'yan or in'dt-an, a. Of, or pert, to, either 
of the Indies, East or West, or the aborigines of 
America; made of maize or Indian corn. — 7i. A 
native or inhabitant of the Indies : 
one of the aboriginal inhabitants 
of America, — so called from their 
fancied resemblance to the peo- 
ple of India. — Indian corn. 
Maize, a plant of the genus Zea, 
native of Amer. — /. file. Single 
file; arrangement of persons in a 
row following one after another, /j 
the usual way among Indians of ][/ 
traversing woods, etc. — /. sum- 
mer. A period of^warm and pleas- 
ant weather occurring late m au- 
tumn. — India paper. A delicate 
absorbent paper, manufactured in 
China or India, from the inner 
bark of the bamboo or cotton tree. 
— /. ink. A substance brought 
chiefly from China, used for water- 
colors, consisting of lamp-black and animal glue ; 
sepia. — 7. rubber. See Caoutchouc. — Indiaman, 
ind'^ya- or in'' (lY-a-man,w. (iVawi.) A large ship em- 
ployed in the India trade. 

Indican. See under Indigo. 

Indicate, in-'dY-kat, v. t. To point out, make known, 
show. (Med.) To manifest by symptoms; to point 
to as the proper remedies. — Indica''tion,. w. Act 
of, or thatwhich, etc.; mark; token; sign; symptom. 
— Indic'ative, -a-tiv, a. Pointing out; bringing to 
notice ; giving intimation or knowledge of some- 
thing not visible or obvious. — Indicative mode. 
( Gram.) That mode of the verb which indicates, 
that is, which affirms or denies: it is also used in 
asking questions. Indicative is also sometimes used 
substantively to denote this mode. — Indie ''atively, 
adv. — In^'dica'tor, -ter, n. One who, or 
that which, etc.; esp. an instrument by 
which the working steam records its 
pressure in the cylinder of a steam en- 
gine ; an instrument for recording or 
announcing telegraphic messages. 

Indict, in-dit'', v. t. (Laiv.) To charge 
with a crime, in due form of law, by 
the finding or presentment of a grand 
jury. — Indict ''er, Ji. — Indicfment, 
n. Act of indicting, or state of being 
indicted; written accusation, or formal 
charge of a crime, preferred to a court 
by a grand jury under oath; hence, an 
accusation in general. 

Indifferent, Indignant, etc. See under indicator 
Inability. 

Indigenous, in-dij-'e-nus, a. Native; born or originar 
ting in (a place or country); produced naturally in 
a country or climate; not exotic. 

Indigent, 'iu'dl-jent, a. Destitute of property or 
means of comfortable subsistence ; needy ; poor. — • 




Indian Corn. 




sfin, cube, full : moon, fdfit ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, -ftien, boxbox, chair, get. 



INDIGO 



200 



INFLORESCENCE 



I]i''digence, -gency, -jen-sT, n. Poverty; need; pau- 
I)erisni. 
Indigo, in'clT-go, n. A blue coloring matter obtained' 
iioiii a leguminous plant of several species.. See 

LltiHT. 

Indite, in-dit', v. t. To direct or dictate what is to be 
uuerca or written ; to compose, write, be author of. 

— Indite 'ment, ;<. Act oj: inditing. 
Indoctrinate, iu-dok'trl-nat, r. t. To instruct in the 

rudiments or principles of learning, or of a branch 
of learning; to instruct in or imbue with a doctrine. 

JEndcor, in'dor, a. Being within doors. 

Indorse, in-dors', v. t. [-dorsed (-dSrsf), -doesing.] 
To write upon the back or outside of. {Law.) To 
'write one's name upon the back of (a paper), to 
transfer it, or to secure the payment of (a note, 
draft, etc.); to give one's name or support to; to 
sanction. — Indorse ''ment, n. Act of writing on 
the back of a note, bill, etc.; a writing, usually upon 
the back, but sometimes on the face, of a negotiable 
injitrunient, by which the property therein is as- 
signed and transferred; sanction or support given. 

Indrawn, in'drawn, a. Drawn in. 

Induce, in-dus', f. «. [-DUCED(-dustO, -ducing.] To 
Lead in, introduce; to prevail on, move or effect by 
yersuasion or influence, incite, cause. (Physics.) To 
cause by proximity without contact or transmission. 

— Indace''ment, n. That which induces ; a motive 
or consideration that persuades to action ; reason ; 
incitement ; influence. {Law.) Matter stated by 
way of explanatory preamble or introduction. — 
Induct', V. t. To bring in, introduce ; to intro- 
duce (to a benefice or ofiice). — Induc'tion, n. Act 
of, etc. (Fhilos.) Act or process of reasoning from 
a part to a whole, or from particulars to generals. 
Formal introduction of a clergyman into a benefice, 
or of a person into office. (P7hjsics.) The property 
by which one body, having electrical, galvanic, or 
magnetic polarity, causes it in another body without 
direct contact. (Math.) A process of demonstration 
in which a general truth is gathered from an ex- 
vi ruination of particular cases. — Induc'tional, In- 
ducfive, -ir, a. Leading or drawing ; tempting ; 
proceeding or derived by induction. (Elec.) Opera- 
ting by, or facilitating induction. 

Indue, in-du', v. t. [-dued C-dudO, -duing.] To put 
nn, as clothes, draw on; to clotne, invest, endow, 
furnish, supply. 

Indulge, in-dulj^, v. t. [-bulged (-dulid'), -bulging.] 
To be complacent towards; to give way to, yield to 
the desire of ; to withhold restraint from ; to grant 
as by favor, gratify, cherish, foster. — v. i. To give 
one's self up ; to practice a forbidden, or question- 
si ble, act without restraint. — Indul'gence, -gency, 
-jen-sT, w. Quality of being indulgent; forbearance 
of restraint or control ; favor granted ; liberality ; 
^^ratification. (Rom. Cath. Church.) Remission of 
temporal punishment for sins, supposed to save the 
sinner from purgatory. — Indul'gent, a. Prone to 
indulge or humor ; not opposing or restraining. 

Indurate, in'du-rat, v. i. To grow hard, harden; be- 
come hard. — v.t. To make hard, deprive of sen- 
sibility, render obdurate. — a. Hardened; not soft; 
without sensibility ; unfeeling ; obdurate. — Indu- 
ra'tion, n. Act of hardening or process of growing 
hard; state of being indurated; obduracjs stiffness; 
wint of pliancy. 

Industry, in-'dus-trT, n. Habitual diligence; assidu- 
ousness; laboriousness; a productive occupation. — 
Indus'' trial, -tri-al, a. Consisting in industry; pert. 
* > industry, or the arts of industry. — Indus ''trious, 
-tri-us, a. Given to, or characterized by, etc.; dili- 
u-ent in a particular pursuit, or to a particular end. 

Inebriate, in-e'brT-at, v. t. To make drunk, intoxi- 
cate; to stupefy, or to make furious or frantic; to 
exhilarate. — v.i. To be or become intoxicated. — 
n. One who is drunk; esp. an habitual drunkard; 
a, sot; toper.— Ine'taria'tion, Inebri'ety, -bri-'e-tl, n. 
Condition of being, etc. 

Ercffable, Inept, etc. See under Inability. 

IrJf^tuate, in-tat''u-at, i\ t. To make foolish; to weak- 
^•^\ the intellectual powers of; to inspire with an ex- 
travagant or foolish passion; to besot, stupefy, mis- 
lead. — Infafua'tion, n. Act of infatuating ; state 
of being infatuated; folly. 



Infect, in-fekt', r. t. To taint with disease; to affect 
with morbid or noxious matter ; to communicate 
bad qualities to, corrupt, poison, vitiate, pollute, de- 
file. (Laic.) To contaminate with illegality, or ex- 
pose to penalty. — Infec'tion, n. Act or process oi 
infecting; that which infects; result of infecting in- 
fluence ; a prevailing disease ; that which taints, poi- 
sons, or corrupts, by communication from one to 
another ; contamination by iUegalitv, as in cases of 
contraband goods. — Infec'tious, -shus, a. Having 
qualities that may infect ; pestilential; corrupting, 
or tending to contaminate; vitiating. (Law.) Con- 
taminating with illegality. Capable of being easily 
diffused or spread. 

Infer, in-fer'', v. t. [-feeeeb (-ferd'), -feeeing (-fgr'- 
ring).] To derive either by deduction or induction; 
to draw or derive, as a fact or consequence. — Inferr- 
able, -fer''rible, -fer-I-bl, ?i. Capable of being in- 
ferred or deduced from premises. — In'ference, -fer- 
ens, n. Act of inferring ; thing inferred ; a truth 
or proposition drawn from another which is admit- 
ted or supposed to be true ; conclusion ; deduction ; 
consequence. —Inferen'tial, -shal, a. Deduced or 
deducibte by inference. 

Inferior, in-fe'rl-er, a. Lower in place, social rank, 
OJ excellence; subordinate. (Astron.) Between the 
earth and the sun; below the horizon. (Hot.) Grow- 
ing below some other organ. — n. A person who is 
younger, or lower in rank, station, intellect, etc., 
than another. — Infe'rior'ity, -rl-Sr'I-tl, n. State of 
being inferior ; a lower state or condition. — Infer'- 
nal, -fer'-nal, a. Pert, to the lower regions, or re- 
gions of the dead ; pert, to, like, appropriate to, or 
inhabiting hell ; hellish ; diabolical. — 7i. An inhab- 
itant of hell. 

Infest, in-fest', r. t. To trouble greatly, harass; to so 
occupy or frequent as to make unsafe or unpleas- 
ant; to haunt. 

Infilter, in-fil'ter, v. t. or ?'. To filter or sift in. — In- 
fil'trate, -trat, v. i. To enter by penetrating the 
pores or interstices of a substance. — Infiltra'tion, 
n. Act or process of infiltrating ; substance which 
has entered the pores or cavities of a body. (Med.) 
Effusion of a fluid into the cells of an organ or part. 

Infinite, Infirm, etc. See under Inability. 

Infix, in-flks', v. t. [-fixed (-fikst^), -fixing.] To fix 
by piercing or thrusting in : to implant or fix, as 
principles, thoughts, instructions. 

Inflame, in-flam'', v. t. [-flamed (-flamd'), -flam- 
ing.] To set on fire, kindle ; to excite to excessive 
and unnatural action; to produce morbid heat, red- 
ness, or swelling ; to excite or increase (passion or 
appetite) ; to provoke to anger or rage ; to irritate, 
exasperate, anger. — v. i. To grow hot, angry, and 
painful. — Infiam''ma'ble, -flarn'ma-bl, a. Capable 
of being set on fire ; easily enkindled. — Infiam'ma- 
bleness, -mabiKity, n. — Inflamma'tion, n. Act of, 
state of being, etc. (Med. & Surg.) A redness and 
swelling of any part of an animal body, attended 
with heat, pain, and febrile sj^mptoms. "Violent ex- 
citement ; heat ; passion. — Inflam''matory, -to-rT, a. 
Tending to inflame. 

Inflate, in-flat'', v. t. To swell or distend with air or 
gas; to blow into; to puff up, elate; to cause to be- 
come unduly expanded or increased. — Inflate'', 
-flat''ed, a. Filled with air ; distended ; bombastic. 
— Infla''tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

Inflect, in-flekt'', v. t. To bend, turn from a direct 
line or course. (Gram.) To vary (a noun or verb) 
in its terminations, decline, conjugate. To modulate 
(the voice). — Inflec''tion, -flex''i6n, -flek^'shun, n. Act 
of, or state of being, etc. ; a bend ; fold ; a slide or 
modulation of the voice in speaking. (Gram.) The 
variation of nouns, etc.. bj' declension, and verbs by 
conjugation. (Mus.) Any modification in the pitcn 
or tone of the voice. (Opt.) The deviation which 
light undergoes in passing the edges of an opaque 
body; diffraction.- Inflec'tional, a. Pert, to inflec- 
tion. — Inflect''ive, -iv, a. Capable of inflection. 

Inflict, in-flikf, v. t. To lay, send, impose, apply; to 
cause to bear, feel, or suffer. — Inflic'tion, n. Aet 
of inflicting ; thing inflicted or imposed. — Inflict''- 
ive, -iv, o. Tending or able to inflict. 

Inflorescence, in-flo-res''sens, «. A flowering; the un- 
folding of blossoms. (Bot.) Mode of flowering, or 



Sm, fame, fiir, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn. ice ; Odd, tone, or ; 



INFLUENCE 



201 



INITIAL 



general uriangement and disposition of the flpwers ; 
an axis on wliich all the buds are flower-buds. 
[nflBence, in 'flu-ens, n. A flowing in or upon; influx; 
agency or power which affects, modifies, or sways; 
Controlling power quietly or efficaciously exerted ; 
authority arising from station, character, intellect, 
wealth, etc. — v. t. [influenced (-enst), -encing.] 
To control by hidden, but efficacious, power ; to 
persuade, lead, direct; to modify, affect, bias, sway. 
— Influen'tial, -shal, a. Exerting influence or power, 
by invisible operation, as physical causes on bodies 
or as moral causes on the mind. — Influen'^tially, 
adv. — In^flux, n. Act of flowing in ; infusion ; in- 
tromission ; introdiiction ; importation in abundance. 

— Influen-'za, -za, n. {Med.) A violent form of epi- 
demic catarrh. 

Infold, in-fold-', v. i. To wrap up or inwrap ; to in- 
close; to embrace. 

Inform, in-fdrm', v. t. [-formed (-fSrmd''), -form- 
ing.] To give form, snape, or vital or organizing 
power to; to animate; to make known to, advise, 
instruct, tell; to communicate a knowledge of facts 
to, by way of accusation. — v.i. To give information. 

— Inform''ant, n. One who informs or gives intel- 
ligence. — Informa''tion, n. Act of informing, or 
communicating knowledge ; news or advice com- 
municated by word or writing; intelligence: knowl- 
edge derived from reading, observation, or instruc- 
tion. {Law.) A prosecution for some offense against 
the government. — Infonn''er, n. One who informs 
or gives intelligence. {Law.) One who informs 
against another for the violation of some law. One 
■wno makes a business of informing against others, 

— esp. who, for selfish ends, volunteers accusations, 
to have others punished. 

Infraction, in-frak''shuu, n. Breach; violation ; non- 
observance. — Infringe'', v. t. [-fringed (-frinjd''), 
-FRINGING.] To break, as contracts ; to violate, 
transgress, neglect to fulfill or obey. — v. i. To vio- 
late some rule ; to encroach, trespass. — Infringe''- 
ment, n. Act of violating; breach; non-fulfillment. 

Infuriate, in-fu'rTf-at, a. Enraged ; mad ; raging ; 
furiously angry. — v. t. To render furious or mad ; 

Infuse, in^-faz', v. t. [-fused (-fuzd'), -fusing.] To 
pour in, as a liquid ; to instill, as principles or qual- 
ities; to inspirit or animate; to steep in water of suit- 
able temperature, for the purpose of extracting me- 
dicinal or other qualities.— Infu'sion, -zhun, w. Act 
of infusing, pouring in, or instilling ; instillation ; 
thing infused; suggestion. {Pharmacy.) Act or pro- 
cess of steeping (a plant, etc.) in water, to extract its 
virtues; liquid obtained by this process.— Infu'sive, 
-siv, a. Having the ^^ ^ 

power of infusion. .^^ // 

— Infaso^'ria, -rt-a, 
n. pi. {Zool.) Mi- 
nute or microscopic 
animals found in 
water and other 
fluids; animalcules. 

— Infuso'rial, -fu''- 
Bory, -so-rT, a. Pert, 
to, composed of, or 
containing, e_tc. 

Ingenious, in-jen^'yus, a. Possessed of genius, or the 
faculty of invention ; skillful or prompt to invent ; 
proceeding from, pert, to, or characterized by inge- 
nuity ; witty ; well formed; well adapted.— Ingen''- 
iousness, Ijigenu^'ity, -je-nu't-tT, n. Quality or 
power of ready invention ; quickness or acuteness 
in forming new combinations ; curiousness in de- 
sign.— Ingen'uous, -jen''u-us, a. Of honorable ex- 
traction ; noble ; generous ; free from reserve, dis- 
guise, equivocation, or dissimulation ; open ; frank; 
artless ; sincere. 

Ingle, in''gl, n. A fire, or fireplace. 

Ingot, in'got, n. A mass or wedge of gold or other 
metal, cast in a mold ; a mass of uawrought metal. 

Ingraft, in-graff, v. t. To insert, as a scion of one 
tree or plant into another for propagation; to intro- 
duce ; to subject to the process of grafting; to set or 
fix deeply and firmly. 

Ingrain, in-gran', a. Dyed in the grain ; thoroughly 
inwrought, as color. — Ingrain carpet. A double or 




Infusoria (as seen through a 
microscope). 



two-plj' carpet. — Ingrain, in'gran or in-gran', v. t. 
[-GRAINED (-grand'), -€KAining.] To dye in the 
grain or before manufacture; to work into ths nat- 
ural texture, as color. 

Ingrate, Ingratitude, etc. See under Inabilitt. 

Ingratiate, in-gra'shT-at, v. t. To introduce or com- 
mend to another's favor; to worm into one's confi- 
dence. 

Ingredient, in-gre'dT-ent, v. That which is a com- 
ponent part of any compound or mixture; an ele- 
ment. — In'gress, n. Entrance; power, liberty, or 
means of entrance or access. — Ingres ''sion,-gresh '- 
un,?(. Act of entering; entrance. 

Inguinal, in^gwl-nal, a. {Anat.) Pert, to the groin. 

Ingulf, in-gull', V. t. [-GULFED (-guUf), -GULFING-l 

To swallow up in or as in a vast deep, gulf, or whirl- 
pool ; to cast into a gulf, overwhelm. 
Inhabit, in-hab^it, v. t. To live or dwell in. — ?•. ?". 
'1 o have residence, dwell, live, abide. — Inhab'it- 
able, a. Capable of being inhabited : habitable. — 
Inhab^itance, -ancy, -an-sT, n. Condition of an in- 
habitant ; legal residence ; esp., the right to sup- 
port in case of poverty, acquired by residence in 
a town. — Inhab'itant, n. One who resides per- 
manently in a place. {Law.) One who has a legal 
settlement in a town, city, or parish; a resident. — 
Inhab'ita'tion, n. Act of inhabiting, or state of be- 
ing inhabited; abode; place of dwelling. — Inhab'- 
itativeness, -a-tiv-nes, n. {Phrenol.) An organ sup- 
posed to indicate the desire of permanent residence 
m an abod_e. See Phrenology^ 

Inhale, in-haK, v. t. [-haled (-hald'), -haling.] To 
draw into the lungs; to inspire. — InhaKer, n. One- 
who inhales; an apparatus for inhaling any vapor or 
volatile substance, for medicinal purposes; a con- 
trivance to filter or warm the air for delicate lungs- 
or in a deleterious atmosphere ; a respirator ; appa- 
ratus to carry air for a diver, etc. — Inhala'tion, n. 
Act of inhaling. 

Inhere, in-her', v. i. [-hered (-herd'), -hering.] To 
be fixed or permanently incorporated. — Inher'ent, a. 
Existing in something, so as to be inseparable from/ 
it; naturally pertaining to; innate; inborn; native; 
inwrought. — Inher'ently, adv. — Inher'ence, -en- 
cy, -en-si, n. State of inhering; existence in some- 
thing.— Inhe'sion, -zhun, n. Inherence. 

Inherit, in-her'it, v. t. {Law.) To take by descent 
from an ancestor; to succeed, as an heir, to the estate- 
or rights of a deceased person. To receive or take by 
birth, have by nature; to become possessed of, own.-^ 
V. I. To have as an inheritance, possession, or pi op- 
erty. — Inher'itable, a. Capable of being inherited, 
or of being transmitted from parent to child, or of 
taking by inheritance, or receiving by descent. — 
Inher'itably, adv. By inheritance. — Inher'itance, 
-ans, n. {Law.) An estate which a man has by de- 
scent as heir to another, or which he may transmit 
to another as his heir; that inherited; a permanent 
or valuable possession or blessing ; a possession re- 
ceived by gift, or without purchase ; ownership. 

Inhesion. See under Inhere. 

Inhibit, in-hib'it, v. t. To check, repress, restrain, 
hinder; to forbid, prohibit. — Inhibi'tion, -bish'un, 
n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; restraint; prohibi- 
tion ; embargo. — Inhib'itory, -t-to-rl, a. Tend- 
ing or serving to inhibit; prohibitory. 

Inhospitable, Inhuman, etc. See under Inability. 

Inhumate, in-hu'mat, v. t. To inhume.— Inhuma'- 
tion, w. Act of, etc.; interment. — Inhume', -httin', 
V. t. [-HUMED (-humd'), -huming.] To bury, inter. 

Initial, in-ish'al, a. Of, or pert, to, the beginning .- 
incipient; placed at the beginning or head (of a list 
or series). — n. The first letter of a word. — Ini'tiate, 
-ish'T-at, V. t. To introduce by a first act, begin; to 
instruct in the rudiments or principles; to introduce 
into a society or organization, or secret ceremonies. 
— a. Begun ; commenced; incomplete, as a right, 
etc.; introduced to a knowledge of . — Ini'tia'tion, 
-ish't-a'shun, n. Act or process of initiating; cere- 
mony by which one is introduced into any society; 
introduction into the principles of anything myste- 
rious. — Ini'tiative, -tiv, a. Serving to initiate ; ini- 
tiatory. — n. An introductory step or movement*, 
right to introduce a new measure or law, as in legis- 
lation.— Ini'tiatory, -to-rt, a. Suitable for an in- 



sttn, cabe, full; moon, f (56t ; cow. oil ; linger or ink, tlien, boNhoN, chair, g-et. 



INJECT 



202 



INSIGHT 



troduction or beginning; introductory; tending or 
serving to initiate. 
Inject, in-jekt'', V. <• To throw in, dart in. — Injec'- 
tion, -iek'shun, n. Act of injecting or throwing in, 

— applied esp. to the forcible throwing in of a liq- 
uid, or aeriform body, by a sj-ringe, pump, etc.; 
thing injected, esp., a liquid medicine injected into 
a cavity of the body. {Anat.) Act of filling the ves- 
sels of an animal body with some colored substance, 
to- render visible their figures and ramifications. A 
preserved part of an animal bodj% thus injected. 
(Steam Eng.) Act of throwing cold water into a 
condenser; cold water thrown into a condenser to 
produce a vacuum. — Iiiject''or, n. A person or 
thing that injects. 

InjoiH, in-join', v. t. See Enjoix. — Iiyunc'tion, in- 
iunk''shun, n. Act of enjoining or commanding; 
thing enjoined; an order; command; precept. (Law.) 
A writ or process, granted by a court of equity, re- 
quiring a party to do or to refrain from doing cer- 
tain acts. 

Injudicious, Injure, etc. See under Inability. 

Ink, ink, n. A colored fluid, viscous material, or pig- 
ment used in writing, printing, etc. — v. t. [inked 
(inkt), INKING.] To blacken, color, or dauD with 
ink. — Ink^y,-!, a. Consisting of, like, or soiled with, 
ink; black. — Ink'horn, n. An inkstand, — formerly 
made of horn. — Ink'stand, n. A vessel for holding 
writing ink. 

Inkling, iok-^ing, n. Inclination; desire ; a hint or 
whisper; intimation. 

Inlace, in-las', v. t. [-laced (-lasf), -lacing.] To 
work in, as lace; to lace. 

Inland, in-'land, a. Within the land; remote from the 
sea ; interior ; carried on within a country ; do- 
mestic; drawn and payable in the same country. — 
n. The interior part of a country. 

Inlay, in-la', v. t. [-laid (-lad'), -laying.] To in- 
sert (pieces of pearl, ivory, etc.) in a groundwork of 
some other material, to form an ornamental surface. 

— In'lay, M. Pieces of wood, ivory, etc., inlaid, or 
prepared for inlaying. — Inlay'er, ?i. 

Inlet, in'let, n. A passage by which an inclosed place 
may be entered; a bay or recess in the shore of the 
sea, etc., or between isles, a narrow strip of water 
running into the land; a creek. 

Inly, Inmost, _Inner, Inning, etc. See under In. 

Inmate, in'mat, n. One who lives in the same apart- 
ment or house with another. 

Inn, in, n. A house for the lodging and entertainment 
of travelers; tavern; public house; hotel; in Eng., 
a college or society of students at law and barris- 
ters, also one of the buildings containing law cham- 
bers. — V. t. To put under cover, shelter ; to afford 
lodging and entertainment to; to lodge. 

Innate, in''uat o?' in-naf, a. Inborn; native; natural; 
originating in, or derived from, the constitution of 
the intellect, as opp. to being _acq uired from experi- 
ence. — Innately, in'- or in-nat'il, adv. Naturally. 

Innocent, Innocuous, etc. See under Inability. 

Innovate, in'no-vat, v. U To change by introducing 
something new ; to introduce as a novelty. — v. i. 
To introduce novelties. — Innova'tion, n. Act of, or 
a change effected by, innovating; a change in cus- 
toms, etc. — In'nova'tor, n. 

Innuendo, in-nu-eu'do, n. ; pi. -does, -doz. An ob- 
lique hint; remote intimation or allusion. (Law.) 
A parenthetic explanatory averment employed in 
proceedings for libel or slander, to point the applica- 
tion to persons or subjects, of the alleged defamato- 
ry matter. 

Inoculate, in-ok'u-lat, v. t. To bud ; to insert (the 
bud of a plant in another plant) for propagation. 
(Med.) To communicate, as a disease to a person, 
by inserting infectious matter in his skin or flesh. — 
v.i. To graft by inserting buds; to communicate 
disease by inserting infectious matter. — Inoc'ula''- 
tion, n. Act or art of inoculating. — Inoc^ula'tor, n. 

Inquire, in-kwir', v.i. [-quired (-kwird'), -quiring.] 
To ask a question ; to make examination or investi- 
gation. — V. t. To ask about ; to make inquiry re- 
specting. — Inquir'y, -kwTr'I, ?i. Act of inquiring; 
search tor truth, information, or knowledge; exam- 
ination into facts or principles; a question; query; 
interrogatory; scrutiny; investigation; research. — 



In 'quest, -kwest, n. Act of inquiring; inquiry; quest. 
(Law.) Judicial inquiry; official examination ; a 
jury, esp. a coroner's jury. — Inquisi'tion, -zish'un, 
?i. Act of inquiring ; examination ; investigation. 
(Law.) Judicial inquiry; inquest; the finding of a 
jury. (^Rom. Cath. C hurch.) A tribunal for the ex- 
amination and punishment of heretics. — Inqnis'- 
itor, -kwiz'T-ter, n. One who inquires ; esp., one 
whose official duty it is to inquire and examine. 
(Rom. Cuth. C'hwcfi.) A member of the Court of 
Inquisition. — Inquis'ito'rial, -to'rt-al, a. Pert, to 
inquisition, or to the Court of Inquisition, or resem- 
bling its practices. —Inquis'itive, -I-tiv, a. Apt to 
ask questions; given to research; prying; curious. 

Inroad, in'rod, n. A sudden or desultory incursion 
or invasion; irruption; encroachment. 

Insane, Insatiable, etc. See under Inability. 

Inscribe, in-skrib', v. t. [-scribed (-skribd'), -scrib- 
ing.] To write or engrave, imprint; to mark with 
letters, characters, or words ; to commend by a 
short address, less formal than a dedication; to im- 
print deeply, impress. (Geoin.) To draw within, as 
one figure within another. — Inscrip'tion, -skrip'- 
shun, n. Act of inscribing ; thing inscribed; esp., 
anything engraved on a solid substance for preser- 
vation or public inspection; an address or consign- 
ment of a book to a person, as a mark of respect. 

Insect, in'sekt, n. (Zo'61.) An articulate animal whose 
body is divided oy cross lines or incisions into a 
number of segments or rings, and in the winged or 
adult state is divid- 
ed into 3 distinct 
parts, the head, 
thorax, and abdo- 
m e n , has 6 legs, 
never more than 
4 wings, and that 
breathes air in 
tubes opening ex- 
ternally by spira- 
cles. Anything 
small or contempt- 
ible.— Insec'tivore, 
-t I - V o r , n. ; pi. 
-VORES, -vorz. 
(Zool.) One of an 
order of small plan- 
tigrade ra a m m a Is 
that feed upon in- 
sects. — Insectiv'- 
orous, -t i v ' e r-u s, 
a. Feeding or sub- 
sisting on insects ; 
pert, to the Insecti- 
vores. 

Insecure, Insensible, 
etc. See under In- 
ability. 

Insert, in-sert', v. t. 
To set or place in 
among, introduce. 
— Insert'ing, n. A 
setting in ; some- 
thing inserted or set in, as lace, etc., into garments. — 
Inser'tion, -shun, n. Act of inserting, or setting or 
placing in or amon^ other things; condition of being 
inserted ; mode, place, etc., of inserting; thing set 
in, as lace, cambric, in narrow strips, etc. 

Inset, in'set, n. That which is set in; an insertion. 

Inshrine. Same as Enshrine. 

Inside, in'' fUd, prep, or adv. Within the sides of; in 
the interior: contained within. — a. Being within; 
contained; interior; internal. — n. The part within; 
interior portion ; one who, or that which, is within, 
or inclosed; hence, an inside passenger of a coach or 
carriage, pi. The inward parts, entrails, bowels. 

Insidious, in-sid't-us, a. Lying in wait; watching an 
opportunity to insnare or entrap: intending or in- 
tended to 'entrap ; crafty ; wily ; sly ; designing ; 
treacherous ; deceptive. (Med.) Existing without 
marked symptoms; likely to elude notice; more dan- 
gerous than it appears. 

Insight, in'slt, n. Sight or view of the interior of 
anything; introspection; thorough knowledge; pow- 
er of acute observation and deduction : discernment. 




Insect. 

I, antennae ; 5, eyes; c, head; d, an- 
terior legs or arms; e, prothorax;/', 
mesothorax; g, metathorax; h, mid- 
dle or central legs or arms; i, cen- 
tral wings; o, anterior or first wings; 
jf, posterior legs ; k, abdomen ; /, 
tibia; m, tarsus. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, isLte ; end, eve, terra ; In, Ice : Sdd, toue, 6r : 



INSIGNIA 



203 



INTACT 



Insignia, in-sig'n'T-a, n.vl. Badges of office or honor; 
marks by which anything is distinguished. 

Insinnate, in-sin'u-at, v. t. To introduce gently, or 
as by a winding or narrow passage; to wind in; to 
introduce artfully, instUl ; to hint, suggest by re- 
mote allusion ; to push or work one's self (into f aVor). 
— V. i. To creep, wind, or flow, in ; to ingratiate 
one's self. — Insin'ua''tion, n. Act of insinuating; a 
creeping or winding in; act of gaining favor bj' gen- 
tle or artful means ; art or power of pleasing and 
stealing on the affections; a hint; suggestion by dis- 
tant allusion; innuendo. 

Insist, in-sisf, v. i. To dwell upon as a matter of 
special moment; to be isersistent or pressing. ^In- 
sist'' ence, -ens, n. Quality of being urgent. 

Insnare, in-snar', v. t. [-sxared (-snard';, -sxaeixg.] 
To catch in a snare, entrap; to seduce by artifice. 

Insolent. Insolable, etc. See under lyABiLiTT. 

Insomnch. See under Ix. 

Inspect, in-spekt', v. t. To view closely and critically, 
esp. in order to ascertain quality or condition, dis- 
cover errors, etc.; to view and examine officially, as 
troops, arms, goods offered for sale, etc. — Inspec- 
tion, -spek'shun-) n. Act of inspecting; careful sur- 
vey; official examination; act of overseeing; super- 
intendence. 

Inspire, in-spir'', v. i. [-spteed (-spirdOj -spieixg.] 
To draw in breath, inhale air into the lungs; to 
breathe, blow gently. — v. t. To breathe into, fill 
with the breath; to infuse by breathing, infuse into 
the mind; to convey, as by a superior or supernat- 
ural influence; to affect, as with a supernatui-al in- 
fluence; to inhale. — Inspira'^tion, n. Act of inspir- 
ing, breathing in, infusing, etc.; inhalation: extraor- 
dinary elevation of the imagination or other pow- 
ers of the soul; result of such extraordinary eleva- 
tion in the thoughts, emotions, or purposes inspired; 
esp., a supernatural divine influence on the sacred 
writers, by which they were qualified to communi- 
cate truth with authority. — Inapir'^it, -splr'it, v. t. 
To infuse or excite spirit in, give new life to, enliv- 
en, animate, cheerj_ encourage. 

Inspissate, in-spis'sat. v. t. To thicken (fluids) by 
evaporation. — a. Thick: inspissated. 

Instability, etc. See under Ixability. 

Install, in-stawK, v. t. [-stalled (-stawld''), -stall- 
ing.] To set in a seat, give a place to; to instate in 
an office, rank, or order, with ceremonies. — Instal- 
la'^tioa, n. Act of installing; esp. of instating an or- 
dained minister in a parish; institution. — Install'- 
ment, n. Act of installing; a part of a sum of money 
paid or to be paid at a time different from that of 
the balance. 

Instant, in''stant, a. Pressing; urgent: importunate; 
earnest; closely impending in respect to time; imme- 
diate; making no delay; quick; present; current. — 
n. A point in duration; a moment; a particular 
time; a day of the current month.— In-'stantly, adv. 
Without the least delay or interval: with urgency; 
directly; immediately; at once. — Instanta'^neous, 
-ne-us, a. Done in an instant. — Instanta'neously, 
adv. — Instan'^ter, arfv. Immediately; without de- 
lay; instantly. — In'stance, -stans, n. Quality or act 
of' being instant or pressing; occasion; order of oc- 
currence; something cited in proof or exemplifica- 
tion; a case occurring; application; example. — v. t. 
[-STANCED (-stanst), -STAXCixG.] To mention as an 
example or case. 

Instate, in-staf, v. t. To set or place, establish (in a 
rank or condition), install. 

Instead, in-sted', adv. In the stead, place, or room; 
equivalent to; equal to. 

Instep, in'step, n. The arched middle portion of the 
human foot, comprising the metatarsus and part of 
the tarsus, esp. the projection on the upper side near 
its junction with the leg; that part of the hind leg of 
a horse from thejthigh to the pastern-joint. 

Instigate, in'stt-gat, v. t. To incite, set on, goad or 
urge forward, stimulate, impel, animate. 

Instill, in-stiK, v. t. [-stilled (-stild''), -stilling.] 
To pour in by drops; to infuse slowly, or by de- 
grees. — Instilia''tion, n. Act of instilling, or infus- 
ing by small quantities; act of infusing slowlj^ into 
the mind; that instilled or infused. 

Instinct, in-stinkf, a. Urged from within; moved; 



animated; excited. — In'^stinct, n. Unconscious or 
unreasoning prompting to action; esp. the natural, 
unreasoning impulse in an animal, by which it is 
guided to the performance of any action, without 
thought of improvement in the method. — Instinct''- 
ive, -iv, a. Prompted by instinct ; acting without 
reasoning, instruction, or experience. — Instinct'- 
ively, adv. By force of instinct. 

Institute, in''sti-tut, v. t. To set up, establish, appoint, 
ordain; to originate, found; to begin, commence, set 
in operation. {Eccl. Law.) To invest with the spir- 
itual part of a benefice, or the care of souls. — n. 
Thing instituted; established law; settled order ; 
that which is established as authoritative; precept; 
maxim; principle; an institution; a literary, scien- 
tific, or philosophical society, pi. A book of elements 
or principles; esp. a work containing the principles 
of jurisprudence; theory of medicine, esp. physiol- 
ogj' and therapeutics, applied to the practice of 
medicine. — Institu'tion, n. Act of instituting, as, 
establishment, foundation, enactment; or, instruc- 
tion, education ; or {Eccl. Law), act or ceremony of 
investing a clergyman with the spiritual part of a 
benefice; that which is instituted or established; es- 
tablished order, or method, or custom; enactment; 
ordinance; an established or organized society, en- 
dowed school, etc.; a foundation; a text-book; a sys- 
tem of elements or rules. 

Instruct, in-strukt'', v. t. To furnish with requisite 
outfit or preparation; to make ready; esp., to impart 
information to, enlighten, teach, educate, inform; to 
furnish with directions, command, enjoin. — In- 
struct'pr, -or, -er, n. — Instruct'ible, a. Capable of 
being instructed. — Instmc'tion, n. Act of instruct- 
ing, or teaching; that which instructs, as, precept, 
inlormation, teachings; direction, order, command. 
— Instrucfive, -iv, a. Conveying knowledge; serv- 
ing to instruct. — In''stmment, -stroo-ment, n. That 
by means of which anything is effected, a tool, 
utensil, implement; a contrivance, by which musical 
sounds are produced. {Law.) A writing, expressive 
of some act, contract, process, or proceedi:»g. One 

, who, or that which, serves a purpose.— Instrument''- 
al, a. Acting as an instrument; serving as a means; 
conducive; helpful; pert, to, made by, or prepared 
for, musical instruments. — In'strumehtaKity, -taK- 
X-tt, n. Quality or condition of being, or that which 
is, instrumental; agency. — In'strumenfally, adv. 
In the nature of an instrument, as means to an end; 
with instruments of music. — In'strumenta'tien, n. 
Act of using, or the subordination ol, as an instru- 
ment; means; agency. (Mus.) Instrumental compo- 
sition; act or manner of playing upon musical in- 
struments. 

Insubordinate, Insufficient, etc. See under Inability. 

Insular, in'su-ler, -lary, -la-rT. a. Fert. to an island ; 
surrounded by water. — In'^snlate, v. t. To place in 
a detached situation, isolate; to prevent the transfer 
to, or from, of electricity or heat, by the interposition 
of non-conductors. — In'^sula'ted, p. a. Standing by 
itself. (Elec.) Separated, as a bodv, from others, by 
non-conductors of electricity. {l%erinotics.) Sepa- 
rated, as a heated body, from other bodies, by non- 
conductors of heat. 

Insult, in'sult, Ji. Gross abuse offered to another; af- 
front; indignity; outrage; contumely. — v. t. To 
treat with abuse, insolence, or contempt, hy words 
or actions. — v. i. To behave with insolent triumph. 

Insure, in-shoor'', v. t. [-suked (-shoord''), -sueixg.] 
To make sure or secure : esp. to secure against a pos- 
sible loss or assure the contingent payment of a cer- 
tain sum on stipulated conditions, or" at a given rate 
or premium. — v. i. To underwrite: to practice mak- 
ing insurance. — Insux'ance, n. Act of insuring, or 
assuring, against loss or damage; a contract where- 
by, for a consideration called a premium, one party 
undertakes to indemnify the other against loss by 
certain risks or to pay a certain sum in a given con- 
tingency; premium paid for insuring property or life. 

Insurgent, in-ser-'jeut, a. Rising in opposition to law- 
ful civil or political authority; insubordinate ; re- 
bellious. — n. One who rises in revolt; a rebel. — In- 
surrec'tion, -sgr-rek'shun, n. A rising against civil 
or political authority; sedition; revolt; rebellion. 

Intact, Integrity, etc. See under Inability. 



siin, cube, full ; moon, fSbt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get. 



INTAGLIO 



204 



INTERLINE 



Intaglio, in-taKyo, «. A figure cut into a material, as 
a seal, matrix," etc.; a stone or gem in which a figure 
is cut so as to form a dejjression or hollow. 

Integnment, in-te'r''u-meiit, «. That which naturallv 
covers another thing; esp. (Anat.), a covering whicn. 
invests the body, as the SKin, or a membrane that 
invests a particular part. 

Intellect, in'tel-lekt, w. The faculty of tli€ human 
soul by which it knows, understands, or reasons, as 
disting. fr. the power to feel and to will; the power 
to judge and comprehend. — Intellec'tion, n. Act of 
understanding; simple apprehension of ideas; intui- 
tion. — Intellectual, -u-al, a. Belonging to, or per- 
formed by, the mind, mental; formed by, and exist- 
ing for, the intellect alone; perceived "by the intel- 
lect; having the power of understanding;"having ca- 
pacity for the higher forms of knowledge or thought; 
relating to the understanding. — Intel''ligence, -II- 
iens, n. Act of knowing; the intellect as a gift or en- 
dowment; capacity for the higher functions of the 
intellect ; information communicated ; general in- 
formation ; an intelligent being or spirit. — Intel '- 
ligent, a. Endowed with the faculty of reason, or 
with a good intellect; well informed; sensible; skill- 
ful.— InteKligible, -iT-jt-bl, a. Capable of being 
understood or comprehended; perspicuous; plain; 
clear. — InteKllgibleness, -ligibil''ity, n. 

Intend, in-tend', v. t. To fix the mind upon, as the 
object to be effected ; to contemplate, meditate, 
purpose, mean. — Intend'^ed, n. One betrothed ; an 
affianced lover. — Intense'', -tens'', a. Strained ; 
stretched ; tightly drawn ; kept on the stretch : ex- 
treme in degree, as, ardent, fervent; keen, biting; 
vehement, earnest ; severe, violent. — Intense''uess, 
-ten''sity, -sT-tl, n. State of being intense; extreme 
degree. (Physics SiMech.) Effectiveness, asestimated 
by results produced. — Inten^'sative, -tiv, a. Add- 
ing intensity; intensifying. — Inten''sify, r. t. [-fied 
(-fid), -FYING.] To render more intense. — v. i. To 
become intense, or more intense. — Inten''sion, 
-shun, n. A straining, or the state of being strained; 
iacrease of power or energy of anj' quality. (Logic 
& Metaph.) The collective attributes, qualities, or 
marks that make up a complex general notion. — 
biten'^sive, -siv, a. Stretched, or admitting of ex- 
tension, or increase of degree; assiduous; intense. 
(Chram.) Serving to give force or emphasis. — In- 
ten^'sively, adv. In a manner to give force. — In- 
tent'', a. Having the mind strained or bent on an 
object ; fixed closely ; anxiously diligent. — n. Act 
of turning the mind toward an object; a design; pur- 
pose ; intention ; meaning ; object ; end ; aim. — In- 
tent'ly, adv. In an intent manner ; steadfastly ; 
earnestly; sedulously; diligently; eagerly. — Inten''- 
tion, n. A bending of the mind toward an object ; 
closeness of application; fixed direction of the mind 
to a particular object, or in a particular way of act- 
ing; object intended; state of being strained. — In- 
ten''tional, a. Done by intention or design; in- 
tended; designed. — Inten'tionally, adv. "With in- 
tention; by design. 

Inter, in-ter', v. t. [-terred (-tSrd''), -teering.] To 
deposit and cover in the earth, bury, inhume. — In- 
ter''Hient, n. Act of, etc.; burial; sepulture. 

Interact, in-ter-akt'', t- . t. To act upon each other. 
— n. A short act or piece between others, as in a 
play; an interlude. 

Intercede, in-ter-sed-', r. i. To act between parties, 
to reconcile those who differ; to plead in lichalf of 
another ; to interpose, mediate. — Interces''sion, 
-sesh'un, n. Act of interceding ; mediation ; en- 
treaty with one party in favor of, or, less often, 
against another. — lriterce8''sor, -ser, n. One who 
intercedes ; a mediator. (Eccl.) A bishop, who, 
during a vacancy of the see, administers the bishop- 
ric til la successor is elected. 

Intercept, in-ter-sept'', v. t. To stop on its passage, 
seize by the way; to obstruct the progress of; to in- 
terrupt communication with, or progress toward. 
(3fath.) To take, include, or comprehend bej;ween. 

Interchange, in-ter-chanj'jV. t. [-changed (-chanjd''), 
-CHANGING.] To put each in the place of the other; 
to exchange, reciprocate; to cause to follow, or to 
alternate. — v. i. lo change mutually; to succeed al- 
ternately. — In'terchange', ?i. Act of mutually 



changing; state of being mutually changed; alter- 
nate liuccession ; barter ; commerce". 

Intercostal, in-ter-kos''tal, a. (Anat.) Placed or lying- 
between the ribs. 

Intercourse, in''ter-k5rs, n. Connection by reciprocal 
dealings between persons or nations, in common af- 
fairs and civilities, in trade, language, or correspond- 
ence ; esp., interchange of thought and feeling ; 
communication ; familiarity ; sexual connection. 

Interdict, in'ter-dikt'', v. t. To forbid bv order or 
charge; to prohibit or inhibit. (Eccl.) "To cut off 
from the enjoyment of communion with a church. 

— In''terdict', m. A proliibition ; a prohibitory or- 
der or decree ; esp. a papal censure, prohibiting the 
performance of divine service or the administration 
or enjoyment of religious rites, to or by persons 
named or in a specified place or region. 

Interest, in''ter-est, v. t. To engage the attention or 
affections of; to excite emotion or passion in, in be- 
half of a person or thing; to excite in behalf of an- 
other, or of some other object, — used reflexively. — 
71. Special attention to some object; concern; sym- 
pathy : excitement of feeling, esp. of pleased or grat- 
ified feeling, regard, or affection ; share, portion, 
part; advantage, personal or general; lot; the per- 
sons interested in any particular business or meas- 
ure, taken collectivelj', — as, the manufacturing in- 
terest. — In'terested. ;). a. Having an interest; con- 
cerned in a cause or in consequences ; liable to be 
affected. — In'terestlng, p. a. Engaging the atten- 
tion or curiosity; exciting emotions or passions. 

Interest, in''ter-est, n. Premium paid for the use of 
money; profit per cent, derived from money lent, or 
property used by another person, or from debts re- 
maining unpaid; any surplus advantage, or unex- 
pected advance in returning what has been received. 

— Compound interest. That which arises from the 
principal with the interest added; interest on inter- 
est. — Simple i. That from the principal sum only. 

Interfere, in-ter-fer'', v. i. [-feeed (-ferd'), -feeing.] 
To come in collision, clash; to take part in the con- 
cerns of others, interpose, intermeddle. (Far.) To 
strike one foot against its opposite, so as to injure 
the tlesh. (Physics.) To act reciprocally, so as to 
augment, diminish, or otherwise affect one another. 

— Interfer'ence, n. Act or state of interf ering ; in- 
terposition; collision ; clashing. (Physics.) Mutual 
influence, under certain conditions, of 2 streams of 
light, pulsationsof sound, or vibrations of any kind. 

Interfuse, in-ter-luz'', v. t. To pour or spread between, 
permeate, pervade, mix together. — Interfu^'sion, 
-zhun, w. A mixing together. 

Interim, in''ter-tm, n. The time intervening. 

Interior, in-te-'rY-er, a. Being within any limits, in- 
closure, or substance; internal; inner, — opp. to ex- 
terier, superficial ; remote from the limits, frontier, 
or shore; inland. — n. Internal part of a thing; the 
inside; the inland part of a country. 

Interject, in-ter-jekt'', v.t. To throw in between; to 
insert. — InteqeC'tion, -jek'shun, n. Act of throw- 
ing between: a word, thrown in between words con- 
nected in construction, to express some emotion or 
passion. 

Interlace, in-ter-las'', v. t. [-laced (-last''), -lacing.] 
To unite, as by lacing to- 
gether; to insert or inter- 
pose one thing with an- 
other, intermix. — Inter- 
lacing ar ches. (Arch.) 
Arches, usually circular, 
so constructed that their 
curves intersect or are in- 
terlaced. 

Interlard, in-ter-lard', v. 1. 
To mix in, as fat witli 
lean; to diversify by mix- 
ture, interpose, "insert be- 
tween. 

Interleaf. in''ter-lef', n. A blaiik leaf inserted. — In'- 
terleave'', v. t. [-leaved f-levd''), -leaving.] To 
insert a leaf into; to insert (clank leaves) in a book, 
between other leaves. 

Interline, in-tgr-lin'', v. t. [-lined (-lind''), -lining.] 
To write in alternate lines; to write between li'ies 
already written, to add to or correct what is written. 




Interlacing Arches. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, Sve, term ; Yn, ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; 



INTERLINK 



205 



INTERVIEW 



— InterUn'eal, -lln''e-al, -ear, -e-er. a. Written or 
inserted between other lines. — Interlin'ea''tion, ?i. 
Act of interlining; a passage, word, or line inserted 
between lines before written or printed. 

fnterlink, in-ter-link'', v. t. [-linked (-Hnkf). -link- 
ing.] To connect by uniting links. 

Interlocation, in-ter-lo-ka'shun, n. A placing between; 
interposition. 

Interlock, in-ter-Iok'', v. i. [-locked (-lokf), -lock- 
r.vG.] To unite, embrace, communicate with, or flow 
into one another. — v. t. To unite by locking to- 
gether. 

Interlocution, in-ter-lo-ku'shun, n. Dialogue; con- 
ference. {Law.) An intermediate act or decree be- 
fore final decision. Intermediate argument or dis- 
cussion, — Interloc'utor, -lok'u-ter, n. One who 
speaks in dialogue, or takes part in a conversation. 

— Inter loc'utory, -to-rt, a. Consisting of dialogue. 
(Xkjvj.) Intermediate; not final or definitive. 

Interlope, in-ter-lop', v. i. [-loped (-lopf), -loping.] 
To traffic without a proper license; to forestall; to 
prevent right. — Interlop'er, n. One who interlopes 
or runs into business to which he has no right; one 
who interferes officiously. 

Interlude, in'ter-lud, n. A theatrical entertainment 
between acts of a play or between the plaj' and af- 
terpiece. (31its.) A short piece of instrumental 
music played between the parts of a song or hymn. 

Intermarry^ in-ter-mar'rt, v. t. [-ried (-rid), -eying.] 
To become connected (as families, tribes, classes, 
etc.) by marriage. — Intermar'^riage, -rij, n. Act of, 
or state of being, etc. 

Intermediate, in-ter-me'dT-at, a. Lying or being in 
the middle place or degree between 2 extremes; in- 
tervening: interiacent. — v.i. To intervene, inter- 
pose. —Interme'dial, -dt-al, -diary, -dl-a-rl, a. Ly- 
ing between; intermediate. 

Interment. See under Inter. 

Intermingle, in-ter-min'gl, v. t. [-mingled (-min''- 
gld), -GLiNG.] To mingle ormix together, intermix. 
— V. i. To be mixed or incorporated. 

Intermit, in-ter-mit'', v. t. To cause to cease for a 
time ; to interrupt, suspend. — v. i. To cease for a 
time; to disappear or relax at intervals, as a fever. 
—Intermittent, a. Ceasing at intervals.— w. {Med.) 
A disease which apparently subsides or ceases at cer- 
tain intervals. — Intermit'tingly, adv. With inter- 
mission. — Intermis-'sion, -nnsh''un, n. Cessation 
for a time; an intervening period of time; temporary 
pause ; interval ; pause ; stop ; rest. (Med.) The 
temporary cessation or subsidence of a disease: time 
between the paroxysms of a disease. — Intermis'- 
sive, -siv, a. Coming by fits, or after temporary 
cessations. 

Intermix, in-tgr-miks', v. t. [-mixed (-miksf), -mix- 
ing.] To mix together, intermingle. — v.i. To be 
mixed together, be intermingled. — Intermixt'ure-, 
-miks'chur, n. A mass formed by mixture; admix- 
ture; something additional mingled in amass. 

Intern, in-tern'', i\ t. [-terned (-ternd''), -teening.] 
To put for safe custody in the interior of a country; 
to confine to one locality. — Inter'nal, a. Inward ; 
interior; beneath the surface; not external; derived 
from, or dependent on, the object itself ; pert, to its 
own affairs or interests, — said of a countrj', domes- 
tic, as opp. to foreign ; — intrinsic; real ; pert, to the 
heart, thoughts, or inner being. — Inter''nally, adi\ 
Inwardly ; beneath the surface ; mentally ; spiritu- 
ally. 

International, in'ter-nash''un-al, a. Pert, to the re- 
lations of or affecting 2 or more nations. — n. A so- 
cialistic association lor promoting industrial reforms 
through political combinations; a member of the as- 
sociation. — Int6rna''tionalist, n. A member of, etc. 

Internecine, in-ter-ne'sin, «. Mutually destructive; 
deadly : accompanied with great mutual slaughter. 

— Inteme'cive, -siv, a. Killing; tending to kill. 
Interoceanic, in-ter-o'she-an'ik, a. Between oceans. 
Interpeal, iu-ter-peK, -pel', -peK, v. t. To interrupt, 

disturb, break in upon : to interfere with, urge by 
way of intercession.— Interpellate, -\a,t,v.t. To 
question (a minister or executive olficer) in explana- 
tion of his actions, — generally on the part of a legis- 
lative body. — In'terpella'tion, n. Act of interrupt- 
ing ; interruption ; act of interfering, interposing, 



or interceding; act of demanding explanations from 
a minister, etc. 

Interpolate, in-ter'po-lat, v. t. To insert (a spurious 
word or passage) in a manuscript or book ; to foist 
in ; to alter or corrupt by the insertion of foreign 
matter ; esp. to change by the insertion of matter 
that is new or foreign to the author's purpose. 
(Math.) To fill up intermediate terms of (a series) 
according to the law of the series. — Inter'pola'- 
tion, H. Act of, etc. ; a spurious word or passage 
in the genuine writings of an author. (Math.) The 
operation of finding from a few given terms of a 
series, other intermediate terms in conformity with 
the law of the series. — Inter'pola'tor, -ter, n. 

Interpose, in-ter-poz'', v. t. [-posed (-pozd'), -vo» 
ING.] To place between; to intrude (an obstruction, 
interruption, or inconvenience) : to offer (aid or 
services); to intervene, mediate, interfere, intermed- 
dle. — v.i. To step in between parties at variance; 
put in by way of interruption. — Interpos'er, w. 
— In'terposi'tion, -zish-'un, w. A being, placing, or 
coming between; intervention; intervenient agency; 
mediation; thing interposed. 

Interpret, in-ter'pret, v. t. To explain the meaning 
of, expound ; to free from mystery or obscurity, 
make clear, unfold. — Inter'preta'tion, n. Act of 
interpreting, expounding, or explaining ; transla- 
tion ; version; sense given by an interpreter; expo- 
sition ; meaning ; sense ; power of explaining. 

Interregnum, in-ter-reg'num, n. The time a throne 
is vacant between the death or abdication of a king 
and the accession of his successor ; period during 
which the executive branch of a government is in- 
terrupted. 

Interrogate, in-tSr'ro-gat, v. t. To c[uestion formally, 
examine by asking questions, inquire. — v. i. To 
ask questions. — Inter'roga'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; 
question put ; inquiry ; a point, mark, or sign, thua 
[?], indicating that the sentence immediately pre- 
ceding it is a question. — Interrog'ative, -rog'a- 
tiv, a. Denoting a question; expressed in the form 
of a question. — n. (Gram.) A word used in ask- 
ing questions.— Interrog-'atively, adv. In the form 
of a question. — Inter'roga'tor, -ter, n. One who, 
etc. — Interrog''atory, -a-to-rl, n. A question or in- 
quiry. — a. Containing or expressing a question. 

Interrupt, in-ter-rupf, v. t. To stop or hinder by 
breaking in upon the course or progress of; to inter- 
fere with the motion of ; to break the even surface 
or uniform order of. — Interrup'tion, -rup'shun, n. 
Act of, etc.; obstruction caused by breaking in upon 
an}' course, current, progress, or motion; hindrance; 
stop ; cessation : intermission. 

Intersect, in-ter-sekf, v. t. To cut into or between ; 
divide into parts. — v. i. To cut into one another, 
meet and cross each other. — lutersec'tion, n. Act, 
state, or place of intersecting. (Geoni.) The point 
or line in which 2 lines or planes cut each other. 

Intersperse, in-ter-spers', v. t. [-spersed (-spersf), 
-speesing.] To scatter or set here and there among 
other things. 

Interstice, in'ter- or in-ter'stis, n. A space between 
2 things or parts: esp. a narrow space between things 
closely set, or the parts which compose the body ; 
chink ; crack ; crevice : cranny. — Intersti^'tial, 
-stish-'al, a. Pert, to, or containing, interstices. 

Interval, in-'ter-val, w. A space between things; space 
of time between events, or between 2 paroxysms of 
disease, pain, or delirium. (Mus.) Difference in 
pitch between any 2 tones. A fertile tract of low 
or plain ground between hills, or along the banks of 
rivers. [In this sense written also intenuile.'] 

Intervene, in-ter-ven'', v. i. [-vened (-vend'), -ven- 
ing.] To come or be between persons or things ; to 
occur, fall, or come between points of time or 
events ; to happen in a way to disturb, cross, or in- 
terrupt ; to undertake an ■ action vol'.mtarily for 
another. — Interven'tion, -vgn'shun, n. Act of 
intervening ; interposition ; interference that may 
affect the interests of others, — esp. of one or more 
states with the affairs of another. (Civil Law.) The 
act by which a third person, to protect his own in- 
terest, interposes and becomes a party to a suit pend- 
ing between other parties. 

Interview, in'ter-vu, n. A meeting, esp. for confer- 



sun.. cube, full ; moon, fo6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien. boNboN. chair, get. 



INTERVOLVE 



206 



INVERT 



ence on an important subject; consultation; conver- 
sation. — V. t. To have an interview with ; to con- 
verse with, to obtain information for publication. — 
In'terviewer, n. One who eiSects an interview, to 
obtain information, etc. 

Intervolve, in'tSr-volv', v. t. [-volved (-volvd''), 
-voLVixG.] To involve one within another. 

Interweave, in-tgr-wev', v. t. [imj}. -wove_ (-wov'), 
-WOVEN ; -WEAViiTG.] To Weave together, unite in 
texture or construction ; to intermix, set among or 
together ; to intermingle, connect closely. 

Intestate, etc. See under Inability. 

Intestine, in-tes'tin, «. Internal ; inward : depend- 
ing upon the internal constitution ; subjective ; in- 
ternal with regard to a state or country ; domestic, 
not foreign, — applied usually to that which is evil. — 
n. (^Anat.) The convoluted membranous canal or 
tube extending from the pylorus to the anus. pi. 
The bowels; entraiJs; viscera. 

Inthrall, in-thrawK, v. t. [-thealled (-thrawW), 
-LING.] To reduce to bondage or servitude ; to en- 
slave. — Inthrall ''ment, ?!. Act of, or state of being, 
etc.; servitude; slavery; bondage. 

Inthrone. Same as Entheoxe. 

Intimate, in'tl-met, a. Innermost; inward; internal; 
near ; close ; close in friendship or acquaintance ; 
familiar. — n. A familiar friend or associate. — In''- 
tlmacy, -ma-sT, n. State of being intimate; close fa- 
miliarity or fellowship. 

Intimate, in^'tl-mat, v. t. To suggest obscurely, in- 
directly, or not very plainly ; to give slight notice 
of, hint. — Intima''tion, n. Act of intimating; hint. 

Intimidate, in-tim'I-dat, v. t. To make timid or fear- 
ful ; to inspire with fear, aishearten, dispirit, abash, 
terrify. 

Into. See under In. 

Intolerable, ^tractable, etc. See unde^r Inability. 

Intomb, in-toom'', v. t. [-tombed (-toomd'), -tomb- 
ing.] To deposit in a tomb ; to bury. 

Intone, in-ton', v. i. [-toned (-tond'), -toning.] To 
utter a sound; give forth a deep, protracted sound; to 
chant. — V. t. To utter with a musical or prolonged 
tone; to chant. — In'tonate, -nat, v. i. To sound the 
tones of the musical scale; to practice solmization; to 
read, as in liturgical services, in amusical manner. — 
Intona'^tion, n. (3fus.) Act of sounding the tones 
of the musical scale; peculiar quality of a voice or 
musical instrument as regards tone. Act or manner 
of modulating the voice; esp. act of reading (a litur- 
gical service) with a musical accentuation and tone. 

Intoxicate, in-toks'I-kat, v. t. To make drunk, in- 
ebriate ; to exhilarate or stupefy with alcoholic or 
narcotic poisons; to excite to a kind of delirium. — a. 
Overexcited, as with joy, grief, etc. — Intox^ica'tion, 
n. State of being intoxicated ; act of making drunk ; 
elation which rises to enthusiasm, frenzy, or mad- 
ness; drunkenness; infatuation; deLLrium. 

Intreat. See Enteeat. 

Intrench, in-trench', v. t. [-trenched (-trenchf), 
-trenching.] To .surround with a trench, as in 
fortification; to fortify with a ditch and parapet; to 
make hollows or trenches in or upon. — v. i. To 
invade, encroach. — Intrench''ment, n. Act of in- 
trenching. (Mil.) A trench or ditch dug out for a 
defense against an enemy; earth throwii up in mak- 
ing such a ditch ;_a slight field-work. 

Intricate, in''trT-kat, a. Entangled ; involved; per- 
plexed; complicated; obscure. — Intrigue'', -treg'', n. 
A complicated plot or scheme to eft^ct some pur- 
pose by secret artifices ; the plot of a play or ro- 
mance; illicit intimacy between two persons of dif- 
ferent sexes:^mour; liaison; libertinism. — v. i. [in- 
trigued (-tregd''), -triguing.] To form a plot or 
scheme, usually complicated, and intended to effect 
some purpose by secret artifices; to carry on an 
amour, have illicit commerce with a person of the 
opposite sex. 

Intrinsic, in-trin'sik, -sical, a. Inward ; internal ; 
true; genuine; real; essential; inherent. 

Introduce, in-tro-das', v. t. [-duced (-dusf), -du- 
CING.] To lead, bring, conduct, or usher, in ; to in- 
sert, put in; to bring to be acquainted ; to present ; 
to bnag into notice or practice; to produce, cause 
to exist; to open to notice, begin.— Introduc'tion, n. 
Act of introducing, esp. of making persons known 



to each other; preliminary matter; preface; a formal 
preliminary treatise; esp. a treatise introductory to 
other treatises, or to a course of study. — Introduc'- 
tory, -to-rT, a. Serving to introduce something else; 
previous; preliminary; prefatory. 

Introspect, in-tro-spekf, v. t. To look into or within, 
view the inside of. — Introspec'tive, -tiv, o. Inspect- 
ing within; seeing inwardly. 

Intrude, in-trood', v. i. To thrust one's self in; to en- 
ter, unwelcome or uninvited, into company; to force 
one's self in without permission. — v. t. To thrust 
in, or cause to enter without right or welcome ; to 
force or cast in; to obtrude, encroach, infringe, tres- 
pass. (Geol.) To cause to penetrate, as into the clefts 
or fissures of rocks. — Intru'sion, -zhun, ?i. Act of 
intruding; entrance without invitation, right, or wel- 
come; encroachment. {Geol.) The penetrating of 
one rock, while melted, into cavities of other rocks. 
(Laiv.) The entrj' of a stranger, alter a particular 
estate of freehold is determined, before the heir in 
remainder or reversion. — Intru'sive, -siv, a. Tend- 
ing or apt to intrude; entering without right or wel- 
come. 

Intrust, in-trust'', r. t. To deliver in trust, confide to 
the care of, commit, consign. 

Intuition, in-tu-ish''un, n. An act of immediate 
knowledge, as in perception or consciousness ; a 
truth that cannot be acquired by, but is assumed in, 
experience. — Intu'itive, -t-tiv, a. Seeing clearly; 
knowing by intuition; received or obtained by intu- 
ition. 

Intwine, in-twin', v. t. [-tavined (-twlnd''), -twin- 
ing.] To twine or twist into, or together; to wreathe. 

Intwist, in-twisf, w. t. To twist into or together. 

Inundate, in-un'dat, r. i. To overflow, deluge, flood; 
to fill with an overflowing abundance or superfluity. 

— Inunda''tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; a 
flood; spreading of water over low grounds; super- 
fluous abundance. 

Inure, in-ur', v. t. [-ueed (-urd'), -uring.] To apply 
or expose in practice till use gives little or no incon- 
venience; to harden, habituate, accustom. — v. i. To 
take or have effect: to be applied; to serve to the 
use or benefit of. — Inure^ment, n. Use; habit; prac- 
tice; custom. 

Inum, in-ern'', v. t. [-urned (-gmd''), -uening.] To 
put in an urn. To Dury, inter, intomb. 

Invade, in-vad'', v. t. To enter with hostile intentions, 
attack; to infringe, encroach on, violate. — Inva'^sion, 
-zhun,»i. Act of encroaching upon the rights or pos- 
sessions of another; hostile entrance into the domains 
of another; a raid; attack of any foe, or anything 
hurtful or pernicious. — Inva''siv6, -siv, a. Tending 
to invade; aggressive. 

Invalid, Invariable, etc. See under Inability. 

Invaluable, in-vaKu-a-bl, a Precious beyond any as- 
signable value; inestimable. 

Inveigh, in-va', v. i. [-veigiied (-vad''), -veighing.] 
To exclaim or rail against, utter invectives ; to ex- 
press reproach. — Invec'tive, -tiv, n. A severe or vio- 
lent utterance of censure; harsh accusation; abuse; 
reproach. — a. Satirical; abusive; vituperative. 

Inveigle, in-ve'gl, v. t. [-gled (-gW), -gling.] To 
persuade to something evil by deceptive arts or flat- 
tery; to entice, seduce, wheedle. 

Invent, in-vent'', v. t. To discover, commonly by 
study or inquiry; to find out; to make, contrive, de- 
vise, frame. —liaven''tion, -shun, ?i. Act of finding 
out; contrivance of that which did not before exist; 
thing invented; an original contrivance; power of 
inventing. — Invenfive, -iv, a. Able to invent; quick 
at contrivance. — Invenfor, -er, w. [L.] — In'ven- 
tory, -to-rT, n. A list of the property of which a pei-- 
son or estate is found to be possessed, or of property 
assigned or conveyed ; a priced List or schediue of 
movables on hand, as the goods of a merchant, etc.; 
register; roll; schedule. — v. t. [inventoried (.-to- 
rid), -RYiNG.] To make an inventory of; to insert or 
register in an account of goods. 

Invert, in-verf, v. t. To turn over, put upside down, 
place in a contrary order, give a contrary direction 
to. C3fus.) To cnange the position of, — said of 
tones which form a chord, or parts which compose 
harmony. — In'vert, n. (Arch.) An inverted arch. 

— Invert'ed, p. a. Changed in order; reversed. 



ftm, fame, far, pass or opera, fS.re ; 6nd, eve, term ; In. ice ; Sdd. tSne. ti ; 



INVEST 



207 



IRRATIONAL 



{Geol.) Situated apparently in reverse order, as 
strata when folded back upon themselves by up- 
heaval, etc. — Larch. {Arch.) An arch placed with 




crown downward, or with its intrados below the 
axis or springing line. — Inverse', -vers', a. Oppo- 
site in order or relation; reciprocal. {Bot.) Invert- 
ed; having a position or inode of attachment the 
reverse of that which is usual. {Math.) Opposite in 
nature and effect. — Inverse'ljr, ot/u. In an invert- 
ed order or manner. — Inver'sion, n. Act of invert- 
ing; a complete change of order; reversed position. 
( Gram.) A change of the usual order of word»s. 
Invest, in-vesf, v. t. To put garments on, clothe, 
dress, array; to endow, confer, give; to clothe, as 
with office or authoritj'; to grace, oedeck. (Mil.) To 
inclose; to surround, so as to intercept succors and 
prevent escape; to lay siege to. To place (property) 
so that it will be safe and yield a profit. — v. i. To 
make an investment.— Irivesfment, n. Act of in- 
vesting; that with which any one is invested; a vest- 
ment; the laying out of money in the purchase of 
property, usually of a permanent nature: amount 
invested, or that in which it is invested. {Mil.) Act 
of surrounding or besieging by an armed force. — In- 
vesfor, -er, n. 
Investigate, in-ves''tY-gat, v. t. To follow up, pui^ 
sue, search into. — Inves'tiga'tion, n. Act of inves- 
tigating; research; study; intjuiry. — Inves'tiga'tor, 
-ter, n. One who searches diligently into a subject. 
Inveterate, in-vefer-at, a. Firmly established by 
long continuance ; obstinate ; deep-rooted ; having 
habits fixed by long continuance; confirmed; habit- 
ual. —Inveferateness, -eracy, -a-sT, n. Obstinacy 
confirmed bj^ time. 
Invidious, in-vid't-us, a. Enviable; desirable; likely 

to incur ill-will or provoke envy; hateful. 
Invigorate, in-vig'or-at, v.. t. To give vigor to, 

strengthen, animate. 
Invincible, Invisible, etc. See under Iktability. 
Invite, in-vit', v. t. To ask, request; esp. to ask to 
an entertainment or visit; to allure, tempt to come, 
attract, entice. — v. i. To call to anything pleasing. 
— Invita'tion, n. Act of inviting; the requesting 
one's company to visit, to dine, or to accompany one 
to any place. 
Invoice, in'vois, n. {Com.) A list or account of goods 
or merchandise sent to a purchaser, consignee, etc., 
with prices and charges annexed; bill of parcels. — v. 
t. [invoiced (-voist), -VOICING.] To make a written 
account of, as goods; to insert in a priced list. 
Invoke, in-vok', v. t. [-voked (-vokf;, -yoking.] To 
call for or ask, invite earnestly or solemnly; to ad- 
dress in prayer.— Invoca'tion, n. Act of addressing 
in prayer; form or act of calling for the assistance or 
presence of any being, esp. of some divinity. {Law.) 
A call or summons; esp., a judicial call, demand, or 
order. 
Involve, in-volv', v. t. [-volved (-volvd'), -VOLV- 
ING.] To roll up, intwine, wind round; to envelop in 
anything which exists on all sides ; to complicate or 
make intricate; to connect by way of natural con- 
sequence or effect; to include by rational or logical 
construction, comprise, contain; to overwhelm, em- 
barrass; to take in, catch, entangle, implicate, blend. 
{Math.) To raise to any assigned power, multiply in- 
to itself.— Involv'edness, n. State of being involved. 
— Involve^ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — 
In'volnte, -vo-lut, n. {Geom.) A curve traced by the 
end of a string wound upon another curve, or un- 
wound from it, — called also evolvent. See Evolute. 
— In'' volute, -lu'ted, a. {Bot.) Rolled inward from 
the edges. — Involu'tion, n. Act of involving; state 
of being involved; complication; that in which any- 
thing is involved; envelope. {Oram,.) The insertion 




of clauses between the subject and the verb, in a 

way which involves or complicates the construction. 

{Math.) Act or process of raising a quantity to any 

power assigned. — Invo- 

lu'cre, -kgr, n. {Bot.) A 

whorl or set of bniets 

around a flower, umbel, 

or head. — lavolucel. 

-voKu-sel or in'vo-lu'- 

sel, w. {Bot.) A partial _.^^,,^ v i'.- // r • 

or small involucre. 3^^^»- \\ I //' ^ 

In wall, in-wawK, v. t. 

[-WALLED (-wawld'), 

-ling.] To inclose or for- 
tify with a wall. 
Inward, Inwardly, etc. See ^ , , r , . 

under In. a. Involucre; o,Involucel. 

Iodine, i'o-din or -din, n. (Chem.) An irritant poison, 
m uch used in medicine : it is a grayish or bluisli-blac k 
solid, of metallic luster, chiefly obtained from ashes 
of sea-weed : at 347" of Fahrenheit, it becomes a violet 
vapor, whetice its name. — I'odate, -dat, n. A com- 
pound of iodic acid with a base.— I'odide, -did, n. 
A non-acid compound of iodine with a metal or 
other substance. 

Ionian, i-o''nT-an, lon'ic, a. Pert, to Ionia, in Greece. 
or to the lonians. 

Iota, i-o'ta, n. A tittle; a very small quantity or de- 
gree; a jot. 

Ipecac, ip'e-kak, Ip'ecac''uan''ha, -u-an'a, n. (Bot. 
& Med.) The dried root, or an extract of the root, of 
several S. Amer. plants, esp. of one growing in Bra- 
zil, used as an emetic, also as a sudorific and expec- 
torant, and, in small doses, to check vomiting. 

Ire, ir, n. Anger; wrath; keen resentment. [F.; L. 
»■;•«.] — Ire'ful, -ful, a. Full of ire ; wroth. — Iras'- 
cible, i-ras'I-bl, a. Susceptible of anger; easily pro- 
voked; irritable. — Iras'cibleness, -cibil'ity, n. — 
Iras'cibly, ac/i'.— Irate', -raf, a. Angiy; enraged. 

Iris, i'ris, ?i. ; E.pl.\\us,ES,-ez; L. pi. Iriues, ir'T-dez. 
The rainbow ; an appearance resembling the rain- 
bow. {Anat.) A colored membrane at the anterior 
part of the eye in the midst of the aqueous humor, 
and perforated by a circular opening called the pu- 
pil : see Eye. {Bot.) Flower-de-luce ; a tuberous 
or bulbous-rooted plant, of the flag family, of many 
varieties, some of which produce flowers of exquisite 
beauty, and one furnishes orris root. — Irides'cent, 
-descent, a. Having colors like the rainbow. — Ir- 
ides'^cence, -sens, n. Exhibition of colors, etc. — 
Irid'ium, -I-um, w. {Chem.) One of the metals, the 
heaviest of known substances. 

Irish, i'^rish, a. Pert, to, or produced in, Ireland. 
— n. pi. The natives or inhabitants of Ireland, sing. 
The language of the Irish, — a species of Celtic. 

Irk, erk, v. t. [ieked (erkt), irking.] To weary, 
give pain to, — used impersonally. — Irk'^some, -sum, 
a. "Wearisome; tiresome; giving uneasiness. 

Iron, i'ern, n. (3Iin.) The most common and useful of 
the metals, being gray in color, hard, malleable, duc- 
tule, and susceptible of polish: according to the meth- 
od of manufacture and proportion of carbon with 
which it is combined, it forms wrought iron, cast iron, 
and st«el. An instrument or utensil made of iron. 

f>l. Fetters; chains: manacles. — a. Made of iron; 
ike iron in color, hardiiess, strength, etc. ; inflexible ; 
hard ; unrelenting ; binding fast ; impenetrable. — 
V. t. [ironed (-ernd), ironing.] To smooth with 
an instrument of iron; esp. to smooth with a heated 
flat-iron ; to shackle witli irons, fetter or handcuff; to 
arm with iron. — I'rony, -ern-I, a. Made, or partak- 
ing of, iron; hard. 

Irony, i''run-T, n. A kind of ridicule which exposes 
the errors of others by seeming to adopt or defend 
them; dissimulation; satire. — Iron-'ic, -ron'ik, -ical, 
a. Pert, to, containing, or expressing, irony ; ex- 
pressing one thing and meaning the opposite. 

Irradiate, ir-ra^'dt-at, v. t. To cast a bright light upon, 
illuminate; to animate by light or heat. — a. Adorned 
with brightness. — Irra'dia'tion, n. Act of emitting 
beamsof light; thing irradiated; illumination. {Opt^ 
Apparent enlargement of brilliant objects beyond 
their proper bounds. 

Irrational, ir-rash'un-al, a. Not rational; void of rea* 
son or understanding; contrary to reason; absurd: 



sfln, cube, full ; moon, fdbt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



IRRIGATE 



208 



ISSUE 



foolish; preposterous; unreasonable. {Math.) Xot 
capable of being exactly expressed by an integral 
number, or by a vulgar fraction. — Irreclaim''a'ble, 
-klain'a-bl, a. Incapable of being reclaimed.— Ir- 
rec'oncil''able, -slKa-bl, a. Incapable of being rec- 
onciled, or appeased; implacable; incapable of being 
B Hde to agree or harmonize; incongruous: incom- 
patible ; inconsistent. — Irrecov'erable, -kujv-'er-a-bl, 
a. Not capable of being recovered, restored, reme- 
died, or regained; irreparable; irretrievable; irreme- 
diable: incurable. — Irredeem'able, a. Not redeem- 
able: not subject to be paid at the nominal value, as 
a note or bill of indebtedness. — Irredu-'cible, -du'- 
sT-bl, a. Incapable of being reduced, or brought 
into a different state or form of expression. —Irref- 
ragable, -ra-ga-bl, o. Not refragable ; not to be re- 
futed; incontrovertible; unanswerable : unquest-lon- 
able ; undeniable. — Irrefutable, ir-ref'u-ta- or ir're- 
fufa-bl, a. Incapable of being refuted or disproved. 

— Irreg^ular, -u-ler, a. Not regular ; not according 
to common form or rules, to established principles 
or customs, to nature or the usual operation of nat- 
ural laws, to the rules of art, or to rules of moral rec- 
titude; not straight; not uniform: abnormal: anom- 
alous ; erratic ; eccentric ; unsettled ; variable ; dis- 
orderly; intemperate; vicious. (Gram.) Deviating 
from the ordinary form in respect to the inflectional 
terminations. — irreg^ularly. adr. — Irreg'ular'ity, 
'U-iar'^T-tl, n. State ot being or that which is, irreg- 
ular; deviation from Symmetry, or established form, 
custom, or rule ; deviation from moral rectitude: an 
act of vice. — Irrel'ative, -a-tiv, a. Not relative ; with- 
out mutual relations; unconnected. — IrreKevant, 
-e-vant, a. Not relevant; not applicable or pertinent. 

— IrreKevancy, -van-sT, n. Quality of not being ap- 
plicable, or of not serving to aid and support. — Ir- 
relig'ion, -re-lij''un, n. Want of religion, or con- 
tempt of it ; ungodliness ; worldliness ; impiety. — 
Irrelig''ious, -lij^us, a. Destitute of religion; impi- 
ous ; ungodly ; indicating a want of religion ; pro- 
fane; wicked. — Irrome'diable, -me'dl-a-bl, a. Not 
to be remedied, cured, corrected, or redressed. — 
Irremov'able, -moov''a-bl, a. Not removable ; im-, 
movable.— Irrep'arable, -a-ra-bl, a. Not reparable; 
not capable of being recovered or regained. — Irre- 
press'ible, -pres''l-bl, a. Not capable of being re- 
pressed, restrained, or controlled. — IiTeproacli''able, 
-proch'a-bl, a. Incapableof being justly reproached: 
free from blame; upright. — Irresistible, a. Inca- 
pable of being successfully resisted or opposed. — 
Irres'oluble, -rez'o-lu-bl, a. Incapable of being dis^- 
Bolved, sei; free, or resolved into parts. — Irres^olute, 
-rez'o-lut, a. Not resolute ; not decided ; given to 
doubt; wavering; vacillating; undecided; unsettled; 
unstable. — Irres'olu''tioii, -rez'o-lu'shun, n. Want 
of resolution or decision; fluctuation of mind; irres- 
oluteness. — Irresolv'able, -re-zolv'a-bl, a. Inca- 
pable of being resolved. — Irrespect'^ive, -spekfiv, 
a. Not having respect or regard to. — Irrespon'si- 
ble, a. Not responsible; not liable or able to answer 
for consequences; not to be trusted. — Irretriev'- 
able, -trev'-a-bl, a. Not retrievable ; irreparable. — 
Irrev'erent, a. Not reverent; not entertaining or 
manifesting due regard to the Supreme Being; want- 
ing in respect to superiors ; proceeding from or ex- 
pressive of irreverence. — Irrev'erence, n. Absence 
or defect of reverence. — Irrevers''ible, -vers'^I-bl, a. 
Incapable of being reversed; irrevocable; irrepeala- 
ble ; unchangeable. — Irrev'ocable, -o-ka-bl, a. In- 
capable of being recalled or revoked. — Irrev'oca- 
bly, ailn. Beyond recall ; in a manner precluding 
recall or reversion. 

Irrigate, ir'rT-gat, v. t. To water, wet, moisten; to 
water (land) by causing water from a stream to flow 
over it in many artificial channels. — Irriga'tion, 71. 
Act of, etc. ; esp. the operation of causing water to 
flow over lands, for nourishing plants. 

Irritate, ir'rT-tat, v. t. To e.xcite heat and redness in 
(the skin or flesh of animal bodies, as by friction); 
to fret; to increase the action or violence of; to ex- 
cite anger in, tease, provoke, exasperate. {Physiol.) 
To produce irritation in.— Ir'ntable, a. Capable of 
being, etc.; easily inflamed or exasperated. — Ir^ritEt- 
bil'ity, n. Quality of being easily irritated; suscepti- 
bility to excitement. {Physiol.) A healthful vital 



susceptibility to the influence of natural, medicinal, 
and mechanical agents: a morbid and excessive vital 
susceptibility to the influence of natural, medicinal, 
and mechanical agents; the general vital activity of 
any and every part of the living animal body, 
whether in health or disease. — Ir'ritant, a. Irri- 
tating. — n. That which in any way causes pain, 
heat, or tension. — Irrita'tion, n. Act of, or state of 
being, etc.; undue excitement; esp., excitement of 
anger or passion; provocation; exasperation; anger. 
{Physiol.) A normal and appropriate action of an or- 
gan or part of an organized being under appropriate 
stimulus or conditions of action ; a vitiated and ab- 
normal sensation or action, or both in conjunction, 
produced by natural, medicinal, or mechanical 
agents. — Ir'rita'tive, -tiv, Ir'ritatory, -ri-ta-to-rT, 
a. Serving to excite or irritate; accompanied with, 
or produced by, increased action or irritation. 

Irruption, ir-rup'shun, n. A breaking, or sudden, 
■\'iolent rushing into a place: a sudden incursion. — 
Irrup'tive, -tiv, a. Rushing in or upon. 

Is, iz, r. i. The 3d pers. sing, ol the substantive verb, 
in the indicative moo^l, present tense. 

Isagon, i'sa-gon, ?i. (Muth.) A figure whose angles 
are equal. — I'B0chroniat''ic, -kro-mat'ik, a. {Ojtt.) 
Having the same color,— applied to 2 rings, curves, 
or lines, having tlie same color or tint.— I8ocli''ronal, 
-sok''ro-nal, -ronous, -nus, a. Uniform in time: of 
equal time; performed in equal times. — Isomefric, 
-rical, a. Pert, to, or characterized by, equality of 
measure. — Isometrical projection. A method of de- 
lineating machines, buildings, etc., in which the 
ground-plan and elevations are shown 
in one view,.3 planes being projected at 
an equal angle upon a single plane. — 
I'sopod, -so-pod, n. {Zo'ol.) A species 
of crustacean whose _legs are alike. 
— Isos'^celes, -sos'se-lez, a. (Geom.) 
Having only 2 legs or sides that are 
equal, — said of a triangle. See Tei- 
AXGLE. — I'sotherm, -therm, n. {Phys. 
Geog.) An imaginary line over the 
earth's surface passing through points 
having the same mean annual tem- 
perature. — Isotlierm''al, a. Having 
reference to the geographical distribu- 
tion of temperature, as exhibited by 
means of isotherms ; having the nature Isopod . 
of an isotherm; illustrating the distribution of tem- 
perature by means of a series of isotherms. 

Ischiatic, is-kt-afik, a. Pert, to the hip. 

Ishmaelite, ish'ma-el-it, n. A descendant of Ishmael, 
whose hand was against every man; one at war with 
society; an outlaw; outcast. 

Isinglass, i'zin-glas, n. A serai-transparent, whitish 
form of gelatine, chiefly prepared from the sounds 
or air-bladders of sturgeons; sheets of mica, — popu- 
larly so called. 

Islam, iz'lam, n. The religion of Mohammed ; the 
whole body of his followers. — Is'lamism, -izm, n. 
The faith or creed of, etc.; Mohammedism; Mahom- 
etanism. 

Island, iKand, n. A tract of land surrounded by wa- 
ter; a floating mass, resembling an island. — v. t. To 
cause to become an island, as by surrounding with 
water ; to surround, insulate. 

Isle, 11, M. An island. — v.t. To cause to become an 
island, or like an island. — Isl'et, iKet, n. A little 
isle. 

Ism, izm, n. A doctrine or theory, esp. used contemp- 
tuously: a specious, but wild or visionary theory. 

Isochronal, Isosceles, etc. See under Isagon. 

Isolate, is'^o-lat, v. t. To place in a detached situation, 
place by itself, insulate. {Chem.) To separate from 
other substances; to obtain in a pure state. — Is'ola''- 
tion, n. State of being isolated. 

Israelite, iz'- or is''ra-el-Tt, n. A descendant of Israel, 
or Jacob; a Jew. — Is'raelific, -Tt'ik, Is'raelit'isli, 
-it'ish, a. Pert, to Israel; Jewish; Hebrew. 

Issue, ish'shoo, n. Act of passing or flowing out; a 
moving out of any inclosed place; egress; act of 
sending out; delivery; that which passes, flows, or is 
issued or sent out, — as, the whole quantity sent 
forth or emitted at one time; or, ultimate result or 
end; or. progeny, a child or children, offspring; or. 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, t6rm ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



ISTHMUS 



209 



JAOKAL 



produce of the earth, or profits of land, tenements, 
or other property; evacuation; discharge; a flux or 
running. (J/m/.) An artificial ulcer desijjned to 
promote a secretion of pus. (Lmo.) In pleading, 
a single material point of law or fact depending in 
the suit, which, being affirmed on the one side and 
denied on the other, is presented for determina- 
tion. Any point in debate or controversy' on which 
the parties occupy affirmative and negative posi- 
tions ; the presentation of alternatives between 
which to decide.— r. i. [issued (-shood), -suing.] 
To pass or flow out, go out, rush out ; to proceed, 
as from a source, or as progeny ; to be produced 
as an effect or result : to arise, proceed. {Lerjal 
Pleadings.) To come to a point in fact or law, on 
which the parties join and rest the decision of the 
cause. To close, end, terminate. — v. t. To send 
out, put into circulation; to deliver for use; to send 
out, deliver by authority. 

Isthmus, is'mus, w. ,-pZ. -MUSES, -ez. (Geog.) A neck 
or narrow strip of land by which 2 continents are 
connected, or by which a peninsula is united to the 
main land. 

It, it, pron. An impersonal or neuter pronoun, usu- 
ally regarded as a demonstrative, corresponding to 
the masc. pron. he and the fem. she, and having the 
same plural, they. It is used, — as a demonstrative, 
pointing to that about to be stated or referring to that 
which is well known ; or, as a substitute for a noun 
of neuter gender, or for general terms ; or; as an in- 

' definite nominative for an impersonal verb; or, as an 
indefinite object after some intransitive verbs, or 
after a substantive used humorously as a verb. — Its, 
the possessive of It. — Itself, the neuter reciprocal 
pronoun. 

■Italian, I-taKyan, a. Of, or pert, to, Italy, its inhab- 
itants, or their language. — n. A native or natural- 
ized inhabitant of Italy ; the language of, etc. — 
Ital''ic, a. Relating to Italy, — appbed esp. to a 
kind of type in which the letters slope toward the 
right, — dedicated to the States of Italy by the in- 
ventor, Aldus Manutius, about 1500. — n. {Print.) 
Type whose face slopes to the right ; anything 



printed from such type, as an emphatic word or 
sentence. — ItaKicize. -t-siz, v. t. [-cized (-sTzd), 
-ciziXG.] To print in Italic; to underline a written 
word, etc. 

Itch, ich, n. An eruption of small, isolated, acumi- 
nate vesicles, produced bv the entrance of a para- 
sitic animal, and attended with itching ; the sensa- 
tion in the skin occasioned by the disease; a constant 
irritating desire. — v. t. [itched (icht), itching.] 
To feel a particular uneasmess in the skin, which in- 
clines one to scratch the part ; to have a constant 
desire. — Itch'y, -T, a. Infected with the itch. 

Item, i'tem, adv. Also ; at the same time. — n. An 
article ; a separate particular in an account. — v. t. 
[itemed (-temd), iteming.] To make a note or 
memorandum of. — I'temize. v. t. T-ized (-izd), -iz- 
IN6.] — To set forth in detail, or itein by item. 

Iterate, it'er-at, i». f. To utter or do a second time; 
to repeat. — Itera'tion, n. Recital or performance a 
second time; repetition. — Iferative, -tiv, -erant, a. 
Repeating. 

Itinerate, i-tin'Sr-at, v. i. To travel from place to 
place, — esp., to preafli, lecture, etc. ^ Itin^eracy, 
-cr-a-sT, n. The practice of itinerating.— Itin-'erancy, 
?i. A passing from place to place ; discharge of of- 
ficial duty by frequently changing residence ; a bod v 
of persons who thus discharge official duty. — Itin- 
erant, a. Passing or »traveling about a country ; 
wandering. — n. One who, etc.; esp. a preacher; one 
who is unsettled. — Itin''erary, -er-a-rl, n. An ac- 
count of travels, or register of places and distances 
as a guide to travelers. — a. Traveling ; passing 
from place to place, or done on a journey. 

Itself. See under It. 

Ivorjr, i''vo-rt, n. The hard, white, opaque, fine- 
grained substance constituting the tusks of the ele- 
phant ; the tusks themselves ; any white organic 
structure resembling ivory, as the tusks of the wal- 
rus, etc.; {slang) teeth in general. 

Ivy, i'vT, n. A climbing plant of several^ species, 
having smooth, shining, evergreen leaves, with small 
flowers, and black or yellow berries. 

Izzard, iz'zerd, n. The letter z, — formerly so called. 



J. 



J, ja, the 10th letter of the Eng. alphabet, to which it 
has been added in modern days, the letter i being 
written formerly in words where ^' is now used : see 
I. Its sound is that of g soft, as in genins ; andj is 
used to represent that sound in the phonetic respel- 
lings in this vocabulary. 

Jabber, jab'ber, v. i. [-beeed (-herd), 
-BERING.] To talk rapidly or indis- 
tinctlv ; to chatter. — v. t. To speak 
rapidly or indistinctly. — n. Rapid talk, 
with indistinct utterance of words. 

Jack, jak, n. A nickname or diminutive 
of Jolm ; a saucy or paltry fellow ; rustic ; 
simpleton,— said in contempt orridicule; 
a playing-card marked with the figure of 
a servant (same as the knave); a sea-far- 
ing man ; an instrument that supplies 
the place of a boy, as, an instrument 
to pull off boots, boot-jack ; a portable 
machine, variouslv constructed, for 
raising great weights through a small space; or, a 
contrivance to turn a spit, smoke-jack ; m general, 
any appendage to a machine, ren- 
dering convenient service; a j'oung 
pike; a buff jerkin, rarely, a coat of 
mail ; the male of certain animals, 
as of the ass ; a wooden frame on 
which wood or timber is sawed. 
{Muj.) The quill of the hammer 
which strikes the strings in a harpsi- 
chord, piano, etc. {Naut.) A small 
flag containing only the union with- 




Lifting 
Jack. 




Amer. Jack. 




British Jack. 



out the fly. — Jach-at-allrtrades. 
One who can turn his hand to any 
kind of business. — J.-at-a-pinch. 
One who receives unexpected calls 
to do anything. — J.-o' -lantern., J.- 
with-a-lantem. An ignis fatuus; a 
will-o'-the-wisp. — J.-a-dandy. A 
little, foppish, imperUnent fellow. 
^ Jack'^anapes, -a-naps, n. A monkey ; ape ; a cox- 
comb; impertinent fellow. — Jack'ass, n. The male 
of the ass ; a dolt ; blockhead. — Jack'daw, n. A 
bird allied to the crows, of which it is the smallest 
example. — Jack'et, n. A short, close garment, ex- 
tending downward to the hips; a coat without skirts; 
the outer covering of anything, esp. a case to prevent 
radiation of heat. — Jack'^knife, n. A strong clasp- 
knife for the pocket. — Jack'-boots, n. pi. Large 
boots reaching above the knee, to protect the leg. — 
-plane, n. A plane used by joiners for coarse work. 
• — pud'ding, n. A merry -andrew; buffoon; zany. — 
-screw, n. A portable machine for raising heavy 
weights through a small distance. — stays, n. pi. 
{Naut.) Ropes or strips of wood or iron stretching 
along the yards of a ship to bend the sails to. — 
-straw, n. A low, servile fellow ; one of a set of 
straws or strips of ivory, bone, etc., for playing a 

child's game. tow'el, n. A long, endless towel 

upon a roller. 
Jackal, jak'awl, n. A gregarious nocturnal animal 
of Asia and Africa, allied to the dog and fox, feeding 
upon carrion, small animals, poultry, grapes, etc.; an 
unscrupulous agent. 



eiin, cube, fuU ; moon, f(56t j cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboJs', chair, get. 



JACOBIN 



210 



JERK 



Jacobin, jak'o-bin, n. A Duiniuicau friar; a pigeon 
with a hood-like tuft of feathers; one of a society of 
violent revolutionists in France, during the revo- 
lution of 1789; a turbulent demagogue. — Jacobin''ic, 
-ical, a. Resembling, or pert, to, the Jacobins; hold- 
ing revolutionary principles. — Jac'obinism, -izm, n. 
Trie principles of the Jacobins ; factious opposition 
to legitimate government. 

Jacobite, jak-'o-bit, n. A partisan of James 11., of 
Eng.. after he -abdicated the throne, and of his de- 
scendants. — Jac'obite, -bit'ic, -btt'ik, -bit'ical, a. 
Pert, to, etc. — Jac^obitism, -izm, n. The principles 
of, etc. 

Jacob's-ladder, ja'kobz-lad'der, n. (Bot.) A plant 
with alternate leaves and corymbs of blue or white 
flowers. (JVaut.) A rope ladder, with wooden steps, 
for going aloft. 

Jaconet, jak''o-net, n. A thin cotton fabric,for dresses, 
neck-eloths, etc^ 

Jaculate, jak'u-lat, v. t. To throw like a dart, throw 
out, emit. — Jac'iilatory, -to-rl, a. Darting or 
throwing out suddenly, or suddenly thrown out. 

Jade, jad, n. (Min.) A hard stone of a dark-green 
color ,_used for ornament. 

Jade, jad, n. A mean, tired, or worthless horse ; a 
mean woman, wench ; a young woman, — in irony 
or slight contempt. — v. t. To reduce to the condi- 
tion of a jade, tire out ; to exhaust by excessive la- 
bor of any kind, fatigue, weary, harass. 

Jag, jag, n. A notch; a ragged protuberance; a small 
load, as of hay or grain in the straw. — v. t. [.jagged 
(iagd), -GiNG.] To cut into notches or teeth like 
tliose of a saw ; to notch. — Jag'ged, p. a. Having 
notches ; cleft; divided. — Jag'gy, -gT, a. Notched; 
uneven. 

TagTiar, jag'u-ar or jag-u-ar'', n. A carnivorous feline 
animal, of S. America ; the S. Amer. tiger. 

Jail, jal, n. A prison ; a place for confinement for debt 
or for crime. — Jail^er, n. The keeper of, etc.— Jail '- 
bird, n. A prisoner; one who has been confined in 
prison. — fe'ver, n. (Med.) A fever of the typhoid 
character, generated in jails and crowded places. 

Jalap, jaFap, n. (Med.) The root of a Mexican plant, 
used in powder as a cathartic. 

Jalousie, zhal-oo-ze'', n. A slatted window blind. 

Jam, jam, n. A mass of people or of objects crowded 
together ; the pressure from a crowd ; an injury 
caused by pressure; a conserve of fruit, as berries, 
boiled with sugar and water to a uniform consist- 
ence. — V. t. [JAMMED (jamd), -MING.] To press, 
crowd, squeeze tight; to crush, as in the crack of a 
door; to wedge in. 

Jamb, jam, n. (Arch.) The side-piece of a door, fire- 
place, or other aperture in a building. 

Jangle, jan'gl, v. i. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To sound 
harshly or discordantly, as bells out of tune ; to 
bicker, wrangle. — v. t. To cause to sound harshly, 
inharmoniously, or discordantly. — n. Discordant 
sound; contention; babble. 

Janitor, jan'I-ter, n. A door-keeper ; porter; one in 
charge of a public building. 

j£uiizary, jan'I-za^rT, n. A soldier of a privileged 
military class, formerly the nucleus of the Turkish 
infantry, but suppressed in 1826. 

Jant. See Jaunt. 

January, jan-^u-a-rY, n. The 1st month of the year. 

Japan, ja^pan'', n. Work varnished and figured in 
the manner of the natives of Japan ; varnish or lac- 
quer used in japanning metallic or other articles. — 
r. t. [JAPANNED (-pand'), -NiNG.] To cover with 
hard, brilliant varnish, in the manner of the Japa- 
rese; to bl_ack and gloss, as in blacking shoes. — Jap- 
anese'', -nez', a. Of, or pert, to, Japan, or its inhab- 
itants. — n. A native or inhabitant of Japan ; in pi. 
the people of Japan ; language of the people of 
Japan. — Japan'ner, «. One who varnishes m the 
manner of , etc. — Japon'ica, -pon't-ka, w. (Bot.) A 
species of camellia, native of Japan. 

Jar, jar, D. i. [jakred (jard),-KiNG.] To give forth 
a short rattle or tremulous sound; to vibrate harshly 
or discordantly ; to clash, interfere ; to vibrate reg- 
ularly. — V. t. To cause to tremble, shake. — n. A 
rattling vibration of sound; clash of interest or opin- 
ions; discord; a vibration of the pendulum of a clock. 

Jar, jar, n. A deep, broad-mouthed vessel, of earth- 



enware, 
in a jar. 
Jargon, jar''gon, n 



lass, etc.; the measure of what is contained 



Confused, unintelligible talk or 



language; gabble: gibberish; cant language; slang. 

Jasmine, jas'- or jaz'min, Jes^'samine, n. An erect or 
climbing plant of many species, bearing flowers of a 
peculiarly fragrant odor. 

Jasper, jas^'per, n. (Min.) An opaque, impure variety 
of quartz, of red, yellow, and other dull colors, 
breaking with a smooth surface. 

Jaundice, jan'dis, n. (Med.) Icterus; a disease caused 
by disturbance of the functions of the liver, and 
characterized by yellowness of the eyes, skin, and 
urine. — Jaun-'diced, -dist, a. Affected with the 
jaundice; prejudiced; seeing with discolored organs. 

Jaunt, Jant, jant, v. i. To ramble here and there, 
make an excursion, stroll. — n. Aji excursion; short 
journey. 

Jaunty, jan'tT, a. [-tier, -tiest.1 Gay and easy; airy; 
showy; finical ; characterized by an affected or fan- 
tastical manner. 

Javelin, jav'lin, n. A light spear, anciently thrown 
from the hand. -^^ 

Jaw, jaw, n. One of the maxillary _ .. 

bones; the bone with its teeth and Javelin, 

covering; scolding; abusive clamor; anything re- 
sembling an animal's jaw; in pi., the mouth. — v. i. 
[jawed (jawd), JAWING.] To scold, clamor. — v.t. 
To abase by scolding. 

Jay, ja, n. A voracious and destructive bird of sev- 
eral species: the European jay is a showy bird, of 
red-brown color above, and a faint yellow below, 
and has a low, erectile crest of feathers; the blue jay 
is a crested Ainer. bird, hav- 
ing the larger part of the 
feathers of a brilliant sky- 
blue. 

Jealous, jel'us, a. Filled with 
anxious apprehension ; sus- 
piciously vigilant ; solicitous 
in a matter affecting charac- 
ter or honor ; pained by sus- 
picions of preference given 
or love transferred to anoth- 
er; envious; zealous.— JeaK- 
onsy, -us-st, «. Quality of 
being jealous; suspicious 
fear or apprehension ; pain- 
f u 1 apprehension of rival- ., 

ship. Ja,y. 

Jean, jan, n. A twilled cotton cloth. 

Jeer, ]er, v. i. [jeered (jerd), jeering.] To make 
a mock of some thing or person, sneer, scoff, flout. 
— V. t. To treat with derision, — n. A railing remark 
or reflection; a taunt; jibe; mockery. 

Jehovah, je-ho''va, n. A Scripture appellation of the 
Supreme Being. 

Jejune, je-jun', a. Craving food; hungry; starving; 
wanting contents; empty; void of interest; barren; 
unprofitable. 

Jelly, jeKlT, n. An elastic, tremulous, viscous or ge- 
latinous semisolid ; a stiffened solution of gelatine, 
gum, etc. ; juice of fruits or meat boiled with sugar 
to a stiffened consistence. 

Jennet, Gennet, jen'net, n. A small Spanish horse. 

Jenneting, ien''net-ing, n. A species of early apple. 

Jenny, jen''nT, n. A machine for spinning a number 
of soft cotton threads at once. 

Jeopardy, jep'ard-Y, n. Exposure to death, loss, or 
injury; peril ; risk : hazard ; danger. — Jeop'ard, 
Jeop'ardize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), 
to loss or injury.— Jeop'ardous, 
danger; perilous; hazardous. 

Jerboa, jer''bo-a or jer-bo''a, n. 
rodent animal, having 
very long hind legs and 
a long tail: it burrows 
in the ground. 

Jeremiad, -ade, jer-e-mi'- 
ad, n. A tale of grief, 
sorrow, or complaint; 
a doleful story. 

Jerk, iSrk, v. t. [jerked 
(jgrkt), jerking.] To 
tnrow with a quick and suddenly arrested motion; 




iziNG.] To expose 
-us, a. Exposed to 

A small, jumping. 




Jerboa. 



am, fame, far, pass on- opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; 



JERK 



211 



JOIN 



to give a sudden pull, twitch, thrust, or push. — v. i. 
To make a sudden motion, start quickly, move with 
a start, or by starts. — n. A short, sudden thrust, push, 
or twitch; unsteady motion; a sudden spring. 

Jerk, jSrk, v. U To cut (meat) into slices or strips, 
and dry it in the sun. 

Jerkin, jer'^kin, ». A jacket; a kind of short coat or 
close waistcoat. 

Jersey, jer''zt, n. The finest of wool separated from 
the rest ; fine yarn of wool ; a close-fitting woolen 
jacket or skirt. 

Jessajnine. Same as Jasmine. 

Jest, jest, n. Something done or said to amuse; some- 
thing ludicrous meant only to excite laughter; the 
object of sport; laughing-stock; joke; fun; raillery; 
sport. — V. i. To make merriment, joke, sport, rally. 

Jesuit, jez'u-it, n. (Rom. Cath. Church.) One of a 
religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola, under 
the title of The Society of Jesus; a crafty person; 
intriguer (an opprobrious use of the word). — Jesti- 
its'-bark. Peruvian bark, or the bark of certain spe- 
cies of cinchona, whose medicinal properties were 
first made known in Europe by Jesuit missionaries' 
to S. Amer. — J. drops. Compound tincture of ben- 
zoin. — J. powder. Powdered cinchona bark. — Jes- 
Tufic, -icjil, a. Pert, to the Jesuits, or to their prin- 
ciples and arts: designing; deceitful. — Jesuit'ical- 
ly, adv. — Jes'^oitism, -izni, n. The arts, principles, 
and practices of the Jesuits. 

Jet, jet, n. (Min.) A compact, lustrous, velvet-black 
variety of lignite, wrought into toys, jewelry, etc. 

Jet, jet, re. A spouting, forcible shooting forth, or 
sudden rush, as of water from a pipe, or flame from 
an orifice ; that which issues in a jet. — v. i. To 
shoot forward, shoot or stand out, project, jut. — 
V. t. To spout forth, emit in a stream or spout. 
— Jet-d'eau, zha-do', a. A stream of water spout- 
ing from a fountain or pipe. [P.] — Jet'sam, Jet'- 
son, Jeftison, n. (Mar. Law.) The voluntary 
throwing of goods overboard, to lighten and pre- 
serve a ship ; goods thus thrown away, and which 
remain under water. [OLaw F.] — Jet'ty, -tT, n. 
A part of a building that jets or prcjjects beyond the 
rest; a projecting pier or mole of timber, fascines, 
rubble, or masonry, for use as a wharf, or to defend 
a harbor, etc^, from the waves, or to deflect a stream. 

Jew, ju or joo, re. A Hebrew^ or Israelite. — v. t. 
[jewed (jQd or jood), jewing.] To cheat or defraud 
(an opprobrious use of the word). — Jew'ess, re. A 
Hebrew woman. — Jew'ish, a. Pert, to the Hebrews; 
Israelitish. — Jew'ry, -rl, n. Judea ; a district in- 
habited by Jews, hence the name of a street in Lon- 
don. — Jews'-harp, n. A small musical instrument, 
held between the teeth, and having a metal tongue, 
which when struck by the finger produces musical 
sounds that are modulated by the breath. — Juda^ic, 
-ical, ju-da''ik-al, a. Pert, to the Jews. 

Jewel, ju''- or joo^'el, n. A personal ornament in 
which precious stones form a principal part ; a pre- 
cious stone; gem; any object very highly valued; a 
precious thing. — v.t. [jeweled (-eld), -eling.] To 
adorn, fit, or provide with, jewels. — Jew'eler, n. 
One who makes or deals in jewels and other orna- 
ments. — Jew'elry, -ellery, re. Jewels in general; the 
art or trade of a jeweler. 

Jezebel, jez'e-bel, re. An impudent, vicious woman. 

Jib, jib, 71. (Naut.) The foremost sail of a ship, be- 
ing a triangular stay-sail extended from the outer 
end of the jib-boom toward the fore topmast-head: 
in sloops, it is on the bowsprit, and extends toward 
the lower mast-head: see Sail. (Much.) The pro- 
jecting beam of a crane. — Jib'-boom, -boom, ?<. 
(yaut.) A spar run out from the extremity of the 
bowsprit, and serving as a continuation of^ it : see 
Ship.— Jibe, jib, v. t. [jibed (jibd), jibixg.] [Writ- 
ten also gybe.] (Naut.) To shift from one side of a 
vessel to the other, as a sail. — v.i. (Naut.) To shift 
from one side of a vessel to the other. To harmon- 
ize, agree. 

Jif^, jif'ft, n. A moment; an instant. 

Jig, jig, re. (Mus.) A light, brisk musical movement. 
A irolicsome, quick dance, to such a movement ; a 
piece of sport ; trick; cajolery. — v. t. To sort or 
separate (ore) by shaking; to delude. — Jig'ger, 
n One who, or" that which, jigs, as a miner who 



separates ore by shaking it in water in a riddle or 
wire-bottom sieve ; a jigging sieve ; a machine on 
which earthen vessels are shaped by rapid motion : 
a potter's wheel. (Naut.) A small tackle, consisting 
of a double and single block and the fall. — Jig'' saw, 
re. A vertically reciprocating saw, moved by a vi- 
brating lever or cranK rod. — Jig''gle, -gl, v. i. To 
move in an aifected or awkward manner; to shake 
up and down. 
Jill, jil, n. A young woman, — so called in contempt. 

— Jilt, re. A woman who capriciously deceives and 
disappoints her lover; a coquette; flirt. — v. t. To en- 
courage and then frustrate the hopes of (a lover). — 
V. i. To play the jilt, practice deception in love. 

Jimmy, jim'mt, n. A short bar used by burglars in 
breaking open doors. 

Jimp, jimp, a. Neat; handsome; elegant of shape. 

Jingle, jin'gl, v. i. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To sound 
with a fine, sharp rattle; to clink. — v. t. To cause 
to give a sharp sound, as a little bell, or pieces of 
metal. — re. A rattling or clinking sound; that which 
makes such sound ; correspondence of sound in 
rhymes. 

Jingo, jin''go, n. A word often used in a vulgar oath. 

Jinnee, jin''ne, re. ; pi. Jinn. (Mohammedan Myth.) 
A genius or demon, — a name applied to genii, an- 
gels, or demons, supposed to have transparent bod- 
ies, with the power of assuming various forms. 

Job, job, re. A piece of work; anything undertaken; 
an undertaking with a view to profit; a public trans- 
action done for private profit.— v. t. [jobbed (jobd), 
-BiNG.] To hire by the job, or period of use and 
service; to do by separate portions or lots. (Com.) 
To buy and sell as a broker; to purchase of im- 
porters for the purpose of selling to retailers. — v. i. 
To perform pieces of work, work by the job; to seek 
private gain under the pretense of public service. 

— Job^ber, re. A worker by the job ; a dealer in pub- 
lic stocks; one who purchases goods from importers, 
and sells to retailers; one who turns olficial actions 
to private advantage. — Job^bery, -ber-T, re. Act of, 
etc.; unfair means for gaining a private end. 

Jockey, jok'^l, re.; pi. Jock''eys, -iz. A man who 
rides or drives horses at horse-races ; a dealer in 
horses ; one who cheats in trade. — v. t. [jockeyed 
(-id"), -eying.] To play the jockey toward; to cheat, 
tricK. — V. i. To act the jockey. 

Jocose, Jocular, etc. See under Joke. 

Jocund, jok'und, a. Merry; lively; sportive. 

Jog, jog, V. t. [jogged (jogd), -GiNG.] To push or 
snake with the elbow or nand ; to arouse the mem- 
ory or attention by a slight push. — v. i. To move by 
jogs, like a slow trot; to walk or travel idly, heavily, 
or slowly. — re. A slight shake; a push to awaken at- 
tention. — Jog'gle, -gl, V. t. [-GLED (-gld), -GLING.] 
To shake siightly; to jostle, or cause to move irregu- 
larly. (Arch.) To join or match by jogs or notches, 
so as to prevent sliding apart. — v. i. To shake or 
totter. — n. (Arch.) A joint between 2 bodies so 
constructed by means of jogs or notches, as to pre- 
vent their sliding past each other. (Masonry.) A 
similar joint held 
in place by means 
of pieces of stone 

» or m e t a 1 intro- 
duced into it. pi. [■ 
The pieces of 
stone or metal 
used in a joggle- 
joint. 

Join, join, v. t. 
[joined (joind), joining.] To bring together, place 
m contiguity, connect; to associate one s self to, be 
connected with ; to effect a union; to add, annex, 
combine, couple, link. — v. i. To be contiguous, 
close, or in contact: to form a league or contract to- 
gether; to unite.— Join'der, re. - Act of joining; con- 
junction. (Law.) A joining of parties as plaintiffs 
or defendants in a suit, or of causes of action; ac- 
ceptance of an issue tendered in law or fact. — 
Join^'er, re. One who joins ; a mechanic who does 
the wood-work in buildings. — Join^'ery, -er-T, n. 
Art or work of a joiner. — Joint, re. The place or 
part in which 2 or more things or parts are joined or 
united; junction; articulation; liinge; node; the part 




sQn, cube, full ; mooa, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, iiien, boNboN, chair,, get. 



JOIST 



212 



JDG- 



or space included between 2 Joints, knots, or articula- 
tions; a large piece of an animal cut off for cooking. 
{Geol.) A deep tissure or plane of fracture cutting 
across the stratification. — a. Joined; united; com- 
bined ; concerted ; uniting or sharing with others ; 
shared among more than one; heldiu common. — v. 
t. To un-ite by joints, fit together; to provide with 
joints, articulate ; to separate the joints of ; to cut 
up (meat), disjoint. — v.i. To fit perfectly; to coa- 
lesce as joints do. — Joinfure, join'chur, n. (_Imiv.) 
An estate settled on a wife, and which sfie is to enjoy 
after her husband's decease for her own life at least, 
and in satisfaction of dower. — v. t. [JOiiifTOEED 
(-churd), -TUBING.] To settle a jointure upon. — 
Ju'gulax, -gu-lar, a. {Anat.) Pert, to the neck or 
throat. — n. One of the large veins by which blood 
is returned from the head to the heart: see Lung. — 
Junc'tion, junk'shun, n. Act of joining, or state of 
being joined; union; combination; coalition; place 
or point of union; esp. place where lines of railway 
meet or cross. — Juncture, junk^'chur, n. The line 
or point at which 2 bodies are joined'; a joint or ar- 
ticulation; a point of time, esp. a point rendered 
critical by a concurrence of circumstances; an exi- 
gency; emergency. — Jon'to, n. ; pi. -tos, -toz. A 
select council wtuch deliberates secretly on affairs 
of government; a cabal; faction. 

Joist, joist, n. A small timber to whick boards of a 
floor oi laths of ceiling are nailed. — v. t. To fit or 
furnish with joists. 

Joke, jok, n. Something said to excite a laugh; a jest; 
witticism; what is not in earnest, or actually meant. 
— V. t. [.JOKE0 (jokt), JOKING.] To make merry 
with, banter. — v. i. To do something for sport, 
make sport, jest, rally. — Jocose, jo-kos', a. Given 
to jokes and jestings; containing a joke; facetious; 
witty; merry; waggish; sportive. — Jocos'lty, -kos''- 
t-tTC, K. A jocose act or saying; jocoseness. — Joc^- 
nlar, -u-lar, a. Given to jesting; containing jokes; 
sportive. — Jocular'ity, -ISr^l-tT, n. Merriment ; 
jesting. 

Jolly, joKlt, a. Full of life and mirth; jovial; joy- 
ous; merry; expressing mirth, or inspiring it ; of 
fine appearance ; handsome ; plump. — Jorliness, 
-lity, -IT-tT, w. Noisy mirth; revelry; ioviality. — 
Jol'liflca''tion, n. Noisy festivity. 



-/Ul. 




Jolly-boat, 

joKlI-bot, n. 
(JS^aut.) A 
small boat 
belonging to 
a ship. 

Jolt, jolt, V. i. 
To shake 

with short, t n v j. 

abrupt ris- Jolly-boat, 

ings and fallings, as a carriage moving on rough 
ground. — V. t. To shake with sudden jerks. — w. A 
shock or shake. 

Jonquil, -quille, jon^kwil, n. A bulbous plant of the 
narcissus family, h-aving lily-like leaves and very 
fragrant yellow flowers. 

Joram, jo'ram, Jo'nun, n. A large drinking vessel; 
also its contents, — nut-brown ale and toast, with 
' sugar and spice. 

Jostle, jos'l, Jus'tle, v. t. [-tled (-Id), -tling.] To 
run, push, or crowd against, so as to render un- 
steady ; to hustle, clash. — v. i. To hustle, shove 
about, elbow. — n. An encounter or shock. 

Jot, jot, n. An iota; a point; tittle; the least quantity 
assignable. — v. t. To set down; to make a memo- 
randum of. 

Jounce, jowns, v. t. [jounced (jownst), jouncing.] 
To jolt, shake, as by driving over a stone, etc. — «. 
A jolt; shake; hard trot. 

Joomal, jSr'nal, n. An account of daily transactions 
and events; diary; a record of proceedings; a paper 
published daily ; a periodical publication giving 
an account of "passing events, proceedings of socie- 
ties, etc. (Naut.) A daily register of the ship's 
course and distance, etc. (Com.) A book in which 
every charge is entered under the date of each 
dav. (Mach.) The portion of a shaft or other re- 
volving piece which turns in some other piece, or 
in a journal-box ; a bearing. — Jour'^nalisin, -izm, n. 



The keeping of a journal; the profession of editing, 
or writing for, journals. — Jour-'nalist, n. The writer 
of a journal or diary ; conductor ol, or contributor 
to, a public journal. — Jour'nalize, r. t. (_-iZED(-Tzd), 
-iziXG.] To enter an account of in a lournal. — i-. 
i. To aid by writing in carrying on a pubUc journal. 

— Jour'ney, -uT, 7j. ; pi. -neys, -niz. Travel from 
one place to another ; passage ; voyage ; tour ; ex- 
pedition ; pilgrimage. — v. i. [JOURNEYED (-nid), 
-NEYiNG.] To travel from place to place. — Jour''- 
neyman, n.; pi. -jiex. One hired to work by the 
day ; a workman who has learned his trade and is 
supposed to be capable of earning the full rate paid 
for day's work. 

Joust. Same as Just. 

Jove, jov, n. The chief divinity of the ancient Ro- 
mans; Jupiter. — Jo''vial, -vl-al, a. Under the influ- 
ence of Jupiter, the planet; gay; joyous; jolly. — Jo'- 
vialness. Jovial ■'ity, -aKI-tl, JC vialty,M. Merriment. 

Jowl, jol, n. The cheek. 

Joy, joi, n. The emotion excited by the acquisition 
or expectation of good ; exhilaration of spirits ; 
cause of happiness ; gladness ; pleasure ; delight ; 
felicity; rapture; bliss ; mirth; festivity; hilarity. — 
v.i. [JOY^ED (joid),JOY'iNG.] To rejoice,beglad,exult. 

Jubilant, ju^'bl-lant, a. Uttering songs of triumph; 
rejoicing; shouting with joy. — Jubila'^tioB, n. Act of 
rejoicing ; exultation. 

Jubilee, jii'bT-le, n. (Jewish Hist.) Every 50th year, 
at which time all slaves were liberated, and all lands 
alienated during the whole period reverted to their 
former owners. (^Rom. Cath. Church.) A solemnity 
celebrated at Rome, at stated intervals, latterly of 
25 years. A season of public festivity and joy; joy- 
fulness; exultation. 

Judaic, Judaism, Judaize, etc. See under Jew. 

Judge, juj, n. (Law.) A civil officer authorized to 
hear and determine causes, civil or criminal. The 
Supreme Being; one skiUed to decide on the merits 
of a question, or on the value of anything; a con- 
noisseur; expert. (Jewish Mist.) A chief magistrate 
with civil and military powers, such as those who 
governed the natjon more than 300 years, pi. The 
title of the 7th book of the Old Testament. — v. i. 
[JUDGED (jujd), JUDGING.] To hear and deter- 
mine (in causes on trial); to pass sentence; to as- 
sume authority to try anything and pass judgment 
on it; -to form an opinion, determine, distinguish. — 
V. t. To hear and determine by authority (a case 
before a court, or controversy between parties); to 
examine and pass sentence on ; to sit in judgment 
upon; to be censorious toward; to determine upon 
inquiry or deliberation; to esteem, think, reckon. 

— Judgement, n. Act of judging ; process of the 
mind in comparing ideas, to find their mutual re- 
lations, and to ascertain truth ; that discerned by 
the mind in judging ; opinion ; notion; facilit3' in 
judging ; faculty'of judging or deciding truly and 
wisely ; good sense ; taste. (Philas.) The act or 
faculty of comparing objects, and discerning their 
relations, attributes, or properties; result of the act 
thus performed. (Law.) Sentence of the law, pro- 
nounced by a court or judge; decision of a court. A 
calamitv regarded as sent by God. by way of recom- 
pense for wrong committed. (Th'eol.) The final 
punishment of the wicked. — Ju'^dicature, -ka-chur, 
n. Power of distributing justice by legal trial and 
determination ; right of judicial action ; jurisdic- 
tion ; a court of justice ; extent of jurisdiction of a 
judge or court. — Judi'cial, -dish-'al', a. Pert, or ap- 
propriate to courts of justice; practiced or emplo\'ed 
in the administration of justice: [jroceeding from a 
court of justice ; positive or established by statute ; 
inflicted, as a penalty or in judgment. — Judi'ciary, 
-dish-'I-a-rl, a. Passing judgment or sentence: pert, 
to courts of judicature. — ii. That branch of govern- 
ment in which judicial power is vested; judges col- 
lectively. — Judl ''clous, -dish''us, a. According to, 
having, or exercising, sound judgment; prudent ; 
wise ; discerning ; sagacious. 

Jug, jug, n. A vessel, with a capacious body and nar- 
row mouth, and usually a handle on one side: a 
large earthen or stone bottle ; a pitcher ; ewer : a 
prison; jail. —v. t. [jugged (jugd), -ging.] Td boil 
or stew,' as in a jug; to commit to jail, imprison. 



&m, fame, tUr, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



JUGGiE 



213 



JUXTAPOSIT 




Juggle, iug'gl, V. i. r-GLED (-gld), -glixg.] To play 
tricks Dy sleight of hand ; to conjure ; to practice 
artifice or imposture. — r. t. To deceive by trick or 
artifice. — n. A trick bj' legerdemain: an imposture; 
deception.— Jug'gler, n. One who practices tricks 
by sleight of hand; a cheat ; deceiver. — Jug'glery, 
-gler-I, ?i. Art or act of, etc.; trickery; imposture. 

Jugular. See under Joix. 

Jiuce, jus, n. The characteristic fluid of any vegetable 
or animal substance, esp. that which may be ex- 
pressed from fruit or meat, or which flows from 
themincookinj'.— Jui^cy, ju'sT, a. [-cier, -ciest.] 
Abounding witli juice ; moist ; succulent. 

Jtyube, ju'jub, n. An oriental fruit, allied to the 
plum, of a blood-red or saffron color, and having a 
sweet, granular pulp. 

Julep, ju'lep, n. A sweet drink; esp. (J/ed.), a demul- 
cent, acidulous, or mucilaginous mixture; a bever- 
age composed of some spirituous liquor, with sugar, 
pounded ice, and sprigs of mint. 

JuHan, juKyan, a. Pert, to, or derived from, Julius 
Csesar. — Julian calendar. The calendar as adjusted 
b\' Julius Caesar, in which the year was made to con- 
sist of 365 daj's, hours, instead of 365 days.— July', 
-li', n. The 7th month of the year, — fi. Julius Caesar, 
born in this month. 

Jumble, jum'bl, v. t. [-bled (-bid), -blixg.] To mix 
in a confused mass; to put or throw together with- 
out order. — v. i. To meet, mix, or unite confusedly. 

— n. Confused mixture: orderless mass or collec- 
tion; a small, sweet cake, often ring-shaped. 

Jump, jump, V. i. [jumped (jumt), jumping.] To lift 
the feet whollj^ from the ground and alight again 
upon them, usually with a 
forward motion ; to leap ; to 
skip, spring, bound; to jolt; 
to coincide. — v. t. To pass by 
a leap, pass over eagerly or 
hastily, skip over. — n. Act of 
jumping; a leap ; spring; 
bound; a venture. (Geol.) A 
dislocation in a stratum ; a 
fault. (^Arch.) An abrupt in- 
terruption of level in a piece 
of brick-work or masonry. — 
Jump'er, n. One who or that 
which jumps; the maggot of 
the cheese-fly ; a long iron 
chisel or borer; a kind ol 
sleigh ; one of a certain re- 
ligious sect. — Jump''seat, n. 
A carriage with a movable Jump-seat, 

seat, readily changed from the Two-seat form, 
one-seated to the two-seated form. 

Junction, Juncture. See under Joix. 

June, jun, n. The 6th month of the year. 

Jungle, iun^'gl, n. Land mostly covered with forest 
trees, brush-wood, etc., or coarse, reedy vegetation, 
but not wholly uninhabited. 

Junior, jun'ygr, a. Less old ; younger, esp. applied to 
the j'ounger of 2 persons of the same name; pert, to 
a younger person, •rto a junior. — n. A younger per- 
son; of a lower or younger standing; as, esp., one in 
the 3d year of his collegiate course in an Amer. col- 
lege, or in the 1st year of his course at a theological 
seminary. 

Juniper, ju^nt-per, n. An evergreen shrub or tree, 
whose berries are used to flavor gin and as a power- 
ful diuretic. 

Junk, junk. n. Pieces of 
old cable or cordage. 
(J^aut.) Hard salted 
Deef supplied to ships. 

— Junk Dealer. One 
who buys and sells 
junk, old metals, etc. 

Junk, junk, n. A ship 
used in China. 

Junk, junk, 7i. A thick 
piece; lump. — Junk-bot- 
tle. A bottle, usually of 
green glass, made thick 
and strong, for holding 
liquors, etc. 

Junta, Junto. See under Join. 



Jump-seat. 
One-seat form. 





Junk. 




Jupon. 



Jupiter, ju'pl-ter, n. (Rom. Alyth.) The supreme 
deity; the son of Saturn ; Jove. (Astron.) The 
largest planet, and, next to Venus, the brightest: it 
has 4 moons. 

Jupon. ju-pon' or zhoo-pawx', Juppon,jup-pon', n. A 
sleeveless jacket, orig. worn over 
arnior, composed of several thick- 
nesses of material sewed through 
and faced with silk or velvet ; a 
petticoat. 

Jurldic, ju-rid''ik, -ical, a. Pert, to 
a judge; acting in the distribution 
of justice: used in courts of law. 

— ju'risdic'tion, n. Legal pow- 
er or authority of determining 
causes ; power of governing or 
legislating, or of exercising au- ; 
thority ; limit within which pow- 
er may be exercised. — Ju'ris- ' 
pru'dence, -proo'dens, n. The 
science of law; knowledge of the 
laws, customs, and rights of men 
in a state or community. 

Jurist. See under Just. 

Jury, ju'rl, n. (Law.) A body of 
men, selected and sworn to in- 
quire into and try any matter of 
fact, and to declare the truth of 
it on the evidence given them in 
tlie case; a committee for adjudg- 
ing prizes at a public exhibition, 
etc. 

Jury-mast, ju^'rT-mast, n. (Naut.) A temporary mast 
erected in a ship, to supply the place of one carried 
away. 

Just, just, a. Rendering, or disposed to render, to each 
onenis due ; conformed to fact, to the truth of things, 
to aproper standard, to reasonable expectations, etc. ; 
upri";ht; impartial; righteous; equitable; true; fair; 
regular. — adv. Precisely; exactly; closely; nearly. 

— Jusfness, n. — Jus''tice, -tis, n. Quality of being 
just; the rendering to every one his due; conformity 
to truth and reality; fair representation of facts; 
just treatment ; merited reward or punishment ; 
equity; justness; one duly commissioned to hold 
courts, or to try and decide controversies and ad- 
minister justice. — Justi'^ciar, -tish'''i-ar, -ciary, 
-tish'T-a-rl, n. A judge or justice; a lord chief jus- 
tice. — Ju'^rist, n. One versed in the law, esp. in the 
civil law, or the law of nations. — Jus'tify, -tT-fl, 
V. t. [-FIED (-fid), -FYiNG.] To prove or show to be 
just, or conformable to law, right, justice, propriety, 
or duty; to vindicate as right; to pronounce free 
from blame. (Theol.) To treat as just, though 
guilty and deserving punishment. (Pri7it.) To form 
even or true lines of (type) by proper spacing; to ad- 
just, cause to fit. — Jus'tifi'able, a. Capable of being 
proved to be just; defensible; warrantable ; excus- 
able. — Jus''tLfica''tion, n. Act of justifying; vindi- 
cation ; defense ; state of being justified. (Laiv.) 
The showing of a sufficient reason in .court why a 
party accused did what he is called to answer. 
(Theol.) The treating of sinful man as though he 
were just. — Jus'tift'er, n. One who justifies ; one 
who pardons and absolves from guilt and punish- 
ment. 

Just, Joust, just, n. A mock encounter on horseback; 
a tilt; one of the exercises at tournaments. — v. i. To 
engage in a mock fight on horseback; to push, drive, 
jostle. 

Justle. See Jostle. 

Jut, jut, V. i. To shoot forward, project beyond the 
main body. — n. A shooting forward; projection. 

Jute, jut, n. A substance resembling hemp, used in 
manufacturing mats, coarse carpets, etc.; also, the 
plant which produces it. 

Juvenile, ju'^ve-nil, a. Young; youthful; pert, or 
suited to youth. — n. A young person or youth. — 
Ju'venile'ness, -nil'^ity, -T-tt, ??. Youthfulness; man- 
ners or customs of youth. — Juvenes^'cent, -nes'sent, 
a. Becoming young. 

JuxtapoBit, juks-ta-poz'it, v. t. To place in close con- 
nection or contiguity. — Jux'taposi'tion, -zish'un, 
n. A placing or being placed in nearness or conti- 
guity. 



sun. ctibe, full ; moon, idbt ; cow, oil ; linger or igk, then, boxbox, chair, get. 



214 



KEY 



K. 




\W^*}' -^ffj//,C^^--^-i^1»f£^fifi' 



K, ka, the 11th letter of the Eng. alphabet, is silent 
before n, but elsewhere has one invariable sound, 
like c hard. 

Kale, Eall, kal, n. A plant allied to the cabbage, culti- 
vated for its curled or wrinkled leaves or "sprouts." 
— Kale'^-yajd, ?i. A kitchen garden. 

Kaleidoscope, ka-li'do-skop, n. An optical instrument 
which, by a change of position, exhibits its contents 
in a varietv of colors and symmetrical forms. 

Kalsndar. See Calendar. 

Ealmia, kaKnil-a, n. An evergreen shrub, native to 
N. Anier., having corymbs of showy flowers; laurel. 

Kanaka, ka.-na'ka, n. A native of the South Sea isl- 
ands, esp. of the Sandwich Islands. 

Kangaroo, kan'ga-rob', n. A ruminating, marsupial 
animal of Australia and 
the neighboring islands, 
having short fore legs, 
used only for digging, 
bringing food to the 
mouth, etc., and long 
hind legs, with which it 
makes enormous 
bounds. 

Kaolin, -line, ka''o-lin, n. 
{Min.) A variety of clay 
used for making porce- 
lain. 

Karob, ka'rob, n. With ^^=^ 
goldsmiths, the 24th 
part of a grain. Kangaroo. 

Katydid, ka'tT-did, n. A broad-winged green grass- 
hopper, Uving in trees, — the males of which, at 
night, by means of membranes in their wing-covers, 
make a sound, resembling ka-ty-did. 

Kedge, kej, n. {Naut.') A small anchor used to keep 
a ship steady when riding in a harbor or river, and 
esp. at the turn of the tide, to keep her clear of her 
bower anchor.-;?;, t. [kedged (kejd), kedgog.] 
To warp, as a ship: to move by mearft of a kedge, as 
in a river. — Kedg'er, 7i. A kedge. 

Keel, kel, n. The principal timber in a ship, extend- 
ing from stem to stern at the bottom, and supporting 
the whole frame : see Ship ; hence, a ship ; a low, 
flat-bottomed vessel, to convey coal ; a broad, flat 
vessel, for cooling liquids; a keel- 
er. (Bot.) The 2 lowest petals of 
the corolla of a papilionaceous 
flower, inclosing the stamens and 
pistil. {Nat. Hist.) A projecting 
ridge along the middle of a flat or 
curving surface. — v.i. [keeled 
(keld), KEELING.] To plow with 
a keel, navigate ; to turn up the „ -, ,-r. ^^ 
keel, show the bottom.— i^aZse keel. Keei. {Bot.) 
A strong timber bolted to the bottom of the keel, to 
protect it. — Keel 'age, -ej, n. Eight of demanding a 
toll for a ship entering a harbor ; duty so paid. — 
KeeKer, n. A shallow tub for holding materials for 
calking ships, or for other uses. — KeeK-boat, n. A 
large, covered boat, with a keel, but no sails, used 
on Amer. rivers for transporting freight; a low, flat- 
bottomed freight-boat. — KeeKhaul, v. t. [-TIALLED 
(-hawld), -HAULING.] {Naut.) To haul under the 
keel of a ship, as a 
punishment, by ropes 
attached to the yard- 
arms on each side. — 
Keel'son, keKsun, n. 
{Ship-building.) A 
piece of timber laid 
on the middle of the 
floor timbers over the o 
keel, and binding the 
floor timbers to the keel. 

Keeling^ kel'ing, n. (Ichth.) A kind of small cod. 

Keen, ken, a. Eager; vehement; sharp; having a fine, 





Keelson: &, Keel; c. False 
Keel. 



cutting edge ; piercing; severe; acrimonious; acute 
of mind; penetrating; having mental acuteness. 
Keep, kep, r. t. [kept, keeping.] To cause to re- 
main in a given position, situation, or condition ; to 
maintain unchanged; to hold, retain in one's power 
or possession; to have in custody, take care of; to 
detain; to protect, guard, sustain; to hide; to attend 
upon ; to maintain (an establishment, institution, 
etc.); to conduct, manage; to supply with necessaries 
of life, entertain; to maintain (an assistant, servant, 
horse, etc.); to continue in (a course of action); to 
adhere to, perform, observe, obey (duty, promise, 
command); to confine one's self to', remain in, haunt, 
frequent; to celebrate, solemnize. — v. i. To remain 
in any position or state, continue, stay; to last, en- 
dure; to reside for a time, dwell. — n. Act of keep- 
ing; custody; care; state of being kept; resulting 
condition; case; maintenance; support; that which 
keeps or protects; a stronghold; castle; esp. the 
strongest and securest part of a castle, the donjon: 
see C.4STLE ; that which is kept or had in charge. 

— Keep''-sake, n. Anything kept, or given to be 
kept, for the sake of the giver; a token of friendship. 

Keeve, kev, n. A large vessel for fermentingliquors. 

{Mining.) A vat for dressing ores. — v. t. To set in 

a tub, for fermentation. 
Keg, ke"', n. A small cask; barrel; cag. 
Kelp, kelp, n. Calcined ashes of sea-weed, from which 

c ubonate of soda and iodine are made. (_Bot.) The 

sea-weed yielding kelp. 
Kelt. Same as Celt. 
Ken, ken, v. t. [kexxed (kend), -JfiifG.] To know, 

understand; to recognize, descry. — n. Cognizance; 

view; esp. reach of sight or knowledge. 
Kennel, ken'nel, n. A house for dogs ; a pack of 

hounds ; the hole of a fox or other beast. — v. i. 

[kenneled (-neld), -n^eling.] To lodge, lie, dwell, 

— as a dog or fox. — v. t. To keep in a kennel. 
Kennel, ken'nel, n. A gutter ; puddle. 
Kennel-coal. See Cannel-coal. 

Keno, ke^'no, n. A game played with numbered cards, 
and balls correspondingly numbered. 

Kentle. Same as Quintal. 

Kept. See Keep. 

Keramic. See Ceramic. 

KercMef, ker'chif , n. A square of fine linen used by 
women to cover the head ; any cloth used in dress, 
esp. on the head. 

Kerf, kerf, n. A notch, sUt, channel, or way through 
wood made by a saw or other cutting instrument. 

Kernel, ker''nel, n. A little grain or corn ; anvthing 
included in a shell, husk, or integument ; a" small 
mass around which other matter is concreted : nu- 
cleus ; central p^rt of anything. 

Kerosene, ker''o-sen, n. A hydrocarbon illuminating 
oil, (distilled from petroleum. 

Kersey, ker'^zt, n. A coarse woolen cloth, usually 
ribbed, woven from long wool. — Ker^'sejnnere, -mer, 
n. A thin, twilled cloth, generally of the finest wool; 
cassimere. 

Kestrel, kes'trel, n. A small, slender hawk, of a red- 
dish fawn color, spotted with white and black. 

Ketch, kech, n. A vessel with 2 masts, a main and 
niizzen-mast, usually from 100 to 250 tons burden. 

Ketchup. See Catchup. 

Kettle, ket'tl, n. A metallic vessel, with a wide 
mouth, used for heating water, etc. 

— Ket'tle-t'jrum, n. A drum made 
of a copper vessel, usually hemi- 
spherical, or shaped like a kettle, 
covered with parchment ; an in- 
formal afternoon or early evening 
partv. 

Key, ke, n. A portable instrument 
to shut or open a lock, by moving ■,, , , 
or raising a bolt or tumbler, or one Kettle-drum, 
by which anything is wound, screwed, turned, or 




am, lame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 5nd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



KEY 



215 



KINNIKINIO 



tightened, as, a watch-fe?/, hed-key, etc.; that which 
unlocks a secret or mystery, or discloses anything 
difficult, a solution, explanation; that which locks 
up and makes fast, as, (Arch.) a piece of wood let 
into another across the grain to prevent warping ; 
(Masonry.^ the highest central stone of an arch, key- 
stone ; or (Mech.) a piece of wood or metal, placed in 
coincident slots or mortises, to hold parts together; a 
wedge or cotter in a frame, chain, etc.; a fin, spline, 
feather, or wedge, fastening a wheel or crank upon 
a shaft. (Mus.) A lever of wood, ivory, or metal, in 
an organ, piano-forte, etc., pressed by the fingers in 
playing the instrument; the fundamental tone of a 
movement, key-note. — v. t. [keyed (ked), keying.] 
To fasten with keys or wedge-shaped pieces of wood 
or iron. — Key'-board, w. (Mus.) The whole range 
of the keys of an organ or piano-forte. — hole, n. A 
hole in a door or lock, for receiving a key. ( Carp.) 
An excavation in beams intended to be joined to- 
gether, to receive the key which fastens them. — 
-note, n. (Mus.) The tome or first tone of the scale 
in which a piece is writ- ^ ^ — ^ ^ 

ten. — seat, w. {Mach.) /tj^^^^H ffi^ — ""^^N 
A rectangular groove, If I ^ \ vfeP ~ ~ © ) 

esp. in awheel and shaft, ^ J m nCTS^"*"'^ — 

to receive a key, so as to ^^.^ „„„^ 

prevent one part from Ji-ey-seai. 

turning on the other. — stone, n. (Arch.) The wedge- 
shapea stone on the top or middle of an arch or 
vault, which binds the work. 

Key, ke, n. An island rising little above the surface, 
as in the W. Indies ; a quay. 

Khalif. See Caliph. 

Ehan, kawn or kan, n. A prince ; king ; chief, — so 
called among the Tartars. 

Klian, kan, n. An Eastern inn or caravansary. 

Khedive, ka-dev' or ke'div, n. Governor, viceroy, — 
a title gi-anted by the Sultan of Turkey to the ruler 
of Egypt, in 1866. 

Kibe, kib, re. An ulcerated chilblain, as in the heels. 

Kick, kik, v. t. [kicked (kikt), kicking.] To strike, 
thrust, or hit violently with the foot. — v. i. To 
practice striking with the foot ; to thrust out the 
foot violently ; to manifest opposition ; to recoil, — 
said of a musket, etc. — n. A blow with the foot ; 
recoil of a fire-arm, when discharged. 

Kickshaw, kik'shaw, ?i. Something fantastic or un- 
common, or that has no particular name ; a fantas- 
tical dish. 

Kid, kid, n. A young goat ; a bundle of heath and 
furze ; a small wooden tub or vessel, — applied, 
among seamen, to one containing food; leather made 
of kid skin; a glove of kid leather; among thieves, 
etc., a child. — Kid^nap, i\ t. [-naped (-napt), -nap- 
INO.] To steal and carry away or secrete (a man, 
woman, or child). 

Kiddle, kid'^dl, re. A kind of wear in a river for 
catching fish, — corrupt, pron. kittle. 

Kidney, kid'nT, re. ; pi. -neys, -niz. (^Anat.) One of 
2 oblong, flattened glands, at each side of the lum- 
bar vertebra, and surrounded with fatty tissue, 
which constitute the secretory organs of the urine. 
Habit; disposition; sort; kind; a waiting-servant. — 
Kid'ney-bean, n. (Bot.) A sort of 
bean, — shaped like the kidney. — 
Kid'ney-form, -shaped, -shapt, a. 
Shaped like, etc. 

Kilderkin, kil'dgr-kin, re. A small 
barrel; a liquid measure containing 
16 or 18 gallons. 

Kill, kil, V. t. [KILLED (kild), kill- 
ing.] To deprive of life, animal or 
vegetable ; to put to death, slay, 

destroy; to deprive of active quali- x^.;,^ „ , „ , 

ties, appease, quell, calm , still. Ki^ney-shaped 

Killikinick. See Kinnikinic. ■^®*^- 

Killock, kil'lok, re. A wooden anchor for mooring a 
fishing boat at sea; in N. Eng., a small iron anchor. 

Kiln, kn, re. A large furnace or oven for calcining, 
vitrifying, baking, burning, or drying anything; a 
pile of brick for burning or hardening. — Kiln'-dry, 
kil'dri, V. t. To dry in a kiln. 

Kilogram, kiKo-gram, ahhr. Kilo, ke'lo, re. A measure 

s of weight, — 1,000 grams = 2.679.51 pounds troy, or 
2.20486 pounds avoirdupois (15,4.32.31 grains). — Ki- 




loliter, kI-loKt-t5r or kil'o-li^ter, re. A measure of 
capacity = 1 cubic meter = 1,000 liters = 35.3166 Eng. 
or 35.3105 Amer. cubic feet, or 264.14 Amer. gallons 
of 231 cubic inches.— Kilometer, kl-lom'^e-ter or kil'- 
o-me'tSr, re. A measure of length, — 1,000 meters = 
3,280.899 Eng. or 3,280.709 Amer. feet, or .62135 of a 
mile. — Kilostere, ke-lo-star'', re. A measure of solid- 
ity or volume, — 1,000 cubic meters = 35,316.6 Eng., 
or 35,310.5 Amer. cubic feet. 

Kilt, kilt, M. A short petticoat, worn by men in thp 
Highlands of Scotland, and by children in the Low- 
lands. 

Kimbo, kim'^bo, a. Crooked ; arched ; bent. 

Kin, kin, n. Relationship, consanguinity, or affinity? 
relatives: kindred. — a. Of the same nature or kind; 
akin. — Kins'^man, -woman, re. One who is, etc. — 
Kind, kind, n. Race; genus; generic class; esp. one 
fixed by the laws of nature ; sort; nature; style; 
manner; character; native character. — a. Having 
feelings befitting a common nature ; esp., showing 
tenderness or goodness; disposed to do good; oblig- 
ing; indulgent; tender; good; gentle; friendly; lov- 
ing. —Kind'ly, -It, a. [-LIEE, -liest.] Belonging to 
the kind or species; natural; kindred; sympathetic; 
disposed to do good; gracious; favorable; mild; gen- 
tle.— acZv. In a kind manner; benevolently.— Kind'- 
liness, re. — Kind'ness, n. Quality of being kind ; 
good will; benevolence; a kind act; act of good will. 

— Kind''-heart'ed, a. Having kindi.ess of nature. 

— Kin'^dred, re. Relationship by birth or marriage ; 
consanguinity; kin; relatives by blood or marriage; 
relations. — a. Related; congenial; of like nature or 
properties. 

Kindergarten, kin-der-gar-'ten ,n. A school for young 
children, where play is combined with study and 
especial attention is paid to obiect-teaching. 

Kindle, kin-'dl, v. t. [-dled (-did), -dlingO To set 
on fire, light; to inflame, as the passions; to exasi)er- 
ate, rouse^ provoke. — v. i. To take fire; to begin to 
be excited. — Kin''dling, n. Act of, etc. pi. Mate- 
rials easily lighted, for starting a fire. 

Kine, kin,??. jpZ. Cows. — Kine'-pox, w. Cow-pox. 

Kinetoscope, ki-ne'to-skop, n. A machine for the 
production of animated pictures. 

King, king, re. A sovereign; monarch; chief among 
competitors; a playing-card having the picture of a 
kimr; the chief piece in the game of chess; acrowned 
checkerman. pi. The title of 2 books in the Old 
Testament. — v. t. To supply with a king, make 
royal. — King'cup, n. The buttercup, q. v.— King''- 
dom, -dum, n. Quality and attributes of a king ; 
royal authority; monarchy; country subjectto a 
king; one of the great divisions in nat.hist. classifica^ 
tion ; a department. — King'fisher, re. A bird of sev- 
eral widely distributed genera, inhabiting borders 
of streams, and living on fish, 
which it takes by darting 
down on its prey in the water. 

— King''-bird, n. A small bird 
of N. Amer., the tyrant fly-- 
catcheror bee-martin, — noted 
for its courage in driving 
larger birds from the vicinity 
of its nest. — crab, re. A large 
crustacean, having the form 
of a horse's foot, with sharp, 
straight tail-spine ; horse-shoe 
crab. — kill'er, n. " 
-post, re. (Arch.) 
frame of a roof, or any compound 
girder binding the tie-beam to 
the ridge.— King's Bench. (Law.) 
The highest court of common i 
law in Eng., — so called because [ 
the king used to sit there in per- 
son. — King's''-evil, re. A scrofu- 
lous disease, formerly supposed to be healed by the 
touch of a king. 

Kink, kink, re. A spontaneous twist or doubling upon 
itself of a rope or thread, which prevents its running 
freely; a crotchet; whim. — v. j. [kinked (kinkt), 
KINKING.] To twist or knot spontanpously. 

Kinnikinic, kin'nT-kT-nik', re. A preparation for smok- 
ing used by the North American Indians, consisting 
of the bark and leaves of red sumac or red willow. 




Kingfisher. 

One who kills a king; a regicide.— 
A beam in the 




A, King-post. 



eiin, cube, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN. chair, set. 



KINO 



216 



KNOW 




Kite. 



Cino, ki'no, n. An a^t.ingent extract of a deep 
brownibh-red. color, obtained from tropical trees. 

Kiosk, kl-osk', n. A Turkish open summer-house, 
supported bv pillars. 

Kip, kip, n. The skin of a young beast. — Kip'-skin, 
11. Leather prepared from the skin of young cattle, 
intermediate between calf-skin and cow-hide. 

Kipper, kip'per, v. t. [-i'eked (-perd), -pering.] To 
cure (fisn) by means of salt and pepper, and by 
hanging up. — n. A salmon after spawning, also one 
split open, salted, and dried or smoked. 

Kirk,kerk,w. In Scot., aplace of worship; church; the 
established church in Scotland. 

Elirtle, ker'^tl, n. An upper garment; gown; petticoat; 
short jacket. 

Kiss, kis, V. t. [KISSED (kist), kissing.] To salute or 
caress with the lips; to buss; to touch gently. — v. i. 
To join lips, touch, meet. — n. A salute made by 
touching with the lips pressed closely together ancl 
suddenly parting them; a small piece of confection- 
ery. 

Kit, kit. n. A vessel of various kinds; esp., a wooden 
Cub; that which comprises a necessary outfit, as ui 
t'Hils, necessaries, etc., as of a workman, soldier, etc. 

Kit. kit, n. A small violin or tiddle. . 

Kitchen, kich'en, n. A loom appropriated to cook- 
ery ; a utensil for roasting meat. 

Kite, kit, n. A rapacious bird of the hawk kind, dis- 
tin^. fr. hawks and falcons hx having a forked tail 
and long wings ; one 
wlio is rapacious ; a 
frame of wood cov- 
ered with paper, for 
flying in the air ; fic- 
titious commercial pa- 
per designed to de- 
ceive. — v.i. Lit., to fly 
a kite ; to raise money, 
or sustain one's credit 
by the use of fictitious mercantile paper. 

Kith, kith, «. Acquaintances or friends. — Kith and 
kin. Intimate acquaintance and relations. 

Kitten, kit'tn, n. A young cat. — v. i. [kittened 
(-tnd), -TENING.] To bring forth young, as a cat. 

Kleptomania, klep-to-ma''n'r-a, n. A morbid impulse 
to steal; prepensity to thievishness. 

Knab, nab, v. t. [knabbed (nabd), -bing.] To seize 
with the teeth, lay hold of. 

Knack, nak, n. A petty contrivance; toy; something 
requiring neat performance ; facility of perform- 
ance ; dexterity ; adroitness. 

Knacker, nak'er, n. A dealer in old horses for slaugh- 
ter, and in hoofs, dog's meat, etc. 

Knap, nap, n. A protuberance; knob or button ; ris- 
ing ground ; a summit. 

Knap, nap, v. t. [kn.^pped (napt), -ping.] To bite, 
bite off; to strike with a loud noise; to snap. — v. i. 
To make a short, sharp sound ; to 
snap. — Knap''sack, n. A case for 
food, clothing, etc., borne on the back 
by soldiers, travelers, etc. 

Knar, Knarl. See Gnarl. 

Knave, nav, n. A dishonest person; 
rascal; villain; a playing-card marked 
with the figure of a servant or soldier, 
a jack. — Knav'eiy, -er-T, n. Dishon- 
esty ; petty villainy ; trickery ; mis- 
chievous practices. — Knav'^ish, a. 
Like a knave ; villainous. 

Knead, ned, v. t. To work and press into a mass; esp., 
to work into a well-mixed mass, as the materials of 
bread. 

Knee, ne, n. (Anctt.) The joint connecting the 2 
principal parts of the leg. (Mech.) A piece oi timber 
or metal with an angle in the shape of the bent knee. 
— Knee'-deep, a. Risin" to the knees; sunk to the 
knees. — high, -hi, a. Rising or reaching upward 
to the knees. — -joint, n. {Much.) A joint consist- 
ing of 2 pieces butting on each other like the knee 
bent, so as to thrust ■with increasing power when 

pressed into a straight line; a toggle-joint. pan, 

n. (Anat.) The patella, — a flattened round Jpone 
on the front part of the knee-joint^ — Kneel, nel, v. 
i. [knelt (nelt) or kneeled (neld), kneeling.] 
To bend the knee, fall on the knees. 




Knapsack. 



Knoll, nel, ;;. The stroke of a bell, rung at a funeral, 

or at the death of a person; a death-signal. — v. i. 

[knelled (neld), knelling.] To sound as a knell, 

or as a warning or evil omen. 
Knew. See Know. 

Kniekorbockers, nik'er-bok'erz, n. pi. Trousers end- 
ing at the knee, as worn in Holland, and now by 

sportsmen, young boj's, etc. 
Knickknack, nik-'nak, n. A trifle or toj ; bawble. 
Knife, nif, n. ; jil. Knives, nivz. A cutting instrument 

having a blade with a sharp edge and a nandle. 
Knight, nit, n. A military attendant; a follower; a 

partisan : champion : lover; one 

admitted, in feudal times, to a 

certain military rank, with 

special ceremonies; in Eng., 

one on whom a dignitj^ next 

below that of baronet is con- 
ferred by the sovereign, enti- 

tUnghimtobe addressed as Sir; 

a piece in the game of chess, 

usually bearing a horse's head. 

— r. t. To dub or create a 
knight. — Knight'ly, -lY, a. 
Pert, to, or becoming, a knight. 

— adv. In a manner becoming, 
etc. — Knight'liness, n.— 
Knight'hood, -hd6d, n. Char- 
acter, dignity, or condition of 
a knight ; the whole body of 
knights at a particular time. 

Knit, nit, v. t. [knit or knit- 
ted, -ting.] To form into a 
knot or into knots; to tie; to 
form, by the interlooping of 
yarn or thread in a series of • 
connected knots, by means of I 
needles; to join, cause to grow 
together; to unite closely, con- 
nect; to draw together, con- 
tract. — V. i. To unite or weave 




Knight in full 
Armor. 




anything by making knots; to be united closely. 
Knot, not, n. A complication of 
threads, cords, or ropes, formed by 
tying, knitting, or entangling, 
which resists separation ; a bond 
of union; connection ; something 
not easily solved; a difficulty; per- 
plexitj'; a figure, the lines of 
which are interlaced or intricately 
interwoven; a collection; band ; 
clique ; a joint in the stem of a 
plant; a hard place in wood caused 
by fibers passing transversely 
across the grain, as at the insertion 
of a branch; a protuberance. 
(iVoMi.) A division of the log-line, 
serving to measure the rate of the 
vessel's motion. A nautical mile of 
6,086.7 ft. (Omith.') A bird allied a, 
to the snipe. — v. i. To form a double knot ; 
knot; to unite closely; to entangle; fie^re of 8 knot ; 
perplex. — 1'. I. To form knots or d.oTer-handknot; 
joints. - Knot'ty, -tt, a. [-tier, *> '"'"'■°" '^"°'- 
-tiest.] Having many knots; hard; rugged; diffi- 
cult; intricate; perplexed. 

Knives. See Knife. 

Knob, nob, n. A hard protuberance; bunch; round 
ball at the end of anything; a ball-shaped handle. 

Knock, nok, v. i. [knocked (nokt), knocking.] To 
strike or beat with something hard or heavy; to 
strike against, clash. — v. t. To strike, drive against; 
to strike for admittance, rap upon (a door, etc.) — 
n. A stroke with something heavy; a rap. 

Knoll. Same as Knell. 

Knoll, nol, n. The top or crown of a hill; esp.. a linle 
round hill or mount; a small elevation of earth. 

Knot, etc. See under Knit. 

Knout, nowt or noot, n. An instrument of punish- 
ment in Russia, with which stripes are inflicted on 
the bare back. — v. t. To punish with the knout. 

Know, no, v. t. [knew (nu), known (non), know- 
ing.] To be aware of as true or actual; to have 
mental cognition of ; to perceive or apprehend 
clearl}'; to oe acquainted with; to recognize; to ac- 



Knots. 

single knot ; b. 



toi, f Sme^ f ar, pass or opera, fare ; eud, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; odd, tone, 8r ; 



KNUCKLE 



217 



LACTEAL 



knowledge, approve ; to have sexual commerce 
with. — v.i. To have knowledge, possess informa- 
tion: to take cognizance. —Know'ing, p. a. Skill- 
ful; well-informed; intelligent. — Know'ingly, adv. 
With knowledge ; intelligently ; deliberately. — 
Knowl'edge, nol'ej, n. Act of knowing ; certain 
apprehension; that which is known; a cognition; 
learning: scholarship: familiar- 
ity gained by actual experience; 
practical skill; information; no- 
tice: sexual intercourse. 
Enuckle, nuk'l, n. The joint of 
a finger, esp. when made pro- 
tuberant b\' closing the fingers; 
knee-joint^ esp. of a calf. — v. i. 

[KXUCKLED (-Id), -LING.] To 

submit in contest to an antag- 
onist: to yield, — said to be de- ^; 
rived from the old custom of 
striking the under side of a table when defeated in 
argimient.— v. t. To beat or strike with the knuck- 




Knuckle-joint. 

, pin; B, thimble; C, 
spade-handle. 



les. — Knuek''le-joint, ». {Much.) A joint or hinge 
in which a projection on one part enters a recess on 
the other and is held by a pin on which both turn. 

Ennr, Knurr, ner. Knurl,';;. A contorted knot in wood; 
nodule : protuberance ; hard substance ; a cross- 
grained fellow. 

Kobalt. Same as Cobalt. 

Kobold, ko'bSld or kob'Sld, «. A kind of domestic 
spirit or elf among the Germans. 

Kopeck, ko'pek, n. A Russian coin worth about 2-3ds 
of a cent. 

Koran, ko'ran or ko-ran'', n. The sacred writings of 
the Mohammedans, — same as Alcoran. 

Kraal, kral or krawl, n. In S. Africa, a village; col- 
lection of huts; hut. 

Kreosote. Same as Creosote. 

Kreutzer, kroit'ser, n. A German coin of variable 
value, — less than a cent. 

Kyanize, ki'an-iz, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izixc] To 
render proof against decay, as wood, by steeping it 
in a solution of corrosive sublimate, or other agent. 



L. 



L, el, the 12th letter of the Eng. alphabet, has only 1 
sound, as in like, canal. In Eng. words, the termi- 
nating syllable le is unaccented and the e is silent, 
as in able, eagle, pronounced abl, egl. — L of a 
house. A wing, or part attached to the main build- 
ing; properly, a wing joined at right angles to the 
main building, giving'it the shape of the Tetter L. 

La, la. (3Ius.) A syllable applied to the 6th tone of 
the scale for the purpose of solmization. 

La, law, inter j. Look; see; behold. 

Labarom, lab'a-rum, n. The imperial standard adopt- 
ed by the Emperor Constautine after his conversion 
to Christianity. 

Label, la'bel, n. A narrow slip of paper, parchment, 
etc., affixed to anything, indicating its contents. 
ownership, etc.; any paper annexed to a will bv 
way of addition, as a codicil, (i/w.) A fillet with 
pendants or points, usually 3. (Goth. Arch.) A pro- 
jecting tablet or molding over u ---.-■-■-■-.-.■.-.•-•' ■ j.v 
doorways, windows, etc.; drip- 
stone. —v. <. [labeled (-held), 
labeling.] To affix a label to. 

Labial, la''bT-al, a. Pert, or belong- 
ing to the lips. (Pron.) Uttered 
principally with the lips, as 6, m, 
and i>. — n. (_Pron.) A letter 
representing a sound formed 
cjiiefly with the lips. — La'biate, 
-at, -ated, a. (Bot.) Having- the -, , , / rr x 
limb of a tubular corolla or calyx Label. {Her.) 
divided into 2 unequal parts, one projecting over the 
other like the lips of a mouth. 

Labor, la'ber, n. Toil or exertion, physical or mental, 
esp. when fatiguing, irksome, or unavoidable; that 
which requires hard work for its accomplishment: 
drudgery: work; task; travail; the pangs and efforts 
of childbirth. — r. i. [labored (-herd), -boring.] 
To exert muscular strength, work, toil; to exert 
one's powers of mind; to take paiiis; to be oppressed 
with difficulties; to be in travail. (JVaut.) To pitch 
and roll heavily, as a ship in a turbulent sea. — v. t. 
To work at; to form with toil, exertion, or care; to 
finish or prosecute with effort: to urge. — La'borer, 
-ber-§r, n. One who labors in a toilsome occupation, 
esp. one requiring little skill. — Labc'rious, -bo'rl- 
UR, a. Requiring or employing labor, perseverance, 
or sacrifices; toilsome: irksome; using exertion: dili- 
gent; industrious. — La'borsome, -sum, a. {yaut.) 
Inclined to roll or pitch, as a ship in a heavy sea. 

Laboratory, lab'o-ra-to-rl, n. A place for operations 
and experiments in chemistry, pyrotechny, etc. ; 
place where anj'thiug is prepared for use. 

Laburnum, la-ber''num, m. An Alpine tree, cultivated 
for its pendulous racemes of yellow flowers. 




Labyrinth, lab'Y-rinth, n. A place full of intricacies, 
or formed with winding passages; any involved in- 
closure, or object or arrangement of involved form; 
an inextricable or bewildering difficulty: maze. 

Lac, lak, n. A red, resinous substance produced by an 
insect, mainly upon the banyan tree, fr. which are 
made shellac, sealing-wax, varnishes, dyes, etc.; in 
the E. Indies, 100,000, — as, a lac of rupees. — Lac'- 
c[uer, Lack^er, n. A varnish for metals, etc., consist- 
ing of a solution of shellac in alcohol, colored by 
gamboge, saffron, etc. — v. t. [lacquered (-kerd), 
-QUERiNG.] To varnish with, etc. 

Lace, las, ti. A string or cord for fastening; an orna- 
mental network of linen, silk, or cotton. — v. t. 
[LACED (last), LACING.] To draw together with a 
lace or string; to adorn with lace; to variegate with 
stripes; to beat. — r. i. To have a lace; to be tied with 
a lace or string. — La'^cing, n. A fastening with a cord 
through eyelet-holes; a cord used in fastening. 

Lacerate, las-'er-at, v. t. To tear, rend, wound, sepa- 
rate by violence, injure, or afflict. 

Lache, lash. Laches, lash^ez, w. (Law.) Negligence; 
remissness: neglect to do a thing at the proper time. 

Lachrymal, lak'rT-mal, a. Generating or secreting 
tears; pert, to, or conveying, tears. — Lach'rymose'', 
-mos', a. Generating or shedding tears; tearful. 

Lacing. See undsr Lace. 

Lack, lak, r. t. [lacked (lakt), lacking.] To be desti- 
tute of, be in need of, want. —v. i. To be in want, 
be wanting. — n. Want; destitution; need; failure. 

Lackaday, lak'a-da', inlerj. Alas, — an expression of 
sorrow or regret. — Lackadai''sical, -da''zT-kal, -dai'- 
sy, -zT, a. Affectedly pensive or sentimental. 

Lacker. Same as Lacquer, under Lac. 

Lackey, lak'I, n. ; pi. -eys, -iz. An attending serv- 
ant; servile follower. — v. t. To attend, wait upon. 

Laconic, la-kon'ik, a. Pert, to Laconica or its inhab- 
itants; expressing much in few words; brief; con- 
cise; pithy. — n. A concise, sententious method of 
speaking: laconism; a cqncise phrase or expression. 
— Lacon''ical, a. Same as Laconic— Lacon'^ically, 
adv. — Lac'onism, -izm, Lacon'tcism, -"[-sizm, n. A 
concise manner of expression; laconic style; senten- 
tious phrase. — Lac'onize, v. i. [-nized (-ni'zd), -niz- 
ing.] To speak in a concise, sententious manner. 

Lacrosse, la-kros', n. An outdo.or game, orig. of the 
Canadian Indians, played on ice or level ground, 
with balls and a wicker bat (o-osse). 

Lacquer. See under Lac. 

Lacteal, lak'te-al, a. Pert, to, or resembling, milk ; 
milky. (Anat.) Conveying chyle. — n. One of the 
minute tubes which convey the chyle from the 
small intestine through the mesenteric glands to the 
thoracic duct. — Lac'tate, n. {Chem.) A salt formed 



stin. cube, full ; moon, f(3t)t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink. ttien. boNboN, chair, gf t. 



LACUNA 



218 



LANCE 




Lacteals and Adjacent Parts. 

a, aorta; J, thoracic canal; c, lym- 
phatic glands; d, radicals of the 
chyliferous vessels ; «, intestine ; 
/, mesentery ; g, lacteals. 



by the union of lac- 
tic acid; or acid of 
milk, with a base. — 
Iiocta'tion, n. Act 
of giving suck, or 
time of suckling; se- 
cretion or excretion 
of milk. — Lac'tean, 
a. Milky ; resem- 
bling, or consisting 
of, milk; conveying 
chyle. — Lac'teous, 
-te-us, a. Milky; re- 
sembling milk; lac- 
teal, convej'ing 
chyle. — Lactes''- 
cence, -sens, n. Ten- 
dency to milk; milk- 
in ess or milky color. 
{Bot.) The juice, 
commonly white., 
which flows from, 
some plants when 
wounded. — Lactes'- 
cent, a. Producing 
milk or white juice ; abounding with a thick, colored 
juice. — Lactom''eter, n. An instrument for ascer- 
taining the proportion of cream in milk; galactom- 
eter; a kind of hydrometer for ascertaining the value 
of milk bv noting its specific gravity. 

Lacuna, la-ku''na, n. ; pi. -'sm, -ne. A small opening, 
pit, or depression; blank space ; vacancy; hiatus. 
(Bot.) The small pit or cup-shaped depression in 
the top of the thallus of some lichens; a vacant space 
between the cells of plants; an air-cell. (Anat.) A 
small cavity or sac in a mucous membrane. 

Lacustral, Lacustrine. See under Lake. 

Lad, lad, w. A young man, or boy; stripling; fellow; 
comrade. 

Ladanum, lad'a-num, n. A gum-resin of a dark color 
and pungent odor, used as an external stimulant. 

Ladder, laa'der, n. A frame of wood, rope, etc., con- 
sisting of 2 side-pieces, connected by rounds, form- 
ing steps by which persons may ascend; that which 
resembles a ladder in form or use; that by means of 
which one attains to eminence. 

Lads, lad, v. t. [imp. laded ; p. p. laded, laden ; 
LADING.] To load ; to put on or in, as a burden or 
freight ; to throw in or out, as a fluid, with a ladle ; 
to dip. — Lad'^ing, n. That which lades or constitutes 
a load or cargo; freight; burden. — La'dle, -dl, n. A 
cup with a long handle, usedMn lading or dipping; 
the float of a mill-wheel. {Gun.) An instrument for 
drawing the charge of a cannon. — v. t. [ladled 
(-did), -DLiNG.] ^ To use a ladle for dipping or draw- 
ing out. 

Lady, la'dT, n. A mistress ; the female head of a 
household ; a woman of social distinction or posi- 
tion; the feminine corresponding to lord; a woman 
of gentle or refined manners ; a wife, or spouse. — 
La'dysMp, n. Rank or position of a lady, — used 
as a title. — La'dy-bird, -bug, n. {Entom.) " A small, 
hemispherical, spotted beetle, feeding on plant-lice. 

Lag, lag, a. Slow; tardy; last; long-delayed. — n. One 
who lags ; that which comesin last; the fag-end ; rum p ; 
lowest class ; amount of retardation of anj'thing, 
as a valve in a steam-engine. — v. i. [lagged (lagd), 
-GING.] To walk or move slowly, stay behind, loiter, 
linger, delay. — v. t. To cover (a steam-boiler, etc.), 
to prevent radiation of heat. — Lag'gard, a. Slow; 
sluggish; backward. — n. One who, etc. — Lag'ger, 
n.— Lag'ging, n. The nonconducting covering of a 
steam-boiler; timber of a shaft in mines; planking 
over centering of arches and tunnels. 

Lager-beer, la'ger-ber, n. A German beer. 

Lagoon, la-goon', n. A creek, shallow pond, or lake, 
esp. one into which the sea flows ; lake in a coral 
island. 

Laic, Laical. See under Lay, a. 

Laid. See Lay, v. t. 

Lain. See Lie. 

Lair, lar, n. A place in which to lie or rest; esp. the 
bed of a wild beast; any couch or resting-place. 

Laird, ISrd, «. In Scot., a lord ; a landholder under 
the degree of a knight or squire. 



Laity. _See under Lay, a. 

Lake, lak, n. A large collection of water surrounded 
by land.— Lacus'tral, -trine, -trin, a. Pert, to lakes 

or swamps. 

Lake, lak, n. A deep-red coloring matter, consisting 
of aluminous earth and cochineal or other red sub- 
stance ; a compound of animal or vegetable coloring 
matter and a metallic oxide. 

Lamb, lam, n. The young of the sheep kind ; one as 
innocent and gentle as a lamb. — t. i. To bring 
forth lambs, as sheep. 

Lambent, lam^bent, a. Playing on the surface; touch- 
ing lightly; gliding over;' twinkling or gleaming. 

Lambrequin, lam^ber-kin, n. A covering for a knight's 
helmet, protecting it from heat, moisture, etc.; orna- 
mental drapery hanging from a window casing, a 
shelf, etc. 

Lame, lam, a. Crippled or disabled in a limb, or 
otherwise injured so as to be unsound and impaired 
in strength ; imperfect ; not satisfactory ; hobbling; 
not smooth. — v. t. [lamed (lamd), laming.] To 
make lame, cripple, render imperfect and unsound. 

Lament, la-menf, w. i. To weep or wail, mourn ; to 
feel deep regret or sorrow. — v. t. To mourn for, 
bemoan, deplore, bewail. — n. Grief expressed in 
complaints or cries ; lamentation; an elegy. — Lam'- 
entable, a. To be lamented; sorrowful; expressing 
grief; fitted to awaken lament; pitiable; miserable; 
pitiful; low; poor. — Lam-'entably, adv.— Lamenta'- 
tion, n. Act of bewailing ; expression of sorrow. 

Lamina, lam'T-na, n. ; pi. -HM, -ne. A thin plate or 
scale ; a layer lying over another. (Anat.) A bone, 
or part of a bone, resembling a thin plate. (Bot.) The 
blade of a leaf. 

Lammas, lam-'mas, n. The 1st day of August. 

Lammergeir, lam''mer-gir, -geyer, -gi-er, n. A vulture 
of the Eastern hemis- 
phere, having the neck ' 
covered with feathers 
like true eagles, and 
seeking living animals 
for food as well as car- 
rion. 

Lamp, lamp, n. A ves- 
sel for producing arti- 
ficial light Or heat by 
means of a wick satu- 
rated withinflammable 
liquid ; whatever yields 

Lamp'-black, n. A black pigment of fine charcoal 
deposited from smofce of burning oil, resinous sub- 
stances, etc. 

Lamper-eel. Same as Lasipkey. 

Lampoon, lam-poon', n. A personal satire in writing. 
— V. t. [lampooned (-poond''), -pooning.] To 
abuse in written satire; to libel, calumniate,, lash. 

Lamprey, lam'^pre, ?i. An eel-like fish, having a round, 
sucking mo_uth, set with numerous minute teeth. 

Lanate, la'nat, -nated, a. Woolly. {Bot.) Covered 
with a substance like curled hairs. — Laniferous, 
-er-us, -nig^erous, -nij'er-us, a. Bearing or produ- 
cing wool. — La'nary, -na-rT, n. A store-place for 
wool. 

Lance, lans, n. A weapon consisting of a long shaft 
and metal point ; spear ; a soldier armed with a 
spear; lancer. — v. t. [lanced (lanst), lancing.] To 
pierce with a lance; to open with a lancet; to throw 
m the manner of a lance. — Lan-'cer, n. — 
Lance'' wood, n. A light, tough, elastic tim- 
ber f r. the W. Indies.— Lan'^ceolate, -seo-lat, 
-lated, a. (Bot.) Oblong and 
gradually tapering toward 
the outer extremity. — Lan'- 
cet, -set, n. A surgical in- 
strument, sharp-pointed 




Lammergeir. 
?ht or cheerfulness. — 




-,.% 



and two-edged, used in ve- 
nesection, and in opening 
tumors, abscesses, etc 
(Arch.) A high and narrow 
window pointed like a 
lancet. — Lan'cinating, -sT- 
nat-ing, a. Acute darting 
(pains), as if fr. the thrust 
of a lancet. — Lanch, v. t. 
[LANCHED (lancht), LANCH- Lancet 'Wuidow. 




am, fame, far, p&es or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term : Tn. T«e : 6dd, tSne, 5r ; 



LAND 



219 



LARVA 




INC.] To throw, as a lance, dart; to pierce with a 
lance. 

Land, land, n. Earth, or the solid matter constituting 
the surface of the globe ; any portion of the surface 
of the globe, considered as belonging to an individ- 
ual or people : ground i soil ; inhabitants of a re- 
gion; the main land, disting. from an adjacent island; 
the ground or floor. {Law.) Any earth whatso- 
ever; real estate. — v. t. To set on shore, disembark, 
debark. — v. i. To go on shore from a vessel, dis- 
embark. — Land''ing, n. Act of, or place for, going or 
putting on shore from a vessel; platform of a rail- 
road station. {Arch.) The level floor at the end of 
a flight of stairs, or a resting place between 2 fliglits. 
— Land'ing-place, n. A landing. — Land'leBS, a. 
Having no property in land.— Land^ward, adv. To- 
ward the land. — Land''fall, n. A sudden transfer- 
ence of property in land by the death of its owner. 
{Nattt.) The first land discovered after a voyage. — 
Land'^Iady, n. A woman who has tenants holding 
from her; mistress of a lodging-house. — Land''lock, 
V. t. To inclose or encompass bj' land. — Land'^lord, 
n. The lord of a manor or of land ; the owner of 
land or houses who has tenants under him; master 
of an inn or lodging-house. — Land''inark, n. A 
mark to designate the boundary of land ; any fixed 
and known object or prominent feature of a local- 
ity ; a striking historical event. {Naut.) Any ele- 
vated object on land that serves as a guide to sea- 
men. — Land'^scape, -skap, n. A portion of land 
which the eye can comprehend in a single view; a 
picture exhibiting some_real or fancied scene in na- 
ture. — Land'grave, -grav, n. A German nobleman 
of the rankof an Eng. earl or French count. — Land'- 
gravine, -ven, n. Wife of, etc. 

Landau, lan'do, n. A kind of coach whose top may 
be thrown back. 

Lane, Ian, n. A narrow 
way, road, street, alley, 
or private passage; 
passage between lines 
of people standing on 
each side. 

Language, lan^'gwej, n. 
Human speech; expres- 
sion of ideas by the voice, by writing, or other in stru- 
mentality; forms of speech peculiar to a particular 
nation; characteristic mode of arranging words pe- 
culiar to an individual speaker or writer ; style; 
ideas suggested by inanimate objects; a nation, as 
disting. by their speech ; tongue ; idiom ; dialect. 

Languish, lan^gwish, v. i. |^-guished (-gwisht), 
-GCisiiiNG.] To become languid or weak; to suffer, 
as from heat or drought; to grow dull, pine, droop, 
faint; to look with tenderness. — n. Act or condition 
of, etc. ; tender look or appearance. — Lan'guor, 
-gwer, n. State of being languid; lassitude; dullness 
of the intellectual facility ; listlessness. — Lan'guid, 
-gwid, a. Drooping from exhaustion; indisposed to 
exertion; slow in progress ; promoting or indicating 
weakness; faint; heavy; dull; weary; without ani- 
mation. 

Laniard. Same as Lanyard. 

Laniferous, Lanigerous. See under L an ate. 

Lank, lank, a. Loose or-lax, and yielding to pressure ; 
thin and slender; not plump; not full and firm. 

Lantern, lan-'tern, n. A portable or fixed transparent 
case inclosing a light, and protecting it from wind, 
rain, etc.; upper part of a lighthouse. {Arch.) A 
little dome over the roof of a building to give light; 
an open tower. {Mach.) A trundle wheel. — Dark 
lantern. A lantern with a single opening, which 
may be closed to conceal the light. 

Lanyard, lan^'yard, n. {Naut.) A short piece of line 
for fastening something in ships. {Mil.) A piece 
of twine, with an iron hook at one end, used in fir- 
ing cannon with a friction-tube. 

Lap, lap, n. The loose part of a coat ; part of the 
clothing that lies on the knees when one sits down; 
part of the body thus covered; part of any sub- 
stance which extends over or lies upon another; an 
edge; border; hem. {Mach.) A piece of soft metal, 
used to hold a cutting or polishing powder in cut- 
tang gla§s, gems, etc., or in polishing cutlery, etc. — 
V. t. [LAPPED (lapt), -PING.] {Mach.) To cut or 



Landau. 



polish (glass, etc.) with a lap. — v. i. To extend over 
or upon ; to lay partly over something else. — Lap'- 
fal, -ful, n. As much as the lap can contain.— Lap'- 
stone,"n. A stone for the lap, on which shoemakers 
beat leather.— Lap'dog, n. A small dog held in 
the lap. — streak, a. Made with boards whose edges 
lap one over another. — LapeK, n. That part ot a 
coat which is made to fold over. — Lap''pet, n. Part 
of a garment, etc., hanging loose; a flap. 

Lap, lap, V. t. [LAPPED (lapt), -ping.] To fold, wrap, 
or twist round; to infold, involve. — v. i. To be 
spread or laid on or over; to be turned over or upon. 

Lap, lap, V. i. To take up food or drink with the 
tongue; to make a sound like that produced by tak- 
ing up drink with the tongue. — v. t. To take with 
the tongue, lick up. 

Lapidary, lap't-da-rf, n. An artificer who cuts, pol- 
ishes, and engraves precious stones; a dealer in, or 
virtuoso skilled in gems, etc. — a. Pert, to the 
art of cutting stones. 

Lapse, laps, n. A gliding, slipping, or gradual falling ; 
unobserved progress or passing away; a slip; error; 
failing in duty. {Eccl. Law.) Omission of a patron 
to present a clerk to a benefice within 6 months 
after it becomes void. — v.i. [lapsed (lapst), lap- 
sing.] To pass silently or by degrees, glide, slip; to 
commit a fault, deviate from rectitude, fail in duty; 
to pass from one proprietor to another, by the negli- 
gence or failure of some one. {Law.) To become 
ineffectual or void. 

Lapsided, lop''sid-ed, a. Same as Lopsided. 

Lapwing, lap' wing, n. A wading bird of the plover 
family found on the sea- 
coast and on marshy 
moors in Eng. ; the 
pewit. 

Lar, lar, n.; pi. Lakes, 
la'^rez. {Rom. Antiq.) A 
household deity, regard- 
ed as the' soul of a de- 
ceased ancestor. 

Larboard, lar'berd, n. 
{Naut.) The left-hand 
side of a ship (looking 
toward the prow) ; port. 

Larceny, lar'se-nt, n 




Lapwing. 



{Law.) Unlawful taking of others' property ; theft. 

— Lar'^cenous, -se-nus, a. Of the nature of, or given 

to, etc. 
Larch, larch, n. A coniferous tree, having deciduous 

leaves, in whorls or clusters. 
Lard, lard, n. The fat of swine, melted and separated 

from the flesh. — v. t. To smear or mix with lard ; 

to grease; to fatten, enrich ; to mix with something 

by way of improvement ; to interlard. — Larda'- 

ceous, -shus, a. Consisting of, or resembling, lard. 

— Lard'er, n. A room where food is stored; pantry. 

— Lard''erer, n. One in charge of the larder. 
Lares. See Lak. 

Large, larj, a. Having great size, wide, extensive, — 
said of surface or area ; abundant, plentiful, — of 
quantity; numerous, populous, bulky, huge, — of 
size; diffuse, full, — of language, style, etc.; liberal, 
comprehensive, — of the mind; generous, noble, — 
of the heart or affections. — Lar'gess, n. A present; 
gift; donation. — Lar''go, a. (J/ws.) Slowly. — Lar- 
ghefto, -geftb, a. {Mus.) Somewhat slowly, but 
not so slowly as largo. 

Lariat, lar't-at, n. A long rope or cord for picketing 
horses in camp, also used as a lasso. 

Lark, lark, n. A migratory singing bird of several 
species, having a long, straight hind claw, strong 
bill, and erectile crest; esp. the skylark or laverock. 

— r. i. [larked (larkt), larking.] To catch larks. 

— Lark'spur, n. A plant with showy blue, red, or 
white flowers ; delphinium. 

Lark, lark, 72. -A frolic; a jolly time. — v.i. To make 
sport, frolic. 

Larrup, ISr^rup, v. t. To beat or flog. 

Larum, Ifir^'um, n. An alarm; anything to give an 
alarm or notice. 

Larva, lar''va, n. ; pi. -vje, -ve. An insect in the first 
stage after leaving the egg; a caterpillar, grub, or 
maggot. — Lar'vatdd, a. Masked ; clothed as with 
a mask. — Larve, larv, n. Same as Larva. 



6iin, cube, fudl ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; lisger or ink. tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



LARYNX 



220 



LAUD 



Larynx, ISKinks, n. {Anat.) 
trachea or windpipe, 
constituting the or- 
gan of voice. — Lar- 
yngeal, lar'in-je'al 
or Ta-rin^je-al, -gean, 
a. Pert, to the larynx. 
— Laryngot'omy, 
-got'o-mt, n. (Suiy.) 
Operation of cutting 
into the larynx, front 
the outside of the 
neck, to assist respi- 
ration when ob- 
struc ted, or to re- 
move foreign bodies. 



The upper part of the 




Larynx. 



Lascar, las kar O?* las- ^^ lateral view of larynx; B, section 
kar', n. InE. Indies, of larynx; h, hyoid bone ; th, thy- 
roid cartilage ; ar, arytenoid car- 
tilage ; cr, cricoid cartilage ; tr. 
trachea ; t, tongue ; si, superior 
vocal cord; ir, inferior vocal cord ; 
V, ventricle. 

lewd ; lustful; tending to 



a native sailor, em 
ployed in European 
vessels; a camp fol- 
lower. 

Lasciviotis, las-siv'I- 
us, a. Loose ; wanton 
produce lewd emotions. 

Lash, lash, «. The thong of a whip; a whip; scourge; 
cord; string; a stroke with a whip; stroke of satire 
or sarcasm; cut. — v. t. [lashed (lasht), lashing.] 
To strike with a lash, whip, scourge; to satirize; to 
throw up with a sudden jerk; to dash against; to tie 
or bind with a rope or cord. — v. i. To ply the whip, 
make a severe attack. 

Lass, las, n. A young woman; girl. 

Lassitude, las''st-tud, n. State of being relaxed or 
weak; languor of body or mind; weariness. 

Lasso, las'^so, n. ; pi. -sos, -soz. A rope or long leather 
thong with a running noose, for catching wild 
horses, etc. 

Last, Lastly. See under Late. 

Last, last, n. A foot-shaped block, on which boots or 
shoes are formed. 

Last, V. i. To continue in time, endure; to continue 
unimpaired, hold out. — Last'^ing, p. a. Of long con- } 
tinuance ; that may continue or endure ; durable ; 
permanent. — n. A very durable woolen stuff. — 
Lasfingly, adv. Durably; with continuance. 

Last, ?j. A load; a weight or measure, varying as to 
different articles, but estimated at 4,000 lbs.; the 
burden of a ship. 

Latakia, lat-a-ke'a, n. A superior quality of Turkish 
smoking tobacco, grown near Latakia, the ancient 
Laodicea. 

Latcli, lach, n. A movable catch for fastening a door 
orgate. (^'aaf.) A latching. — v.t. [latched (lacht), 
LATCHING.] To catch or fasten by means of a latch. 

Latchet, lach'^et, n. The string, thong, or fastening of 
a shoe or sandal. — Latch'^ing, n. (Jfaut.) ' A loop 
on the head rope of a bonnet, by which it is con- 
nected with the foot of the sail. 

Late, lat, a. [later or latter, latest or last.] 
Coming after others, or after the proper time; slow; 
tardy; far advanced towards the end; existing not 
long ago, but not now; deceased; out of office; hap- 
pening not long ago; recent. — adv. After the usual 
time, or time appointed; not long ago; lately; far 
in the night, week, etc. — Late'ly, adv. Not long 
ago; recently. — Late'^ness, n. — Lat'^er, a. Poste- 
rior ; subsequent. — Lafter, ISt'ter, a. More re- 
cent; mentioned the last of 2; lately past; modern; 
final. — Latter-day Saint. A Mormon. — Lafterly, 
adv. Lately; of late. — Lat 'ish, lat'ish, a. Some- 
what late. — Lat''est, a. Longest after the proper 
time; tardiest; last; most recent. — Last, a. Follow- 
ing all the rest; final; closing; liindmost; next before 
the present; incapable of being increased or sur- 
passed; utmost; most unlikely; having least fitness. 
— adv. The last time; the time before the present; 
in conclusion; finally; after all others in order or 
time. — Lasfly, adv. In the last place; finally. 

Lateen-sail, la- ten 'sal, w. (I^aut.) A triangular sail, 
extended by a long yard, —used in small boats, fe- 
luccas, xebecs, etc.,\'sp. in the Mediterranean. 

Latent, la' tent, a. Not visible or apparent; hid; secret; 
dormant. — Latent heat. (Phi/sic.i.) That portion of 
heat in any body which cannot be discerned by 



touch or by thermometer, but which becomes sensi- 
ble heat during certain changes in the body. 

Lateral, lat'er-al, a. Proceeding from, or attached 
to, the side; directed to the side. — Lat'erally, adv. 
By the side ; sidewise ; in the direction of the side. 

Lath, lath, h. ; pi. Laths, laiiiz. A thin, narrow 
board, or strip of wood to support tiles, covering, or 
plastering. — Lath, lath, v. t. [lathed (lathd), lath- 
ing.] To cover or line with laths. — Lath'ing, n. A 
covering of, or process of covering with, etc. -^ 
Lath'y, latii'I, a. Thin as a lath; long and slender. 




Lathe. 

A, shears or framing ; B. lead-screw ; C, tail-stock ; D, com- 
pound rest ; F, face-plate ; L, feed ; M, head-stock. 

Lathe, lath, n. (Mach.) A machine-tool in which a 
revolving piece of wood, metal, etc., may be shaped 
by a cutting instrument ; the movable swing-frame 
of a loom. 

Lather, lath'er, v. i. [-ered (-erd), -ering.] To form 
a foam with water and soap ; to become frothy. — 
v.t. To spread over with lather. — n. Foam niade 
by soap moistened with water ; froth from profuse 
sweat, as of a horse. 

Latin, lat'in, a. Pert, to the Latins, a people of 'La- 
tium, in Italy; Roman; pert, to, or composed in, the 
language used by the Romans or Latins. — n. A na- 
tive or inhabitant of Latium; the language of the 
ancient Romans. 

Latitude, lat'I-tud, 7i. Extent from side to side, or 
distance sidewise from a given point or Line; breadth ; 
width; space; looseness; laxity; independence; ex- 
tent of signification, application, etc.; extent of de- 
. viation from a standard, as truth, style, and the like ; 
amplitude; scope. (^Astron.) Angular distance of a 
heavenly body from the ecliptic. (Geog.) Distance 
of any place on the globe from the equator. — Lat'- 
itud'ina'rian, a. Not restrained ; not confined by 
precise limits; lax in religious principles or views. — 
w. One who, etc. ( TJieol.^ One who departs from 
the strict principles of orthodoxy ; in Eng., one of 
the Broad Church partj'. — LaVitad'iBa''nanis]n, n. 
A latitudinarian system or state: freedom of opinion 
in religious matters ; laxity of doctrine. 

Latten, laften, n. A fine kind of brass or bronze, 
used in the middle ages ; metal in thin sheets, as 
sheet tin; iron plate, covered with tin; milled brass. 

Latter, Latterly. See under Late. 

Lattice, laftis, n. Work made by crossing laths, rods, 
or bars, and form- 
ing a n e t-w o r k : 
anything made of 
strips interwoven 
so as to form net- 
work; esp., a win- 
d o w or window- 
blind.— I'.i. [-TICED 
(-tist), -ticing.] To 
form into open 
work ; to furnish 
with a lattice. 

Laud, lawd, n. A eu- 
logy; praise; com- 
mendation ; that 
part of divine wor- 
ship which consists 
in praise; music in 
honor of any one. 
— r. t. To praise, 
extol. — Laud'able, 
a. Praiseworthy; commendable; healthy. — Laud'- 
ableness, n. — Laud'ably, adv. — Lauda'tion, «. 
Commendation ; praise. — Laud'atory, -to-rl, a. 
Containing or expressing praise. — n. That which, 
etc. 




Lattice Window. 



am, fame, fiir, pass or opera, fare; end, eve, t?rm ; Tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



LAUDANUM 



221 



LAZZARONI 



Laadannm, law'da- or lod'a-nuni, n. A strong tinc- 
ture or alcoholic solution of opium. 

Laugh, liif, V. i. [laughed (lalt), laughing.] To ex- 
press mirth, derision, or satisfaction by the coun- 
tenance or voice; to appear gay, lively, or brilliant. — 
r. t. To express by laughing ; to ridicule or deride. 

— 11. An expression of mirth, etc., peculiar to the 
human species ; laughter. — Laagli''able, a. Fitted to 
excite laughter; droll; ludicrous; comical.— Laugh'- 
ing-gas, n. {Cheni.) Nitrous oxide, or protoxide of 
nitrogen, — which ordinarily produces exhilaration 
when inhaled. — stock, n. An object of ridicule. — 
Laugh'ter, laf'ter, n. An involuntary movement of 
the muscles of the face, or expression of the eyes, 
indicating merriment, satisfaction, etc., and usually 
attended by a sonorous and interrupted expulsion 
of air from the lungs. 

Laoncb, lanch, v. t. [launched (lancht), launching.] 
To cause to slide from the land into the water; to 
send forth or dispatch; to throw (a spear or dart). — 
V. i. To go forth, as a ship into the water; to expa- 
tiate in language. — n. The sliding of a ship from 
the land into the water. {Naut.) The largest size 
of boat belonging to a ship. 

Laundry, Laundress. See under Lave. 

Laurel, law'rel, n. A flowerj«g shrub or tree of sev- 
eral genera and many species: the Laurus nobilis, or 
sweet bay, with which heroes, poets, and scholars 
were formerly crowned, is an evergreen shrub of 
Africa and Europe, with aromatic leaves and purple 
berries : the mountain laurel, sheep laurel, and 
swamp laurel are handsome but poisonous species of 
kalmia. (pZ.) A laurel crown; honors. — Lau^'reate, 
-re-at, a. Decked or invested with laurel. — Poet 
laureate. In Eng., an officer of the royal household, 
orig. retained to compose odes for the king's birth- 
day and other state occasions. 

Lave, lav, v. t. [laved (lavd), laving.] To wash, 
bathe. — v.i. To wash one's self. ^—La'^ver, re. A 
vessel for washing. {Script. Hist.) A large brazen 
vessel in the tabernacle or temple, to hold the water 
in which the priests washed their hands and feet 
and the sacrificial animals. — Lavatory, Iftv^'a-to-rY, a. 
Washing, or cleansing by washing. — n. A place 
for washing ; a wash or lotion for a diseased part ; 
place where gold is obtained by washing.— Laundry, 
lan'^drT, n. A washing; place where clothes are 
washed and done up. — v. t. To wash and iron 
(clothes). — Laun^derer, -der-er, n. A man who 
washes clothes. — Laun'' dress, n. A washerwoman. 

— Lav'ender, n. An aromatic plant which yields an 
oil used in medicine and perfumery. — Lava, la''va 
or la'va, n.. Alelted rock ejected by a volcano. 

Lavish, lav'ish, n. Expending profusely, excessively, 
or foolishly; unrestrained; prodigal; e"xtravagant. — 
V. t. [lavished (-isht), -ishing.J To bestow with 

grofusion, expend prodigally, squander. [Fr. obs. 
1. lave, to pour out (water); not s. rt. lave, to wash.] 

— LaVishly, adv. — Lav'ishment, ?i. State of being 
lavish; profuse expenditure. — Lav'ishness, n. 

Law, law, n. A rule of conduct established by au- 
thority ; statute; regulation ; edict; decree ; the ap- 
pointed rules of a community or state, for the con- 
trol of its inhabitants ; established usage ; a rule, 
principle, or maxim of science or art ; the Jewish or 
Mosaic code, disting. fr. the gospel; hence, the Old 
Testament ; litigation; legal science; jurisprudence. 
(Nature.) The regular method or sequence by 
which certain phenomena follow certain conditions 
or causes, etc. ; any force, tendency, propension, or 
instinct, natural or acquired. {Morality.) The will 
of God, as the supreme moral ruler, concerning the 
conduct of all responsible beings. — Law'fnl, -ful, a. 
Agreeable, conformable to, or allowed b,y, law; com- 
petent; constituted by law; legal; constitutional; le- 
gitimate; rightful. — Law'fully, adv. In accordance 
with law; legally. — Law'fulness, n. — Law'less, a. 
Not subject to, or unrestrained by, the law of mo- 
rality or of society; contrary to, or unauthorized by, 
the civil law; not subject to the laws of nature. — 
Law'lessly, arft;. — Lawlessness, n. — Law'giver, n. 
One who makes or enacts a law ; a legislator. — 
Law'suit, n. A process in law instituted for the re- 
covery of a supposed right or to obtain justice ; an 
action. — Law'-book, n. A book containing, or treat- 



ing of, laws. — maker, n. A legislator ; a lawgiver. 

— Law'yer, /*. One versed in the laws, or a practi- 
tioner of law, — a general term comprehending at- 
torneys, counselors, solicitors, barristers, sergeants, 
and advocates. 

Lawn, lawn, n. An open space between woods ; a 
smooth space of ground covered with short grass, 
generally around a house. — Lawn'^y, -T, a. tevel ; 
Eke a lawn. — Lawn'ten^'nis, n. A variety of the 
game of tennis played upon an open lawn instead 
of in a tennis-court. 

Lawn, lawn, n. A sort of fine linen or cambric, used 
esp. for parts of the official robes of a bishop; the 
official dress itself. — Lawn'y, a. Made of lawn. 

Lax, laks, a. Not tense, firm, or rigid; flabby; soft; 
not tight; sparse; not crowded; of loose texture; 
easy or indulgent in principles or discipline; having 
too frequent alvine discharges; slack; unrestrained; 
dissolute;^ licentious. — n. A looseness; diarrhea. 

— Laxa''tion, n. Act of loosening, or state of being 
loose or slackened. — Lax'ative, -tiv, a. {Med.) 
Having the quality of loosening or opening the in- 
testines. — n. A medicine whicn, etc.; a gentle pur- 
gative.— Lax'^ity, -t-tl, -ness, n. State or quality of 
being lax, — as, slackness (of a cord) ; looseness (of 
a texture) ; want of exactness or jjrecision ; want of 
due strictness ; looseness (of the intestines) ; open- 
ness. — LaxOy, adv. 

Lay, imp. of Lie, q. v. _ 

Lay, la, v. t. [laid (lad), laying.] To cause to lie 
flat or to lie against something else ; to put down; to 
establish firmly; to beat down, prostrate; to place in 
order, arrange regularlj' ; to make ready, provide ; to 
spread on a surface ; to calm, appease, allay ; to pre- 
vent (a spirit) from manifesting itself ; to deposit (a 
wager), stake; to bring forth and deposit (eggs); to 
apply, put; to assess (a tax), impose (a burden, suf- 
fering, or punishment) ; to charge (origin of, or re- 
sponsibility for) ; to enjoin (a duty) ; to present or 
offer. {Naut.) To depress and lose sight of , oy sailing, 
or departing from. {Law.) To state, allege.— v. i. To 
produce eggs. {Naut.) To take a position; to come or 
go. — n. That which lies, or is laid; a row ; stratum; 
layer; a portion of the proceeds of labor, etc., under- 
taken on shares. ( Weaving.) A swinging frame in a 
loom, which lays the weft-threads parallel to each, 
other against the cloth 
previously woven. — 
Lay'er, la'^er, n. One 
who, or that which, 
lays ; thing laid, as, a 
stratum, bed, body 
spread over another; a 
course, as of bricks, 
stones, etc. ; a shoot or ■ 
twig of a plant, not de- 
tached from the stock, 
laid under ground for 
growth or propagation. — Lay^'ering, n. Propagation 
of plants by layers. 

Lay, la, n. A song; a species of narrative poetry among 
the ancient minstrels. 

Lay, la, a. Pert, to the laity or people, as distinct fr. 
tne clergy or from the members of a learned pro- 
fession; not clerical. — Lay'man, n. ; pi. -men. One 
of the people, disting. fr. the clergy ; also, one who 
does not belong to one of the other learned profes- 
sions, disting. fr. one who does. — La'ic, a. Pert, to 
the laity. — n. A layman. — La'ity, -I-tt, n. The 
people, disting. from the clergy. 

Lay-figure, la-'fig-'ur, n. A jointed figure of wood or 
cork, used as an artist's model. 

Lazar, la'zar, n. One infected with a pestilential dis- 
ease. — Laz'aret', -ret' to, La'^zar-house, n. A hos- 
pital or pest-house for the reception of diseased per- 
sons. — Laz'zaro''ni, -nl, n. pi. The beggars and 
homeless idlers of Naples,— so called fr. the hospital 
of St. Lazarus. 

La,zuli, laz''u-li, n. {Min.) A fine azure-blue amor- 
phous silicate of sodium, calcium, and aluminium, 
valued for ornamental work, — called also lapis laz- 
vli and lUtra-marine. 

Lazy, la^'zl, a. [-ziek, -zie-st.] Disinclined to exer- 
tion; moving slowly; sluggish; idle; slothful. 

Lazzaroni. See under Lazar. 




Layers. 



siin, cube, full ; mdon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



LEA 



222 



LEAVE 



L«a, Ley, le, n. A meadow or sward land ; a grassy- 
field. _ ' e J- 

Leach, lech, v. t. [leached (lecht), leaching.] To 
remove the soluble constituents from any material 
(as alkali from ashes) by causing water or other sol- 
vent to slowly pass through it. — v. i. To part with 
soluble constituents! by percolation. — «. A quantity 
of wood-ashes, through which water passes, imbib- 
ing the alkali ; a vat, chamber, or tub for leaching 
asnes, bark, etc. 

Lea4, led, n. A heavy, soft, bluish-gray metal, easily 
fusible and ductile; an article made of lead, — as, a 
plummet, for sounding at sea; (Ptint.) a thin plate 
of type-metal, to separate lines in printing ; a small 
cylinder of black lead or plumbago, used in pencils; 
sheets of lead covering roofs ; a roof covered with 
lead-sheets. — v. t. To cover, or fit, with lead. 
(Print.) To widen (space between lines) by insert- 
ing leads. 

I®~ This paragraph is leaded. 
Lead'ed, p. a. Fitted with, or set in, lead. (Print.) 
Separated by leads, as the lines of a page. — Lead'- 
en, led''n, a. Made of lead ; heavy ; indisposed to 
action; dull. — Lead'ing, 7i. Lead, or leaden articles 
collectively. — Lead'^-pen'oil, n. An instrjiment for 
drawmg, made of black lead or plumbago. 

Lead, led, v. t. [led, leading.] To show the way to, 
guide in a way; to guide by the hand, as a child or 
animal; to direct, as a commander, govern; to intro- 
duce by going first, precede ; to draw, allure, influ- 
ence; to pass, spend; to cause to pass or spend. — i-. 

. t. To go before and show the way; to conduct, as 
commander ; to have precedence or preeminence ; 
to put forth, or exercise, a tendency or influence. 

— n. Precedence ; guidance ; a navigable opening 
or lane in an ice-field ; a lode. — Lead'er, w. One 
who, or that which, etc. ; a guide ; conductor ; esp. 
one who goes first ; a commander ; the chief of a 
party or faction. (Mus.) A performer who leads a 
band or choir, also, in an orcliestra, the jperformer 
on the principal violin; the leading editorial article 
in a newspaper; a horse placed in advance of others, 
or one of a forward pair; pi. (Print.) a row of dots, 
to lead the eye across a space. — Lead'ership, n. 
State, condition, or office, of a leader ; command ; 
guidance ; lead. — Lead'ing, p. a. Chief; principal ; 
most important or influential; showing the way by 
going first. 

Leaf, lef, n. ; pi. Leaves, levz. (Bot.) 
One of those organs of a plant which 
in the aggregate constitute the foli- 
age and in which the sap is aerated 
and elaborated for use, — usually a 
flattened expansion of green paren- 
chyma upon a framework (veins or 
ribs) of woody fiber, attached by a 
petiole or leaf-stalk to a stem ' or 
branch: sepals, petals, scales, spines, 
tendrils, etc., are leaves modified for 
special uses. Something which folds, 
bends over, or otherwise resembles a 
leaf, — as, a part of a book containing 
2 pages ; a side or part, of windovv^ 
shutters, folding-doors, etc. ; the 
movable side of a tabic; a very thin 
plate, as of gold ; a portion of fat 
lying in a separate fold or layer ; a 
tooth of a pinion-wheel. — v. i. [leafed (left), leaf- 
ing.] To shoot, produce leaves. 

— Leafage, -ej, n. Leaves collec- 
tively; foliage.— Leaf y,-T, (7. T-ier, 
-lEST.] FmII of leaves. — Leaf'iness, 
n. — Leaf ' less, a. Destitute of 
leaves. —Leaflet, n. A little leaf; 
an unattached printed leaf. (Bot.). 
One of the divisions of a com- 
pound leaf. — Leave, lev, v. i. 
To leaf.— Leaf-bridge, 7i. A draw- 
bridge having a leaf or platform 
on each side, which rises and falls. Leaflets. 

— -bud, n. (Bot.) A scale-covered conical bud. 




Leaf. 

b, blade ; p, peti- 
ole, foot-stalk, 
r leaf-stalk ; 
st, stipules. 




containing rudiments of common leaves or of a leaf- 
bearing_branch. 

League, leg, n. A combination of parties for promo- 
ting their mutual interest, or executing any design 
in concert; a national contract or compact; alli- 
ance; confederac}'; coalition; combination. — v. i. 
[leagued (legd), leaguing.] To unite in a league, 
confederate. -Leag'uer, n. One who unites in a 
league ;_ a confederate. 

League, leg, n. A measure of distance, — in Eng. and 
U. S.Jthe marine league = 3 geographical miles. 

Leak, lek, 7?. A crack,, crevice, or hole in a vessel, 
that admits a fluid or permits it to escape; oozing of 
water or other fluid through an aperture in a vessel. 

— V. i. [leaked (lekt), leaking.] To let water, 
etc.. into or out of a vessel, through a crevice. — 
Leak'age, -ej, n. A leaking; quantity of a liquor 
that enters or issues by leaking. (Com.) Allowance 
of a certain rate per cent, for tne leaking of casks. — 
Leak'y, -T, a. [-ier, -iest.] Permitting liquid to 
leak in or out; apt to disclose secrets; tattling; not 
close_. — Leak^'iness, n. 

Leal, lei, a. Faithful ; loyal ; true. 

Lean, leu, v. i. [leaned (lend) or leant Gent), lean- 
ing.] To deviate from a perpendicular position or 
line; to be in a position #ius deviating; to incline in 
opinion, conform in conduct; to bend; to depend for 
support, comfort, etc. — v.t. To cause to lean, in- 
cline, support or rest. — Lean'-to, -too, n. A building 
whos" rafters pitch or lean against another building; 
a wall, etc. 

Lean, len, a. Wanting in flesh; bare; barren; barren 
of thoughts; jejune; low; poor; thin; meager; lank; 
skinnj'; gaunt." — n. The muscular part of flesh, 
Without lat. 

Leap, lep, r. ?. [leaped (lept) rarely leapt (ISpt), 
leaping.] To spring from the ground, jump, vault; 
to make a sudden jump, bound, skip; to manifest 
jo J' or vivacity. — v.t. To pass over oy leaping; to 
copulate with, cover. — n. Act of leaping; a jump; 
spring: bound; space passed by leaping; a hazardous 
or venturesome act; copulation with a female beast. 

— Leap'^er, n. — Leap'-frog, w. A play among bovs, 
in which one stoops and another leaps over him "by 
placing his hands on the shoulders of the former. 
— year, 7i. Bissextile; a year containing 866 days ; 
every 4th year, which leans over a day more than 
a common year, giving to February 29 daj^s. 

Learn, lem, f. t. [learned (lernd) or learnt (lernt), 
learning.] Orig., to teach (obs.); to acquire new 
knowledge or ideas from or concerning; to acquire 
skill in anything. — r. i. To receive information, 
intelligence, instruction, or knowledge. — Leam'- 
ing, n. Knowledge of principles or tacts received 
by instruction or study, or acquired by experience, 
experiment, or observation; erudition; lore; scholar- 
ship; letters. 

Lease, les, ti. A letting of lands, tenements, or here- 
ditaments to another for life, for a term of j'ears, 
or at will, for a specified rent or compensation; writ- 
ten contract- for such letting: tenure by grant or per- 
mission; time foi^which such tenure holds good. — 
V. t. [^leased (lest), leasing.] To grant tempora- 
ry possession of lands, etc., for rent; to let.— Lessee', 
-se'', 71. (Law.) One who takes an estate by lease. 

— Les'sor, -s6r, h. One who gives a lease. — Lease''- 
hold, a. Ueld by lease. — n. A tenure held by lease. 

Leash, lesh, 7i. A' thong of leather, or line, by which 
a falconer holds his hawk, or a courser his dog. 
(Sporting.) A brace and a half ; 3 creatures of any 
kind, esp. greyhounds, foxes, bucks, and hares; the 
number Sin general; a band wherewith to tie any- 
thing. — V. t.f [LEASHED (lesht), leashing.] To 
bind, hold by a string. 

Least, etc. See under I^ess. 

Leather, leth'er, n. The skin of an animal tanned, 
tawed, or otherwise dressed for use ; dressed hides 
collectively. — Leath''er, -ern, a. Made of, etc. — 
Leath''ery, -er-t, a. Like leather ; tough. 

Leave, lev, w. Liberty granted; permission; license; 
a formal parting of friends ; farewell ; adieu. 

Leave, lev, v. t. [left, leaving.] To witlidraw or 
depart from; to forsake, desert, abandon, relinquish : 
to .suffer to remain; to have remaining at death; to 
give by will, bequeath: to commit or truSt to. as a 



fim, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term : In. ici- . fivUl, tone, or; 



LEAVE 



223 



LEGUME 



deposit; to intrust; to permit or allow; to refer; to 
cease or desist from. — v. i. To cease, desist. 

Leave, lev, v. u To leaf, q. v. 

Leaven, lev^'n, m. A portion of fermenting dough, 
wliich, mixed with a larger quantity, produces fer- 
mentation in it, and renders it light ; yeast ; barm; 
anything which produces fermentation or works a 
general change in the mass.— v. t. [LEAVEXED(-nd), 
-E.viNG.] To excite fermentation in; to taint, imbue. 

Lecher, lech'Sr, n. A man given to lewdness. — r. i. 
[LECiiERED (-erd), -ERIXG.J To practice lewdness, 
mdulge lust. — Lech'erous, -er-us, a. Addicted to 
lewdness ; lustful ; provoking lust. — Lech'eroiisly, 
adv. — Leck'erousness, n. — Lech'^ery, -er-l, a. Free 
indulgence of lust; practice of indulging the animal 
appetite. 

Lection, lek'shun, n. A difference in copies of a man- 
uscript or book; a reading;'a portion of Scripture 
read in divine service. — Lec'tor, n. A reader ; one 
who read Scripture, etc., in the ancient churches. 
— Lec'tionary, -a-rT, n. The Roman Catholic ser- 
vice-book. — Lect'ure, lek'chur, h. Act or practice 
of reading ; a discourse on ariy subject, esp. a for- 
mal or methodical discourse, for instruction; a mag- 
isterial reprimand; formal reproof. —i). t. [lectured 
(-churd), -UEixG.] To instruct by discourses, in- 
struct authoritativel}% reprove. — v. i. To deliver a 
discourse; to practice delivering lectures to instruct 
or amuse. — Lect'^urer, n. One who, etc.; a preacher 
in a church, who assists the rector or curate. — Lect'- 
ureship, n. Office at a lecturer. 

Lectum, -tern, lek'tgrn, Lef- 
tern, h. A reading-debk, in 
churches. 

Led, etc. See under Le.\d. 

Ledge, lej, n. A shelf on which 
to lay articles ; whatever resem- 
bles such a shelf ; a ridge or 
part projecting beyond the rest, 
as rocks ; a layer or stratum ; a 
small molding ; a piece against 
which something rests. (lYawi.) 
A small timber athwart ships, 
under the deck, between the 
beams. 

Ledger, lej^'er, n. A mercantile ac- 
count-book, in which all debits 
and credits from the journal 
are placed under appropriate 
heads. {Arch.) A slab of stone, 
such as is laid over a tomb ; a 
piece of timber used in a scaf- 



folding. 
Ledger-line, n. 



Lecturn 





See Le^er-line, under Leger. 

Lee, le, n. ; pi. Lees, lez. That which settles at the 
bottom of a cask of liquor (esp. wine), etc.; sedi- 
ment; dregs. 

Lee, le, w. (2{aut.') A place defended from the wind; 
that side of an object which is protected from the 
wind by the object itself; that quarter toward which 
the wind blows, — opp. to that whence it proceeds. 
— a. Of, or pert, to, the side opposite to that against 
which the wind blows. — Lee'- 
ward, Ioo''erd, a. Pert, to, or 
in the direction of, the part 
away f r. the wind. — adv. To- 
ward the lee. — Lee'way, le''- 
wa, n. The lateral movement 
of a ship to the leeward of her 
course, or the angle which the 
line of her way makes with her 
keel; drift. 

Leech, lech, n. A physician. 
(Zool.) An aquatic sucking 
worm, used for the local ab- 
straction of blood; blood-suck- 
er. — V. t. To treat with medi- 
cine; heal ; to bleed by means 
of leeches. 

Leech, lech, n. (N'aut.) The 
border of a sail at the sides. 

Leek, lek, n. A plant of the t « V 

onion family, having an ob- , .„. ^^^^- 
long, _edible bulb. _ (Allium porrum.) 

Leer, ler, v. i. [leered (lerd), leering.] To look 



obliquely; to cast a lingering, sidelong look, express- 
ive of lust, hatred, etc. — n. A sidelong lustful or 
malign look ; arch or affected look. 

Lees. See Lee, sediment. 

Leet, l§t, n. {Eng. Law.) Acourt-leet, q. v. ; district 
within the jurisdiction of a court-leet. A list of can- 
didates for office. 

Left. See Leave. 

Left, left, a. In the direction, or on the side of, the 
part opp. to the right of the body.— re. The side op- 
posite to the right. — Leffhanded, a. Having the 
left hand more strong and dextrous than the right ; 
clumsy ; awkward ; unlucky ; inauspicious ; sinis- 
ter ; malicious. 

Leg, le^, n. The limb of an animal, used in support- 
ing the body ; esp. that part from the knee to the 
foot ; that which resembles a le^ ; esp. any long and 
tiiender support on which an object rests; that part 
of a stocking, etc., which covers the leg. — Leg'gin, 
-ging, n. A covering for the le^, as a gaiter. 

Legacy, leg''a-sT, n. A gift, by will, of money or other 
property; a bequest; anything bequeathed. — Leg'- 
atee'', -te'', n. One to whom alesacy is bequeathed. 
— Lea'ator', -tSr', n. One who bequeaths, etc. 

Legal, le''gal, a. According to, in conformity with, 
created by, or relating to, law; lawful. {Theol.) Ac- 
cording to the law of works, disting. fr. free grace; 
resting on works for salvation; according to the old 
or Mosaic dispensation. {Law.) Governed by rules 
of law as disting. fr. ru-les of equity. Constitutional; 
legitimate ; licit ; authorized. — LegaKity, -T-tl, n. 
State of being legal ; conformity to law. {Theol.) 
Outward conformity to law without iaward princi- 
ple. — Le'galize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To 
make lawful; to authorize ; to sanction after being 
done. {Theol.) To interpret in a legal spirit. — Le'- 
gally, adv. According to law ; lawfully. 

Legate, leg'at, n. An embassador or envoy; esp. the 
pope's embassador to a foreign state. — Lega^'tion, n. 
The commissioning one person to act for another ; 
a legate, or envoy, and the persons associated with 
him in his mission; the official residence of a diplo- 
matic minister at a foreign court. 

Legatee, Legator. See under Legacy. 

Legend, legend or lej-'end, n. A chronicle of the 
lives of saints, formerly read at matins ; a story re- 
specting saints, esp., one of a marvelous nature; any 
remarkable story handed down from early times ; 
an inscription or motto, as on a coat of arms. — Leg'- 
endary, -a-rl, a. Consisting of, or like, legends ; 
strange; fabulous; exaggerated; extravagant.— Leg''- 
ible, -t-bl, a. Capable of being read, or of being dis- 
covered by apparent indications. — Leg'ibly, adv. 

Leger. See Ledger. 

Leger, lej'er, a. Light; slender; slight; unimportant; 
trifling. — Leger line. {Mus.) A line added above or 
below the staff to extend its compass. — Leg'erde- 
main', -de-man', n. A trick performed with such 
adroitness as to elude observation ; sleight of hand. 

Legging. See under Leg. 

Legible, etc. See under Legend. 

Legion, le''jun, n. {Rom. Antiq.) A body of infantry, 
consisting of from 3,000 to 5,000 men ; a military 
force ; a great njimber ; multitude. 

Legislate, lej''is-lat, v. i. To enact a law or laws.— Leg- 
isla'^tion, n. Act of legislating,', or enacting laws. — 
Leg-'isla'tive, -tiv, a. Giving laws ; pert, to the en- 
acting of laws; done by enacting. — Leg'isla'tively, 
adv. — Leg'isla'tor, -ter, n. A lawgiver ; 
one who makes laws for a state or commu- 
nity ; member of a legislative assembly. — 
Leg'isla'ture, -chur, n. The body of men 
in a state empowered to make and repeal 
laws. — Legitimate, -jift-mat, a. Accord- 
ant with law ; lawfully begotten or born ; 
genuine; real; following by, logical or nat- 
ural seqiience ; in accordance with estab- 
lished law ; acknowledged as conforming' 
to a rule or standard. — v. t. To make law- 
ful,'1egalize ; to render legitimate; to com- 
municate the rights of a legitimate child 
to one illegitimate. 

Legtune, leg'um or le-gtim', n. {Bot.) A sim- Legume, 
pie pod, which splits into 2 parts (by the 
ventral and dorsal sutures) and has the seeds at- 




sHn, cube, full; moon, tdftt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxboN, cliair, get. 



LEISURE 



224 



LEVEE 




tached at the ventral suture, as of the pea or bean. 
2jI- The fruit of lejj'uniinous plants of the pea kind; 
pulse. — Lega''minoas, -nil-nus, a. Pert, to, or con- 
sisting of, pulse. (Bot.) Bearing legumes, as seed- 
vessels. 

LeiBore, le'zhur, ?i. Freedom from occupation or busi- 
ness ; vacant time ; convenient opportunity ; con- 
venience ; ease. — Lei'surely, a. Exhibiting, or em- 
ploying, leisure; deliberate; slow. — adv. Slowly. 

Lemma, lem'ma, n.; L. pi. -m.\ta, -ma-ta; E.pl. -mas, 
-maz. {Math.) A preliminary proposition demon- 
strated for immediate use in the demonstration of 
some other proposition. 

Lemming, Leming, lem'ming, n. A rodent animal of 
the far north, esp. of Europe, allied to the rat, which 
periodically migrates southward in great swarms. 

Lemon, lem-'un, n. A yellowish, oval fruit, with a very 
acid pulp; the tree producing it. — Lem^onade'', -ad% 
n. A beverage of lemon-juice and water, sweetened. 

Lemur, le'mur, n. A small nocturnal mammal of 
Madagascar, 
allied to the 
monkey, but 
havin g a 
sharp,, fox- 
like muzzle. 
— Lem'^ures, 
-u-rez, n. pi. 
Spirits or 
ghosts of the 
de parted ; 
specters. 

Lend,lend, v. *. 

[LENT, LEND- 
I N G . ] To 

grant to an- 
otherfortem- 
porary use or 
on condition 
of receiving Lemur, 

an equivalent in kind ; to loan ; to afford, grant, or 
furnish ;. to let for compensation. — Loan, Ion, n. 
Act of lending ; thing lent; thin^ furnished on con- 
dition that the specific thing shall be returned, orits 
equivalent in kind ; esp. monej^ lent on interest ; 
permission to use; grant of the use. — v. t. [loaned 
(lond), LOANING.] To lend. — v. i. To lend money 
or other valuable property; to negotiate a loan, — 
said of the lender. 

Length, Lengthen, etc. See under Long. 

Lenient, le''nr-ent, a. Emollient ; softening ; mitiga- 
ting ; acting without rigor or severity ; mild ; clem- 
ent; merciful. —w. {Med.) That which softens or 
assuages ; an emollient. — Le''niently, adv. — Len'- 
itive, -T-tiv, a. Having the quality of mitigating 
(pain or acrimony); emollient. — n. {Med.) A 
medicine easing pain ; a mild purgative ; laxative. 
That which tends to allay passion ; a palliative. — 
Len'ity, -T-tT, Le'^nience, -ency, -nT-en-sl, n. Mild- 
ness of temper ; gentleness of treatment ; kindness; 
clemency; mercy. 

Lens, lenzi n. ; pi. Lenses. ( Opt.) A piece of glass, 
or other transparent substance, 
ground with 2 opposite regular 
surfaces, used in optical instru- 
ments for changing the direction 
of rays of light, to magnify ob- 
jects or otherwise modify vision : 
of spherical lenses, there a r e 6 
varieties, as shown in section in 
the figures, viz., «, plano-concave; 
6, double-concave ; c, plano-con- 
vex ; d, double-convex ; e, menis- 
cus ; /, concavo-convex. — Len''- 
til, ?«. A small leguminous plant; 
its edible lens-shaped seeds. — Len- 
tlc'ular, a. Like a lentil in size 
or form ; shaped like a double- 
convex lens. — Lentig'inous, -tij^I-nus, a. Freckly ; 
scurfy; furfuraceous. 

Lent, lent, n. A fast of 40 days, from Ash Wednesday 
till Easter, commemorating our Savior's fast. 

Lent, lent, n. That which is loaned ; a loan, 

L'envoy, -voi, laN-vwa', n. One or more detached 
veisesat the end of a literarj* composition, to convey 




the moral, or to address the poem to a particular per- 
son; a conclusion; result, 

Leo, le'o, H. {Astron.) The Lion, the 5th sign of tht 
zodiac. — Le'^onine, -nin, a. Pert, to, or like, a lion. 

Leopard, lep'ard, n. A carnivorous digitigrade mam- 
mal of the genus Ftlis : it is of a yellow or fawn col- 
or, with numerous black spots, and is found in Asia 
and Africa. 

Leper, lep'er, n. One affected with leprosy. — Lep'- 
rosy, -ro-sl, n. {Med.) A name applied 'to several 
loathsome, incurable cutaneous or tuberculous dis- 
eases, esp. one with progressive destruction of ex- 
tremities, etc. ; a form of elephantiasis. — Lep'rous, 
-rus, a. Infected with leprosy. 

Leporine, lep-'o-rin or -rTn, a. Pert, to, or having the 
nature or qualities of, the hare. 

Lesion, le'zhun, n. A hurt; injury. {Law.) Loss or 
injury from not receiving a full equivalent for what 
one gives under an inequitable commutative con- 
tract. {Med.) Any morbid change in the exercise of 
functions or texture of organs. 

Less, les, a. Smaller; not so large or great. — adv. 
Not so much; in a smaller or lower degree. — n. A 
smaller portion; the inferior ; younger. — Less'^en, 
\es^n,v.t. [-SENED (-snd), -SENiNG.J To make less 
or smaller ; to reduce in size, quantity, number, or 
amount, diminish in quality, state, or degree, re- 
duce in dignity, abate, lower, degrade. — v. i. To 
become less, contract, decrease, diminish. — Less'- 
er, a. Less; smaller ; inferior. — Lest, conj. That 
not ; for fear that. — Least, lest, a. Smallest; little 
beyond others, either in size or degree; of the small- 
est worth or importance. — adv. In the smallest or 
lowest degree. 

Lessee, Lessor. See under Lease. 

Lesson, les'n, n. Anything read or recited to a teach- 
er by a pupil; something assigned to be learned or 
taught at one time; instruction derived from expe- 
rience, observation, or deduction ; a portion of Scrip- 
ture read in divine service ; severe lecture ; rebuke. 
— V. t. [LESSONED (-nd), -ONiNG.] To teach, instruct. 

Lest. See under Less. 

Let, let, V. t. [LET (LETTED is obsolete), letting.] 
To give leave or power by a positive act; or, nega- 
tively, to withhold restraint; not to prevent: to 
permit, allow, suffer ; to grant possession and use 
for a compensation; to lease, — often followed by 
out. 

Let, let, V. t. To retard, hinder, impede, — n. A hin- 
drance ; obstacle ; delay. 

Letch, lech, v. t. To leach. See Leach. 

Lethal, le'thal, a. Deadly; mortal; fatal. 

Lethe, le'the, n. {Gr. Myth.) One of the rivers of 
hell, causing forgetfulness of all that was past to 
those who drank of it. Oblivion; a draught of ob- 
livion; forgetfulness.— Leth'argy, -ar-jT, n. Preter- 
natural sleepiness ; morbid drowsiness ; dullness ; 
inattention ; apathy. — Lethar'gic, -gical, a. Given 
to, like, pert, to, or caused by, etc. 

Letter, let''ter, n. A mark or character, used as the 
representative of an articulate elementary sound; a 
written message ; epistle; mere verbal expression; 
literal meaning; exact signification. {Print.) A char- 
acter formed of metal or wood, used in printing ; 
type used for printing, — spoken of collectively. pZ. 
Learning; erudition.— v. t. [lettered (-terd), -tee- 
ing.] To impress or mark with letters. 

Lettuce, let''tis, n. A lactiferous plant, of many vari- 
eties, the slightly narcotic leaves of which are used 
as salad, etc; 

Leucorrhcea, lu-kor-re'a, n. {Med.) Fluor albus; the 
whites; a morbid discharge of white, yellowish, or 
greenish mucus, from the vagina. f 

Levant, lev'ant, a. Eastern. — Levant', n. The 
countries of Turkey, S3'ria, Asia Minor, Greece, 
Egvpt, etc., washed "by the eastern part of the Med- 
iterranean, —v. i. To abscond, decamp mysterious- 
ly. — f r. reports spread that absconders had gone to 
the Levant. — Levanfer, n. A strong easterh' wind 
in the Mediterranean ; one who runs away without 
paying wagers he has lost, or otherwise runs away 
disgracefullv.— Levantine, le-vant'Tn or lev'ant-Tn, 
a. Pert, to the Levant.— ?i. A native or inhabitant 
of the Levant; a kind of silk cloth. 

Levee, lev'e or le-ve', n. A morning reception or as 



am, fame, far, pass o?- opera, fare ; end, eve, terra ; In, Ice ; 8dd, tone. 5r ; 



LEVEL 



225 



LICENSE 




(i, spirit or air level ; 6, artillery 
foot level ; c, carpenter's level ; 
d, maaon's level. 



sembly of visitors; any general gathering of guests; 
a bank or causewaj', esp. along a river, to prevent in- 
undation. — Lev'y, -T, V. t. [levied (-id), -yixg.] 
To raise, collect, — said of troops, to form into an 
army; to impose; to raise by assessment. {Law.) To 
gather or exact ; to erect, build, or set up; to attach 
specific property for a debt, seize on execution. — 
n. Act of taking by authority or force for public 
service, as troops, taxes, etc. ; thing levied, as an 
army, tribute, etc. (Law.) The seizure of property 
on executions to satisfy judgments, or on warrants 
for the collection of taxes; a collecting by executipn. 

Level, lev'el, a. Not having one part Higher than 
another ; even ; flat ; sniootli ; horizontal ; of the 
same height with anything else ; equal in rank or 
degree. — v.t. [leveled (-eld), -elixg.] To make 
smooth, even, or horizontal ; to bring to the same 
height with sometliing else, lay flat, reduce to an 
even surface or plane, or to equality of condition, 
state, or degree; to point, in taking aim; to direct, 
utter; to adapt to the capacity of. — v. i. To aim; 
to direct the view or purpose. — n. A line or plane 
everywhere parallel to the surface of still water, — a 
curve, the center of which coincides with the earth's 
center; a horizontal line or surface ; a smooth or 
even line, plane, or surface ; equal elevation with 
something else; degree of energy, intensity, or at- 
tainment; rate; standard; quiet condition; position 
of rest; rule : plan; 
scheme; line of direc- 
tion in which a mis- 
sive weapon is aimed. 
(Ifech.) A n instru- 
ment by which to find 
a horizontal line, or 
adjust something with 
reference to such a 
line. {Mining.) A hor- 
izontal gallery or pas- 
sage in a mine at a 
given depth; a drain- 
age adit or drift. — Lev'eler, n. One who levels or 
makes even ; one who attempts to destroy distinc- 
tions, and reduce to equality. — Lev^'eling, n. Re- 
duction of uneven surfaces to a plane. {Surveying.) 
Art or operation of ascertaining the differences of 
level between points of the earth's surface included 
in a survey. — Lev'elness, n. 

Lever, leaver or lev'er, n. {Mech.) A bar used over or 
against a fulcrum, to exert a pressure, overcome re- 
sistance, or sustain a weight. See Mechanical Pow- 
ers. — Lev'erage, -ej, n. Action of a lever; mechan- 
ical advantage gained by the use of, etc. 

Leveret, lev'er-et, n. A hare in the first year of its age. 

Leviathan, le-vi^'a-than, n. An aquatic animal, de- 
scribed in the book of Job, Psalms, etc.; a crocodile, 
whale, or other aquatic monster. 

Levite, le'vit, n. {Jeivish Hist.) One of the tribe or 
family, or a descendant, of Levi; esp., one not in the 
priesthood, but employed in certain subordinate du- 
ties of the tabernacle, and afterward the temple. — 
Levit'lcal, -vTfik-al, a. Belonging, or relating, to 
the Levites. — Levit'icus, n. The 3d book of the Old 
Testament, containing the laws which relate to the 
priests and Levites among the Jews. 

Levity, lev'T-tT, n. "Want of weight in a body, com- 
pared with another that is heavfer; lightness; buoy- 
ancy; frivolity; vanity; lightness of temper or con- 
duct; want 01 seriousness; disposition to trifle; in- 
constancy ; volatility ; flightiness. 

Levy. See under Levee. 

Lewd, lud, a. Given to the unlawful indulgence of 
lust ; eager for sexual indulgence ; 
proceeding from or expressing lust ; 
libidinous ; profligate ; dissolute ; 
lascivious ; lecherous. 

Lewis, lu^is, Lew'isson, n. An iron 
clamp dove-laUed into a large stone 
to lift it by. 

Lexicon, leks'l-kon, n. A vocabulary, 
-or book containing the words in a 
language, with definitions ; a dic- 
tionary ; esp. one of a foreign lan- 
guage,with JEng. definitions. — Lex'- 
icog'^raphy, -ra-f T, n. Act or art of 




Lewis. 



composing dictionaries ; principles in accordance 
with which dictionaries snould be constructed. — 
Lexicog'rapher, -ra-fer, n. The author or compiler 
of a dictionary. — Lexicol'Dgy, n. Science of the 
derivation and signification of words. 

Ley, li, n. Alkaline water: see Lye. 

Ley, le. A meadow: see Lea. 

Liable, li^a-bl, a. Obliged in law or equity; answer- 
able; accountable; responsible; bound; subject; ex- 
posed, — used with reference to evils. — Li''ableness, 
Liabil'ity, «. State of bein^, etc.; responsibility; 
tendency; a state of being subject, pi. That which 
one is under obligation to pay; debts. — Liaison, le- 
a-zaw^j', »t. An intimac}'; esp., an illicit intimacy 
between a man and a woman. — Liana, le-a'na, Li- 
ane, le-an', n. A luxurious woody creeper, of trop- 
ical forests. 

Liar. See under Lie. 

Libel, li'bel, re. {Law.) A defamatory writing; pub- 
lished defamation ; lampoon ; satire. {Civil Law 
and Courts of Admiralty.) A written declaration 
by the plaintiff of his cause of action, and of the re- 
lief he seeks. Crime of publishing a defamatory 
writing.— v. t. [libeled (-held), -beling.] To de- 
fame or expose to public hatred and contempt by a 
writing, picture, sign, etc. {Law.) To proceed 
against bj' filing a libel, esp. against a ship or goods. 

— Li'belous, -us, a. Defamatory. 

Liberal, lib^er-al, a. Free by birth; refined; befitting 
a freeman or gentleman; bestowing with a free 
hand; open-hearted; not narrow in mind; catholic; 
bountiful, — said of a gift; profuse; not restricted; 
not bound by orthodox or established tenets in po- 
litical or religious philosophy ; friendly to great 
freedom in the forms of administration of govern- 
ment; not strict or literal. — n. One who advocates 
freedom from restraint, esp. in political or religious 
matters. — LiberaKity, -1-tT, n. Munificence ; boun- 
ty ; act of generosity; donation; gratuity; largeness 
of mind; catholicity; candor; impartiality. — Lib'- 
eralize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -peing.] To render lib- 
eral or catholic, free from narrow views or preju- 
dices, enlarge. — Lib'eraUy, adv. In a liberal man- 
ner: generously; with regard to otHfer interests than 
one's own; witli enlarged views; freely; not literally. 

— Lib'^erate, -er-at, v. t. To release from restraint, 
set at liberty, deliver, free, manumit; disengage. — 
libera^'tion, n. Act of delivering, or state of being 
delivered, from restraint, confinement, or slavery. — 
Lib''era'tor, -ter, n. One who, etc.— Lib'ertine, -tin, 
n. {Rom. Antiq.) One manumitted, or set free from 
servitude ; a freedman. One free from restraint ; 
one who leads a dissolute, licentious life ; a rake ; 
debauchee ; a skeptic; free thinker. — a. Free from 
restraint; uncontrolled; dissolute; licentious. — Lib'- 
erty, -er-tT, n. State of one who is free ; ability to 
do as one pleases; permission granted; leave; privi- 
lege; immunity enjoj'ed by prescription or by grant; 
place within which certain privileges or immunities 
are enjoyed, or jurisdiction is exercised; permission 
to go about freely within certain limits, as in a place 
of confinement ; limits within which such freedom 
or privilege is had; freedom from, or neglect of ob- 
servance of, the laws of etiquette, propriety, or 
courtesy ; power of choice ; freedom from compul- 
sion or constraint. -Libid-'inous, -t-nus, a. Eager 
for sexual indulgence; fitted to excite lustful desire; 
lewd: lascivious; unchaste; licentious; salacious. 

Libra, li^bra, ?i. (Astron.) The Balance ; the 7th sign 
in the zodiac, which the sun enters at the autumnal 
equinox in September. — Li'brate, -brat, v. t. To 
poise, balance, hold in or bring to an equipoise. — v. 
i. To move, as a balance, oscillate ; to De poised. 

Library, li'bra-rY, re. A collection of books: an edifice 
or apartment appropriated to books. — Libra^rian, 
-rY-an, n. One who has care of a library. — Libra'- 
rianship, n. Office of a librarian. — Libret'to, n.; 
pi. -Tos, -toz. {Miis.) A book containing the words 
of an opera or extended piece of music ; the words 
themselves. 

Lice. See Louse. 

License, li'sens, n. Authority or liberty to do or for- 
bear any act; esp., formal permission from proper 
authorities to perform certain acts; written docu- 
ment by which permission is conferred; excess of 



stin, cube, full; moon, fcit»t; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, bonbon, chair. 



get. 



LICHEN 



226 



LIGHT 



liberty; exorbitant freedom; disregard of laworpro- 
priet3'; liberty taken by a poet or artist. — v. t. [li- 
censed (-senst), -CENSING.] To permit by grant of 
authoritj' ; to authorize to act in a particular char- 
acter ; to tolerate, permit. — Licen''tio'iis, -shus, a. 
Using license ; indulging too great freedom ; unre- 
strained b3' law or morality; uncontrolled; ungov- 
ernable : wanton ; dissolute ; immoral. 

Lich&n, li-'ken or lich'en, n. One of an order of cel- 
lular, flowerless plants, having no distinction of leaf 
and stem, growing on rocks, trees, etc., in the form 
of thin crusts, leaf-like expansions, or miniature 
shrubs. (Med.) A cutaneous eruption, attended 
with tingling and pricking. 

Lick, lik. V. t. [licked (likt), licking.] To pass or 
draw the tongue over; to lap, take in by the tongue. 

— «. A place where salt is deposited from springs, 
resorted to by animals, which lick the surface to ob- 
tain the salt. 

Lick, lik, ?^ f. To strike repeatedly for punishment; 
to flog, beat, whip, castigate. — n. A blow. — Lick'- 
ing, n. A beating. 

Licorice, lik'o-ris, n. (Bot.) A hardy, herbaceous 
plant ; its sweet, mucilaginous root, used dry for 
chewing, and in porter-brewing and medicinal com- 
positions; a sweet, dark-colored, inspissated extract 
of the root of this plant, used as a remedy for coughs 
or colds. 

Lictor, lik'^ter, n. (Rom. Antiq.) An officer who at- 
tended the magistrates. 

Lid, lid, n. A movable cover, as of a vessel or box; 
cover of the eyes ; eyelid. 

Lie, li, n. Water impre";nated with alkali. See Lye. 

Lie, li, n. A criminal falsehood; willful deceit; an in- 
tentional violation of truth ; anything which mis- 
leads, as false doctrine, etc. — v. i. [lied (lid), ly- 
ing.] To utter falsehood with an intention to de- 
ceive; to say or do anything with intent to deceive. 

— Li''ar, n. One who, etc. — Ly'ing, a. Addicted 
to, etc. — n. The practice of, etc. — Ly^ingly, adv. 

Lie, li, V. i. [imp. lay (la), ^j. p. lain (Ian) or obs. 
lien (li''en), lying.] To rest extended, as on the 
ground, bed, or couch ; to be in a horizontal position ; 
to be situated; to abide, remain; to belong, pertain, 
consist; to lodge, sleep; to weigh, press. (Law.) To 
be capable of being maintained. 

Lief, lef, adv. Gladly; willingly; freely, — used in the 
phrase, I had as lief go as not. 

Liege, lej, a. Bound by a feudal tenure; subject; en- 
forcing allegiance; sovereign. — n. One who owes 
allegiance; a vassal; a lord or superior; sovereign. — 
Liege'inan, n. ; pi. -men. A vassal; subject. 

Lien, le'en or li'en, n. (Law.) A legal claim ; a 
charge upon real or personal property for the satis- 
faction of some debt or duty. 

Lieu, lu, n. Place ; room ; stead. — Lieuten'^ant, lu- or' 
lef-ten''ant, n. An officer, civil or military, who sup- 
plies the place of an absent superior ; a commis- 
sioned officer next below a captain in the army, or 
.lieutenant-commander in the navy. 

Lieve. Same as Lief. 

Life, lif, n.; pi. Lives, llvz. Animate existence; vital- 
ity; the time during which this state continues; the 
present state of existence; sometimes, the perpetual 
existence of the soul in the present and future state; 
external manifestation of life ; manner of living; 
conduct; a person or thing imparting spirit, vigor, 
or enjoyment; animation; vivacity; energy; the liv- 
ing form; real person or state; a living person; ani- 
mals in general, or considered collectively; narrative 
of a past life; biographical narration; happiness in 
the favor of God; neavenly felicity, disting. fr. eter- 
nal death ; position in society ; social state ; course 
of things ; human affairs ; that which is dear as 
one's existence ; a darling. — "Life'less, a. Dead ; 
deprived of, or destitute of, life; destitute of power, 
vigor, or spirit ; insipid ; tasteless, as liquor ; want- 
ing physical energy ; sluggish ; torpid ; inert ; dull ; 
frigid; vapid; flat; tasteless.— Live, liv, v. i. [lived 
(livd), living.] To have life, be animated; to pass 
one's life or time as to habits or constitution ; to 
abide, dwell, reside ; to continue in existence, re- 
main, last; to enjoy life; to feed, subsist, be nour- 
ished; to be maintained in life, acquire a livelihood. 
(Script.) To be exempt from spiritual death; to be 



inwardly quickened, and actuated by divine influ- 
ence or faith. — v. t. To spend (one's fife); to act ha- 
bitually in conformity to. — Liv^ing, a. Having 
life; lively; issuing continually from the earth; flow- 
ing; producing action, anima'tion, and vigor. — n. 
Means of subsistence; livelihood; act of living, or 
living comfortably; in Eng., the benefice of a cler- 
gyman; one who is, or those who are, alive. — Live, 
Iiv, a. Having life; full of earnestness; active; con- 
tainingfire; ignited; vivid; bright; glowing, as color. 

— Live'lihood, -lT-h<56d, ^i. Means of maintaining 
existence ; support of life ; maintenance. — Live'^ly, 
-IT, a. [-LIEE, -LiEST.] Endowed with or manifest- 
ing life; living; bri<:k: vivacious; active; gav; spir- 
ited ; representing life ; life-like ; strong ; bright ; 
vivid : glowing. — adv. With strong resemblance 
of life. — Live'liness, n. Quality or state of being 
lively or animated ; spirit ; appearance of life, ani- 
mation, or spirit; sprightliness: vivacity; smartness; 
effervescence, as of liquors. — Livelong, Itv'long, a. 
Long in passixg ; long as life ; lasting ; entire. — 
Live'-oak, n. (Bot.) An evergreen oak growing in 
the Southern States. 

Lift, lift, V. t. To raise, elevate, bring up to a higher 
place; to exalt, improve in fortune, estimation, rank, 
etc.; to cause to swell (with pride), elate. — v. i. To 
exert strength for the purpose of raising something 
heavy; to rise, be raised, seem to rise. — n. Act of 
lifting; thing to be raised; assistance in lifting, and 
in general. An elevator; lifter; a rise; degree of ele- 
vation. 

Lift, lift, v. t. To take and carry away, remove, steal. 

Ligate, li^gat, v. t. (Surg.) To tie with a ligature, 
bind around, bandage. — Lig'^ament, n. Anything 
that ties or unites one thing to another ; a bond. 
(Anat.) A strong, compact membranous or tendi- 
nous substance connecting the ends of movable 
bones, or holding viscera in place. — Lig'atiire, -a- 
chur, n. Anything that binds; act of binding ; state 
of being bound; stiffness. (Mus.) A band or line con- 
necting notes. (Print.) A double character, or a type 
consisting of 2 or more letters united. (Surg.) A 
string for tying blood-vessels, to prevent hemor- 
rhage ; a thread or wire used to remove tumors, etc. 

— V. t. To li^^ate. 

Light, lit, n. That agent or force in nature which il- 
luminates objects and renders them visible ; p 
that which furnishes or is a source of light, as 
the sun, a 
candle, 
light- 
house, 
etc.; the 
medium 
thro ugh 
which 
light is 

^^'n"wfn' \ /"■■■•■----- Solar Ray of Light.separated 

as a win- -y ■' by a prism into the seven 

Clow; lite; primary colors, 

existence * 

thatwhich "' P"sm ; c d, spectrum; v, violet; i, indigo; 
makes *' ^1*^®! S"' green; y, yellow ; o, orange ; r, red. 
clear to the intellect ; mental or spiritual illumi- 
nation ; enlightenment; instruction; information; 
esp. the source of moral enlightenment ; dawn of 
day; open view; a visible state or condition ; pub- 
licity; a time of prosperity and happiness. (Paint.) 
The manner in which the light strikes upon a pic- 
ture ; the illuminated part of a picture. The point 
of view in which anything is seen, or from which 
instruction or illustration is derived ; one who is 
conspicuous or noteworthy. — a. Not dark or ob- 
scure; bright; clear; white or whitish; not intense 
or very marked. — v. t. [lighted or (less prop.) 
LIT ; lighting.] To set fire to, kindle ; to give 
light to ; to conduct with a light. — Light'en, llt'n, 
v. i. [-ENED (-nd), -ening.] To burst forth or 
dart, as lightning ; to shine like lightning, flash ; 
to grow lighter, become less dark or lowering. — v. t. 
To make light or clear, illuminate, enlighten; to il- 
luminate with knowledge; to free from trouble and 
fill with joy. — Lighfnesa, n. — Lighfsome, -sum, 
n. Luminous; not dark. — Lighf-house, n. A tower 
bearing a powerful light, to guide mariners at 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; Tn, ice : 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



LIGHT 



227 



LIMIT 




nigrht. ship, 

-ves'ael, n. A 
vessel moored 
and serving as 
a light-house. — 
-keep'er, n. One 
in charge of a 
li^ ht-house, 
light-ship, etc., 
and its illumin- 
a t i n g appara- 
tus. — wood, n. 
Resinous wood, 
which kindles 
quickly and 
makes a oright 
blaze.— Lighte- 
ning, n. A dis- 
char g e of at- 
mospheric elec- 
tricity, accom- 
panied by aviv- 
id flash of 
light. — Light'ning-rod, n. An insulated metallic 
rod erected to protect buildings, vessels, etc., from 
lightning. 

Light, lit, a. Having little weight ; not heavy ; easy 
to be lifted, borne, or carried, or to be suftered oV 
performed, or to be digested; containing little nutri- 
ment ; armed with weapons of little weight ; clear 
of impediments; active; nimble; not deeply laden; 
not sufficiently ballasted ; slight ; trifling ; not im- 
portant; not dense ; not gross ; inconsiderable ; not 
strong; moderate; easy to admit influence; inconsid- 
erate ; unsettled; volatile; wanting dignity or solidi- 
ty; trifling; gay; airy; wanton; unchaste; not of legal 
weight; diminished; loose; sandy; easily pulverized; 
dizzy. [Light is used in the formation of many com- 
pounds of obvious signification ; as, light-armed, 
light-bodied, light-spirited, etc.] — Lighfly, adv. 
With little weight; without deep impression ; with- 
out dejection ; cheerfully ; with little effort or diffi- 
culty; easily ; readily ; without reason; wantonly ; 
nimbly ; with agility ; with le\'ity ; without care. — 
Light^ness, lifnes, n. Want of weight ; inconstan- 
cy ; levity ; wantonness ; lewdness ; agility ; ease ; 
facility. — Light''en, lifn, v. t. To make lighter, 
or less heavy ; to reduce in weight ; to make less 
burdensome or afflictive ; to cheer, e::?hilarate. — 
Light''er, lifer, n. One who, or that which, etc. 
{Naut.) A barge used in lightening or unloading 
ships,_also, in loading them. 

Light, lit, V. i. [lighted or (less prop.) lit, light- 
i>fG.] To come to by chance ; happen to find, fall ; 
to stoop from flight, settle, rest; to alight. 

Lignaloes, lin-aKoz or lig-naKoz, n. Aloes-wood, prop, 
tlie agallochum, a tree of India, whose decaying 
timber develops a fragrant oil. — Lig'neous, -ne-us, 
o. Made of, consisting of, or resembling, wood ; 
woody. — Lig'nite, -nit, n. (31in.) Mineral coal 
retaining the texture of the wood from which it was 
formed. — Lig''nose, -nos, a. Ligneous. — n. An 
explosive compound of wood fiber and nitro-glycer- 
ine, q. v. — Lig'nmn-vi''tae, -te, n. A tree of trop- 
ical America, from which the guaiacum of medicine 
is procured : its hard wood is used for various me- 
chanical purposes. _ 

Lignre, li^'gur or lig'ur, n. A kind of precious stone. 

Like, lik, a. Equal in quantity, quality, or degree ; 
having resemblance ; similar ; likely ; probable ; in- 
clined or disposed to. — n. A counterpart ; an exact 
resemblance; copy. — adv. In a similar manner; in 
a manner becoming ; likely ; probably. — Like'ly, 
a. (;-LlEE, -LiEST.] Worthy of belief; probable ; 
credible ; having or giving reason to expect, — fol- 
lowed by an infinitive ; well adapted. — Like^'Iihood, 
-ll-hd&d, -liness, n. Appearance of truth or reality ; 
probability ; verisimilitude. — Like'wise, -wiz, conj. 
In like manner ; also ; moreover ; too. — Like'^ness, 
n. State of being like ; resemblance ; that which re- 
sembles or copies ; esp. a portrait of a person, or 
picture of a thing ; similarity; parallel; similitude ; 
representation. — Lik^'en, ll'k''n, v. t. [-exed (-nd), 
-ENiNG.] To make like; to represent as like or sim- 
ilar ; to compare. 




Like, lik, v. t. [liked (likt), liking.] To be pleased 
with in a moderate degree ; to enjoy. — v. i. To be 
pleased; to choose. — n. A liking; fancy; inclination. 

— Like'ly, a. Such as may be liked ; of honorable 
or excellent qualities. —Like'liness, w. The quali- 
ties that please. — Lik'ing, n. Inclination ; pleas- 
ure ; satisfaction in, or attraction toward, some ob- 
ject. 

Lilac, li^'lak, n. A shrub of the genus Syringa, a na- 
tive of Persia with fragrant purple or white flowers. 

— a. Of the color of the purple lilac. 
Lilliputian, lil-t-pu''shan, n. One of a diminutive race 

described in Swift's "Voyage to LUliput ; " a per- 
son of very small size. — a. Of, or pert, to, the 
imaginary island of Lilliput ; of very small size; 
pigmy; diminutive; dwarfed. 

Lilt, lilt, V. i. To sing cheerfully. — w. A song. 

Lily, liKT, n. A perennial, herbaceous, bulbous plant 
of many species, having showy white or colored 
flowers, some being very fragrant. 

Limb, lim, n. An extremity of the human body, as the 
arm or leg ; a member; branch of a tree larger than 
a twig ; any thing or person reo;arded as a part of 
something else. (Bat.) The border or upper spread- 
ing part of a monopetalous corol, or of a petal, or 
sepal; blade. — v. t. [limbed (limd), limbixg (lim''- 
ing).] To supply with limbs ; to dismember, tear 
oft the limbs of. — Lim'ber, n. (Mil.) The for- 
ward part of a gun-carriage, to 
which the horses are attached, 
and from which the gun is de- 
tached (unUmbered) when in 
action. A shaft of a carriage. 
(Ifant.) A gutter beside the 
keelson for bUge- water; a board ._ . , 

covering such gutter. — v. t. L<imber. 

[limbered (-herd), -beeixg.]— To attach a limber 
to. 

Limb, Um, n. {Astron.) The border of the disk of a 
heavenly body, esp. of the sun and moon •, edge of 
a graduated circle in an instrument. — Lim^'bo, n. 
(Scholastic T heal.) A region bordering on hell. A 
place of confinement. 

Limtier, of a gun. See under Limb. 

Limber, lim'^oer, a. Easily bent ; flexible ; pliant. — 
V. t. [limbered (-herd), -berixg.] To cause to be- 
come limber. — Liin''berness, 7i. 

Lime, lim, n. A viscous substance laid on twigs for 
catching birds; bird-lime ; oxide of calcium ; a brit- 
tle, infusible, white, caustic substance obtained by 
calcining limestone, shells, etc., and used in making 
mortar, etc. ; the principal constituent in marble, 
chalk, bones, shells, etc. — v. t. [limed (limd), lim- 
ixg.] To smear with a viscous substance; to entan- 
gle, insnare; to manure with lime; to cement. — 
Lim^y, -t, a. Covered with, containing, or like 
lime; viscous. — Lime'kiln, -kil, n. A kiln or fur- 
nace in which limestone or shells are burnt to make 
lime. — Lime'^stone, n. Any kind of stone consisting 
largely of carbonate of lime, esp. those varieties used 
in making lime. 

Lime, lim, n. The European linden tree ; the Amer. 
basswood. 

Lime, lim, n. A fruit allied to the lemon, but smaller, 
and more intensely sour. 

Limit, lim'it, n. That which termi- 
nates, circumscribes, restrains, or 
confines; bound, border, or edge. 
(Logic 8i Metafih.) A distinguish- 
ing characteristic : a differential. 
(Ilaih.) A determinate quantity, 
to which a variable one continu- 
ally approaches, but can never 
go beyond it. — i'. t. To bound ; 
set bounds to ; to confine within 
certain bounds ; to restrain ; to 
confine the signification of, de- 
fine exactly. — Lim''itary, -a-rY, a. 
Placed at the limit, as a guard; 
confined within limits ; limited in Lime, 

extent, authority, power, etc. — Limita'tion, n. Act 
of, condition of being, or means of, etc. ; restraining 

■ condition ; defining circumstance. (Law.) A cer- 
tain period limited by statute after which the 
ant shall not enforce nis claims by suit. 




16 claim- 



sQn, cube, full ; moon, f6t>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxboN, chair, get. 



LIMN 



228 



LIQUEFY 



Xinm, lim, v. t. [limned (limd), lim'ning.I To draw 
01 pamt; esp. to paint in water colors ; to illuminate 
(books or parchments). 

limonito, lim'o-nlt, n. Hydrous sesquioxide of iron ; 
brown hematite or bog ore. 

Limousine, lT-m(56-sen', n. An automobile body with 
seats and permanent top like a coupe; also, an auto- 
mobile with such a body. 

Limp,limp v. t. [LIMPED (limt), LIMPING.] Tohalt: 
walk lamely. — n. A halt ; act of limping." 

Limp, hmp, a. Lacking stiffness ; flexible ; limpsv. 
- Limp'sy, Lim'sy, a. -Weak ; flexible ; flimsy. 

Limpet, hni'pet, n. An edible gasteropodous univalve 
nioliusk, found adhering to rocks. 

Limpid, lim^pid, a. Characterized by clearness or 
transparency ; pellucid; pure; crj'stal; translucent. 
Linchpin, linch-'pin, n. A pin to prevent the wheel of 
a carriage from sliding off the axletree. 

Linden, liu'den, n. A European tree, having panicles 
of light yellow flowers, and large cordate leaves; in 
Anier., the basswood. 
Line, lin, re. A linen thread or string ; any slender, 
strong cord or rope ; a thread-like mark of the pen, 
pencil, or graver. (Math.) That which has length, 
but not breadth or thickness. The exterior limit 
of a figure ; boundary ; contour ; a long thread-like 
mark upon the face or hand ; lineament ; a straight 
row ; a continued series or rank ; supply of a vari- 
ety of goods in some department of trade; the num- 
ber of shares taken by a stock broker ; a short let- 
ter, note. Course of conduct, thought, occupation, 
or policy, directed toward an object ; department ; 
ancestry or descendants of a given person ; family 
to which one belongs ; a connected series of pub- 
lic conveyaRces ; an established arrangement for 
forwarding merchandise. {Poet.) A verse. (Geof/.) 
The equator, — usually called the line, or equinoc- 
tial line. (Script.) That which is measured by a 
line or cord ; boundary ; place of abode ; instruc- 
tion, doctrine. (Mach.) Proper adjustment of parts, 
for smooth working. (Mil.) The regular infantry 
of an army. (Fort.) A trench or rampart ; pi. dis- 
positions covering extended positions, and present- 
ing a front in but one direction to an enemy. The 
12th of an inch. —v. t. [lined (lind), lining.] To 
mark out or cover with lines; to cover on the inside; 
to put inside of ; to place along the side of for de- 
fense; to read or repeat line by line. — Lin'^eage, 
lYn'e-ej, n. Race ; progeny^ ; descent in a line from 
a common progenitor. — Lin'eal, a. Composed of 
lines ; descending in a direct line from an ances- 
tor ; hereditary ; m the direction of a line ; pert, to, 
or ascertained by, a line. — Lin'eally, adv. In a 
direct line. — Lin'^eament, -e-a-ment, n. The outline 
of a body or figure, esp. of the face ; feature ; form ; 
mark. — Lin'ear, a. Pert, to, or consisting of, etc. ; 
in a straight direction. — Lin'ing, linking, n. The 
covering of the inner surface of anything. 

lainen, lin'en, n. Thread or cloth made of flax; un- 
derclothing, esp. shirts, as being orig. chiefly made 
of linen. — a. Made of, or like, etc. — Lino'leum, 
-le-um, re. A kind of floor-cloth made with hardened 
or oxidized linseed oil. — 
Lin'^net, n. A small Euro- 
pean singing bird. — Lin'- 
seed, n. Flaxseed. — Lin'- 
sey-wool'sey, -sT-wooFsT.a. 
Made of linen and wool; 
of different and unsuita- 
ble parts; vile; mean. — n. — _. 
Stuff made of linen and Linnet, 

wool mixed. — Lint, n. Flax; linen raveled, or 
scraped into a soft substance, and used for dressing 
wounds and sores. 

Ling, ling, re. An edible marine fish, more slender 
than the cod, and having only 2 dorsal fins. 

Linger, lin''ger, v. i. [-gered (-ggrd), -geeing.] To 
delay, loiter; to be in suspense, hesitate; to remain 
long in any state. 

Lingerie, iaN'zh?-re'', re. Linen goods collectively ; 
linen underwear, esp. of women; the clothing of 
linen and cotton worn by a woman. 

Lingual, lin'gwal, a. Pert, to the tongue. — re. A let- 
ter pronounced with the tongue. — Idn-'ginst, -gwist, 
n. One skilled in languages. —Lingui8t''ic, -leal, a. 




Link'-mo'tion, 



(Steam- 




Lmk-motion. 



Relating to linguistics, or to the affinities of lan- 
guages. — Linguiafica, re. sing. Science of lan- 
guages. — Lin'go. n. Language ; dialect. 

Liniment, lin'T-ment, re. A soft anodyne or stimula- 
ting ointment or embrocation, with which diseased 
parts are rubbed. 

Liking. See under Line. 

Link, link, n. A siuj;le ring of a chain ; anything 
doubled and closed like a link. Anything connect- 
ing or binding one thing to another; any constituent 
part of a connected series. (Mech-) Any interme- 
diate rod or piece transmitting motive power from 
one part of a machine to another. (Surveying.) The 
length of one joint of Gunter's chain = 7.92 inches. 
— V. t. [linked (linkt), linking.] To unite or con- 
nect by something intervening; to- join, couple. — v. 
i. To be connected. — Li-nk'-mo/t.ioTi «. d^tenrt 
Eng.) A 
valve gear 
con sisting 
of two ec- P ■ 
Gentries 
and their 
rods, so con- 
nected b y 
a n adjust- 
able piece, 
called the 
link, to the 

valve, as to reverse the steam when the engine is in 
motion. 

Link, link, re. A torch made of tow and pitch. 

Linnsean, -neah, lin-ne'an, o. Pert, to Linnasus, the 
botanist. — Linnsean system. (Bot.) The system in 
which the classes are founded upon the number of 
stamens, and the orders upon the pistils ; the artifi- 
cial or sexual svstem. 

Linnet, Linseed,"^ Linsey-woolsey, Lint. See under 
Linen. • . . _» 

Linotype, lin'o-tTp.M. (Typog.) (a) A stereotype of a 
line of words cast in a continuous strip, (b) A com- 
posing machine in which such strips are cast from 
separate molds for each letter, which are arranged 
in line by touching keys. 

Linstock, lin'stok, n. A pointed or forked staff, to 
hold a lighted match, — used in firing cannon. 

Lintel, lin'tel, )4. (Arch.) A horizontal timber or 
stone over a door, window, etc. 

Lion, li'un, n. A carnivorous feline mammal of great 
size and strength, found 
in Asia and Africa ; the 
p u m a of S. America. 
(Astron.) The 5th sign 
in the zodiac, Leo. An 
object of interest and 
curiosity. — Li'^oness, re. 
The female of the lion 
kind. — Li'onize, v. t. 
[-IZED (-izd), -IZlNG.] To 
treat as a lion, or object 
of interest. 

Lip, lip, re. One of the 2 
fleshy parts composing Lion. 

the exterior of the mouth in man and many other 
animals ; the mouth ; organs of speech ; sometimes 
speech itself; the edge of anything. — v. t. [lipped 
(lipt), lipping.] To touch with the lips^ kiss ; to 
speak. 

Liqufciy, lik'^we-fl, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -kying.] To 
melt, dissolve ; esp. to melt by the sole agency of 
heat or caloric. — v. i. To become liquid. — Liqfue- 
fac'tion, re. Act or operation of, or state of being, 
etc. — Liq^uefa'cient, -shent, re. That which serves 
to liquefy. — Liq'uid, -wid, o. Having liquidity; 
fluid ; flowing smoothly or easily; sounding agree- 
ably to the ear; pronounced without harshness. — n. 
A substance whose parts change their relative posi- 
tion on the slightest pressure and retain no definite 
form; a fluid not aeriform. (Gram.) Aletterwhich 
has a smooth, flowing sound, or which flows smoothly 
after a mute, —in Eng., Z, m, re, r. — Liq''uidate, -wT- 
dat, V. t. To make liquid; to clear from obscurity; 
to ascertain the precise amount of; to settle, adjust, 
pay. — Liquida'tion, re. Act of, etc.; esp. of adjust- 
ing debts. — Liquid'ity, -T-tT, w. State of being liq- 




Sm, tame, far, pass or opera, fare ? Snd, eve, tSrm ; In, Tee ; 8dd, tone. 8r i 



LIQUORICE 



229 



LIVERY 



uid; fluidity; quality of beinji smooth and flowing; 
agreeableness of sound. — Liq^uor, lik'er, n. Any 
liquid or fluid substance; esp. alcoholic or spirituous 
fluid, distilled or fermented; a decoction, solution, 
or tincture. — Liqnenr, le-ker', n. A delicate prepa- 
ration of distilled spirits, usually flavored with fruits 
and aromatic substances. 

liqaorice. See Licorice. 

Lira, le'ra, n. ; pi. -re, -ra. An Italian coin = 1 
French franc = 19| cents. 

Liap, lisp, V. i. [lisped (lisptO, lisping.] To give s 
or z the sound of th, th, or dh ; to speak imperfectly 
or with hesitation ; to make feeble beginnings or im- 
perfect efforts. — V. t. To pronounce with a lisp. — 
n. Habit or act of lisping. 

Lissom. See under Lithe. 

List, list, n. The outer edge or selvage of cloth; strip 
of cloth forming the border ; a boundary; border. 
(Arch.) A little square molding': fillet. — v.t. To 
sew (strips of cloth) together; to form a border; to 
cover or pack (a crack) with list or with strips of 
cloth; to mark as if with list. — List'^ing, n. Same 
as List. — Lisfel, n. (Arch.) A fillet. 

List, Ust, «. A roll; catalogue; register; inventory. — 
V. t. To place in a list or catalogue; to enlist; to 
engage in the public service. — v. i. To enlist. 

List, list, n. A line inclosing or forming the extrem- 
ity of a field of combat ; ^jI. the ground or field 
inclosed for a race or combat. — v. t. To inclose for 
combat. 

List, list, V. i. To desire, choose, please. — Lisfless, 
a. Lit., devoid of desire; weary; not attending ; in- 
different to what is passing ; languid ; indolent. 

List, list, n. (Naut.) An inclination to one side, — 
said of a ship. 

List, list. Listen, lis'n, i: t. [listened (-nd), -ex- 
ijJG.] To attend closely with a view to hear; to 
hearken; to yield to advice, obey. 

Litany, Ut'^a-nT, n. A solemn form of supplications 
for mercy and deliverance, used in public worship; 
esp. the responsive form of general supplication in 
the Book of Common Prayer. 

Liter, li'ter or letter, n. A metric measure of capaci- 
ty =1 cubic decimeter =61.016 cubic inches, or 2.113 
Amer. pints = 61.027 cubic inches. 

Literal, lifSr-al, a. According to the letter; real; not 
figurative or metaphorical; following the letter or 
exact words ; not free ; consisting of, or expressed 
by, letters. — Lit'erally, adv. According to the 
primary and natural import of words; word by 
word; exactly. —Lit'eraliam,-izm,w. Adherence to 
the letter; a mode of interpreting literally. — Lit '- 
eralist, n. One who adheres to the exact word; an 
interpreter according to the letter. — Literal'ity, h. 
Quality of being literal. — Liberalize, v. t. [-ized 
(-izd), -iziNG.] To interpret or put in practice ac- 
cording to the strict meaning of the words. — Lit'- 
erary, -er-a-rT, a. Pert, to or connected with litera- 
ture or men of letters; versed or engaged in litera- 
ture; consisting in letters or compositions. — Lit- 
era^tus, n. ; pi. -ati, -ti. A learned man; man of 
erudition. — Litterateur, le-ta-ra-ter'', n. One versed 
in literature; a literary man. — Lit'erate, -er-at, a. 
Instructed in learning and science; learned ; let- 
tered. — n. In Eng., one educated, but not having 
taken a university degree ; a literary man. — Lit- 
era'tim, adv. Letter for letter. — Lit'erature, -er-a- 
chur, n. Learning ; acquaintance with letters or 
books; the collective body of literary productions; 
the class of writings distmg. for beauty of style or 
expression, as poetry, essays, history; belles-lettres. 

Lithe, iTtii, a. CapabU of being easily bent; pliant; 
flexible; limber. — Lithe''ness, n. — Lithe'^some, 
-sum, lAs^iam, a. Pliant; limber; nimble. 

Lithic, lith'ik, a. Consisting of, or pert, to, stone, esp. 
to stone in the bladder; uric. — n. (Med.) A medi- 
cine preventive of, etc. — Lith'^arge, -arj, n. Semi- 
crystalline or partially fused yellow or red protoxide 
of lead, used in glass-making, etc. — Lith^ium, -i- 
um, n. (Chem.) A very soft metal, — the lightest 
BoUd known. — Lith'ofrac'teur, -f rak'tgr, n. An 
explosive compound of nitroglycerine, q. v. — Lith'- 
ograph, -graf, v. t. [-gkaphed (-graft), -graphing.] 
To trace on stone, and transfer to paper, etc., by 
printing. — n. A print from a drawing on stone. — 



Lithog'rapher, -ra-fer, n. One who practices lithog- 
raphy.— Lithograpli''ic, -ical, a. Pert, to lithogra- 
phy; engraved upon, or printed from, stone. — Lith- 
oyraphic limestone. (Min.) A compact fine-grained 
limestone, obtained largely from the Lias and Oo- 
lite, esp. of Bavaria, used in lithography. — Lith- 
og''raphy, -fl, n. Art or process of writing or draw- 
ing upon stone with a greasy composition, and of 
obtaining printed impressions therefrom on a litho- 
graphic press. — Litliol''ogy, -jt, n. Science of the 
characteristics and classification of rocks. (Med.) A 
treatise on stones found in the body. — Lithof-' 
omy, -o-niT, n. (Surg.) Operation, art, or practice 
of cutting for stone in the bladder. — Lithofrity, 
-rl-tT, n. Operation of breaking a stone in the blad- 
der into pieces that may be voided. 

Lithuanian, lith-u-a'nl-an, a. Of or pert, to Lithua- 
nia, a part of the Russian and Prussian territory 
bordering on the Baltic sea. — n. The language of, 
etc., now extinct, a branch of the Slavonic closely 
akin to the Lettish of Courland and Livonia, and to 
the Old Prussian. 

Litigate, lifl-gat, v. t. To contest in law, engage in a 
lawsuit, prosecute or defend in a court of justice. — 
r. i. To carry on a suit by judicial process. — Lif- 
igant, a. Disposed to litigate; engaged in a lawsuit. 

— n. A person engaged in a lawsuit. — Litiga'tion, 
n. Act or process of litigating; a suit at law; judi- 
cial contest. — Litlg'ious, -tij^us, a. Inclined to 
litigation; quarrelsome; contentious; subject to con-- 
tention; disputable; pert, to legal disputes. 

Litmus, Ut'mus, n. A coloring matter obtained from 
several lichens. — Litmus paper. Unsized paper pre- 
pared with litmus for use as a delicate chemical test : 
blue litmus paper turns red when it touches an acid, 
and the red paper tiu-ns blue when exposed to an 
alkali. 

Litre, li'ter or le'tr, n. Same as Liter. 

Litter, lifter, n. A portable bed or stretcher for car- 
rying a person, esp. a sick person; bedding of straw 
for animals; a covering of straw for plants; a con- 
fused mass of objects little valued ; scattered rub- 
bish; a condition of disorder or confusion; number 
of pigs, etc., born at once. — v. t. [littered (-terd), 
-tering.] To supply with litter; to scatter things 
over in a slovenly manner; to give birth to. — v. i. 
To produce a litter. 

Litterateur. See under Literal. 

Little, lifl, a. [less, least.] Small in size or ex- 
tent; diminutive; short in duration; brief; small in 
quantity or amount; small in dignity, power, or im- 
portance; insignificant; contemptible; small in force 
or efficiency; weak; slight; petty; small in generos- 
ity; mean. — n. A small quantity, amount, space, 
etc.; small degree or scale; miniature. — odi;. In a 
small quantity or degree ; not much ; slightly. — 
Liftleness, M. State or quality of being little; small- 
ness; want of grandeur; insignificance; meanness. 

Littoral, lifto-ral, a. Of, pert, to, or inhabiting a 
shore, as of the sea; pert, to the zone on a sea-coast, 
between high and low water mark. 

Liturgy, lit'er-jT, n. The established formulas for 
public worship m churches using prescribed forms. 
(Rom. Cath. Church.) The mass, or entire ritual. 

— Litur'gic-gical, a. Pert, to a liturgy, or to public 
worship. 

Live, Lively, etc. See under Life. 

Liver, liv^'er, n. (Anat.) A large abdominal organ or 

fland, which secretes the bile or gall: in the human 
ody it is the largest gland, and is situated immedi- 
ately beneath the diaphragm. 
Livery, liv'er-T, n. (Eng. Law.) Act of delivering pos- 
session of lands or tenements; writ by which posses- 
sion is obtained. Deliverance; formerly that which 
is delivered out statedly, as clothing, food, etc.; esp. 
the peculiar dress by which the servants of a house- 
hold are distinguished; peculiar dress appropriated 
by any body of persons to-their own use; company 
01 those wearing such a garb; any characteristic 
dress or outward appearance; an allowance of food 
statedly given out; a ration, as to a family, to ser- 
vants, tonorses, etc.; release from wardship. — v. t. 
To clothe in livery. — Liv'ery-sta'hle, n. A stable 
where horses are kept for hire, and where stabling 
is provided. 



siin, eQbe, full ; moon, f(56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



LIVID 



280 



LOCUST 



Livid, liv'id, a. Black and blue; of a lead color; dis- 
colored, as bruised flesh. 

Livre, li'ver or le'vr, n. A French money of account, 
afterward a silver coin equal to 20 sous, or 18J cents. 

Lizivial, etc. See under Lye. 

Lizard, liz'ard, n. A four-footed 
reptile, havina; an elongate, 
round body, long tail, head 
covered -with polygonal plates, 
and a free tongue, more or less 
divided at the end. {Naut.) A ^-a 
piece of rope with thimbles or -^i^tS^fe- 
blocks attached by spliced '^^- 




legs 
Llama, la^'ma, n. 



(Zool.) 



Lizard. 
An ungulate ruminatin" 




Llama. 



mammal, of S. Anier., allied to 
the camel and alpaca: it was 
the only beast of burden of the 
aborigines, and is still used in 
parts of the Andes too rough 
and steep for any other animal. 

Lo, lo, interj. Look; see; behold; 
observe. 

Loacb, loch, n. A small food-fish, 
allied to the minnow, inhabit- 
ing clear streams. 

Load, lod, n. A burden; that which is laid on or put 
in anything for conveyance ; a weight ; quantitj^ 
which one can carry; contents of a cart, barrow, or 

' vessel; lading; weight; cargo; a heavy burden ; that 
which oppresses the mind ; a particular measure 
for certain articles, — as much as is commonly car- 
ried at one time; the charge of a fire-arm. — v. t. To 
lay a burden on, cause to bear, furnish with a cargo; 
to weigh down, encumber, bestow in abundance; 
to add to the weight of, by some extraneous addi- 
tion; to charge (a gun) with powder, etc. 

Load-, Lodestar, lod-'star, n. The star that leads; pole- 
star. ^ Load''-, Lode^'stone," n. {Min.) Magnetic 
iron ore poss€ssing polarity like a magnetic needle. 

Loaf, lof, n. ; pi. Loaves, lovz. AJiy thick lump or 
mass ; esp., a regularly shaped or molded mass, as 
of bread, sugar, or cake. 

Loaf, lof, V. i. [LOAFED (loft), LOAFiXG.] To speiid 
time in idleness; to lounge," loiter.„— v. t. To pass in 
idleness, waste lazily. — Loafer, n. An idle man; a 
lazy lounger; one who lives by sponging; a vagrant. 

Loam, lom, n. A rich friable soil chiefly composed of 
silicious sand, clay, carbonate of lime, and humus. 
— V. t. [loamed (lomd), loamixg.] To cover with 
loam. 

Loan. See under Lexd. 

Loath, loth, a. Filled with aversion; unwilling; back- 
ward; reluctant. — iioathe, loth, v. t. [loathed 
(loflid), LOATniJfG.] To have an extreme aversion 
of the appetite to food or drink; to dislike greatly, 
hate, abhor, detest, abominate. — Loath^'er, n. — 
Loath^fol, -ful, a. Full of loathing; exciting dis- 
gust; disgusting. — Loath'^Eome, -sum, a. Causing 
to loathe; exciting disgust, hatred, or abhorrence; 
odious. 

Loaves. See Loaf. 

Lob, lob, n. A dull, heavy, sluggish person; something 
thick and heavy. — v. t. To let fall Iieavilj^ or lazily. 

Lobby, lob''bT, n. {Arch.) An inclosed place commu- 
nicating with one or more apartments; a hall or 
waiting-room. That part of a hall of legislation not 
appropriated to the official use of the assembly; fre- 
quenters of such a place for business with legisla- 
tors. (JVcntt.) An apartment before the captain's 
cabin. — v. i. [lobbied (-bid), -by- 
IXG.] To solicit members of a legis- 
lative body, with a view to infl uence 
their_yotes. 

Lobe, lob, n. Any projection or divis- 
ion, esp. of a roundea form. — Lobed, 
lobd, Lo^'bate, -bated, -ba-ted, a. 
Consisting of, or having, lobes.— 
Lob'ule, -ul, n. A small lobe. 

Lobelia, lo-be'lt-a, n. (Bot.) A genus 
of plants, including many species, 
one of which is used in medicine as j , . ■,- „ 
an emetic, expectorant, etc. ; gome -^*^"^''* ■^^^■'■' 
are very poisonous, and others are prized for their 
flowers. 





Lobster, lob'ster, n. An edible, fan-tailed, stalk-eyed, 
decapod crustacean, with 
large claws, — one of the 
scavengers of the sea. 

Local, lo'kal, a. Pert, to a 
particular place, or to a 
limited portion of space; 
confined to a spot, place, 
or definite district. — Lo- 
cal'ity, -l-tt, n. Exist- 
ence in a place, or in a t k t 
certain portion of space; _ Lobster, 
position; situation; limitation to a county, district, 
or place. — Lo'calize, V. «. [-ized (-izd),-iziNG.] To 
fix in, or assign to a definite place; to discover the 
place of. — Lo''cally,_«c/i;. "With respect to place; in 
place. — Lo'cate, -kat, v. t. To place, set in a par- 
ticular position ; to designate the site or place of ; 
to designate by limits ; to select or determine the 
hounds or place of. — Loca'tion, n. Act of placing, 
or of designating a place ; place where something 
spoken of is fixed ; a tract of land designated in 
place. (Cml Laiv.) Aleasing on rent. {Amer. Law.) 
The marking out of the boundaries, or identifying 
the site, of a piece of land, according to the descrip- 
tion given in an entr\% plan, map, etc. — Lo'cative, 
-ka-tiv, a. {Gram.) Indicating place, or the place 
where, or wherein. — Locomo'tion, n. Act or power 
of moving from place to place. — Locomo'tive, -tiv, 
a. Changing, or able to change, place; occujried in 
p r o d u- 
cing m o - 
tion, or in 
moving 
from 
place to 
place. — 
Locomo'- 
tive, L.- 
en'gine, n. 
A wheel- 
carriage 
su p p o rt- 
ing and 
driven b}' 
a s t e a m- 
engine, to 
convey 
goods o 




Locomotive. 



AA, 



boiler ; B, smoke-box ; C, chimney ; E, 
Band-box ; F, cab ; (?, cylinder ; OP, feed- 
pipe ; T, steam-chest ; UU, parallel rod ; 
VG, piston-rod ; W, aah-pan. 

passengers, or to draw railroad cars. 

Loch, lok, K. A lake; a bay or arm of the sea. 

Lock, lok, K. Anything that fastens; esp. a fastening 
for a door, lid, etc., in which a bolt is projected or 
withdrawn by, or in connection with, the action of 
a separate piece, called a key; a fastening together; 
state of beingfixed orimmovable; a place locked up; 
barrier confining the water of a stream or canal; in- 
closure in a canal with gates at each end, used in 
raising or lowering boats from one level to another; 
that part of a fire-arm containing the apparatus for 
exploding the charge.— v. t. [locked (lokt), lock- 
ing.] To fasten with a lock and key; to fasten so 
as to impede motion; to confine, close fast, encircle, 
or inclose; to furnish with locks, as a canal. — v. i. 
To become fast; to unite closely by mutual inser- 
tion. — Lock^'er, n. A close place, as a drawer or 
compartment in a ship, that may be closed with a 
lock; a cupboard. — Lock'et, n. A catch to fasten a 
necklace, etc.; a little gold case worn as an orna- 
ment, containing a lock of hair, miniature, etc.— 
Locked''-, lokf-, Lock'-jaw, n. {Mech) A painful 
and otten fatal variety of tetanus, in which the jaws 
are im mo vably 
closed. 

Lock, lok, n. A tuft, 
tress, or ringlet of 
hair; a flock of 
wool; a small 
quantity, as of 
liay. 

Loc dmotion , L o c o- 
mot-ve, etc. See 
under Local. Locust. 

Locust, lo^'kust, n. {Entom.) A jumping, orthopter- 
ous insect, of several species, some of which are 




am, lame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



LOCUTION 



231 



LOOK 



popularly called grass-hoppers : some species swarm 
j)€riodically in countless numbers, devouring every- 
thing before them; also, incorrectly, the harvest-fly. 
(Bot.) The locust-tree. — Lo'cUBt-tree, »i. A legu- 
minous tree of several genera, esp. a N. Amer. tree, 
producing large, slender racemes of white, fragrant 
flowers. 

Location, lo-ku'shun, n. Speech, or discourse; phrase. 

Lode, lod, 71. (Miniivj.') A regular vein or course, 
whether metallic or not. A cut or reach of water. — 
Lodestar, Lodestone. Same as Loadstar and Load- 
stone. 

Lodge, loj, V. t. [LODGED (lojd), lodging.] To de- 
posit for preservation; to infix, throw in, plant; to 
fix in the heart, mind, or memory; to furnish with a 
temporary habitation, harbor, cover. — v.i. To re- 
side, dwell; to rest or dwell for a time; to sink or be 
beaten down, as grain. — n. A place in which one 
may find shelter, as, a small house in a park or for- 
est; or the house of the gate-keeper on an estate; a 
local branch of a secret association, as of the Free- 
masons, etc.; or the place in which they assemble. 

— Lodg'er, n. One who lodges, esp. one who lives 
in a hired room, or who has a bed in another's house 
for a night; one who resides in any place for a time. 

— Lodg'ing, n. A place of residence for a time; har- 
bor; cover.— Lodgement, M. Act of, or state of !»e- 
ing, etc. ; a lodging-place ; room ; accumulation of 
something deposited or remaining at rest. {Mil.) 
Occupation of a position, by a besieging party. 

Loft, loft, «. That which is lifted up; an elevation; 
esp. the space under a roof; a gallerj' in a church, 
hall, etc.; a floor or room placed above another. — 
Loffy, -T, a. [-IER, -lEST.] Lifted high up ; tower- 
ing ; elevated in character or rank, language or 
style ; tall ; exalted ; dignified ; stately ; majestic ; 
haughty. 

Log, log, n. A bulky stick of wood or timber. {Naut.") 
An apparatus for measuring the 
rate of a ship's motion through the 
water; journal of a ship's progress, 
etc.; log-book.— I'.i. [LOGGED(logd), 
-GiNG.] To cut and get out logs. 

— Log'wood, n. A red, heavy, as- 
tringent dye-wood fr. S. Amer. and 
the W. Indies, used with other 
agents to color yellow, brown, and 
esp. black ; hsematoxylon ; Carn- 
peachy wood. — Log'gerhead, n. 
dunce; a spherical mass of iron, with a long handle, 
used to heat tar. {Naut.) A piece of round timber, in 
a whale-boat, over which the line is passed, to make 
it run more slowly. 

Logaritlim, log''a-ntlim, n. (Math.) One of a system 
of numbers increasing in arithmetical progression, 
representing a series increasing in geometrical pro- 
gression, used to facilitate mathematical calcula- 
tions, operations being much abridged by using log- 
arithms instead of the natural numbers for whicli 
they stand. — Logarith-'mic, -mical, a. Pert, to or 
consisting of, etc. — Logic, loKik, 71. Science of ex- 
act reasoning or of pure and formal thought, or of 
the laws according to which the process of pure 
thinking should be conducted; correct reasoning. 
— Log'ical, o. Pert, to, used in, according tothe rules 
of, or skilled in, logic— Logi'dan, -jish-^an, ?j. One 
skilled in logic. 
^in. loin, n. That part of an animal between the il- 
ium or haunch bone and the false ribs: see Beef, 
Horse, pi. A corresponding part of the human 
body, — called also the reins. 

Loiter, loi'tgr, v. i. F-tered (-tSrd), -tering.] To be 
slow in moving, delay, lag, saunter. 

Loll, lol, V. i. [LOLLED (lold), LOLLING.] To act la- 
zily or indolently; to throw one's self down, lie at 
ease; to hang extended from the mouth, as the 
tongue of an ox or a dog; to put out the tongue. — 
V. t. To thrust out (the tongue). 

Lollipop, loKlI-pop, n. A sugar confection which dis- 
solves in the mouth. 

Lone, Ion, a. Having no company; solitary; retired; 
standing by itself; single; unmarried, or in widow- 
hood. — Lone'ly, -It, n. [-LIER, -LiEST.] Seques- 
tered from company or neighbors; sad from lack of 
companionship or sympatny ; unfrequented ; se- 




Log, Line, and 

Glass. 

A blockhead ; 



questered ; secluded. — Lone'some, -sum, a. Se- 
cluded from society; solitary; disuyil; lonely. 
Long, long, a. [longer (lon'ger), "longest (lon''- 
gest^.] Drawn out in a line; protracted; extended 
in time; faraway; distant; extended to any speci- 
fied measure; slow in coming; continued through a 
cousiderable time, or to a great length; far-reaching; 
extensive. (Stock Exchange.) Holding a quantity 
of stock; having bought stock on time, which may 
be called for at pleasure. — adv.' To a great extent 
in space or in time; at a point of duration far dis- 
tant ; through the whole extent. — Long'-boat, n. 
A ship's largest boat. — hesui^ed, a. Having fore- 
thought and sagacity or great penetration of thought; 
discerning. — meas'ure, 71. Lineal measure; the 
measure of length. — prim'er, h. (Print.) A kind 
of type, in size between small pica and bourgeois. 

i^" This line is in long primer. 

— L.-sight^ed, a. Able to see at a great distance; of 
acute intellect; sagacious; far-seeing: able to see ob- 
jects distinctly at a distance, but not close at hand. — 
-wlnd'ed, a. Long-breathed: tediously protracted in 
speaking, argument, or narration. — Length, length, 
71. The longest measure of any object, — disting. fr. 
depth, thickness, breadth, or ividth ; extent from end 
to end; extent of space or time; a subdivision of a 
thing, as of a fenjce; long continuance; detail or am- 
plification. — Lenfth'en, -n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -en- 
ing.] To extend in length, elongate; to extend in 
time, protract ; to occupy time with, expand ; to 
draw out in pronunciation. — v. i. To grow Ion 

fer, extend in length. — Longev'ity, -jev'I^tl, n 
,ength of life. — Longi- 
ros'ter, -jT-ros'ter, »z. One 
of a tribe of grallatory 
birds, havinglong, slender 
beaks, which they thrust 
into the mud in search of 
food, as the snipes, etc. 

— Lon'gitude, -jl-tud, n. 
Length; measure or dis- 
tance along the longest , 
line. (Geog.) Distance I 
east or west from the j 
meridian of agiven place, 
expressed in degrees sig- 
nifying each l-.'560th of 
the parallel of latitude on 
which the measurement 
is made. (Astron.) Dis- 
tance in degrees, reckoned 

from the vernal equinox, on the ecliptic, to a circle 
at right angles to it passing through the heavenly- 
body whose longitude is designated. — Longitud'- 
inal, a. Pert, to longitude or length; running 
lengthwise. 

Long, long, v. i. [longed (longd), longing.] To de- 
sire earnestly or eagerly; to have an eager or craving 
appetite. — Long^ing, w. An eager desire ; earnest 
wish; aspiration; craving or morbid appetite. 

Longe. See Lunge. 

Longshore-man, long''shor-ipan, h. One of a class of 
laborers employed about wharves, esp. in loading 
and unloading vessels. _ 

Loo, loo, Ji. A game at cards. — v. t. [looed (lood), 
looing.] To beat in the game of loo, by winning 
every trick at the game. 

Loof, loof or luf . Same as Luff. 

Look, ld6k, V. i. [looked (Idbkt), looking.] To di- 
rect the eye toward an object as if to see it; to direct 
the attention to, consider; to wait for expectantly; 
to penetrate, solve, as a mystery; to direct the gaze 
in all directions, be circumspect, watch; to seek, 
search; to observe narrowly,' examine, scrutinize; to 
seem, appear; to face, front; in the imperative, see; 
behold; take notice; observe. — v. t. To influence or 
subdue by looks or presence; to express or manifest 
by a look. — n. Cast of countenance; air of the face; 
aspect; manner; glance; act of looking or seeing; 
view; watch. — Look'^ing-glass, n. A glass which 
reflects whatever is before it ; a mirror. — Look''out, 
n. A careful looking for any object or event; place 
from which observation is made ; a person engaged 
in watching. 




Longirosters. 

a, Glossy Ibis ; b, Godwit ; 

Stat. 



sfln, cube, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink. tien. boNbox. chair, set. 



liOOM 



232 



LOVE 




Xioom, loom, n. A trame or machine for weaving cloth 

out of thread; the 

part of an oar 

within the 

rowlock. 
Loom, loom, v. 

i. [roomed 

( 1 00 m d ) , 

LOOMING.] To 

appear above 

the su rf ace 

either of sea 

or land; to 

appear larger 

than the real 

dimensions, 

and indis- 
tinctly; to 

rise and to be j 

eminent. — n. J-iOom. 

The indistinct appearance of anything, as land, 

whose outline only is visible. 
Xoon, l^n, n. A sorry fellow ; rogue ; rascal. 
Loon, loon, n. A migratory swimming and diving bird 

of northern regions, of several species, esp. the great 

northern diver or ember goose. 
Loop, loop, n. A doubling of a string, cord, etc., for 

ornament or through which another cord, etc., may 

piss; a noose; bigfU; a narrow opening; loop-hole. 

— v.t. [looped (loopt), LOOPING.] To fasten, se- 
cure, or ornament, by means of loops. [Ir. and Ga. 
ltd), a loop, also to bend.] — Loop'-hole, ?;. (3fil.) A 
small opening in walls of a fortification or bulk-head 
of a ship, through which to fire at an enemy; an 
aperture for escape: see Castle. 

Loose, loos, V. t. [loosed (loost), loosing.] To untie 
or unbind, free from any fastening, set free; to re- 
lease from anything obligatory or burdensome, ab- 
solve, remit ; to relax, loosen ; to unfasten, undo, 
unlock. — V. i. To set sail; to leave a port or harbor. 

— a. Unbound; untied; not attached, fastened, or 
fixed; free from obligation; disengaged; not tight or 
■close; not crowded or compact; not concise; not pre- 
cise or exact; vague ; not strict or rigid ; unconnected ; 
rambling ; having las bowels ; dissolute ; wanton ; 
unchaste. — Loos''&n, -n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -en- 
ING.] To make loose, free' from tightness or fixed- 
ness; to render less compact; to free from restraint; 
to remove costiveness from. — v. i. To become less 
tight, firm, or compact. — Loose^'ness, n. 

Loot, loot, n. Act of plundering in a conquered city; 
booty; plunder. — v. t. or i. To plunder; to carry off 
as prize obtained by war. 

Lop, lop, V. t. [lopped (lopt), LOPPING.] To cut off 
(the top of anything) ; to cut partly off and bend 
down; to let fall. — v. i. To hang downward, be 
pendent. — n. That cut oft', as from trees ; that 
which lops or falls over. — Lop'^sided, a. Heavier 
on one side than the other; inclining to one side. 

Lope, lop, V. i. [LOPED (lopt), lopixg.] To run with 
long strides. — n. A leap ; a gait of horses, dogs, etc. 

Loqaacious, lo-kwa'shus, a. Tulkative; given to con- 
tinual talking ; noisj'. — Loqua'ciousness, Loquac'- 
ity, -kwas't-ti, n. Habit ot talking excessively; gar- 
rulity; babbling. 

Lord, lord, w. A superior; master; governor; ruler; in 
lOng., a nobleman of any rank above that of a baronet, 
hence, by courtesy, the son of a duke or marquis or 
eldest son of an earl, also a bishop, if a member of 
Parliament ; a title of these persons and also of 
certain official characters or representatives of maj- 
esty; proprietor of a manor; a husband; the Supreme 
Being; Jehovah.— r. i. To play the lord; domineer. 

— Lord'ly, -IT, a. [-lier, -liest.] Becoming or 
pert, to a lord ; proud : imperious ; domineering ; 
arrogant; insolent. — Lord'ship, n. St-ate or quality 
of being a lord; hence (with his, your, or fheir), a 
title applied to a lord, except to an archbishop or 
duke; territory of a lord over which he holds juris- 
diction; a manor; dominion; authority. 

Lore, lor, n. That which is or may be known; erudi- 
tion; instruction; counsel. 

torette, lo-ref, n. One of a class of females of light 
character in Paris supported by their lovers. 

Lorgnette, lorn-yef, n. An opera-glass. 




Lotus. (Arch.) 



Lorn, lorn, a. 7 ,• undone; forsaken; lonely; bereft. 

Lose, l<3oz, V. t. [lost (16st), losing.] To be rid of un- 
intentionally; to forfeit Dy unsuccessful contest; to 
part with, be deprived of ; to throw away, employ 
inett'ectually, waste, squander ; to wander from ; to 
miss, so as not to be able to find ; to perplex or be- 
wilder; to ruin, destroy ; to cease to view ; to fail to 
obtain. — v. i. To forfeit anything in contest ; to 
suffer loss by comparison. — Los'^er, n. One who 
loses, or is deprived of .anything by defeat, forfeit- 
ure, etc. — Loss, 15s, n. Act of losing : failure ; de- 
struction ; privation ; state of having been deprived 
of ; thing lost; waste. (Mil.) Killed, wounded, and 
captured persons, or captured property. — Lost, a. 
Parted from unwillingly ; unintentionally rid of ; 
missing; forfeited in unsuccessful contest; deprived 
of; thrown away; employed ineffectually ; wasted; 
bewildered ; perplexed ; ruined or destroj'ed; hard- 
ened beyond sensibility or recovery; not perceptible 
to tlie senses; not visible. 

Lot, lot, n. That which happens without human de- 
sign or forethought; chance; hazard; fortune; acou- 
trivance to determine a question by chance: part, or 
fate, which falls to one by chance; separate portion 
belonging to one person ; a distinct parcel, separate 

Eart; distinct portion of land; quantity or large nuni- 
er. — V. t. To allot, assign; to separate into lots or 
parcels, assort. — Loftery, -ter-T, 
n. A distribution of anything < 
by lot or chance ; esp. a gambling 
scheme, in which certain tickets 
draw prizes and the rest are 
blanks. 

Lote, lot, Lo'tas, -tos, n. A shrub 
of N. Africa and S. Europe, of 
several genera, o n e of which 
prob. furnished the food of 
Homer's lotus-eaters, and was 
fabled to make strangers forget • 
their native land; the nettle tree; 
an Egyptian water-lily of several species; a legumi- 
nous clover-like plant. (Arch.) An ornament in 
the form of the Egyptian water-lily. 

Loth. Same as Loath. 

Lotion, Iq'shun, n. A washing, esp. of the skin, to 
render it fair; a liquid preparation for washing some 
part of the body. (Med.) A healing application in 
a fluid form, to be applied externally to the body. 

Loto, Lottery. See under Lot. 

Loud, lowd, a. Having or making a strong or great 
sound; clamorous; boisterous; emphatic: noisy; vo- 
ciferous; vehement. — actv. With loudness; loudly. 

Lough, lok, n. Same as Loch. 

Lounge, lownj, v. i. [lounged (lownjd), lounging.] 
To spend time lazily; move idly about; to recline at 
ease; loU. — n. An idle gait or stroll; act of reclining 
at ease ; place for lounging ; piece of furniture on 
which to recline. 

Louse, lows, n. ; pi. Lice, lis. A wingless, bloodsuck- 
ing insect, of several species, parasitic upon men, 
animals, and birds. — Lous'y, lowz'T, a. Swarming 
with lice; infested with lice. — Lous'^iness, n. 

Lout, lowt, w. _A mean, awkward fellow; a bumpkin. 

Louver, -vre, lod'ver, n. An opening in the roof of 
ancient buildings for ventila- 
tion, often in the form of a 
turret or small lantern.— iowcer 
ivindow. (Arch.) An opening 
in a beU-tower, church steeple, 
etc., crossed by a series of slats. 

Lovage, luv'ej, n. An umbel- 
liferous plant, used in med- 
icine as an aromatic stimulant. 

Love, luv, n. Act of loving; pre- 
eminent kindness or devotion 
to another ; affection ; court- 
ship ; devoted attachment to 
one of the opposite sex ; fond- 
ness : devotion ; the object of - ttt. j 
affection ; moral good-will ; Louver Window, 
kindness ; charity ; Cupid, the god of love. — v. t, 
[loved (luvd), LOVING.] To be pleased with, ie 
fond of, like ; to have good-will toward ; to have a 
strong affection for, have a tender feeling_ toward; 
to delight in, with exclusive affection. — v. i. To de- 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; 6dd, tone, 5r ; 



LOW 



233 



LTJNE 



light, take pleasure, be in love. — Lov'er, n. One 
who loves ; etp. one in love with a person of the op- 
posite sex; one who Ukes oris pleased. — Love'ly, -It, 
a. [-LIEK, -LIEST.] Fitted to excite, or worthy of, 
love or esteem; amiable; charming ; delightful ; en- 
chanting. 

Jjofw, lo, V. i. [LOWED (lod), LOWING.] To Cry or call 
as a cow; to moo. — n. The voice of cattle. 

Low, lo, a. Occupj-ing an inferior or depressed position 
or place; not rising to the usual height; near the 
horizon; descending far below the adjacent ground; 
deep; sunk down to, or below, the natural level of 
the ocean by the retiring of the tide; below the usual 
rate, amount, or value; reasonable; not high or loud. 
{Mus.) Depressed in the scale of sounds ; grave. 
( Geog.) Near the equator. Late in time ; modern ; 
depressed ; dejected ; humble in rank ; abject; vul- 
gar; base; dishonorable ; not elevated; submissive; 
humble; feeble; weak; moderate; not intense; in re- 
duced circumstances; impoverished; not high sea- 
soned ornourishing; plain; simple. — adv. In a low 
position or manner; under the usual price; cheaply; 
near the ground; humbly; meanly; in time approacn- 
ing our own; with a depressed voice; in a state of 
subjection, poverty, or disgrace. {Astron..') In a path 
near the equator, or so that the declination is small. 

— Low'ly, -IT, a. [-liek, -liest.] Not high; not ele- 
vated in place ; mean ; wanting dignity or rank ; hum- 
ble ; meek ; free from pride. — adv. In a low manner 
or condition ; humbly ; meanly. — Low'er, v. t. 

r-EEED (-erd), -EEiJfG.] To cause to descend, let 
down, take down ; to bring down, humble ; to re- 
duce in value, amount, etc. — v. i. To fall, grow 
less, diminish, decrease. — Low'er-case, a. {Print.) 
Pert, to or kept in the lower case, — said of the small 
letters, disting. from capitals. 

Lower, low'Sr, v. i. [-ered (-erd), -bring.] To be 
clouded, threaten a storm ; to frown, look sullen. 

Loyal, loi'al, a. Devoted to the maintenance of law; 
faithful to lawful government, to the sovereign, or 
to a lover, friend, etc, esp. under trying circum- 
stances; true to a cause or to one's word. 

Lozenge, loz^'enj, re. A figure with four equal sides, 
having 2 acute and 2 ob- 
tuse angles; a diamond; 
a rhomb ; a small cake of 
sugar, etc., often medi- 
cated, orig. of a diamond 
shape. — Lozenge molding. 
{Arch.) A molding used - t.c u- 

in Norman architecture. Lozenge Molding, 
having lozenge-shaped compartments or ornaments. 

Lubber, lub'bgr, n. A heavy, clumsy fellow; esp. one 
unskilled in seamanship; sturdy drone; clown. 

Lubric, lu'brik, -brical, a. Having a smooth surface ; 
slippery ; wavering ; unsteady ; lascivious ; lewd. 

— La'^bricant, n. That which lubricates. — Lu'bri- 
cate, V. t. To make smooth or slippery ; to supply 
with an oily, greasv, or other" substance diminishing 
friction.— Lubrica'tion, n. Act of, etc.— Lu^'brica'- 
tor, -ter, n. One who, or that which, etc. 

Lucent, lu'sent, a. Shining ; bright ; resplendent. 

— LU'^cid, -sid, a. Shinino; ; bright ; clear ; transpa- 
rent; easily understood; clear; distinct; luminous; 
sane; reasonable. — Lu'cifer, -sl-fer, n. The planet 
Venus, when appearing as the morning star, — ap- 
plied, in Isaiah, by metaphor, to a king of Babylon; 
hence, Satan ; a match made of wood tipped with a 
comoustible substance, to be ignited by friction. — 
Lu'cubrate, v. i. To study by candle-light or a lamp. 

— Lucubra'tion, n. Act of, etc.; nocturnal study ; 
that composed by ni^ht; any literary composition. — 
Lu'culent, a. Lucid; clear; evident. 

Lacem, lu'sSrn, n. A leguminous plant cultivated 
for fodder. 

Luck, Ink, n. That which happens to a person; chance; 
fortune ; good fortune. — Luck''y, -t, a. [-ier, 
-lEST.] Favored by luck ; fortunate ; producing 
good by chance, or unexpectedly; successful ; pros- 
perous; auspicious. — Luck^less, a. Without luck; 
unfortunate ; meeting with ill-success. 

Lucre, lu'ker, re. Gain in money or goods ; profit. — 
Lu'crative, -kra-tiv, a. Yielding lucre ; gainful ; 
profitable. 

Lucubrate, Luculent, etc. See under Lucent. 





Ludicrous, lu'dT-krus, a. Adapted to excite laughter, 
without scorn or contempt ; sportive ; burlesque ; 
comic; droll; ridiculous. 

Luff, luf, V. i. [LUFFED (luft), LUFFING.] {Naut.) T» 

turn the head of a ship toward the wind ; to sail 
nearer the wind. — n. The side of a ship toward the 
wind; act of sailing a ship close to the wind ; the 
roundest part of a ship's bow; the forward or weather 
leech of a sail. 

Lug, lug. V. t. [LUGGED (lugd), -GING.] To pull with 

force, haul, arag ; to carry «r convey with labor. — 
re. Anything drawn or carried with difficulty ; a 
weight ; effort of carrying anything heavy; in Scot., 
the ear, esp. its lobe; that which projects like an 
ear, as the handle of a pitcher; a projecting piece in 
machinery to communi- 



cate motion, etc.; esp. a 
short flange by or to 
which something is fas- 
tened; a ring-shap ed 
piece of leather, fastened 
to the saddle of a single ^ . ^ , 

harness, to hold up the ^^S- A, A, lugs, 
shaft. — Lug'gage, -gej, n. That which is lugged or 
carried with difficulty ; anything cumbrous ; esp. a 
traveler's trunks, baggage, etc. ; something of more 
weight than value. — Lug'^ger, re. A small vessel car- 
rying 2 or 3 masts, with a running bowsprit and lug 
sails. — Lug''sail, re. A square sail bent upon a yard 
that hangs obliquely to the mast at J of its length. 

Lugubrious, lu-gu'brT-us, a. Mournful ; indicating 
sorrow. 

Lukewarm, luk'wawrm, a. Moderately warm ; nei- 
ther cold nor hot ; tepid ; not ardent ; not zealous ; 
indifferent. 

Lull, lul, V. t. [lulled (luld), lulling.] To cause 
to rest by soothing influences ; to quiet. — v. i. To 
become gradually calm, subside, —re. Power or 
quality of soothing ; a season of temporary quiet 
after storm or confusion. — Lull'^aby, -a-bi, re. A 
song to quiet babes. 

Lumbago, lum-ba'go, re. {Med.) A rheumatic pain 
in the loins and small of the back.— Lumbae'lnous, 
-baj'T-nus, a. Pert, to lumbago. — Lum^bar, a. 
{Anat.) Pert, to, or near the loins. 

Lumber, lum'ber, re. Orig., a pawnbroker's shop, a 
pledge or pawn; anything cumbrous; things thrown 
aside as useless; timber sawed for use. — v. t. [lum- 
bered (-berd^, -BERING.] To heap together in disor- 
der; to fill with lumber. — v. i. To move heavily, as 
if burdened; to rumble; to cut lumber and prepare 
it for market. 

Luminary, lu'mY-na-rY, re. Any body that gives light; 
esp., one of the heavenly bodies; one who illustrates 
any subject, or enlightens mankind. — Lu'^minous, 
-mT-nus, a. Shining, emitting light ; bright ; clear, 
as if illuminated ; lucid. 

Lump, lump, re. A mass of matter, of no definite 
shape, or thrown together without order or distinc- 
tion.— w.^. [lumped (lumpt), LUJIPING.] To throw 
into a mass; to take in the gross, speak of collectively. 

— Lunch, re. A repast between breakfast and dinner; 
food taken at other than regular meal times; a light, 
informal repast instead of a regular meal. — v. i. 
[LUNCHED (luncht), LUNCHING.] To take a lunch. 

— Lunch'eon, -un, n. Same as Lunch, re. 

Lune, lun, re. Anything in the shape of a half-moon. 
{Geom.) A crescent-shaped figure. 

— Lu'^nar, a. Pert, to, or like, the 
moon ; orbed ; measured by the 
revolutions of the moon.— Lu'nate, 
-nated, a. (Bat.) Of the form of 
the half-moon ; crescent-shaped. 
— Lu''natic, a. Affected by lunacy; 
insane ; exhibiting lunacy. — re. 
One who is, etc. — Lu'nacy, -na-sY, 
re. A popular name for insanity ; Lunate Leaf, 
derangement; craziness. — Luna'^tion, re. The period 
of a synodic revolution of the moon, or the time 
from one new moon to the next. — Lunette'', -net', n. 

■ {Fort.) A detached bastion. {Far.) A half horse- 
shoe. A somewhat flat watch-crystal; a kind of con- 
cavo-convex lens for spectacles; a covering for the 
eye of a vicious horse. {Arch.) An aperture in a 
concave ceiUng. 




sQn, cube, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then. boNboN, chair, get. 



LUNG 



234 



LYRA 




Lung, lung, n. (Anat.) One of the 2 organs of respira- 
tion in an air-breath- 
ing animal. 

Lunge, Longe, lunj, n. 
A sudden push or 
thrust. — V. t. To de- 
liver a lunge in fen- 
cing. 

Lupine,lu''pin,n. (Bot.) 
A leguminous plant 
of many species, some ^ 
cultivated for their 
showy flowers, others 
as forage plants, or to I 
be plowed under as 
fertilizers. 

Lupuliue, lu'pu-lin, n. 
(Cheiyi.') The bitter 
principle of hops. 
The fine yellow pow- 
der of hops, which 
contains that princi- J ih g f 

- ^ ^^ n- T- ,-KT ^ > Lungs, Heart, and chief Vital 

^'^'^^' i®i°^' "• ^^'^f-^ Organs, in Man. 

A sudden roll of a . J^^ ^^j^ j j ,^,„tia 

ship to one side. -v. 'arteries ; «, trachea ; d, d, bron- 
I. [LUECHED (lercht), chial veins ; e, e, bronchial ar- 
LUECHING.J To with- teries ; A, I, lungs ; g, right au- 
draw to one side, or to ricle ; ft, inferior vena cava ; i, 
a private place; to lie right ventricle ; y, aortal artery; 
in ambush, lurk ; to /> !«*' ventricle, 
dodge, play tricks ; to roll or pass suddenly to one 
side, as a ship in a heavy sea. — To leave in the lurch. 
To leave in a difficult situation, in embarrassment, 
or without help. — Lurk, v. i. [lurked (lerkt), lurk- 
ing.] To lie hid, lie in wait; to keep out of sight. — 
Lurk'ing-place, n. A place in which one lurks. — 
Lurch'er, n. One that lies in wait, esp. a dog that 
lies in wait for game, and seizes it, as hares, rabbits, 
and the like; a glutton; gormandizer. 
Lure, lur, n. An object resembling a bird, held out 
by the falconer to call a hawk ; any enticement; de- 
coy; anything which attracts by promise of pleasure 
or advantage. —V. i. [luked (lUrd), luring.] To 
call a hawk or other animal. — v. t. To draw to the 
lure; entice; attract. 
Lurid, lu-'rid, a. Ghastly pale; yellow or red, as the 

sky when a tempest is coming; gloomy; dismal. 
Lurk, etc. See under Lurch. 

Luscious, lush''us, a. Sweet ; delicious; sweet or rich 
so as to cloy; fulsome. — Lush, a. Full of juice or 
succulence. 
Lust, lust, n. Longing desire; eagerness to possess or 
enjoy ; carnal appetite : concupiscence. — v. i. To 
desire eagerly, long ; to desire the gratification of 
carnal appetite ; to have irregular or inordinate de- 
sires. — Lusfful, -ful, a. Having lust; provoking to 
sensuality; carnal;' licentious; lewd; lecherous. — 
Lus^'ty, -tT, a. [-tier, -tiest.] Exhibiting vigor, 
health, etc.; able of body; large: robust; vigorous; 
healthful; bulky; corpulent; lustful. 
Luster, -tre, lus'ter, ?i. That which shines or is bril- 
liant; splendor; brightness; renown; distinction; a 
candlestick ornamented with pendants of cut glass. 
— Lus''trous, -trus, a. Bright; shining.— Lus'^tring, 
n. A kind of glos.sy silk cloth. 
Lute, Itit, n. A pear-shaped musical instrument, 'whose 
strings are struck with the right 
hand, while the left presses them 
upon the stops. 
Lute, lut, Lufing, n. (Chrm.') A 
composition of clay or other te- 
nacious substance, used for mak- 
ing joints of chemical vessels, 
etc., air-tight; a rubber packing 
ring; a coating of clay, sand, etc., 
to protect retorts, etc., when ex- 
posed to heat. — v.t. To close or 
coat with lute. 
Lnteous, lu''te-us, a. Of a deep-yel- 
low, golden-yellow, or orange- 
yellow color. 

Lutheran, lu''thgr-an, a. Pert, to Martin Luther, the 
reformer. — n. A disciple, or adhereiit to the doc- 
trines, of Luther or the Lutheran church. — Lu'- 




Lute. 



theranism, Lu'therism, -izm, n. Doctrines taught 
by Luther. 
Luxate, luks'at, v. t. To put out of joint, dislocate. 

— Luxa''tion, n^ Aft or state of, etc.; a dislocation. 
Luxury, luk'shoo-rl, 7i. Free or extravagant indul- 
gence in the pleasures of the table, and in costly 
dress and equipage ; anything delightful to the 
senses ; a dainty ; any delicious or costly food or 
drink; any article not necessary for healtn or com- 
fort; epicurism; effeminacy. — Luxu'riate, jj. t. To 
grow exuberantly, or to superfluous abundance; to 
feed or live luxuriously; to indulge to excess, de- 
light greatly. — Luxu''ria''tion, n. Act, or process of, 
etc. — Luxu'rious, -rl-us, a. Given to luxurv; vo- 
luptuous; administering to luxury; furnished with 
luxuries; softening by pleasure, or free indulgence 
in luxury. 

Lyceum, li-se-'um, n. A place in Greece near the River 
Ilissus, where Aristotle taught philosophy; a place 
for instruction by lectures or disquisition's; a higher 
school, in Europe, which prepares youths for the 
university; an association for literary improvement. 

Lydian, Ud-'i-an, a. Pert, to Lj'dia, in Asia Minor, or 
to its inhabitants; soft; effeminate, — said esp. of 
one of the ancient Greek modes or keys, whose 
music was of a soft, pathetic character. 

Lye, li, n. Water impregnated with alkali imbibed 
from the ashes of wood, used in soap-making, etc. 

— Lixiv'ial, -T-al, a. Obtained by lixiviation ; con- 
taining alkali extracted from wood-ashes ; of the 
color of , or like lye or alkaline salts from wood-ashes. 

— Lixiv^iate, -ated, a. Pert, to Ij'e ; impregnated 
with alkali from wood-ashes. — Lixiv'iate, v. t. To 
subject to the process of lixiviation; to leach. — Lix- 
iv^ia'tion, n. Operation or process of extracting sol- 
uble matter from insoluble by washing, filtering, or 
leaching, as alkali from ashes. — Lixiv'ium, -T-um, 
n. Water impregnated with soluble matter, as with 
alkaline salts imbibed from wood-ashes. 

Lymph, limf, n. Water, or a pure, transparent fluid 
like water; a coagulable fluid in animal bodies, con- 
tained in vessels called lymphatics ; the watery part 
of the pus or virus used in vaccination. — Lymphaf- 
ic, -fafik, a. Pert, to, of the nature of, containing, 
or conveying lymph; heavy in temperament; dull. 

— n. (Physiol.) One of the vein-like, valved vessels 
in vertebrate animals, which absorb tlie lymph fr. 
various parts of the system and carry it to the tho- 
racic duct, etc.: see Lacteal. 

Lynch, linch, v. t. [lynched (lincht), lynching.] 
To inflict punishment upon without the forms of 
law; esp. to hang by mob-law.— Lynch '-law, w. Pun- 
ishment of men, by private, unauthorized persons. 
Lynx, links, n. A sullen nocturnal feline animal of 
several species, with brilliant eyes, tufted ears, and 
short tail : it preys upon birds and beasts in the 
woods of N. Europe, Asia, and Amer. — Lynx'-eyed, 
-id, a. Having acute sight. — Lyn'cean, -se-an, a. 
Pert, to the lynx. 
Lyra, li''ra, n. {Astyon.) A northern constellation, 
situated directly 

,^ in front of Ursa 

f ^ . J -^ Major. — L y r e, 1 

lir,'w. (Mus.) A 
stringed instru- 
ment of music; 
a kind of harp 
used by the an- 
cients. (Astron.) 
The constellation 
Lyra. — Ly'rist, 

T -c-rA "• *-*"^ '^^° plays 

^y^^- upon the lyre. — . 
Ljrre'-bird, n. An Australian 
bird, having the 16 tail feath- 
ers of the male arranged in 
the form of a lyre: it is the 
only known species of its 
genus. — Lyr^ic, iTr^'ik, -ical, 
a. Pert, to a lyre or harp; 
fitted to be sung to the lyre;- 
appropriate for song. — 'Lyr'^- 
ic,n. A lyric poem; a song; 
a verse of the kind usually 
employed in lyric poetry, — chiefly in pi 





Lyre-bird. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd. eve, tSrm ; tn, ice ; Sdd, tSnc, 8r ; 



M 



235 



MAG-I 



M. 




Macaw. 
71. A mace 



M, em, the 13th letter of the Eng. alphabet, represents 
a labial articulation, and is called the labial nasal. 
—As a numeral M = 1,(KK3. {Print.) A quadrat, the 
faceortopof whichisasg^uare, as formerly the letter 
M also was : it is the unit of measuring tne amount 
of type in any work: this page in length is equal to 
91 lines of pearl, in breadth 58 ; it would therefore 
measure 58 X 91 = 5,278 m's. [Written also em.] 

Ma, ma, Ji. Mother, — an abbr. of mamma, a child's 
title for mother. — Ma'am, mam, n. Madam, — a 
coUoq. contraction of madam. 

Macadamize, mak-ad''am-iz, v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), -iz- 
ING.] To cover (a road) with small, broken stones, 
so as to form a smooth, hard surface. 

Macaroni, mak-a-ro^nt, n. An article of food com- 
posed of paste, chiefly of wheat flour, made into 
long, slender tubes; a medlej^; something extrava- 
gant, to please an idle fancy: a sort of droll or fool; 
a fop; beau; exquisite. — Macaroon'', -roon', j(. A 
small cake, composed chiefly of almonds and sugar. 

Macaw, ma-kaw', ?(. A lar^ebird of the purrut 1am- 
ily, of several species, all having 
beautiful plumage and long tails, 
native of tropical America. 

lAaccabees, mak'ka-bez, n. pi. Two 
books of the Apocrypha, which re- 
cord Jewish alfairs in the time of 
the Maccabean princes. 

Maccaboy, mak''ka-boi, -co boy, n. 
Rose-flavored snuif . ' 

Mace, mas, n. A heavj' metal club, 
anciently used as a weapon; a staff 
borne by, or before, a magistrate 
as an ensign of authority; a scepter; 
a rod used Ih billiards; a knobbed 
mallet used by curriers. — Ma'cer, 
bearer;_a court officer. 

Mace, mas, n. A spice, — the 2d coat or aril which cov- 
ers the nutmeg,'— extremely fragrant and aromatic. 

Macerate, mas'er-at, v. t. To soften and separate the 
parts of by steeping, as in a fluid, or by the digestive 
process. 

Machiavelian, mak'T-a-veKyan, a. Pert, to Machia- 
vel, an Italian writer, or to his supposed principles; 
politically cunning; using duplicity; crafty. 

Machicolation, mach'I-ko-hv'shun, n. An opening be- 
tween the corbels supporting 
a projecting parapet, in the =» 
floor of a gallery, or in the 
roof of aportal,'for pourinj? 
hot liquids, etc., upon assail- 
ants approaching the walls; 
act of pouring or nurling mis- 
siles, etc., upon assailants 
through such apertures ; a 
parapet resting on corbels. 

Iilacliine, ma-shen', n. Any body or asi»emblage of 
bodies used to transmit aiid mrklify force and mo- 
tion; esp., a construction in which the several parts 
unite to produce given results;, any instrument or 
organization by which power is applied and niade 
effective, or a desired effect produced; a person who 
acts mechanically or at the will of another; siipernat- 
ural agency in a poem. — Machin^ery, -shen'er-T, 
n. Machines collectivelj^; the working parts of a 
machine, arranged to apply and regulate force ; 
means by which anything is kept in action ; esp. 
supernatural means by wliich the action of a ficti- 
tious work is carried on and brought to a catastro- 
phe. — MacMn'^ist, n. A constructor of machinery. 
— Mach'inal, mak't-nal, a. Pert, to machines.— 
Mach'^inate, v. t. To plan; to form, as a plot or a 
scheme. — MacMna''tion, n. Act of contriving a 
scheme for executing .some purpose, esp. an evil 
one; a hostile ortreacherous scheme formed with de- 
liberation and cunning.— Mach'ina'tor,)*. One who 
plots with evil designs. 




Machicolation. 





Mackerel, mak'er-el, n. A food fish, blue, streaked 
with black, found in 
the European and N. 
Amer. seas. 

Mackintosh, m a k ' i n - 
tosh, n. A water-proof 
outer garment. 

Macrocosm, mak-'ro- Mackerel, 

kozm, 71. The great world; universe, — opposed to 
microcosm, or the little world constituted by man. — 
Macrom'eter, -krom'- 
e-ter, n. An instru- 
ment for measuring 
inaccessible objects 
by means of 2 reflect- 
ors on a common sex- 
tant.— Mac'ropod , n. 
(Zool.) A short-tailed, 
decapodous c r u s t a - . . , 

cean, having very Macropod. 

long feet; the sea-spider; spider-crab. 

Mad, mad, a. [madder, -dest.] Disordered in intel- 
lect ; distracted; crazj' ; insane; beside one's self; 
showing uncontrolled or unreasonable feeling or ac- 
tion, as from levitj', willfulness, fear, pain, appetite, 
rage, etc.; esp., excited with violent or unreasonable 
desire or appetite, or with wrath; enraged; angry; 
proceeding from, or indicating, madness or furv.— 
v.t. [madded, -DING.] To madden.— Mad''den,-dn, 
v.t. [-DEXED (-dnd), -DEXING.] To make mad, furi- 
ous, or angry, drive to madness, craze, enrage. — v. i. 
To become mad, act as if mad. 

Madam, mad'am, Madame, ma-dam', w. ,• pi. Mes- 
DAMES, ma-dam''. My lady, — a complimentary 
form of address to a ladj', esp. an elderly or a mar- 
ried lady. — Madon'na, ma-don'na, n. Madam; my 
lady; a picture of the Virgin Mary, to whom the titfe 
Our Lady is given in the Rom. Cath. Church. — 
Mademoiselle, mad'mw5-zel', n. ; pi. Mesdemoi- 
SELLES, mad'mwS-zel'. Miss; young woman; girl, 
— used esp. in address. 

Madder, mad'der, n. A plant cultivated in Europe 
and the Levant, from whose root are made pigments 
for dyeing several shades of red, yello\/, and purple. 

Madeira, ma-de'ra or -da'ra, n. A rich wine made on 
the Isle of Madeira.^ 

Madrepore, mad're-por, n. A reef-building polyp, or 
the white, stony, tree- 
shaped coral formed by ag- 
gregation of its cells. 

Madrigal, mad'rt-gal, n. A 
little amorous poem, or 
pastoral poem, containing 
some tender and delicate, 
though simple thought. 
(Jlitsic.) An elaborate vocal 
composition in 5 or 6 parts. 

Magazine, mag'a-zen', n. A 
warehouse or storehouse ; 
esp. a storehouse for mili- 
tary stores; building or 
room in which powder is 
kept in a fortification or 
ship; cartridge chamber of a repeating rifle; a pam- 
phlet periodically published, containing miscellane- 
ous compositions. 

Magdalen, mag-'da-len, n. A reformed prostitute. 

Magenta, ma-jen'ta, n. A red 'or crimson dye or color 
derived from aniline. 

Maggot,' nng'got, n. The larval form of a fly; a grub; 
worm.— Mag'goty, -got-T, a. Full of or infested with 
maggots: full of whims; capricious. 

Magi, ma'ji, n. Priests of the Persians; wise men of 
the East. — Mag'ic, maj^ik, «. The pretended art, 
science, or practice of working wonders by aid of 
supernatural beings, departed spirits, or occult pow- 
ers of nature ; sorcery ; witchcraft ; necromancy,- 




Madrepore. 



stin, cube, full ; moon, fdbt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink. then, boNbox, chair, get. 



MAGISTERIAL 



23G 



MAiZE 



2 7 ,(> 



conjuration; enchantment. — Mag'ic, -ical, a. Re- 
lating to, performed by, or proceeding from, etc.; 
hence, imposing or startling in performance. — Mag- 
ic circle. A series of concentric circles containing 
the numbers 12 to 75 in eight radii, and having sim- 
ilar properties to the magic square. — M. lantern. 
An optical instrument consisting of a case contain- 
ing a lamp, whose light, passing through lenses, ex- 
hibits on a screen the magnified image of objects 
placed in the focus of the outer lens. — M. square. 
A series of numbers in a regular progres- 
sion, so disposed in parallel and equal 
rows, in the form of a square, that each 
row, taken vertically, horizontally, or di- 
agonally, shall give the same sum, same 
product, or a harmonical series, accord- 
ing as the series taken is in an arithmeti- -. .- ^. — 
cai, geometrical, or harmonical progres- -^l^g'c 
sion. — Mag'ically, adv. — Magi'cian, *ciuare. 
-jibh'an, n. One skilled in magic; an enchanter; sor- 
cerer or sorceress. 
Magisterial, maj-is-tc'rl-al, a. Pert, or appropriate to 
a master or magistrate; authoritative; commanding: 
imperious;_haughty; despotic; dogmatical. — Mag'- 
istrate, -trat, n. A person clothed with power as a 
public ci\il officer, executive or judicial. — Mag'is- 
tral,a. Suiting a magistrate; authoritative. {Phar- 
macy.') Prescribed for the occasion, — said of med- 
icines, disting. fr. such as are officinal, or directed 
by the pharmacopceia. — Mag''iBtracy, -tra-sT, n. 
Office or dignity of a manstrate; the body of magis- 
trates. — Mag'na Char'ta, kar-'ta, n. The ^reat 
charter obtained by the Eng. barons from King John, 
A. u. 1215 ; a fundamental constitution which guar- 
anties rights and pri\'ileges. — Mag^nauiai''ity, -I-tt, 
n. Quality of being magnanimous ; greatness of 
mind; elevation or dignity of soul; generosity.— Mag- 
nan'imoufl, -I-mus, a. Great of mmd; raised above 
what is low, mean, or ungenerous; of lofty spirit ; 
exhibiting nobleness of soul ; liberal and honorable. 

— Mag'nate, -nat, n. A noble or grandee; a person of 
distinction. —Mag^nify, -nT-fi, v. t. [-fied (-lid), 
-FYiXG.] To make great or greater ; to increase the 
power or glory of, sound the praises of; to enlarge, 
amplify, augment, exaggerate. — v. i. To increase 
the apparent dimensions of objects. — Mag'nifi'er, n. 
One who, or that which, magnifies; an optic il in- 
strument, which increases the apparent magnitude 
of bodies. — Magnif'^iceiit, -I-sent, a. On a grand 
scale; imposing with splendor; grand in appearance; 
exhibiting grandeur ; pompous ; gorgeous ; grand ; 
hrilliant. — Mag''nitade, -nT-tud, ?*. Extent of di- 
mensions or parts; bulk; size. {Geom.) That which 
has one or more of the 3 dimensions, length, breadth, 
niid thickness; anj'^thingof which greater or less can 
be predicated; greatness; grandeur; importance. 

Magnesia, mag-ne'zhT-a o/- -zha, w. (Chem.) Oxide of 
magnesium, a white, almost insoluble, alkaline earth, 
used as an absorbent and antacid. — Magne'^sium, 
-zhT-ura, «. {Chem.) The undecomposable metallic 
base of magnesia. — Magnesium light. A brilliant 
light produced by burning metallic magnesium, — 
used in photographic processes. — Mag'' net, n. The 
loadstone; a species of iron ore, which attracts iron 
.and some of its ores, and, when freely suspended, 
points to the magnetic poles; a bar of iron to which 
the properties of the loadstone have been imparted. 

— Magnet'le, -ical, a. Pert, to, or having the prop- 
erties of, the magnet ; pert, to the earth's magnet- 
ism; attractive. — Mag'netisin, -izm, n. The force 
in nature which gives rise to the phenomena of at- 
traction, polarity, etc., exhibited by the loadstone 
and other magnetic bodies; science of magnetic phe- 
nomena ; power of attraction. — Ma.g'^netize, v. t. 
[-IZED (-izd), -iziXG.] To communicate magnetic 
properties to ; to attract as if by a magnet; to nx)ve, 
influence ; to mesmerize. — v.'i. To acquire mag- 
netic properties, become magnetic. 

Magnificent, Magnify, etc. See under Magisterial. 

Magnelia, mag-no'll-a, n. A tree of several species 
having large fragrant ilowers. 

Magpie, mag'pi, n. A long-tailed, crafty bird, allied 
to the crow, having black plumage above, glossed 
with green and purple, and snowy white below: it is 
noisy and mischievous, and may be taught to speak. 




Maguey, ma-gwa', n. A Mexican aloe, used for paper, 

clothing, cordage, etc. 
I Mahogany, nia-hog''a-nT, n. A large tree, of tropical 
Aiiier. ; the wood of the tree, of a reddish brown 
color, very hard, and susceptible of a fine polish; a 
I dining table. 

Mahomedan, Mahometan. See MoHA5aiEDAX. 

Mahout, ma-hoot', yi. In India, a man in charge of an 
elephant; elephant-driver. 

Maid, mad, n. An unmarried wonian; virgin; maiden; 
a female servant. — Maid^'en, mad'n.w. A maid; an 
instrument resembling the guillotine, formerly used 
in Scotland for beheading criminals; a machine for 
washing linen. — a. Pert, to a young unmarried 
woman or virgin ; consisting of virgins; fresh; new; 
pure; unused. — Maid'enheadi.n. Virginity; the 
hymen or virginal membrane; that which a woman 
loses when first she has sexual intercourse. — Maid''- 
enhood, n. State of being a maid or virgin; virginity; 
newness; freshness; uncontaminated state; state be- 
fore marriage ; girlhood. — Maid'enly, a. Becoming 
a maid; gentle; modest; reserved. — Maid''en-hair, 7j. 
A name for several delicate and graceful species of 
fern, all of which are used in medicine. 

Maihem._ See Maim. 

Mail, mal, n. Defensive armor com- 
posed of steel scales, rings, or plates; 
any defensive covering. (^Navt.) 
An apparatus composed of rings in- 
terwoven, for rubbing off loose hemp 
on lines and white cordage. — v. t. 
To put a coat of mail or armor upon. 

Mail, mal, n. A bag for the convey- 
ance of letters and papers ; con- 
tents of such a bag, etc. ; the person 
or conveyance carrving the mail. --, » -; -., ., 
-r.t. [MAILED (mild), MAILING.] Coat of Mail. 
To put in the post-office for transmission hy the 
mail ; to post. — Mail'able, a. Usually adm'itted, 
or proper to be admitted, into the mail. 

Maim, mam, v. t. [maimed (manid), maimixg.] To 
deprive of the use of a limb, ©r of a necessary part; 
to mutilate, mangle, disable. — Maim, in law lan- 
guage Mai'^hem, May'hem, ma'hem, n. Privation 
of the use ot a limb or member of the bodj', or of 
any necessary part ; mutilation ; injury. 

Main, man, H. Strength; force; violent effort. 

Main, man, a. Mighty; powerful ; vast ; first in size, 
rank, importance, etc.; principal ; chief ; capital. — 
j>. The chief or principal part ; esp., the great sea, 
di>ting. from an arm, ba\', etc. ; the ocean ; the con- 
tinent, disting. from an 'island ; mainland; a prin- 
cipal duct or pipe, disting. from lesser ones ; esp., a 
principal pipe leading from a reservoir. — Main'ly, 
a'Ir. Chiefly ; principally ; greatly ; mightily. — 
Main'mast, H. The principal mast in a vessel. See 
Ship. — Main'sail, n. The principal sail. See Sail. 
— Main'spring, w. The principal spring in apiece 
of mechanism ; esp. the moving spring of a watch 
or clock ; the chief or most powerful motive. — 
Main'^top, n. The platform at the top of the main- 
mast of a ship, brig, etc. — Main^yaTd, n. The yard 
on which the mainsail is extended, supported by the 
mainmast. — Main'-deck, n. {JVaiit.) The deck 'next 
helow the spar-deck in frigates and seventy-fours. 
See Ship. — land, ?«. The continent, the principal 
land,— opp. to island. — sheet, n. (A^aut.) The sheet 

that extends and fastens the mainsail. stay, n. 

The stay extending from the foot of the foremast to 
the maintop; main support; principal dependence. 

Mainpernor, man'pgr-ner, n. {Law.) A surety for a 
prisoner's appearance injcourt ataday.— Blaintain', 
-tan', V. t. [-TAIXED (-tand'), -tainixg.] To hold 
or keep in any particular condition; to keep up, sus- 
tain: to keep possession of, hold and defend ; to 
continue ; to bear the expense of, supply with what 
is needed; to support by assertion or argument. — r. 
i. To affirm a position, assert. — Main'tenance, -te- 
nans, n. Act of maintaining; sustenance; support; 
defense; vindication; that which maintains or sup- 
ports; means of sustenance. {Ci-im. Laiv.) An offi- 
cious intermeddling in a cause depending between 
others. 

Maize, maz, tu Indian com, a large species of Amer. 
grass, cultivated as a forage and food plant; its seed. 



Sjn, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; Yn, ice 5 Odd, tone, 6r ; 



MAJESTY 



237 



MAN 




growing on cobs and used as 
foud for men and animals. — 
Maize'na, ma-ze'na, n. A trade 
name for fine meal or farina, 
prepared from maize, for pud- 
dings, etc. 
Majestyi maj'es-tY. n. Grandeur; 
exalted dignity; imposing lofti- 
ness: the title of a king or queen, 

— in this sense taking a pi. — 

— Majes'tic, a. Possessing or 
exhibiting majesty ; of august 
dignity, or imposing grandeur ; 
splendid ; magniticent ; imperi- 
al; regal; royal; stately; lofty. 

Major, ma'^jer, a. Greater in 
number, quantity, or extent; of 
greater dignity ; more impor- 
tant.— w. (Mil.) An officer next 
in rank above a captain and Maize 

below a lieutenant-colonel. 
{Civil Law.) A person of full age. (Logic.) That 
premise which contains the major term. — Major'- 
ity, -j8r't-tT, n. Quality or condition of being great- 
er; esp. the military rank of a major ; condition of 
being of age, to manage one's own concerns ; the 
greater number ; more than half ; the number by 
which one aggregate (as of votes) exceeds all op- 
posed to it. — Ma''jor-do''mo, n. A steward ; a chief 
minister. — Ma'jor-gen'eral, n. (Mil.) An officer 
next in rank below a lieutenant general. 

Make, mak, v. t. [made (mad), making.] To cause 
to exist ; produce, frame, create ; to produce (some- 
thing artificial or false) ; to bring about, effect, do, 
execute, etc. ; to gain, as the result of one's efforts ; 
to suffer ; to find, as the result of computation ; to 

• pass over the distance of, travel over; to put in a de- 
sired or desirable condition ; to cause to be or be- 
come, constitute; to cause to appear to be; to esteem, 
represent; to require, compel, force ; to compose, as 
parts, ingredients, or materials ; to form ; to serve 
or answer as; to reach, or arrive at ; to come near, so 
as to have within sight. — v. i. To tend, proceed, 
move ; to contribute, have effect ; to increase, aug- 
ment, accrue.— n. Structure; texture; constitu- 
tion of parts. -Mak'er, n. One who makes, forms, 
or molds; a manufacturer; the Creator. (Law.) One 
who signs or makes a promissory note. — Make'-be- 
lieve', n. A mere pretense. — shift, n. That with 
which one makes shift; a temporary expedient. — 
-up, n. The whole, — disting. from the parts com- 
posing it; general composition or structure; get-up; 
among actors, artificial preparation of the face, etc., 
lor the stage. (Print.) Arranging of tj-pe into pages, 
with proper head-lines, etc. — weight, -wat, n. That 
which is thrown into a scale to make weight. 

iilalachite, mal'a-kit, n. (Min.) Green carbonate of 
copper, found in Siberia, Cornwall, etc. 

Malacology, mal-a-kol'o-jt, n. Science of the structure 
and habits of moUusks or soft-bodied animals. 

Maladministration, mal'ad-min'is-tra'shun,?). Faulty 
administration; bad management of public officers 
or official duties. — Maladroit'', -a-droit', a. Clumsy; 
awkward; unskillful. — MaKady, -a-dT, n. Sickness 
or disease; esp., a lingering or deep-seated disorder; 
a moral or mental disorder; illness.— Malap'ropos', 
-ap'ro-po', ac/r. Unseasonably; unsuitably. — Mala'- 
ria, ma-la'rt-a, n. An unhealthy exhalation from 
wet land, etc., producing fever, ague, etc., in certain 
districts. — Mala''rloas, -rT-us, a. Pert, to, or in- 
fected by, malaria. — Mal''content^ 7i. One discon- 
tented; esp., a discontented subject of government. 

— Mal'content', Mal'content'ed, a. Discontented; 
dissatisfied with the government. — MaPedic'tion, h. 
Denunciation of evil; declaration of a wish of evil; 
curse; imprecation; execration. — MaKefac'tor, -ter, 
n. One who commits a crime; evil-doer; felon; con- 
vict. — Malefac'tion, n. A crime. —Maleficence, -T- 
sens.m. Evil-doing. (Moral Philos.) The doing ill 
to others, — opp. to beneficence. — Malev'olent, a. 
Wishing evil; ill-disposed, or disposed to injure oth- 
ers; envious; spiteful; malicious; malignant. — Ma- 
lev'olence, -o-lens, n.— MaPforma'tion, n. Irregular 
or anomalous formation or structure of parts.— MaK- 
ice, -is, n. A disposition to injure others unjustly. 



without apparent cause, or in revenge; delibemte in- 
tention to do mischief to another ; unprovoked ma- 
lignity or spite ; rancor. — Mali''cioas, -hsh'us, a. 
Indulging or exercising malice ; proceeding from 
hatred or malice ; misc"liievous ; bitter. — Malign', 
-lin'', o. Having a very evil disposition toward oth- 
ers; malignant; pernicious; tending to injurfe. — v. <. 
[maligned (-lind'), -ligivixg.] To speak great eviL 
of, traduce, vilify. — Maiig^nancy, -lig'nan-sl, n. 
Quality of being malignant; malice. (Med.) Viru- 
lence; tendency to mortification or to a fatal issue. — 
Malig'^nant, a. Disposed to do harm, inflict suffer- 
ing, or cause distress; exerting pernicious influence; 
heinous. (Med.) Tending to produce death ; viru- 
lent ; incurable. — Malprac'tice, -tis, m. Evil prac- 
tice; illegal orimmor;,! conduct; esp. professional 
misconduct of a pliysician. — Maltreaf, v. t. To 
treat ill, abuse.— Maltreat'ment, n. Ill usage; abuse. 

— Mal'versa'tion, n. Evil conduct; corruption or 
extortion in office. 

Malaga,_maKa^a, n. A wine from Malaga, in Spain. 

Male, mal, a. Pert, to the sex that begets or procre- 
ates young,disting. fr. the female; masculine. (Bot.) 
Having fecundating organs, but not fruit-bearing; 
staminate. — n. An animal of the male sex; a he. 
(Bot.) A plant which bears only staminate flowers. 

— Mai ''lard, n. The common green-head or migra- 
tory wild duck of Europe and the Western U. S., 
the progenitor of the tame mallard ; the common 
domestic duck. 

Malediction, Malice, etc. See under Maladminis- 

TKATION. 

Mall, mawl, n. A large wooden beetle; a maul. — v. t. 
[malled (mawld), malling.J To beat with a mall; 
to maul. — Mall, mal, n. A level, shaded public walk. 

— MaKleate, maKle-at, v. t. To hammer; to draw 
into a plate or leaf by beating. — Mal''leable, a. Ca- 

Eable of being shaped, drawn out, or extended by 
eating. — Malleable iron. Iron so nearly freed from 
carbon, etc., that it may be wrought with a hammer. 

— MaKlet, n. A wooden hammer, used esp. for driv- 
ing a chisel. 

Mallow, maKlo, -lows, -loz, 7i. A plant of the genus 
Malta, — so called from its emollient qualities. 

Malmsey, mam'zT, n. A sort of grape; also, a kind of 
strong and sweet wine. 

Malpractice, Maltreat, etc. See under Maladminis- 
tkation. 

Malt, mawlt, n. Barley, or other grain, in which the 
starch has been changed to saccharine matter by 
forced germination, and the sprouting checked by 
drjang m a kiln: it is used in brewing. — v. t. To 
make into malt. — v. i. To become malt. 

Mamma,'mam-ma'', n. Mother, — a word of tender- 
ness and familiarity, used chiefly by children. 

Mamma, mam''ma, n. ; pi. -jax.. The breast; the pro- 
tuberant organ or gland in the female which secretes 
milk. — Mam''mal, ii. (Zool.) An animal of the 
highest class of vertebrates, the female of which 
suckles her j'oung. — Mamma''lia, -ll-a, n. pi. A 
class of animals, comprehending the mammEils. 

Mammon, mam''mun, n. Riches; wealth: also, the aod 
of riches. 

Mammoth, mam''muth, n. A huge extinct elephant, 
of which the remains of several species have been 
found in northern regions. — a. Resembling the 
mammoth in size; gigantic. 

Man, man, n. ; pi. Men, men. An individual of the 
human race; a human being; esp., an adult male 
person; the human race; mankind; sometimes, the 
male part of the race, as disting. fr. the female; one 
of manly strength or virtue; a male servant; a mar- 
ried man; husband; a piece with which a game, as 
chess ordraughts.is played.— v. t. [manned (mand), 
-NiNG.] To supply with men ; to furnish with 
strength for action, fortify.— Man''ly, a. [-her, -li- 
EST.] Having qualities becoming a man; firm; brave; 
noble. — adv. With«courage like a man. — Man''li- 
ness, n.— Mankind', -kind'', n. The human race; 
man; men as disting. fr. women. — Man''ful, -ful, a. 
Showing manly spirit; bold. — Main''hood, -h(J6d, n. 
State of being, or qualities characteristic of or becom- 
ing, a man.— Man''ni8h, a. Having the appearance of 
a man; masculine.— Man ''slaughter, -slaw-ter,n. The 
slaying of a human being; murder. (Law.) The un- 



sfin, cube, full; moon, f(36t ; cow, oil ; linger or ijjk, then, boNboN. chair, get. 



MANAOLE 



238 



MANIOO 




lawful killing of a man without malice. — Man'^ikin. 
-t-kin, n. A little man ; dwarf : an anatomical model of 
the human body, wit.h detachable pieces to show the 
parts and organs. — lian''- 
nole, H. A hole through 
which a man may enter a 
drain, boiler, etc., to clean 
or repair it. — mid'wife, n. 
A man who practices ob- 
stetrics. — trap,?;. An ap- 
pliance for catching tres- 

M^acYe," man'a-kl, n. An Manhole, closed by bridge 
instrument of iron for ^^^ "°^^- 

fastening the hands ; handcuff ; shackle. — v. t. 
[MAXACLED (-kld)j -CLING.] To put fastenings upon 
the hands; to shackle. 

Manage, man''ej, v. t. [-aged (-ejd), -agixg.] To 
have under control and direction ; to guide by care- 
ful treatment; to bring around cunningly to one's 
plans; to train, as a horse; to exercise in graceful or 
artful action; to direct, control, contrive, conduct, 
transact. — v. i. To direct or conduct aifairs. — Man'- 
ageable, a. Capable of being managed; admitting 
or suffering management; easily made subservient 
to one's designs; tractable; tamable; docile. — Man''- 
ageableness, n. — Man^'agement, n. Act of man- 
aging; manner of treating, directing, etc.; cunning 
practice; conduct directed by art or address; l-joard 
of managers; administration; direction. — Man'^ager, 
n. One who, etc.; a director; one who conducts busi- 
ness with economy and frugality; a good economist. 
— Manege', ma^nazh', n. l''he art of horsemanship, 
or of training horses; a riding school. 

Manchineel, manch-T-nel'', n. A lofty W. India tree, 
ha\T.n^ a milky poisonous sap, but furnishing wood 
valued for cabinet making. 

Mandamus. See under Maxdate. 

Mandarin, man-da-ren'', n. A Chinese nobleman; a 
civil or military official in China ; the colloquial 
language of China; a variety of orange, orig. from 
China. 

Mandate, man'dat, n. An official or authoritative 
-command; an order; precept; injunction; commis- 
sion. {Canon Law.) A rescript of the pope, requir- 
ing a person therein named to be put in possession 
of a vacant benefice. — Man'datoiy, -da-to-rT, a. 
Containing a command. — Man'datary, -ta-rT, n. 
One to whom a charge is given; esp., one to whom 
the pope has given a mandate for his benefice. 
{Law.) One who undertakes, without a recompense, 
to do some act for another in respect to a thing bailea 
to him. — Manda'mas, n. {Law.) A writ issued by 
a superior court to some inferior tribunal, corpora- 
tion, or person exercising public authority, com- 
manding the perforrriance of some specified duty. 

Mandible, man^'dt-bl, n. The jaw (upper or lower) of 
a bird, — also applied to designate the lower jaw of a 
mammal, and the anterior or upper pair of jaws in 
•some invertebrates. 

Mandrake, mau'drak, n. A low-growing Oriental nar- 
cotic plant, with a large fleshy root, often forked. 

Mandrel, maa'drel, n. {Mach.) A bar of metal on 
which work to be turned is 
fixed or to which a tool is 
attached, as in a lathe; the 
spindle carrying the center- 
chuck of a lathe, and com- 
municating motion to the 
work, and usually driven by 
a puUey; an arbor. 

Mane, man, n. The long hair 
on the neck of some quadru- 
peds, as the horse, lion, etc. See Hokse. 

Manege. See_under Manage. 

Manes, ma'nez, n. pi. {Rom. Antiq.) The benevolent 
infernal deities; deified shades of tne departed. 

Maneuver, -noeuvre, ma-noo'ver, n. Management ; 
dexterous movement; esp., an evolution, or change 
of position among military or naval bodies; adroit 
proceeding ; intngue ; stratagem. — v. i. [maneu- 
vered or -NfEUVRED (-verd), -NEm'ERINO or -NCED- 

VKING.I To make an evolution ; to manage with art. 
— v.t. Tochange the positionsof (troops, ships, etc.). 
Uanfol, etc. See under Man. 




Mandrel. 




MaHgel-wurzel. 



I Manganese, man^ga-nez'', n. 

j {CTiein.) A metal of a dusky 

[ white or whitish-gray color, very 
hard and difficult to fuse. The 

I black oxide of the metal. 

I Mange, manj, /;. The scab or itch . 
in cattle, dogs, etc. — Man'gy, i 
-jl, a. [-GIEK, -GiEST.] Infected | 
with, etc. ; scabby. — Man''gi- 
nesB, n. 

Mangel-wurzel, man'gl-wer'zl, n. 
A large kind of field beet used 
for feeding cattle. 

Manger, man-'jer, n. A fixed re- 
ceptacle to hold food for horses 
or cattle, in a barn or stable. 
{Naut.) A space at the fore-end 
of the deck, bounded by the 
manger board, to prevent water 
which enters the hawse-holes from running over the 
deck. 

Mangle, man''gl, v. t. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To cut 
bunglingly, as flesh; to hack, lacerate, mutilate; to 
curtail, take by piecemeal. 

Mangle, man^gl, n. A machine for smoothing damp 
cloth or clothes by roller pressure. — v. t. To smooth 
(linen) with a mangle. — Man'^gonel, n. An engine 
formerly used for throwing stones and battering 
walls. 

Mango, man'go, 
n. An Asiatic 
tree of many 
species, culti- 
vated in the 
tropics; its lus- 
cious acid 
fruit; a green 
musk-melon 
pickled. 

Mangos tan, 
man''g o-s t a n, 
-steen, -sten, n. 
A tree of the 
E. Indies ; its 
delicious and 
wholesome 
fruit, about the 
size of a small 
orange. 

Mangrove, man'- , , „ 

grov,n. AtFee Mango Tree, 

of the muddy shores and deltas of the tropics, whose 
branches take root and form new trunks and whose 
seeds germdnate while attached to the tree, forming 
dense forests extending into the water. 

Mangy. See under Mange. 

Manhaden. See Menhaden. 

Manhood. See under M.\n. 

Mania, ma'nT-a, n. Violent derangement of mind; 
uncontrollable desire; insane passion; madness; de- 
lirium; frenzy. — Ma'niac, -nl-ak, a. Raving with 
disordered intellect ; mad. — n. One raving; a mad- 
man. 

Manifest, man'T-fest, a. Clearly visible to the eye ? 
obvious to the understanding"; apparent ; evident ; 
conspicuous; plain. — n. A Ust or invoice of a ship's 
cargo, to be exhibited at the custom-house. — v. t. 
To disclose to the eye or to the understanding ; to 
show plainly; to exhibit the manifests of, at the cus- 
tom-house. — Man'ifesta'tion. n. Act of, etc.; dis- 
play ; revelation. — Man'ifestly, adv. — Manifes'to, 
n.; pi. -TOES, -toz. A public declaration, usually of 
a sovereign, showing his intentions, or proclaiming 
his opinions and motives in reference to some act 
done or contemplated by him. 

Manifold, man'Y-fold, a. Various in kind or quality; 
many ; numerous ; exhibited at divers times or in 
various ways. — v. t. To double or fold in many 
complications or thicknesses; to take many copies of 
by a mechanical process. 

Ma.'n<iriTi gee Under Man. 

Manila, Manilla, ma-nil'a, a. Of or pert, to Manila, 
the capital of the Philippine Islands. — n. A kind 
of cheroot or cigar made at, etc. 

Manioc, ma'nt-ok, n. A poisonous tropical shrub 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm : In. Ice ; 8dd, tone. 5r ! 



MANIPLE 



239 



MARGE 



from whose fleshy tubers cassava and tapioca are 
prepared; cassava. 

Maniple, man'T-pl, n. A handful ; a small band of 
soldiers, a company ; a kind of scarf about the left 
arm of a Rom. Cath. priest.— Manip'nlate, -u-lat, v. 
t. To treat, work, or operate with the hands; to han- 
dle skiUiiilly ; to re-arrange for a purpose, tamper 
with. — V. i. To use the hands, esp. in scientific ex- 
periments, artistic and mechanical processes, etc. — 
Manip^ala''tion, n. Act of, etc.— Manip'ula'tor,-ter, 
n. One who practices manipulation. 

Mankind, Manly, etc. See under Man. 

Manna, man'na, n. (Script.) A substance miracu- 
lously furnished as food for the Israelites in the 
wilderness; divinely supplied food. {Med.) A sweet- 
ish secretion from many trees, as the manna ash, 
European larch, etc. 

Manner, man'ner, n. Mode of action; way of effecting 
anything; characteristic mode of acting, conducting, 
etc.; habitual style; esp. style of writing or thought 
in an author ; a certain degree or measure ; sort ; 
kind; style; pi. carriage; behavior; decent and re- 
spectful deportment; customary method of acting. 

— Man'^nerism, -izm, n. Adherence to a peculiar 
style or manner ; a characteristic mode of action, 
bearing, or treatment, carried to excess. — Man''ner- 
iat, n. One addicted to mannerism. — Man'nerly, 
-II, a. Showing good manners; civil; not rude or 
vulgar. 

MancEUvre. See Maneuvee. 

£Ianor, man^'er, n. {Eng. Law.) District over which 
a lord has feudal authority, — the tenants holding 
by copyhold; lordship; barony; house and land re- 
served by a person of rank for his own use. {A.ner. 
Law.) A tract of land occupied by fee-farm tenants. 

— MajiO'^rial, -rt-al, a. Pert, to a manor. — Manse, 
mans, n. A house or habitation ; esp. a parsouage- 
house ; a farm. — Man'sion, -shun, n. A house ; 
abode; esp. one of some size or pretension; house of 
the lord of a manor. _ 

Mansard-roof, man'sard-roof, n. {Arch.) A roof with 
2 sets of rafters on each side, the lower nearly verti- 
cal, the upper much inclined, giving much space 
far chambers; French-roof; hip-roof; curb-roof. 

Mantel, man'tl, n. {Arch.) The ornamental work 
over a fire-place in front of the chimney, esp. a shelf 
above the fire-place. — Man''tel-piece, -shelf, -tree, n. 
Same as Mantel. — Man'' tie, -tl, n. A loose garment 
worn over other garments ; a cloak; a covering or 
concealing envelope. {Zool.) The outer soft mem- 
brane of the body of amoUusk; any free outer mem- 
brane. {Arch.) A mantel. — w. «. [mantled (-tld), 
-TLiNG.J To cover or envelop, as with a mantle; to 
cloak, hide, disguise. — v. i. To rise and spread, ex- 
pand, be spread out, esp. in a graceful manner; to 
revel in pleasure; to become covered, as a liquid, on 
the surface.— Iton'tie-piece, -shelf, -tree, n. A man- 
tel. — Man'^taa, -tu-a or -tu, n. A woman's gown or 
dress. — Man^'tua-mak'er, man'tu-mak'er, n. A 
dressmaker; one who makes women's clothes. 

Mantis, man-'tis, n. A pugnacious, voracious, insec- 
tivorous, 
orthop- 
t ero us 
insect, of 
8 e V e ral 
8 p e cies, 
of s 1 e n- 
der, gro- 
tes que 
form. 

Manual, " Mantis 

m a n'^u - 

al, a. Pert, to, or performed by, the hand; used or 
. made by hand. — n. A small book, such as may be 
conveniently handled; a compendium; a hand-book; 
esp. the service-book of the Rom. Cath. church. 
(Mvs.) The kej'-board of an organ or harmonium. 

— Man'ofacfure, -fak'chur, n. The operation of 
making (wares) by the hands, by art, or machinery; 
anything made from raw materials. — v. t. [manu- 
factured (-churd), -TURING.] To make from raw 
materials, by the hand, by art, or machinery ; to 
work (materials) into forrris for use. — Man'ruJatct'- 
nrer, n. — Manufac'tory, -to-rT, n. A house or place 




where anything is manufactured ; a factory.— Man'- 
mnif, 1-. t. To release from slavery; to free, as a 
slave. — Man'uiiiis''8ion, -mish'un, n. Act of, etc. — 
Manure'', r. ^ [-nuked (-nurd'), -nueing.] To en- 
rich (land) by the application of a fertilizing sub- 
stance. — n. Any matter which makes land produc- 
tive ; a fertilizing substance. — Man'uscript, -u- 
skript, a. Written with the hand; not printed. — n. 
A book or paper written with the hand. 

Manx, manks, a. Of, or pert^ to, the Isle of Man. 

Many, men'T, a. [moke (mor); most (most); from a 
dilferent root.] (Jom prising, or consisting of, a g-reat 
number of individuals; numerous; manifold; vari- 
ous; sundry. — n. A number; multitude; crowd, — 
chiefly in the phrases a great many, a good many. 

Map, map, n. A representation of the earth's surface 
or of part of it on a plane ; a chart. — v. t. [mapped 
(mapt), -PiNG.J To delineate (the figure of any por- 
tion of land), „o describe well; to plan, mark out. 

Maple, ma'pl, n. A tree of the genus Acer, of several 
species, with hard wood and sweet sap. 

Mar, mar, v. t. [maeeed (mard), -ring.] To injure, esp. 
by cutting off a part, or by wounding and making 
defective ; to damage, harm, spoil ; to impair the 

food looks of, disfigure. — m. A mark made by 
ruisiug, scratching, etc.; an injury. — Mar'plot, n. 
One who frustrates a plan by officious interference. 

Maranatha, mar-a-nath'a or -na'^tha, n. The Lord 
comes, or has come, — a word used in anathemas. 

Maraschino, mar-as-ke^'no, w. A delicate spirit dis- 
tilled from cherries. 

Marasmus, ma-raz'mus, n. {Med.) A wasting of flesh 
without fever or apparent disease ; atrophy ; con- 
sumption; phthisis. 

Maraud, ma^rawd'', v. i. To rove in quest of plun- 
der; to plunder. 

Marble, mar''bl, n. Calcareous stone or mineral, of 
comj)act texture and beautiful appearance, suscepti- 
ble (^ high polish; a thing made of, or like, marble, 
— as|^ work of art, in marble ; a little ball used as a 
playming by children; or, pi. a collection of antique 
works of art in marble. — v. t. [marbled (-bid), 
-BLiNG.] To stain or vein like marble; to variegate 
in color. 

March, march, n. The 3d month of the year. 

March, march, v. i. [marched (marcht), maeching.] 
T® move with a regular step and in order, as sol- 
diers; to walk in a deliberate or stately manner. — 
V. t. To cause to move in military array or in a 
body, as troops; to cause to go by peremptory com- 
mand or by force. — n. Military progress; advance 
of troops; measured and regular advance like that 
of soldiers; a piece of music, designed to guide the 
movement of troops; distance passed over between 
halting-places or in one day. 

March, march, n. A frontier of a territory ; border ; 
confine, — used chiefly in pi. 

Marchioness. See under Mark. 

Marconi system, miir-ko'nT-. A system of wireless 
telegraphy developed by G. Marconi, in which elec- 
trical wav£s are used in"transmission and a coherer 
is used as the receiving instrument. — Marco'ni- 
gram, n. A message sent by Marconi tele- 
graph. 

Mar^-Gras, mar-de-gra', n. The festival 
preceding Ash-Wednesday, the first day 
of Lent; Shrove-Tuesday. 

Mare, mar, n. The female of the horse, or 
equine genus of quadrupeds. — Mare's- 
nest. A fancied discovery of something 
absurdly ridiculous, or of some evil, scan- 
dal, or cause of anxiety, which proves to 
be baseless; a, honx.— Mare' s-tail. Along 
streaky cloud, spreading like a horse's 
tail, and indicating rain. (Bot.) An 
aquatic plant, having silicious, jointed 
stems; horse-tail. 

Mareschal, mar'shal, n. Same as Mae- 
shal. 

Marge, marj, Mar'gent, mar''jent, n. A 
margin. — Mar'gin, n. A border; edge; 
brink; verge; the part of a _page at the 
edge left uncovered in writing or print- Common 
ing. (Com.) Difference between the price Mare's-taii. 
of purchase and sale of an article, which (Bot.) 




Biin, cube, t^U. ; moon, fddt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



MARGRAVE 



240 



MARTELLO TOWER 



leaves room for profit ; dift'erenee between the out- 
lay, expense, nuniberj or amount of anything as es- 
timated, and that which is actually required or in- 
curred. (Stock Exchange.) Money whicli one specu- 
lating in stocks deposits with his broker, to secure 
him against loss.— v. t. [margined (-jind), -gixing.] 
To furnish with a margin; to border; to enter in the 
margin of a page. — Mar''^iiial, a. Pert. tOj written 
or printed in, etc.— Mar'ginate, -jl-nat, -gina'ted, a. 
Having a margin. 

Margrave, mar''grav, n. Orig., a lord of the borders 
or marches, in Germany: a nobleman of a rank 
equivalent to that of an" English marg^uis. — Mar''- 
gfavate, -gra'viate, -vK-at, n. The territory or juris- 
(liction of, etc. — Mar'gravine, -ven, n. Tne wife of 
a margrave. 

Marigold, mSr''- or mSr-'I-gold, n. A plant of several 
gtuera, bearing yellow, orange, or brown flowers. 

Marine, ma-ren-^ a. Pert, to the sea, ocean, naviga- 
tion, naval affairs, etc.; naval; nautical. (Geol.) 
Formed by the action of currents or waves of the 
sea. — n. A soldier serving on shipboard; the sum of 
naval affairs; naval economy; collective shipping of 
a country. — Mar'iner, -T-nSr, n. One who pursues 
a ^^ea-farmg life; a seaman; sailor. —Mar'itiine, -T- 
tim, a. Bordering on the ocean; connected with the 
sea by situation, mterest, power, etc.; pert, to navi- 
gation and naval affairs. 

Mariolatry, ma-rT-oKa-trt, n. The worship of the 
Virgin .vlary. 

Marionette, inSi'T-o-net', n. A puppet made to act a 
part in a miniature pantomime. 

-Marital. See under Marey. 

Maritime. See under Maeixe. 

Marjoram, mar-'jo-ram, n. A plant of the genus Orig- 
anum, of several species : the sweet marjoram is 
aromatic, and used in cookery. 

Uark, mark, n. A visible sign or impression, as a line, 
point, figure, streak, scratch, etc., made or left upon 
anything; a token; trace; a significative token; esp., 
a permanent impression of one's activity or charac- 
ter; distinguished preeminence; a character made, 
instead of signature, by one who cannot write; a 
thing aimed at; what one seeks to hit orreach. {Log- 
ic.) A characteristic or essential attribute; a differ- 
ential. — V. t. [marked (markt), marking.] To 
make a visible sign upon, affix a significant mark to; 
to notice the marks of, give attention to, remark, re- 
gard, note, observe, betoken, brand. — v. i. To take 
particular notice, note. — Letter of marque, -mark. 
A license from the supreme power of a state to its 
subjects, to make reprisals beyond its marches or 
borders ; esp. a commission authorizing a private 
armed vessel, in time of war, to take the property of 
a hostile state or of its subjects; the vessel so com- 
missioned ; a privateer. — Mar'^uetry, -ket-rl, n. 
Inlaid work ; work inlaid with pieces of divers col- 
ored wood, shells, etc. — Mar'quis, -kwis, n. A 
nobleman in England, France, and Germany, of a 
rank next below that of duke. — Mar'quess, -kwes, 
n. A marg^uis. — Mar''quiBate, -kwiz-et, n. The 
seigniory, dignity, or lordship of _a marqui^. — Mar'- 
chioness, -shun-es. Marquise', -kez', n. The wife of 
a marquis. — Marquee', -ke', n. A large field-tent. 

Mark, mark, n. A German silver coin=100 G. pfennig 
or about 24 cents. 

Market, mar'ket, n. A public place or building where 
provisions, cattle, or other goods are exposed for sale ; 
occasion when goods are publicly bought and sold 
at private sale; a fair; gathering of people on such 
an occasion; a town, region, country, etc., where an 
article maybe disposed of by sale or barter; demand 
and sale; exchange. — v. i. To buy or sell; to make 
bargains. — Mar'ketable, a. Fit to be of- 
fered for sale ; salable ; current in market. 

Marl, marl, n. A mixed earthy substance, 
consisting of carbonate of lime, clay, and 
silicious sand. — v. t. [marled (marld), 
MARLING.] To overspread or manure with 
marl. 

Marline, mar'lin, n. (Naut.) A small line 
composed of 2 strands a little twisted, for '•''"■.''"<'- 
winding round ropes, to prevent their being ^P' **■ 
fretted by the blocks, etc. —v. t. To wind marline 
around. —ia»,rl,w. t. To wind with, etc. — ]\Iar'- 





line-spike, n. An iron tool, tapering to a point,, to 
separate strands of a_rope, in splicing. 

Marmalade, mar'ma-lad, n. A pasty or jelly-like pre- 
serve made of the pulp of fruit, boiled with sugar. 

Marmoreal, mar-mo 're-al, -reaB, a. Pert, to, or like, 
made of, or having the qualities of, marble. 

Marmoset, mar'mo-zet', n. A small, agile, wary S. 
Amer. monkey, having soft fur, sharp, hooked nails, 
and a long, thick, hairy, non-prehensile tail. 

Marmot, mar^mot, n. A burrowing and hybemating 
rodent of Europe, Asia, 
and America, of many 
species, most of which 
(as the marmot of the 
Alps and Pyrenees and 
theprairiedogof Amer.) 
live in communities, 
while others (as the 
Amer. woodchuck) are 
solitary. _ 

Maroon, ma-roon', n. A. \^ ■ m 

fugitive slave living on Alpine Marmot, 

the mountains in tne W. Indies and Guiana. — v. t. 
[marooned (-roond'), -eooning.} To put (a sailor) 
ashore on a desolate isle, under pretense of his hav- 
ing committed crime. 

Maroon, ma-roon', a. Brownish-crimson; of a claret 
color. — n. A claret color. 

Marplot. See under Mar. 

Marque, Marquetry, Marquis, etc. See under Mark. 
i Marriage, etc. See under Marry. 

Marroon. Same as Maroon, a. 

Marrow, mSr^ro, n. (Anat.) A soft, oleaginous sub- 
stance contained in the cavities of animal bones. 
The essence; best part. — Mar'row-bone, n. A bone 
containing marrow, pi. The bone of the knee ; the 
knees. — Mar'rowfat, n. A rich but late variety 
of pea. — Mar'rowless, a. — Mar'rowy, -ro-1, o. 
Abounding in marrow or pith; pithy. 

Marry, mar'rT, v. t. [-ried (-rid), -rying.] To unite 
in wedlock or matrimony; to dispose of in wedlock, 
give away as wife; to take for husband or wile ; to 
unite closely. — v. i. To unite as husband and wife. 
— Mar'riage, -rij, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; 
legal union of a man and woman for life ; matri- 
mony ; wedlock ; wedding ; nuptials. — Mar'ital, 
a. Pert, to a husband. [F. ; L. maritalis.] 

Mars, marz, n. (Lat. MyfJi.) The son of Jupiter and 
Juno, and god of war. {Astron.) The planet of the 
solar system next beyond the earth, conspicuous for 
the redness of its light. — Mar'tial, -shal, a. Pert, or 
suited to war; military; given to war; brave; pert, to 
army and navy, — opp. to civil. — Martial law. An 
arbitrary kind of law, extending to matters of civil 
as well as of criminal jurisdiction, and proclaimed 
only in times of war, insurrection, rebellion, or 
emergency: it is quite distinct from military law. 

lAarseiUes, mar-salz', n. A fabric formed of 2 series 
of interlacing threads, forming double cloth, quilted 
in the loom, — first made in Marseilles. France. 

Marsh, marsh, n. A tract of low, wet land, at times 
covered with water; a fen; swamp; morass. 

Marshal, mar'shal, n. An officer of nigh rank, charged 
with the arrangement of ceremonies, conduct of op- 
erations, etc.; as, a harbinger, pursuivant; or one 
who regulates. rank and order at an assembly, di- 
rects the order of procession, etc.; or the chief offi- 
cer of arms, who regulates combats in the lists; in 
France, the highest military officer. {Am. Law.) A" 
ministerial officer, who executes the process of the 
courts of the United States, and has duties similar 
to a sheriff's: the name is also sometimes applied to 
certain police officers of a city. — v. t. [marshaled 
(-shald), -SHALiNG.] To dispose in order, arrange in 
a suitaole manner, as troops or an army; to lead, as 
a harbinger. 

Marsupial, mar-su'pt-al, a. (Zool.) Having a pouch 
for carrying the unmature young after birth; pert, 
to the group of quadrupeds having, etc.; pert, to the 
pouch of the marsupials. — n. One of the marsupial 
animals. 

Mart, mart, n. A place of sale or traffic; a market. 

Martello Tower, mar-teKlo-tow'er. (Fort.) A Kjund 
tower of masonry, erected on the sea-coast, bearing 
a gun that may be fired in any direction. 



am, fame, far, pass <»• opera, fSre; gnd, eve, tgrm ; tn, ice ; 6dcl, tone, 6r ; 



r/LARTEN 



241 



MASTURBATION 




Marten. 




Martin. 



iviarten, mar'ten, n. A carnivorous aniinal of several 

species, allied to the weasel ; 

its fur, used for hats, muffs, 

etc. 
Mar-text. See under Mar. 
Martial. See under Mars. 
Martin, mar'tin, Mart'let, «. 

A species of swallow which 

builds its nest about the 

eaves, etc., of howses. 
Martinet, mar'tin-et', n. 

{Mil.) A strict disciplina- 
rian ; a pedantic officer. 

[Xame of an oificer in the French army under Louis 

XrV.] {Naut.) A small 

line fastened to the leech 

of a sail, to bring it close 

to the yard when the sail 

is furled. 
Martingal, mar'tin-gal, 

-gale, -gal, n. A strap fas- 
tened to a horse's girth, 

passing between his fore 

legs, and ending in 2 rings, 

through which the reins pass, to hold down his head, 

and prevent him from rearing. {N'aut.) A lower 

stay for the jib-boom or flying-jib-boom ; the short, 

Eerpendicular spar (= dolphin-striker) under the 
owsprit end, which forms a strut for the stay: see 
Ship. (Gambling.') Act of doubling the amount 
lost on the preceding stake. 

Martlet. See Martin. 

Martyr, mar'ter, ti. One who, by his death, bears 
witness to the truth of the gospel ; one who sacri- 
fices his life, or what is of great value, for any prin- 
ciple or cause, —u. t. [martyred (-terd), -tyring.] 
To put to death on account of faith or profession ; 
to persecute as a martyr, torment, torture. — Mar''- 
tsn'dom, -dum, n. The condition or death of a martyr. 

Marvel, mar-'vel, n. That which arrests the attention, 
and causes admiration or surprise; a wonder ; prod- 
igy ; miracle. — v. i. [marveled (-veld), -vel- 
ING.] To be struck with surprise or admiration; to 
wonder. — Mar''veloa's, -us, a. Exciting wonder or 
surprise ; prodigious ; surpassing belief ; improba- 
ble; incredible. 

Masculine, mas'ku-lin, a. Of the male sex ; net fe- 
male ; having the qualities of a man ; virile ; not 
effeminate; unwomanly. (Gram.) Having inflec- 
tions, or construed with words, pert. esp. to male 
beings, as disting. fr. feminine and neuter. 

Mash, mash, v. t. [mashed (masht), mashing.] To 
crush by beating or pressure; to bruise. (Brewing 
and Distilling.) To steep ground grain and crushed 
rialt in warm water. — m. A mixture or mass of in- 
gredients, beaten or blended together in a promis- 
cuous manner. 

Mask, mask, n. A cover for the face, with apertures 
for the eyes and mouth ; a visor ; that which dis- 
guises ; a pretext or subterfuge ; a festive entertain- 
m6nt in which the company wear masks ; a mas- 
querade; revel; piece of mummery ; a dramatic per- 
formance written in a tragic style, introducing such 
characters that the actors must be masked. — v. t. 
[masked (maskt), masking.] To conceal with a 
mask, disguise, cover, hide. ~v. i. To revel ; to be 
disguised. —Masque, mask, n. A mask; masquer- 
ade. [F.] — Mas'querade', mas'ker-ad', n. An as- 
sembly of persons wearing masks, and amusing 
themselves with dancing, conversation, etc. ; elabo- 
rate hiding; of what is true under a false show; dis- 
guise, —u. i. To assemble in masks, go in disguise. 
— Mas'qaerad'^er, n. 

Mason, ma'sn, n. A builder in stone or brick; a brick- 
layer ; stonemason ; a member of the fraternity of 
Freemasons.— Ma'sonry, -sn-rt, w. Art or occupa- 
tion, work or performance, of a mason ; art of build- 
ing, or that which is built, with stone or brick; craft 
or mysteries of Freemasons. — Mason''ic, -son'ik, a. 
Pert, to the craft of Freemasons. 

Masora, ma-so'ra, n. A critical Eabbinical work on 
the text of the Hebrew Scriptures. 

Masque, Masquerade, etc. See under Mask. 

Mass, mas, n. A body or lump of solid matter; a body 
of fluid matter; a quantity collected; heap; assem- 



blage ; bulk ; magnitude ; size ; chief component 
portion; principal part; main body. (Physics.) The 
quantity of matter which a body contains, irrespec- 
tive of its bulk or volume. — v. t. To form into a 
niasSj or a collective body; to assemble. — Mass''- 
ive, -ly, a. Forming, or consisting of, a large mass ; 
compacted; weighty; heavy. (Min.) Having acrys- 
talline structure, but not a regular form. — Mass''- 
iveness; n. State or quality of being massive. — 
Mass'y, -I, a. [-ier, -iest.J Compacted into, or 
consisting of, a mass; solid; bulky and heavy. 

Mass, mas, >«. The communion service, or the consecra- 
tion and oblation of the host in Rom. Cath. churches. 

Massacre, mas'sa-ker, n. The killing of numbers of 
human beings by indiscriminate slaughter ; cold- 
blooded destruction of life ; butcherv ; carnage. — 
v.t. [massacred (-kerd), -crixg.] To murder cru- 
elly, butcher, slaughter indiscriminately. 

Masseter, mas-se'ter, n. (Anut.) A muscle which 
raises the under iaw, and assists in chewing. 

Massicot, mas'sl-kot, Mas'ticot, n. (Chem.) Pro- 
toxide of lead, or yellow oxide of lead. 

Massive, etc. See under Mass, body or lump. 

Mast, mast, n. (Naut.) A pole, long round timbe 
spar, or iron pillar set upright in a vessel, to sustaiii 
the sails, yards, rigging, etc. : see Ship. — v. t. To 
furnish with, etc. 

Mast, mast, n. The fruit of the oak, beech, or other 
forest trees; nuts; acorns. 

Master, mas'' ter, w. A superior; leader; chief, — em? 
ployed as a title of respectful address, also, familiarly 
to an inferior or a boy ; a ruler, governor, director, or 
manager; esp. an owner or possessor; proprietor; a 
person having oSiers under his authority; the direc- 
tor of a school; teacher; instructor; one highly skilled 
in any occupation, art, or science. (Waut!) The com- 
mander of a merchant ship ; an officer in the navy, 
subordinate to captains and lieutenants in com- 
mand, who navigates the vessel. — u. t. [mastered 
(-terd), -terixg.J To become the master of; to con- 
quer, overpower, subdue ; to become an adept in. — 
Mas'terly, -ll, a. Indicating thorough knowledge 
or skill ; most excellent ; imperious ; domineering ; 
arbitrary. — Mas'tery, -t, n. Act of mastering ; 
position or authority of a master ; supremacy ; supe- 
riority in competition ; preeminence ; victory in 
war; eminent skill. — Mas'ter-piece, n. A capital 
performance; a ehef-d'ceuvre. — Maes^'tro, ma-es'- 
tro, n. A master in any art, esp. in music ; a com- 
poser. 

Mastio, Mastich, mas'tik, n. A low, shrubby tree of 
the islands and coasts of the Mediterranean, pro- 
ducing a valuable resin; the resin of the mastic tree, 
used as a chewing gum, as an aromatic and astrin- 
gent, and in varnishes; a cemenj used for plastering 
walls, etc. — Mas'ticate, -tf-kat, v. t. To grind 
with the teeth, and prepare for swallowing and 
digestion ; to chew. — Mastica'tion, n. Act or opera- 
tion of, etc. — Mas'tica- 
tory, -tY-ca-to-rY, a. , 
Chewing; adapted to' 
perform the office of 
chewing food. — n. 
(Med.) A substance to 
be chewed to increase the 
saliva. 

Masticot. See Massicot. 

MastiS, mas'tif, n. ; pi. 
-tiffs, a large and trusty variety of dog, of great 
strength and courage. 

Mastodon, mas'to-don, n. An extinct mammal re- 
sembling the elephant, but 
larger, and having mas- 
toid processes on the teeth. 
— Mas'^toid, -toid, a. Re- 
sembling the nipple or 
breast. — MastoKogy, -o-jT, 
n. Natural history of ani- 
mals which suckle their 
young. 

Masturbation, m a s-t e r-b a ^- 
shun, n. Production of the 
sexual orgasm by handling one's private parts, — a 
degrading and health-destroying vice ; onanism ; 
self-pollution. 






Mastiff. 




Skeleton of Mastodon. 



siin, cQbe, full ; moon, idbt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink. then, boNbox, chair, get. 
J6 



MAT 



242 



MAUL-STICK 



Mat, mat, n. A texture of sedge, rushes, husks, etc., 
lor cleansing shoes qr to cover a part of the floor; a 
rug; any similar fabric for various uses; anything 
growing thickly, or closely interwoven. — v. t. To 
cover or lay witn mats; to twist together, interweave. 
— V. i. To become interwoven like a mat.— jMat'- 
ting, M. Mats collectively ; materials for mats.; a 
carpet made of straw, etc., or a texture used in 
packing goods, etc. 

Matadors, niat'a-dor, n. One of the 3 principal cards 
in the gamje of omber and quadrille ; the man ap- 
pointed to kill the bull in bull-fights. 

Match, mach, n. A combustible substance used for 
retaining, conveying, or communicating fire; a small 
strip of wood, etc.. naving one end covered with a 
composition which ignites by friction. — Match''- 
lock, n. The lock of a musket containing a match 
for firing it ; a musket fired by a match. 

Match, mach, n. A person or thing equal to another 
in quality ; an equal ; mate ; a bringing together of 
•J. parties suited to one another, as for a union, a trial 
of skill or force, etc. ; a contest to try strength or 
skill, or to determine superiority; a marriage; a can- 
didate for matrimony. — v. t. [matched (macht), 
MATCHING.] To be a mate or match for ; to rival 
successfully ; to furnish with its match ; to bring a 
mate, match, or equal, against ; to set in competi- 
tion ; to make equal, proportionate, or suitable ; to 
marry, give in marriage. — v. i. To be united in 
marriage; to be of equal size, figure, or quality; to 
tally, correspond. — Match''less, a. Having no 
equal ; unrivaled. — Match''-maker, n. One _who 
contrives a marriage. — mak^ing, n. — Mate, mat, n. 
One who customarily associates with another; acom- 
panion ; a husband or wife ; a bird or animal which 
has paired with one of the opposite sex; one suitable 
to be a companion; a match. (Naut.) An officer in 
a merchant vessel next below the captain; an assist- 
ant. — ?•. i. To match, marry, pair ; to match one's 
self against, compete with. 

Materia, ma-te'rT-a, n. Matter ; substance. — Hate-, 
ria medica. (Med.) All substances used as curative 
agents in medicine ; science of the nature and prop- 
erties of substances used for the cure of diseases. — 
Mate'^rial, a. Consisting of, or pert, to, matter ; 
physical ; pert, to, or affecting, the physical nature 
of man, as disting. fr. the moral or religious nature; 
of solid or weighty character ; of consequence, not 
to be dispensed with. (Logic.) Pert, to the matter, 
as opposed to the form, of a thing. Corporeal ; bod- 
ily; weighty; momentous; essential. — n. Substance 
of which anything is or may be made. — Mate'ri- 
alism, -izm, n. Doctrine of materialists ; tendency 
to give undue importance to material interests; de- 
votion to the material nature and its wants. — Mate'- 
rialist, n. One who denies the existence of spiritual 
substances, and maintains that the soul of man is 
the result of a particular organization of matter in 
the body; one who maintains the existence of mat- 
ter, — disting. fr. the idealist, who denies it. — Ma- 
te'rialisfic, -isfica,!, a. Pert, to materialism or 
materialists. — Mate'riaKity, -T-tT, n. Quality of 
being material; material existence; corporeity; im- 
portance. — Mate'rialize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] 
To reduce to a state of matter, regard as matter ; to 
explain by the laws or principles appropriate to mat- 
ter ; to occupy with material instead of moral or 
religious interests. (Spiritualism.) To pretend to 
present a spirit or departed soul under a material 
form or body. — Mate-'rially, ac/i;. In the state of 
matter; in its essence; substantially; in an impor- 
tant manner or degree; essentially. — Mate''rialness, 
n. State of being material ; importance. — Mat^'- 
riel, -ta're-el, n. That in a complex sj'stem which 
constitutes the materials, or instruments employed, 
disting. fr. the personnel, or men. 
Maternal, nia-ter''nal, a. Pert, to, or becoming a 
mother ; motherly. — Mater'nity, -nT-tY, n. State, 
character, or relation of a mother. — Mat'^rlcide, -rl- 
sid. n. The murder, also the murderer, of one's 
mother. — Mafrimony, -rT-mo-nT, n. Union of man 
and woman as husband and wife; the nuptial state; 
marriage; wedlock. — liIatrimo''nial, a. Pert, to, or 
derived from, marriage; connubial; conjugal; nup- 
tial; hymeneal. — Ma-'tron, w. A married woman; 




the female head of a household ; esp. an elderly, 
motherly woman; a head nurse in a hospital; a fe- 
male superintendent of any institution. 

Mathematic, math-e-mafic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or ac- 
cording to the principles of, mathematics; theoreti- 
cally precise ; very accurate. — Mathemafically, 
adv. According to the principles of mathematical 
science; demonstrably.— Math'emati'cian, -tisVan, 
n. One versed in mathematics. — Mathemat'lcs, n. 
Science of the properties, measurement, and exact 
relations of numbers, quantities, or magnitudes, and 
of the methods and processes by which problems are 
solved, — including arithmetic, geometry, algebra, 
etc. 

Matin, mat''in, a. Pert, to, or used in the morning. — 
n. Morning worship or service, prayers or song ; 
time of morning service; the first canonical hour id 
the Rom. Cath. church. — Mafin^e, -e-na, n. A re- 
ception or entertainment in the early part of the 
day. — Mat'uti'nal, lHafutine, -u-tin, a. Pert, to 
the morning; early. 

Matrass, mafras, n. An egg-shaped glass chemical 
vessel with tapering neck, used for distilling, digest- 
ing, etc. 

Matress. See Matteess. 

Matricide, Matrimony, etc. See under Maternal. 

Matrix, ma'triks, Matrice, ma'tris or mat'ris, n. ; pi. 
Mat'^kices, -rl-sez. (Anat.) The womb. 
That which gives form or modifies any- 
thing; as, (^Mech.) a mold, as for the face 
of a type; (Min.) the earthy or stony sub- 
stance in which metallic ores or crystalline 
minerals are found; pi. (Dyeing^ the 5 
simple colors, black, white, blue, red, and 
yellow, of which all the rest are composed. 
— Matric'ulate, -trik-'u-lat. v. t. To enter 
or admit to membership In a body or soci- 
ety, esp. in a college or university, by en- 
rolling the name in a register. — n. One 
matriculated. — Matric^ula'tion, n. Act 
of, etc. 

Matron, etc. See under Maternal. Mat.nx. 

Matter, mafter, n. That of which the sensible uni- 
verse and all existent bodies are composed ; body ; 
substance ; that of which anything is composed ; 
material or substantial part of anything ; that with 
regard to, or about which, anything takes place ; 
subject of thought, emotion, speech, or action; con- 

- cern; affair; business; thing of consequence; impor- 
tance; moment; inducing cause or occasion; indefi- 
nite amount, quantity, or portion; pus; purulent sub- 
stance. (Pnnt.) Copy; type set up. (Metaph.) That 
which is the subject of any mental operation or psy- 
chological or logical process; substance, as opp. to 
form. — v.i. [mattered (-terd}, -tering.] To be 
of importance ; to import, signify ; to form pus or 
matter, maturate. 

Matting. S.ee under Mat. 

Mattock, mat^'tok, n. A kind of pickax, -with ax and 
adze-shaped eutting ends, instead of 
points. 

Mattress, mat'tres, n. A bed stuffed /t 
with hair, moss, or other soft mate- //* 
rial, and quilted or tied. 

Mature, ma-tur'', a. Brought by nat- • 
ural process to completeness or per- ATit^tnnt 
fection of development; completely -^i<»-i''-ot'K. 
worked out; fully digested; come to suppuration; 
ripe. — V. t. [MATURED (-turd''), -tqring.] To bring 
or hasten to perfection or maturity; to perfect, ripen ; 
to make fit or ready for a special use. — v. i. To be- 
come ripe or perfect; to become due, as a note. — 
Mature'ness, Matu'rity, -rr-tt, w. State of being 
mature; ripeness; termination of the period a note 
has to run. 

Matutinal, Matutine. See under Matin. 

Maudlin, mawd'lin, a. Drunk ; fuddled ; stupid ; 
weak or silly, as if half drunk; sickly sentimental. 

Mauger, -gre, ma"rt"'ger, prep. In spite of ; in opposi- 
tion to; notwithstanding. 

Maul, mawl, n. A lai^e, heavy hammer or beetle, usu- 
ally of wood. — t;. t. [mauled (mawld), MAULING.] 
To beat and bruise. 

Maul-Btick, mawKstik, n. The stick used by painters 
to keep the hand steady in working. 




fim, fame, far, pase or oper&, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; Yn, Ice j 8dd, tSne, dr ; 



MAURESQUE 



243 



MECHANIC 




Mauresque. See under JIoor. 

Mausoleum, nTaw-so-le'uin, n. A magnificent tomb, or 
stately sepul- 
chral monu- 
ment, chapel, 
or editice. — 
MauBole '' an, 
a. Pert, to a 
mausoleum ; 
monumental. 

Mauve, mov, n. 
A purple or 
lilac cole ring 
matter ob- 
tained from 
aniline ; t h e 
color itself. 

Mavis, ma-'vis, 
n. iOrmth.) xMausoleum. 

The throstle or song-thrush. 

Maw, maw, n. A stomach of one of the lower ani- 
mals, or, in contempt, of a man ; in birds, the craw. 
— Maw'-worm, ?». {Med.) An intestinal worm. 

Mawkish, mawk-'ish, a. Apt to cause satiety or loath- 
ing'; nauseous; disgusting; squeamish. 

Maxillar, maks'il-lar, -lary, a. {Anat.) Pert, to the 
jaw. — Maxillary bone. A bone of either jaw, having 
an alveolar process in which the teeth are set. 

Maxim, maks'im, n. An established principle or 
proposition ; a condensed statement of important 
practical truth ; axiom ; aphorism ; apothegm ; ad- 
age; proverb.— Max'imum, n.; pi. -ima, -ma. {Math. 
and Physics.) The greatest quantity or value attain- 
able in a given case ; greatest value attained by a 
quantity which first increases and then begins to de- 
crease; highest point or degree. 

May, ma, r. [imp. iiight (mit).] An auxiliary verb 
qualifying the meaning of another verb, by express- 
ing ability or possibility ; or moral power, liberty, 
permission, allowance ; or contingency or liabilitj' ; 
or modesty, courtesy, or concession, or a desire to 
soften a question or remark ; or desire or wish. 

May, ma, n. The 5th mouth of the year; the early part 
of life ; the flowers of the hawthorn, which bloom 
in May. — May'day, n. The first day of May. — v. 
i. To gather flowers on May morning. 

Mayhem. See Maim._ 

Mayonnaise, ma-on-naz', n. A salad compounded of 
oil, vinegar, pepper, and salt, with raw yolks of 
eggs; a dish of meat, etc., v^-ith this sauce. 

Mayor, ma'er or mar, n. The chief magistrate of a 
city or borough ; chief officer of a municipal corpo- 
ration.— 'May'oralty, -al-tT,n. The office of a mayor. 

Maze, maz, n. A baffling net-work of paths or pas- 
sages; confusion of thought; labyrinth; perplexity ; 
intricacy. — v. t. [mazed (ma'zd), mazixg.] To 
confound with intricacy; to amaze, bewilder.— Ma'- 
zy. -zt, a. Perplexed with turns and windings; in- 
tricate; confusing; perplexing. 

Me, me, pron. pers. Myself; tne person speaking, — 
objective case of /. 

Mead, med,n. A fermented liquor made of honey and 
water with malt, yeast, etc.; a drink made of water 
flavored with sirup of sarsaparilla, etc., and impreg- 
nated with carbonic acid gas. 

Mead, med, Mead'ow, med''o, n. A tract of low or 
level grass land, esp. land somewhat wet, but cov- 
ered with grass.— Mead'owy, -o-T, a. Pert, to, like, 
or consisting of, meadow. 
'•Meager, -gre, me'^ger, a. Having little flesh ; thin ; 
lean; destitute of richness, fertility, strength, etc. ; 
defective in quantity, or poor in quality ; wanting 
strength of diction or affluence of imagery; starved; 
scantyj barren. 

Meal, mel, n. A portion of food taken at one time; a 
repast._ 

Meal, mel, n. Grain coarsely ground and unbolted, 
esp. oats or maize. — MeaKy, -T, a. [-ier, -iest.] 
Having the qualities of meal ; soft ; smooth ; like 
meal; farinaceous; dry and friable: overspread with 
something that resembles meal. — MeaKy-mouthed, 
-mowthd, a. Having a soft mouth; unwilling to teU 
the truth in plain language. 

Mean, men, a. Destitute of eminence ; wanting dig- 
nity of mind ; destitute of honor ; of little value ; 



base; ignoble; humble; poor; degraded; degenerate; 
vile; servile; despicable; paltry: sordid. 

Mean, men,, a. Occupying a middle position ; inter- 
vening; intermediate in excellence. {Math.) Aver- 
age ; having an intermediate value between 2 ex- 
tremes. — n. That which is intermediate between 2 
extremes ; middle point, place, rate, or degree ; me- 
dium. {Math.) A quantity having an intermediate 
value between several others, from which it is de- 
rived, and of which it expresses the resultant value; 
average. Intermediate agency or measure, instru- 
ment, —usually in pi. {means), but with a singular 
attribute or predicate; pi. resources; property; rev- 
enue.— Mean'time, -while, adv. In the intervening 
time; during the interval. 

Mean, men, v. t. [meant (ment), meaning.] To have 
in mind, view, or contemplation; to intend; to pur- 
pose, design; to signify, indicate, denote. — Mean'- 
ing, ?!. That which is meant; intent; purpose; aim; 
that which is signified; sense; import. 

Meander, me-an''der, n. A winding course; a turning 
in a passage; an intricate or tortuous movement. — 
V. t. [meandered (-derd), -dering.] To wind, turn, 
or flow round. — v. i. To wind or turn. 

Measles, mc'zlz, n.]}l. {Med.) A very contagious dis- 
ease, with inflammatory fever, catarrhal symptcms, 
and an eruption of red points grouped in circles or 
crescents, — it is often fatal, or leaves dreaded seque- 
laj; rubeola. A disease of swine. 

Measure, mezh'er, n. Extent, dimensions, or capacity 
of anything; aggregate measurements to determine 
the shape and size, as for clothing; limit; allotted 
share, as of action, influence, ability, etc.; modera- 
tion; due restraint; a standard of dimension; rule by 
which anything is adjusted or judged; an instru- 
ment for measwring size or quantity; contents of a 
vessel by which quantity is measured ; a stated or 
limited quantity or amount ; undefined quantity; 
estent; degree; means to an end; regulated division 
of movement, as, {Dancing.) a grave, solemn style 
of dance, M'ith slow and measured steps; or, {3Ins.) 
that division of the time by which the air and mo- 
tion are regulated ; or, {Poetry.) meter ; rhythm ; 
hence, a foot. pi. {Geol.) Beds or strata. — v. t. 
[measured (-era), -ueing.J To ascertain the extent, 
quantity, capacity, or dimensions of; to serve as the 
measure of ; to estimate, value, appraise ; to pass 
through or over in journe3ing ; to adjust, propor- 
tion; to allot or distribute by measure. — v. i. To 
have a certain extent or bulk. — Lineal or long meas- 
ure. The measure of lines or distances. — Square m. 
The measure of the superficial area of surfaces in 
square units, as inches, feet, miles, etc.— Meas^ure- 
less, a. Without measure; boundless: endless; vast; 
infinite ; immeasurable. — Meas''urement, n. Act or 
result of measuring; mensuration; amount or quan- 
tity ascertained by measuring; the area. — Meas'- 
urer, n. 

Meat, met, n. Food in general; flesh of animals; edi- 
ble portion of anything 



Mechanic, me-kan^ik, n. 
chines orinstrviments; 
a workman em^oloyed 
in the mechanic arts; 
artificer; artisan; oper- 
a t i V e . — Mechan'ic, 
-leal, a. Pert. to. gov- 
erned by, or in accord- 
ance with, the iirinci- 
ples or laws of me- 
chanics; depending 
upon mechanism or 
machinery; done as if 
by a macnine, or with- 
out conscious exertion 
of will; pert, to arti- 
san s or mechanics; 
made by mechanical 
means, and not by 
chemical action. — Me- 
chanical powers. Cer- 
tain simple instru- 
ments (the lever, in- 
clined plane, wheel 



One who works with ma- 




a.--= 



Mechanical Powers. 

1, lever ; 2. inclined plane ; Z, 
wheel and axle ; 4, screw ; 5, 
pulley ; 6, wedge. 

and axle, screw, puJley, wedge, and their modifico' 



sQn, cube, fuU ; moon, idtn ; tjw, oil; linger or ink. ttien. boNboN, chair, get. 



MEDAL 



244 



MELODRAMA 



tions) which convert a small force acting tlirough a 
great space into a great force acting through a small 
space, or vice versa. — Mechan'ically, adv. — Me- 
chan'icalness, n. — Mechani'cian, -nish-'an, n. One 
skilled in mechanics; a machinist. — Mechan'icB, n. 
sing. That science which treats of forces and pow- 
ers, and the const'-uction and use of machines and 
instruments to utilize the laws of matter and motion. 

— Mech'^anism, -nizm, n. The construction of a ma- 
chine; the parts of a macliine taken collectively. — 
Mech'^anist, n. A maker of machines; one skilled 
in mechanics. 

Medal, med'al, n. A coin-shaped piece of metal, with 
a device to commemorate an action, event, or person, 
or given as a reward of merit. — Medall'^ion, -yun, n. 
A large antique medal ; a circular or oval tablet, 
bearing a portrait or ornament in relief. 

Meddle, med^dl, v. i. [-dled (-did), -dling.] To mix 
with anpther person s aifairs in an unnecessary, im- 
pertinent, or improper manner; to interpose otR- 
ciously, interfere, intermeddle; to touch or handle. 

— Med''dler, M. One who meddles; a busybody. — 
Med^dlesome, -sum, a. Given to meddling;'officious- 
ly intrusive. — Med^'dlesomeness, n. — Med'ley, -It, 
H. A mixture; jumble; hodge-podge. {Mus.) A com- 
position containing detached passages from several 
different compositions. — Melange, ma-laNzh', n. A 
medley; mixture. [F.]— Mell, v. i. To mix, meddle. 

— Mel^e, ma^-la', n. A fight in which the combatants 
are mingled in one contused mass; a hand-to-hand 
conflict. 

Me^al, me''dT-al,a. Pert, to a mean or average ; mean. 

— Me''dian, a. Running through the middle. — Me'- 
diant, n. (Mus.) The 3d above the key-note, — so 
called because it divides the interval between the 
tonic and dominant into 2 thirds. — Me''diate, -at, a. 
Being between the 2 extremes; middle; intervening; 
acting as a medium; acting by means, or by an in- 
tervening cause or instrument. — v. i. To interpose 
between parties, as the equal friend of each ; to arbi- 
trate, intercede. — v. t. To effect by mediation or in- 
terposition. — Me'diately, ac/r. In a mediate man- 
ner; by a secondary cause. — Media'' tion, n. Act of 
mediating; action as a necessary condition, means, 
or instrument; interposition; intervention: agency 
between parties at variance, to reconcile them; en- 
treaty for another.— Me'dia'tor. -ter, n. One who 
mediates, esp. between parties at vari inee; interces- 
sor; advocate ; propitiator; hence, by way of emi- 
nence, Christ is called the 3tediator. — Me'dio'cre, 
-dl-o'kr, a. Of a middle quality; indifferent; ordi- 
nary; commonplace. — n. One of indifferent tal- 
ents or ordinary abilities. — Medioc'rlty, -ok'rT-tt, n. 
Quality of being rpediocre; a moderate degree or rate. 

— Me''diiiin, -dl-um, n. ; L. pi. -dia, -dl-a. E. pi. -di- 
UMS, -dt-umz. That which lies in the middle; inter- 
vening body or quantity; middle place or degree ; 
mean. {Math.) See Mean. {Logic.) The mean or 
middle term of a syllogism. An intervening or per- 
vading substance; instrumentality of communica- 
tion; agency of transmission; esp. in animal magnet- 
ism, spiritualism, etc., a person through whom the 
action of another being is said to be manifested and 
transmitted; a kind of printing paper of middle size. 

— Mediae'' val, -e''val, a. Of or pert, to the middle 
ages. [L. SBVum, age.] 

Medicine, med-'I-sin or med''sn, n. Any substance 
administered in the treatment of disease; remedy; 
physic; science of the prevention, cure, or allevia- 
tion of disease.— Medic'inal, -dis'r-nal, a. Having 
the property of healing or of mitigating disease ; 
pert, to medicine.— Medic ''inally, acZi;. — Med'ical, 
-ik-al, a. Pert, to medicine, or the art of healing 
disease ; tending to cure; medicinal ; adapted, in- 
tended, or instituted to teach medical science. — 
Med'ically, adv.— Med'icament, n. Anything used 
for healing diseases or wounds ; medicine ; healing 
application. — Med'icate, v. t. To tincture or im- 
pregnate with anything medicinal; to treat with a 
medicine, heal, cure. 

Medieval, Mediocre, etc. See under Medial. 

Meditate, med''T-tat, v. i. To dwell on anything in 
thought; to revolve any subject in the mind; to in- 
tend, think, ruminate, cogitate, study. — j;. t. To 
plan, contrive, intend. — Medlta''tion, n. Act of 



meditating; close or continued thought; inusing; re- 
flection.— Med'itative, -tiv, a. Addicted to, express- 
inj;, or appropriate to, etc. 

Mediterranean, iiied'l-ter-ra''ne-an, a. Surrounded by 
land; inland; pert, to the Mediterranean Sea. 

Medium. See under Meijial. 

Medlar, med''lar, n. A kind of tree, and its sour, as- 
tringent fruit, eaten when approaching decay. 

Medley. See under Meddle. 

Medullar, me-duKlar, Med''ullary, -ul-la-rT, a. Pert. 
to, consisting of, or resembling, marrow. {Bat.) 
Filled with spongy pith; pithy. 

Meed, med, n. That bestowed in consideration of 
merit; reward; recompense. 

Meek, mek, a. Not easily provoked or irritated; esp. 
submissive to the divine will: gentle; yielding; for- 
bearing; unassuming: humble. 

Meerschaum, mer''shawm, n. (3En.) Hydrous silicate 
of magnesia, — a line white clay, consisting of mag- 
nesia, silica, and water: when first taken out it is 
soft, and makes lather, like soap. A tobacco-pipe 
made of this mineral. 

Meet, met, v. t. [met, meeting.] To come together 
with from an opposite direction, fall in with ; to 
come face to face with, join; to come upon with a 
hostile object, encounter; to have befall one, light on, 
find, receive.— v. i. To come together by mutual ap- 
proach, converge, join; to come together with hostile 
purpose; to assemble together, congregate, collect; to 
agree, harmonize. — Meefing, n. A coming togeth- 
er; interview; a congregation; collection of people; 
convention; a religious assembly; in Eng., applied 
distinctively and disparagingly to a congregation of 
dissenters. 

Meet, met, a. Adapted, as to a use or purpose; fit; 
proper; convenient; suitable; appropriate. 

Megalosaur, meg''a-lo-sawr', -Bau''ruB, -saw'rus, n. An 
extinct gigantic carnivorous saurian or lizard. — 




Megatherium Cuvieri. 

Megathe''riam, -the''rT-um, n. An extinct gigantic 
mamniiterous edentate quadruped allied to tlie 
sloths. 

Melancholia. mel-an-ko''lT-a., «. (Pathol.) Mental nn- 
snnnduess characterized by depression of spirits, 
unfounded fears, and brooding over one particular 
subject: it often attends disorders of the liver and 
digestive organs.— MeKancholy, -kol-T, w. A gloomy 
state of mind; dejection of spirits. — a. Depressed in 
spirits; causing dejection; sad; unhappy; hypochon- 
driac; doleful; dismal; afflictive. — MePanchoFic, a. 
Given to, etc. — MeKanchol'iness, n. 

Melange, M^^e, MeU. See under Meddle. 

Meliorate, meKyor-at, v. t. To make better, improve, 
ameliorate. — v. i. To grow better. — Meliora'tion, 
n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; improvement. 

Melliferous, mel-lif''er-us, Mellif''ic, a. Producing 
honey. — Mellifluent, -lu-ent, -luons, -lu-us, a. 
Flowing as with honey; smooth; sweetly flowing. 

Mellow, meKlo, a. Soft; not hard, harsh, tough, or 
unyielding, — as, soft with ripeness, ripe; or well 
broken and lying lightly, as soil; or not hard, coarse, 
or rough to the senses; soft, rich, delicate, — said of 
sound, color, flavor, etc.; well matured; genial; jovi- 
al with liquor; slightly intoxicated; fuddled. — v. t. 
[mellowed (-lod), -LOWING.] To make mellow, 
ripen, soften by age; to pulverize. — v. i. To become 
soit; to be ripened, matured, or brought to perfec- 
tion. 

Melodrama, mel-o-dra''ma or -dra''ma, n. A dramatic 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; End. eve. term ; In. Ice ; 8dd. tj&ne. Gr ; 



MELODY 



245 



MERCURY 



performance in which songs are intermixed, and 
effect is sought by startling, exaggerated, or unnat- 
ural sentiment or situation. — Mel'odrainat''ic, a. 
Pert, to, or of the nature of, etc. ; overstrained ; 
coarsely exaggerated. — Melodnun'atist, n. A writer 
of, etc. 

Melody, meKo-dT, n. Sweetness of sound ; music. 
(J/«s.) A rhythmical succession of single tones, so 
related together as to form a musical whole. The air 
or tune of a musical piece. — Melc'dioos, -dl-us, a. 
Containing melody; agreeable to the ear by a sweet 
succession of sounds. — Melc'deon, -de-un, n. (Mxis.) 
A kind of reed instrument, with a key-board, and 
bellows worked by the feet. A music-hall. 

Melon, mel'un, n. A cucurbitaceous plant of many 
species; its fleshy, edible fruit. 

Melt, melt, v. t. To reduce from a solid to a liquid 
state by heat ; to soften, as by a warming or kindly 
influence ; to Hquefv, tlissolve, fuse, thaw, mollify, 
subdue. — V. i. To "become liquid, dissolve; to pass 
by imperceptible degrees, blend; to be softened to 
love, pity, tenderness, sympathy, etc. ; to become 
dissipate'd or weak. — Molt 'en, molt'n, a. Melted; 
made of melted metal. [Obs. p. p. of meltJ] 

Member, mem'ber, n. A part of an animal body ca- 
pable of performing a distinct office ; a vital organ; 
limb; apart of a whole; an independent constituent 
of a body, as, a part of a discourse, period, or sentence ; 
a clause; (Arch.) a subordinate part of a building, as 
a frieze, cornice, or molding ; one of the persons 
composing a society, community, etc. ; {Math.) either 
of the 2 parts of an algebraic equation, connected by 
the sign of equality.— Mem^bership, n. State of be- 
ing, etc.; collective body of members. — Mem'^brane, 
-bran, n. {Anat. and Mot.) A thin, extended cell- 
ular tissue or skin, covenng, lining, connecting, or 
dividing some part, organ, or cavity. — Mem'Hsra- 
nons, -bra-nus, -bra^'neons, -ne-us, -brana-'ceous, 
-na'shus, a. Pert, to, like, or consisting of, etc. 

Memento, me-men''to, n.; pi. -tos, -toz. A sugges- 
tion or memorial, to awaken memory ; a souvenir. 

— Mern'ory, -o-rT, n. The faculty of the mind by 
which it retains knowledge of previous events, ideae, 
etc. ; time within which past events can be remem- 
bered; remembrance of a person or event preserved 
to after-times; state of being remembered; recollec- 
tion ; reminiscence. — Memoir, mem'wor or me^- 
mwor, n. A memorial account; familiar history com- 
posed from personal experience and memory ; a me- 
morial of any individual; biography; record of in- 
vestigations of any subject; the journals and pro- 
ceedings of a society. — Mem'orabil''ia, -bil'l-a, «. 
pi. Things remarkable and worthy of remembrance 
or record. — Mem'^orable, a. Worthy to be remem- 
bered; illustrious; celebrated; remarkable; famous. 

— Mem'orably, adv. — Memoran'^diun, n. ; E. pi. 
-DUMS,-dumz, L. pi. -DA, -da. A record of something 
which it is desired to remember. (Law.) A brief 
note in writing of some transaction, or outline of an 
Intended instrument. — Memo'^rial, -rT-al, a. Pre- 
servative of, or contained in, memory. — n. Anything 
intended to preserve the memory of a person, occur- 
rence, etc. ; a record ; a written representation of 
facts or address of solicitation or complaint made to 
a legislative or other body. (Diplomacy.) A species 
of informal state paper, much used in negotiation. — 
Memo'rialist, n. One who writes or presents a me- 
morial.' — Memo'rialize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] 
To present a memorial to, petition by memorial. — 
Mem'orize, v. t. [-rized (-rizd), -r izing.] To cause 
to be remembered ; esp., to record ; to commit to 
memory, learn by heart. 

Men. See Man. 

Menace, men-'es, v. t. [-aced (-est), -acing.] To 
threaten; to inspire with apprehension. — n. Show 
of a disposition orinfjntion to inflict an evU; a threat 
or threatening. 

Manage, men-azh'', n. Housekeeping ; household af- 
fairs and administration ; domestic economy ; train- 
ing of animals, as of horses ; a collection ot animals 
for exhibition ; a menagerie. — Menag'erie, men- 
azh'e-rl, n. A place where animals are kept and 
trained : esp., a collection of wild or exotic animals, 
kept for exhibition. 

Mend, mend, »'. t. To repair (anything that is torn. 



broken, decayed, etc.) ; to alter for the better, set 
right, quicken, hasten ; to help, further, improve, 
reform. — v. i. To grow better, become improved. 

Mendacious, men-da^'shus, a. Given to deception ; 
lying; false. — Mendac'lty, -das'I-tT, n. Quality of 
being mendacious; disposition to deceive; habit of 
lying; a falsehood; lie. 

Mendicant, men'dt-kant, a. Begging; poor; practicing 
beggary. — n. One who, etc.; a beggar; esp., one of 
the Degging fraternity of the Rom. Cath. church. — 
Men^'dicancy, -kan-sT, 
-dis'T-tl, n. State of b 

Menhaden, men-ha'den, 
making oU, mackerel bait, and manure; the moss- 
bunker. 

Menial, me''ni:-al, a. Belonging to a retinue of serv- 
ants ; performing servile office ; pert, to servants ; 
low ; mean. — n. A domestic servant ; a person of 
servile disposition. 

Meninges, me-nin'jez, n. pi. (^Anat.) The 3 mem- 
branes enveloping the brain and spinal cord. — Meit 
ingi_^tis, n. Inflammation of the meninges. 

Meniscus, me-nis^'kus, n.; pi. -cusES. A lens convex 
on one side and concave on the other, having the 
concavity less than the convexity. See Lens. 

Meniver, men't-ver, n. A small white animal of 
Russia, or its fine fur; the Siberian squirrel. 

Mennonite, men'^non-it, n. One of a Christian sect in 
Russia and Germany, founded by Simon Menno, 
who hold that the New Test, is the only rule of 
faith, that there is no original sin, that infants should 
not be baptized, and that oaths and physical force 
are unlawful. 

Mensal, men'' sal, a. Occurring once in a month ; 
monthly. — Men'ses, -sez, n. pi. (Med.) The cata- 
menial or menstrual discharges, a periodic flow of 
blood from the uterus. — Men'^stmal, -stroo-al, a. 
Recurring once a month ; monthly; pert, to the 
menses; pert, to a menstruum. (Astron.) Making a 
complete cycle of changes in a month. 

Mensurable, men^'shoo-ra-bl, a. Capable of being 
measured ; measurable.— Mensura'tion, n. Act, pro- 
cess, or art of measuring; that branch of applied ge- 
ometry which gives rules for finding the dimension 
of objects from measurement of lines and angles. 

Mental, men^'tal, a. Pert, to the mind ; intellectual. 
— Men'^tally, adv. In the mind; intellectually; in 
idea. — Men'^tion, -shun, n. A brief notice; a cur- 
sory speaking of anything. — v. t. [^mentioned 
(-shund), -TiONiNG.] To direct attention to by a 
simple reference ; to name. 

Mentor, men^'tor, n. A wise and faithful counselor. 

MepMstophelian, mef'is-to-fe'lt-an, a. Pert, to, or 
like, the devil Mephistopheles ; fiendish ; crafty. 

Mephitis, me-ti 'tis, Meph'itism, mef 'T-tizm, n. Foul 
exhalations from decomposing substances, etc. — 
Mephific, -icaJ, -fit'ik-al, a. Offensive to the 
smell; poisonous; pestilential; destructive to life. 

Mercerize, mer'ser-iz, v. t. To treat, as cotton 
fabrics, with a solution of alkali, so as to produce a 
silky appearance. 

Merchant, mer'chant, n. One who traflBcs or carries 
on trade, esp. on a large scale; a trafficker; trader. — 
a. Pert, to, or employed in, trade or merchandise.— 
Mer'chantable, a. Fit for market; such as is usually 
sold in market, or wiU bring the ordinary price. — 
Mer'chantman, n. ; pi. -men. A trading vessel; a 
vessel for transporting goods. — Mer'cliandise, -chan- 
diz, n. Act or business of trading; whatever is usu- 
ally bought or sold in trade ; wares ; goods ; com- 
modities.— V. i. [merchandized (-dizd), -dizing.] 
To trade; carry on commerce. — Mer'caEtile, -kan- 
til, a. Pert, to merchants, or their business; com- 
mercial. — Mer'cenary, -se-na-rl, a. Acting for re- 
ward; serving for pay; hired; moved by considera- 
tions of profit; hireling; venal; sordid; selfish. — n. 
One who is hired; a hireling; esp. a soldier hired 
into foreign service. — Mer'cer, n. One who deals 
in silks and woolen cloths, etc. 

Merciful, Merciless, etc. See under Mercy. 

Mercury, mer'ku-rt, n. (Rom. Myth.) The son of 
Jupiter and Maia, messenger and interpreter of the 
gods, and god of eloquence, commerce, and gain. 
(Chem.) A very heavy, expansible metal, white like 
silver, liquid at common temperatures; quicksilver: 



s&n, cube, full ; moon, f(5bt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNbON, chair, get. 



ME3CY 



246 



METACARPUS 



't acts as a poison, and its compounds arc used iu 
medicine. {Med.) A salt or preparation of mercury, 
used as a remedial aj;ent, ab calomel, blue-pill, etc. 
{Asiron.) The planet ot the solar s_\ stem, nearest the 
sun. A newsboy; messenger; nevv'spaper. ( JJot.) A 
plant, whose leaves are used for spinuch, in Europe; 
in Amer., certain climbing plants, some of which are 
jioisonous to the skin, esp. the poison ivy.^— Mercu'- 
rial, -rT-al, a. Having the qualities fabled to belong 
to -Mercury; active; sprightly; full of fire or vitror; 
i;ay ; fickle; changeable; pert, to Mercury, as go3 of 
trade; money-making; pert, to, containing, or con- 
sisting of, mercury. — Mercu'rialize, v. t. [-ized 
(-izd), -IZING.] (Jled.) To altect with mercury. 
( I'holog.) To expose to the vapor of mercury. 

Mercy, mer'sT, n. Disposition to overlook injuries, 
or to treat an offender better than he deserves ; an 
act or exercise of mercy or favor ; clemency ; pity ; 

' compassien; leniency; mildness. — Mer''ciful,-sl-lul, 
a. Full of, having, or exercising, mercy; unwilliiig 
to give pain; compassionate; humane; kind; benig- 
nant.— Mer'ciless, a. Destitute of, or acting without, 
mercy; unsparing; relentless; cruel; unfeeling; re- 
morseless; ruthless; pitiless; severe; barbarous; sav- 
age. 

Mere, mer, a. Unmixed ; pure : absolute ; only this, 
and nothing else; simple; bare. — Mere'ly, adv. 
Purely_; utterly; solely. 

Mere, mer, n. A pool or lake. 

Meretricious, in6r-e-trish''us, a. Pert, to prostitutes ; 
like the arts of harlots ; alluring by false show ; 
gaudily ornamental; in bad taste. 

Merge, meri, v. t. [jiehoed (merjd), merging.] To 
cause to be swallowed up ; to innnerse, immerge. 
sink. — V. i. To be sunk, swallowed up, or lost. — 
Mer'ger, 71. One who, or that which, merges or swal- 
lows up. {Law.) Absorption ot one estate, or one 
contract, in another. — Mer'sion, -shun, n. Act of 
merging. — M e r g a n's e r, 
-gan''ser, n. A migratory, 
crested, fish-eating, slen- 
der-billed water -fowl, of 
several species, allied to the 
ducks. 

Meridian, me-rid''T-an, n. 
Midday ; noon ; the high- 
est point, as ot success, pros- 
perity, etc. ; culmination. Merganser. 
{Aitron.) A great circle of the celestial sphere pass- 
ing through tlie poles of the heavens and the zenith 
ot a give4i place. {Geog.) An imaginary great cir- 
cle on the surface of the earth, passing through the 
poles and any given place, —a. Pert, to the merid- 
ian, or to midday, or to the highest point or culmi- 
nation. 

Mdringue, ma-rang'', n. 
A soft ieing or frosting 
(whiteof eggsandsug- 
ar) piled upon a pud- 
ding, pie, or confec- 
tion, and browned iu 
the oven. [F.] 

Merino, me-rc'no, a. 
Ot, or pert, to, a va- 
riety of sheep with long 
tine wool ; made of 
the wool of the merino 
sheep, or of fine wool ,, 

mixed with cotton. — J>ferino. 

(/. A thin fabric, of merino wool, for ladies' wear. 
Merit, meruit, h. Quality or relation of deserving well 
or ill; desert; excellence entitling to honor or reward; 
wcjrth ; reward deserved ; that which is earned or 
merited. — v. t. To earn by active service, or by any 
valuable performance; to be entitled to, deserve, in- 
cur. — Merito'^rious, -to^rY-us, a. Possessing merit 
or desert; deserving of reward or honor; valuable. 
Merle, merl, n. A blackbird. — Mer'lin, n. { Ornith.) 

The smallest of the falcons. A wizard. 
Merlon, nigr^lon, n. That part of a parapet which 

lies between 2 embrasures. See Embrasure. 
Mermaid, m5r''mad, n. A fabled marine creature, hav- 
ing the upper part like that of a woman, and the 
lower like a fish. — Mer'' man, n. A sea-man, with a 
fish's tail instead of legs. 





Merry, mCr''rt,«.[-'HiiiK,-RiEST.]Brisk;lively; stirring; 
noisily gay ; overflowing with good spirits ; cheer- 
ful ; causing laughter or mirth ; sprightly •, joyous ; 
sportive; pleasant. — Mer''riment, n. Gayetj^, with 
laughter or noi.se ; noisy sport; hilarity; frolic; jollity. 

Mersion. See unuer Merge. 

Mesalliance, maz'al-le-aNS'', n. Misalliance, q. v. 

Mesdames. See Madame. 

Mesentery, mes''- or mez''en-ter-T, n. {Anat.) A mem- 
brane in the cavity of the abdomen, whicli retains 
the intestines and their appendages in position. 

Mesh, mesh, ?i. The opening or space inclosed by the 
threads of a net between knot and knot ; net-work. 
— V. t. [MESHED (mesht), meshixg.] To catch in a 
mesh, insnare. 

MesUn. Same as Maslijt. 

Mesmerism, mez''mer-izm, n. The art of inducing an 
abnormal state of the nervous system, in which the 
actor claims to control the actions, and communi- 
cate directly with the mind, of the recipient.— Mes''- 
merist, n. One who practices, or believes in, etc. — 
Mes''merize, v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), -izing.] To bring 
into a stjite of mesmeric sleep. 

Mesne, men, a. {Law.) Middle; intervening. 

Mess, mes, n. A dish, or quantity of food prepared 
at one time ; a number of persons who eat together, 
and for whom food is prepared in common.— v. i. 
[messed (mest), messixg.] To eat, feed ; to eat in 
company. — v.t. To supply with a mess. —MesB''- 
mate, n. A table companion. 

Mess, mes, n. A medley ; mixed mass ; a disagree- 
able mi.xture ; a state of dirt and disorder, a diffi- 
cult, embarrassing, or distressing situation. — v. t. 
To confuse, disorder, soil. 

Message, mes'^sej, n. Any notice, word, or communi- 
cation, from one -person to another; an official ad- 
dress, not made in person, but delivered by a mes- 
senger. — Mes'^senger, -sen-jer, n. One who bears a 
message or goes on an errand. (Xaut.) A hawser 
wound round the capstan, used for heaving in the 
cable. {Law.) A person appointed to perform cer- 
tain ministerial duties under bankrupt and insolv- 
ent laws. 

Messiah, mes-si''a, w. Christ, the anointed; the Savior. 

— Messian''ic, -sX-an''ik, a. Relating to the Messiah. 
Messieurs. See Monsieur. 

Messmate. See under Mess, a dish. 

Messuage, mes^'swej, n. {Law.) A dwelling-house, 
with the adjacent buildings and lands appropriated 
to the use of the household. 

Met. See Meet. 

Metacarpus, met-a-kar''pa<?, w. {Anat.) The part of 
the hand between wrist and fingers. See Skele- 
ton. — Met'agram''matism, -ma-tizm, n. Transposi- 
tion of the letters of a name into such a connection 
as to express some perfect sense applicable to the per- 
son named ; anagrammatism. — Met''al, met'al or 
met-'l, 71. An elementary substance having a peculiar 
luster, insoluble in water, a good conductor of heat 
and electricity, an,d usually solid at ordinary tem- 
peratures ; the effective power of guns carried by a 
vessel of war; a metallic alloy or compound, such as 
brass, bronze, steel, etc. pi. In Eng., the rails of a 
railroad.— MetaKlic, me-taKlik, «. Pert, to, consist- 
ing of, resembling, or of the nature of, metals. — 

— Met^allize, r. «. [-LizED(-lizd),-LiziNG.] To form 
into metal ; to give its proper metallie. properties to. 

— Metalliferous, -er-us, a. Producing metals.— 
Met'alloid, -loid, H. {C/iem.) An inflammable, non- 
metallic body, such as sulphur, phosphorus, etc. ; the 
metallic base of a fixed alkali, or alkaline earth. — 
a. Like metal; pert, to the metalloids.— Met'allur'- 
gy, -ler''jT, ». The art of working metals ; esp. the 
operation of obtaining metals from their ores. — 
Met'allur'gist, 71. One skilled in, etc. — Met'tle, 
-tl, n. Element ; material ; disposition : character ; 
courage ; temper ; temperament susceptible of high 
excitement ; ardor. [Same word as metal, used in 
allusion to the temper of the metal of a sword- 
blade.]— Met'tled,-tld, a. Having mettle; high-spir- 
ited ; full of fire. — Met'^tlesome, -sum, a. Full of 
spirit ; easily excited ; fiery. — Met''amor''phosis, 
-m6r''fo-sis, n. ; pi. -SES, -sez. Change of form, shape, 
or structure; transformation; change in the form or 
function of a living body, by a normal process of 



am, fame, far. pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, tSrm ; Tn. Ice s 5dd. tone. 8r ; 



METE 



247 



MID 



growth. — Mefamor-'phose, -fos, n. Sanie as Meta- 
morphosis. — V. t. [metamorphosed (-lost), -puos- 
ixa.] To transform, transmute. — Met'^aphor, -a- 
fSr, n. (^Rhet.) A short similitud e ; a word, suggest- 
ing similitude without a forma' expression of com- 
parison. — Metaphor''ic, -fSr'ik, -ical, a. Pert, to, 
or comprising, a metaphor ; figurative ; tropical. 
— Metaphys'ics, -fiz'iks, n. Science of being ; sci- 
ence of mind or intelligence, as disting. from sci- 
ence of matter ; scientific knowledge of mental phe- 
nomena ; mental philosophy ; psychology : philos- 
ophy ; science of the supernatural. — Metatar'^sos, 
n. (Anat.) The middle of the foot, or part between 
ankle and toes. See Ske_leton. — Metath'^esis, me- 
tath''e-sis, n. ; jil. -SES, -sez. {Gram.) Transposition; 
a figure by which the letters or syllables of a word 
are transposed. (Chem.) Interchan°;e of 2 elements 
in a reaction. — Metathefical, a. Taking place by 
metathesis. — Metemp'sycho'sis, -si-ko''sis, n. The 
passing of the soul of a man after death into some 
other animal body ; transmigration. — Me'teor, -te- 
or, n. Any transitory phenomenon or appearance 
in the atmosphere, as clouds, rain, hail, snow, etc.; 
esp. a transient fiery or luminous bodj' seen in the 
atmosphere ; aerolite ; shooting star. — Me'teor'ic, 
-te-or-'ik, a. Pert, to, of the nature of, or consisting 
of, meteors ; proceeding from a meteor transiently 
brilliant ; influenced by the weather. — Me'teorite, 
-it, Mo'teor'olite, -o-llt', n. A meteoric stone ; aero- 
lite. — Me'teoroKogy, -o-jt, n. Science of the at- 
mosphere and its phenomena, esp. in relation to the 
weather. — Meth'^od, n. An orderly procedure or 
process; regular manner of doing anything ; orderly 
arrangement, elucidation, development, or classifi- 
cation. (Sat. HUt.') Arrangement of natural ob- 
iects according to their common characteristics. — 
Method'ic, -ical, me-thod'ik-al, a. Characterized 
by method ; systematic ; arranged in convenient 
order. — Method'ically, adv. — Metli''odist, n. A 
strict adherent to method, esp. one of an ancient 
school of physicians. {T/ieol.) One of a sect of 
Christians, founded by John Wesley, so called from 
the exact regularity of their lives at Oxford uni- 
versity. A person of strict piet}'; one who lives in 
the exact observance of religious duties. — Meth.'- 
odism, n. Doctrines and worship of the Method- 
ists. — .Met]iodist''ic, a. Resembling, or partaking 
of the strictness of, Methodists. — Meth''odize, v. t. 

[-IZED (-izd), -IZIXG.] To 

reduce to method, ar- 
range conveniently. — 
Meth''odiz'er, n. One who 
methodizes. — Metonymy, 
rae-ton'I-niT or m e t ■^ o - 
nim'T. {Rliet.) A trope in 
which one word is put for 
another; a change of names 
which have some relation 
to each other. — Mefope, 
-o-pe, n. {Arch.) The space Metope, 

between the triglyphs of the Doric frieze, often 
adorned with carved work. 

&Iete, met, lu t. To ascertain the quantity, dimensions, 
or capacity of, by rule or standard: to measure. — 
n. Measure; limit; boundary. — Mefage, -ej. n. 
Measurement of coal; charge for measuring. — Me'- 
ter, n. One who, or that which, metes or measures; 
esp. an instrument for measuring the consumption 
of gas, also of water ; a licensed measurer of coal be- 
fore its delivery for sale. — Me'^ter, -tre, n. Rhyth- 
mical arrangement of words into verses, stanzas, 
strophes, etc. ; number of syllables in a verse, etc. ; 
rhythm ; measure ; verse ; a decimal measure of 
length =^ 39.37 inches. — Mefiic, met'rik, a. Pert, 
to tlie decimal system of weights and measures, in 
which the meter is the unit of linear, square, and 
cubic measure. — Met'rical, a.' Pert, to measure, 
or due arrangement or combination of long and 
short syllables; consisting of verses; poetically meas- 
ured; employed in, or obtained by, measurement. 

Metheglin, me-theg'lin, n. A liquor made of honey 
and water boiled and fermented; mead. 

ilethod. Metope, etc. See under Metacarpus. 

Metropolis, me-trop'o-lis, n. The mother city ; chief 
city oi- capital of a kingdom, state, or country.— 




Met'ropol''itan, a. Pert, to a metropolis ; residing 
in the chief city. — n. The bishop presiding over the 
other bishops of a province. (Lot. Church.) An 
archbishop. 

Mettle, etc. See under Metacarpus. 

Mew, mu, n. A kind of sea-fowl; a gull. 

Mew, mu, v. t. [mewed (mud), mewiko.] To shed 
or cast ; to molt, as a bird, its feathers ; to shut up, 
confine in a cage or other inclosure.— v. i. To cast 
the feathers, molt, change, put on a new appear- 
ance. — n. A cage for hawks while mewing; a place 
of confinement. — Mews, n. ; id. Mews''es, muz'ez. 
Prop, the royal stables in London ; any range of 
stables ; an inclosed space ; an alley, etc., where 
stables are situated. 

Mew, mu, r. !\ To cry as a cat. — n. The cry of a cat. 

— Mewl, mul, v. i. [mewled (muld), mewling.] 
To Cry from uneasiness, as a child; to squall. 

Mezzo, med^zo or mefzo, a. {Mus.) Middle; mean. 
— ;Mez'zo-rilie''vo, -re-le-a^vo, n. A middle degree 
of relief in figures, between high and low relief. — 
M.- sopra''no, -so-pra'no, n. (3fns.) A female voice 
intermediate in compass between soprano and con- 
tralto ; one having such a voice. — Mez'zotint, -tin''- 
to, n. A manner of engraving on copper, in imita- 
tion of painting in India ink. 

Miasm, mi'azm, Mias'ina, -ma, n. ; pi. Mias'^mata, 
-ma-ta. Infection floating in the air; deadly exhala- 
tion ; noxious effluvia ; malaria. — Mias''mal, Mi^as- 
mafic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or partaking of the qual- 
ities of, miasma. 

Mica, mi^ka, ?i. {Min.) A mineral easily split into 
extremely thin flexible plates, more or less transpar- 
ent, and used like glass, in lanterns, etc. — Mica'- 
ceous, -shus, a. Pert, to, or containing, mica; split- 
ting into laminse or leaves like mica. 

Mice. See Mouse. 

Michaelmas, mik-'el-mas, n. The feast of St. Michael, 
celebrated Sept. 29th; hence, autumn. 

Mickle, mik''!, a. Much ; great. 

Microcosm, mi'kro-kozm, n. A little world; a minia- 
ture society, or institution; hence, man, supposed to 
be an epitome of the universe or great world. — 
Microm''eter, n. An instrument, used Avith a tel- 
escope or microscope, for measuring very small dis- 
tances, or the apparent diameters of objects which 
subtend very small angles. — Mi'^croscope, -skop. n. 
An optical instrument, consisting of a lens, or combi- 
nation of lenses, for examining objects too minute 
to be viewed by the naked ej^e. — Microscop''ic, -ical, 
a. Made by aid of a microscope ; resembling a mi- 
croscope ; capable of seeing very minute objects; 
visible only hj aid of a microscope. — Micros'copy, 
-ko-pT, n. Use of, or investigations with, the mi- 
croscope. 

Mid, a. [comiiar. wanting ; superl. midst or midmost.] 
Situated between extremes ; middle ; intervening. 
^Mid^day, a. Pert, to noon; meridional. 

— n. The middle of the day; noon. — Mid'- 
land, o. In the interior countrj' ; distant 
from the coast; mediterranean. — Mid''- 
night, n. Middle of the night ; 12 o'clock 
p. M. — a. In the middle of the night ; very 
dark. — Mid'rib, n. {Bot.) The main rib of 
a leaf, a continuation of the petiole. — Mid'- 
riff, n. (Anat.) The diaphragm, or respira- 
tory muscle which separates the thorax and 
abdomen. — Mid^'ships. arlr. (A'aitt.) In the 
middle of a ship. — Mid'shipman, n. ,• pi. . 
-MEX. A naval cadet holding a petty office in M"!""- 
a shin of war.— Mid'dy, -dl, n. Colloquial abbrev. of 
midshipman. — Mid''sum'mer, ?i. The middle of the 
summer; the summer solstice. — Mid' way, m. The 
middle of the waj^ or distance. — a. and adv. In 
the middle, etc.; half way. — Mid'win'ter, w. The 
middle of the winter; the winter solstice; also the 
severe winter weather, which is usually later. — Mid'- 
heav'en, n. The middle part of heaven, or the sky. 
(Astron.) The meridian, or middle line of the heav- 
ens. — Mid'dle, -dl, a. Equally distant from the ex- 
tremes; mean; medial; mid; intermediate; interven- 
ing. — n. The point or part equally distant from the 
extremities; midst; central portion. — Mid'^dling, a. 
Of middle rank, state, size, or quality ; moderate ; 
mediocre ; medium ; ordinary. — Mid'^dlings, n. pi. 



sun. cube, full r moon, iSbt ; cow. oil : linjrer or ink. then, boNboN. chair, get. 



MIDGE 



248 



MILL 



A coarse, inferior flour; in ?ii<jh milling, coarse parti- 
cles of the first crushing of the grain, from which 
the best flour is afterwards ground ; in U. S., the 
portion of a hog between ham and shoulder. — Midst, 
n. The interior or central part ; the middle. — adv. 
In the middle. 

Midge, mij, n. A name given to several minute but 
troublesome species of gnats and flies. 

Midwife, niid'wli, n. ; pL -wives, -wivz. rA woman 
who assises otlier women in childbirth. — Mid''wifery, 
-wif-rl or -wif-rl, n. Art or practice of assisting, or 
assistance rendered, at childbirth ; obstetrics. 

Mien, men, n. External appearance; carriage; bear- 
ing; look; air; aspect; demeanor. 

Miff, niif, n. A slight degree of resentment. 

Might, mit, imp. of May, q. v. 

Might, mit, h. Force or power ; strength ; ability ; 
capacity. — Might'^y, -t, a. Possessing might ; for- 
cible; strong; valiant; very great; remarkable for 
size, effect, or qualities ; exhibiting or implying 
power; very excellent; fine. — adv. In a great de- 
■ gree ; very. 

Mignan, mIn-yoN'' or min'yun, a. Delicate; dainty; 
pietty. — n. A darling. — 
Mign'onette'', min'yun-et'', 
n. An annual flowering 
plant, having a delicate fra- 
grance. — Min''ion, -yun, 
n. A favorite; darling; esp. 
an unworthy favorite ; one 
who gains favors by flattery 
or mean adulation ; a servile 
dependent; a small kind of 
printing type, in size be- 
tween D r e v i e r and non- 
pareil. 

This line is in minion. 

— MiB'nesing/er, -ne-sing'- 
er, n. A love-singer; esp. one 
of a class of Germ, poets and 
musicians of the 12-14th cen- 
turies. — Min''ikin, a. Small; 
diminutive. — n. A darling; 
favorite; a small kind of pin. Mignonette. 

Migrate, mi'grat, v. i. To change one's place of res- 
idence, esp. to remove to another country ; to pass 
to a warmer climate in the autumn, returning in the 
spring,, — said of birds. — Migra'tion, n. Act of mi- 
grating. — Mi'gratory, -to-rl, a. Removing or ac- 
customed to remove, etc. 

Mikado, me-ka'do, ti. The title of the Emperor of 
Japan. 

Milage. Same as Mileage: see under Mile. 

Milch. See under Milk. 

Mild, mild, a. Tender and gentle in temper or dispo- 
sition; not showing severity or harshness; not acrid, 
pungent, corrosive, or drastic; gently affecting the 
senses; not violent; soft; calm; soothing; placid; I 
tender ; lenitive ; assuasive. I 

Mildew, miKdu, n. A peculiar state of decay in living i 
or dead vegetable matter, cloth, paper, etc., caused 
by minute fungi; the fungi which cause such decay. 

— v.t. [MiLDEWED(-dud), -DEWING.] To taint with 
mildew. — v. i. To become tainted with, etc. 

Mile, mil, n. A measure of distance = 320 rods, or 5,280 \ 
feet: the Eng. geographical or nautical mile is l-60th 
of a degree of latitude, or about 6,079 feet; the Ger- 
man short mile is nearly 3.9 Eng. m.; the Ger. long 
m. 5.75 Eng. m.; the Prussian and Danish m. about 
4.7 Eng. m. ; the Swedish m. about 6.625 Eng. m. — 
Mile'age, Mileage, mlKej, n. An allowance for 
traveling, as so much by the mile. — Mile'^post, 
-stone, n. A post or stone set to mark the space of a 
mile. — MU'foil, -foil, n. {Bat.) An herb ; yarrow. 

— Mill, n. An imaginary money of account of the 
U. S. = 1-lOth of a cent, or 1-lOOOth of $1. — MiUen'- 
niam, -nt-um, n. 1,000 years, — a word used to de- 
note the 1,000 years mentioned in Revelation xx., 
during which Satan will be bound, and holiness tri- 
umph throughout the world. — Millena'riaii, -rT-an, 
a. Consistingof 1,000 j'ears; pert, to the millennium. 

— n. One who believes that Christ will personally 
reign on earth 1,000 years. — Mil'lenary, -na-rT, a. 
Consisting of 1,000. — n. Space of 1,000 years. — 





Millepora alciconus. 



Millen'nial, -nT-al, a. Pertaining to the millen- 
nium, or to 1,000 years. — MUlen'niaiist. n. One 
who believes that Christ will reign, etc. — IiGl''lep6d, 
-le-ped, n. An insect having many feet ; one of 
the myriaj)ods. — MlKle- 
pore, -le-por, n. A minute 
reef-building marine ani- 
mal; its branching coral, 
ha^dng the surface smooth, 
and perforated with very 
minute punctures or cells. 

— Mil'leporite, -po-rit, ?«. 
A lossil millepore. — Mil- 
les'lmal, a. Thousandth; 
consisting of 1,000 parts. 

— MiKligram, Milli- 
gramme', -gram', n. A 
metric me'asure of weight, 
being the 1-lOOOth of a gram =.01876 grain trov, or 
.0154 gram avoirdupoi-s. — Milliliter, inil-lil'T-ter or 
mil'll-h'fer, Mil'iili'tre, -le'tr, w. A measuie of ca- 
pacity=l-100(J[li of a liter = .06103 of a cubic inch.— 
Millimeter, mil-lim'e-ter or miKlt-me'ter, Millime'- 
tre, -ma'tr, n. A lineal measure = 1-lOOOth of a 
meter = .03937 of an inch.— MiU'rea, -ree, -reis, miK- 
re, n. A coin of Portugal = 1,000 reis = $1(J8.— Mill'- 
ion, -yun, n. The number of ten hundred thousand, 
or a thousand thousand, written 1,000,000; an indef- 
initely large number. — MilKionary, -yun-a-rl, a. 
Pert, to, or consisting of, millions. — Mill'ionth, 
-yunth, a. Last of, or constituting one of, a million 
units. — ?i. Oneof, etc. — Mill'ionaire', -ar', n. One 
whose wealth is counted bv millions.— Millier, mel- 
-ya', n. A measure of weight = 1,000,000 grains = 
2204.62 lbs. avoirdupois, heme the weight of 1 cu. 
meter of water at 4^ centigrade. — Mimard, mil'le- 
ar', n. A thousand millions. 

Milesian, mi-le'zhan, n. A Celtic inhabitant of Ire- 
land. 

Miliary. See under Millet. 

Militate, miKl-tat, v. i. To stand opposed, have weight 
on the opposite side, contend, — said of arguments, 
etc., and followed by against. — Mil'itant, a. En- 
gaged in warfare; combating; serving as a soldier. 
— Mil'itary, -I-ta-rT, a. Pert, to soldiers, to arms, 
or to war; engaged in the service of soldiers or 
arms; warlike; becoming a soldier, —w. The whole 
bod^ of soldiers: soldiery; militia; the armv.— 
Mili'tia, mT-lish'a, n. The body of citizen soldiers 
in a state enrolled for discipline.'but engaged in act- 
ual service only in emergencies. 

Milk, milk, n. A white fluid secreted b}' female mam- 
mals for the nourishment of their young; white juice 
of certain plants; emulsion made by bruising seeds. 

— v.t. [milked (milkt), MiLKixG.j To draw milk 
from the breasts or udder of; to supply with milk ■ 
add milk to; to draw the substance, contents, etc., 
from, esp. surreptitiously, — as, to milk a telegram, 
to use information designed for others. — Milk'er, 
n. One who or that which milks; an animal giving 
milk.— Milk-'y, -T, a. Relating to, made of, like, 
or yielding milk; soft; mild; gentle; timorous. — 
Milk'maid, n. A woman employed in the dairy. — 
Milk'sop, n. A piece of bread sopped in milk ; a 
soft, effeminate, feeble-minded man. — Milk'tooth, 
n. ; pi. -TEETH. {Far.) The fore tooth of a foal, 
which is cast within 2 or 3 years. One of the decid- 
uous or first set of teeth of a child. — Milk'weed, n. 
A plant of several species, abounding in a milky 
juice, and having its seeds attached to a long, silky 
down; silkweed. — Milk '-tree, n. A tree yielding 
a milky juice; esp. one in which this juice is fit 
for food, as the cow-tree of S. Amer. — Milk leg. 
(^Pathol.) A swelling of the leg, usually in puer- 
peral women, caused by inflammation of veins, and 
having a white appearance due to an accumulation 
of serum or of pus in the cellular tissue.— MUch, a. 
Yielding milk, — said only of beasts. 

Mill. U. S. money. See under Mile. 

Mill, mil, n. A set-to; pugilistic encounter. — v. t. To 
beat. 

Mill, mil, n. An engine or machine for grinding any 
substance, as grain, etc., also for transforming raw 
material by mechanical processes into a condition for 
use; the building, with its machinery, where grind- 



fim, fame, far, piss or opera, fare ; end, eve, term 5 tn. Ice ; Qdd, tone, 6r ; 



MILLENNIQM 



249 



MINISTER 



ing or niauufacturing is carried on. {Calico Print- 
ing.) A printing cylinder, of copper. — v. t. [milled 
(mild), MiLLi>G.] To reduce to fine particles, grind, 
comminute; to pass through a machine or engine; 
to shape or finish by passing through a machine; to 
make a raise.) borde'r or impression around the edges 
of, or to cut fine grooves or indentations across the 
edges of; to stamp in a coining press, coin; to full 
(cloth). — High milling. Reduction of the grain to 
flour by a succession of crackings, or of slight and 
partial crushings, alternately with sifting and sort- 
ing the product, — the method by which iV'ew Pro- 
cess or Haxall flour is obtained. — Low m. Reduc- 
tion by a single crushing or grinding. — Mill''stoae, 
n. A 'stone for grinding grain. — Mill'^er, n. One 
who keeps or attends a mill, esp. a grist-mill. (£!n- 
(om.) A moth, whose wings appear covered with 
powder, like a miller's clothes. 

MiUenninm, Milleped, Milligram, Million, Millreis, 
etc. See under 5Iile. 

Millet, mil'let, n. A grain-bearing grass of several 
species, cultivated in the Orient for its seed and in 
Europe and Amer. as a forage plant. — Mil''iary, 
-ya-rl, a. Like, or accompanied with an eruption 
like, millet seeds. 

Milliner, mil'll-ner, n. One who makes head-dresses, 
bonnets, etc., for women.— Mil^'liner'y, -ngr'Tf, n. 
Articles dealt in by milliners. 

Milt, milt, n. (Anat.) The spleen. 

Milt, mUt, n. The soft, white, spermatic glands of the 
male fijsh.; soft roe; sperm of the male fish. — v. t. To 
impregnate (the roe or spawn of the female fish). 

Mime, mini, n. A kind of farce in which real charac- 
ters were depicted; an actor in one. — Mimeograph, 
mtm^e-o-graf, n. An autographic stencil copy- 
ing device invented by Edison. — Mim^ic, -ical, 
«. Inclined to ape; imitative; consisting of, or 
formed in, imitation. — Mim^ic, n. One who, etc.; a 
mean or servile imitator. — v. t. [mimicked (-ikt), 
-iCKUfO.] To imitate for sport, ridicule by imi- 
tation, ape, counterfeit, mock. — Mim'^icker, n. — 
Mim'icry, -ik-rt, n. Act or practice of, etc. — 
Mimo'^sa, -sa or -za.,n. A genus of leguminous plants, 
of many species, including the sensitive plant, — so 
called fr. its imitating the sensibility of animal life. 

Minaret, min'a-ret, n. (Arch.) A slender, lofty tur- 
ret on or near a Mohammedan mosque, 
having one or more projecting balco- 
nies, from which the people are sum- 
moned to prayer. 

Minatory, mm-'a-to-rY, a. Threatening ; 
menacing. 

Mince, mins, v. t. [minced (minst); 
MiJTCiNQ.] To cut into very small 
pieces; to hash; to diminish in speak- 
ing, extenuate ; to clip (words, or ex- 
pressions). — V. i. To walk with short 
steps, or to speak softly, with affected 
nicety. — Mince'-pie, n. A pie made 
with minced meat and other ingre- 
dients baked in paste. —Min'^cingly, 
adv. In a mincing manner; with af- 
fected t'.elicacy. 

Mind, mind, «. The intellectual or rational faculty 
in man ; the understanding ; the entire spiritual na- 
ture; soul; state of the faculties of thinking, willing, 
choosing, etc.; as, opinion, sentiment, belief; choice, 
rlesire, purpose ; courage, spirit ; memory ; remem- 
brance; recollection. — v. t. To attend to; to notice, 
mark, regard, obey. — v. i. To be inclined, or dis- 
posed; to mcUne. — IVIind'^ed, a. Disposed; inclined. 
— Mind'ful, -ful, a. Attentive; heedful; observant. 

Mine, min, a. Belonging to me; my, — used, as a pro- 
nominal adjective, placed always in the predicate; 
also, attributively, in the old style, before a noun 
beginning with a vowel, for my; also as a possessive 
pronoun, eq^uivalent to of me, or, belonging to me ; 
often used in the predicate standing for the noun to 
which it belongs. 

Mine, mln, n. A subterranean cavity or passage; esp. 
a pit from which mineral subst^jnces are dug; or 
( Mil.) a cavity filled with powder, under a fortifica- 
tion or other work, for blowing up the superstruc- 
ture; a rich source of wealth or other good. — v.i. 
[mined (mind), mining.] To dig a mine; to form a 




Minaret. 




burrow, tunnel, or hole, in the earth.— v. t. To dig 
away the foundation of, lay a mine under, sap, un- 
dermine; to ruin or destroy by slow degrees or secret 
means. — Min'^eral, mtn'er-al, n. Any natural inor- 
ganic substance having a definite chemical composi- 
tion. — a. Pert, to, consisting of, or impregnated 
with, minerals. — Min'^eralist, w. One versed or 
employed in minerals. — Min-'eralizo, v. t. [-ized 
(-izd), -iziNG.] To make mineral, reduce to a min- 
eral form, communicate the properties of a mineral 
to. — V. i. To go on an excursion for observing and 
collecting minerals. — Minerai''ogy, -jT, n. Science 
of the properties of minerals, tneir classification, 
etc. — Mineralogist, n. One versed in, etc. — Min'- 
eralog''ical, a. Pert, to mineralogy. 

Minever, Miniver. Same as Meniver. 

Mingle, min'gl, v. t. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To unite 
in one body, mass, or compound; to blend; to mix 
confusedly, irregularly, or promiscuously; to unite 
in society or by ties of relationship; to deprive of 
purity by mixture ; to render impure. — v i. To be 
mixed, be united. 

Miniate, Miniature. See under Minium. 

Minikin, Minion. See under Mignon. 

Minish, min'ish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] To 
lessen, diminish. — Min'ify, -t-fi, v. t. To make 
small or smaller; to degrade, treat with contempt, 
speak slightingly of, — opp. to magnify. — Min'now, 
-no, n. A very small fresh- 
water fish, of several spe- 
cies.— Mi'nor, a. Inferior _ _ 
in bulk, degree, impor- J^^BSSSSSSEMi-' 
tance, etc.; less; smaller; 
small; petty; unimportant. 
illus.) Less or lower by a Minnow. 
semitone. — n. A person under age ; a person under 
authority of parents orguardians; in Eng. and U. S., 
one not yet 21 years of age; a Minorite, or Franciscan 
friar. (Logic.) The minor term, that is, the subject 
of the conclusion ; also, the minor premise, that is, 
that premise which contains the minor term; in hy- 
pothetical syllogisms, the categorical premise. — 
Mi'norite, -it, n. A Franciscan friar. — Minor''ity, 
-n5r''l-tl, n. State of being, or period during which 
one is, a minor, or under age ; the smaller number. 
— Mi^nus, a. Less ; requiring to be subtracted; 

negative. — Min^im, n. "jQ ^_. 

Anything very minute; -Jf^ -f-^ 

a single drop. (Mus.) 
A half note, equal in 
time to 2 quarter notes, ,,. . 

or crochets. — Min"- <> Mumns. 

imize, v. t. [-mized (-mizd), -mizing.J To reduce 
to the smallest part or proportion possible. — Min'- 
imom, n. ; pi. -ma, -ma. The least quantity assign- 
able in a given case; smallest amount; lowest point 
or degree; a thing of small consequence; trifle. — 
Min'uend, -u-end, n. (Arith.) The number from 
which another number is to be subtracted. — Min'- 
net. -u-et, n. A slow,. graceful dance; a tune to reg- 
ulate the movements in the dance so called. — 
Minnte^, mY-nuf, a. Very small, little, or slender; 
slight; attentive to small things; fine; critical; ex- 
act; circumstantial; detailed. — Minute'ly, adv.— 
Minute'^neBB, n.— Min^'ate, min-'it, n. The 60th part 
of an hour; 60 seconds. (Geom.) The 60th part of 
a degree. A note in writing to preserve the mem- 
ory of anything. — v. t. To make a note of; to jot 
down. — Min'utely, -it-It, adv. Every minute ; rap- 
idly. — Minu'tia, -sht-a, n.; pi. -iiM, -shT-e. A 
minute particular; the smallest detail. 

Minister, min'is-ter, n. A servant ; subordinate ; as- 
sistant of inferior rank ; one to whom is intrusted 
the direction of affairs of state ; the representative 
of a sovereign or government at a foreign court; em- 
bassador; one who serves at the altar ; pastor of a 
church ; clergyman ; parson ; priest. — v. t. [min- 
istered (-tgrd), -TERiNG.] To furnish, afford, sup- 
ply, administer. — v. i. To act as a servant, attend- 
ant, or agent ; to serve in any office, sacred or secu- 
lar; to afford supplies, give things needful, serve, 
officiate, administer, contribute. — Min'^istry, -is-trl, 
n. Act of ministering ; ministration ; instrumen- 
tality; office, duties, or functions of a minister; the 
body of ministers ; the clergy ; the ministers of 



i 



l£ 



'jcJ: 






sun, cube, full ; moon, fd&t • cow, oil ; Ugger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



MINIUM 



250 



MISPICKEL 




Mink. 



state; business; employment. — Ministe'rial, -rl-al, 
a. Pert, to ministry, or to the performance of ser- 
vice, or of executive oflSce ; pert, to the office of a 
minister; executive, embassadorial, or sacerdotal; 
official; clerical; priestly; ecclesiastical. — Ministe''- 
rially, ody. — Min-'istrant, a. Performing service 
as a minister; acting under command. — Ministra'- 
tion, n. Act of performing service; office of a 
minister ; ecclesiastical function. — Min'strel, n. 
One of an order of men, in the middle ages, who 
sang verses to the haip, etc.; a bard: singer; harper; 
a singer and musician, — often applied esp. to one 
who performs at comic entertainments. — Min'- 
strelsy, -si, n. Arts and occupation of minstrels ; 
a collective body of minstrels, or of their songs. 

Minium, min't-um, n. A pigmentof a beautiful red 
color; red lead. — Min'iate, -T-at, v. t. To paint 
or tinge with red lead or vermilion. — Min^iature, 
-I-a-chur or -T-chur, n. Orig. a painting in colors, 
esp.. and now exclusively, one on a i educed ^ cale ; 
hence, reduced scale ; greatly diminished style or 
form. — a. On a small scale. 

Mink, mink, n. A carnivorous and fish-eating quad- 
ruped, allied to the weasel, 
which burrows near rivers or 
ponds, and is an expert swim- 
mer and diver ; its fine black 
fur. 

Minne-singer. See under iliG- 
xox. 

Minnow, Minor, etc. See under 
.^^I^•lSII. 

Minster, min-'ster, n. The church of a monastery, or 
one to which a monastery has been attached ; a ca- 
thedral church. 

Minstrel, etc. See under Minister. 

Mint, mint, n. The place where money is coined; place 
of invention, fabrication, or production ; unlimited 
supply. — V. t. To make by stamping, as money; to 
coin; to invent, forge, fabricate, fasliion. — Mint- 
age, -ej, re. That which is minted or coined; duty 
paid to the mint for coining. — Mint'er, n. One 
who mints; a coiner; an inventor. — Minf-man, n. ; 
pi. -MEN. One skilled in coining, or in coins ; a 
coiner. — mas'ter, n. Superintendent of a mint; 
one who invents. 

Mint, mint, n. An aromatic plant of various species, 
producing a pungent essential oil. 

Minuend, Minus, Minute, etc. See under Minish. 

Minx, minks, n. A pert, wanton girl; a she puppy; 
lap-dog. * 

Miocene, mi'^o-sen, a. (Geol.) Less recent, — a term 
applied, to the middle division of the tertiary 
.strata. 

Miracle, mir^'a-kl, n. A wonder or wonderful thing; esp. 
an event oreffect contrary to the established constitu- 
tion and course of things; supernatural event; a spec- 
tacle or dramatic representation exhibiting the lives 
of the saints, — called also a miracle-play. — Mirac'- 
ulous, -rak'u-lus, a. Of the nature of a miracle ; 
performed by or exhibiting a supernatural power; 
extraordinarily wonderful. — Mirac'ulously, air. — 
Mirage', niT-razh', n. An optic:il illusion arising 
from an unequal refraction in the lower strata of 
the atmosphere, and causing remote objects to be 
seen double, inverted, suspended in air, approxi- 
mated, changed, or asif reflected in water. — Mir'- 
r r, - r e r , ?i. A 
1 o o k in g - glass ; 
that in w h i c h a 
true image may 
be seen ; a pat- 
tern ; an exem- 
plar. — v.t. [MIR- 
K o R E D (-rerd), 
-RORiNG.J Tore- 
fleet, as in a mir- 
ror. 

Mire, rair, n. Earth 
so wet and soft 
as to yield to pres- Mirage, 

sure; deep mud. — v. t. [mired (mird), miring.] 
To plunge and fix in mire ; to soil or daub with 
mud. — 3tfir''y, -\,a. Abounding with, full of, or 
consisting of, etc. 




Mirk, me rk, a. Dark; murky. — n. Darkness; gloom. 

— Mirk'y, -I, a. Dark ; obscure. [See Murky.] 
Mirror. See under Miracle. 
Mirth, mSrth, n. High excitement of pleasurable 

feelings in company ; noisy gayety ; merriment ; 
fun; frolic; festivity; jollity. — Mirtli''ful, -ful, «. 
Full of mirth ; merry ; jovial ; festive. — Mirth'- 
fully, adv. — Mirth'fulness, n. — Mirth'less, a. 
Without mirth. 

Mirza, mer''za, n. The common title of honor in 
Persia: appended to a name, it signifies prince. 

Misadventure, mis-ad-ven'chur, n. An unfortunate , 
adventure; ill luck; accident; mishap; disaster. — j 
lilisalli''ance, -li-'ans, M^s'alliance'', mez'al-le-axs', 
a. Improper association; esp. a degrading marriage 
connection with one of inferior social station. — 
Mischance'', -chans', n. Ill luck; accident; misfor- 
tune ; calamity. — Mis''chief, -chif, n. Evil pro- 
duced or effected, whether with or without inten- 
tion ; trivial evil or vexation, caused by thought- 
lessness, or in sport ; troublesome or annoying act 
or conduct ; cause of trouble or vexation ; damage ; 
harm ; wrong-doing. — Mis''chievous, -chiv-us, a. 
Making mischief; inclined to do harm; hurtful; in- 
jurious ; noxious ; destructive. — Miscount', v. t. 
audi. To count wrongly. — ?i. An erroneous count- 
ing or numbering. — Mis'creant, -kre-ant, n. An 
infidel ; misbeliever ; a vile wretch ; scoundrel. — 
Misfea'sance, -fe'zans, M. {Law.) A trespass; wrong 
done; improper performance of a lawful act. — 
Misno'mer, n. (Law.) The mistaking of the true 
name of a person. A wrong or inapplicable nan 
or title; a misapplied term. — Misprize', -priz', v. t. ■ 
[-prized (-prizd'), -PRIZING.] To slight, undervalue. 

— Mispris'ion, -prizh'un, n. (Law.) Ahigh offense 
or misdemeanor, negative or positive ; passive con- 
cealment of a crime or neglect to reveal it, as of 
treason or felony; a positive act to help cover a 
crime, as dissuading a witness; maladministration; 
neglect, oversight, or mistake — as of a clerk in 
writing or keeping a record. 

Misanthrope, mis'an-throp, -an'thropist, -thro-pist, 
n. A hater of mankind. — Misanthrop'ic, -ical, a. 
Hating mankind. — Misan'thropy, -pt, n. Hatred 
or dislike of, etc. — Misog'amy, -nil, n. Hatred 
of marriage. — Misog'anust, n. One who, etc. — 
• Misog'yny, -soj'I-nT, n. Hatred of the female sex. 

— Misog'ynist, n. A woman-hater. 
Misapply, Misapprehend, Misbegot, etc. See under 

Miss. 

Miscellaneous, mis-sel-la'ne-us, n. Mixed ; mingled ; 
consisting of several kinds. — Mis'cellany, -la-nl, n. 
A mass or mixture of various kinds; a medley; 
esp., a collection of compositions on various sub- 
jects. — Miscella'nea, -ne-a, n. pi. A collection of 
miscellaneous matters. — Mis'cegena'tion, -se-je- 
na'shun, n. Amalgamation of races. 

Mischance, Mischief, etc. See under Misadventure. 

Miser, mi'zer, n. An avaricious or extremely covet- 
ous person; one who hoards money and lives mean- 
ly ; a niggard. — Mi'serly, -It, a. Sordid ; avari- 
cious; parsimonious; stingy; mean. — Mis'ery, -Sr-T, 
n. Great unhappiness; extreme paiu of body or 
mind ; evils which cause misery ; calamity ; mis- 
fortune; torture; agony; anguish; distress. — Mis'- 
erable, a. Very unhappy;. in a state of distress; 
causing misery ; very poor ; worthless ; despicable ; 
abject; wretched. — Mis'erably, adv. In a misera- 
ble manner; unhappily; pitiably.— Mis'ere're, -re'- 
re, n. {Rom. Cath. Church.) The 51st psalm, which 
commences with this word. (Pathol.) The symptoms 
attending obstruction in the intestines ; iliac pas- 
sion. 

Misfeasance, etc. See under Misadventure. 

Mish-mash, mish'-mash, n. A mingle or hotch- 
potch. 

Mishna, mish'n*, n. The digest of the Jewish tra- 
ditional and ritual law, made in the 2d century, 
which with the Gemara forms the Talmud. 

Misle, etc. See under Mist. 

Misnomer, Misprize, Misprision. See under Misad- 
venture. 

See under Misanthrope. 
iron py- 
rites. 



Misogamy, Misogyny, etc. See under Misan 
Mispickel, mis-pik'l, n. (Min.) Arsenical 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve. tSrm : Tn. Ice ; Odd. tone, fir ; 



MISS 



251 



MISSILE 



Miss, mis, n. Young woman or girl, — used as a title 
of address, prefixed to the name of an unmarried 
woman. —Wsz^j, -T, -isli, a. Like a miss or young 
girl; affectedly fine. 

luss, mis, V. t. [MISSED (mist), missixg.] To fail of hit- 
ting, reaching, obtainmg, seeing, finding, etc.; to do 
without, forego; to omit, pass by; to discover the ab- 
sence of, feel the want of, mourn the loss of. — r. i. 
To fail to hit; rot to succeed; to fail to obtain, learn, 
find, etc. ; to mistake ; err.— n. A failure to hit, reach, 
etc. : loss ; want ; felt absence ; mistake ; error. — 
uiis'apply', v. t. To apply wrongly or to a wrong 
purpose. — Mis'apprehend^, v. i. To misunder- 
stand. — Misap'prehen''sion, -shun, n. A mistak- 
ing ; wrong apprehension of one's meaning or of 
a fact; misconception; mistake. — Mis'appro'pria'- 
tion, n. Wrongappropriation. 
^ Misbficome'^, -kum', v. t. To suit iU. ; not to befit 
or become. — Misbegof, -goften, p. a. Unlawf ulfy 
or irregularly begotten. — Misbehave'', v. i. To be- 
have ul, conduct one's self improperly. — Misbe- 
hav'ior, -hav'yer, n. Improper, rude, or uncivil 
behavior; ill-conduct. — Misbelief'', -lef, n. Errone- 
ous belief; false religion. — Misbeliev'er, w. One 
who believes wrongly, or holds a false religion. — 
Misbestow'', v. t. To bestow improperly. 

— Miscal''crilate, -kaKku-lat, v. t. To calculate er- 
roneously. — Miscal'cula''tion, n. Erroneous calcu- 
lation. — Miscall'', -kawK, v. t. To call by a wrong 
name, name iinproperly, abuse. — Miscar''riage, 
-kar'rij, n. Unfortunate event of an undertaking; 
failure ; improper behavior ; expulsion of a fetus 
from the womb before it is viable; abortion. — Mis- 
car^'ry, -kar'rt, v. i. To fail of the intended effect; 
to fail to reach its destination; to bring forth young 
before the proper time. —Misconceive, -kon-sev', v. 
t. or i. To conceive wrongly; interpret incorrectly; 
mjsapp-ehend; misjudge; mistake. — Misconceit'', 
-set'', Misconcep''tion, n. Erroneous conception ; 
false opinion; mistake. — Miscon''dnct, n. Wrong 
conduct; ill behavior; misdemeanor; mismanage- 
ment. — Misconduct'', r. i. To coiiduct amiss; mis- 
manage. — Miscon''strue, -kon''stroo, v. t. To con- 
strue wrongly ; interpret erroneously. — Mis'^con- 
struc'laon. n. Wrong interpretation of words or 
things — Miscoan^'sel, -kown^'sel, v. t. To counsel 
wrongly. — Miscae', -ku'', v. i. To fail to strike the 
ball properly with the cue at billiards. — k. An in- 
effectual stroke with the cue. 

— Misdate', n. A wrong date.— ;;. t. To date errone- 
ously. — Misdeed'', n. An evil deed : wicked action; 
offense; transgression; crime. —Misdeem'', v. t. To 
judge erroneously, misjudge. — Misdemean'!^ -de- 
men'', V. t. To behave ill. — Misdemean''or, -tnSn''- 
?r. n. Til behavior ; evil conduct. (I^aiv.) Any 
crime less than a felony. — Misdirect'', -dT-rekt'', 
V. t. To give a wrong direction to ; to direct to a 
wrong person or place. — Misdirec'tion, n. Act of 
directing wrongly. (Law.) An error of a judge in 
charging the jury. — Misdo'', -doo'', v. t. [-did, -done, 
-noixft.] To do wrongly. — r. i. To do wrong, com- 
mit a fault or crime'. — Misdo'ing, n. A wrong 
done, fault, offense. 

— Misemploy', v. t. To employ to no purpose, or to 
a bad pu-pose ; to use amiss. — Misemploy''ment, n. 
Ill employment. — Misen''try, -en''trT, n. An er- 
roneous entry or charge, as of an account. 

— Misfif, n. A bad fit; a bad mitch. — Misform'', 
V. t. To put into an ill shape. — Misfort''une, -f8r- 
chuti, n. Ill fortune; ill luck; accident; calamity; 
mishap: harm; disaster. 

— Misgive', -giv'', v. t. To fill with doubt and appre- 
hension, deprive of confidence; to f ail.— Misgiv'ing, 
n. .\ failure of confidence; distrust: doubt. — Mis- 
got''ten, a. Unjustly obtained. — Misgov'em, -guv'- 
ern, r. t. To govern ill, administer unfaithfully. — 
Misgov'emment, n. Ill administration of public or 
private affairs; irreorularity; disorder. — Slisguid''- 
ance, -gid'ans, n. Wrong direction or guidance. — 
Misguide'', v. t. To direct ill, lead into error. 

— ifishap''. ?J. Ill chance; accident; calamity; mis- 
chance. — Mishear'', v. i. To mistake in hearing. 

— Misinform'', v. t. To give erroneous information 
to. — Misin'forma''tion, n. Wrong information. — 
Misinter''pret, v. t. To interpret erroneously ; to 



understand or to explain amiss. — Mis'inter'preta''- 
tion, n. A mistaken interpretation. 

— Miyoin'', V. t. To join unfitly or improperly. — 
Mi^udge'', -juj'', v. t. To mistake in judgmg of. — ?•. i. 
To err in judgment, form false opinions. — Mis- 
judg''ment, n. Wrong determination. 

— Mislay', v. t. [-laid (-lad'), -l.^yixg.] To lay in 
a wrong place, lay in a place not recollected, lose. — 
Mislead', -led', v. t. [-led, -leading.] To lead into 
a wrong way or path, lead astray, cause to mistake, 
deceive, delude. — Mislead'er, re. — Mislike', v. t. or 
i. To dislike, have aversion to. — n. Dislike; disap- 
probation; aversion. 

— Misman'age, -man'ej, v. i. To behave or manage 
ill. — f. t. To manage ill, administer improperly. — 
Misman'agement, n. — Mismaa'ager, n. — Mis- 
ma'tch', -macli', v. t. To match unsuitably. 

— Misname', v. t. To call by the wrong naine. 

— Mispell, Mispend. See Misspell, etc.. below. — 
Misplace', -plas', V. <. To put in a wrong place; t» 
set or place on an improper or unworthy objtct. — 
Misplace'ment, n. Act of, or state of be'ing, etc. — 
Misplead', -pled', v. t. To err in pleading. — Mis- 
print',?;.*. To print wrong. — n. An errorin printing. 

— Mispronounce', -nowns', v. i. and t. [-nounced 
(-nownsf), -NOL'XCIXG.] To pronounce erroneously. 

— Mis'pronun'cia'tion, -shi-a'shun, n. Wrong pro- 
nunciation. — llis'propor'tion, v. t. To err in pro- 
portioning one thing to another; to join without due 
proportion. 

Misquo'te', -kwot', v. t. To quote erroneously. — ■ 
MisCLUota'tion, n. An erroneous quotation. 
— Misrecite', -sit', v. t. To recite erroneously. — 
Misrecit'al, n. An inaccurate recital. — Misreck'on, 
-rek'n, v. t. To reckon or compute wrongly. — Mis- 
reck' oning, n. An erroneous computation. — Mis- 
rep'resent', ;;. t. To represent falsely or incorrect- 
ly. — v.i. To make an incorrect representation. — 
Misrep'resenta'tion, n. Act of giving a false repre- 
sentation ; incorrect account given, from mistake, 
carelessness, or malice. — Misrep'resent'er, n. — 
Misrule', -rool', ?«. Disorder ; contusion ; tumult 
from insubordination; unjust domination. 

— Misshape', -shap', v. t. To shape ill, deform. — 
Misspell', r. t. To spell wrong, write with wron^ 
letters. — Misspell 'ing, w. A wrong spelling; false 
orthography. — Misspend', v. t. To spend amiss, 
squander.— Misstate', v. t. and.?. To state wrongly^ 
falsify. —Misstate'ment, ??. Incorrect statement. — 
Misstep', n. A wrong or false step. 

— Mis'take', -tak', r. t. To take wrongly, misun- 
derstand, misapprehend, or misconceive : to mi?- 
choose, misjudge; to take one person or thing to be 
another, confound. — v. i. To err in opinion or judg- 
ment. — n. A taking or apprehendins: wrongly: a 
fault in opinion, judgment, or conduct: a mi^c^n- 
eeption; blunder; error; bull. — To he mi'sidfcv 'l\> 
be misapprehended or misunderstood: to be tnken 
or_led astray; to err: to misapprehend. — Mistak'ea, 
-tak'n, p. a. Guilty of a mistake: in error; e'-ro;ie- 
ons; incorrect; wrong. — Mistak'enly, adv. By mis- 
take.— Mistak'er. M. — Misl^k'able. a. Liable to be 
mistaken. — IVIis'time', -tim', r. t. To time wrongly, 
not adapt to the time. — v. i. To neglect the proper 
time. — Misti'tle, -tl, v. t. To call by a wrong title 
or name. — Mistri'al, w. (Lftw.) A false or errone- 
ous trial. — Mistrust', n. Want nf confidence or 
trust; suspicion. — v. t. To regard with jcalcusy or 
suspicion, suspect, doubt: to nnticinnte -"s near or 
likely to occur ; to surmise. — Mistrust'fol, -*ul. a. 
Suspicious; wantin<r confideT'cc — Mistrust'fully, 
adv. —Mistrust 'fulness, ?i.— Mistune'. -tun', r. t. 
"To tune wrongly or erroneously. -Mistu'tor, v. t. 
To instruct amiss. 

— Misun'derstand', I', i. To misconceive, mistake, 
take in a wrong sense. -=- Misun'derstand'ing, n. 
Mistake of meaning; error; misconception; disagree- 
ment; difference; slight quarrel. — Mis'use', -uz'^, v. t. 
To use improperly, treat ill, maltreat, abuse, misem- 
ploy, misapply. -^Misus'age, -uz'ej. n. Ill usage; 
abuse. — Misuse', -us', n. Wrong application or use-, 
misapplication ; abuse. 

Missal, mis'sal, n. The Roman Catholic mass-book. 

Misseltoe. See Mistletoe. 

Missile, mis'sil, a. Capable of being thrown, hurled, 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; Linger or ink, tiien, boxboN, chair, get. 



MIST 



252 



MODE 




Mistletoe. 



or projected. — n. A projectile Tveapon, as a lance, 
arrow, or bullet, with which one may strike an ob- 
ject at a distance. — Mis'sion, niish''un, n. Act of 
sending, or state of being sent; commission: errand; 
duty on which one is sent; persons sent: delegation; 
embassj' ; a station, residence, or orgtanization, of 
missionaries. — Mis'sionajy, -er-T, n. One sent upon 
amission; esp., one sent to propagate religion. — a. 
Pert, to missions. — Mis'sive, -siv, a. Intended to 
be sent; prepared for sending out; sent bj' authority 
of some person or society; intended to be thrown oV 
hurled; missile. — n. That which is sent; a message: 
letter. — Mit'timus, -tT-mus, ?». {Law.) A warrant 
of commitment to prison. 

Mist, mist, Mis^e, Iiiis'tle, miz''l, Miz'zle, miz''zl, n. 
Visible watery vapor at or near the surface of the 
eaith ; fog ; coarse, watery vapor, approaching the 
form of rain ; anything w'hich dims or darkens. — 
V. t. To cloud, cover with mist. — r.i. [misted, 
stiSTiNG;— miz'led (-Id), -li.ng; — m is'tled (miz'- 
Id), -LING;— Mlz'zLEl), -ZLlNG.] To r'in in ve.y fine 
drops. — Mist'y. -I, Mis'ly, miz'lT, Miz'zly, -zlT, a. 
Overspread with, attended by, or obscured as it by, 
mist; raining in tme drops. — Misfiness, n. 

Mister, mis'tlr, abbr. in 
writing to Mr., n. Sir ; 
master, — a title of any 
adult male. 

Mistlotoe, Misletoe, miz^l- 
to, n. A parasitic ever- 
green shrub, bearing a 
glutinous berry : the 
sacred plant of the Dru- 
ids. 

Mis'tress, mis'tres, n. A 
woman who exercises au- 
thority, is chief, etc.; tlie 
female head of a Jamily, 
school, etc.; a woman 
well skilled in anything, 
or having the mastery 
over it: a beloved object; sweetheart; a paramour; 
concubine. >Iadam, — a title or term of address, now 
written Mrf. and pron. viis^is. 

Mistmst, Mistune, Misuse, etc. See under Miss. 

Mite, mat, '/I. An j^hing very small ; a minute object; 
very small quantity; very small coin. 

Mite, mit, lu A minute animal, allied to the spider, 
of several varieties, having jaws, which distinguish 
it from the ticks. — Mit-'y, -t, a. Abounding with 
mites. 

Miter, -tre, mi-'ter, n. A covering for the head, worn 
by bishops, cardinals, etc. 
(Arch.) The joint formed by 
the ends of 2 pieces (of mold- 
ing, etc.), each cut off at an 
angle, and matching together. 

— 1\ i. [MITERED or MITRED 
(-terd), MITERINGO/-MITRIXG.] 

lArch.) To meet and match 

together, on a line bisectirg 

the angle of junction, esp. 

when at a right angle. — v. 1. 

To adorn with a miter ; to 

cut the en ds of 2 pieces oblique- 
ly and join them at an angle.- 

or like, etc., — r • 

said esp. (Anat.) ^^| 

of the mitral 

?'a7ce.«of theleft ' ^ 

ventricle of the 

heart: see 

Heapt. 
Mitigate, mi ft- ._.. , . , 

gat. r. t. To al- ^iter Joints. 

leviate (suffering, etc.); to make less rigorous, soften 

in severity or harshness; temper; to render more tol- 
erable; to reduce a penalty in amount or severity; 

assuage. — Mit'iga'tive, -tiv, a. Tending to, etc. — 

MiViga''tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 
MitraiUeuse, me-tra-yez', n. A machine-gun, having 

37 parallel breech-loading barrels, which may be 

fired at once or in quick succession. 
Mitt, mit, n. A mitten; also, a covering for the wrist 

and hand and not for the fingers. — Mit'ten, n. A 




Mitre. 
Mi'tral, a. Pert, to 




covering for the hand for warmth, etc., in which the 
fingers are not separated. 

Mittimus. See under Missile. 

Mix, miks, v. t. [mix'ed, less prop. Mi.\T; mixixg.] To 
unite or blend 2 or more ingredients into one mass 
or compound, as by stirring together ; to unite with 
in eompanv, join, associate: to produce by the stir- 
ring together of ingredients, mingle ; to confuse, 
disarrange, confound. — v. i. To become united or 
blended promiscuously; to be joined, associate.— 
Mixfure, miks'chur, n. Art of mixing, or state of 
being mixed; that which is mixed; an ingredient en- 
tering into a mixed mass; admixture; intermixture; 
medley.— Mix'tiliit'eal, -ear. a. Containing, or con- 
sisting of , lines of different kinds, as straight, curved, 
etc. 

Mizzen, miz^zn, a. {Naut.) Hindmost; nearest the 
stern. — n. The hindmost of the fore-and-aft sails 
of a vessel; the spanker sail. See Sail and Ship. 

Mizzle, r. i. See under Mist. 

Ililneinonic, ne-mon'ik. -ical, a. Assisting the memorj'. 

— Mnemon''ics, n. The art of memorj'; a system oi 
rules to assist the memory. 

Moan, mon. v. t. [moaned (mend), moaning.] To 
bewail with an audible voice, lament, deplore. — v- 
i. Tn make a low, dull sound of grief or pain. — n. 
Audible expression of sorrow or suffering; a low, 
dull sound, like that of one in grief or pain. 

Moat, mot, n. {Fort.) A deep trench round the ram- 
part of a fortified place; a ditch.— v. t. To surround 
with a ditch for defense. See Castle. 

Mob, mob, ?i. A disorderlj^ crowd: collection of peo- 
ple lor some riotous and unlawful purpose; popu- 
lace. —i;.t. [mobbed (mobd), -BIN G.] To attack in 
a disorderly crowd.— Moboc'racy, -ra-sT, n. Rule or 
ascendency of the mob. — Mo'bile, -bil, a. Capable 
of being moved, aroused, or excited ; movable ; 
changeable; fickle. — Mobil^ity, -l-tl, n. Quality of 
being mobile; capacity for motion; susceptibility of 
being moved, aroused, excited, etc.; activity; fickle- 
ness. — Mob'ilize, V. t. [-IZED (-izd), -IZING.] To 
put in a state of readiness lor active service, — said 
of troops, enrolled, but not previously on the war 
establishment. — Mob'iliza'tion, n. Act of, or sfate 
of being, etc. 

Mob-cap, mob''kap, n. Aplain cap or head-dress; esp., 
one tying under the chin bj^ a very broad baud, 
generally of the same material as the cap itself. 

Moccasin,*mok''ka-sin, n. A shoe of the N. Amer. In- 
dians, made wholly (including the sole) of deer- 
skin or soft leather. {Zool.) A poisonous water ser- 
pent of the U. S.; also a highland species. 

Mocha, mo^ka, n. An Abyssinian weight ^1 Troy 
grain; a kind of coffee fr. Mocha, in Arabia. 

Mock, mok, w. ^. [mocked (niokt), mocking.] To im- 
itate in contempt or deiision; to treat with scorn or 
contempt; to disappoint the hopes of; to deride, rid- 
icule, taunt, jeer. — v. i. To make sport in ci:htenii)t 
or in jest, gibe, jeer. — n. Ridicule; derision; sneer: 
mrckerv. — a. Imitating reality, but net lesd- U Iso. 

— Mock'ery, -er-T, n. Act of mocking: dei it-inn; 
ridicule; counterfeit appearance; v;iin imitation (.r 
effort. — Mock'ing-bird, n. A singing-biid of X. 
Amer., which imitates the notes of other birds and 
many other sounds. 

Mode, mod, n. Manner of existing or being; prevail- 
ing popular custom ; variety; gradation ; degree; 
method; fashion; way; style. (3letai.h.) Condition, 
or state of being; form, — opp. to ?>ia»er. (Logic.) 
The form in wnich the proposition connects the 
predicate and subject, whether by simple, contin- 
gent, or necessary assertion. (Gram.) A form in 
the inflection of a verb indicating the manner in 
which the action or state is presented, as certain, 
contingent, etc. ; mood. <^3lvs.) The arrangement 
of the intervals in a scale. -Mod^ish, mod-'ish, a. 
According to the mode: conformed to the extreme 
fashion.— Mod-'ist, n. One who follows the fashion. 

— Modiste', -desf, n. A milliner; dressmaker; pur- 
vevor of fashions. —Mod'el, mSd'el, «. Standard; 
pattern; example; something to be copied; a mold; 
a representation; facsimile; a copy, as of a statue or 
bust; a representation of a machine or structure on 
a reduced scale. — v. t. [modeled (-eld), -eling.] 
To plan or form alter a pattern; to form in model. 



anr, fame, far, pa^ss or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, t5rm ; tn, lee ; 5dd, tone, dr ; 



MOGUL 



253 



MONAD 




Modillion. 



or propose a model for. — v. i. {Fine Arts.) To make 
a pattern from which some work is to be executed. 

— Mod''eler, ti. One who models; a worker in plas- 
tic art. — Mod'eling, M. (Fine Arts.) Act or art of 
makin;^ a niudei from which a work of art is to be 
executed.— Mod'tilate, -u-lat, v. t. To form (sound) 
to a certain key or proportion; to vary or inflect in a 
natural, customary, or musical manner. — r. i. (3Tns.) 
To pass from one key into another. — Modnla'tion, 
n. Act of, or state of being,- etc.: sound modulated; 
melody. (Mus.) Manner of ascertaining and in mak- 
ing the modes; a passing from one key to anotlier. — 
Modill'ion, -yun, n. 
{Arch.) The enriched 
bracket generally 
found under the cor- 
nice of the Corinthian 
entablature, — socalled 
fr. its arrangement at 
regulated distances. — 
Mod'erate, -er-at, a. 

Kept within due bounds; observing reasonable lira- 
its; not excessive, extreme, violent, or rigorous; re- 
strained. — V. t. To restrain from excess, keep with- 
in bounds, lessen, allay, repress, temper, qualify ; to 
regulate, mitigate, abate, still, pacify, quiet. — v, i. 
To become less violent, severe, rigorous, or intense; 
to abate.— Modera'tion, ?i. Act of moderating; state 
or quality of being moderate; freedom from excess; 
calmness of mind; equanimity. — Mod'ern, a. Pert. 
to the present time, or time not long past; late; re- 
cent; new; novel. — n. A person of modern times. — 
Mod'ernize, i\ t. [-ized (-izd), -izixo.] To cause 
to conform to recent or present usage or taste. — 
Mod'est, a. Restrained within due limits of propri- 
ety or decency; observing the proprieties of the sex; 
free from familiarity, indecency, or lewdness, — said 
of a woman; evincmg modesty in the actor or au- 
thor; not boastful, presumptuous, or arrogant; re- 
served; unobtrusive; diffident; bashful; coy; shy; 
decent; chaste; virtuous. — Mod'esty, -1, n. Quality 
of being modest; absence of self-confldence, arro- 
gance, and presumption, or of unwomanly or inde- 
cent bearing or conduct; puritj^ of manners; humil- 
ity; diffidence; shyness. — Mod^icum, -I-kum, ?;. A 
little; a small quantity. — Mod'tfy, -I-fl, v. t. [-fied 
(-fid), -FYING.] To change the form or external 
qualities of; to give a new form to, vary, alter, qual- 
ify. — Mod'^ifica'tion, Ji. Act of modifying; partic- 
ular form or manner; modified shape or condition. 

Iilogtil, mo-gul', n. A person of Mongolian race. — 
Great Mogul. The sovereign of the empire founded 
in Hindostan by the Mongol Tartars in the 16th cen- 
tury. 

Mohair, mo'har, n. The long, silky hair of the Angora 
goat, of Asia Minor; a fabric made from it. 

Mohammedan, mo-hani'^med-an, a. Pert, to Moham- 
med or Mahomet, or to the religion founded by him. 

— n. A follower of, or believer in, etc. — Moham'^me- 
danism, -medism, -izm, n. The religion, or doctrines 
and precepts, of Mohammed, contained in the Ko- 
ran; Islamism. — Moham'^medanize, -medize, w. t. To 
make conformable to, etc. 

Moidore, moi'dor, n. A gold coin of Portugal = about 
$6. ' 

Moiety, moi'e-tt, n. One of 2 equal parts; the half. 

Moil, moil, v. t. [.moiled (moild), moiling.] To daub, 
make dirty, soil, defile. — v. i. To work with pain- 
ful effort; to labor, toil, drudge. 

Moire, mw8r, n. A clouded or mottled appearance on 
metallic or textile fabrics; watered'or clouded silk. 

Moist, moist, a. Moderately wet; damp; humid. — 
Moist'en, mois'n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -exixg.] To 
make damp, wet slightly, soften.— Moist''ure, mois'- 
chur, n. A moderate degree of wetness; dampness; 
tha't which makes damp or wet. 

Molar, rao'^lar, n. A grinding tooth; double tooth: see 
Tooth. — Mo'lar, -lary, -la-rt, a. Having power to 
grind ; grinding. 

Molasses, mo-las'sez, n. sdnq. The viscid, uncrystaU 
lizable sirup which drains from sugar, in the process 
of manufflcture. 

Mold, Mould, mold, n. Fine, soft earth, or earth easi- 
ly pulverized; the earthy material, or the matter of 
which anything is formed.— r. t. To cover with 



7 
5^ 




^ 


6 




^^ 


a 




v 


J" 




'L A 




'I y 



Moldings. 
a, astragal ; 6, ogee ; 



cy- 



/. 



matium ; d, eavetto 
scotia, or casement ; 
apophyges ; g, ovolo 
quarter round; h, torus ; i, 
reeding ;y, band. 

A mass of fleshy matter generated in 



soil. — Mold''er, Mould''er, v. i. To turn to dust by 
natural decay; to crumble, perish, waste away grad- 
ually. — r. t. To turn to dust, crumble, waste. 

Mold, Mould, mold, n. A vegetable or fungous »rowth, 
often like down, upon decaj-ing food or articles that 
lie long in warm and damp airT — v. t. To cause to 
contract mold. — v. i. To become moldy. — Mold'y, 
Mould'y, -T, (K Overgi-own with mold; fusty. 

Mold, Mould, mold, n. The matrix in which anything 
is cast: anything which ^= 
serves to regulate size, ^^ 
form, etc.; cast: shape; __ 
character. — r.t. To form 
into a particular shape, 
model, fashion. — Hold''- 
ing, Mould'lng, n. Any- 
tiiing cast in a mold, or 
which appears to be so. 
(Arch.) A grooved or 
swelling band or projec- 
tion, or an assemblage of 
such, upon a wall, col- 
umn, wainscot, etc. 

Mole, mol, n. A spot, mark, 
or small permanent pro- 
tuberance on the human 
body. _ 

Mole, mol, n 
the uterus. 

Mole, mol, n. A mound, pier, jetty, or massive work 
formed of masonry, etc., laid in the sea, extended 
before a port, to defend it from the waves; a break- 
water; the harbor itself . — MoKecule, moKe-kul, w. 
A very small particle of matter; one of the element- 
ary particles of any substance. — Molec'ular, a. 
Pert, to, consisting of, or re- 
siding in, molecules. — Mo- 
lest'', V. t. To trouble, ren- 
der uneasy, disturb, annoy, 
vex, tease. — Mol'esta'tion, 
n. Act of, or state of being, 
etc. 

Mole, mol, n. (Zobl.) A small 
subterranean insect-e a t i n g Mole 

mammal, with minute eyes ' 

and very soft fur. — v.t. [moled (mold), moling.] 
To form holes in, as a mole: to burrow, excavate. 

Molecule, Molest, etc. See under Mole, a mound. 

Mollient, moKlT-ent or -yent, a. Serving to soften; 
assuaging ; emollient. —MoKlify, -iT-fl, v. t. [-fied 
(-fid), -FYiXG.j To make soft or tender; to assuage 
(pain or irritation) ; to appease (excited feeling or 
passion), pacify; to reduce in harshness or asperity. 

— MoKlusk, n. A boneless animal, having a soft, 
fleshy body, inhabiting a univalve or bivalve shell, 
or clothed only with a membranous mantle. 

Molt, Moult, molt, i\ i. To shed or cast the hair, 
feathers, skin, horns, etc. — v. t. To east (the hair, 
skin, etc.) ; to shed. 

Molten: see Melt. 

Molybdena, mol-ib-de''na, Molyb'denite, -nit, n. (Min.) 
An ore of dark lead color, occurring in flexible 1am- 
inse, like plumbago : sulphuret of molybdenum. 

Mome, mom, n. A dull, silent person,; stupid fellow; 
stock. 

Moment, mo'ment, n. A minute portion of time ; an 
instant; impulsive power; momentum; importance 
in influence or effect; an essential element; a decid- 
ing point, fact, or consideration. — Mo'^mentary, -a-rl, 
a. Done in a moment ; continuing only a moment. 

— Mo''mentarily, -a-rY-lT. adv. Every moment; from 
moment to moment. — Mo'mentariness, n. — Mo'- 
mently, adr. For a moment ; in a moment ; every 
moment. — Moment'ous, -us, a. Of moment or con- 
sequence ; important: weighty. — Moment'' ousness, 
n. — Momen'tum, n. ; L. pl.-T.u F. pi. -tums. (3Iech.) 
The amount of force in a moving bodj'', being always 
proportioned to the quantity ot matter multiplied 
into the velocity ; impetus ; essential or constituent 
element. [L.] 

Monachal, etc. See under Moxad. 

Monad, mon'^ad, n. An ultimate atom, or simple, un- 
extended point; an indivisible thing. (Zool.) One of 
the simplest kind of minute animalcules. (Chem.) 
One of the elements (hydrogen, fluorine, enlorine, 




sQn, cube, full : moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, ttien. hoNbos:» chair, get. 



MONAD 



254 



MONKEY 




Monandrous 
Plant. 



bromine, iodine, potassium, sodium, and lithium) 
which can combine with, be exchanged for, or be re- 
placed by one atom of hydrogen. — Monan''drian, 
-nun'drl-an, -droos. -drus, «. {Bot.) 
Having but one stamen. — Mon'arch, 
-ark, n. A sole ruler ; autocrat ; sov- 
ereign ; emperor, king, prince, or 
chief; one superior to all others of the 
same kind.— Monarch'' al, -ial, a. Pert. 
to, or suiting, a monarch ; sovereign ; 
regal; imperial.— Monarch 'ic, -ieal, a. 
V ested in a single ruler; pert, to mon- 
archy or a monarch. — Mon'archism, n. 
The "principles of monarchy; love or 
preference of, etc. — Mon'archist, n. 
An advocate of, etc. — Mon'archy, -T, 
n. A state or government in which 
the supreme power is lodged in the hands of a mon- 
arch: territory ruled over Dy a monarch; a kingdom; 
empire. — Mon^astery, mon'as-tSr'I or raon''as-trT, 
n. A Jiouse of religious retirement, esp. for monks; 
convent; nunnery; abbey; priory. — Monas'tic, w. 
A monk.— Moiias''tic, -tical, a. Pert, to monaster- 
ies, or to their occupants, rules, etc. ; secluded from 
the temporal concerns of life ; recluse. — Monas'ti- 
cism, -tt-sizm, n. The monastic life, system, or con- 
dition. — Mon'^achal, -a^kal, a. Pert, to monks or a 
monastic life; monastic. — Moii.''achism, -a-kizm, n. 
The system and influences of a monastic life. — 
Monk, raunk, n. One of a male community inhab- 
iting a monastery, and bound by vows to a life of 
celibacy and religious exercises; a religious recluse 
or herinit. — Moni''ery, -er-I, n. The life of monks; 
monastic lite, usage, or customs. — Monk''ish, a. 
Like, or pert, to, etc. — Mon'ocar-'pous, -kar'pus, a. 
ibot.) Bearing fruit but once, and dying after fruc- 
tification, as wheat —Mon'ochrome, -o-krom, n. A 
painting with a single color. — Mon'ochromafic, 
-kro-jnafik, a. Consisting of 1 color, or presenting 
rays of light of 1 color only. — MonoC'ular, -ulous. 
-u-lus, a. Having 1 eye only ; adapted to be used 
with only 1 eye at a time. — Mon'ocule, -kul, n. 
(Entom.) An insect with only 1 eye. — Mon'odac'- 
tylous, -dak'til-us, a. Having but 1 finger or toe. 

— Mon''ody, -o-dt, n. A mournful poem, in which 
a single mourner expresses lamentation. — Monog'- 
amy, -a-mt, n. Union of 1 male with 1 female; prac- 
tice or state of having only 1 husband, wife, or mate 
at a time, — opp. to bigamy and polygamy ; also the 
state of such as may not marry again after the death 
of a first wife. — Monog^'amist, n. One who holds to 
monogamy, as opp. to polygamy, etc. ; one who dis- 
allows second marriages. — Mon'ogam'ic, a. Pert, 
to, or involving, monogamy. — Monogea''esis, -jen'- 
e-sis, -nog'eny, -noj'e-ni, 7j. Unity of origin, — esp. 
the theory that all mankind has a common origin, 
opp. to />oly(/enesis or poliigeny. — Mon'ogram, n. A 
character or cipher composed of 1, 2, or more letters, 
interwoven, being an abbreviation of a name. — 
Mon^'ograph, -graf , n. A treatise upon or description 
of a sinjrle thing, or a single branch of a subject. — 
Mon'ograph'ic, -ical, a. Drawn in lines without 
colors; pert, to a monograph. — Monog'raphy, -ra-fl, 
n. A representation by lines only; an outline dmw- 
ing : a mere sketch ; a monograph. — Mon-'olith, n. 
A pillar, column, etc., consisting of a single ^tone. 

— Mon'ologue, -log, ». A speech uttered by a per- 
son alone ; soliloquy ; a posm, song, or scene com- 
posed for a single performer. — Mon'oma'nia, -nt-a, 
n. Derangement of a single faculty of the mind, or 
with regard to a particular subject only. — Mon'o- 
ma'^niac, n. One affected by niono- 
minii. — o. Affected with, etc.— 
Mono'mial, -no''mT-al, n. (AJg.) A 
single algebraic expression ; that is, 
an expression unconnected with any 
other by the signs of addition, sub- 
traction, equality, or inequality. — 
Monop'athy, -a-thT, rj. Sfplitary suf- 
fering or sensibility. — Mon'opefa- 
lous, -a-lus, a. (liot.) Having only 1 
petal, or the corolla in 1 piece, or com- -J. . 
posed of petals cohering so as to form Monopetalous 
a tube. — Mon'ophthong, mon'of- or Craiiiopet- 
thong, n. A single uncompounded aious J"lower. 




vowel sound; a vowel digraph. — Mon'ophthoH'gal, 
-thon^gal, a. Consisting of, or pert, to, etc. — Mo- 
noph'ysite, -nof'i-sit, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of an 
ancient sect who maintained that the human and 
divine in Jesus Christ constituted but I nature. — 
Monop'oly, -o-ll, n. An exclusive right, privilege, 
or power of dealing in any species of goods, or of 
dealing with a country or market. — Monop'olist, 
-oliz'er, -o-liz'er, n. One who monopolizes. — Mo- 
nop'olize, v. t. [-lized (-llzd), -lizing.] To get 
possession of the whole of (a commodity); to appro- 
priate or control th€ exclusive sale of ; to obtain the 
exclusive right of, esp. the right of trading to any 
place, or with any country or district; to engross the 
whole of. — Monop'terai, a. {Arch.) With but 1 
wing, — applied to a temple or circular inclosure of 
columns without a cell. — Mon'osyl'lable, -sil'la-bl, 
n. A word of 1 sj'Uable. — Mon'osyllab'ic, a. Con- 
sisting of 1 syllable ; consisting of words of 1 sylla- 
ble. — Mon'^othe'ism, -the'izm, n. The doctrine or 
belief that there is but 1 God. — Mon''otone, -o-ton, 
n. {Mus.) A single unvaried tone or sound. {Rhet.) 
The utterance of successive syllables in 1 unvaried 
key or line of pitch. — Monot'^noos, -o-nus, a. Ut- 
tered in 1 unvarying tone or key ; continued with 
dull uniformity. — Monot''onously, adv. — Monot'- 
onoosness, -ony, -o-ni, n. Absence of variety, as in 
speaking or singing ; jin irksome sameness or want 
of variety. 

Monday, mun''dt, n. The 2d day of the week. 

Money, mun'T, n.; pi. -ey.s, -iz. Coin ; stamped metal 
used as the medium of commerce; any currency 
usually and lawfully employed in buying and sell- 
ing ; cash; wealth. — Mon'etary, -e-ter-1, a. Pert. ' 
to or consisting in money ; pecuniary. — Mon''eyed, 
-id, a. Rich in, having, consisting in, or composed 
of, money. — Mon-'eyer, -I-er, ?i. {Coinage.) A re- 
sponsible and authorized manufacturer of coin. — 
Mon'ey-or'der, n. An order for a sum of money, 
issued by a post^sflftce to which paj'ment has been 
made, and payable by another oflice. — Mon'etize, 
-e-tiz,t'.i. [-TiZED(-tizd),-TiziXG.] To convert into 
money, adopt as current money, give an established 
value to. 

Monger, nran'ger, n. A trader; dealer, — no^w used 
chiefly in composition. — v. t. To deal in, make 
merchandise of, traffic in. — Mon'grel, mun-'grel, a. 
Of a mixed breed; hybrid. — n. An animal of a 
mixed breed ; one of no definite breed or without 
pedigree. 

Mongoose. See Mungoose. 

Mozution, mo-nish'un, n. Instruction given by way of 
caution; warning; information; notice. — Mon'itive, 
-T-tiv, a. Conveying admonition ; admonitory. — 
Mon'itor, n. One who warns, advises, cautions, in- 
structs, or admonishes ; a pupil selected to look to 
the scholars in the absence of an instructor, or to in- 
struct a diWsion or class. (Naut.) An ironclad war 
vessel, having its guns in a revolving turret, — this 
having been the name of the first vessel of the kind. 

— Mon''ito''rial,-i-to''rT-al,a. Pert, to, performed by, 
conducted or taught by, or communicated by, mon- 
itors. — Mon'itory, -to-rl, a. Giving admonition ; 
warning. 

Monk, etc. See under Moxad. 

Monkey, munk'T, n.; jjZ. -eys, -iz. One of an order 
of 4-handed niammils, having pectoral mammas, 
short legs with hand-shaped prehensile feet, usual- 
ly, long arms with clasping hands, and almost al- 
ways a p~i'- 
he'isilo t:ul, 
— soni 'ti'nes 
a ji j)liL' d to 
apes and ba- 
boons; a 
name of con- 
tempt, or of 
slight kind- 

n e s s ; the Heads of Monkeys, 

hammer of a i o- • i o /> u-j 

p i 1 e-driver. ^' S-miadae; 2, Cebidae. 

— Monk''eyism, -Y-izm, n. Conduct of a monkey; 
resemblance to a monkey in disposition or ac- 
tions. — Monk'ey-jack'et, 7i. A tailless, close-fitting 
jacket. — rail, n. (I^aut.) A second and lighter raU 




im, lame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, 5ve, tgrm ; Kn, Tee • f^dd, tone, 6r i 




MONOCARPOUS 



255 



MORAL 




raised about ij inches 
above the quarter-rail 
of a ship. — wrench, n 
A wrench or spanner 

having a movable jaw. Monkey-wrench. 

Monocarpons, Monody, Monogram, etc. See under 

MOXAU. 

Monseignenr, mawx-sa-nj'er'', ». ; pj. Messeigxeuks, 
ma-sa-nyer'. Mj' lord; your grs'ce or highness, — 
title of a person of high rank. — Monsieur, nio-sve', 
n.; pi. Messieurs, nia-sye''. Sir, or Mr. —title of 
civility to persons addressed in speech or writing : 
it is used specifically of princes of the French blood- 

' royal; a Frenchman, — in contempt or ridicule. 

Monsoon, mon-soon', n. A wind alternating with the 
seasons, esp. a wiud in the Indian Ocean, blowing 
from the S.-W. from April to Oct., and from the N.- 
E. during the other half of the year. 

Monster, monaster, n. Something of unnatural size, 
shape, or quality; a prodigy; an unnatural produc- 
tion ; an animal or plant departing from the usual 
type ; any thing or person horrible from ugliness, 
deformity, wickedness, or power to harm. — Mon'- 
stroos, -strus, a. Having the qualities of a monster; 
deviating greatly from the natural form; abnormal; 
enormous; extraordinarj'; marvelous; shocking to 
the sight or other senses; horrible; dreadful, — adv. 
Exceedingly ; very much. — MonBtros''ity, -stros'- 
t-tT, 7!. St^te of being monstrous; an unnatural pro- 
duction ; that which is monstrous. — Mon'^strance, 
-strans, n. (Rom. C'nth. Church.) 
A transnu'ent i)yx, in which the 
conseciuted waler or host is held 
up to view before the congrega- 
tion. 

Montanic, mon-tan''ik, a. Pert. 
to, or consisting in, mountains. 

— Mont de Piti, mawN'de-pe- 
a-ta'. A pawnbroking establish- 
ment, to lend monev to necessi- 
tous persons at a low rate of 
interest. 

Month, munth, n. One of the 12 
divisions of the calendar year ; 
time of one revolution of the 
moon; four weeks. — Month'ly, 
-II, a. Continued, or performed in a month ; hap- 
pening once a month, or every month. — n. A publi- 
cation which appears regularly once a month. -adf. 
Once a month; in every nionth. 

Monument, mon''u-ment, n. An^'thing intended to 
remind or give notice; a building, pillar, stone, etc., 
erected in remembrance of a person, event, etc. ; 
memorial; tomb; cenotaph; an enduring or notable 
evidence, instance, or example. 

Moo, moq^ r. i. To make the noise of a cow; to low. 

Mood, mood, n. Manner; style: mode; logical form; 
musical style ; grammatical form indicating man- 
ner of action or being. 

Mood, mood, n. Temper of mind; temporary state of 
the mind in regard to passion or feeling. — ^Mood'y, 
-T, a. [moodier, -iest.] Indulging moods, or vary- 
ing frames of mind ; out of hiimor ; peevish ; ab- 
stracted_and pensive; gloomy; fretful; capricious. 

Moon, moon, n. The satellite which revolves round 
the earth; any second- 
ary planet, or satellite; 
a month ; a complete 
revolution of the moon. 
(Fort.) A crescent- 
formed outwork. — V. i. 
T o act as if m o o n - 
struck; to stare dream- 
ily, wander idly. — 
Moon'y, -T, a. Pert, to, 
or like, the moon : moon- 
struck; prone to moon. 

— Moon''ish, a. Like 
the moon ; variable. — 
Moon'beam, n. A ray 
of light from the moon. 

— Moon'light, n. The 
light afforded by, etc. — 
a. Illuminated by, etc. ; 
moonlight.— Moon'shine, n. Moonlight; show with 




Monstrance. 




Phases of the moon. 

See Ph.ase. 
occurring during or by 




out substance or reality. — struck, a. Affected by 
the influence of the moon ; lunatic. 

Moor, moor, n. An extensive waste covered with 
heath, and having a poor, light soil, but sometimes 
marshy and abounding in peat; a heath; len. — 
Moor'^h. a. Having the character of a moor; 
marshy ; fenny ; watery. — Moor'y, -T, a. Of, pert, 
to, or like, moors; boggy. —Morass', -ra.v'', ti. A 
tract of_soft, wet ground; marsh; swamp; bog; fen. 

Moor, moor, ?i. One of a swarthy Mohammedan race, 
once masters of Spain, 
but expelled in 16th 
cent., and now found 
in the towns of N. and 
N.W. Africa.— Moor'- 
ish, a. Pert, to Moroc- 
co or the Moors. — Mo- 
resque', -resk', Mau- 
resque', maw-resk', 
Moris-'co, a» Done 
after the manner of 
the Moors. — n. A 
species of ornamen- 
tation upon flat sur- Moorish Archway, 
faces, used bv the Moors, painted, inlaid in mosaic, 
or carved in low relief; arabesque, q. v. — Moris'co, 
Mo'risk, n. One of the Moors in Si)ain ; the Moor- 
ish language ; a Moorish dance, now called Morris- 
dance ; one who dances it. — Moroc'co, n. A fine 
kind of leather, prop, made of goatskin and tanned 
with sumach, dyed, and grained, — said to have 
originated with the Moors. 

Moor, moor, V. «. [moored (moord), mooring.] (Naut.) 
To confine (a ship) by cables and anchors; to secure, 
fix firmly. — v. i. To be confined by cables or chains. 
— Moor'age, -ej, 71. A place for mooring. — Moor'- 
ing, 71. Act of confining a ship to a particular place, 
by anchors, etc. ; that by which a ship is secured 01 
confined; jj?. place or condition of a ship thus con- 
fined. _ 

Moose, moos, Moose'deer, n. A large, ungainly Amer. 
deer, the convener of the " 
European elk, having a 
short, thick neck, with a^ 
mane, a long, flexible 
nose, and very long, 
coarse ears : tlie males 
have antlers, branched 
and broadly palmate. 

Moot, moot, V. t. To argue 
for and against, debate; 
to propound and discuss ^ 

in a mock court. — v. i. Moose. 

To argue or plead on a supposed cause. — a. Sub- 
ject to argument or discussion; undecided; debat- 
able. — 71. A debate; esp., a discussion of fictitious 
causes by way of practice. — Moof-case, -point, n 
A point, case, or question, to be mooted or debated ; 
a disputable case. — court, ??. A court held for argu- 
ing or trying feigned cases. 

Mop, mop, w. A piece of cloth, or a collection of 
thrums, fastened to a handle, for washing floors ; a 
thick, shaggy, or untidy mass, as of hair. — v. t. 
[mopped (mopt), -PING. I To rub or wipe with, or 
as with, a mop. 

Mop, mop, n. A grimace ; a wry mouth. — v. i. To 
grimace. [Sameasmope.] — Mope, mop, t'. ?'. [moped 
(mopt), MOPING.] To be very stupid; to be dull; to 
be spiritless or gloomy. — v. t. To make spiritless 
or stupid. — n. A dull, stupid person; a drone.- 
Mop'ish, a. Dull; spiritless; sulky; sullen. 

Moquette, mo-kef, n. A fine tapestry or Brussels 
carpet ; Wilton carpet. 

Moraine, mo-ran', w. (Geol.) A line of stones and 
other debris along the sides and at the foot of sepa- 
rate glaciers, and along the middle part of glaciers 
formed by the iinion of separate ones. 

Moral, mor'al. a. Pert, to those intentions and ac- 
tions of which right and wroYig, virtue and vice, are 
predicated; conlormed to rules of right; virtuous; 
just; conformed to law and right in deportment; ca- 
pable of moral action; subject to the moral law; cal- 
culated to serve as the basis of action; probable. — n. 
Doctrine or practice of the duties of life, manners, 
conduct, behavior, — usually in pi. ; the inner sig- 




siin, cube, full ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



MORASS 



256 



MOSAIC 



1 



nificance of a fable, occurrence, experience, etc. — 
Moral jjhilosophy. Science of tne nature, condition, 
and duties of man as a moral being. — J/, senf^e. 
Power of moral judgment a«d feeling. — Mor^'alist, 
n. One who moralizes or teaches morality; one who 
practices moral duties. — Moral'lty, mo-ral'T-tl, n. 
Relation of conformity or non-conformity to the true 
moral standard or rule; doctrine or system of moral 
duties ; ethics ; practice of the moral and social du- 
ties; external virtue; a kind of play, which consisted 
of discourses in praise of morality between allegori- 
cal actors. — Mortally, adv. In a moral or ethical 
sense ; according to moral rules ; virtuously ; hon- 
estly; practically ; according to the usual course of 
things and hun'ian judgment. — Morale'', mo-raK, 
n. Moral condition or mental state (of a body of 
men, an army, etc.). [F.] — Mor''alize, v. t. [-ized 
(-izd), -iziXG.] To apply to a moral purpose, ex- 
plain in a moral sense, draw a moral from; to 
lend a moral to; to render moral or virtuous. — v.i. 
To make moral reflections. 

Morass. See under Mook. 

Moravian, mo-ra^vT-an, n. (^Eccl. Hist.) One of a re- 
ligious sect called the United Brethren, orig. fr. Mo- 
raria, Austria. 

Morbid, m6r''bid, a. Xot sound and healtliful ; in- 
duced by a diseased or abnormal condition; sickly; 
sick. — Morbose'', -bos', a. Proceeding from dis- 
ease; unsound; unhealthy. 

Morceau, mSr-so'', ?i. A bit; a morsel. — Mor'sel, n. 
A bite; mouthful; a small quantity of anything; 
little piece ; fragment. — Morda'^cioas, -shus, a. 
Biting; given to biting; sarcastic: severe; scathing. 

— Mordac'lty, -das'i-tl, n. Quality of being mor- 
diicious; biting or sarcastic quality. — Mor'dant, a. 
Biting; caustic; sarcastic. (D/jeing & Calico Print- 
!?((/.) "Serving to fix colors. — ??. A substance which 
gives fixity to dyes, or one which makes gold leaf ! 
adhere^ 

More, raor, n. Greater quantity, amount, or number; 
Mimething other and further. — o., conip. {used as 
CO irpar. of iivcn and MAyr; siiperl. "Most.] Greater 
in amount, degree, quality, number, etc.; additional. 

— adv. In a greater quantitj", extent, or degree; 
rTther ; in addition; further: besides; again. — 
Moreo^'ver, alv. Beyond what has been said; 
further; also; likewise: besides. — Most, most, a. 
Isuijerl. of MORE.] Consisting of the greatest num- 
ber or quantity ; greatest. — n. The greatest, etc. 

— adv. In the greatest or highest decree. — Most''- 
ly, -IT, adv. For the greatest part ; chiefly; in the 
ijiiiin. 

Moreen, rao-ren'', n. A heavy watered woolen stuff, 
used for curtains, etc. 

Morel, mor^'el, Mor'il, n. An edible mushroom of the 
size of a walnut, abounding with little holes. 

Morel, mor^'el, Morel'lo, n. A variety of juicy cherry 
of an acid taste. 

Moresque. See under Moor. 

Morganatic, mdr-ga-nafik, a. Pert, to, or in the man- 
ner of, a marriage of a man with a woman of in- 
ferior rank, in which neither the latter nor her 
children enjoy the rank or inherit the possessions 
of her husband, though the children are legitimate. 

Moribund. See under .Mortal. 

Moril. See Mokel. 

Morisco, Morisk. See under Moor. 

Mormon, m6r''mon, n. One of a polygamous sect in 
the U. S., followers of Joseph Smitli, who claimed to 
have found an addition to the Bible, called the Book 
of Mormon. — 'M.OT''mom.sva. -izm, n. Doctrine of, 
etc. — Mor'monite, -It, n. A Mormon. 

Morn, mSrn, n. The first part of the day: the morn- 
ing ; the following day; morrow. —Morn'ing, n. 
The early part of the day, earliest hours of light, 
time from midnight to noon, from rising till dinner, 
etc.; the first or early part. — a. Pert, to, or in, 
the early part of the "day. — Mor^row, mSr-'ro, n. 
Morning (as, good morrow); the next following 
daj'; the day following the present; to-morrow. 

Morocco. See under ]Moor. 

Morose, mo-ros', a. Of a sour temper; sullen; austere; 
splenetic; crabbed: snrlv: ill-natured._ 

Morphia, m6r''fT-a, Mor'phine, -fin or -fen, n. (Chem.) 
A vegetable alkaloid, the bitter, narcotic principle 



of opium: its salts are used in medicine as an ano- 
dyne. 

Morrow. See under Morx. 

Morse, m5rs, n. The sea-horse, or walrus. 

Morsel. See under Morceau. 

Mort, mort, n. A note or tune sounded at the death 
of game. — Mor'tal, a. Subject to death; destruc- 
tive to life; causing death; admitting, or accessible 
to, death; incurring the extreme penalty of God's 
law; not venial; extreme; human; belonging to 
man, who is mortal; wearisomelj' long. — n. A being 
subject to death; man. — Mortal'lty, -T-tl, n. Con- 
dition or quality of being mortal: death; destruc- 
tion; the whole number of deaths in a given time 
or community ; those who are, or that which is, 
mortal : the human race ; humanity. — Mor''tadly, 
adv. In a mortal manner ; irrecoverably ; in the 
highest possible degree; inveteratelj'. — iSor'ibxmd, 
mSr-'I-bund, a. At the point of death; dying. — 
Morfuary, mSrfu-a-rt, n. A gift due to trie min- 
ister of a parish on the death of a parishioner; a 
burial-place; a morgue. — a. Pert, to the burial of 
the dead. —Mortgage, mSr'gej, w. {Law.) A con- 
veyance of property, as security for payment of a 
debt or performance of a duty, on condition that 
the grant shall become void upon payment or per- 
formance; state of being pledged. — v. t. [mort- 
gaged (-gejd), -GAGIXG.] To convej- as security, 
etc.; to pledge; to make liable to the payment of 
any debt or expenditure. — Mortgagee', -ga-je', n. 
One to whom a mortgage is made or given. — Mort'- 
gageor'', -gej-6r'', Morfgager, -g-i-jer, n. One who 
conveys property as secu'-ity lor debt. — Morfmain, 
mSrfman, yi. {Laiv.) Possession of lands or tene- 
ments in dead hands, or hands that cannot alienate, 

— orig. bv the church, now bj' anjjj corporation. 

— Mor'taty, -tT-ll, I'. <. [-FIED (-fid), -FYIXG.] To 

destroy the organic texture and vital functions of; 
to deaden by religious discipline, as the carnal af- 
fections, bodily appetites, or worldly desires ; to 
abase; to affect with vexation, chagrin, or humilia- 
tion; to humble. — v. i. To lose vitalitj', as flesh; 
to practice severities and penance from religious 
motives; to be subdued. — Mor'tifica'tion, n. Act of, 
or condition of being, etc., esp. (Med.) death of one 
part of an animal body, while the rest continues to 
live; subjection of the passions and appetites, by pen- 
ance, abstinence,' etc. ; humiliation, chagrin, vexa- 
tion; that which mortifies. 
Mortar, mSr^tar, n. A wide- 
mouthed vessel, in which 
substances are p o u n de d 
with a pestle. (Mil.) A 
short piece of ordnance,, 
with large bore, for throw- 
ing bombs, shells, etc., at 
high angles of elevation. 

— A mixture of lime and sand with water, used 
as a cement for uniting stones 
and bricks in walls. 

Mor'tise, mor'tis, n. A cavity 
cut into a piece of timber, or 
other material, esp. one to re- 
ceive the end of another piece, 
made to fit it, called a tenon. — 

V. t. [mortised (-list), -US- 
ING.] To make a. mortise in; to join by a tenon 

and mortise. 
Mortmain, Mortuary. 

See under Mort. 
Mosaic, mo-za''ik, -ical, 

a. Pert, to Moses, 

leader and law-giver 

of the Israelites. 
Mosaic, mo-za^ik, n. 
Inlaid work, in 

which the effect of 

painting is produced 

by pieces of colored 

stone, etc. — a. Of, I 

or pert, to, etc.; vari 

elated : tesselated 

also, composed of va- L 

rious materials or in- 
gredients. 




Mortar. 




Mortise and Tenon. 




Mosaic. 



am, fame, far, p&ss or opera, f^re ; find, ere, tSrm ; tn. Ice ; Sdd, tone, dr ; 



MOSLEM 



257 



MOVE 




Moslem, moz'lem, n. A Mussulman ; an orthodox 
Mohammedan. — a. Pert, to, etc. 

Mosque, mosk, n. A Mohammedan place ol' worship. 

Mosquito, mus-ke^'to, n. ; pi. -toes, -toz. A small dip- 
terous stinging insect of several species, having a 
sharp-pointed proboscis, by wliich it punctures the 
skins of animals and sucks their blood. 

Moss, mos, n. {Bot.) An acrogenous cryptogamous 
plant of a cellular structure, with brau'ching stem, 
narrow leaves, and a distinct root, — poiiularly ap- 

EUed to other cryptoganiic plants, esp. lichens. A 
og ; a place where p^eat is found. —v. t. [mo.ssed 
(most), MOSSING.] To cover with moss. — Moss^y, 
-T, a. [-IER, -lEST.] Overgrown, abounding, or bor- 
dered with, moss. — Moss'-rose, ?j. A variety of rose 
having a niosslike pubescence or growth on the 
calyx or envelope of the flower. 

Most, Mostly. See under Moke. 

Mostic, -tick. Same as Maul-stick. 

Mot, mo, n. A ^ithj' or witty saying ; a witticism. 

— Motef, mo-tet', n. {Mas.) A musical composi- 
tion adapted to sacred words in church style; an 
anthem. — Mot'^to, n. ; pi. -toes, -toz. A phrase or 
sentence prefixed to an essay, poem, etc., and ap- 
posite to its subject; a phrase attached to a device. 

Mote, mot, n. A small particle, speck, spot. 

Moth, moth, n. {Eatoia.) A lepidopterous insect, 
of many species, allied to 
the butterfly, having an- 
tenna that taper regular- 
ly to a point, and flying 
mostly by night; a miller; 
a small caterpillar or larve 
of certain insects, very de- 
structive to woolen goods, 
furs, honey, and some veg- 
etable substances. That „ ^, . , ,;r ,. 
which gradually ani si- Feather-wmged Moth, 
lently consumes or wastes anything. 

Mother, muth'^er, n. A female parent, esp. of the hu- 
man race; that which has produced anything; source 
of birth or origin. — a. Received by 'birth or from 
ancestors; native; natural; acting the part, or having 
the place of, a mother. — Moth'erhood, n. State 
of being a mother. — Moth'^erly, -It, a. Pert, to, or 
becoming, a mother; tender; maternal. — adv. In 
the manner of, etc. — Moth'erless, a. Destitute 
of, or having lost, etc. — Moth'er-in-law', n. The 
mother of one's husband or wife. 

Mother, muth'er, n. A thick, slimy vegetable growth 
which forms in certain saccharine or alcoholic liq- 
uids, turning them into vinegar; the vinegar plant. 

— V. i. To produce or become thick with mother. 

— Moth.'ery, -er-T, a. Like, of the nature of , or 
containing, etc. — Moth^er-wa'ter, n. The impure 
residue of a liquor from which crystals have been 
obtained. — Moth-'erwort, -wert, n. {Bot.) An herb 
of a bitter taste, used popularly in medicine. 

Motion, Motive, Motor, etc. See under Move. 

Motley, mot'll, a. Variegated in color; dappled; het- 
erogeneously made or mixed up; discordantly com- 
posite. — n. A fool's parti-colored coat. — Mot'^tle, 
-tl, V. t. [-TLED (-tld), -TLiNG.] To mark with 
spots of different colors. 

Motto. See under Mot. 

Mould, Moulder, etc. See Mold, etc. 

Moult. See Molt. 

Mound, mownd, n. An artificial hill or elevation of 
earth ; a raised bank ; bulwark i rampart ; also, a 
natural isolated hill, hillock, or knoll. — v. t. To 
fortify with a mound. 

Mount, mownt, n. A mass of earth rising considerably 
above the surrounding surface; a mountain; means 
or opportunity for mounting ; esp., a horse, and the 
equipments for a horseman. — v. i. To rise on high, 
go up, ascend, tower ; to get upon anything, esp. 
on horseback; to amount, count up. — v. t. To get 
upon, ascend, climb ; to bestride ; to put on horse- 
back, furnish with horses ; to put on anything that 
sustains and fits for use, as a gun on a carriage, a map 
on cloth or paper ; to prepare for being worn or 
used, as a diamond by setting, etc. — Mounfing, n. 
Act of preparing for use, or embellishing; that by 
which anything is prepared for use, or set off to 
advantage ; embellishment. — Mount'' ebank, -e-bank. 



n. A quack-doctor who vends nostrums from a 
bench or public stage; any boastful and false pre- 
tender: a charlatan. — Mountain, -in, n. A large 
mass of earth and rock, rising above the adjacent 
land; a very high hill, esp. a particular elevation 
in a lofty range; something very large. — a. Pert. 
to, or found on, etc. ; of mountain size ; vast. — 
Mounfaineer', -in-er', n. An inhabitant of a 
mountain.— Mounfainous, -in-us, a. Full of moun- 
tains; large as a mountain; huge. 

Mourn, mom, v. i. [molkned (mornd), moukxing.] 
To feel or express grief or sorrow, grieve, lament; to 
wear the customary ha bit of sorrow. — c. t. To grieve 
for; to utter in a sorrowful manner, deplore, bewail, 
bemoan. — Moum^er, n. One who mourns; one 
who follows a funeral in the habit of mourning. — 
Mourn^ful, -ful, a. Full of, expressing, intended to 
express, or causing, sorrow; luguljrious; siul; dole- 
ful; grievous; calamitous. — Mourn'ing, u. Act of 
sorrowing; lamentation; sorrow; diuss worn by 
mourners. 

Mouse, mows, w.; pi. Mice, mis. A small rodent quad- 
ruped infesting houses and fields. — Mouse, mowz, 
V. i. [MOUSED (mowzd), mousing.] To watch for 
and catch mice ; to watch for or pursue anything 
in a sly manner. — Mous'er, n. One that mouses; a 
cat that catches mice. — Mu'rine, -rin, a. Pert, to 
mice; mouse-colored. 

Moustache. See Mustache. 

Mouth, mowth, n. The aperture between the lips; 
aperture by which an animal takes food ; also, the 
cavity within the lips, containing the jaw, teeth, 
and tongue ; an opening ; orifice ; aperture ; as of 
a vessel by which it is tilled or emptied, charged or 
discharged ; or, of any cavity, as a cave, pit, well, 
or den; or, the opening through which the waters of 
any body of water are discharged into another; a 
principal speaker ; nmuth-piece ; a wry face ; gri- 
mace. —Mouth'ful, -ful, n. ; pi. -FULS. As much as 
the mouth contains 'at once ; a small quantity. — 
Mouth, mowth, v. t. [mouthed (niowthd), mouth- 
ing.] To chew, devour; to utter with a voice affect- 
edly big or swelling. — v. i. To speak with a full, 
round, or loud, affected voice; to vociferate, rant. 

Move, moov, v. t. [moved (moovd), moving.] To 
cause to change place or posture, carry from one 
place to another, alter the position of, set in motion; 
to excite to action by presentation of motives; to af- 
fect (the mind, will, or passions); to arouse the feel- 
ings or passions of ; esp., to excite to tenderness or 
compassion; to offer formally for consideration and 
determination, in a public assembly, propose, olfer. 

— V. i. To change place or posture ; to go from 
one place to another; to act mentally or spiritually; 
to change residence; to bring forward a motion m 
an assembly; to make a proposal. — n. Act of mov- 
ing; movement; act of moving a piece used in play- 
ing a game, as chess. — Moveable, a. Capable of 
being moved; not fixed; changing from one time to 
another. —Moveable, n.; pi. -bles, -biz. An article 
of wares or goods; generally, in pi., goods; wares; 
furniture ; property not fixed, opp. to real estate. 

— Move^ment, n. Act of moving; change of place 
or posture ; mental action ; emotion ; manner of 
moving ; that which moves or imparts motion. 
tMus.) Rhythm; any single strain, or part, having 
the same measure or time. — Mov'er, n. A person 
or thing that moves, stirs, or changes place; a mo- 
tor; motive power; one who offers a proposition, or 
recommends anything for consideration or adop- 
tion.— Mov'ing, p. a. Changing place or posture; 
causing motion or action; exciting the passions or 
affections; touching; pathetic; affecting. — Mo''tile, 
-til, a. Having powers of self-motion, though un- 
conscious. — Mo'tion, -shun, n. Act or process of 
changing place or position ; gesture ; movement ; 
manner of moving ; port ; gait ; air ; power of, or 
capacity for, moving; movement of the mind, will, 
desires, or passions; proposition offered, esp. in a 
deliberative assembly. — v. i. [motioned (-shund), 
-tioning.] To make a significant movement or 
gesture; to make proposal, offer a proposition. — 
Mo'tionless, a. Wanting motion; at rest. — Mo''- 
tive, -tiv, a. Causing moticm ; having power, or 
tending, to move. — w. That which incites to ae- 



bQu, cube, full ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boif bow, chair, get. 
17 



MOW 



258 



MULTANGULAR 



tion ; anything moving the will; incentive; incite- 
ment; inducement; stimuius; cause. {Fine At-ts.) 
The theme or conception which the artist embodies 
in his work. — Motiv'ity, -T-tl, «. Power of pro- 
ducing motion ; quality of being influenced by 
motives. — Mo'tor, n. One who, or that which, 
imparts motion ; a source or originator of me- 
chanical power, etc. — Mo'tor, -tory, -to-rl, a. Giv- 
ing motion ; pert, to organs of motion. 
Idow, mow, n. A heap or pile of hay or sheaves of 
grain in a barn; place in a barn where hay or grain 
IS stowed. — r.t. [mowed (mowd), mowing.] To 
pile and stow away in a barn, as hay or sheaves. 
Mow, mo, t\^ [imp. mowed; 7J. ?j. mowed (mod) or 
MOWN (mon); mowing.] To cut down with a scythe, 
as grass; to cut the grass from; to cut down indis- 
criminately, or in great numbers or quantity. — v. i. 
To cut grass, perform the business of mowing. 
Mow, mow, 11. A wry face. — v. i. To make mouths, 

grimace, pout. 
Moxa, moks-'a, n. A woolly, soft substance prepared 
from the young leaves of certain plants, and burnt 
on the skin to produce an ulcer; any substance used 
in a like manner. 
Mr. Abbr. of mister, q. V. — Mrs. Ahhr. of mistress, 

but pron. niis''sis. See Mistress. 
Mnch, much, a. [compar. & superl. wanting, but sup- 
plied by MORE and most.] Great in quantity or 
amount; long in duration; abundant; plenteous.— 
n. A great quantity; great deal; a thing uncommon, 
wonderful, or noticeable. — adv. To a great degree 
or extent; greatly; abundantly; far; often, or long; 
in nearly the sanie condition ; almost. 
Mneid, Mucilage, etc. See under Mucus. 
Mnek, muk, n. Dung in a moist state; a mass of de- 
caying vegetable matter ; black swamp earth con- 
taining decomposed vegetable matter ; peat ; some- 
thing mean, vile, or filthy, — i;. t. To manure with 
muck. 
Muck. See Amuck. 

Mucronate, mu^kro-nat, -nated, a. (Bot. & 
Zool.) Terminating abruptly, with a short, 
spinous process. 
MucOB, mu'kus, n. (Physiol.) A viscid fluid 
secreted by the mucous membrane, which it 
moistens and defends; any other animal fluid 
of a viscid quality. — "Mu'coub, -kus, a. 
Pert, to, resembling, or secreting mucus ; 
slimy; secreting a slimy substance. — Mucous 
menibrane. Tiie merhbrane lining all the 
■ cavities of the body which communicate 
■with an external opening. —Mu'cotisness, n 

— Mu'culent, a. Slimy; moist, and moder- j^^'J 
ately viscous. — Mu'cid, -sid, a. Musty ; ^^ ' 
moldy; slimy. — Mu'cUage, -st-lej, n. (Chem.) One 
of the proximate elements of vegetables; an aque- 
ous solution of gum. — Mucilag''inous, -la]'T-nus, a. 1 
Of the nature of mucilage ; moist, soft, and lubri- i 
cous; slimy; pert, to, or secreting, mucilage. 

Mud, mud, n. Earth wet, soft, and adhesive ; mire. 

— V. t. To make turbid, or foul, witli dirt ; to 
muddy. — Mud'dy, -dT, a. [-dier, -diest.] Be- 
smeared with, containing, or consisting of mud or ; 
adhesive earth ; of the color of mud ; turbid; thick, 
as with dregs: gross; impure; cloudy in mind; dull^ 
heavy; stupid. — r. t. [muddied (-did), -dying.] 
To soil with mud. dirty, make turbid; to make dull 
or heavy. — Mud'dle, -dl, n. A state of being tur- 
bid or confused; bewilderment. — v. t. [muddled 
;-dld), -DLING.] To make turbid, or muddy, as 
water; to cloud or .stupefy; to make a mess of. — a. 
In a half-intoxicated state. 

Jlxifi, muf, n. A warm cover for receiving the hands, 
esp. a cylinder of fur.— Muf'fin, n. Alight, spongy 
cake, circular and flat. — Muffle, v. t. [-fled (-fld), 
-FLING.] To wrap up in something that conceals ; 
esp. to wrap (the face) in disguising folds; to wrap 
with something that dulls or renders sound inaudi- 
ble.— n. { C he ) n. &. Metal.) An oven-shaped vessel, 
used in assaying. The naked portion of the upper 
lip and nose of ruminants and rodents. 

Muff, muf, n. A stupid, ciumsj% or despicable fellow; 
a blunderer: simpleton; in sanies, a failure to catch 
a flying ball. — Muf'fle, -fl\ v. i. To speak indis- 
tinctly. 



Mucro- 
nate 




Black Mulberry 
Leaf and Fruit. 




Mug, mug, n. A kind of earthen or metal cup. 

Muggy, mug^gl, a. [-giek, -giest.] Moist; moldy; 
damp and close ; warm and humid. 

Mulatto. See under Mule. 

Mulberry, muKber-rt, n. The berry or fruit of a tree 
of the genus Moras ; the tree it- 
self. 

Mulch, mulch, n. Half-rotten 
straw, leaves, etc., strewn over 
the roots of plants to protect 
from heat, cold, dryness, etc. — 
V. t. [mulched (mulcht), mulch- ' 
ING.J To protect with mulch. 

Mulct, mulkt, n. A fine; pecuni- 
ary punishment or penalty. — v. 
t. To punish by a fine; to with- 
hold from by way of discipline. 

Mule, mul, n. A quadruped ol 
mongrel breed, usually gener- 
ated oetween an ass and a mare, 
sometimes between a horse and 
a she-ass: anv animal or plant 
of a mongrel kind; a hybrid. 

— Mul'ish, a. Like a mule; stubborn. — Mu'leteer', 
-le-ter', n. One who drives mules. — Mulaf to, n. ; 
pi. -TOES, -toz. The oifspring of a negress by a 
white man, or of a white woman by a negro. 

Mule, mul, n. A machine used in spinning cotton. 

Mull, mul, v. ^ [mulled (muld), MULLING.] To heat, 
sweeten, and enrich with spices; to dispirit or dead- 
en. 

MtUl, mul, n. A thin, soft kind of muslin. 

Mullein, -len, muKlen, n. A plant growing in roads 
and neglected fields. 

Muller, muKler, n. A pestle of stone or glass, for 
grinding pigments. 

Mullet, inuKlet, n. An ed- 
ible fish of 2 genera and 
several species. 

Mulligatawny, muKlI-ga- 
taw'nl, n. A kind of 
curry soup or stew. ^^ ,, . 

Mulligrubs, muKlT-grubz, Jlullet. 

n. A twisting of tiie intestines ; colic: sullenness. 

Mullion, muKyun, n. (Arch.) A vertical bar divid- 
ing the lights of Gothic windows, 
screens, etc.; one of the divisions 
in panelings resembling win- 
dows. 

Multangular, mult-an'gu-Ier, a. 
Having many angles; polygonal. 

— Multan'gularly, adv. ' With 
manv angles or corners. — Mul- 
tica'^vous, -vus, a. Having many 
cavities. — Multiden'tate, -tat, a. 
Armed with many teeth. — Mul- 
tifa'rious, -rl-us, a. Having mul- 
tiplicity; of various kinds: diver- 
sified. —Multifa'riousnesa, n. 
Multiplied diversity. — Mul'tifld, 
a. (Bot.) Divided into several 
parts by linear sinuses and 
straight margins. — Multiflorous, „.„uou.u 
-tT-flo'- 07- -tif 'lo-rus, «. Having -'-"'»""• 
many flowers. — Mul'tifoil, n. (Arch.) A leaf orna- 
ment consisting of 
more than 5 divisions 
or foils: see Foil. — 
Mul'tifold, a. Many 
times doubled ; mam- 
fold. — MuKti-form, a. 
Having many forms, 
shapes, or "appear- 
ances. — M u 1 1 i form'- 
ity, n. D i V e r s i t J' of A/ 
forms ; variety of ap- (•'£ 
pearances in the same 
thing. — MultUat'eral, 
a. Having many sides. 

— Multilin'eal, -e-al, a. 
Having many lines. — Multiloc'ular, a. Having 
many cells or compartments. — Multil''oquence, 
-o-kwens, !(. Use of many words; talkativeness. — 
MultU'cquent, -oquons, -kwus, a. Very talkative. 

— Multip^arous, -a-rus, a. Producing many at a 




MuUions. 
a a, mullioua ; b b b. 




Multifoil. 



Sm, fime, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; tn. Ice ; Bdd, tone, &r ; 



MUM 



2^y 



Mushroom 



birth. — Mnl'tiped, -tT-ped, n. An insect having 
many feet. — a. Having many feet. — Mol'tiplex, 
a. Manifol<J. — Mtd'tiple, -tT-pl, a. Containing 
more than once, or more than one; manifold. — 
n. (Math.) A quantity containing another a cer- 
tain number of times without a remainder. — A 
common multiple of 2 or more numbers contains each 
of them some number of times exactly : the least c. 
m. is the least number that will do this. — Mnl'^tiply, 
-tT-pli, r. t. [-PLXED (-plid), -PLYING.] To increase 
in number, make more numerous, add quantity to. 
(Math.) To repeat or add to itself any given num- 
ber or quantity as many times as there are units in 
any other given number.— v. i. To become numer- 
ous: to increase in extent and influence. — Mul'- 
tiplicand', n. (AHth.) The number to be multiplied 
b .- another, which is called the multiplier. — Multi- 
piicate, muKtl-plT- or mul-tip^lt-kat, a. Consisting 
of many, or more than one; multiple; multifold. — 
Mnl'tiplica'^tion, n. Act of multiplying, or of in- 
creasing in number. (Math.) A rule or operation 
by which any given quantity may be added to itself 
anynumberof times proposed. — Mul'tiplica'tive, 
-tiv, a. Tending, or having the power, to multiply. 
— MtU''tiplica'tor, n. The number by which an- 
other number is multiplied; a multiplier. — Molti- 
plic'lty, -plis'I-tT, n. A state of being multiple, 
manifold, or various; a collection of many objects; 
a great number. — Mul'tipli'er, n. One who, or that 
which, etc. ; the number m arithmetic by which an- 
other is multiplied. — Miil'titude,-ti:-tud,?j. State 
of being many ; numerousness ; a great number of 
individuals ; throng ; crowd : commonalty ; swarm; 
popu^ce ; vulgar.— Mtil''tivalve, -ti-valve, n. (Zool.) 
A shell having more than two valves. 

Mum, mum, a. Silent. — interj. Be silent; hush. — n. 
Silence.- Mum'ble, -bl, v. i. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] 
To speak with the lips or other organs partly closed, 
mutter; to eat with the lips closed, chew ineffectu- 
ally. — V. t. To utter with a low, inarticulate voice; 
to eat with a muttering sound; to suppress, or ut- 
ter imperfectly. — Mumm, i-. t. [mummed (mumd), 
-MING. J To sport in a mask or disguise; to mask, 
play the buffoon. — Mnm''inery, -m'gr-T, n. Mask- 
ing; sport; buffoonery; farcical show. — Mump, v. t. 
[mumped (mumpt), mumping.] To work over with 
the mouth, chew quicklv^ ftibble ; to talk imper- 
fectly or feebly. — v. i 'to move the lips with the 
mouth closed, mumble; to talk brokenly; to begin 
a low tone or deceitful manner. — Mumps, n. pi. 
(Med.) A peculiar and specific unsuppurative in- 
flammation and swelling of the parotid glands. 

Mummy, murn'mT, n. A dead body embalmed and 
dried after the manner of the ancient Egyptians ; a 
body preserved, by any means, in a dry state. 

Munch, munch, v. t. [mcnched (muncht), munch- 
L^f G.] To nibble, chew without opening the mouth, 
chew noisily or eagerly. — v. i. To chew with closed 
lips, masticate. 

Mundane, mun'dan, a. Pert, to this world; worldly; 
. earthly ; terrestrial. — Mun''difica''tion, n. Act or 
operation of cleansing anv bodj from dross or ex- 
traneous matter. — Mundif'^ieative, -tiv, a. Having 
power to cleanse. — n. A medicine which, etc. 

Mungo, mun'go, ?i. Fibrous material obtained by 
deviling the rags of fine woolen goods, broadcloths, 
etc., as shoddy is obtained fr. coarser kinds ; cloth 
made from this material. 

Mungoose, Mongoose, mun'goos, n. An animal of 
India which destroys snakes, small animals, etc.; a 
species of ichneumon. 

Municipal, mu-nis-'I-pal, a. Pert, to local self-govern- 
ment; pert, to a corporate town or city, or to a state, 
kingdom, or nation. — Munic'lpaKlly, -T-tt. n. A 
municipal district. — Munificence, -nif't-sens, n. 
Great liberality in giving ; benevolence ; benef- 
icence ; bounty. — Mmiificent, -sent, a. Very lib- 
eral in giving; bountiful; generous. 

Muniment, mu'^T-ment, n. Anything supporting or 
defending; a stronghold; place or means of defense. 
(Law.) A record; a title-deed, charter, etc., esp. one 
relating to national, manorial, or ecclesiastical rights 
and privileges. — Muni'tion, -nish'un, n. Materials 
used in war for delense, or lor annoying an enemy; 
military stores of all kinds, usually in pi. 



Mural, mu'ral, a. Pert, to, or like, a wall; perpendic- 
ular or steep. 

Murder, mer^der, n. Act of killing a human being 
with malice prepense or aforethought, —v. t. [mur- 
dered (-dgrd), -DEKING.] To kill with premeditated 
malice; to destrov, put an end to, assassinate, slay, 
massacre. — Mur'^derer, n. One guilty of murder? 
assassin ; bloodshedder ; manslayer. — Mur'deress, 
n. A woman who, etc. — Mur'^derous, -us, a. Guilt3r 
of, consisting in, accompanied with, fond of, or 
premeditating, murder ; bloody ; blood - guilty ; 
blood-thirsty ; javage ; cruel. 

Muriate, mu''rt-at, n. (Chem.) A compound formed! 
bv the union of muriatic acid with abase. — Mu'- 
ria'ted, a. Combined or impregnated with mu- 
riatic acid ; put in brine. — Muriat'^ic, a. Pert, to, 
or obtained from, sea-salt. — Muriatic acid. Art 
acid consisting of hydrogen and chlorine; hydro- 
chloric acid. 

Murine. See under Mouse. 

Murky, merk'l, a. [-ier, -iest.] Dark; gloomy. 

Murmur, mer'mer, n. A low, confused, and indis- 
tinct sound; a half suppressed complaint. — v. i. 
[murmured (-merd^, -muring.] To make a low, con- 
tinued noise, like tne hum of oees, stream of water,, 
rolling waves, wind in a forest, etc.; to utter com- 
plaints in a low, half -articulated voice; to grumble. 

— Mur'muringhr, adv. With a low sound ; with 
complaints. — Mur'murous, -us, a. Attended with 
murmurs ; murmuring. 

Murrain, mur'^rin, n. An infectious and fatal dis- 
ease among cattle. 

Muscadel, mus'ka-del, -catel, -cat, -cadlne, -din or 
-dm, n. A rich, spicy grape, or the wine made from 
it; a fragrant pear. 

Muscle, mus'sl, n. (Anat.) An organ of motion in 
animal bodies, consisting of fibers inclosed in their 
cellular membrane, and capable of contraction and 
relaxation. (Conch.) An 
edible bi-valvular shell- 
fish.— Mus'cular, -ku- 
ler, a. Pert, to a muscle, * 
or to a system or the< 
strength of muscles; con- 
sisting of or constituting, 
performed by, or depend- , 

ent on, etc. ; well fur- Muscle, 

nished with muscles ; brawny ; strong ; powerful? 
characterized by strength and vigor. — Muscular'^- 
ity, -lar'T-tt, n. State of being muscular. — MyoK- 
ogy, -oKo-jT, n. (Anat.) A description of the mus- 
cles of the human body. 

Muscovy Duck, mus'ko-vl-duk'. A large and prolific 
species of duck, wild and domesticated, having a. 
musky smell. 

Muse, muz, v. i. J;mused (muzd), musing.] To think 
closely, study 'in silence, ponder, meditate, rumi- 
nate; to be absent-minded. — v. t. To think on, med- 
itate on. — n. Deep thought; absence of mind. — 
Mussing, a. Meditative. — n. Act of, etc. 

Muse, muz, n. (Myth.) One of the 9 goddesses who 
preside over the liberal arts ( CalVope, overeloquence 
and heroic poetry; Cli^o, history; Er^ato, lyric and 
love poetry ; Euter''pe, music ; Melpom^ene, trage- 
dy ; Polyhim'nia, singing and rhetoric ; Tervsich''— 
ore, dancing ; ThalVa, pastoral and comic poetry ; 
Ura^nia, astronomy); a genius of art, literature, or- 
music. — Muse'um, n. A collection of natural, 
scientific, or literary curiosities, or of works of art. 

— Mu''Bic, n. Melody or harmony; a succession of 
sounds so modulated as to please the ear; science 
of harmonical sounds; art of producing or combin- 
ing sounds in a manner to please the ear. — Mu'si- 
cal, a. Pert, to, producing, or 
containing music; pleasing to, 
the ear ; melodious ; harmo- 
nious. — Musi''cian, -zish'an, 
n. One skilled in the art or 
science of music. 

Mush, mush, n. Indian meal 
boiled in water ; hasty pud- 
ding. 

Mushroom, mush^'room, 
(Rot.) One of a class of rapid-" . , 

growing cryptogamic plants Musnrooms. 





siin, cube, full ; mOon, fdtit ; cow, oil ; linger o?- ink, tiien. boNboN. chair, get. 



MUSIC 



260 



MYRTLE 




of the order of Fungi: the name is popularly re- 
stricted to such species as are edible. An upstart. 
— n. Pert, to mushrooms; short-lived; ephemeral. 

Music, etc. See under Muse. 

Musk, musk, n. A substance of powerful and en- 
during odor obtained from a bag behind the navel 
of the male musk-deer. —Muok'y, a. Having the 
odor of musk. — Musk'deer, n. A hornless deer of 
the highlands of Cen- 
tral Asia. See Musk.— - 
-mel'on, n. A species 
of melon, having a 
musky fragrance. — 
-ox, n. A bovine ru- 
minant of the country 
about Hudson's Bay: 
it has large horns turn- 
ing downward and 
outward on each side 

of the head. rat, n. 

A rodent animal of N 

Amer., allied to the beaver, but about the size of a 

cat, having a strong, musky smell. 

Musket, mus-'ket, ?j. Orig. a kind of hawk or fal- 
con • now, the ordinary fire-arm of infantry sol- 
diers. — Mus'Tieteer'', -er', n._ A soldier armed with. 
a musket. — Mus'ketoon'', -oon'', n. A short, wide- 
mouthed musket: one armed with, etc. — Mus''- 
ketry, -rt, n. Muskets in general or collectively; 
practice with, or the art of using, etc. ; the fire of, 
etc. 

Muslin, muz'lin, n. A thin cotton cloth or gauze. " 

Musquash, mus'^kwosh, n. The Indian name for 
Musk-eat, q. v. 

Musquet. Same as Musket. 

Musquito. Same as Mosquito. 

Muss, mus, n. A confused struggle: state of confusion 
or disorder; mess. — v. t. To disorder, rumple. 

Mussel. Same as Muscle, a shell-fish. 

Mussulman, mus'sul-man, n. ; pi. -mans. A Moham- 
medan; a Moslem. 

Must, must, V. i. or auxiliary. To be obliged, — ex- 
pressing both physical and moral necessity ; to be 
essential to the end proposed. 

Must, must, n. Wine pressed from the grape, but not 
fermented. — v. i. To grow moldy and sour; to be- 
come fetid, —Musfy,-?, a. [-iee, -iest.] Moldy ; 
sour; foul and fetid; spoiled by age; stale; vapid; 
dull; heavy. — Mus'tard, 
n. A cruciferous plant of 
several species ; a powder 
or paste made of its pun- 
gent seeds, used as a con- 
diment and in medicine. 

Mustache, jnus-tash'. Mous- 
tache, moos-tash'', n. That 
part of the beard which 
grows on the upper lip. 

Mustang, mus''tang, n. The 
wild horse of the prairies in 
Mexico, California, etc. 

Mustard. See under Must, n. 

Muster, mus''ter,v.<. [-teeed 
(-terd), -TERiNG.] To as- 
semble (troops) for parade, 
inspection, exercise, etc.; to 
take an account of nura- Mustard, 

bers, condition, etc. ; to gather for use or exhibi- 
tion, get together. — v. i. To come together as parts 
of a force or body ; to assemble. — n. An assem- 
bling of troops for review, etc.; assemblage and dis- 
play; gathering. 

Musty, etc. See under Must, n. 

Mutable, mu'ta-bl, a. Capable of alteration ; subject 
to change; susceptible of chanM; inconstant; un- 
stable; wavering; variable; fickle. — Mu'^tableness, 
-tabil'ity, n. Quality of being, etc.; changeable- 
ness; inconstancy. — Muta'tion, n. Act or process 
of changing; alteration, either in form or qualities. 

Mute, mat, a. Restrained from speaking ; uttering 
no sound ; incapable of speaking ; not uttered ; un- 

Eronounced; silent; havingitssound wholly checked 
y complete closure of the vocal organs, — said of 
certain consonants. — n. One who is sUent or speech- 
less, as, one who, from deafness, is unable to use ar- 




ticulate language; or, one employed to stand before 
the door of a house in which there is a corpse; or, a 
dumb attendant, esp. of a seraglio. (Gram.) A let- 
ter which represents no sound, a silent letter; a con, 
sonant formed by a position of the vocal organs which 
stops the passage of the breath entirely, a.sp, b, d, g, 
k.t. — Mu'tacism, -sizm, n. Inability to enunciate 
properly the labial consonants, 6, p, m. 

Mute, mlit, V. i. To eject the contents of the bowels, 
as birds. 

Mutilate, mu'tll-at, v. t. To cut off a limb of ; to 
maim, cripple; to destroy or remove a material part 
of, so as to render imperfect. — Mu'tila'tion, n. Act 
of mutilating, or state of being mutilated. 

Mutiny, mu'tl-nl, n. Insurrection against constituted 
authority by subordinates, esp. against military or 
naval commanders; violent commotion; tumult; re- 
volt ;-uprising ; rebellion. — v. i. [mutinied (-nid), 
-NTING.] To rise against lawful authority. — Mu'- 
tineer'', -ner'', «. One guilty- of mutiny; a sailor or 
soldier who rises in opposition to the authority of 
the officers. — Mu^'tinous, -nus, a. Disposed to mu- 
tiny ; turbulent. t 

Mutter, mufter, v. I. [-tered (-terd), -teeing.] To 
utter words with a low voice, with sullenness or in 
complaint; to grumble, murmur; to sound with a 
low, rumbling noise. — r. t. To utter with imperfect 
articulations, or with a low voice. — n. Repressed 
or obscure utterance. 

Mutton, muftn, n. The flesh of sheep, raw or dressed 
for food. 

Mutual, mut''u-al, a. Reciprocally acting or related; 
reciprocally given and received ; showing commu- 
nity of action. — MutuaFity, -aKi-tl, H. Quality of 
correlation ; reciprocation ; interchange. — Mut'u- 
ally, adv. 

Mntule, niuful, ?z. {Arch.) A projecting block worked 
under the corona of the 
Doric cornice, in the same 
situation as the Corinthian ,. . , 

modiUion. Mutule. 

Muzzle, muz'zl, n. The projecting mouth and nose 
of an animal; mouth of a tiling, esp. of a gun; a 
fastening or covering for the mouth which prevents 
biting. — V. t. [MUZZLED (-zld), -zling.] To bind 
or cover the mouth of, so as to prevent biting or eat- 
ing. 

My, mi, a. Belonging to me, — used always attribu- 
tively, — Myself', ]-iron. I or me, — used for empha- 
sis; used also instead of we, without emphasis, as 
the object of the first person of e reflexive verb. 

Myriad, mir^'T-ad, n. The number of ten thousand; 
an immense or indefinitely large number. — M]^"^- 
iagram, -T-a-gram, n. A metric weight = 10,000 grams, 
or 10 kilograms, or 22.04(3 lbs. avoirdupois. — JMjrria- 
gramme, me're-a'gram', n. Same as Myriagham. — 
Msnrialiter, mir^l-SKT-ter or mir't-a-li'ter, n. A 
measure of capacity ^ 10,000 liters = 2.641.4 Amer. 
gallons, or nearly 42 hogsheads. — Mjrrialitre. -le'tr, 
n. Same as Myeialitek. — M3n:iamet€r, mii'l-am'e- 
ter or mir'l-a-me'ter, n. A measure of length = 
10,000 meters = 6.2134 Amer. or 6.21382 En^. miles. — 
Myriametre, me're-a^ma'tr, n. Same asMYEiAME- 
TER. — Myriare, me're-ar', w. A measure of surface 
= 10,000 ares = 247,085 Amer. or 247.1143 Eng. acres, 
— Ifyr^iapod, -T-a-pod, n. {Zool.) An air-breathing, 
vermiform, articulate ani- 
mal, lia^nng many jointed 
legs and a hard 'external 
skeleton ; centiped ; milU- 
ped. , 

Myrmidon, mer^mT-dun, n. ^t 
One of a troop who accom- ' 
panied Achilles to the war 
against Troy: hence, a sol- 
dier of a rough or desperate 
character: one who ruth- 
lessly executes orders. 

Mjrrrh, nier, a. A transpar- 
ent gum-resin, usually of 
amber color, of aromatic 
odor, and bitter, slightly 
pungent taste. 

Myrtle, mer'tl, n. A fragrant 
evergreen shrub of several species : the' common 




Myrtle (Myrtvs ami' 
munis). 



Sm, fame, far. pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term j In. Ice : Sdd. tCne, 8r ; 



MYSELF 



261 



NARWHAL 



myrtle has a shnibby, upright stem, 8 or 10 feet high : 
the ancients considered it sacred to Venus. — i/Lyr^- 
tifonn, a. Resembling myrtle or myrtle-berries. 

Myself. See under My. 

Mystery, mis'ter-T, n. A trade; handicraft; any me- 
chanical occupation; a kind of rude drama, of a re- 
ligious character, orig. performed by craftsmen; a 
mystery-play. 

Mystery, mis'ter-t, ?i. A profound secret; that which 
IS beyond human comprehension until explained; 
anything artfully made difficult, pi. A kind of secret 
religious celebrations, to which only initiated persons 
were admitted. — Myste'rious, -rl-us, a. Relating to, 
of the nature of, or containing, mystery ; difficult or 
impossible to understand; obscure: secret; occult; 
enigmatical; incomprehensible. — Mys'^tic, w. One 
who holds to mysticism. — Mys'tic, -tical, a. Re- 
mote from human comprehension; obscure; import- 
ing or implying mysticism; involving some secret 
meaning; allegorical; emblematical. — Mys'ticism, 



-tT-sizm, n. Obscurity of doctrine. (Eccl. Hist.) 
Doctrine of the Mystics, who maintain that they 
have direct intercourse with the divine Spirit, and 
acquire a knowledge of spiritual things unattaiaa- 
ble by the natural intellect. — Mystifica''tion, n. Act 



involve -in mystery so as to mislead ; to r>erplex 
purposely. 
M3rth, mith, n. A fable, legend, or tradition as to the 
origin, early history, gods, etc., of a nation, etc. ; a 
fabulous story; an imaginary person or object. — 
Myth'ic, -ical, a. Relating to, described in, or of 
the nature of, amytii; fabulous; imaginary; fanci- 
ful.— MythoFogy, -thoKo-jT, n. Science of, (fr a 
treatise on, myths; a collective body of myths; esp. 
pert, to the gods, etc., of a heathen people. — My- 
thol'ogist, -thologist, n. One versed in, &r whv 
writes on, mythology. 



N. 



N, en, the 14th letter of the Eng. alphabet, is a nasal. 

Nab, nab, v. t. [nabbed (naod), -bing.] To catch 
suddenly or unexpectedly. 

Nabob, na'^bob, n. A deputy or viceroy in India; one 
who returns to Europe from the East with immense 
wealth; a very rich man. 

Nadir, na'der, n. That point of the heavens directly 
opposite to the zenith; the lowest point. 

Nag. nag, n. A horse, esp. a small horse ; pony. 

Nag, nag, v. t. [nagged (nagd}, -ging.] To tease in 
a petty and pertinacious fashion, scold, annoy. 

Naiad, na'yad, n. {Myth.) A female deity, presiding 
over a river or spring ; a water nymph. 

Nail, nal, n. The horny scale growing at the end of 
the human fingers and toes; the claw or talon of a 
bird or other animal; a metal pin to fasten boards, 
timbers, etc.; a measure of length = 2 1-4 inches. — 
V. t. [nailed (nald), nailing.] To fasten with 
nails, or as with a nail; to fix, catch, trap. 

Naked, na^'ked, a. Having no clothes on; uncovered; 
bare ; nude ; unarmed; defenseless; open to view; 
manifest ; plain ; without addition, exaggeration, 
excuses, etc. ; destitute, unaided ; mere ; simple. 
{Rot.) Without pubescence; M'ithout a calyx; with- 
out leaves; not inclosed in a pod or capsule. {Mvs.) 
Not ha_ying the full complement of tones. 

Name, nam, n. The title by which a particular person 
or thing is known or designated : appellation; reputed 
chanicter; reputation; renown; celebrity: eminence; 
memnrv: remenibrance; a race; family; a person. — 
r. t. [named (namd), naming.] To g'ive an appella- 
tion to; to mention bj' name: to designate by name, 
denominate, style, term, call, nominate. — Name'- 
less, n. Without a name ; undistinguished: that 
cmnot or ought not to be named. — Nam'' able, a. 
Capable of being named. — Name'ly, arlv. To wit; 
that is to say; to particularize. — Name'sake, «. One 
who has the same name as another; esp., one named 
out of regard to another. 

Nankeen, nan-ken'', n. A yellowish cotton cloth, of 
firm texture, orig. manufactured at N'ankin, China. 

Nap, nap, r. i. [napped (napt), napping.] To have 
a short sleep; to be drowsy, doze; to be in a careless, 
secure state. — n. A short sleep. 

Nap, nap, n. Woolly or villous substance on the sur 
face (of felt, cloth, some plants, etc.). 

Nape, nap, n. The back part of the neck. 

Naphtha, nap'tha or. naftha. n. A thin, volatile, 
very inflammable and explosive hydrocarbon, ob- 
tained from some oil-springs and from distillation of 
coal and wood, and esp. from petroleum. 

Napkin, nap'kin, n. A little towel; a cloth used for 
wiping the mouth and hands, esp. at the table. 

Narcissus, nar-sis'sus, n. {Bat.) A genus of bulbous 




flowering plants, of several species, comprising the 
daffodils, jonquils, etc. — 
Narcot'ic, -kot'ik, -ical, o. 
{Med.) Relieving. pain, and 
producing sleep; producing 
stupor, coma, and convul- 
sions, and, when given in 
sufficient quantity, causing 
death. — n. {Med.) A medi- 
cine which, in medicinal 
doses, relieves pain, and 
produces sleep, but in poi- 
sonous doses produces stu- 
por, coma, convulsions, and, 
in sufficient quantitj', caus- 
es death. 

Narrate, nar-rat' or nar'rat, 
V. t. To tell, rehearse, or re- 
cite, as a story ; to give an 
account of. — Narra'tion, 
11. Act of, etc.; rehearsal ; -.^ 

recital; thing related; ac- narcissus, 

count; relation; story; tale; history. — Nar'rative, 
-ra-tiv, a. Pert, to narration ; giving a particular or 
continued account; inclined to relate stories, or to 
tell particulars of events. — n. That narrated; the 
recital of a story; narration. — Narra'tor, v. 

Narrow, nar'^ro, a. Of little breadth : not wide or 
broad; of little extent; very limited: ci cumscribed; 
contracted in mind, disposition, views, leelings, etc.; 
parsimonious; selfish; within a small di^^tance: close; 
near ; involving serious exposure ; scrutinizing ; 
careful; exact. — v. t. [naerom'ed (-rod), -row- 
ing.] To lessen the breadth of, contract : to con- 
tract the reach or sphere of ; to make less liberal or 
more selfish; to limit, confine. {KniHinq.) To con- 
tract the size of (a stocking, etc.) by taking 2 stitches 
intol. — v.i. To become less brosd. {Knitting.) To 
contract size, by taking 2 stitches into 1. — Nar'rows, 
71. pi. A narrow passage through a mountain, or a 
channel of water between one sea or lake and anoth- 
er; a contracted part of a river or of an ocean cur- 
rent; a strait: sound. — Nar'rowly, «f/r. With little 
breadth; without much extent; contractedly; with 
minute scrvitiny; closely; by a small distance; bare- 
ly; merely; sparingly.' 

Narwhal, na.r'hwal, ^wal, n. 
found in the northern 
seas; sea-unicorn: 
the male has usually 
one long, twisted., 
tusk, projecting for- 
ward from the upper 
jaw like a horn. 



A cetaceous mammal, 
Narwhal. 



siin, cube, f ull ; moon, f(56t : cow, oil ; linger or ink, -ftien, boNboN, chair, get. 



NASAL 



262 



NEAR 



Bfassl, na-'zal, a. Pert, to the nose ; spoken through 
tlic iKJse. — Ji. All elementary sound uttered 
tlwou^'li the nose, or through both nose and mouth 
:silUuitaneousl}^ (^Med.) A medicine that operates 
lhroui''li the nose; an errhine. — Nastur'tium, -ter''- 
sliuiiL, n. A plant of several species, cultivated for 
its-slio^rr, strong-scented, yellow or orange flowers, 
as s salad plant, and for its pungent flower-buds 
iiii4«fj?ds (for pickling); Indian cress; also, the wa- 
tercress and allied cruciferous plants. 

Ifaseeat. See under Nation. 

If asty, nas'tl, a. [-tiek, -tiest.] Oifensively filthy; 
verr dirtv; nauseous; disgusting; indecent ; gross ; 
lile; wet,'sloppv, disagreeable,*- said of the weather. 

BTatiBt, iia''tant,"a. {Bot.) Floating on the surface 
of sratcr, as the leaf of an aquatic plant. 

Katiaa, na'shun, n. A people living in the same coun- 
try jaad under the same government; a people hav- 
ing a. common origin and language ; people ; race; 
tstoet — Ka'tional, nash^un-al, a. Pert, to a nation; 
tcorussoa to a people or race ; public ; general ; at- 
itachfid, esp. to one's own country. — Na'tionalism, 
-izHi,ffi. State of being national ; national attach- 
jinenit.— Hational'ity, -al'I-tl, h. Quality of being na- 
S:ionai,or strongly attached to one's own nation; na- 
tion*! character; a race or people, as determined by 
comrastt language and character, and not by polite 
ical bias or divisions; nation; national unity and in- 
iegiiljr, — Na'tionalize, nash'un-al-ir, v. t. [-ized 
«C-i^dX-izi>'G.] To make national.— Nas^cent, -sent, 
«a. Bsgiuning to exist or to grow. — Na'tal, a. Pert. 
tto, acfompanj'ing, or dating from, one's birth ; na- 
tfeive? natural. — Na'tive, -tiv, a. Pert, to-one's birth; 
aiatai.; conferred by birth; born with one ; indige- ! 
aiou*-; produced hy nature; not wrought by art; un- ' 
artifi£iaL^n. One born in a place or country; a 
ileuiieas. by birth. {Stock-bree'ling.) Any of the live 
.staci; &imd in a region, excluding such as belong 
Ito psse and distinct breeds ; an animal of common 
lOr nssii^rel blood. — Nativ'ity, -tiv'i-tl, n. Birth; 
ftime^ pSSce, or circumstances of birth. (Astrol.) A 
ftioresffiope. — Nafure, na'chur, ji. Native charac- 
fter; imkierent qualities, attributes, or endowments; 
Stind; sart; character; species; established or regular 
(Coursf of things; existing system of t'nings; the world 
oaf matter; thecreation; universe; the personified sum 
jani orifir of causes and effects ; the agencies which 
carr^oa the processes of the creation ; natural af- 
d'ecttou. or reverence ; adherence to what is natural, 
jnoriisai, or usual ; a person of intelligence and char- 
s;cter. — Kafural, uach'ur-al, a. Pert, to the con- 
rstituisoa of a thing; according to nature; charac- 
Tterifiisei conformed to the order of nature; normal; 
treguJar; having to do with the existing system of 
^things? conformed to truth or reality; by impulses 
of natttral appetite alone ; illegitimate ; bastard ; 
^jert. to, derived from, or formed by, the lower or 
siniinal aature merely. (Mus.) Pert, to a key which 
Sias neither a flat nor a sharp for its signature. — n. 
_4n Miot. (JIus.) A character [thus, W] used to 
oyntradiet, or to remove the effect of, a sharp or flat 
■ivliich has preceded it. — Nafuralist, n. One who 
rstudie*; the natural history of animtls ; one who 
111 'i-ntains the doctrines of naturalism. — Nat'Brali- 
za'ban. n. Act of investing an alien with the rights 
sind lii-iN-ileges of a native subject or citizen: state 
<of ijtiug thus invested with citizenship. — Nat'u- 
'jaliza, c. t. [-ized (-izd), -izixg.] To make natural 
or esLsy by custom and habit; to confer rights of a 
uiative citizen on; to receive or adopt as native, nat- 
Turai, or vernacular; to accustom, nabituate, accli- 
nsate. — v. i. To explain phenomena by natural 
:agoiicies or laws. — Nafurally, adv. According to 
nature, or to the usual course of things; without art 
or cultivation; spontaneously; without affectation. 

Watty, nat'tl, a. Neatly fine ; smart ; spruce. 

Jfaujbi, Nought, nawt, n. Nothing. — adv. In no 
decree. — a. Of no value or account; worthless ; 
baa; rile; naughty. — Naughfy, -t, a. [-iek, -iest.] 
Ori». corrupt ; wicked ; mischievous ; perverse, — 
said esp. of children. — Naughfily, -t-lt, adr\ In a 
naughty manner; perversely; corruptly. — Naughf- 
inesB, n. 

SJTaasea, naw'she-a, n. Seasickness; any similar sick- 
ness of the stomach, accompanied witli a propen- 




sity to vomit ; qualm. — Nau''8eate, naw'she-at, v. i. 
To become squeamish, feel disgust. — v. t. To affect 
with nausea, sicken ; to reject with disgust, loathe. 
— Nau'seous, -shus, a. Causing, or fitted to cause, 
nausea. — Nau'tical, -tik-al, a. Pert, to seamen, or 
to the art of navigation ; naval ; 
marine ; maritime. — Nau'tilus, 
-tT-lus, n. CZool.) A cephalopodous 
mollusk, of several species, having 
a spiral, chambered shell and many 
slender cupless tentacles; the name 
is also applied to the shells of sev- 
eral different mollusca. A kind of 
diving beil, whose motions are con- 
trolled by the occupants. — Na'val, 
a. Pert, to, consisting of, or having 
to do with ships or a navy ; naut- Nautilus, 
ical ; marine ; maritime. — Na'vy, -vT, n. A fleet of 
ships; a nation's ships of war, considered collectively, 
or the officers and men belonging to them. — Nav'- 
igate, nav^'I-gat, v. i. To journey by water, go in a 
ship, sail. — v. t. To pass over 'in ships ; to steer, 
direct, or manage in sailing. — Naviga'tion, n. Act 
of navigating ; science or art of conducting ships or 
vessels from one place to another ; navigable water; 
means of navigation ; vessels ; shipping. — Nav'- 
igable, a. Admitting of being navigated. — Nav'- 
iga'tor, n. One who is skillf ulin the art of naviga- 
tion. — Nav'vy, -vl, n. Originally, a laborer on ca- 
nals for inter- 
nal navigation; 
hence, a labor- 
e r on o ther 
public works, 
esp. railroads. 

— Nave, -nav, 
a. {Arch.) The 
middle or body 
of a church, 
extending f r . 
the choir to the 
principal en- 
trance ; the 
part between 
the wings or 
aisles. 

Nautch, nawch, 

11. In India, 

an exhibition 

of dancing by 

girls, generally 

courtesans. 
Nave, nav, n. 

Bodv of a 

church : see under Nausea. 
Nave, nav, n. The piece of wood, etc., in the center 

of a wheel, through which the axle passes; the hub. 

— Na'vel, -vl, n. A depression in the center of the 
abdomen, being the scar left by the detachment of 
the umbilical cord afterbirth; the central part or 
point of anything ; middle. 

Nay, na, adv. No; not this merely, but also; not only 
so. — n. Denialj refusal. 

Nazarene, naz'a^ren', n. An inhabitant of Nazareth; 

' one of the early converts to Christianity, — a term 

of contempt. — Naz''arite, -rit, n. A Jew who 

bound himself by a vow to extraordinary purity of 

life and devotion. 

Neap, nep, n. The pole of a' cart or wagon ; a prop 
for the front of a cart, etc. 

Neap, nep, a. Low : scanty. 

Neapolitan, ne-a-poKl-tan, a. Of, or pert, to, the 
city of Naples. 

Near, ner, a. Not far distant; as, not distant in place, 
adjacent, neighboring ; or, not distant in time ; or, 
closely related; or, close to one's interests, affection, 
etc.; intimate; dear; or, close to anything followed 
or imitated ; or, on the left of a team ; serving to 
bring the object closer : immediate : direct ; par- 
simonious ; illiberal. — adv. At a little distance 
onlv, in place or time, manner or degree ; almost ; 
well-nigh ; nearly. — v. t. [xeared (nerd), near- 
ING.] To approach, come nearer. — v. ?'. 'To draw 
near, approach. — ^jrep. Adjacent to ; close by. — 
Near^ly, -II, adv. At no great distance ; closely ; 




Nave. 



am, fame, fax, pass or opera, fare ; end, sve, term ; In, Tee ; odd, tone, 6r : 



NEAT 



263 



NEOG-ENE 



intimately ; pressingly ; almost ; in a parsimonious 
manner. 

Neat, net, n. Cattle of the bovine genus, as bulls, ox- 
en, and cows. — a. Belonging to the bovine genus, 
as, neat cattle; also, pert, to such cattle. 

Heat, net, a. Free from that which soils or disorders; 
clean; pleasing with simplicity; chaste; good in its 
kind; excellent; complete in character, skill, etc.; 
adroit; with all deductions made; net; tidy; trim; 
spruce. — Net, a. (Com.) Pure; unadulterated; 
clear of all charges, deductions, etc. — v. t. To gain 
or produce as clear profit. 

Neb, neb, n. The nose; snout; mouth; the beak of a 
bird; the bill; nib (of a pen). 

Nebula, neb'u-la, ».; pZ. -L.E,-le. (Astron.) A misty 
or cloud-like object in the distant heavens, often re- 
solvable by the telescope into distinct stars. — Neb'- 
nloos, -u-lus, a. Cloudy ; hazy. (Astron.) Pert, to, 
or like, a nebula ; nebular. — Nebulos'itsr, -los'T-tT, 
n. State of being nebulous. (Astron.) The faint, 
misty appearance surrounding certain stars. 

Neceasary, nes'es-sa-rT, a. Sucli as must be; inevita- 
ble; indispensable; essential; acting from necessity 
or compulsion. — n. A thing indispensable to some 
purpose, — chiefly in pi. ; a privy ; water-closet. — 
Neces'sity, -ses'sl-tl, n. Quality of being, etc. ; 
pressing need; indigence; want; that which is neces- 
sary; a requisite, — chiefly in pi. ; irresistible force; 
overruling power; fate; fatality. (Metaph.) Denial 
of freedom to voluntary action. — Neces'sitate, 
V. t. To make necessary or indispensable , to force, 
compel. — Neces'sitous, -sT-tus, a. Very needy or 
indigent ; narrow ; destitute. 

Neck, nek, n. The part of an animal's body connect- 
ing head and trunk; any part of an inanimate ob- 
ject corresponding to a neck ; the long, slender part 
of a vessel, as a retort, or of a fruit, as a gourd; esp., 
a narrow tract of land connecting larger tracts. 

Necrology, ne-kroKo-jI, n. A register of deaths. — 
Nec'roman'cy, -sT, n. Art of revealing future 
events by pretended communication with the dead ; 
conjuration; enchantment; the black art, q. v., un- 
der Black. — Necrop'olis, n. A city of the dead ; 
cemetery ; graveyard. 

Nectar, nek'tar, n. (Myth. & Poet.) The drink of the 
gods; the honey in certain flowers and plant glands; 
a sweet, pleasant, or delicious beverage. — Nec'tar- 
ine, -tar-in, n. (Bot.) A variety of peach, with a 
smooth rind. — Nec'tary, -ta-rl, n. (Bot.) The 
honey-gland of a flower. 

Nde, na, p. p. Born, — used to denote the family name 
of a woman before her marriage. 

Need, ned, n. A state that requires supply or relief; 
urgent want; poverty; indigence; exigency; strait; 
extremity. — v. t. To be in want of , lack. [With 
another verb, need is used like an auxiliary, and un- 
dergoes no change of termination in the 3d pers. 
sing, of the pres. tense.] — v.i. To be wanted, be 
necessary. — Needs, ar/y. Of necessity; necessarily; 
indispensably. — Need''y, -T, a. [-ier, -iest.] Dis- 
tressed by want of the means of living; necessitous. 
— Need'less, a. Having no need ; in want of noth- 
ing ; unnecessary; not requisite. — Need'fol, -ful, a. 
Full of need ; needy; requisite. 

Needle, ne-'dl, n. A slender, pointed steel instrument 
with an eye, used in sewing ; a knitting-needle ; a 
magnetized bar of steel, resting on a pivot, in a com- 
pass, so as to turn freely toward the magnetic poles 
of the earth ; any slender pointed object ; a pointed 
crystal ; a sharp pinnacle of rock, etc. — v. i. To 
shoot into the form of needles. — Nee^'dlefnl, -ful, 
n. ; pi. -FULS. As much thread as is put at once into 
a needle. 

Ne'er, nar, adv. A contr. of never. — Ne'er'-do-weel, 
-wel, n. A good-for-nothing; one who will never do 
good. 

Nefarious, ne-fa'rY-us, a. "Wicked in the extreme ; 
atrociously villainous; detestable; infamous; impi- 
ous. — Nega'tion, n. Act of denying; denial ; state- 
ment of wiiat a thin^ is not, or has not, etc. — Neg'a- 
tive, -tiv, a. Implying or containing denial, nega- 
tion, or refusal ; the opposite of aflirmative or pos- 
itive ; marked by absence of what is appropriate or 
expected ; having the effect of stopping or restrain- 
ing. — n. A proposition by which something is de- 



nied or forbidden ; an opposite or contradictory term 
or conception; a word that denies; veto; the rtlatioia 
of denial or opposition. (Photog.) A pictare upon 
glass in which the lights and shadows are reversed., 
from which photographs, etc., may be priatsii.— 
V. t. [NEGAXivED (-tivd), -TiviNG.] To dispreve? 
to refuse to enact or sanction. — Neglecfc', -klt^, 
V. t. Not to treat with due attention; to 8Bff«r tcr 
pass unimproved, unheeded, undone, etc.; to omit;: 
to forbear to treat with attention or respect; to slight^ 
overlook, disregard. — n. Omission of proper atten- 
tion; state of being disregarded. — Neglect'' Ail, -ful^ 
a. Full of neglect; heedless; careless; inattentive; 
treating with neglect or slight ; indicating indfftsr- 
ence. — Nee'ligence, -It-jens, n. CJuality of htm& 
negligent; habitual neglect; a negligent act. — Neg'- 
ligent, a. Apt to neglect; customarily neglectlul; 
heedless ; remiss. — mglig^e, neg'l'T-zha'', w. An 
easy, unceremonious attire ; a long necklace, usu- 
ally of red coral. — Negc'tiate, -shl-at, v. i. To 
transact business ; to treat with another respecting 
purchase and sale; to treat with respecting a treaty, 
league, etc.— ti. t. To arrange for; to settle by deal- 
ing and management; to sell, pass. — NegO''tial)le, 
a. Capable of being negotiated: transferable by as- 
signment or indorsement to another person. — Nego'- 
tia'tion, -shT-a''shun, n. Act of negotiating ; the 
transacting of business in traflfic ; mercantile busi- 
ness ; trading ; the transaction of business between 
nations.— Nei'ther, ne'fter or ni'ftier (see Eithek)^ 
pron. or pronoihinal a. Not either ; not the one or 
the other. — conj. Not either. — Neu^'ter, nu'ter, a. 
Neither the one thing nor the other; of neither side; 
neutral; sexless. (Gram.) Of neither gender; nei- 
ther male nor female ; neither active nor passive ; 
intransitive. (Bot.) Having neither stamens nor 
pistils, —n. A person who takes no part in a con- 
test ; a neutral ; the working bee, which is really 
an undeveloped female. (Bot.) A plant having: 
neither stamens nor pistils. — Neu'^teal, a. Not 
engaged on either side ; neuter ; indifferent ; nei- 
ther very good nor bad; of medium quality. (Bot.y 
Having neither stamens nor pistils. — ri. A person 
or nation that takes no part in a contest between 
others. — Neutrality, -traKi-tT, n. State of being: 
neutral ; indifference ; a combination of neutral 
powers or states. — Neu'tralize, v. t. [-ized (-izd),. 
-iziKG.] To render neutral. (Chern.) To destroy 
the effect of, render inert. To destroy the peculiar 
properties or opposite dispositions of. — Nev'er, adv. 
Not ever; not at any time ; in no degree; not in the 
least; not. — Nev'ertheless'', adv. Not the less ; not- 
withstanding ; in spite of that ; however ; at least ; 
yet. 

Negro, ne'gro, n. : jl. -gkoes, -groz. A black man; 
esp., one of a race having protruding lips and "woolly 
hair, inhabiting a portion of tropical Africa. — Ne''- 
gresB, n. A blrck woman ; a female negro. — Ne''- 
groid, «. Chars cteristic of or resembling the negro. 
— Nig'^ger, «. A negro,— in contempt. — Nigres'- 
cent, ni-gres'^sent, a. Growing black ; changing to 
a black color. 

Negus, ne'gus, n. A beverage made of wine, water,, 
sugar, nutmeg, and lemon-]uice. 

Neigh, na, f. T. [weighed (nad), neighing.] To'Cry 
as a horse; to whinny. — n. The natural cry of m 
horse ; a whinnying. 

Neighbor, na'ber, n. One who lives near one; ©Be en- 
titled to, or exhibiting, neighborly kindness; one o£" 
the human race. — a. Near to another; adjoiningr 
next. — v.i. [neighbored (-herd), -BORii?«.l Ic 
adjoin, border on, be near to. — Neigk'''bar]iood> 
-h66d, n. Quality or condition of bein^ a neigJibor;; 
vicinity; adjoining district; a region wlios* iahabit- 
ants may be counted as neighbors; inhabrtants liv- 
ing in the vicinity of each other. — Neig^''b«ring, «-- 
Living or being near. — Neigh'borly, -ber-lT, a. Be- 
coming a neighbor ; kind _; social ; friendly ; culti- 
vating familiar intercourse'. 

Neither. See under Nefarious. 

Neogene, ne'o-jen, n. (Geol.) A designation for the 
miocene and pliocene tertiary formations. — N«oK- 
ogy, -oKo-jT, n. Introduction of a v^yr wordi,. or of 
new words, into a language; new doctrines, esp. in 
theology. — Neolog'^ical, -loj'ik-al, a. Pert, to neot- 



Biin, cube, full ; moon, iddt ; cow. oil ; linger or ink, &en, boNboN, chair, get. 



NEPHEW 



264 



NICHE 



* 




ogy ; employing new words. — NeoKogism, -jizni, n. 
Introduction of new words or doctrines ; a new 
word, expression, or doctrine. — Ne'opliyte, -o-fit, 
ti. A new convert or proselyte ; a noyice ; tyro. 

Nephew, nef u, Eng.pron. nev'u, n. A son of one's 
brother or sister. — Nep'^otism, -tizm, n. Fondness 
for, or favoritism shown to, relations. 

Nerve, nerv, n. Physical force or steadiness ; firm- 
ness of mind ; self-command ; courager {Anat.) 
One of the fibers which establish communication 
between the parts of the body, and the brain and 
spinal cord, or the central ganglia. {Bot.) One of 
the simple parallel veins or ribs of a leaf, etc. — v. t. 
[NERVED (nervd), neevixg.] To give strength or 
vigor to. — Nerv'ine, -In, a. {Med.) Quieting nerv- 
ous excitement. — n. Nerve substance. {Med.) A 
medicine which acts upon the nerves. — Nerv'ous, 
-us, a. Possessing nerve ; strong ; vigorous ; mani- 
festing mental vigor ; pert, to, or seated in, the 
nerves; full of nerves; having the nerves weak or 
diseased ; easily agitated. — NettraKgia, nu-raKjT-a, 
n. {Med.) A disease, whose chief symptom is acute 
pain, which follows the course of a nervous branch, 
extends to its ramifications, and seems to be seated 

- in the nerve. — NeTiral''gic, -jik, a. Pert, to neural- 
gia. — Neuro'ina, -ma, n. (Fathol.) A tumor on 
a nerve. — Neurop'- 
ter, n. One of an 
order of insects 
having 4 m e m b r a- 
n o u s, transparent 
wings, as the drag- 

n-f ly. — Neurop'- 
teral, a. Pert, to, 
etc. — Neuronic, a. 
Relating to, seated 
in , or useful in disor- 
ders of, the nerves. 

— n. A drug aiSect- 
ing primarily the 
functions of intel- 
lection, sensibility, 
or motility, — as 
aconite, alcohol, chloral, ether, digitalis, opium, etc. 

— Neurot''oiny, -o-mt, n. Art or practice of dissect- 
ing the nerves ; an incised wound of a nerve. 

Nest, nest, n. The receptacle prepared by a bird for 
hatching and 
rearing her 
j'oung; place in 
which eggs of 
insects, turtles, 
etc., are laid ; 
a snug resi- 
dence or situa- 
tion ; a collec- 
tion of boxes, 
cases, etc., of 
graduated size. 
—v.i. To build 
and occupy a 
nest. — v.t. To 
form a nest for. 

— Nest^le, 
nes'l,r;.z. [-led 

(-Id), -LING.] To T,T. . „ mu . ., ,. J 

1 i e close an d ^^est of Thistle-bird. 
snug, as a bird in her nest ; to move about in one's 
seat, like a bird when forming her nest. — v. t. To 
house, as in a nest; to cherish, as a bird her young. 

— Nest'Ting, nestling, n. A young bird in the nest, 
or just taken from the nest. 

Net, net, n. A texture of twine, etc., with open 
meshes, arransred in various forms, for catching 
fish, birds, or beasts ; anything fitted to entrap or 
deceive; a snare; any fabric of open texture, as one 
to inclose the hair. — v. t. To make into a net, or 
net-work; to take in a net. ^v. i. To form net- 
work. — Net'ting, n. A piece of net-work. — Net- 
work, n. A fabric of threads, cords, or wires cross- 
ing each other at certain intervals, and secured at 
the crossings. 

Net, a. TTnadulterate, clear of deduction. 

Neth'er, neth'er, a. Lying or bcins beneath, or in 
the lower part ; lower. — Neth''ermost, a. Lowest. 



Neuropter. 
Caddis-fly {Phryania). 





Nettle. 



Nettle, net-'tl, n. A plant covered with minute sliarp 
hairs containing a poison 
that produces a very 
painful sensation. — v. t. 

[NETTLED (-tld), 

- T L I N G . J To fret or 
sting, irritate or vex. 

— Neftle-rash, 7i. 
{Med.) An eruptive dis- 
ease resembling the ef- 
fects of whipping with a 
nettle; urticaria. 

Neuralgia, Neurotic, etc. 
See under Neuve. 

Neuter, Neutral, Never, 
etc. See under Nefaki- 
ous. 

New, nu, o. Having ex- 
isted, or having been 
made, but a short time; 
of late origin; lately 
manifested ; recently in- 
vented, discovered, or established as true ; strange; 
starting anew ; recommencing ; not ancient ; mod- 
ern ; not worn out or defaced by use ; unaccus- 
tomed ; unfamiliar ; fresh from anything ; novel. 
— New'ly, -W. adv. Lately; freshly; recently; in a 
manner not existing before ; with a new form. — 
New'ness, n. State or quality of being new, or of 
being first known or introduced ; novelty ; innova- 
tion ; recent change ; want of practice or familiar- 
ity; different state or qualities introduced by change 
or regeneration. — News, nuz, n. [Plural in form, 
but united with a verb in the sing.] Recent intel- 
ligence ; fresh information ; tidings ; information 
of what has recently happened or of what was be- 
fore unknown ; advice. — News''mon'ger, n. One 
who deals in news. — News^paper, n. A public print 
that circulates news, advertisements, etc. 

Newel, nu''el. n. {Arch.) The upright post about 
which the steps of a circular staircase wind; the post 
at the angles and foot of a staircase. 

Newt, nut, n. A small water lizard ; an eft. 

tiext, nekst, a. ; superl. of 7ugh. Nearest in place, 
time, degree, quality, rank, right, or relation; ad- 
joining in a series. — "adv. At the time or turn near- 
est or immediately succeeding. 

Nib, nib, n. Something small and pointed; a prong; 
esp. the bill or beak of a bird, or point of a pen. — 
V. t. To furnish with a nib; to point; to cut off the 

Eoint of. — Nip'ple, -pi, n. The protuberance on the 
reast of females from which milk is drawn ; a teat, 
pap ; any small projection having a perforation, as 
- that part of a gun-lock on which the cap is placed. 

Nibble, nib'bi, v. t. [-bled (-bld\ -bung.] To eat 
slowly or in small bits. — v. i. To bite gently, or a lit- 
tle at a time. — n. A little bite, or seizing as if to bite. 

Nice, nis, a. Pleasing to the senses; esp. to the taste; 
agreeable; gratifying; wrought by a skillful work- 
man; produced by an acute or 
fastidious mind; requiring to be 
daintily touched, discussed, or 
judged of; refined; showing 
delicacy or refinement; distin- 
guishing accurately or minute- 
ly ; over scrupulous or exact ; 
hard to please or satisfy ; scru- 
pulously andminutelj' cautious ; 
dainty ; fine ; precise ; f astidio us ; 
squeamish ; finical. — Nic'^ety, - 
-e-tt, n. Quality of being nice ; 
daintiness, as, delicate manage- 
ment ; or, delicacy of percep- 

, tion; a minute distinction ; pre- 
cision ; or, excess of delicacy ; 
fastidiousness ; a delicacy, — 
used in pi. 

Nicene, ni'sen or ni-sen'', a. Of, 
or pert, to, Nice, in Asia Minor, 
where the Nicene creed, a sum- 
mary of Christian faith, was 
composed, a. d. 325. 

Niche, nich, n. A cavity or re- 
cess, generally within the thick- 
ness of a wall, for a statue, bust, etc. 




Niche. 



fim, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; &nd, eve, term ; In. ice ; 5dd. tone. 6r ; 



NICK 



265 



NOBLE 



Hick, nik,n. (NortJieni Myth.) An evil spirit of the 
waters ; hence Old Nick, the devil. 

Nick, nik, n. A notch cut into something ; a score 
for keeping an account ; a hit ; the exact point or 
critical moment. —v. <. ("nicked (nikt), nicking.] 
To cut in notches ; to make nicks m, notch; to suit 
or fit into, as one nick or notch into another; to hit ; 
to strike at the precise point or time ; to gain an ad- 
vantage over, cozen, defeat; to hit with, a telling 
name or epithet. 

Kickel, nik'el, n. iMin.) A hard grayish-white metal 
of considerable luster, very maUeable and ductile: 
it is used in various alloys and in plating; in the U. 
S., a coin (1, 2, or 5 cents) made partly of nickel. 

Nick-'nack. Same as EJ>ricKKNACK. 

Nickname, nik'nam, n. A name given in contempt, 
derision, or sportive familiarity. — 1>. t. [nicknamed 
(-namd)j -naming.] To give a name of reproach or 
ramiliarity to. 

Nicotian, nt-ko''shan, a. Pert, to, or derived from 
tobacco. — Nic'otin, -tine, -tin, n. An oUy, limpid, 
and highly poisonous liquid alkaloid yielded by 
tobacco. 

Niece, nes, n. A daughter of one's brother or sister. 

Niggard, nig'gard, n. One meanly close and covet- 
ous; a miser. — a. Meanly covetous; sordidly parsi- 
monious ; miserly. — Nig'gardly, -II, a. Meanly 
avaricious in dealing with others; cautiously avoid- 
ing profusion; penurious. 

Nigger. See under Negeo. 

Nigh, ni, a. [nighee; nighest or next.] Not dis- 
tant in place or time; near; not remote in degree, 
kindred, circumstances, etc. ; closely allied ; adja- 
cent ; contiguous; intimate. — adv. In a situation 
near in place or time, or in the course of events; al- 
most ; nearly. — prep. Near to ; not distant from. 

Night, nit, n. The time from sunset to sunrise; dark- 
ness; obscuritj^; ignorance; a state of affliction or 
distress; adversity; death; the time of the absence 
of life from nature.— Night ''ly, -II, a. Done by night ; 
done every night. — adv. Byjiight^ in the night; 
every night.— Nighfingale, -gal , n. A small migra- 
tory bird of Europe, Asia, and Africa, which sings 
sweetly at night; philomel. — Night'mare. -mar, m. 
A state of oppression during sleep, with horror, anx- 

. iety, and a desire to call for help, and a sense of 
pressure on the chest or stomach; incub"us; any over- 
whelming, oppressive, or stupefying influence. — 
Night''-s£ade, n. (£ot.) A low, branching, annual 
plant, of several species, having very small white 
flowers, and round berries, and poisonous properties. 

Nigrescent. See under Negeo. 

Nil, nil. n. Nothing, — a term used in canceling, in 
book-teeping, meaning to take no notice of that to 
which it refers. — Ni'^hUism, ni'^hil-izni, n. Nothing- 
ness ; nihility ; doctrine that nothing can be known. 
(iRus^ Politics.) The socially destructive principles 
maintained by the organization of Nihilists, who 
disbelieve in any permanent improvement in the 
social condition or progress of man, and who consti- 
tute a secret revolutionary society, devoted to the 
destruction of the present form of government. — 
Ni'hiliat, n. An advocate of, etc.— Nihil'lty, -hil-'I- 
tl, M. Nothingness; a state of being nothing. 

Nimble, nim-'bl, a. [-blek, -blest.] Xight and quick 
in motion ; agile ; Driskj^ prompt. 

NincompooD, nin'kum-poop, Nin'^ktim, n. A silly 
fool; blockhead; simpleton. 

Nine, nin, a. One more than 8, or one less than 10. — 
n. The sum of 5 and 4 ; a symbol representing nine 
units, as 9 or ix; the players on one side in a game 
of base ball, 9 in number. — The Nine. The 9 Muses: 
see Muse. — Nine-'fold, a. Nine times repeated. — 
Ninth, a. Following the 8th and preceding the 10th; 
being one of 9 equal parts into which anything is 
divided. — n. The quotient of a unit divided by 
9; one of 9 equal parts. (Mus.) An interval contain- 
ing an octave and a second; a chord consisting of the 
common chord, with the 8th advanced one note^ — 
Ninth ''ly, adv. In the 9th place. — Nine'^teen, -ten, 
a. Nine and ten. — n. The sum of 10 and 9 ; a 
symbol representing nineteen units, as 19 or xix. — 
Nine'teenth, a. Following the 18th and preceding 
the 20th; being one of 19 equal parts into which any- 
thing is divided. — n. The quotient of a unit divid- 




ed by 19 ; one of 19 equal parts ; the next in order 
after the 18th. — Nine'ty, -tl, a. Nine times 10; one 
more than 89. — n. The sum of 9 times 10 ; a symbol 
representing ninety units, as 90 or xc. — Nine'^tieth, 
-tl-eth, a. Next in order after the 89th; being one of 
90 equal parts. — m. The quotient of a unit divided 
by 90 ; one of 90 equal parts; the next in order after 
the S9th. 

Ninny, nin^nl, n. A fool ; simpleton ; dolt. 

Nip, nip, V. t. [nipped (nipt) less properly nipt, 
nipping.] To catch or inclose and compress tightly 
between two surfaces or edges brought together; to 
pinch; to retnove bypiuchiug, biting, or cutting with 
2 meeting edges of anything; to blast, as by frost; to 
destroy; to bite, vex. — n. A seizing or closing in 
upon; a pinch with the nails or teeth; a small cut, 
or a cutting off the end; a blast; destruction by frost; 
a biting sarcasm ; taunt ; a sip (esp. of intoxicating 
liquor). — Nip'per, n. One who 
or that which, etc.; a fore tooth , 
of a horse; a small draught; sip; 
nip. pi. Small pincers for hold- 
ing, breaking, or cutting. 
(Naut.) A number of yarns IMippers. 

marled, together, to secure a cable to the messenger. 

Nipple. See under Nib. 

Nisan, ni'san, n. The 1st month of the Jewish sacred 
jear, answering to April, orig. called Abib. 

Nisi, ni''si, conj. Unless; if not. [L.] — Nisi privs. 
{Law.) Unless before, — a phrase applied to terms 
of court, held generally by a single judge, with a 
jury, for the trial of civil causes. 

Nit, nit, n. The egg of a louse or other small insect. 

Niter, -tre, ni'^ter, n. {Chem.) A white, crystalline 
salt, nitrate of potassa, having a pungent, saline 
taste, — used in the manufacture of gunpowder, etc.; 
saltpeter. — Ni''trate, -trat, n. A salt formed by the 
union of nitric acid with a base. — Nitrate of silver. 
A transparent crystalline substance obtained by dis- 
solving silver in nitric acid: when fused it becomes 
lunar caustic. — Ni'tride, -trid, n. A compound of 
nitrogen with any other element or radical, as with 
phosphorus, silicon, or one of the metals. — Ni''tric, 
a. Compounded of nitrogen and oxygen. See Ni- 
TEGUS. — Nitric acid. A powerful, corrosive acid, 
containing 5 equivalents of oxygen and 1 of nitro- 
gen. — Ni'trous, -trus, -try, -trl, a. Compounded 
of nitrogen with a smaller proportion of oxygen 
than in a nitric compound; pert, to, containing, pro- 
ducing, or like, niter. — Nitrous oxide gas. A gaseous 
oxide of nitrogen, used as an anesthetic, esp. by 
dentists; laughing gas. — Ni'trogen, -tro-Jen, «. A 
gaseous element, without taste, odor, or color, form- 
ing nearly 4-5ths of common air, and incapable of 
supporting life ; azote. — Ni'tro-glyc'erine, -glis'er- 
in, n, A compound produced by the action of a 
mixture of strong nitric and sulphuric acids on glyc- 
erine at low temperatures: it detonates when struck 
and explodes with great violence. The mixture of 
nitro-glycerine with siUcious earth produces dyna- 
mite or giant-powder; with gunpowder, or with saw- 
dust and nitrate of sodium or barium, lithofractexir; 
with gunpowder, Colonia powder ; with sawdust, or 
with sawdust and nitrate of potassium and some 
other substances, dttalin ; with wood fiber, lignose. 

No, no, adv. Nay, — a word of denial or refusal; not. 
— n. ; pi. Noes, noz. A refusal by use of the word 
no; a denial; a negative vote; one who votes in the 
negative. — No, a. Not any; not one; none. — None, 
nun, a. and pron. No one; not anything ; no ; not 
any. — No'body, -bod-I, n. No person ; no one ; 
not anybody ; a person of no importance. — Noth'- 
ing, nuth''ing, n. Not anything ; no thing; non-ex- 
istence ; nonentity ; nihility ; not anything of ac- 
count, value, note, etc. ; a trifle. — adv. In no de- 
gree; not at all.— No'way, -ways, -waz, adv. In no 
manner or degree ; not at all j nowise. — No'' where, 
adv. Not anywhere ; not in any place or state. — 
No'^wlse, adv. Not in any manner or degree. 

Noble, no'^bl, a. [-blee, -blest.] Possessing emi- 
nence, elevation, dignity, etc. ; above whatever is low, 
mean, degrading, or dishonorable ; grand ; magnifi- 
cent ; splendid ; of exalted rank ; of aristocratic or 
patrician family; sublime; great; eminent; stately; 
magnanimous; liberal; free. — n. A nobleman; peer; 



siin, cube, full ; moon, f 6&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



NOBODY 



266 



NONES 



ivOy 



Node. 



a. money of account, and, formerly, a gold coin, 
■worth a"bout $1.61. — NobU'ity, -bil'I-tl, n. The 
•quality of beinfr noble, as, dignity ; greatness ; ele- 
vation, superiority of mind and of quality ; or, no- 
3)Ie birth ; patrician dignity ; distinction by rank, 
station, and title ; the aristocratic or patrician class ; 
ithe peerage. — No'bleman, n. ; lil. -men. -One of the 
nobility ; a noble ; peer. — Nobless'', -blesae'', -bles', 
n. The nobility; ijersoris of noble rank collectively. 
— Nob, n. A slang contr. of nobleman ; a swell. — 
Nob''by, -bl, a. Stylish; modish; fashionable. 

tTobody. See under No. 

SfoctHTiL, nok'tern, n. An act of religious service by 
night ; one of the portions into which the Psalter 
was divided, designed to be used at such a night-ser- 
vice. — Nocturne'', -tern'', n. {Painting.) A night- 
piece, night-scene. {Mus.) A piece to be played as 
a serenade. — Noctur'nal, a. Pert, to, done, or oc- 
eurriag at night; seeking food at night. 

^od, nod, V. i. To bend or incline the upper part, 
with a quick motion; to make a slight bow in assent 
or salutation ; to be drowsj'. — v. t. To incline or 
bend, as the head or top ; to make a motion of as- 
sent, of salutation, or of drowsiness with ; to sig- 
aiify by a nod. — n. A bending forward of the 
"upper part or top; quick downward or forward mo- 
tion of the head, in assent, salutation, drowsiness, 
as a signal, etc. 

{Toddle, nod'dl, n. The head, — used jocosely or con- 
temptuously. 

Cfode, nod, M. A knot; knob; protuberance; a swell- 
ing, as of a bone, tendon, etc. {Astron.) 
One of the points where 2 great celes- 
itial circles intersect each other, or the 
orbit of a satellite intersects that of its 
3)rimasy. (Bot.) The joint of a stem. 
<i,Gfeo>3i-) The oval figure, or knot, 
-formed by the folding of a curve upon itself. — 
ifod'al, a. Pert, to, or like, etc.— Nodose', no-dos'', 
«a. Having knots or swelling joints ; knotted. — 
Uod'ale, nSd'uI, n. A rounded mass of irregular 
shape; a little knot or lump. 

STog, nog, n. A little pot; noggin; a kind of strong ale; 
a wooden pin or treenail; a timber brick. — Nog'gin, 
n. A«maU mug or wooden cup ; a measure = 1 gill. 

— Kog^gmg, n. A partition ol scantlings filled with 
bricks. 

BToise, noiz, m. Sound of anj- kind: esp., over-loud, 
empty, confused, or senseless sound; loud or contin- 
uous talk; discussion; stir; outcry; clamor: din; up- 
roar. —c.t. [noised (noizd), NOISING.] To sound 
floud. — V. t. To spread by rumor or report; to disturb 
with noise. — Nois'y, -I, a. [-ier, -iest.] Making 
a ntase, elamor, etc. 

Cfoisome, noi''sum, a. Injurious to health ; unwhole- 
some ; uiisalubrious ; destructive ; oifensive to the 
■smell or other senses ; disgusting ; fetid ; noxious. 

CTolte ^leseqni, noKle-pros'e-kwi. {Law.) A phrase 
denoting that a plaintiff discontinues his suit, or the 
attonsiey for the public a prosecution. 

2Toma;d, -ade. nom'ad, n. One of a tribe that has no 
fixed location, but wanders from place to place in 
!search-ef game or pasture. — Nome, nom, n. A prov- 
ince <3r political division, esp. of modern Greece or 
of anei«nt Egypt. — Nom''archy, nSm^ar-kl, ri. A 
iiorae; a province of modern Greece. — Nomad'^ic, a. 
Pert, to, or like, etc. ; wandering. 

INome. See under Nomad. 

Vominal, nom't-nal, a. Pert, to a name or term; ver- 
bal; existing in name only; not real or substantial. 

— Nom'^'inaliBm, -izm, n. The principles of nomi- 
nalists. — Nom^inalist, w. {MetapJi.) One of a sect 
of philosophers in the middle ages, who held that 
general conceptions, or universals, exist in name 
only. — Nom'inally, adv. By name, or in name 
only. — Nom''inate, -nat, v. t. To mention by name; 
itoname; to appoint; to propose by name, or offer 
the name of, as a candidate for office. — Nomina''- 
'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; power of 
nominating. — Nom'inative, -tiv, a. Naming; des- 
ignating, — said of a case of a noun. — n. {Gram.) 
The simple form (or case) of a noun which may be 
the subject of a verb. — Norn'mee'', -ne', n. One 
proposed for an office: one nominated for election 
to office. — No^mencla'tor, n. One who gives names 



to things. — No^menclafore, -kla'chur, n. A sys- 
tem of technical names in a particular branch of sci- 
ence; terminology. 

Nonage, Nonagenarian, Nonagon, etc. See under 
Nones. 

Nonage, non'aj, n. The time of life before a person 
becomes of age ; minority. — Non^-attend''ance, -ans 
n. Failure to attend. — Nonchalance, nawN-sha 
laNs', n. Indifference; carelessness; coolness. — 
Nonchalant, -laN', a. Indifferent; careless; cool. 

— Non-commis'sioned, -mish'und, a. Not having 
a commission. — Soa-commisxioned officer. An of 
ficer of a rank below lieutenant; a warrant officer 

— Non-commit'tal, n. A state of not being com 
mitted or pledged to any cour&e. ^ Non - compli'- 
ance, -ans, n. Neglect or failure oi compliance. — 
Non com'pos, N. c. men'tis. Lit., not of sound 
mind. — n. An idiot; lunatic. — Non-conduct'or. n. 
A substance which does not transmit or permit the 
passage of a substance, fluid, or force, as heat, elec- 
tricity, etc., or which transmits it with difficulty. 

— Non-conforin''ist, n. One who does not conform 
to an established church. — Non-conform'ity, -t-tl, 
n. Neglect of conformity; esp., in Eiig., refusal to 
unite with the established church in its worship. 

— Non con'stat. It is not clear, or does not ap- 
pear. — Non-contenf, n. {British House of Lords.) 
One who gives a negative vote. — Non'descript, 
-de-skript, a. Not hitherto described; novel; odd; 
abnormal; irregular. — n. A thins; not j'et de- 
scribed: something abnormal, or hardly classifiable. 

— Nonen^'tity, -tT-tT, w. Non-existence; negation of 
being; a thing not existing; a person of no account; 
a nobody. — Non-essen'tial, -shal, a. Not essential. 

— n. A thing which, etc. — Non est inven'tnB. 
Lit., he is not found. {Law.) The return of a 
sheriff on a writ, when the defendant is not found 
in his county. — Non-esisfence, n. Absence of ex- 
istence ; nonentity ; a thing that has no being. — 
Non - exisfent, a. Not having existence. — Non- 
obBerv''ance, ?i. Neglect or failure to observe or 
fulfill. — Nonpareil'', -pa-reK, n. Something of un- 
equaled excellence; a sort of apple; a small sugar- 
plum; a kind of narrow ribbon; a brilliantly col- 
ored singing bird, of the finch family; a printing 
type, in size between ruby and emerald. 

^^^ This line is printed in nonpareil type. 

— a. TTaving no equal; peerless. — Non^'plus, w. In- 
superable difficulty ; state of embarrassment ; in- 
ability to saj', do, or decide ; puzzle. — v. t. [non- 
plused (-plust), -PLUSINO.] To puzzle, confound, 
put to a stand. — Non pros. {Law.) A judgment 
entered against the plaintiff in a suit where he 
does not appear to prosecute. ^ Non''-pros, r. t. 
[-PROSSED (-prost), -PROSSING.] To fail to prosecute. 

— Non-res''idence, n. Failure or neglect of residing 
at the place where one is stationed. — .Non-res''ident, 
a. Not residing in a particular place, on (jiie's own 
estate, or in one's proper place. — n. One wh<i does 
not reside in, or is not a resident of, a particular 
place, — applied esp., in Eng.. to clergymen who live 
away from their cures; absentee. — Non-resist''ance, 
n. l^he principles or practice of a non-resistant : 
passive obedience. — Non-resist''ant, o. Making no 
resistance to power, oppression, or violence. — n. 
One who maintains that no resistance should be 
made to constituted authority, even when unjustly 
or oppressively exercised; one who holds that wrong 
or violence should not be resisted by force. — Non'- 
sense, n. That which is not intelligible, is not sense, 
or has no meaning; trifles; things of no importance. 

— Nonsens'^ical, a. Unmeaning; absurd; foolish.— 
Non seq'uitur, -sek'wl-ter. Lit., it does not fol- 
low. {Logic.) An inference which does not follow 
from the premises. — Non'' suit, -sUt, n. {Law.) A 
judgment against a plaintiff who is unable to prove 
or does not follow up his case. — v. t. To adjudge or 
record (a plaintiff) as having dropped his suit, upon 
his withdrawal or failure to follow it up. 

Nonce, nons, n. The present occasion or purpose — 

in the phrase/o/- tlie nonce. 
None. See under No. 
Nones, nonz, n.pZ. {Roman Calendar.) The 7th day 

of March, May, July, and October, and the 5th of 



am, fame, far, oass or opera, fare j end. eve, term : tn. Tcf : 6Jd, tone, 6r ; 



NON-ESSENTIAL 



267 



NOTHING 



other months, — being the 9th day before the ides. 
(Rom. Cath. Ch.) A season of prayer, orig. observed 
at the 9th hour = 3 p. m., afterwards changed tq^mid- 
day, whence noon, q. v. — Non''age, nOn'aj, n. 
(Eccl.) A payment formerly made to the clergy of 
the l-9th part of the movable goods of persons 
dying in their parishes. —Non'agena'rian, -je-na'- 
rl-an, 7i. One who is 90 years old. — Non'^agon, k. 
{Math.) A polygon having 9 sides and 9 angles. — 
Nonill'ion, -yun, n. By the common, or trench, 
notation, a thousand octillions, or 1 with .30 ciphers 
annexed ; by £ng. notation, a million octillions, or 
1 with 54 cipners annexed. — Nov'enary, -e-na-rT, a. 
Pert, to the number 9. — Noven'nial, -n r-al, a. Done 
every 9th year. — Novem''ber, n. The 11th month of 
the year, — the 9th of the Koman year. 

Non-essential, Nonpareil, Nonsuit, etc. See under 
Nonage^ 

Noodle, noo'dl, n. A simpleton ; blockhead. 

Noodle, noo'dl, n. A thin strip of dough, made with 
eggs, rolled, cut in small pieces, and used in soup. 

Nook, nd&k or nook, n. A corner; recess; secluded re- 
treat. 

Koon, noon, 7i. The middle of the day; midday; 12 
o'clock; the time of greatest brilliancy ; culminating 
point. — a. Pert, to midday; meridional. 

Noose, nooz or noos, n. A running knot, which binds 
the_closer the more it is drawn. — v. t. [noosed 
(noozt or noost), noosing.] To tie or catch in a 
noose, insnare. 

Hor, n6r, conj. A negative connective or particle, in- 
troducing the 2d member or clause of a negative 
proposition, following neither, or itot, in the first ; 
neither : and not. 

Noria no'rT-a, n. A Persian wheel, — a water wheel 
used in Spain, etc., for irrigating 
land, which is turned by the ac- 
tion of a stream against its floats, 
and raises water in pendent buck- 
ets to a trough at top. 

Norm, n6rm, n. A rule or authorita- 
tive standard ; model ; type. — 
Nor^'mal, a. According to an es- 
tablished norm, rule, or princi- 
ple; conformed to a type or reg- 
ular form; ordinary; analogical. 

— n. A perpendicular. {Geom.) 
A straight line perpendicular to 
the tangent of a curve at any 
point, and included between the 
curve and the axis of the abscis- 
sas. — Normal school. A school whose methods of 
instruction are to serve as a model for imitation; 
an institution for the education of teachers. 

Norman.^Norroy, Norse. See under North. 

North, north, n. The direction opposite to the south. 

— a. Lying toward, or situated at the N. — v. i. 
To turn or move toward the N. — North-east', n. 
The point between the N. and E., at an equal dis- 
tance from each. — a. Pert, to, or proceeding from 
ttie X. E. — North-easferly, a. Toward, or coming 
from, etc. — North-east'em, a. Pert. to. being in, 
or in a direction to, the N. E. — North-north-east, 
North-west, etc. See Compass. —North'' er, ndrth'- 
er, n. A wind or gale, from the N. — North^'erly, 
-er-lT, a. Being toward the N.; northern; from the 
N. — arlv. Toward the N.; in a northern direction; 
proceeding from a northern point. — Nor'therliness, 
n. — North'^em, a. Being in, near to, or in a direc- 
tion toward, the N. — North'emer, n. A native or 
resident in the N. — North^ernmost, a. Situated at 
the point furthest N. — North'^ing, w. {Stirv. & Nav.) 
Distance northward from any point of departure, 
measured on a meridian. (Asiron.) The distance 
of any heavenly body from the equator northward. 

— North'' most, a. Northernmost. — North'' ward, a. 
Being toward the N., or nearer to it than the E. and 
W. points. — North'' ward, -wards, adr. Toward the 
N., or toward a point nearer to the N. than the E. 
and W. points. — North'' wardly, a. Having a north- 
ern direction. — adv. In a northern direction. — 
Nortli''man, n. ; pi. -men. One of the inhabitants of 
the N. of Europe ; the ancient Scandinavians. — 
Nor^'man, n. A native or inhabitant of Normandy. 

— a. Pertaining to Normandy, or to the Normans. 




Noria. 



— Norwe''gian, -we'jan, a. Of, or pert, to, Norway. 

— n. A native or inhabitant of, etc.— Norse, a. Of, 
or pert, to, ancient Scandinavia. — n. The language 
of, etc. — Norse'man, n. ; pi. -men. An inhabitant 
of ancient Scandinavia ; a Northman. — Nor'roy, n. 
(.Her.) The .3d of the 3 Eng. kings at arms, or provin- 
cial heralds: his jurisdiction is N. of the Trent. 

Nose, noz, n. The prominent part of the face, which is 
the organ of smell; power of smelling; scent: a pro- 
jecting end or vent; a snout; nozzle. — v.t. [nosed 
(nozd), nosing.] To smell, scent; hence, to track; to 
oppose to the face, affront. — r. i. To smell; to carry 
the nose high, strut ; to pry officious] v into what 
does not concern one. — Nos''tril, n5s''tril, n. One 
of the 2 channels through the nose which give pas- 
sage to the air we breathe, and to the secretions of 
the nose. — Noz''zle, -zl, n. The nose; snout; pro- 
jecting vent of anything.- Nuz''zle, v. i. [-zled 
C-zld), -ZLING.] To work with the nose, like swine 
in the mud; to go with the nose thrust out and 
down, like swine; to hide the head, as a child in 
the mother's bosom; to nestle.— r. t. To nestle; to 
house, as in a nest. 

Nostalgia, nos-taKjl-a, 7i. Melancholy resulting from 
absence from one's home ; homesickness. 

Nostrum, nos-'trum, >i. A quack or patent medicine. 

Not, not, adv. A word that expresses negation, denial, 
or refusal. 

Notable, Notary, etc. See under Note. 

Notch, noch, 71. A nick ; indentation ; a hollow cut 
in anything ; a deep, close pass or defile. — v. t. 
[notched (nocht), NOTCHING.] To cut in small 
hollows ; to place in a notch. 

Note, not, w. A mark or token; visible sign; symbol; 
a sign to call attention, to point out something to 
notice, etc. ; a memorandum ; minute ; a brief re- 
mark; annotation; comment, esp. at the side or foot 
of a page; a .short letter; billet; a diplomatic paper; 
a paper acknowk dging a debt, and promising pay- 
ment; observation; notice; reputation; distinction. 
2)1. A writing to be spoken from, being a sj'nopsia 
or full text of what is to be said. (Mus.) A character 
to indicate the length of a tone; a musical sound; a 
tone. — V. t. To notice with cave; observe, remark, 
heed; to record in writing; to denote, stand for, des. 
ignate. — Not''able, a. Noticeable; evident; worthy 
of notice; remarkable; noted or distinguished. — n. 
A person, or thing, of note or distinction. — Not'- 
abil-'ity, n. Quality of being notable ; a remark- 
able person or thing. — No''tary, -ta-rT, n. A pub- 
lic officer who attests deeds and other writings, cer- 
tifies copies of documents, receives affidavits, pro- 
tests bills of exchange, etc., — generally called a 
notary j)uhlic. — Nota''tion, 7i. Act, practice, or 
method, of recording anything by marks, figures, 
or characters; esp., in arithmetic and algebra, the 
expressing of numbers and quantities by figures 
or signs ; the sj'stem of signs and characters so em- 
ploj'ed. — No''tice, -tis, n. Act of noting, remark- 
ing, or observing; cognizance; intelligence; knowl- 
edge given or received ; intimation ; warning ; a 
writing containing formal, customary information; 
a critical review or remarks; respectful treatment; 
attention; heed; advice; news. — v. t. [noticed 
(-tist), NOTICING.] To take note of, pay attention 
to; to take public note of, remark upon, make 
observations on ; to treat with attention and civil- 
ities. -^ No''ticeable, a. Capable of being observed; 
worthy of observation ; likely to attract observa- 
tion. — No''tifica''tion, n. Act of notifying, giving 
notice, or making known; notice given in words, 
writing, or signs; the writing which communicates 
information; an advertisement, citation, etc. — No'^- 
tify, V. t. [-riEu (-fid), -fying.] To make known, 
declare, publish; to give notice to. — No'tion, n. 
Mental apprehension of whatever may be known or 
imagined ; idea ; conception ; judgment ; opinion ; 
belief; a small article; trifling thing, — chiefly in pi. 

— No'tional, a. Consisting of, or conveying, no- 
tions or ideas; existing in idea only; visionary; 
imaginary- given to foolish or visionary expecta- 
tions ; whimsical ; fanciful. — Noto''rions, -rl-us, a. 
Generally known and talked of by the public; usu- 
ally, known to disadvantage ; conspicuous. 

Nothing, etc. See under No. 



sibi, cube, full ; moon, f(56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



NOTWITHSTANDING 



268 



NUPTIAL 



Notwithstanding, not-with-stancKing;, prep. Without 
opposition, prevention, orobstruction from; in spite 
of; despite. — adv. or coi\j. This not obstructing or 
preventing ; nevertheless ; however. 

Nought, nawt, n. Same as Naught. 

Noon, nown, ft. (Gram.) A word used as the desig- 
nation of a creature or thing, etc.; a name; a sub- 
stantive. - 

Nourish, •ner-'ish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] To 
feed and cause to grow; to furnish with nutriment; 
to supply the means of support and increase to; to 
encourage; to comfort; to educate, instruct; to nur- 
ture, cherish, feed, provide, supply. — v. i. To pro- 
mote growth. — Nour'ishment, n. Act of, or state 
of being, etc.; nutrition; that which nourishes, re- 
pairs waste, or promotes growth; food; sustenance. 

— Nurse, ners, n. One who takes care of a child or 
the sick; esp., one who suckles an infant not her 
own; one who, or that which, brings up, rears, 
causes to grow, trains, etc. — v. t. [nuksed (nerst), 
NURSING.] To nourish, cherish, foster; to nourish 
at the breast, suckle ; to tend (a sick person) ; to 
bring up, raise, by care, from a weak or invalid 
condition. — Nure'ery, -er-t, n. Act of nursing; 
the apartment, in a liouse, appropriated to the care 
of children ; a plantation of young trees ; place 
where anything is fostered and growth promoted; 
that wliich forms and educates. — NurE'eryman', 
n.; pi. -MEN. One who has charge of a nursery. 

— Nurs''ling, n. One who, or that which, is nursed; 
an infant. — Nurt''ure, ner''chur, w. Act of nour- 
ishing or nursing; education; training; discipline; 
instruction; that which nourishes; food; diet. — v. 
t. [nurtured (-churd), -tukixg.] To feed ; to 
bring or train up; to nourish, cherish, tend. — Nu'- 
triment, -trT-ment, n. That which nourishes; food; 
aliment; that which promotes enlargement or im- 
provement. — Nu'trient, -trt-ent, ti. A substance 
which, etc. — Nutri'tion, -trish'^un, >i. Act or pro- 
cess of promoting the growth or repairing the waste 
of animal or vegetable life; nutriment. — Nutri'- 
tious, -trish''us, a. Nourishing. — Nu''tritive, -trl- 
tiv, a. Nutrimental. 

Novel, nov'el, a. Of recent origin or introduction; of a 
kind not before known; unusual; strange; new. — n. 
A fictitious narrative, intended to exhibit the opera- 
tion of the passions, esp. of love. (.Law.) A new or 
supplemental constitution. — Nov'elette'^, -ef, n. A 
small novel. — Nov'elist, n. A writer of novels. — 
Nov'elty, -el-tT, n. Quality of being novel ; new- 
ness; a new or strange thing. — Nov'ice, -is, n. One 
new in any business ; a beginner ; one newly re- 
ceived into the church. {Eccl.) One who has en- 
tered a convent, nunnery, etc^ but has not taken 
the vow. — Novi'tiate, -visli'I-at, n. State or condi- 
tion of being, etc.; time of probation in a religious 
house before taking the vows; a probationer, nov- 
ice; place where novices live or are trained. 

November, Novenary, Novennial, etc. See under 
Nones. 

Novice, Novitiate. See under Novel. 

Now, now, adv. At the present time; at this moment; 
in present circumstances ; things being as they are. 

Noway, Nowhere, Nowise. See under No. 

Noxious, nok'^shus, a. Productive of injury or evil 
consequences; corrupting to morals; noisome; per- 
nicious; baneful; unwholesome; hurtful. 

Nozzle. See under Nose. 

Nubia,, nu'bT-a, n. A network of wool worn as a head- 
dress by ladies; a cloud. 

Nucleus, nu-'kle-us, n. ; E. pi. -cleuses, L. pi. -clei. 
A kernel ; a central mass or point about which 
matter is gathered, — both literally and figuratively. 
(Astr_o)i.) The body or head of a comet.— Nu'cleate, 
-kle-atj V. t. To gather, as about a nucleus. 

Nude, nud, a. Bare; naked; uncovered. {Law.) With- 
out consideration. — Nu'dity, -dT-tt, n. Quality or 
condition of being nude; nakedness; that which is 
naked; undraped or unclothed portion. 

Nudge, nuj, v. t. [nudged (nujd), nudging.] To 
touch gently, as with the elbow, in order to call at- 
tention or convey intimation. — n. A significant 
push. 

Nugatory, nu'ga-to-rY, a. Trifling; vain; futile; in- 
significant ; inoperative ; ineffectual. 



Nugget, nug'get, n. A lump; mass, esp. of a precious 
metal. 

Nuisance, nu''sans, n. That which annoys or gives 
trouble and vexation. {Laiv.) Something that pro- 
duces inconvenience and damage. 

NuU, nul, a. Of no legal or binding force or validity; 
invalid; void; nugatory; of no significance. — Nul- 
lifica'tion, n. Act of nullifying'; a rendering void 
and of no effect, or of no legal effect; esp. a refusal, 
by a State, to permit the enforcement within its bor- 
ders of a CJ. S. law. — NuKlify, -\l-f\,v.t. [-fied 
(-fid), -FYING.] To make void, render invalid, de- 
prive of legal force or eflficacy, r.bolish, abrogate, re- 
voke, annul, repeal. — NuKlity, -ll-tl, n. Condition 
or quality of being null or void; nothingness; any- 
thing void or of no etficacy. 

Numb, num, a. Enfeebled in, or destitute of, the 
power of sensation and motion: torpid; isaralyzed; 
chill; motionless. — v.t. [numbed (numd), numb- 
ing.] To make torpid, deprive of the power of sen- 
sation or motion, benumb. 

Number, num-'ber, n. A single unit, considered as 
part of a series, or 2 or more of such units; a collec- 
tion of many individuals; a multitude; numerous- 
ness; quantity regarded as made up by an aggregate 
of separate things; that which is regulated by count, 
as divisions of time or number of syllables ; poetry, 
verse. (Gram.) The distinction of objects, as one, 
or more than one, expressed by a difference of the 
form of a word, — singular or plural. {Math.) Nu- 
merical value. See Phrenology.— I!, f. [numbered 
(-berd), -Bering.] To reckon, ascertain the units of; 
to give or assign the number of; to reckon as one ol 
a collection or multitude, enumerate, calculate, tell; 
to amount to, consist of. — Num^bers, n. The 4th 
book of the Pentateuch — containing the enumera- 
tion of the Hebrews. — Num'^berless, a. Not admit- 
ting of being counted; innumerable. — Nu''merable, 
-mer-a-bl, a. — Nu'meral, a. Pert, to, or consisting 
of, number; expressing or representing number. — 
11. A figure or character used to express a number. 
( Gram.) A word expressing number.— Nu'merate, 
V. t. (Arith.) To divide off and read according to the 
rules of numeration. — Numera'^tion, ?«. Act or art 
t)f numbering. {Arith.) Act or art of reading or 
writing numoers, esp. as expressed by the Arabic 
method. [Two systems of numeration are now in 
use, the English and the French: in the Eng. the 
billion is a million of millions, a trillion a million of 
billions, and each denomination is a million times 
the one preceding; in the F. (which is used in the 
U. S.), the billion is a thousand millions, and each 
denomination is a thousand times the preceding.] 
— Nu'^mera'tor, n. One who numbers {Arith.) The 
term in a fraction which indicates the number of 
fractional units that are taken ; in a vulgar fraction 
the number above the line; in decimal fractions, the 
number next following the decimal point, the de- 
nominator not being written: see Fraction. — Nu- 
mer^ic, -leal, -mPr''ik-al, a. Belonging to, or de- 
noting, number; expressed by numbers; the same in 
numlDer; hence, identical. — Nu'merous, -mer-us, a. 
Being many; consisting of a great number of indi- 
viduals; consisting of poetic numbers; rhythmical; 
musical. 

Numismatic, nu-miz-mat'ik, -leal, a. Pert, to coins 
or medals. — Numismatics, n. Science of coins and 
medals. — Nnrais'matol''ogy, -toKo-jT, n. Science of 
coins and medals, in tliei.- relation to history ; nu- 
mismatics. — Num'mary, -ma-iT, -mular, -mulary, 
-mu-la-rT, a. Pert, to coin or money: pecuniary. 

Nun, nun, n. A woman devoted to a religious life, 
who lives in a cloister or nunnerv under a vow of 
perpetual chastity and seclusion from the world; a 
kind of small pigeon. — Nun'nery, -ner-I, n. A clois- 
ter or house in which nuns reside. 

Nuncio, nun''shT-o, n. A messenger; an embassador 
from the pope to an_empero'- or king. 

Nuncupate, nun''ku-pat, ?•. t. To dedicate by declara- 
tion; to inscribe; to declare orally (a will, etc.) — 
Nuncupative, nun-ku'- or nuiT'ku-pa'tiv, -tory, -to- 
rT, a. Publicly or .solemnly declaratory; nominal; 
existing only in name; oral; not written. 

Nunnery. See under Nun. 

Nuptial, nup'^shal, a. Pert, to marriage ; done at a 



am, lame, far, pass or opera, fSre ; 6nd, eve. tSrm ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



NURSE 



269 



OBLIGATE 



wedding ; constituting marriage. — n. Marriage ; 
wedding, — now always in pi. 

Nurse, Nursery, Nurture, etc. See under Nourish. 

Nut, nut, n. Iruit consisting of a hard shell inclosing 
a kernel; a small block containing a fe- 
male screw, used for retaining or tight- 
ening a bolt, etc.: see Bolt. — v. i. To 
gather nuts. — Nut'meg, n. The kernel 
of the fruit of a tree, a native of the 
Molucca islands, but cultivated in the 
E. Indies: it is aromatic, and is used in cookery. 

Nutria, nu-'trt-a, n. (Com.) The fur of the coypu, a 
rodent quadruped resembling the beaver, found in 
Brazil, etc. 

Nutrient, Nutriment. Nutrition, etc. See under Nour- 
ish. 

Nux vomica, nuks-vom^'I-ka, n. A deadly poison, used 
in medicine, from which strichnine is made; the seed 
of a tree of the E. Indies, yielding strychnine and 
nvx vomica. 




Nuzzle. See under Nose. 

Nylghau, nil'gaw, v. A large, short- 
horned antelope, found in N.India: 
the males are of a slat^' blue. 

Nymph, nimf, 7). (Myth.) A goddess of 
the mountains, for- 
ests, meadows, or wa- 
ters. A lovely young 
girl ; a m a id'e n. — 
Nymph, Nymph^a, -a, 
n. An insect in the 
pupa state; a chrys- 
alis.— Nymph ''al , 
Nymphe'an, a. Pert. 
to, app r o p r J a t e to, 
or inhabited by, 
nymphs. — Nymph'- 
oma^nia, -ma-'nl-a, n. 
Morbid and uncon- 
trollable sexual desire in women 




Nylghau. 



o. 



0, o, the 15th letter in the Eng. alphabet, has several 

different sounds, as heard m odd, tone, or, other, 

do, wolf, actor; when doubled, it has the 2 squnds 

heard in moon^v.<}ifoot; see key -line at foot of pages. 
0, interj. An exclamation used in calling or directly 

addressing a person or personified object, also as ex- : 

pressive of pain, grief, surprise, desire, etc. 
Oaf, of, n. A changeling; a foolish child left by fair- j 

ies in the place of another; a dolt; blockhead. 
Oak, ok, n. A valuable tree of many species; its wood. 
Oakum, ok'^um, n. Old ropes untwisted and pulled 

into loose hemp, used for calking seams of ships, 

stopping leaks, etc. 
dar, or, n. An instrument for rowing boats. — t- . i. & 

t. [oared (ord), OAUi.NG.] To row. 
Oasis, o'a- or o-a'sis, n. ; pi. -ses, -sez. A fertile 

place in a sandv or barren desert. 
Oat, ot, n. ; chiefiy in pi. A grassy plant, and its seed. 

— Oat'' en, -n, a. Consisting of 

oat straw ; made of oat-meal. — 

Oaf-cake, n. A cake made of 

the meal of oats. — -meal, n. 

Meal made of oats. 
Oath, oth, n. A solemn affirma- 
tion, with an appeal to God for 

its truth; a blasphemous use of 

the name of the divine Being, 

or anything divin_e or sacred. 
Obdurate, ob''du-rat, a. Ren- 
dered hard : harsh ; rugged ; 

rough; hardened in feelings, 

esp. against moral influences; 

stubbornly and unfeelingly 

wicked; firm: unbending: unyielding; impenitent; 

callous. — Ob'durateness, -racy, -ra-sT, n. Inflexible 

persistence in sin; stubbornness. 
Obedience, Obeisance, etc. See under Obey. 
Obelisk, ob'e-lisk, n. A 4-sided pillar, tapering as it 

rises, and cut off at the top in 

the form of a flat pyramid, 

(Print.) A mark [tnus, fji 

called also a dagger, used as 

a reference to notes at the 

bottom of a page, as a note of 

censure, or to indicate that 

an expre_ssion is obsolete. 
Obese, o-bes', a. Excessively 

corpuleilt; fat; fleshy. _ 

Obey, o-ba'', v. t. [obeyed ^ 

(-bad^, -BBYING.] To yield ^ 

submission to, comply with 

the orders of, submit to the 

government of ; to yield to 

the impulse, power, or opera- 
tion of. — Obe'diont. -he'' -IT- Obelisk 




Oats. 




ent, a. Subject in will or act to authority; wilUng 
to obev; dutiful ; respectful; subservient; submis- 
sive ; obsequious. — 0be''dienc6, -ens, n. State of be- 
ing, etc. — Obei''sance, -ba'sans, n. A token of obe- 
dience or respect; a bow; courtesy. — Obei''sant, a. 
Showing willingness to obey; reverent; submissive. 

Obfuscate, ob-fus'kat, v. t. To darken; obscure, be- 
wilder, confuse. 

Obit, o''bit or ob'it, ??. Death ; decease ; funeral so- 
lemnities; anniversary of a person's death; an anni- 
versary service for the soul of the deceased on the 
day of his death. — Obifuary, -u-a-rl, a. Relating 
to the decease of a person. — n. A biographical no- 
tice of one lately deceased. 

ObjeCb, ob-'jekt, n. That with which the mind is oc- 
cupied in the act of knowing; any visible or tangible 
thing; that which is sought or labored for or amied 
at; end; aim; motive; final cause. (Gram.) That 
toward which an activity is considered to be direct-ed. 
— Object ', V. t. To set before, bring into opposition; 
to ijresent or offer in opposition, as a criminal 
charge, or as a reason adverse to something supposed 
to be wrong. — r. i. To make opposition in words or 
argument. — Objec'tion, w. Act of objecting; that 
presented in opposition ; adverse reason or argu- 
ment; exception; doubt; scruple. — Objec'tionable, 
a. Justly liable to objections. — Objecfive, -iv, n. 
Pert, to an object. (3Tetap7i.) Pert, to, contained 
in, or being in the nature or position of, the object ; 
outward; external; extrinsic, — opp to subjective. 
(Gram.) Pert, to, or designating, the case which 
follows a transitive verb or a preposition. — v. 
(Gram.) The objective case. The object-glass of a 
microscope. (Mil.) The obiective point. — Objective 
point. (Mil.) A point to which the operations of an 
army are directed. 

A binding by oath. 

reprove ; repre- 
hend. — Objur'gatory, -ga-to-rt, a. Designed t( 

- chide; culpatory. 

Oblate, ob-laf, a. (Geom.) Flattened or depressed 
at the poles. — Obla'tion, n. Anything offered in 
worship or sacred service; an offering; sacrifice. 

Obligate, ob^lt-gat, v. t. To bring under obligation ; 
to bind (one's self) to any act of duty, etc., by a 
pledge. — ObUga'tion, n. Act of obligating or bind- 
ing; that which obligates; the biflding power of a 
promise, oath, or contract, or of law, civil, political, 
or moral, independent of a promise ; any act by 
which a person becomes bound to do something to 
or for another, or to forbear something; state of be- 
ing indebted for an act of favor or kindness. (Law.) 
A bond with a condition annexed. — Ob'^ligatory, 
-It-gi-to-rt, (7,. Binding in law or conscience; impos- 
ing duty.— Oblige'', o-olij'', v. t. [obliged (-blljd'), 



t-*-i iiij iixy^ \Aii »-v.'i;i-v4.. 

Objuration, ob-ju-ra''shun, n. A bindi 
Objurgate, ob''j'er-gat, v. t. To chide ; 



sttn, cube, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or igk, tiien. boxbox, cliair, get. 



OBLIQUE 



270 



OCCUPY 



OBLIGING.] To constrain by physical, moral, or le- 
gal force; to bind by some favor rendered; to do a 
favor to, gratify, accommodate. — Obli''ging, a. 
Having the disposition to oblige or do favors; com- 
plaisant; courteous; kind. 

Oblique, ob-iek' or ob-lik'', a. Not erect or perpendicu- 
lar; slanting; inclined ; not straight forward ; indi- 
rect ; underhand ; not direct in descent ; collateral. 
— V. i. [OBLIQUED Cob-lekt'' or ob-lTkt'') ; obliqu- 
ing.] To deviate from a perpendicular une. (J/iZ.) 
To move forward, either to the right or left, by 
stepping sidewise. — Oblique case. (Gram.) Any 
case except the nominative. — Obliq''uity, -lik'wI-tT, 
n. Condition of being oblique; deviation from a 
right line, or from rnoral rectitude; irregularity. 

Obliterate, ob-Iifer-at, v. t. To erase or blot out ; ef- 
face; to destroy by time or other means. 

Oblivion, ob-liv'T-un, n. Act of forgetting, or state 
of being forgotten ; forgetfulness ; an amnesty, or 
general pardon of crimes and offenses. — Obliv'ious, 
-T-us, a. Causing forgetfulness; forgetful. 

Oblong, ob'long, a. Having greater length than 
breadth. — n. A rectangular or other figure which 
is longer than it is broad. 

Obloquy, ob'lo-kwl, n. Censorious speech; reproach- 
ful language ; odium; censure ; contumely ; calum- 
ny; detraction. 

Obnoxious, ob-nok'shus, a. Liable to censure; repre- 
hensible ; blameworthy ; offensive ; hateful ; ex- 
posed; subject; answerable. 

Oboe, o^bo-e, n. A portable wind instrument of music 
sounded by means of a reed; a hautboy. 

Obovate, ob-o'vat, a. (Bot.) Inversely ovate; ovate 
with the narrow end downward. 

Obscene, ob-sen', a. Expressing or pre- 
senting to the mind or view some- 
thing which delicacy, purity, and de- 
cency forbid to be expressed or ex- 
posed ; immodest ; unchaste ; lewd ; 
foul; off ensive ; disgusting ; inauspi- 
cious; ill-omened. — Obscene'ness, 
Obscen'^ity, -sen'I-tt, n. Quality of be- 
ing, etc.; ribaldry; impurity; lewdness. 

Obscure, ob-sktir'', a. Covered over; 
shaded ; darkened ; imperfectly illu- 
minated; living in darkness; hidden; 
not much known or observed; remote 
from observation; humble, not easily understood; 
not clear, full, or distinct; dim; abstruse; difficult; 
mysterious; imperfect; defective. — v. t. [obscuked 
(-skurd''), -SCURING.] To render obscure, darken, 
make less intelligible, legible, visible, glorious, beau- 
tiful, or illustrious. — Obscura''tion, n. Act of, or 
state of being, etc. 

Obsequy, ob'se-kwT, n. ; pi. -quies. -kwiz. A funeral 
solemnity,— chiefly in pi. — Obse'quious, -kwT-us, a. 
Servilely or meanly condescending; compliant to 
excess. 

Observe, ob-zerv'', v. t. [-served f-zervd''), -serv- 
ing.] To pay attention to, notice with care, regard 
with religious care, celebrate ; to utter as a remark, 
say in a casual way ; to comply with, obey. — v. i. 
To take notice, attend, comment. — Observ'ance, 
-ans, n. Act of observing or noticing with atten- 
tion ; tokens or marks of fidelity : that which is to 
be observed or attended to \ rule of practice ; }3er- 
formance of religious ceremonies, or formal service. 
— Observ'ant, a. Taking notice; attentively view- 
ing or noticing ; adhering in practice ; carefully at- 
tentive; mindiiil; obedient; submissive. — Observa''- 
tion, n. Act or power of taking notice; act of seeing, 
or of fixing the mind upon, anything; that which is 
noticed; a remark; performance of what is pre- 
scribed; act of recognizing and noting some fact or 
occurrence in nature. — ObserV'^atory, -to-rT, n. A 
place from which a view may be obtained; esp. a 
place for making observations on the heavenly brd- 
les; a building fitted with instruments for making 
systematic observations of any particular class of 
natural i henomena. 
Obsolete, ob'so-let, a. No longer used; antiquated. 
{Nat. Hist.) Not very distinct; obscure. — Obsoles'- 
ccnt, -les'sent, a. Going out of use; passing into 
desuetude. — Obsoles^cence, -sens, n. State of be- 
coming obsolete. 




Obovate Leaf. 



Obstacle, ob'sta-kl, n. Anything that hinders prog- 
ress; obstruction; impediment; difficulty. 

Obstetric, ob-stefrik, -rical, a. Pert, to midwifery, 
or the delivery of women in childbed. — Obstefrics, 
11. Science of midwifery. 

Obstinate, ob'stl-nat, a. Pertinaciously adhering to 
an opinion or purpose ; not easily subdued or re- 
moved; stubborn ; inflexible; firm; resolute ; c pin- 
ionated; refractory; perverse. — 0'b''8tinacy, -n: -st, 
n. Unyielding fixedness in opinion or resolutioiH 
pertinacity; persistency; contumacy. 

Obstreperous, ob-strep^er-us, a. Attended by, or mak- 
ing a tumultuous noise; loud; clamorous. 

Obstruct, ob-strukt'', v. t. To block up, stop up or 
close (a way or passage); to hinder from passing; to 
render slow ; to bar, stop, check, clog, choke, im- 
pede, oppose. — Obstruc'tion, n. Act of, state of be- 
ing, or that which, etc.— Obstrucfive, -iv, a. Tend- 
ing _to obstruct; causing impediment. — Ob'struent, 
-stroo-ent, a. Blocking up; hindering.— 71. Anything 
that obstructs or closes a passage, esp. one of the 
natural passages in the body. 

Obtain, ob-tan'', w. ?. [-tained (-tand''),-TAiNiNG.] To 
get hold of by effort, gain possession of, acquire ; 
to attain, procure, win, earn. — v. i. To have a firm 
footing; to become prevalent or general. 

Obtest, ob-test', v. t. To call to witness ; to beseech, 
supplicate. _ 

Obtrude, ob-trood', v. t. To thrust in or upon ; to 
offer with unreasonable importunity; to intrude. — 
V. I. To enter without right; to make an officious or 
importunate offer. — Obtru'sion, -zhun, n. Act of, 
etc. — Obtru'sive, -siv, a. Disposed to obtrude; in- 
clined to thrust one's self among others. 

Obtund, ob-tund'', v. t. To dull, blunt, deaden. — Ob- 
tuse', -tus', a. Not pointed or acute, applied to an- 
gles greater than a right angle ; not having acute 
sensibility; dull; not sharp or shrill; ^ d 
obscure. — Obtuse '-an'gled, a. Hav- 
ing an obtuse angle: see Triangle. — 

Obtuse-'ness, h. — Obtu'^sion, -zhun, n. . 

Act of making obtuse or blunt; state H ^ 

of being dulled or blunted. ABC, obtusf. 

Obverse, ob-vers', a. (.Boi.) Having the angle; i>BC, 
base narrower than the top, as a leaf, right angle. 
— n. The face of a coin having the principal image 
or inscription upon it. — Obvert', v. t. To turn tow- 
ard or downward. 

Obviate, ob'vT-at, v. t. To meet in the way ; to pre- 
vent by interception ; to clear the way of, remove. 
— Ob''vious, -vT-us, a. Open ; exposed; liable: sub- 
ject ; easily discovered, seen, or understood : plain; 
clear; apparent. 

Occasion, ok-ka'zhun, n. A falling, happening, or 
coming to pass : an occurrence, casualty, incident ; 
a favorable opportunity ; accidental cause ; oppor- 
tunity to use; incidental need; requirement. — w. f. 
[occasioned (-zhund), -signing.] To give occa- 
sion to, cause incidentally. — Occa''sional, a. Pert, 
to or occurring at times, liiut not regular or system- 
atic; casual; incidental; produced by accident; made 
on some special event. — Oc'cident, -st-dent, n. The 
western quarter of the hemisphere; the west.— Oc- 
cidenfal, a. Situated in, or pert, to, the wetst; west- 
ern; setting after the sun. 

Occiput, ok'sT-put, Ji. (Annt.) The part of the skull 
which forms the hind part of the head.— opp. to 
sinciput. — Occip'ital, -sip'1-tal, a. Pert, to the oc- 
ciput. 

Occlusion, ok-klu''zhun, n. Act of shutting up: state 
of being shut up ; transient approximation of the 
edces of a natural opening; also, imperf oration. 
Occult, ok-kulf, a. Hidden from the eye or under- 
standing ; invisible; secret; unknown. — Occulta '- 
tion, n. Act of rendering, or state of being, cccult. 
(Astron.) The hiding of a heavenly bodylrom sight 
by the intervention of some other heavenly body. — 
Occult 'ness, n. 
Occupy, ok'ku-pi, v. t. [-pied (-pid), -pving.] To 
take or hold in possession, possess ; to hold, or fill, 
the dimensions of; to cover ; to employ, use; to eni- 
plnv, busy, — used reflexively ; to follow as a busi- 
ness. — r.'j. To hold possession, be an occupant, 
follow business, negotiate.— Oc'cupant, n. One wh6 
occupies; one who lias the actual use or possession, 



am, fame, far, passjw- opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r; 



OCCUR 



271 



OFFICE 




Octahedron. 



or is in possession, of a thing. — Oc'cnpancy, -pan-sT, 
n. Act of taking or holding possession. — Occupa''- 
tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; that which 
occupies the time and attention; the principal busi- 
ness of one's life; possession: tenure; use; vocation; 
calling; office; trade; profession. 

Occur, ok-ker', v. i. [-curked (-kerd'), -curring.] 
'J'o be found here and there; to appear: to meet or 
come to the mind. — Occur''reiice, n. A coming or 
Inppening; anj' incident or single event. 

Ocean, o'shun, n. The water considered as one vast 
body surrounding the land, — the sea: one of the 
large bodies of water into which the great ocean is 
regarded as divided; an immense expanse. — Ocean''- 
ic, -she-an'ik, a. Pert, to, found, or formed in, the 
ocean. 

Ocelot, o'se-lot, n. (Zool.) A digitigrade carnivorous 
mammal of the cat kind, found in Mexico. 

Ocher, Ochre, o'ker, w. {Min.) A varietj' of fine clay 
containing iron: the common colors are j'ellow and 
red. 

Ocra. See Okra. 

Octagon, ok'ta-gon, K. (Geom.) A plane figure of 8 
bides and 8 angles. — Octag'^onal, a. Having 8 sides 
and 8 angles. — Octahe'dron, n. 
(Geom.) A solid contained by 8 
equal and equilateral triangles. — 
Octahe'^dral, a. Having S equal 
faces or sides. — Octan'gular, 
-tan'gu-ler, a. Having 8 angles. — 
Oc'tant, -tile, -til, n. (Geo/?i.).The 
]-Sth part of a circle. {Astron. & Astrol.) The posi- 
tion or aspect of a heavenly body, when half way 
between conjunction, or opposition, and quadrature, 
or distant from another body 45''. — Oc'tave, a. Con- 
sisting of 8. — n. The 8th day after a church festival, 
the festival itself being included; the week immedi- 
ately following a church festival. (3Ius.) The 8th 
tone in the scaJe; the scale itself. The first 8 lines of 
a sonnet; a small cask of wine, — the l-8th of a pipe. 

— Octa''vo,o. Formed of sheets folded so as to make 
8 leaves; of, or equal to, the size of one of such 
leaves. — n. A book composed of sheets folded so as 
to make 8 leaves; the size of a book thus composed. 

— Octen''nial, -nT-al, a. Happening every 8th year; 
lasting 8 years. — OctiU'ion, -tiKyun, n. By Eng. nu- 
meration, the number produced by involving a mil- 
lion to the 8th power, expressed by a unit with 48 
ciphers annexed; by the common or French method, 
a unit with 27 ciphers annexed. See Notatiox. — Oc- 
to'ber, n. The 10th month of the Julian year, con- 
taining .31 days.— Octodec'imo, -des't-mo, a. Formed 
of sheets folded so as to make 18 leaves; of, or equal 
to, the size of one of such leaves. — n. A book com- 
posed of sheets folded so as to make 18 leaves ; the 
size of a book thus composed. — Octogenary, ok-toj'- 
e-na-rt or ok'to-je-na-rt, a. Of 80 years of age. — 
Oc'togena-'rian, n. A person 80 years of age. — Oc'- 
topod, n. A rnoUusk or insect having 8 feet or legs. 

— Octo'ptis, n. A cuttlefish, having 8 arms attached 
to the head. — Octoroon'', -roon', w. The offspring 
of a quadroon and a white person. — Oc'tostyle, -stil, 
M. (Arch.) An edifice or portico adorned with 8 col- 
umns, or a range of 8 columns in front. — OctosyK- 
lable, -sil'la-bl, /r. A word of 8 syllables. — Oc'tosyl- 
lab'ic, -ical, a. Consisting of 8 syllables.— OCtuple, 
-pi, a. Eightfold. 

Ocular, ok'u-ler, a. Depending on, or perceived by, 
the eye. — Oc'ulist, n. One skilled in treating dis- 
eases of the eyes. 

Od, 6d or od, n. A force or natural power, supposed 
to produce the phenomena of mesmerism, and to be 
developed by various agencies. — Od'ic, 8d'- or od^- 
ik, a. Of or pert, to, etc. — O'dyle, -dil, n. Same as 
On. 

Odalisque, o'da-lisk', n. A female slave or concubine 
in the harem of the Turkish sultan. 

Odd, od, a. [odder, oddest.] Not paired with an- 
other; alone; left over, after a round number has 
been taken; remaining; having no great value; in- 
significant; not divisible by 2 without a remainder; 
not even; difEerent from what is usual or common; 
peculiar; unsuitable or inappropriate; quaint; queer; 
whimsical; droll; comical.— Odd''ity, -t-tl, n. State 
of being odd; singularity; queerness; that which is 



odd. — Odd'ly, -Vi, adv. In an odd or queer manner; 
unevenly; strangely. — Odd'ness, n. — Odds, odz, n. 
sing.&.pl. Difference in lavor of one and against 
another ; inequality ; advantage ; superiority ; in 
games, points given" by a stronger player to a weaker. 

— Odd'-fel'low, n. A member of a secret society, 
established for mutual aid and social enjoyment. 

Ode, od, n. A short, dignified poem or song, proper to 
be set to music or sung; a lyric poem. 

Odic. See Od. 

Odium, o''dI-um, ?i. Hatred; dislike; the quality that 
provokes hatred; oft'ensiveness. — O^'dious, -dl-us, a. 
Deserving hatred; causing disgust or hate; exposed 
to hatred; hated; abominaole; loathsome; repulsive; 
unpopular. 

Odontalgia, o-don-taKjT-a, n. {Med.) Pain in the 
teeth; toothache.— Odontol'ogy, -toKo-jt, ?i. (Anat.K, 
That branch of anatomy which treats of the struc- 
ture and development of the teeth. 

Odor, o'der, n. Any smell, whether fragrant or offen- 
sive; scent.— OdonferouB, -if ''er-us, a. Giving scent; 
fragrant; perfumed; usually, sweet of scent.— O'dor- 
ous, -us, a. Having or emitting an odor; esp., hav- 
ing a sweet odor; fragrant. 

Odyle. See under Od. 

(Ecumenical, (Esophagus, etc. See £cnM£NicAL, 
Esophagus, etc. 

O'er, or, jjrep. & adv. Contr. for over. 

Of, ov, prep. From, or out from; proceeding from, as 
the cause, source, means, author, or agent bestow- 
ing; belonging to; pert, or relating to; concerning. 

— Off, of, a. On the opposite or further side; most 
distant. — adv. From ; away from, — denoting dis- 
tance; or, separation, removal; or, departure, abate- 
ment, remission, or a leaving; or, opposite direction; 
the opposite side of a question. — prep. Not on. — 
interj. Away ; begone.— Off'-hand, a. & adv. With- 
out study or preparation. — Offal, n. Waste meat; 
parts rejected as unfit for use; carrion; putrid meat; 
refuse; rubbish. — Off 'ing, >i. That part of the sea 
which is at a good distance from the shore, or where 
there is deep water, and no need of a pilot. — Off'- 
set, n. A sprout or a shoot; a flat surface or terrace 
on a hill-side. {Arch.) A horizontal ledge on the 
face or at the foot of a wall. (Sttrv.) A short dis- 
tance measured at right angles from a line actually 
run to some point. A sum, account, or value set off 
against another, as an equivalent; anything given 
in exchange or retaliation; a set-off. -Offset, of-sef 
or oVset,v.t. [-set, -setting.] To set off, place 
over against, balance. — Off'shoot, n. That which 
shoots off or separates from a main stem, channel, 
or the like. — Off'spring, n. A child or children; de- 
scendants, however remote, from the stock; issue; 

Jeneration; progeny; posterity. 
end, of-fend', v. t. To displease, make angry; to 
shock, pain, annoy; to draw to evil, or hinder in obe- 
dience. — v.i. To commit a crime ; to sin ; to cause 
dislike or anger; to take offense, be scandalized. — 
Offense', -fence'', n. Act of offending, displeasing, 
or hurting; an open violation of law; that which of- 
fends, or excites anger; state of being offended ; um- 
brage; resentment; misdeed; trespass; delinquency; 
fault; sin; affront; insult.— Offen''Bive, -siv, a. Caus- 
ing displeasure or some degree of anger; giving un- 
pleasant sensations; causing evil or injury; used in 
attack; making the first attack. — n. State or pos- 
ture of one who makes attack. 

Offer, offer, v. t. [-fered (-ferd), -fering.] To bring 
to or before, present for acceptance or rejection, 
make a proposal to; to attempt, undertake; to pre- 
sent in prayer or devotion; to bid, as a price, re- 
ward, or wages; to manifest in an offensive way. — 
v.i. To present itself; to declare a willingness; to 
make an attempt. — n. Act of, or thing which, etc.; 
a proposal. — Of''fering, n. That which is offered, 
esp. in divine service; a sacrifice; oblation. — Of- 
fertory, -to-rl, n. {Rom. Cath. Ch.) An anthem 
chanted, or a voluntary played on the organ, during 
the offering and first part of the mass; that part or 
the mass in which the priest prepares the elements 
for consecration. {Ch. of Eng.) The verses of 
Scripture near the beginning of the communion ser- 
vice, read while the alms are collecting. 

Of&ce, of''fis, n. Work to be performed for, or with 



siin, cube, fi^U ; moon, f66t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



I 



OFFICINAL 



272 



ONE 



reference to, others; duty; esp., customary duty; a 
epecial duty, trust, or charge, conferred by author- 
ity and for a public purpose ; that which is per- 
formed, intended, or assigned to be done, by a par- 
ticular thing; place in which public officers and oth- 
ers transact business; the company or corporation 
whose place of business is their office. jjI. Apart- 
ments in which domestics discharge the service of a 
house, as kitchens, pantries, etc.— Of ficer, -Jt-ser, n. 
One who liolds an office; a magistrate. — v. t. To 
furnish with officers. — Offi'dal, -fish'^al, a. Pert, to 
an otflce or public trust; derived from the proper of- 
fice, orticer, or authority. — m. One who holds an of- 
fice ; au officer. — OfB.'^cially, adv. By, or byvirtue 
of, the proper authority. — Offi^ciate, -fish''I-at, v. i. 
To act as an officer in his office; to perform the ap- 
propriate official duties of another. — Offi.''cious, 
-fish'us, a. Excessively forward in kindness; inter- 
meddhng in atfairs in which one has no concern; 
impertinent; meddlesome. 

OfB.cinaI, of-fls'I-nal or -ft-si''nal, a. Used in a shop, 
or belonging to it; having a character or composition 
approved of by the college of medicine. 

Offing, Offset, etc. See under Of. 

Oft, oft. Often, of'n, adv. [oftenee, oftenest.] 
Frequently; many times; not seldom. 

Ogle, o'gl, V. t. [OGLED (-gld), OGLING.] To view 
with side glances, as in fondness, or to attract notice. 
— n. A side glance or look. 

Oglio, o'lt-o or ol'yo, n. Same as Olio. 

Ogr6, o'ger, n. An imaginary monster, who lived on 
human beings. — O'gress, n. A female ogre. 

Oh, o, interj. An exclamation expressing surprise, 
pam^ sorrow, anxiety, a wish, etc. 

Ohm, om, n. The standard unit of electrical resist- 
ance ; the resistance of a column of mercury one 
square millimeter in section and 106 centimeters in 
length. 

Oil, oil, n. An unctuous liquid expressed or drawn 
from various animal and vegetable substances. — 
V. t. [OILED (oild), OILING.] To smear, rub over, 
oranomtwithoil.— Oil'y, -I, a. [-iee,-iest.] Con- 
sisting of, or containing, oil ; unctuous ; resem- 
bling oil; fatty; greasy; smoothly subservient; com- 
pliant. — Oil'mess, n. — Oil'cake, n. A mass of com- 
pressed seeds, or other substance, from which oil 
has been extracted. — -cloth, n. Cloth oiled or 
painted for covering floors, etc. — cup, n. (Mach.) 
A cup at the 
top of a pas- 
sage called an 
oil-hole, to sup- 
ply a lubricar 
ter to machin- 
ery. — gas, n. 
Inflam m a b 1 e 

fa s procured 
r o m oil . — 
-man, n. One 
who deals in 
oils. — stone, 

n. A kind of Oil-Pim 

whetstone. Oii-cup. 

— well, n. An artesian well yielding petroleum. — 
O'leag'inons, -aj'T-nus, a. Having the qualities of 
oil; oily; unctuous. — O'leomar'^garine, -ga-rin, n. 
Artificial butter made from animal fat ; butterine. 

Ointment, oint'ment, n. An unguent. 

Oker. See Ocher. 

Okra, o''kra, O'kro, n. An annual plant, whose green 
pods are used for soups or pickles ; gumbo. 

Old, old, a. Not young ; advanced I'ar in years or 
life ; not new or fresh ; not recently made or pro- 
duced ; formerly existing ; preexisting or preced- 
ing ; indefinitely continued in life ; long practiced ; 
skilled ; experienced ; long cultivated ; worn out ; 
decayed; antiquated; bad; mean, — used as a term 
of reproach ; old-fashioned ; as of old ; very gay. 

Oleander, o-le-an'der, n. An evergreen shrub, having 
clusters of fragrant red or white flowers. 

Oleaster, Oleaginous, Oleomargarine, etc. See under 
Oil. 

Olfactive, ol-fak''tiv, -tory, -to-rY, a. Pert, to, or hav- 
ing the sense of, smelling. — Olfac'tory, n. An organ 
of smelling; the sense of smell. 





Oligarchy, ol't-gark't, n. Government in which the 
supreme power is in the hands of a few persons. — 
OKigarch, n. One of those who constitute an oli- 
garchy. — Ol'igarch'al, -ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Olio, o'll-o or ol'yo, n. A dish of stewed meat ; a 
mixture ; medley. (Mus.) A 
collection of various pieces. — 
Ollapodrida, oFla-po-dre'da, n. 
A mixture of all kinds of meat 
chopped fine, and stewed with 
vegetables ; any incongruous 
mixture or miscellaneous col- 
lection. 

Olive, oKiv, n. {Bot.) A tree cul- 
tivated in Asia and S. Europe, 
for its fruit ; the fruit from 
which olive oil is expressed. 
The color of the olive, a color 
composed of violet and green. 

Olympiad, o-lim'pT-ad, n. A pe- 
riod of 4 years, reckoned from p,,. -j. - 
one celebration of the Olympic 'JUve iree. 
games to another, — the 1st being 776 B. c— Olym'- 
pian, -pt-an, -pic, a. Pert, to Olympus ; also to the 
town of Olympia, and to the games there celebrated. 

Omega, o''meg-a or o-meg'a, n. The last letter of the 
Greek alphabet (£1, w), as Alpha, A, is the first. 

Omelet, om''e-let or oni'let, n. A kind of fritter made 
chiefly of eggs. 

Omen, o'men, n. Sign or indication of some future 
event ; a prognostic ; presage ; augury. — v. t. 
[OMENED (-mend), omening.] To indicate as likely 
to occur, augur; to predict, foretell. — Om'^inous, -T- 
nus, a. Pert, to, or containing, an omen; foreshow- 
ing good, auspicious; foreboding evil, inauspicious. 

Omentum, o-men'tum, M. {Anat.) The caul; a fatty 
membranaceous covering of a portion of the bowels, 
attached to the stomach. 

Omer, o'mer, n. A Hebrew measure, the 1-lOth of an 
ephah. 

Ominous, etc. See under Omen. 

Omit, o-mit', v. t. To let fall, leave out, drop ; to 
pass by, neglect. — Omis^'sion, -mish^'un, n. Act of 
leaving out ; neglect or failure to do something re- 
quired by propriety or duty ; that omitted. 

Omnibus, om'ni-bus, n. A large four-wheeled car- 
riage, to carry many people. — Omnifa'rious, -rT-us, 
a. Of all varieties, forms, or kinds. — Omnif'erous, 
-er-us, a. All-bearing ; producing all kinds. — Om- 
nip'arous, -a-rus, a. Producing all things; omnipa- 
rient. — Omnip'otent, a. Possessing unlimited pow- 
er; all-powerful; having unlimitedpower of a par- 
ticular kind. — Omnip'otence, -tency, n. — Omni- 
pres''ent, a. Present in all places at the same time ; 
ubiquitous. — Omnipres'^ence, n. Ubiquity. — Om- 
nis'cient, -nish'ent, a. Having universal knowl- 
edge, or knowledge of all things ; all-knowing ; all- 
searching ; all-seeing. — Omnis'cience, -nish'ens, ?i. 
Quality of being, etc. — Omniv'orous, -o-rus, a. All 
devouring; eating every thing indiscriminately. 

On, on, prep. At, or in contact with, the surface or 
upper part of a thing, and supported by it ; toward 
and to the upper surface of ; upon ; by means of ; 
with ; in addition to ; besides ; at or near, — indica- 
ting relative position; in dependence or reliance up- 
on ; at or in the time of ; toward; for ; at the peril 
of, or for the safety of; by virtue of; with the pledge 
of; to the account of; in consequence of, or follow- 
ing ; in reference or relation to. — adv. Forward; 
in progression; onward; forward, in succession ; in 
continuance ; without interruption ; adhering ; at- 
tached to the body. — On'to, -too, prep. On the top 
of; upon ; on. — On'' ward, a. Advanced or advancing; 
increased; improved. — adv. Toward the point be- 
fore or in front; forward; progressively; in advance. 
— On'wards, af/u. SameasO.NWAED. — On'set, ?i. A 
violent attack, esp. the assault of an army or body 
of troops upon an enemy, fori, etc. ; charge ; storm- 
ing ; onslaught. — On'siaught, -slawt, n. Attack; 
aggression ; assault. 

Onanism, o'nan-izm, n. Self- pollution; maeturbation. 

Once. See under One. 

On dit, awN-de''. Lit., they say; it is said. — n. A 
rumor; flying report. [F.] 

One, wun, a. Being but a single unit, or entire being 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, tSnn ; Xn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



ONERARY 



273 



OPPRESS 



orthing, and nomore; single; individual; denoting 
a person conceived or spoken of indefinitely, — used 
as an indefinite pronoun or adjective (having, as a 
pronoun, a plural, cmes) ; pointing out a contrast, — 
used as a correlative adjective; constituting a whole; 
undivided ; united ; single in kind ; the same ; a 
common. — Once, wnns, adv. At one time ; on one 
occasion; atone former time ; formerly ; as soon as. 
— On''ly, on'll, a. One alone ; single ; alone in its 
class ; by itself ; distinguished above all others; pre- 
eminent. — adv. In one manner, or for one purpose 
alone ; solely ; singly ; merelj' ; barely. 

Onerary, OnerouB. See under Onus. 

Onion, un'^yun, n. A biennial plant; its bulbous root, 
used as an article of food. 

Only. See under OxE. 

Onset, Onto, Onward, etc. See under On. 

Onus, c'nus, n. The burden. — On^'erous, bn'Sr-us, 
a. Burdensome; oppressive. — On'erary, -er-a-rl, a. 
Designed for carrying burdens. 

Onyx, o'^niks, n. A stone (chalcedony, etc.) consisting 
of parallel layers of different shades of color, and 
used for making cameos. 

Oolite, Oology, etc. See under Ovum. 

Oolong, oo''Iong, n. A variety of black tea possessing 
the flavor of green tea. _ 

Ooze, ooz, V. I. [OOZED (oozd), oozing.] To flow 
gently, percolate. — v. t. To cause to flow forth 
gently, cause to percolate ; to drop, shed, distLll. — 
n. Soft mud or slime; soft flow; spring; the liquor 
of a tan- vat. — Ooz'y, -T, a. Miry; resembling ooze. 

Opacity. See under Opaque. 

Opal, o''pal, n. A mineral consisting of silex in what 
is called the soluble state, and usually a small quan- 
tity of water : the precious opal presents a peculiar 
play of colors, and is esteemed as gem. — Opal- 
esce'', -pal-es'', v. i. [-esced (-esf), -escing.] To 
give forth a play of colors, like the opal. — Opal- 
es'^cence, -es'sens, n-. A reflection of a milky or 
pearly light from the interior of a mineral. 

Opaque, o-pak', a. Impervious to the rays of light ; 
not transparent ; dark ; obscure. — Opaqne'^ness, 
Opac'ity, -pas''I-tt, n. Quality of being, etc. 

OpOi op, Open, C'pn, a. Free of access ; not shut up; 
not closed ; free to be used, visited, read, etc. ; not 
private; public; not drawn together or contracted; 
expanded; without reserve; not concealed or secret; 
exposed to view ; candid; ingenuous ; sincere ; art- 
less; not frozen up ; not cold or frosty ; not settled 
or adjusted; not balanced or closed ; not blinded or 
obscured; not deaf ; not unwilling to hear; listen- 
ing; free to be discussed; easily enunciated; spoken 
without closing the mouth. — n. Open country or 
space. — v.t. [opened (o^'pnd), opening.] To make 
open, render free of access, unclose, unlock, remove 
any fastening from; to bring to view, exhibit, inter- 
pret, explain, disclose; reflexively, to speak without 
reserve; to enter upon, begin, commence. — v. i. To 
unclose, be parted; to begin to appear; to commence, 
begin. — O'pening, n. A place which is open; breach; 
aperture ; beginning ; commencement. — O'penly, 
adv. In an open manner ; publicly ; without se- 
crecy ; without reserve or disguise; plainly. 

Opera, op''er-a, n. A musical drama consisting of 
airs, choruses, recitations, etc. ; the score of a musi- 
cal drama ; house where operas are exhibited. — Op- 
erat''ic, -ical, a. Pert, or appro- 
priate to the opera. — Op''era- 
glasB, n. A short telescope of low 
power, usually with a tube and 
glasses for each eye, for use in 
theaters, etc. ; a lorgnette. — ' 
Op'ora-bouffe', -boof, w. A 
comic opera. — Op'^erate, v. i. | 
To exert power or strength, | 
physical or mechanical; to pro- "^ 
duce an appropriate physical 
effect; to exert moral influence. Opera-glass. 
(_Med.) To take appropriate effect on the human 
system (^Surg.) To perform some manual act upon 
a human body, usually with instruments. — v. t. 
To produce as an effect ; to cause, occasion ; to put 
into or to continue in operation ; to work. — Opera'- 
tion, n. Act or process of operating ; agency ; ex- 
ertion of power, physical, mechanical, or moral ; 





method of working ; effect brought about by a def. 
inite plan. {Math.) Some transformation to be made 
upon quantities, indicated by rules or symbols. 
(Surg.) Any methodical action of the hand, or of 
the hand with instruments, on the human body. — 
Op'erative, -a-tiv, a. Having power of acting ; ex- 
erting force ; efficient in work ; efficacious. — n. A 
laboring man; artisan ; workman in manufactories. 

— Op'era'tor, n. One who, or that which, operates. 
(Surg.) One who performs some act upon the human 
body. — Op'erose', -os', a. Wrought with labor; 
laborious ; tedious ; wearis^ome. 

Ophidian, o-fid^'I-an, w. An animal of the snake family. 
O'phioKogy, -fT-oKo-jT, n. That part ^^^sm^^ 
of natural history which treats of ser- ■''^'™™'^- 

Eents.— Ophicleide, of-'I-klid, n. A large 
rass wind instrument of the trumpet 
kind. — Cphioman^cy, -ft-o-man'sT, n. ' 
Art of divining or predicting events by 
serpents. 

Ophthalmia, etc. See under Optic. 

Opiate. See under Opium. 

Opinion, o-pin^'yun, n. A mental convic- 
tion of the truth of some statement 
founded on probable evidence ; judg- 
ment of persons or their qualities; esp., 
favorable judgment, good esteem. 
(Law.) The formal decision of a judge, 
umpird, counselor, etc. — Opin'iona''- rv i • , •, 
ted, a. Stiff or obstinate in opinion. — Opbicleide. 
Opin'^ionative, -tiv, a. Unduly attached to one's 
own opinions ; fond of preconceived notions. — 

— Opine', o-pin', v. i. [opined (-pind'), opining.] 
To think, suppose. — Opin-'iative, -ya-tiv, a. "Very 
stiff in adherence to one's opinion ; founded on 
mere opinion : fancied. 

Opium o'^pT-um, n. The inspissated juice of the 
white poppj', — a narcotic drug. — O^'piate, -pT-at, n. 
Any medicine that contains opium, and induces 
sleep or repose ; a narcotic ; that which induces rest 
or inaction. — a. Inducing sleep; causing rest or in- 
action ; soporific ; lulling ; quieting. 

Opodeldoc, o-po-deKdok, w. A saponaceous campho- 
rated liniment. 

Opossum, o-pos''sum, n. An Amer. marsupial quadru- 
ped. 

Opponent, op-po''nent, a. In- 
clined to oppose ; adverse ; 
antagonistic ; situated in 
front ; opposite. — n. One 
who opposes, esp., in a dis- 
putation or controversy. 
(Academic Usage.) One! 
who attacks some thesis or I 
proposition, disting. from- 
the respondent, or defendant, > 
who maintains it. Adver- 
sary; antagonist; opposer. — Opossum. 

— Oppo'nency, -si, n. Proposition of objections to a 
thesis. 

Opportune, op-por-tun'', a. Present at a proper time; 
recurring at a suitable occasion; timely; seasonable; 
convenient ; fit ; well-timed ; proper. — Opporta'- 
nity, -nt-tl, n. Fit or convenient time ; occasion ; 
convenience; occurrence. 

Oppose, op-poz', V. t. [-POSED (-pozd'), -posing.] To 
set opposite ; to put in opposition, with a view to 
counterbalance, hinder, defeat, or prevent effect; to 
resist ; to compete with, strive against ; to resist 
effectually, combat, withstand, deny, obstruct. — 
V. i. To act adversely ; to make objection or oppo- 
sition in controversy. — 0p''po8ite, -zit, a. Stand- 
ing or situated in front ; f acmg ; contrasted with ; 
hostile ; adverse ; mutually antagonistic ; inconsist- 
ent. — n. One who opposes ; that which is contrary. 

— Opposi'tion, -zish'un, n. State of being opposed ; 
repugnance ; contrariety ; act of opposing ; attempt 
to check, restrain, or defeat; resistance; that which 
opposes ; an obstacle ; the collective body of oppo- 
ser s; the party that opposes the existing administra- 
tion. (Astron.) The situation of 2 heavenly bodies 
180° apart. — Opposi'tionist, n. One who belongs 
to an opposing party. — Oppos'^itive, -t-tiv, a. Ca- 
pable of being put in opposition. 

Oppress, op-pres', v. t. [-pressed (-prestO. -pkess- 




siin, cQbe, full s moon, ffibt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 

18 



OPPROBRIUM 



274 



ORCHESTRA 



/XG.] To press down ; to treat severely, cruelly, or 
unjustly ; to sit or lie heavy upon. — 'Oppres'sion, 
-presli''un, n. Act of, state of being, or that which, 
' etc.; sense of heaviness, weight, or oostruction in the 
bod}- or mind; hardship; cruelty; burden. — Op- 
pre3S''ive, -iv, a. Unreasonably burdensome ; un- 
justly severe ; proceeding from'a design to oppress; 
overwhelming; cruel; unjust; tyrannical; overpow- 
ering. 
Opprobriam, o{)-pro'brt-um, n. Reproach mingled 
with contempt or disdain.— Oppro''brious,4rT-us, a. 
Reproachful and contemptuous; scurrilous; blasted 
with infamy ; rendered hateful. 
Oppugn, op-pun'', v. t. [-pugned (-pund'), -pugx- 
i.xG.] To fight against, whether in attack, resist- 
ance, or simple opposition. — Oppugn'er, n. — Oppug'- 
nancy, -pug'nan-sl, n. Act of oppugning ; resist- 
ance. 
Optative, op'ta-tiv, a. Expressing desire or wish. — n. 
(Grajn.) A mode of the verb expressing desire. — 
— Op'tion, -shun, n. Power of choosing ; right of 
choice ; exercise of the power of choice ; election ; 
preference ; power of wishing ; wish. (Stock Ex- 
change.) Liberty of selling or of buying stock at 
a certain price, and at a given future time ; time al- 
lowed to either buyer or seller for the delivery of 
stock. — Op'tional, a. Left to one's wish ; depend- 
ing on choice ; involving an option, or power of 
choice. — Op''timism, -mizm, w. The doctrine that 
everything in nature is ordered for the best. — Op'- 
timist, n. One who holds, etc. 
Optic, op''tik, n. An organ of sight; an eye. — Op'tic, 
-tical, a. Pert, to vision or to the organ of sight, or 
to the science of optics. — Optic nerves. The 2d pair 
of nerves which proceed directly from the brain, 
and are the nerves of sight: see Eye. — Op'' tics, n. 
Science of the nature and properties of light, and 
the phenomena of vision. — Opti'cian, -tish''an, n. 
One who makes or sells optical glasses and instru- 
ments. — Ophthal'mia, of-thaKmt-a, Oph'^thalmy, 
-mT, n. {Med.) An inflammation of the membranes 
or coats of the eye, or of the eyeball. — Ophthal- 
mic, a. Pert, to the eye. 
Option, etc. See under Optative. 

Opulent, op^u-lent, a. Having a large 
estate ; wealthy ; aiWuent. — Op''u- 
lence,n. Wealth; riches; aflfiuence. 
Or, 8r, conj. A connective that marks 
an alternative : it corresponds to 
either, and in poetry is sometimes 
used for either : it is often used to 
express an alternative of terms, 
deftnitions, or explanations of the 
same thin^ in diiterent words. 
Or, 6r, n. (Her.) The yellow or gold 
color repre- 
sented on an 
escutcheon 
by small dots. 
— Or'i- flamb, 
-flamme, Sr'- 
t-flam, n. The 




Oriflamme. 



ancient royal 




standard of France, — a red 
silk flag, cut at the edge into 
flame-shaped strips, and borne 
on a gilded lance. — 0''riel, -rt- 
el, n. {Arch.) A large bay or 
recf ssed window, as in a hall, 
cliapel, etc. — Criole, -rl-ol, n. 
A flinging bird allied to the 
thrushes, having a. golden or 
yellow plumage mixed with 
Tihick. — Or'molu'', -mo-lw', n. n ■ i 

A kind of brass, made to resem- Oriel, 

ble gold by using less zinc and more copper than in 
ordinary brass. — Croide, -roid, n. An alloy, resem- 
bling gold. — Or^piment, -pT-ment, n. Tn'sulphide 
of arsenic, occurring in crystals of a lemon-j'eUow 
color, and used in dyeing. — Or'ris, Sr^'ris, n. A 
kind of gold or silver lace; a pattern worked in gold 
or silver lace. 
Oral, o^'ral, a. Pert, to, or uttered by, the mouth ; 
spoken, not written. — O'rally, ady. By mouth. — 
Or''acle, 8r''a-kl, n. The answer of a pagan god to 



an inquiry respecting some affair of importance ; 
the deity supposed to give the answer, also the place 
where it was given ; revelations delivered by God 
to prophets ; the entire sacred Scriptures ; one who 
communicates a divine command; an angel; proph- 
et ; any person reputed uncommonly wise ; a wise 
sentence or decision of great authority. — Orac'ular, 
a. Pert, to an oracle ; uttering oracles ; Kke, or of 
the nature of, an oracle ; positive; authoritative; ob- 
scure; ambiguous. — Ora'tion, n. An elaborate dis- 
course, treating an important subject in a dignified 
manner, — applied chiefly to discourses on special oc- 
casions, and to academical declamations; harangue; 
address ; speech. — Or'ator, 8r''a-ter, n. A public 
speaker ; one who delivers an oration ; esp. one dis- 
tinguished for his eloquence. {Law.) One who prays 
for relief; a petitioner; a plaintiff or complainant in 
a bill in chancery.— Orato'rial,-rl-al, a. Pert, to an 
orator or to oratory.— Orator'ical, -tSr'ik-al, a. Pert, 
to, or becoming, an orator: rhetorical; eloquent; flow- 
ery; florid. — Orator^'ically, adv. In a rhetorical man- 
ner. — Oratc'rio, -to'ri-o, .1. {Mus.) A sacred com- 
position consisting of _irs, recitatives, duets, trios, 
choruses, etc., the subject of which is generally 
taken from the Scriptures; an oratory. — Or'atory, 
-to-rl, n. The art of an orator; art of effective public 
speaking; a chapel for private devotions. — Or''ison, 
-I-zun, n. A prayer or supplication. — Or^'ifice, -1-fls, 
n. The mouth of a tube, pipe, etc. ; an aperture, 
opening. — O'rotund', -ro-tund', n. A mode of into- 
nation directly from the larynx, particularly full, 
clear, and ringingjn tone. — a. Ringing and musical. 

— Oa'citate, -st-tat, v. i. To gape with sleepiness, 
yawn. — Os''citant, a. Yawning; sleepy; drowsy. — 
Os^'citancy, -tan-si, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

— Oa'culate, -ku-lat, r. i. and i. To kiss. (Geom.) 
To touch, as one curve another, or as 2 curves when 
both have a common curvature at the point of con- 
tact. — Oscula'tion, n. Act of, etc. {Geon.) Contact 
of curves.— Oa'culant, a. Adhering closely. (Class- 
ification.) Intermediate in character, or on the bor- 
der between two groups. — Os'cu- 
latory, -lo-rTf, a. Pert, to kissing. 
(Geom.) Capable of oscultation. — 
n. A picture of Christ or the Vir- 
gin, to be kissed by priest or people. 

Orange, or'enj, n. A tree of many 
varieties, and its round yellow 
fruit. — a. Of the color of an or- 
ajige : see Light. — Orangeade', 
-ad-', n. A drink made ol orange- 
juice, corresponding to lemonade. 

— Or'angery, -an-jer-t, n. A plan- 
tation or nursery of orange trees. 

Orang-outang, o r a n g'o.)- 

tang', n. A large monkey, 

closely resembling man. 
Oration, Orator, etc. See 

Oral. 
Orb, 6rb, n. A body of a 

round form ; one of the 

celestial spheres; the eye; 

a circle; orbit; a revolving 

circular body ; wheel; 

globe ; sphere. — Orbed, 

6rbd, Orbic'ular, a. Re- 
sembling, or having the 

form of, an orb; sphe'ical; 

globular. — Orbic'ularly, 

a'h\ Spherically. — Orbic'- 

ulate, a. In the form of an 

o'b. — Orb'tt, n. (Astron.) 

Tlie path described by a 

heavpnly body in its peri- 
odical revolution. (Anat.) 

The cavity in which the 

eye is situated : see Skel- 

ETOX. (Omith.) The skin 

which surrounds the eye 

of a bird. 
Orchard, Sr'cherd, n. An inclosure or assemblage of 

fruit trees. 
Orchestra, 6r''kes- o?- Sr-kes'tra, Or'chester, -tre, -kes- 

ter, n. The space in a theater between stage and 

audience; a band of instrumental musicians. 




Orange. 




Orang-outang. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd^ eve, term ; In. ice ; 8dd. t3ne, 8r ; 



OHCHIL 



275 



ORNITHOLOGY 




Orchis. 



Orchil, Or'kil, -chil'la, -kil'la, n. Same as Archil. 

Orchis, Sr-'kis. Or^chid, -kid, n. A perennial terres- 
trial or epiphytal plant 
of unnumbered species, 
many of which bear 
flowers of i^reat beauty, 
and singular in form : 
it is found all over the 
world. 

Ordain, etc. See under 
Ordee. 

Ordeal, Qr-'de-al, n. An 
ancient form of trial, 
by lot, fire, water, etc., 
to determine guilt or in- 
nocence ; severe trial ; 
accurate scrutiny. 

Order, Sr-'der, n. Regular 
arrangement; any me- 
thodical or established 
succession; a sound or 
proper condition; normal state; customary mode of 
procedure; regular§fovernment; general tranquillity; 
a regulation; standing rule; a particular injunction; 
command; mandate; necessary measures or care; 
a commission to make purchases or supply goods; 
a direction, in writing, to pay money; a number of 
things or persons arranged in a fixed or suitable 
place, or relative position ; esp., a rank or class in 
society; a privileged or dignified grade; a class of 
men so closely linked together that they form a sep- 
arate class in the community. {Episc. Ch.) The 
rank of deacon, priest, or bishop, — often used in 
pi. (Arch.) One of the 5 principal methods recog- 
nized by the ancients for ornamenting the columns 
of an edifice (Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and 
Composite : see Capital). (ZooL) One of the well- 
marked divisions of a class, including families and 
genera. {Bot.) A group of allied individuals, more 
comprehensive than a genus. {Rhet.) The placing of 
words and members in a sentence so as to contribute 
to force, beauty, and clearness of expression. — v. t. 
[ORDERED (-derd), -derixg.] To put in order, re- 
duce to methodical arrangement, adjust ; to man- 
age, regulate; to commanS, direct, hid. — v. i. To 
give direction. — Or'^derly, -der-lT, a. Conformed to 
order ; methodical ; regular ; observant of order, 
method, or rule; quiet; peaceable; well-regulated; 
systematic; regular; methodical; being on duty. — 
adv. According to due order; regularly. — n. (Mil.) 
A non-commissioned officer who attends a superior 
x)fRcer for the purpose of bearing orders or render- 
ing service.— Ordain', -dan', v. t. [-daixed (-dand'), 
-DAINIXG.] To set in order, regulate, establish; to ap- 
point, decree, enact; to set apart for an office, esp., 
to invest with ministerial or sacerdotal functions. — 
Or'dina.'tion, n. Act of ordaining; esp., the act of 
setting apart to an office in the Christian ministry; 
state of being ordained or appointed; tendency. — 
Or'dinal, -dt-nal, a. Indicating the established order 
or succession. — n. A number noting order; a book 
containing the service prescribed in the Eng. church, 
for the ordination of deacons, etc. — Or'dinance, -dt- 
nans, n. An ordaining or establishing by authority; 
appointment; a rule established by authority; a stat- 
ute; law; edict; decree; rescript. (Eccl.) An estab- 
lished rite or ceremony. — Ordinance, n. Heavy 
weapons of warfare, — cannon, mortars, and howit- 
zers; artillery. — Or'donnance, -don-nans, n. (Fine 
Arts.) The disposition of the parts either in regard 
to the whole piece or to the several parts. — Or'di- 
nary, -dt-na-rt, a. According to established order; 
methodical; regular; of common rank; usual: of lit- 
tle merit; plain; not handsome. — n. (Civil Law.) 
An officer who has original jurisdiction in his own 
right, and not by deputation. (Eng. Law.) One who 
has immediate jurisdiction in matters ecclesiastical; 
an ecclesiastical judge. (Am. Law.) A judicial offi- 
cer, having generally the powers of a judge of pro- 
bate or surrogate. A dining-room where there is a 
fixed price for the meal; meal furnished at such a 
dining-room. (N^aval.) The establishment of the 
Bhipping not in actual service, but laid up under the 
charge of officers. (Her.) A portion of the escutch- 
eon compriged between straight or other lines. — Or'- 



dinarily. adv. According to established rules; com- 
monly; usually; on the average. 

Ordnre, drd'tir, n. Dung; excrements; feces. 

Ore, or, n. The compound of a metal and some other 
substance (as oxygen, sulphur, or arsenic), by which 
its properties are disguised or lost. 

Oread, o're-ad, n. A mountain nymph. 

Organ, 6r'gan, n. An instrument by which an action 
is performed, or object accomplished; part of ally- 
ing being, capable of a special function, essential to 
the life or well-being of the whole, as the lungs, the 
heart, etc. ; a medium of communication between 
one person or body, and another. (Mun.) An in- 
strument containing pipes filled witn wind from a 
bellows, and played upon by means of keys. — Or'- 
ganist, n. One who plays on an organ. — Organ'ic, 
-ical, a. Pert, to an organ or its structure; consisting 
of, containing, or produced by the organs; instru- 
mental. — Or'ganism, m. A structure composed of 
or acting by means of organs; an organized being. — 
Or'ganize, v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), -izing.] To furnish 
with organs; to arrange or constitute in parts, each 
having a special function, act, office, or relation. — 
Or'ganiz'able, a. — Or^ganiza'tion, n. Act of organ- 
izing ; state of being organized ; the relations in- 
cluded in such a state or condition; that which is or- 
ganized; an organism. 

Orgy, Cr'jT, n. ; pi. -gies, -jiz, — usually in the pi. 
Tlie ceremonies observed by the Greeks and Romans 
in the worship of Bacchus ; drunken- revelry ; noc- 
turnal carousals. 

Oriel. See under Or, n. 

Orient, o'ri-ent, a. Rising, as the sun ; eastern ; ori- 
ental; bright; shining; of superior quality; perfect. 
— 71. The eastern horizon ; the East ; the countries 
of Asia. — Orient'al, a. Pert, to, proceeding from, 
or situated in, the orient. — 7i. A native or inhab- 
itant of some eastern part of the world.— O'rienta''- 
tion, n. Process of determining the points of the 
compass, or the east point, in taking bearings; ten- 
dency of a revolving body, when suspended in a cer- 
tain way, to bring the axis of rotation into parallel- 
ism with the earth's axis; an aspect or fronting 'to 
the east. 

Orifice. See under Oral. 

Oriflamb, -flanune. See under Or, n. 

Origin, Sr'I-jin, n. First existence or beginning of 
anything; that from which anything primarily jpro- 
cecds ; commencement ; rise ; source ; derivation ; 
cause. — Orig'inal, -rii'T-nal, n. Origin ; source ; 
that which precedes all others of its class ; arche- 
type; an original work of art, manuscript, text, etc.; 
tne precise language employed by a writer; a person 
of marked peculiarity. (^Nat. Hist.) The stock of 
a series of living forms, in which a variety is con- 
sidered to have originated; one who has new and 
striking ideas. — a. Pert, to the origin or being ; 
preceding all others ; first in order ; not translated ; 
employed by the author ; having power to suggest 
new thoughts or eombinations of thought ; before 
unused or unknown; new. — Orig^inal'lty, -I-tT, n. 
Quality or state of being, etc. — Orig'inally, adv. 
Primarily; from the beginning; at first; by the first 
author; at the time of formation. — Orig'inate, -nat, 
V. t. To give an origin or beginning to ; to bring into 
existence. — v. i. To have origin; to begin to exist 
or act. 

Oriole. See under Or, n. 

Orion, o-ri'un, n. (Astron.) A large and bright con- 
stellation, crossed by the equinoctial line. 

Orison. See under Oral. 

Orlop, 6r'lop, 71. (^Naiit.) The lower deck of a ship 
of the line; or that, in all vessels, on which the ca- 
bles are stowed. 

Ormolu. Se-3 under Or, n. 

Ornament, Sr'na-ment, n. That which embellishes; 
decoration. — v. t. To make beautiful or furnish 
with embellishments; to adorn, deck, beautify.— Or- 
namental, a. Serving to ornament. — Or'namenta''- 
tion, 11. Act or art of ornamenting, or state of being 
ornamented; that which ornaments.— Or'nate, -nat, 
a. Adorned; decorated; beautiful. 

Ornithology, 6r-nt-thoKo-jT, n. Science of the form, 
structure, and habits of birds.— Or'nitholog-'ic, -log'- 
ical, -loj'ik-al, a. Pert, to, etc. — Omithol''ogiBt, n. 



siin, cube, full ; moon, f6&t ; cow, oU ; linger or ink, ttien,. boNboN, chair, get. 



OROGRAPHY 



276 



OUR 





Orrery. 



One skilled in, etc.— Omith'iclinite. -ik-nit, n. (Pa- 

leon.) The foot-mark of a bird, occurring in strata 

of stone. — 

Or'ni tho- 

rhvnch ' us, 

- tno-rink''- 

us, n. An 

Australian 

mammal of 

the shape 

and size of 

the otter, 

with a beak 

like a duck's ^ .,, , 

and paws Ormthorhynchus, 

webbed and formed for swimming ; duck-billed 

platypus. 

Orography, o-rog''ra-fT, n. An account of mountains. 

Oroide. See under Ok, n. 

Orottmd. See under Oral. 

Orphan, Sr'fan, n. A child bereaved of both father 
and mother: also, a child who has but one parent 
living. — a. Bereaved of parents. — Or'phanage, -ej, 
n. State of being an orphan; an asylum for orphans. 

Orrery, 5r''re-rl, n. A piece of 
apparatus to illustratethe rel- 
ative size, positions, orbits, 
etc., of the bodies of the solar 
system. 

Orris, Qr'ris, n. A European 
species of iris, whose root has 
an agreeable odor, resemb- 
ling violets. 

Orris, n. Gold and silver lace. See under Oe, n. 

Orthodox, Sr'tho-doks, a. Sound in the Christian 
faith, — opp. to heretical; according with the doc- 
trines of Scripture. — Or'thodox'y, -T, n. Soundness 
of faith ; belief in the doctrines taught in the Scrip- 
tures; consonance to genuine Scriptural doctrines. — 
Orth.odroin''ics, Or''thodrom''y, -T, n. Art of sailing 
in a direct course, or on the arc of a great circle. — 
Or'^thoepy, -tho-e-pT, n. Art of uttering words with 
propriety ; correct pronunciation of words. — Or- 
thoep'ic. -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Orthoep'ically, 
w.lv. — Or'^thoepist, n. One skilled in orthoepy. — 
Orthog''onal, a. Right-angled; rectangular; at right 
angles. — Orthog''raphy, -ra-fT, n. Art of writing 
words with the proper letters, according to common 
usage: spelUng; the part of grammar which treats of 
this subject. (Geom.) Delineation of an object by 
lines and angles corresponding to those of the ob- 
ject; an elevation, showing all the parts in their 
proper proportions. 

Ortive, dr^'tiv, a. Of, or relating to, the time or act of 
rising, as of a star; eastern. 

Ortolan, fir'to-lan, n. A European singing bird, about 
the size of the lark, esteemed delicious food. 

Oryx, c'riks, n. A variety of S. African antelope; the 
gemsbok; the Egyptian antelope of N. Africa and S. 
Asia. 

Osage-orange, o'saj-or'''enj, n. An ornamental tree, 
resembling the mulberry, having an orange-like 
fruit, and used_as a hedge plant. 

Oscillate, os''sil-lat, r. i. To move backward and for- 
ward, vibrate, swing, sway. 

Osculate. See under Oral. 

Osier, o'^zher, n. A species of willow, or the twig of 
the willow, used in making baskets. 

Osmanli, oz'man-lY, n. ; pi. -lis, -liz. A Turkish offi- 
cial, — so called f r. Osman, who founded the Otto- 
man empire in Asia; less properly, a native Turk. 

Osmium, oz^mt-um, n. A gray-colored, brittle metal, 
found with platinum, whose oxide has a disagree- 
able smell. 

Ospray, -prey. See under Osseocs. 

Osseous, os'se-us or osh'^us, «. Composed of, or re- 
sembling, bone; bony. — Os'sifica'tion, w. Change, 
process of changing, or state of being changed into 
a bony substance.— Os'sifrage, -fraj, Os'pray, -prey, 
-pra, n. A long-winged eagle, living on fish, which 
it takes by darting upon them when near the surface 
of the water. — Os''selet, -se-let, n. A hard substance 
growing on the inside of a horse's knee, among the 
small bones. — Os'sity, V. <. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] 
To form into bone; to change from a soft animal 



substance into bone. — v. i. To become bone or 
bony. — OsteoKogy, -ol-'o-jt, n. That part of anat- 
omy which treats of the nature, arrangement, and 
uses of the bones. 
Ostent, os'tent or os-tenf, n. Appearance; air; man- 
ner; show; manifestation; token; a portent. — Os- 
ten'sible, -st-bl, a. Shown, declared, or avowed; 
manifest; apparent.— Osten'sibly, adu.— Os'tenta'- 
tion, n. Act of making an ambitious display; pre- 
tentious parade; pomp; vaunting; boasting. — Os'- 
tenta-'tious, -shus, a. Fond of excessive or offensive 
display; pretentious; boastful; showy; gaudy. 
Osteology, etc. See under Osseous. 
Osteopathy, os'te-Qp'a-tht, n. A system of medical 
treatment based upon the theorv that diseases are 
chiefly due to mechanical interference with bodily 
functions and may be remedied bv manipulation. — 
Os'teopath. A physician who practices osteopathy. 
Ostler. Same as Hostler. 
Ostracean, os-tra'shan, n. One of a family of bivalve 

shell-tish, of which the oyster is the type. 
Ostracize, os'tra-siz, v. t. [-cized (-sizd), -cizing.J 
To exile by ostracism, banish from societj% put un- 
der ban. - Os'tracism, -sizm, n. ( Gr. Antiq.) Ban- 
ishment, by the people of Athens, of a person whose 
influence gave umbrage to them. Expulsion; sepa- 
ration. 
Ostrich, os'trich, n. A bird of Africa and Arabia, 
nearly 10 feet high, 
having a long neck, 
stout, long legs, witli 
only 2 toes, and short 
wings, with long, 
soft plumes in the 
place of feathers: it 
is remarkable for its 
speed, and for swal- 
lowing bits of metal 
or stone to aid in di- 
gestion. 
Ostrogoth, os''tro-goth, 
n. One of the eastern 
Goths, distmg. f r. the 
Visigoths, or western 
Goths. 
Otalgia, etc. See under 

Otic. 
Otter, utti'Sr, pron. & 
a. Different from 
that which has been 
specifled; additional; 
second of two ;* not 
this, but the contrary; 
opposite. — Otherwise, adv 
ner ; in different respects. 
Otic, o'^tik, o. Pert, to, of, or for the ear; auricular. — 
OtaKgia, -taKjT-a, Otal'gy, -tal'jl, n. {Med.) Pain 
in the ear. — Otoscope, o'to- or ot'o-skop, w. An 
instrument for examining the condition of the ear. 
Otiose, o'sht-os', a. Being at ease ; indolent. 
Ottar, ot'tar, n. A highly fragrant oil obtained from 
the petals of some flowers, esp. of the rose,— written 
also attar, otto. 
Otter, ot''ter, n. A carnivorous aquatic animal of sev- 
eral species, feeding on flsh. 
Ottoman, ot''to-man, a. Pert, to, or derived from, the 
empire of Turkey. — n. ; jjI. -maxs. A Turk; a 
stuffed seat without a back, orig. used in Turkey. 
Ouch, owch, n. A bezel, or socket, in which a precious 
stone or seal is set ; a carcanet or ornament of gold. 
Ought, awt, n. See Aught. 
Ought, awt, V. irnperfect. Is fit; behooveth; is proper 

or necessary; should, — used impersonally. 
Ounce, owns, n. A weight = l-12tli lb. troy, and 1-lGth 

lb. avoirdupois. 
Ounce, owns, n. A carnivorous animal, of N. India 
and Persia, resembling the leopard, but having a 
thicker fur, irregular faint spots, and a longer tail. 
Our, owr, possessive jironouu. Pert., or belonging, to 
us. [When the noun is not expressed, ours Tnot 
ovr") is used.] — Ours, owrz, possessive of We. — Onr- 
self', pron. ; pi. -selves, -selvz'. We ; us,— used 
bv way of emphasis, and chiefly in pi. ; myself ; 
also, we, us, — used reciprocally, chieflv in the regal 
or formal style, and generally in singular. 




Ostrich. 
In a different man- 



&m, fame, far, p&ss or oper&, f&re ; Snd, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, dr : 



OUSEL. 



277 



OUTBUILDING 




Ousel, Ouzel, oo'zl, n. A bird of several species, of the 
thrush lamily. 

Oast, owst, V. t. To take 
away, remove ; to eject, 
turn out. — Oust'er, n. 
A putting out of pos- 
session ; dispossession ; 
election ; disseizin. 

Out, owt, adv. Without : 
on the outside ; not 
within i on the exterior, 
or beyond the limits of 
any inclosed place or 
g^ven line, — opp. to in 
or within ; — used in 
special senses; as, a- Wifpr^nsei 

broad, not at home ; in vvater-ousel. 

a state of disclosure or discovery ; not in conceal- 
ment or secrecy ; in a state of extinction or desti- 
tution, in want or debt, witli deficiency or loss ; 
not in office or employment ; in public, on display, 
etc. ; to the end, completely ; in an open or free 
manner, audibly or perceptibly, vividly or forci- 
bly ; not in the hands of the owner-; in error or 
mistake, in a wrong position or opinion ; in a puz- 
zle, at a loss; uncovered, with clothes torn ; away, 
off, — used as an exclamation ; at the end of a game 
or of some definite part of it. — n. One who, or that 
which, is without ; esp. one out of office ; a place or 
space outside of, or around ; an angle projecting 
outward ; an open space. {Print.) An -omission in 
setting up copy. — Oufer, a. On the outside ; fur- 
ther or more remote ; external. — Out'ermost, a. On 
the extreme external part ; remotest from the midst. 

— Out 'ward, a. Forming the superficial part; exter- 
nal ; exterior ; extrinsic ; adventitious ; tending to 
the exterior part; visible ; apparent; carnal; corpo- 
real. — Oufward, -wards, adv. To the outer parts; 
from a port or country ; to some foreign region. — 
Out'wardly, adv. Externally. 

— OutbaKance, r. t. To outweigh, exceed in weight 
or effect. — Outbid', v. t. To go beyond in the offer 
of a price. — Out'bound, a. Destined or proceeding 
from a country or harbor to a distant country or 
port. — Out'break, n. A bursting forth; eruption; 
violent manifestation. — Outbreaking, n. Act of, or 
that which, etc. — Out'burst, n. A breaking or 
bursting out. 

— Out'cast, 71. One cast out or expelled ; an exile ; 
a degraded person ; a vagabond. — Oufcome, n. 
That which comes out of, or follows from, some- 
thing else ; issue ; result ; consequence. — Oufcry, 
n. A vehement or loud cry ; cry of distress ; noisy 
opposition or detestation ; clamor ; noise ; vocifera- 
tion ; sale at public auction. 

— Outdare', v. t. To dare or venture beyond ; sur- 
pass in daring. — Outdo', v. t. limp, -did ; p. p. 
-DONE ; -DOiXG.] To excel ; to surpass. — Out- 
door', a. Being without the house. — Outdoors', 
adv. Abroad ; out of the house ; out of doors. 

— Outface', V. t. To face or look out of countenance ; 
to brave. — Out'fit, n. A fitting out or equipment, 
as of a ship or person for a voyage; an allowance for 
the payment of expenses connected with any special 
service or duty. 

— Outgen'eral, v. t. To exceed in generalship ; to 
gain advantage over by superior military skill. — 
Outgo', V. t. [imp. -WEXT ; p. /). -goxe ; -GorxG.] 
To go beyond, go faster than ; to surpass, excel; to 
circumvent, overreach. — Out'go, n. Outlay ; ex- 
penditure, — opposite of income. — Outgrow', v. t. 
[-GREW ; p. p. -GROWN ; -GKOWiXG.] To surpass in 
growth ; to become too large to make use of, or too 
old or infirm to exhibit. — Out'growth, n. Growth 
to excess ; that which has grown out or proceeded 
from anything ; result. 

— Outland'ish, a. Not according with usage ; 
strange ; rude ; barbarous ; clownish. — Outlast', 
v. t. To last longer than ; exceed in duration. — 
Out'law, n. A person excluded from the benefit of 
the law, or deprived of its protection. — v. t. To de- 
prive of the benefit and protection of law ; to pro- 
scribe. — Ont'lawry, -rt, n. Act of, or state of be- 
ing, etc. — Out'lay, n. A laying out or expending ; 
that which is laid out; expenditure. — Out'let, n. 



Place or the means by which anything u let out ; 
passage outward ; an exit. — Out'line, n. The line 
which marks the outside of a figure ; contour ; a 
sketch ; delineation of a figure without shading ; a 
preliminarj' or general indication of a plan, system, 
course of thougnt, etc. — v. t. To draw the exterior 
line of ; to draw in outline, sketch, delineate. — 
Outjive', V. t. To live beyond, survive. — Out'look, 
n. Act of looking out ; watch ; place from which 
one looks out ; a watch-tower ; view obtained by 
one looking out; prospect; sight. — Out'ljring, a. 
Lying or being at a distance from the main body 
or design : remote ; on the exterior or frontier. 

— Outmarch', v. t. To march faster than ; to leave 
behind. — Outmeas'ure, v. t. To exceed in measure 
or extent. 

— Outnum'ber, v. t. To exceed in number. 

— Out'port, n. A harbor or port at some distance 
from the chief town or seat of trade.,— Out'post, n. 
(Mil.) A post or station without the limits of a 
camp, or at a distance from the main body of an 
army; the troops at such a station. — Outpour', v. t. 
To pour out; to send forth in a stream; to effuse. — 
Out'put, n. (Iron and Coal trade.) The quantity 
of metal yearly produced by the furnaces, or of coal 
from the pits. — Outrank', v. t. To take precedence 
of, or be superior to, in rank; to rank. 

— Outreach', v. t. To reach or extend beyond. — 
Outride', i-'. *. To ride faster than. — v.i. To travel 
about on horseback, or in a vehicle. — Out'rider, n, 
A servant on horseback who attends a carriage. — 
Out'rigger, H. (Naut.) Any projecting spar or tim- 
ber for extending ropes, sails, etc. ; a projection at 
the side of a boat, to sustain a row-lock ; a racing 
boat, thus equipped. — Out'right, adv. Immedi- 
ately ; without delay ; at once ; instantly ; com- 
pletely; utterly. — Outrun', v. t. [-ran; p.p. -run; 
-RUNNING.] To exceed in running ; to exceed in 
degree, quality, etc. : to surpass. 

— Outsail', V. t. To sail faster than. — Outsell', v. 
t. To exceed in amount of sales, or in the prices of 
things sold ; to bring, or be sold for, a higher price. 

— Out'set, M. First entrance on any business ; be- 
ginning. — Outshine', v. t. To excel in luster or ex- 
cellence. — Out'side, 11. The external part of a thing; 
that which is superficial; exterior; externality; part 
or place which lies beyond an inclosure ; furthest 
limit, as to number, quantity, extent, etc. ; the ut- 
most; one who, or that whicn, is without. — a. On 
the outside ; exterior ; external ; pert, to, or denot- 
ing, the extreme or furthest limit, as to extent, qual- 
ity, etc. — as, the outside price. — Out'sid'er, n. One 
not belonging to the concern, party, etc., spoken of. 

— Out'skirt, n. Border; outpost; suburb. — Out- 
spok'en, a. Speaking freely or openly ; candid ; 
frank. — Outspok'enness, n. — Outspread', v. t. To 
extend, spread. — Outstand', v. i. To project out- 
ward from the main body ; to stand or remain be- 
yond the proper time; to be unpaid, as a debt, etc. 

— Outstare', v. t. To face down, browbeat. — Out- 
stretch', V. t. To stretch or spread out, expand. — 
Outstrip', V. t. To outrun, advance beyond, leave 
behind. 

— Outtalk', V. t. To overpower by talking, exceed 
in talking. 

— Outval'ue, v. t. To exceed in price or value. — 
Outvie', V. t. To exceed, surpass. — Outvote', v. t. 
To exceed in the number of votes given, defeat by 
plurality of suftrages. 

— Outwalk', V. t. To walk faster than, leave be- 
hind in walking. — Out'wall, n. The exterior wall 
of a building or fortress. — Outwear', v. t. [imp. 
-WORE ; p. p. -WORN ; -WEARING.] To last longer 
than, surpass or exceed in duration. — Outweigh', v. 
t. To exceed in weight, value, influence, or impor- 
tance. — Outwit', v. t. To surpass in design or strata- 
gem, overreach, frustrate by superior ingenuity. — 
Outwork', V. t. [im.p. outworked or outwrought; 
». p. -WROUGHT; -WORKING.] To surpass in work or 
labor. — Out' work, w. (Fort.) A part of a fortress 
without the principal wall, within or beyond the 
principal ditch. 

— Out'-build'ing, -house, n. A structure separated 
from, or subordinate to, the main house. — Her'od, 

hgr'ud, V. t. To excel in resemblance to Herod ; 



siln, cube, full; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil; linger or ink, tiien. boNboN, chair, get. 



OUTRAGE 



27b 



OVERRAKE 



to surpass in atrocity, violence, or crueltj'. — -of- 
door', a. Outdoor ; out of the house ; in the open | 

air. of-dooM', a(/r^ Outdoors. of-the-way'', a. 

Different troni the ordinary way or fashion ; un- 
common ; siny:ular ; inaccessible ; inconvenient. 

Outrage, owfraj, v. t. [-raged (-rajd), -raging.] To 
treat with violence and wrong; to injure by rough 
treatment of any kind, abuse ; to commit a rape 
upon. — n. Injurious violence offered to persons or 
things ; gross injury ; affront ; insult ; abuse. — Out- 
ra'geoos, -jus, a. Involving or performing an out- 
rage ; exceeding the limits of reason or of decency ; 
violent ; furious ; exorbitant ; excessive ; atrocious ; 
enormous. 

Outre, oo'tra', a. Being out of the common course or 
limits : extravagant ; fantastic ; bizarre. 

Ouzel. Same as Ousel. • 

Oval, Ovary, etc. See under Ovum. 

Ovation, o-va'shun, n. (Rom. Antiq.) A lesser tri- 
umph allowed to a commander for a victory; an ex- 
traordinary and spontaneous expression of popular 
homage. 

Oven, uv'n, n. An arched place, for baking, heating, 
or drying any substance; any structure, which may 
be heated for baking or like uses; esp. a chamber in 
a stove. 

Over, o'vgr, prep. Across; from side to side,— imply- 
ing a moving either above the thing, or on the sur- 
face of it: above, in position; above, denoting supe- 
riority in excellence, dignity, or value; above in au- 
thority; upon the surface or whole suriface; through 
the whole extent; in a state of watchfulness with 
respect to; during the whole time; above the top of; 
covering. — adv. From side to side ; on the opposite 
side ; from one to another by passing ; from one 
countrv to another, by passing; above the top; more 
than tne quantity assigned; throughout; from be- 
ginning to end; completely. — a. Upper; covering, 

— chiefly in composition. — n. In cricket, a change 
of ends in bowling and of the position of fielders. 
[Over is much used in composition, with the signifi- 
cation of spreading, so as to come from above, as in 
overcast, overflow ; or above, as to overhang ; or turn- 
ing, so as to reverse the surface or sides, as in over- 
turn; or, more generally, beyond a limit, irhplying 
excess or superiority, as in overact, overcome.] — 
O'verabound'', -a-bownd', v. i. To abound more 
than enough. — Overact', v. t. To act or perform to 
excess. — V. i. To act more than is necessary. — 
O'veralls, n. pi. A kind of loose trowsers worn 
over others to protect them from being soiled. — 
Overarch'', v. t. To cover with an arch. — u. i. To 
hang over like an arch. — Overawe'', v. t. To re- 
strain by awe, fear, or superior influence. 

— 0'verbal''ance, v. t. To exceed in weight, value, 
or importance.— O-'verbal'ance, n. Excess of weight 
or value. — Overbear', v. i. To bear down, repress, 
subdue, overwhelm, suppress. — Overbear'ing, p. a. 
Haughty and dogmatical; tending to repress by in- 
solence or effrontery. — Overbid'', v. i. [imp. -bade; 
p.p. -BID or -BIDDEN; -BIDDING.] To Did or offer 
more than an equivalent. — O'verboard'', adv. Over 
the side of a ship; hence, out of a ship or from on 
board. — Overbuild'', v. t. and t. To build in excess 
of the demand. — OverbUT'den, v. t. To load with 
too great weight. 

— Overcast'', v. t. To cover with gloom, cloud, 
darken; to rate too high; to sew by running the 
thread over a rough edge, sew over and over. — 
Overcharge'', v. t. To load with too heavy a charge 
or weight; to burden, oppress, cloy; to make too 
great a charge of, or against, as on an account. 
(Mil.) To fill with too much powder and ball, as a 
gun. — 0''vercharge', n. An excessive load, burden, 
or charge. — Overcloud', v. t. To cover or over- 
spread with clouds, becloud. — 0''vercoat, n. A coat 
worn over the other clothing; great-coat; top-coat. — 
Overcome'', v. t. To get the better of, subdue, van- 
quish, defeat, beat, surmount. — ?;. i. To gain the 
superiority.— Ov6rcoBt''ly, a. Very or unduly cost- 
ly; extravagantly expensive. 

— Overdo'', v. t. To do or perform too much ; to op- 
press by too much action or labor, harass, fatigue; 
to boil, bake, or roast too much. — v. i. To labor too 
hard, do too much. — O''verdo8e', n. Too great a 



dose. — Overdraw', v. t. To draw upon for a sum 
beyond one's credit in the books (of a bank, etc.); to 
exaggerate. — Overdrive'', v. t. and i. To drive too 
hard or beyond streujjth. — Overdue'', a. Due and 
more than due; past the time of payment. 

— Overfeed'', «. i. To feed to excess. — Overflow', 
v. t. To flow over, spread over, as water, inundate; 
to overwhelm, cover, as with numbers. -«-. i. To 
run over, swell and run over the brim or banks: to 
be abundant, abound. — O'verflow', ti. An inunda- 
tion; also, superabundance. — Overflow'ing, n. Ex- 
uberance ; copiousness. — Overfreight'', r. t. To 
load too heavily, fill wrth too great quantity or num- 
bers. 

— Overgrow', r. t. To cover with growth or her- 
bage; to grow beyond, rise above. — v.i. To grow 
beyond the fit or natural size. 

— Overhang', I'. <. To impend or hang over: to jut 
or project over. — r. i. To jut over. — Overhaul', v. 
t. To turn over and examine; to examine thorough- 
ly with a view to repairs. ( Xaut.) To gain upon in 
a chase, overtake. — Overhead', adv. Alolt : above; 
in the zenith or ceiling; in the story or upon the 
floor above. —Overhear', v. t. To hear more than 
was intended or proper, hear by accident. 

— Overis'sue, ?i. An issuing to excess; an issuing 
(of notes, etc.) beyond the capital stock, or beyond 
the public wants. 

— Overjoy', v. t. To make excessively joj'f ul. 

— Overla'bor, v. t. To harass with toil: to execute 
with too much care. — Overlade', v. t. [imp. -l.\ded; 
p. p. -LADEX ; -lading.] To load with too great & 
cargo or other burden. — O'verland-', o. Made or 
performed upon or across the land. — Overlap', v. t. 
or i. To extend so as to lie or rest upon; to lap over. 

— Overlay', v. t. To lay over, spread over, cover 
completely; as, to occupy fully; or, to conceal with 
a superficial covering; or, to smother with a close 
covering or by lying upon; or, to stretch above and 
across, so as to unite the two sides of. — Overleap', 
V. t. To leap over, pass from side to side by leaping. 

— O'verleath'er, n. The leather which forms the 
upper part of a shoe; upper-leather. — Overlie', v. t. 
[imp. -LAY;p. p. -LAlif; -lying.] To lie over or upon 
something.— Overload', v. t. To load with too hea'^v 
a burden or cargo. — Overlook', r, t. To look over 
or beyond as from an elevated position: as, to view 
from a high place; or, to afford an elevated prospect 
of; or, to inspect, review, go over and survey the 
whole; or, to look beyond, so that what is near by is 
not perceived, pass by; or, to refrain willingly from 
noticing, excuse, pardon; or, to look over the" shoul- 
der of. 

— Overmas'ter, v. t. To overpower, subdue, gov- 
ern. — Overmatch', v. t. To be too powerful for, 
conquer, suppress by superior force.— O'vermatch', 
n. One superior in power; one able to overcome. — 
Overmeas'ure, r. t. To measure or estimate too 
largely. — O'vermeas'ure, n. Excess of measure ; 
something that exceeds the measure proposed; sur- 
plus. — Overmuch', adv. In too great a degree. — n. 
More than sufficient. 

— O'vemight', n. The night following j-esterdav, 
or the previous evening. — adv. During the nigfit 
previous; yesterday night; last night. 

— Overpass', v. t. To pass over, neglect, disregard; 
to go over, cross; to omit. — Overpay', v. t. To pay 
too much or more than is due; to reward beyond the 
price or merit. — O'verplus, n. That which remains 
after a supply; surplus, [over and L. pjhis, more.] — 
Overply', v. t. To ply to excess, exert with too 
much vi^or. — Overpoise', v. t. To exceed in weight," 
out-weign. — O'verpoise', n. Preponderant weight. 

— Overpow'er, v. t. To affect witn a power or force 
that cannot be withstood; to vanquish by force, de- 
feat, crush, overwhelm, subdue. 

— Overrake', r. t. (Naut.) To break in upon, as a 
ship, — said of the waves when they break in upon 
a ship at anchor, with her head to the sea. — Over- 
rate', V. t. To rate at too much, estimate at a value 
beyond the truth. — Overreach', v. t. To reach be- 
yond in any direction, extend beyond: to get the 
better of bj' cunning or sagacity ; to cheat. — v. i. Tj> 
strike the toe of the hind foot against the heel or 
shoe of the fore foot, — said of horses. — Overreach'- 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, t5rm ; tn, Ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; 



OVERSEE 



279 



OX 



er, n. — Override'', v. t. {imp. -rode; p. p. -ridden, 
-RODE, -RID: p.pr.&. vb.n. overriding.] To ride 
beyond the strength of the horse ; to ride too far, or 
beyond, outride; to trample down, and hence to set 
aside or annul. — Overrule'', v. I. To influence or 
control by predominant power; to control in such a 
way as to bring to pass events not contemplated by | 
the human agent. {Law.) To supersede, reject, an- j 
nul, or rule against. — Overrul'lng, p. a. Exerting i 
superior and controlling power; prevailing: predom- j 
inant; governing. — Ovemin'', v. t. [imp. -ran; p. p. j 
-RCN; -RUNNING.] To run or spread over in a pro- I 
lific manner, or in excess; to grow all over; to over- ' 
come by an invasion; to subdue, oppress. (Print.) 
To change the arrangement of (types) and carry 
those of one line or page into another, either in cor- 
rection, or in the contraction or extension of columns 
or lines ; to extend beyond the previous length of 
(a line, etc.) by the insertion of new matter. — i-; i. 
To become excessive or superabundant, overflow. 
(Print.) To extend beyond its due length. 

— Oversee'', v. t. [imp. -saw; p. p. -seen ; -seeing.] 
To inspect so as to direct and control; to superin- 
tend, overlook. — Overseer'', n. A superintendent; 
8uper\-isor. — Oversell', v. t. To sell for a higher 
price than, go to a higher rate. (Stock Exchange.) 
To sell beyond one's ability to deliver. — Oversold 
market. A market in which stocks have been sold 
" short " to such an extent that it is difficult to pro- 
cure them for delivery. — Oversef, v.t. To turn 
upon the side, or to turn bottom upward; to subvert, 
overthrow.— O'verset', n. An upsetting; ruin; over- 
turn. — Oversew', -so', v. t. To sew over and over, 
overcast. — Overshade', v. t. To cover with shade, 
render dark or gloomy. — Overshad'ow, v. t. To 
throw a shadow or shade over; to shelter, protect. — 
O'vershoe, n. A shoe of India-rubber, or other 
water-proof material, worn over another shoe to pro- 
tect it from moisture. — Overshoot', w. *. To shoot 
beyond, as a mark; to pass swiftly over. — Overshot 
w'fieel. A wheel whose circumference is covered 
with buckets, and which is turned by water which 
flows upon the top of it, filling the buckets and act- 
ing by its weight only. See Water-wheel.— O'ver- 
sight, H. Watchful care; an overlooking; omission; 
abeinj; overlooked; escape; neglect: mistake; error. 

— Oversleep', v. t. To sleep beyond or by. —Over- 
spread', V. t. To spread over, cover over; to scatter 
over. — Overstate', v. t. To state in too strong terms; 
to exaggerate.— Overstay', v. t. [-stayed or -staid, 
-ST.Vi'iNG.] To stay longer than, stay beyond the 
limits of. — Overstep', v. t. To step over or beyond, 
exceed. — Overstrain', v. i. To strain to excess, 
make too violent efforts. 

— Overtake', v. t. [imp. -took; p. p. -taken; -tak- 
ing.] To come up with, catch; to come upon, take 
by surprise.— Overtask', v. t. To impose too heavy 
a task or injunction on. — Overthrow', v. t. [imp. 

-THREW ; p. p. -THROWN; -THROWING.] To thrOW 

over, turn upside down; to ruin, defeat utterly, de- 
molish, prostrate, subvert, beat, rout.— O'verthrow', 
n. Act of , or state of being, etc.; ruin; defeat; dis- 
comfiture; downfall. — O'vertone, m. (Mus.) In a 
body or instrument producing musical sounds, one 
of the tones emitted (due to higher orders of vibra- 
tion) over and above its fundamental tone : such 
tones are also called harmonics. — Overtop', v. t. To 
rise above the top of; to go beyond, transcend, sur- 
pass, excel; to make of less importance by superior 
excellence; to obscure. — Overtrade', v. i. To trade 
beyond capital, or to purchase goods beyond one's 
means of payment, or beyond the wants of the com- 
munity.— Overturn', v. t. To turn or throw from a 
basis or foundation; to subvert, ruin, destroy; to 
overpower, conquer. — O'vertum', n. State of be- 
ing overturned or subverted; overthrow; prostra- 
tion: revolution; ruin. 

— Overval'ue, v. t. To value excessively. 

— Overween', v. i. To be too high, favorable, or 
flattering, in one's estimate or judgment; to be arro- 
gant in one's thoughts or claims. — Overween'ingly, 
af/r. — Overweigh', -wa', v. t. To exceed in weight, 
outwei<j?h, preponderate, outbalance. — O'verweight', 
n. Weight over and above what is required : pre- 
ponderance. — Overwhelm', v. t. To overspread or 





crush beneath something that covers or encompasses 
the whole; to immerse and bear down, crush, sub- 
merge, drown, subdue. — Overwhelm'ingly. adv.-~ 
Overwork', v. i. and t. [imp. and p. p. -worked or 
-WROUGHT; OVERWORKING.] To work bevond the 
strength; to tire. — O'verwork', »i. Work done be- 
yond the amount stipulated, or beyond usual hours; 
excessive or exhausting labor. 

Overt, o'vert, a. Open to view; public : apparent. 
(Law.) Not covert, manifest. — O'verture, -ver- 
chur, n. Something offered for consideration ; a 
proposal; offer ; a topic or resolution, formally pro- 
posed for consideration bv a proper person or com- 
mittee. (Mus.) A composition, for a full instru- 
mental band, introductory to an oratoiio, opera, or 
ballet. 

Ovictilar, Ovoid, etc. See under Ovim. 

Ovine, o'vin, o. Pert, to sheep; consisting of sheep. 

Ovum, o'vum, n. ; jd. O'va, -va. (Anat.) The egg of 

a human female or any viviparous animal O'val, 

a. Having the shape or figure of an egg ; 
resembling the longitudinal section of an 
egg; oblong and curvilinear, with both, 
ends of about the same breadth; elliptical./ 
— n. A body or figure in the shape of an I 
e|g, or of an ellipse. —O'vate, -vat, O'vat-^ 
ed, a. Shaped like an egg, with the lower 
extremities broadest. — Ova'rious, -rt-us, a. Ovi.l. 
Consisting of eggs. — Ova'rium, n.; pi -ria, -rT-a. 
Same as Ovary. —O'vary, -va-rl, n. (Bot.) That 
part of the pistil which con- 
tains the ovules, and in the 
course of development be- 
comes the fruit. (Anat.) 
The organ of a female ani- 
mal in which eggs are 
formed. — Ovic'ular, a. 
Pert, to an egg. — O'viduct, 
n. (Anat.) A passage for 
the egg from the ovary to the 
womb, or to an external out- /-,,-(- u^t \ 
let. — O'viform, a. Having Ovarj. (hoi.) 
the form or figure of an egg. — O'void, -void, Ovoid'- 
al, a. Oviform. — O'volo, -vo-lo, n. (Arch.) A 
round molding, the quarter of a circle: see Mold- 
ing. — Ovip'arous, -a-rus, a. Producing eggs, from 
which j'oung are hatched after separation from the 
parent, — opp. to viviparous. — Obl'ogy, o-ol'o-jl, n. 
Science of the coloring, size, shape, number, etc., of 
eggs. — O'blite, -lit, n. (Geol.) A variety of lime- 
stone consisting of round grains of the size of the 
eggs of fish. 

Owe, o, V. t. [OWED (od), owing.] To be indebted to; 
to be obliged or bound to pay ; to be Obliged to ascribe 
to; to be obliged for. — v. i. To be due to; to be the 
consequence or result of. — Ow'ing, p>. a. Required 
by moral obligation to be paid ; due ; ascribable to, 
as the cause ; imputable, as to an agent. 

Owl, owl, n. A nocturnal carnivorous bird, of short, 
stout form, large head 
and eyes, and uttering 
a howling or hooting 
cry. — V. i. [OWLED 
(owld), OWLING.] To 
carry on a contraband 
or unlawful trade, — 
fr. its being practiced 
chiefly in the night. 

Own, on, a. Belonging 
to, or exclusively to : 
peculiar, — usually fol- 
lowing a possessive 
pi-onoun, to empha- 
size the id^a of owner- 
ship. — V. t. [owned 
(ond), OWNING.] To 
hold as property, have 
a legal or rightful title 
to. — Own'er, n. One 
who owns ; a rightful 
proprietor. — OwTi'ership, n. 
or legal title. 

Own, on, V. t. To acknowledge the possession of ; to 
avow as one's own, confess, admit, recognize. 

Ox, oks, n.; pi. (Dxen, oks'n. The male of the bovine 




Barn Owl. 
Proprietorship ; just 



siin, cube, full ; moon, f(56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



OXALIS 



280 



PADDOCK 



genus of quadrupeds, esp. when castrated and fully 
grown. 
OzaUs, oks'a-lis, n. Wood-sorrel, a genus of plants 
having an acid taste. — Oza>l''ic, a. Pert, to, con- 
tained in, or obtained from, sorrel. — Ox'ide, -id, n. 
(Chem.) A compound of oxygen and a base desti- 
tute of acid and salifying properties. — Ox'idate, 
V. t. To convert (metals and other substances) into 
an oxide by combination with oxygen. — Oxida'- 
tion, n. Operation or process of, etc. — Ox'idize, 
-iz, V. t. [-IZED (-Izd), -iziNG.] To convert into an 
oxide, oxidate. — Ox'ygen, -^-jen, n. {Chem.') A 
gaseous element, possessing strong chemical aifini- 
ties: its combination with bodies, when rapid, pro- 
duces combustion, and in slower form, oxidation: 
it serves to support life, and forms about 22 per cent. 
of the atmosphere: by composition with hydrogen, 



it forms water. Bleaching_powder, — a manufactur- 
ing term. — Ox'ytone, -T-ton, a. Having an acute 
sound. — n. An acute sound. (Or. Oram.) A word 
having the acute accent on the last syllable. 

Oyer, o'yer, n. {Law.) The hearing, as of a deed, 
bond, etc. — Oyer and Ter^miner. A court consti- 
tuted by a commission to hear and determine crimi- 
nal causes. 

Oyster, ois'ter, n. A bivalve mollusk, usually found 
oil gravel or sand, or adhering to rocks or other 
fixed substances in shallow sait water, or in the 
mouths of rivers: the common species is extensively 
used for food. — Oya'ter-plajit, n. A plant, whose 
root, when cooked, somewhat resembles the oyster 
in taste; salsify. 

Ozone, o'zou, n. Oxygen in an active or highly elec* 
tro-negative state. 



P. 



P, pe, the IGth letter of the Eng. alphabet, is formed 
by closely compressing the lips, and separating them 
suddenly with an explosive emission of breath, as 
in part, pap. 

Pabmum, pab''u-lum, n. Means of nutriment ; food ; 
fuel. — Pab''ular, a. Pert, to, or affording, food. 

Facation, Pace. See under Pacify. 

Face, pas, n. A step; esp., the space included between 
the two feet in walking, usually estimated at 2.5, but 
sometimes at 3.3 feet; manner of walking; gait; de- 
gree of celerity in walking ; a mode of stepping 
among horses, in which the legs on the same_side 
are lifted together; amble. — v. i. [paced (pasd), 
PACING.] To go, walk; to go at a pace, walk slowly; 
to move by lifting the legs on the same side together, 
as a horse ; to amble. — v. t. To walk over with 
measured steps; to measure by steps or paces. 

Pacha, Pachalic. See Pasha. 

Pachisi, pa-che-'zY, Par'^chesi, n. A game, orig. of 
India, resembling backgammon. 

Pachyderm, pak''T-dSrm, n. A non-ruminant hoofed 
animal, disting. for the thickness of its skin, as the 
elephant, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, tapir, horse, 
hog, etc. — Pachyderm'atous, -a-tus, a. Pert, to a 
pachyderm; thick skinned. 

Pacify, pas't-fi, V. t. [-FIED (-fid), -fying.] To ap- 
pease (wrath, passion, or appetite); to restore peace 
to, tranquilize, calm, stUl, quiet, soothe, allay, com- 
pose. — Pacific, -ical, a. Suited to make or restore 
peace ; attended or characterized by pjeace ; mild; 
conciliatory; tranquil; peaceable. — racification, pa- 
Bif ''I- or pas't-fl-ka'shun, w. Act of pacifying; re- 
duction to a peaceful state; reconcilement. — Pacifi- 
cator, pa-sif'T- or pas'I-fl-ka'ter, n. One who, or 
that which, pacifies; a peace-maker, etc. — Pacifi- 
catory, -I-ka-to-rt, a. Tending to make peace; con- 
ciliatory. — Paca'tion, n. Act of appeasing. 

Pack, pak, n. A bundle or bale ; esp., a bundle made 
up to be carried on the back; a burdensome load; a 
number or quantity of connected or similar things, 
as, a set of playing cards; or, a number of hounds 
or dogs, hunting or kept together; or, a number of 
persons united in a bad design or practice ; a large 
area of floating pieces of ice driven together. — v. t. 
[PACKED (pakt), PACKING.] To make up into a bun- 
dle or bale ; to assemble and compact together ; to 
fill or load, make full, stow away within; to put to- 
gether (cards) in such a manner as to secure the 
game unfairly ; to bring together fraudulently for 
some unjust end ; to send off, dispatch ; to envelop 
in numerous coverings, esp. when surrounded with 
a wet sheet. Qlech.) To render impervious to air, 
water, or steam, by filling or surrounding with suit- 
able materials. — v. i. To form things into bundles; 
to admit of stowage or compression into a smaller 
space, or so as to form a compact mass ; to unite in 
bad measures, join in collusion; to depart in haste. — 
Pack''-borse, n. A horse to carry burdens. — man. 




n.; pi. -MEK. One who bears a pack; a peddler.— 
-sad^dle, n. A 

saddle on 
which packs 
or burdens are 
borne. — staff, 
n. A staff on 
which a trav- 
e 1 e r occasion- 
ally supports 
his pack. — 
-thread, n. 
Strong thread 
or twine used 
in tying up par- ' 
eels. — Pack''- 
age, n. Act or 
style of pack- 
mg; a bundle; Pack-saddle, 

pack or packet; bale; a charge for packing goods. — 
Pack''et, n. A small pack or package ; a vessel em- 
ployed in conveying dispatches, passengers, or goods 
on fixed days of sailing. -^ v. t. To make up into a 
packet or bundle; to send in a packet or dispatch- 
vessel. — V. i. To ply with a packet or dispatch* 
vessel. 

Packwax. See Paxwax. 

Pact, pakt, Pac'tion, n. An agi-eement; league; com- 
pact; covenant. — Pac'tional, a. By way of agree- 
ment. — Pacti'^tious, -tish'us, a. Settled by agree- 
ment or stipulation. 

Pad, pad, n. Afoot-path; road; an easj'-paced horse; 
a highwayman; foot-pad. — v. t. To travel; tread; 
tramp; to tread or beat smooth or level. — v.i. To 
travel slowly or leisurely; to rob on foot; to beat a 
way smooth and level. 

Pad, pad, n. Anything flattened or laid flat; a package 
of blotting paper; a soft saddle, cushion, or bolster 
stuffed with straw', hair, or other soft substance; a 
measure for fish. — v. t. To staff with padding. 
(Calico Printing.) To imbue equally with a mor- 
dant. — Pad'^ding, n. Act or process of making a pad; 
impregnation of cloth with a mordant: material for 
stuffing a saddle, garment, etc.; literary matter of 
inferior value used to fill a book, newspaper, etc. 

Paddle, pad'dl, ?'. i. [-dled (-did), -dling.] To toy 
with hands or fingers; to beat water with the hands 
or feet; to propel a boat with a paddle. — v. t. To 
propel by an oar or paddle. — n. A short oar with a 
broad blade; the blade or the broad part of an oar 
or weapon ; a short, broad blade resembling that of 
an oar; one of the broad boards at the circumference 
of a water-wheel ; a small gate in sluices or lock- 
gates; a paddle-shaped foot, as of the sea-turtle, etc. 

Paddock, pad'dok, n. A large toad or frog. — Pad'- 
dock-stool, n. A mushroom; toadstool. 

Paddock, pad'dok, n. A small inclosure under pa8» 
ture, adjoining a stable. 



ftm, lame, far, piss or oper4, fare ; gnd, eve, t5rm ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 8r j 



PADDY 



281 



PALILOGY 




Padlock. 



Faddy, pad'dT, n. In India, rice in the husk. 

Padlock, pad-'lok, n. A movable lock having a semi- 
circular link jointed at one 
end so that it can be 
opened, the other end be- 
ing fastened by the bolt. — 
V. t. [padlocked (-lokt), 
-LOCKING.] To fasten 
•with a padlock; to stop, 
shut, confine. 

Padnasoi, pad'u-a-soi-' or 
pad'u-soi, n. Aparticular 
kind of silk stun. 

Paean, pe'an, n. A song of 
rejoicing, among the an- 
cients, in honor of Apollo; 
aloud and joyous song; 
song of triumpli. 

Pseony. See Peoxy. 

Pagan, pa-'gan, n. One who 
■worships false gods ; one» 
who is not Christian, Mo- 
hammedan, nor Jew; aheathen; idolater. — a. Pert, 
to the_worship or worshipers of false gods; heathen. 

Page, paj, n. A youth or attendant on a nobleman or 
wealthy person; a boy that waits on the members of 
a legislative body. 

Page, paj, n. One side of _a leaf of a book or manu- 
script. — v.t. [PAGED (pajd), PAGING.] To mark or 
number the pages of. 

Pageant, paj^ant or pa'jant, n. Something showy, 
without stability or duration ; a spectacle for the 
entertainment of a distinguished personage, or of 
the public ; an exhibition ; display ; pomp ; finery. 

— Pag'^eantrjr, -rl, w. Pompous spectacle; show. 
Fs^oda, iDa^go'p.a, w. A temple in the E. Indies and 

China, in which idols are worshiped ; a gold or silver 
coin, formerly current in Hindostan, varying in 
value_fr. about $1.75 to $2.18. 

Pail, pal, n. An open vessel 
of wood, tin, etc., with a 
bail, for water, milk, or other 
liquids. — Pail'ful, n. ; pi. 
-FTJLS. The quantitv that a 
pail will hold. 

Pain, pan, n. Punishment suf- 
fered or denounced; an un- 
easy sensation or ache in an- 
imal bodies, of any degree; 
bodily distress; suffering; pi. 
the throes or distress of trav- 
ail or childbirth; uneasiness 
of mind; mental_ distress. — 
V. t. [pained (pand), pain- 
ing.] To afilict with uneasy 
sensations; to render uneasy in mind, disquiet, af- 
flict, grieve, torment, torture. — Pain'^ful, -f ul, a. Full 
of pain; occasioning^uneasmess or distress; requir- 
ing labor or toil; difficult; distressing; grievous; ar- 
duous. — Painless, a. Free from pain; relieved from 
pain or trouble. — Pains, n. Care ; trouble. — Pains''- 
taker, n. One who takes pains; a laborious person. 

— PainS'^'taking, a. Carefullj' laborious; sparing no 
pains. — n. Careful and conscientious exertion ; leb- 
Dor. 

Painim, Paynim, pa'^nim, n. A pagan; infidel. 

Paint, pant, n. A substance used in painting ; pig- 
ment; coloring matter for the face. — v. t. To apply 
gaint to, color; to represent by means of colors or 
ues; to describe vividly, delineate, image, depict, 
portray, describe.— v. i. To practice the art of paint- 
ing; to color one's face with intent to beautify it. — 
Paint'er, n. — Painfing, n. Act or employment of 
laying on colors; art of representing natural objects 
on a plane surface, by means of colors ; also, vivid 
description in words; thing painted; a picture. 

Painter, panfer, n. {Naut.) A rope at the bow of a 
boat, used to fasten it to anything. 

Pair, par, n. Two things of a kind, similar in form, 
applied to the same purpose, and suited to each 
other or used together; a tning in 2 parts, as scissors, 

forceps, etc.; man and wife; a couple; brace; set. 

V. i. [paired (pard), pairing.] To join in pairs, 
mate, couple; to suit; fit, as a counterpart. — v. t. To 
unite in couples, form a pair of. 




Pagoda. 




Pajamas, pa-ja'maz, n. pi. Orig., in India, loose 
drawers or trousers ; also, a suit consisting of draw- 
ers and a loose upper garment for wear in the dress- 
ing room and during sleep. 

Palace, paKes, n. A magnificent house of an emperor, 
king, etc. — Pala'tial, pa-la'shal, a. Pert, to a pal- 
ace; magnificent. — Pal'atine, -tin, a. Pert, to a pal- 
ace, or to a high officer of a palace. — n. A count 
palatine. — Palat'inate, -T-nat, n. The province or 
seigniory of a palatine. — PaKadin, -a-din, n. A dis- 
tinguished champion; an eminent knight. 

Palankeen, -quin, pal'an-ken', ?i. A covered carriage 
used in the East, 
borne on the 
shoulders of_men. 

Palate, pal'at, n. 
(Anat.) The roof 
of the mouth : its 
fixed portion is 
called the hard 
jialate, and the 
membranous, 
muscular curtain 
continuous with „ , 

its posterior mar- falanquin. 

gin, the soft palate. The seat or power of taste ; 
relish ; taste ; mental relish ; intellectual taste. — 
Pal'atable, -a-ta-bl, a. Agreeable to the palate or 
taste; savorv. — Pal'^atal, a. Pert, to, or uttered by 
the aid of, tne palate, —n. A letter pronounced by 
the aid of the palate.— Pal'atine, -tin, Palafic, a. 
Pert, to the palate. 

Palatial, Palatine. See under Palace. 

Palaver, pa-la,'' ver, n. Idle talk ; flattery ; a confer- 
ence or deliberation. — v. t. or v. i. [palavered 
(-vSrd), p. pr. & vb. n. palavering.] To hold a 
palaver; to use idle, deceitful talk ; to flatter. 

Pale, pal, a. Not ruddy or fresh of color ; dusky 
white; of a faint luster; whitish; wan; pallid; dim. 
— v.i. [paled (paid), paling.] To turn pale, lose 
luster. — V. t. To make pale. — Pal'lid, paKlid, a. 
Pale ^ wan. — Pal'lor, n. Paleness ; pallidness. 

Pale, pal, n. A pointed stake driven into the ground 
and fastened to a rail at the top; a picket; an inclos- 
ing boundary; limit; fence; space inclosed ; inclos- 
ure ; limited territory. (Her.) One of the greater 
ordinaries, being a broad, perpendicular stripe in an 
escutcheon, equally distant from the 2 edges, and 
occupying l-3d of it. — v. t. To inclose with pales 
or stakes; to encompass. — Pal'ing, n. Pales in gen- 
eral ; a fence formed with pales ; an inclosure. — 
Pal'isade', paFT-sad', n. (Fort.) A strong stake, 
whose lower end is set firmly in the ground, the 
other sharpened ; a fence formed of such stakes. — 
V. t. To surround, inclose, or fortify with, etc. 

Palearctic, pa-le-ark'tik, a. Pert, to a region of the 
eastern hemisphere (including all Europe to the 
Azores; Iceland, and all temperate Asia) whose 
fauna form a distinct class. — Pa'leontoKogy, n. 
Science of the ancient life of the earth, or of fossil 
remains of such life. 

Palette, paKet, n. (Paint.) A thin, oval tablet, with 
a thumb-hole at one end for 
holding it, on which a painter 
mixes n i s pigments ; a broad, 
thin knife, for mixing pigments, k^^<^ 
medicines, etc. — Pal'let, w.^^ 
[Paint.) A palette. A wooden 
instrument used by potters, cru- 
cible-makers, gilders, etc. A x> i ++ 
lever connected with the pendii- Palette, 
lum of a clock, or the balance of a watch, which re- 
ceives the immediate impulse of the scape-wheel, or 
balance-wheel : see Escapement. (Mus.) A valve 
between the wind-chest of an organ and the mouth 
of a pipe. 

Palfrey, pawKfrT, n. A saddle-horse ; a small horse 
suitable for ladies. 

Pali, pa'le, n. The sacred language of the Buddhists 
of Burmah, Siam, Ceylon, etc., — a dialect of San- 
skrit. 

Palilogy, pa-liFo-jt, n. (Rhet.) Repetition of a word 
or part of a sentence for greater energy. — PaKijnp- 
sest, -imp-sest, n. A parchment, paper, etc., whioh 
has been written upon twice, the first writing hav- 




BQn, cQbe, fyll ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or igk, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



PALING 



282 



PANACE. 



ing been erased. — Pal'inode, -T-nOd, n. A song re- 
peated a second time : a satirical song retracting a 
former one; a recantation. 

Paling, Palisade, itc. See under Pale, n. 

Pall, n. A detent. Same as Pawl. 

Fall, pawl, n. A cloak ; mantle ; a consecrated scarf- 
like vestment composed of white wool, and embroid- 
ered with crosses; a large, black cloth thrown over a 
cotfin at a funeral. {Eccl.) A piece of stiffened 
linen, to cover the chalice. — v. t. To cloak; to cover 
or invest. — Pall'-beaT'er, n. One who_attends.the 
cofhn at a funeral.— Pal'liate, paKlT-at, v. t. To 
cover with excuse, soften by favorable representa- 
tions, cloak, hide, extenuate; to reduce in violence, 
lessen, abate, mitigate. — Pal-lia'tion, n. Act of, or 
state of being, etc. ; extenuating circumstances ; 
concealment of the worst features of an oiiense ; 
mitigation or abatement (of disease, etc.). — Pal- 
liative, a. Serving to extenuate; relieving (pain or 
disease). — n. That which, etc. 

Pall, pawl, V. i. [PALLED (pawld). palling.] To be- 
come vapid ; to lose strength, life, spirit, or taste ; 
to become insipid. — v. t. 1 o- make vapid or insipid; 
to make spiritless, dispirit, depress ; to satiate, cloy. 

Palladium, pal-la'dT-um, M. {Antiq.y A statue of the 
goddess Pallas, on the preservation of which de- 
pended the safety of Troy ; something that affords 
defense and safety. {Chem.) A metal discovered 
in 1803 by Wollaston, of a steel-gray color and fibrous 
structure. 

Pallet, n. A tool, valve, etc. See under Palette. 

Pallet, paKlet, n. A small or rude bed. 

Palliate, Palliation, etc. See under Pall, n. 

Pallid. Pallor, etc. See under Pale, a. 

Pallmall, pel-mel', n. An old game in which a wooden 
ball was driven with a mallet through an iron arch; 
the mallet used; place where the game was played. 

Palm, pam, n. The inner part of the hand ; a uneal 
measure equal either to the breadth of the hand (4, 
sometimes .3, inches) or to its length from the wrist 
to the ends of the fingers (8.V inches); the broad, tri- 
angular part of an anchor at the end of the arms; 
the broad part of an antler ; an instrument used 
by sail-makers to force a needle through canvas. 
(JBot.) A perennial endogenous tree of several dif- 
ferent genera, usually with an unbranching cylin- 
drical tptink, having a terminal bud; a leaf ot the 
palm, anciently worn as a symbol of victory or re- 

?'oicing ; a token of success or triumph. — v. t. 
palmed (pamd), palming.] To conceal in the palm 

of the hand; to impose by fraud. —Pal'mate, -mated, 

a. Hand-shaped; having 

a membrane between the 

toes, so that the feet make 

a hand-like impression, — 

as in web- footed birds. — 

FaKmiped, -mt-ped, «. 

Having the toes connect- 
ed by a membrane; web- 
footed, as a water-fowl. — 

n. A swimming bird. — 
.Pal 'ma Chris'ti, paKma- 
"kris'ti, Palm'criBt, pam''- 

krist, ?i. (Bot.) The cas- 
tor-oil plant, — so called ^i , _ . 

fr. its hand-shnped leaves. i^aimate l^eat. 

Pal'mary, Palm''y, pam'T, a. "Worthy of the palm; 

preeminent ; superior ; palmy ; chief. — Palmier, 

panT'er, n. One who palms or 

cheats; one who visited the Holy 

Land and its sacred places, and 

bore a branch of palm in token 

thereof; an incessant pilgrim. — 

Palmier-worm, n. A kind of 

hairy worm, — loosely applied to 

various hairy caterpillars which 

wander like a palmer, and de- 
vour leaves and herbage. — Pal- 

met'to, pal-, n. A species of 

dwarf palm growing in the W. 

Indies and SonthernU. S. ; a kind 

of palm called also the cabbage- 
tree. — Palmif' erous, -er-us, o. 

Bearing palms. — Palm'-Sun'- 

day, n. (Eccl.) The Sunday 





Palmetto. 



next before Easter. — so called in commemoration 
of Christ's triumphal entry into Jerusalem, palm 
branches being strewn in the way. 
Palp, palp, re. (Entom.) A jointed, sensiferous organ, 
attached in pairs to some part of the head in many 
insects, etc. ; a feeler, — Pal^pable, a. Perceptible by 
the touch; capable of being felt; plain; obvioua. — 
PaKpitate, -pT-tat, v. i. To beat rapidly and excited- 
ly, as the heart; to throb; pulsate violently; flutter. 

— Palpita'tion, n. A beating of the heart; esp., a 
violent, irregular, and unnatural beating. 

Palsgrave, pawlz'grav, re. A count or earl who has 
the superintendence of the_king's palace ; a count 
palatine. — PalB''gravine, -ven', re. Consort or widow 
of a palsgrave. 

Palsy, pawl'zl, re. {Med.) A weakening, suspension, 
or destruction of functions, of sensation, and of vol- 
untary motion; paralysis.— w. t. [palsied (-zid), 
-SYiNG.] To destroy a function of, paralyze. 

Palter, pawKter, v. i. [-teeed (-terd), -teeing.] To 
act in an insincere or false manner ; trifle ; haggle. 

— PaFtry, -tri, a. [-teiee ; -teiest.] Destitute of 
worth ; characterized by meanness ; contemptible ; 
pitiful; mean; vile. 

Pampano, pam'pa-no, re. A food fish found along the 

Atlantic coast from New York to Brazil. 
Pampas, pam-'paz, re. pi. Vast plains in southern 

Buenos Ayres, in S. Amer. 
Pamper, pam'per, v. t. [-peeed (-pSrd), -peeing.] 

To feed to the full; gratify inordinately: glut. 
Pamphlet, pam'flet, n. A small book consisting of a 

sheet, or a few sheets, of paper, stitched together, 

but not bound. 
Pan, pan, re. A shallow, open dish or vessel ; the part 

of a flint-lock which holds the priming ; the skull ; 

brain-pan ; cranium ; the hard stratum of earth 

that lies below the soil, and holds the water. — v. i. 

and t. To show, as gold in a miner's pan ; to de- 
velop, turn out — with out. 
Pan, pan, re. {Myth.) The Arcadian god of shep- 
herds, guardian of 

bees, and patron of 

fishing and fowling : 

he is usually repre- 
sented as half man 

and half goat. — Pan- 

de'an, a. Pert, to 

Pan. — Pancleanpipes. 

A syrinx; an ancient 

wind instrument 

made of reeds joined 

side by side, said to 

have been invented 

by Pan. — Pan'ic, re. 

A sudden fright, esp. 

one without real or 

sufficient cause. — a. 

Extreme or sudden, 

imaginary, and cause- 
less, — said of fright. 
Panacea, pan-a-se'a, re. 

A remedy for all diseases. — Pan'^creas, pan''- ot- 

Ean'kre-as, re. {Aiiat.) A gland in the abdomen, 
eneath the stomach, which pours its secretion into 
the alimentarv canal during digestion; the sweet- 
bread. — Panci-eafic, -at'ik, a. Pert, to, etc. — Pan'- 
dect, n. A treatis. containing the whole of anv sci- 
ence, pi. The digested code of Eoman civil law 
of Justinian. — Pandem'ic. a. Incident to a whole 
people ; epidemic. — Pandemo^nium, -mo''nT-um, n. 
The great hall of demons or evil spirits ; hell. — 
Panegyr'ic, -e-jlr'ik, n. An oration in praise of 
some person or achievement ; encomium ; eulogy. 

— Panegyr'ic, -ical, a. Containing eulogy; enco- 
miastic. —Panegyr^ist, re. A eulogist; encomiast. 

— Pan'egyrize, -e-jT-iiz, v. t. [-eized (-rizd). -Riz- 
INO.] T(i pr;iise highly. — r. ?:. To bestow praises. 

— Pan'oply, -o-plT, re. Armament; a full suit of de- 
f euhiive armor. — Panora'ma, -rii'ina, re. A complete 
view in eveiy direction a picture exhibited by be- 
ing unrolledand mide to pass continuously before 
the spectator. — Panoram'ic. -ical, a. Pert, to or like, 
etc.; comprehensive. -Pan'theism.-the-izm, re. Doc- 
trine that nature, or the universe conceived of as a 
whole, is God. — Pan'theist, re. One whc holds ta 




Pan. 



am, fame, fSr, piss or opera, fare ; 6nd, Eve, term ; tn. Ice ; Qdd, tone, 6r ; 



PANADA 



283 



PARABLE 



pantheism.— Pantheistic, -ical, a. Pert, to, founded i 
in, or leading to, pantheism. — Pantfaeon, pan-the''- ! 
or pan'^the-un, n. A temple dedicated to all the 
gods ; a work treating of all the divinities worshiped 
by a people ; the whole body of divinities wor- 
shiped. — Pan'tograph, -to-graf, n. An instrument 
for copying on the same, or on a 
reduced or enlarged, scale. — Pan- 
tograph'ic, -ieai, a. Pert, to, or 
performed by, etc. — Pantog'ra- 
phy, -ra-fl, ». General descrip- 
tion; entire view of an object. — 
PantoKogy, -o-jT, n. A work of 
universal information. — Pan'to- 
mime, -mini, n. One who acts his 



part by gesticulation only, with- 
out speaking; a theatrical enter- 




tainment given in dumb show. 
— Pantomim''ic, -ical, -ralm'ik- Pantograph, 
al, a. Pert, to the pantomime; representing charac- 
ters and actions by dumb show. — Pasig''raphy, pa- 
sig'ra-f t, n. A system of writing to be understood 
and used by all nations. 
Panada, pa-na'da, -na'do, -nade', -nad'', n. Bread 
boiled in water and sweetened. — Pan'ic, Pan'ic- 

frass, Pan'^nicle, -nt-kl, n. A plant of the genus 
'anicum; oatmeal. — Pan-'nier, -yer, n. Orig., a 
bread-basket ; a wicker basket for carrying fruit, 
etc., on a horse ; a frame-work to expand the skirts 
of ladies' dresses. {Arch.) A corbel, q. v. — Pan'- 
try, -trl, re. A closet for keeping bread, provisions, 
etc. — Pantler, re. The household of&cer in charge 
of the pantry. 

Panama, pan-a-ma', w. A hat made of the undevel- 
oped leaf of a dwarf screw-palm of S. Amer. 

Pancreas, Pandect, Pandemonium, etc. See under 
Panacea. 

Pander, pan'dSr, n. A male bawd ; a pimp ; pro- 
curer; one who ministers to the evil passions of an- 
other. —v. t. [pandered (.-derd), -dering.] To 
procure the gratification of the lust of. — v.i. To 
act as agent for the lusts, or minister to the evU de- 
signs of others. _ 

Fandour, -door, pan'door, re. A Hungarian foot-sol- 
dier in^the Austrian service. 

Pane, pan, n. A distinct patch, piece, or compart- 
ment ; esp., a square plate of glass ; a square piece 
of cloth in a garment for ornament. — Pan'el, pSn-'el, 
n. (ArcJi.) A compartment, usually with raised mar- 
gins, as in wainscotings, doors, etc. (Masonry.) One 
of the faces of a hewn stone. {Painting.) A thin 
board on which a picture is painted. {Laiv.) A 
schedule, containing the names of persons sum- 
moned as jurors by the sheriff ; the whole jury. — 
V. t. [paneled (-eld), -eling.] To form with pan- 
els. — Pan-'icle, -T-kl, re. {Bot.) 
A form of inflorescence, in 
which the cluster is much and 
irregularly branched, in a 
brancned raceme, as in oats. 

Panegyric, etc. See under Pana- 
cea. 

Pang, pang, re. A momentary and 
violent pain ; a throe ; agony ; 
anguish ; distress. 

Panic, ra. A fright. See under 
Pan, the god. 

Panic-grass, Pannicle, Pannier, 
etc. See under Panada. 

Panoply, Panorama, etc. See under Panacea. 

Pansy, pan'zT, re. A plant and flower ; the garden 
violet, heart's-ease. 

Pant, pant, v. i. To breathe quickly or in a labored 
manner ; to gasp ; to be overpowered with eager- 
ness, desire, or longing ; to palpitate, or throb, as 
the heart, in terror, etc. — v. t. To breathe forth 
quickly or in a labored manner; to gasp out. — n. 
A quick breathing; gasp; violent palpitation of the 
heart. 

Pantagraph. See Pantograph, under Panacea. 

Pantaloon, pan'ta-loon', n. A ridiculous character 
in Italian comedy, and a buifoon in pantomimes ; 
one of the long, loose coverings for the legs worn by 
males, reaching from waist to neel, — in pi.; trousers. 
— Pan'talef, re. One of a pair of loose drawers worn 




Panicle. 



below the knee by children and women, — chiefly 
in pi. 

Pantheism, Pantheon, etc. See under Panacea. 

Panther, pan'ther, n. A fierce, dark-colored leopard 
of Asia and Africa ; the Amer. tiger, a feline mam- 
mal of several species, including the catamount, 
cougar, jaguar, etc. 

Pantler, Pantry^ See under Panada . 

Pantofle, pan-too'fl, re. A slipper. 

Pantograph, Pantomime, etc. See under Panacea. 

Panjrm. See Paimm. 

Pap, pap, re. A nipple of the breast ; teat ; soft food 
for infants, made with bread softened with water 
or milk ; nourishment. — v. t. To feed with soft 
food. 

Papa, pa-pa'', re. Father, — a word used by children. 
— Pa'pal, a. Pert., relating to, or proceeding from 
the pope of Rome; popish. — Pa'paJize, r. i. [-izei> 
(-izd), -iziNG.] To make papal. — r. i. To conform 
to popery. — Pa'pacy, -st, re. Office and dignity of 
the pope; papal authority or jurisdiction; popedom; 
the popes collectively. — Pa'pist, n. An adherent 
of the pope; a Roman Catholic. — Papist'ic, -ical, 
a. Pert, to, etc. ; popish. — Pa 'pistry, -rl, re. The 
doctrines and ceremonies of the church of Rome ; 
popery. 

Papavefons, pa-pav'er-us, a. Resembling the poppy. 

Papaw, pa-paw'', 7i. A tropical tree and its fruit ; a 
tree growing in the western and southern U. S., and 
producing a sweet, edible fruit ; the fruit itself. 

Paper, pa^'per, re. A thin, flexible substance, made of 
rag pulp, vegetable fiber, etc., in sheets for writing 
or printing on, to be used in wrapping, etc. ; a sheet or 
piece of such substance; a printed or written instru- 
ment; a writing; a newspaper; journal; notes or bills 
of exchange ; bank-notes, etc. ; hangings printed or 
stamped for the walls of rooms. — v. t. [papered 
(-perdj), -FEEING.] To cover with paper; Jo fold qrin- 
close in paper. — Papier-mache, pap''ya-ma''sha, re. 
A hard substance made of a pulp from rags or paper 
mixed with size or glue, and 
cast in a mold.— Papyrus, re.; 
pi. -Ri. A species of reed or 
flag from which the ancients 
made a material for writing 
upon ; a manuscript written 
on rolls of papyrus. — Papso"'- 
ograph, -ptr''o-graf , re. A ma- 
chine for printing fac-simile 
impressions from manu- 
scripts. 

Papescent. See under Pap. 

Papilionaceous, pa-pil'jo-na''- 
s h u s, a. Resembling the 
butterfly. (Bot.) Having a 
winged corolla, somewhat re- _ 

sembling a butterfly, as in I'apyrus. 

the blossoms of the bean and pea. 

Papilla, pa-piKla, re. ; pi. -l^, -le. {Anat.) One of 
the minute elevations of the surface of the skin, 
tongue, etc., containing terminations of sensory 
ner%'es, etc. — Pap'illary, -il-la-rl, Pap''illose, -il-los, 
Papillons, pap''il- or pa-piKlus, Pap^'ulous, -u-lus, a. 
Pert, to, or resembling, the nipple or the papiUse ; 
covered with papillae ; pimpled ; warty. 

Papillote, pap''il-16t, re. One of the small pieces of 
paper on which ladies roll up their hair. 

Papist, Papistry, etc. See under Papa. 

Papoose, Pappoose, pap'' poos, n. Name of the N. 
Amer. Indians for a child. 

Pappose, pap-pos'', Pap''pous, -pus, a. Downy, as the 
seeds of dandelions, thistles, etc. 

PapsrruB, Pap3n:ograph. See under Paper. 

Par, par, re. State oi equality ; value expressed on 
the face or in the words of a certificate of value or 
other commercial paper ; equality of condition or 
circumstances. — Par'ity, p5r''I-tt, re. Condition of 
being equal or equivalent ; equality ; close corre- 
spondence; analogy. 

Parable, par''a-bl, re. A fable or allegorical relation of 
something real in life or nature, from which a moral 
is drawn for instruction. — Parab''ola, -o-la, n. ; pi. 
-LAS, -laz. {Geom.) A curve, one of the conic sec- 
tions, formed by the intersection of the surface of 
a cone with a plane parallel to one of its sides : any 




sQn, cQbe, fijll ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, ttien, boNboN, chair, get. 



PARACHRONISM 



284 



PARCHMENT 





fioint in the curve is equally distant 
rom a fixed point, called the/ocus, and 
a fixed straight line, called the direc- 
trix; an J' curve having an infinite 
branch, without having a rectilineal 
asymptote. — ParaboKic, -ical, a. Ex- 
pressed by parable or allegorical repre- 
sentation. (Geoin.) Having the form or 
nature of a parabola ; generated by the Parabola, 
revolution of a parabola. — ParaboFically, adv. By 
way of parable ; in the form of a parabola. 

Parachronism, pa-rak'ro-nizm, n. An 
error in chronology, by which the date 
of an event is made later than it was 
in reality. _ 

Parachute, par^'a-shoot, n. A contriv- 
ance in the form of an umbrella, to 
prevent the too rapid motion of any- 
thing dropped troni a height. 

Paraclete, par'a-klet, n. One called to t. 
aid or support; the Consoler, Comfort- -taracnute. 
er, or Intercessor, — applied to the Holy Spirit. 

Parade, pa-rad'', n. Pompous exhibition; assembly of 
troops for inspection, etc.; military display; ground 
where such display is held; a spectacle; ostentation; 
show. — V. t. To show off, make a spectacle of ; to 
array or marshal in military order. — v. i. To go 
about for show, or in military procession ; to assem- 
ble in military order. 

Paradigm, par-'a-dim, n. (Gram.) An example of a 
verb, noun, etc., conjugated, declined, compared, 
etc., in all its different forms of inflection. 

Paradise, par-'a-dTs, n. (Script.) The garden of Eden. 
A place of bliss; heaven. 

Paradox, par^'a-doks, n. A sentiment or proposition 
seemingly absurd or contradictory, yet true in fact. 

Paraffine, par'af-fln, n. (Chem.) A white, translu- 
cent substance, obtained from distillation of tar, pe- 
troleum, etc., resembling spermaceti, and used for 
making candles, etc. 

Paragoge, par-a-go'je, 71. (Gram.) The addition of a 
letter or a syllable to the end of a word, as, loith- 
outen for without. 

Paragon, par'a-gon, n. A model or pattern by way 
of distinction, implying superior excellence or per- 
fection. 

Paragraph, par'a-graf, n. The character [IT], used as 
a reference, or to mark a division ; any portion or 
section of a writing or chapter which relates to a 
particular point, noted by the mark [IT], or, more 
■usually, by indentation of the first line; a short pas- 
sage ; notice or brief remark, as in a newspaper. 

Paraleipsis, par-a-llp'sis, n. (Rhet.) A pretended or 
apparent omission. 

Parallax, par'al-laks, n. (Astron.) The difference 
between the position of a body as seen from some 
point on the earth's surface, and its position as seen 
from some other conventional point, as the earth's 
center or the sun. 

Parallel, par'al-lel, a. (Geom.) Extended in the same 
direction, and in all parts _^.^^^.^^____^^„, 
equally distant; having the *-^— ^^-^■"■■~~--~ 
same direction or tendency; >^_^^Bai^^.___ 
continuing a resemblance t) n i t ■ 
through many particulars ; iraraUel L.ines. 
equidistant ; like ; similar. — n. A line which, 
throughout its whole extent, is equidistant from an- 
other line; one of the circles upon a globe, parallel 
to the equator, and marking the latitude ; conformity 
continued through many particulars or in all essen- 
tial points; resemblance; a comparison made; coun- 
terpart. (Mil.) A wide trench, affording besieging 
troops a covered communication between their va- 
rious batteries and approaches. (Print.) A sign of 
reference [thus \\ ], used to direct attention to notes 
in the margin or at the foot of a page. — v. t. [par- 
alleled (-leld), -LELixo.] To cause to be parallel ; 
to be equal to, resemble in all essential points. — Par- 
allel motion. (Steam Eng.) A contrivance for con- 
necting the piston and pump-rods with the working- 
beam, so as to convert the circular motion of the 
beam into the rectilinear motion of the rods, and 
preserve the parallelism of the rods with the axes of 
their cj'linders. See Steam-Engine. — P. ruler. 
An instrument for drawing parallel lines, consist- 




in g of movable 

parts, whose 

edges are always 

parallel. — Par"''- . 

allelism, -izm, n. f 

State of being !■ 

parallel ; compar- Parallel Ruler. 

ison ; r e s e m- 

blance. (Hebrew Poetry.) The expression, in 2 i 

etic lines, of the same sentiment, 

with slight modifications. — 

Parallelogram, n. (Geom.) A 

ri^ht-lined quadrilateral figure, 

whose opposite sides are parallel, 

and consequently equal. — Par- 

allel'ogram'mic, -mical, a 



/ 



/ 



Parallelogram. 

„ - Having the properties 

of, etc. — Parallel'opi''ped, -pi'ped, 

-pip'edon, -pip'e-don, n. ( Geom.) A 

regular solid, the faces of wliich are 

6 parallelograms, the opposite ones ^^_^^^__ 

being parallel, and equal to each ^ „ , . , 

other. Parallelopiped. 

FaralYsiSi pa-raKT-sis, n. (Med.) Loss of voluntary 
motion, with or without loss of sensation, in any 
part of the body; palsy.— Paralyt'ic, -ical, -lifik-al, 
a. Affected with, or inclined to paralysis. — Para- 
lyt'ic, n. A person affected with palsy. — Faraljrze, 
par'a-liz, ?;. <. [-lyzed (-lizd), -lyzing.] To affect 
with paralysis or palsy ; to palsy. 

Paramount, par'a-mownt, a. Superior to all others; 
of highest rank, dignity, or value ; principal ; pre- 
eminent; chief. — n. The highest in rank or order; 
the chief. _ 

Paramour, par'a-moor, n. A lover of either sex ; a 
wooer or a mistress, — formerly in a good sense, 
now only in a bad one ; a kept mistress ; concnbine. 

Parapet, par'a-pet, n. A wall, rampart, or elevation of 
earth for covering soldiers from an attack from the 
front; a breast-work; a breast- wall, on the edge of a 
bridge, roof, etc. See Casemate, Castle. 

Paraphernalia, par'a-fer-na''ll-a, n. pi. Articles which 
a wife brings with her at her marriage ; goods of a 
wife beyond her dowry ; appendages ; ornaments ; 
trappings. 

Paraphrase, par'a-fraz, n. A re-statement of a text, 
or passage, expressing the meaning of the original 
in another form; a free translation into the same or 
another language. — v. t. [pakapheased (-frazd), 
-PHRASING.] To explain, interpret, or translate 
with latitude. — v. i. To interpret or explain amply. 

Paraquet, Paraquito. ^See under Parrot. 

Parasite, par'a-sit, n. A trencher friend; hanger on; 
dependent companion and flatterer ; toady. (Bot.S 
A plant that grows and lives on another. (Zool.) 
An animal which lives on or in some other animal, 
as lice, etc. — Parasit'ic, -ical, -sTt''ik-al, a. Of the 
nature of a parasite, fawning ; living on or deriving 
nourishment from, some other living thing. 

Parasol, par-'a-sol, n. A small umbrella to defend the 
face from the sun's rays. 

Parboil, par'boil, v. t. [-boiled (-boild), -boiling.] 
To boil in part, cook partially by boiling. 

Parbuckle, par'buk-l, n. (Naut.) A purchase formed 
of a single rope around any weighty body, as a spar 
or cask, by which it is lowered or hoisted. — v. t. 
[parbuckled (-Id), -ling.] To hoist or lower by 
means of a parbuckle. 

Parcae, par'se, n. pi. (Mijth.) The Fates, q. v. 

Parcel, par'sel or par' si, n. Any mass or quantity; & 
collection; lot; a bundle; package; packet. (Laio.) 
A part ; portion ; piece. — a. and adv. Part or half ; 
in part.— V. t. [parceled (-seld), -celing.] To 
divide and distribute by parts or portions. 

Parcener, par'se-ner, n. (Law.) A co-heir; 1 of 2 or 
more persons, to whom an estate of inheritance de 
scends jointly, and by whom it is held as one estate. 

— Par'cenary, -se-na-rT, w. Joint occupation of an 
inheritable estate which descends from the ancestor 
to 2 or more persons ; co-heirship. 

Parch, parch, v. t. [parched (parcht), parching.] 
To burn the surface of, scorch; to shrivel with heat. • 

— r. i. To be scorched or superficially burnt. 
Parchesi. See Pachisi. 

Parchment, parch'ment, n. The skin of a sheep or 
goat prepared for writing on. 



fim, fame, fiir, pass or opera, fare ; §nd, eve, tSrm ; Tn, Ice ; 5dd, tSne, dr ; 



PARD 



285 



PARSIMONY 



Pard, pard, n. The leopard ; any spotted beast. 

Pardon, par'dn, v. t. [-doned (-dnd), -doning.] To 
refrain from exacting as a penalty; to suffer to pass 
without punishment, discharge from liability to pen- 
alty; to absolve, excuse, acquit, forgive.— n. Remis- 
sion of penalty; release of an oflEense, or of the expo- 
sure of the oftender to suffer a penalty; forgiveness. 

Fare, pfir, v.t. [pared (pgrd), paring.] To cut or 
shave off, as the superficial substance or extremities 
of a thing; to diminish by little and little. — Par'ing, 
n. Thing pared oft'; the rind; the cutting off the sur- 
face of grass land, for tillage. 

Paregoric, par'e-gor'ik, a. Mitigating; assuaging pain. 

— /(. {Med.) A medicine that mitigates pain; an 
anodyne; camphorated tincture of opium. 

Parent, par'ent, n. A father or mother; that which 
produces ; cause ; source ; origin ; creator. — Par''- 
entage, -ej, n. Descent from parents or ancestors; 
parents or ancestors considered in their character or 
social position ; extraction ; birth. — Parenfal, a. 
Pert, to, or becoming, parents; tender; affectionate. 

Parenthesis, pa-ren'trie-sis, n. ; pi. -ses, -sez. A word 
or sentence inserted, by way of comment or expla- 
nation, within another sentence, — usually inclosed 
within curved lines, but sometimes within dashes. 
(Print.) The sign of a parenthesis, thus ( ). — Paren- 
thet'ic, -leal, a. Pert, to, expressed in, using, or 
containing, parentheses. — Parenthet-'ically, adv. 

Parget, par'jet, ?i. (Arch.) Plaster for lining chim- 
ney flues or covering the walls of rooms; — v. t. 
To' plaster (walls, etc.). 

Parhelion, par-he'lT-un or -heKyun, n. ,• pi. -helia, 
-he'll-a or -heKya. A mock sun or meteor, appear- 
ing in the forni_of a bright light near the sun. 

Pariah, pa'- or pa'rl-a, n. One belonging to the low- 
est class in parts of India; anoutcast; onecontemned 
by societv. 

Parian, pa''*rT-an, n. An inhabitant of Paros, an island 
in the ^Egean Sea ; a fine porcelain cla}% used for 
making statuettes, etc.,— so called fr. its resemblance 
to Parian marble. 

Parietal, pa-ri'e-tal, a. Pert, to a wall, to buildings, 
or the care of them. (Anai.) Pert, to the walls of a 
cavity or the bones which form the sides and upper 
part of the skull: see Skeleto:s^. 

Paring. See under Pare. 

Parish, par'ish, n. The precinct or territorial juris- 
diction of a secular priest or ecclesiastical society, 
or the precinct, whose inhabitants belong to the 
same church; in the U. S., any religious or ecclesi- 
astical society ; in Louisiana, a territorial division 
corresponding to counties in some States, and to 
townshi2}s in others. — a. Of, or relating to, a par- 
ish ; employed in the ecclesiastical concerns of a 
parish ; maintained by the parish. — Parish'ioner, 
-un-?r, n. One who belongs to, or is connected with, 
a parish.— Paro^'chial, -kl-al, a. Pert, to a parish. 

Parity. See under Pae. 

Park, park, n. A large tract of ground kept for the pres- 
ervation of game, for walking, ridin'^, ornament, or 
recreation. (Mil.) The space occupied by the ani- 
mals, wagons, pontoons, and materials of all kinds, 
when brought together ; a group of cannon or of 
wagons. — v.t. [parked (parkt), parking.] To in- 
close in a park; to bring together in a park, or com- 
pact body. 

Parley, par-'lY, v. i. [-leyed (-lid), -leyixg.] To con- 
fer with another on some point of mutual concern, 
esp. with an enemy. — ?i. Mutual discourse: a con- 
ference between antagonists. — Par-'lance, -lans, n. 
Conversation; discourse; phrase; form of speech. — 
Par'liament, -ll-ment, n. The legislative assembly 
of the 3 estates of the United Kingdom of Great 
Britain and Ireland, viz., the lords spiritual, lords 
temporal, and the commons; the legislature in some 
of the British dependencies; the supreme council in 
Sweden; one of the judicial courts of France, before 
the Revolution.— Par'liamenta''rian,-a''rl-an,n. An 
adherent of the parliament in the time of Charles I. 

— Parliament ''ary, -a-rT, a. Pert, to, enacted or done 
by, parliament; according to the established usages 
of legislative bodies. — Par'^lor, -ler, n. A room in a 
house which the family usually occupy for society 
and conversation; a re_ception-room for visitors, etc. 

— Parol'', -role', pa-roK, n. (Law.) Oral declara- 



tion; word of mouth. Wordofhonor; plighted faith; 
esp. (Mil.) a promise to fulfill certain stated obliga- 
tions ; a countersign given to those who inspect or 
direct the guards. — a. Oral ; not written. [Writ- 
ten parol in the legal sense, parole, in the others.] 

Parochial. See under Parish. 

Parody, par'o-di, n. A kind of poetical composition, 
in which what is written on one subject is altered 
and applied to another bv wav of burlesque. — v. t. 
[parodied (-did), -dying".] 1* o alter and apply to a 
purpose different from that of the original; to bur- 
lesque in verse. 

Parol, Parole. See under Parley. 

Paronomasia, par'o-no-ma'zhT-a, n. (RJiet.) A play 
upon words; punning. — Paron'ymous, -I-mus, a. 
Having the same derivation ; allied grammatically ; 
also having a similar sound, but differently written, 
and of different meaning, as hair and hare. — Par^- 
onjrm, -o-nim, n. A paron3'mous word. 

Paroquet. See under Parrot. 

Parotid, pa-rofid, n. (Anat.) One of the salivary 
glands situated near the ear. — «. Pert, to, etc. 

Paroxysm, par'oks-izm, n. (Med.) The fit, attack, 
or exacerbation of a disease that has decided remis- 
sions or intermissions. Any sudden and violent ac- 
tion ; convulsion; fit. — Paroxys'mal, -iz'mal, a. 
Marked by, pert, to, or caused by, etc. 

Parquet, par-ka' or -kgf, -quette', -kef, n. A body of 
seats on the floor of a theater nearest the orchestra; 
also the whole lower floor of a theater, behind the 
orchestra; parquetry.— Par-'quetry, -ket-rt, re. A 




Parquetry. 

species of joinery, consisting of inlaid work, gen- 
erally of different colors, used esp. for floors. 

Parr, par, n. A small fish, common where salmon 
breed, — supposed to be young salmon. 

Parrakeet. See under Parrot. 

Parricide, par'rT-sid, n. One who murders his father 
or mother; murder of any one to whom reverence 
is due. — Parricid'a-V a. Pert, to, or committing, 
parricide. 

Parrot, par'rut, n. A climbing bird, of many specieB, 
often of brilliant color, hav- 
ing a fleshy tongue, and a 
short, hooked bill, toothed 
above : it is found in trop- 
ical regions, esp. of S. Amer., 
and can be taught to repeat 
words. — Par'aquef, -okef, 
-kef, Par'rakeet', -kef, 
Par'aqni'to, - k e't o , n. A 
small bird, allied to the 
macaw, but having the 
cheeks wholly feathered. 

Parry, par'rl, v. t. [-ried 
(-rid), -eying.] To ward off, 
prevent ; jo .TOid, shift off, 
evade. — i: i. To ward off, 
evade, or turn aside some- 
thing. 

Parse, piirs, v. t. [parsed 
(parst), parsing.] (Gram.) 
To analyze and describe 
grammatically (a sentence). . 

Parsee, pjir'se or par-se', n. One of the Indian ad- 
lierents of the Zoroastrian or ancient Persian re- 
ligion ; a fire-worshiper ; Gueber. 

Parsimony, par'sT-mo-nl, n. Closeness in expending 
money; excessive economy; frugality; illiherality. 
— Farsimo'iiious, -nt-us, a. Exhibiting pai-simony; 
frugal to excess ; avaricious ; niggardly ; miserly ; 
penurious. 




Parrot. 



siin, cube, full ; moon, fdSt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiieii, boNboN, chair, get. 



PARSLEY 



286 



PASS 



Parsley, pars'll, n. .A plant, whose leaves are used in 
cookery, and its root as an aperient medicine. 

Parsnip, pars'nip, 7i. A plant, of which one species, 
the common parsnip, has a white, spindle-shaped 
root, of aromatic flavor, used for food; the root itself. 

Parson, par^'sn, n. The priest of a parish or ecclesias- 
tical society ; a clergyman. — Far''sonage, -sn-ej, n. 
The house and glebe belonging to a parish, and ap- 
propriated for the use of the minister of a church. 

Vart, part, n. One of the portions, equal or unequal, 
into which anything is divided, or regarded as di- 
vided; something less than a whole; an equal con- 
stituent portion; an organic or essential element ; 
orgAn ; pi. constituents of character or capacity, 
taften collectively; qualities; faculties; talents; quar- 
ters; regions; districts; sing, share; lot; concern; in- 
terest; side; party; actior^; allotted duty; appropri- 
ated office; character appropriated to one in a play, 
etc. (Mus.) One of the different melodies of a 
harmonic composition, which, heard in union, com- 
pose its harmony. — v. t. To divide, separate into 
pieces; to distribute, share, allot; to disunite, sun- 
der; to stand between (combatants). — v. i. To be 
broken or divided into pieces; to go asunder, take 
leave ; to become removed, separate, leave. — Party- 
ing, n. Act of dividing; a division or separation ; 
thing divided. — Part'ly, arh\ In part; in some 



measure or degree. — Partake', -tak' 



\iinp. 



-took; p. p. -TAKEN; -TAKING.] To take a part, por- 
tion, or snare in common with others ; to partici- 
pate; to have something of the properties, nature, or 
office; to be admitted. — v. t. To have a part in; to 
share.— Par'tial, -shal, a. Affecting a part only ; 
not total or entire; biased to one party; not indiffer- 
ent ; inclined to favor unreasonably ; strongly in- 
clined; fond. — PartiaKity, -shT-aKl-tT, n. Quality 
of being partial ; special fondness. — Partic'ipate, 
-tis't-pat, V. i. To have a share in common with 
others ; to take a part, partake, share. — Partic'ipa''- 
tion, n. Act or state of sharing with others ; act or 
state of receiving, having, or taking part of or in 
something. — Partlc'ipant, a. Sharing; having a 
share or part. — n. One who, etc. — Pajrtic''ipa''tive, 
-tiv, a. Capable of participating. — Partic'ipa'tor, 
-ter, n. One who, etc. — Par'ticiple, -tX-st-pl, n. 
(Gram.) A word having the nature of an adjective, 
derived from a verb, and so called because it par- 
takes of the properties of an adjective and of a verb. 

— Particip'ial, -sip'I-al, a. Having the nature and 
use of, or formed from, a participle. — Par'ticle, 
-tl-kl, n. A minute part or portion of matter ; an 
atonif jot; any very small portion or part. {Gram.) 
A word that is never inflected. — Partic'tilar, -tik'^u- 
lar, a. Relating to a part or portion of anything, or 
to a single person or thing ; clearly distinguishable 
from others of its kind ; possessing some eminent 
quality; worthy of special regard; special; separate; 
individual ; entering into details ; minute ; exact ; 
specific ; precise ; circumstantial ; hard to suit : pre- 
cise; difficult. {Law.) Containing a part onlv; hold- 
ing a particular estate. {Logic ScMetajih.) I^orming 
a part of a genus ; relatively limited in extension. — 
n. A single point, or circumstance ; a distinct or 
minute part; detail; specialty. — Partic''ular''ity, 
-lar't-tTC, n. Quality of being particular; distinctive- 
ness ; specialty: minuteness in detail; that which 
is particular, as, individual characteristic, peculiar- 
ity ; or, special circumstance, minute detail ; or, 
something of special or private concern or interest. 

— Partic'ularize, r. t. [-ized (-izd), izixg.] To 
mention in particulars, enumerate in detail. — v. 
i. To be attentive to particulars. — Par'^tisan^ -tT- 
zan', n. An adherent to a party or faction. {Mil.) 
The commander of a corps of light troops designed 
to surprise the enemy, and cairy on a desultory 
warfare; a member of suc!i a corps. — a. Adherent 
to a party or faction. {Mil.) Engaged in irregular 
warfare on outposts. — Parti'tion, -tish'un, n. Act 
of, or .state of buing, etc.; division; separation ; that 
which divides or separates ; esp., an interior wall 
dividing one part or apartment of a house, etc., from 
another. — w. t. [partitioned (-und), -ioning.] To 
divide into shares ; to divide into distinct parts by 
walls. — Parfner, n. A partaker ; associate ; joint 
owner. {Law.) An associate in any business or oc- 



cupation : a member of a partnership. One who 
dances with another ; a husband or wife ; consort. 

— ParfneraMp, n. State of being a partner; par- 
ticipation, with another; association of persons for 
the prosecuting of any business ; a firm or house ; 
company; society; combination.— Par'ty, -tt, n. A 
number of persons, united by some tie, as disting. 
fr., or opp. to, others: as, a number of persons united 
in opinion, and aiming to influence the general ac- 
tion; a faction; or, an assembly, esp., a social assem- 
bly ; or, a part of a larger company sent together on 
some duty, esp., {Mil.) a small number of troops dis- 
patched upon some special service; one who takes a 
part with others; a participator; one who takes part 
in a lawsuit, as plaintiff or defendant; a single per- 
son, as distinct from or opposed to another; a per- 
son ; individual. 

Parterre, pilr-tar'', n. An ornamental arrangement 
of beds or plots in a flower-garden. 

Partisan, Partner, etc. See under Part. 

Partisan, -zan, pai'tl-zan'', n. A kind of halberd; 
truncheon; staff'. 

Partridge, par'trii, n. A grouse-like bird, of several 
species, having the feet bare: it is of gray color, mot- 
tled with brown, and is found in Europe, Asia, and 
N. Africa: no bird of this genus is found in Amer., 
but the name is applied to the Amer. quail and the 
ruffed grouse. 

Parturient, par-tu'rY-ent, a. Bringing forth, or about 
to bring forth young. — Partari''tion, -rish'un, n. 
Act of bringing forth, or being delivered of young; 
delivery. 

Party, etc. See under Part. 

Parvenu, parv'noo', n. An upstart; one newly risen 
into notice. 

Paschal, pas'kal, a. Pert, to the passover, or to Easter. 

Pasha, Pacha, pa-shiw' or pa'sha, Pashaw', n. A 
Turkish viceroy, governor, or commander ; a ba- 
shaw. — Pasha 'lie, n. The jurisdiction of a pasha. 

Pasigraphy. See under Panacea. 

Pasquin, pas'kwin, n. A mutilated statue dug up at 
Rome, near the shop of a cobbler so named, who 
was remarkable for his gibes: on this statue were 
pasted satiric papers; hence, a lampoon. — Pas'qoin- 
ade', -kwin-ad', n. A lampoon or satirical writing. 

— v.t. or i. To satirize. 

Pass, pas, V. i. [passed (past), passing.] To go, 
move, be transferred from one point, state, or con- 
dition to another; to undergo transition; to circu- 
late; to be current, gain reception; to have current 
value or reputation, be regarded; to go by, move 
athwart one, cross one's path, one's observation, 
etc.; to elapse, be spent; to happen, take place; to 
disappear, vanish, depai-t from life, die; to be rati- 
fied or accepted; to receive legislative or executive 
sanction, be enacted ; to bear inspection, do well 
enough, answer; to go unheeded or neglected, pro- 
ceed without hindrance; to go beyond bounds, sur- 
pass, be in excess; to make a lunge or pass, as in 
fencing; to thrust. — v.t. In simple, proper, tran- 
sitive senses: to go by, bevond, over, through, etc.; 
or, to spend, live through; hence, to undergo, suffer; 
or, to omit, make no note of, disregard; or, to tran- 
scend, surpass, excel, exceed ; or, to be carried 
through (a body having power to accept or reject), 
be accepted or ratified by, receive the legislative or 
official sanction of; in causative senses, to cause to 
move or go, send, transferor transmit, deliver, make 
over; or, to utter, pronounce, make orally: or, to ac- 
complish, achieve ; or, to carry on with success 
through an ordeal, examination, or action : esp., to 
give legal or official sanction to, ratify, enact; or, to 
give currency to; or, to cause to obtain entrance, ad- 
mission, or conveyance; to pay regard to, take no- 
tice of, care. — ft. A passage; way; esp., a narrow 
and difficult way; a document entitling one to pass, 
or to go and come; a passport; ticket of free transit 
or free admission. {Fencing.) A thrust; push. A 
movement of the hand over or along anything; state 
of things : condition ; conjuncture. — Pass^able, a. 
Capable of being passed, traveled, navigated, etc. ; 
such as may be suffered to pass; current; tolerable; 
admissible; mediocre. -Pas'sage, -sej, n. Act of 
passing ; motion from point to point ; a going by, 
ovei-, or through ; esp. a journey, as by water, car- 



Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tErm ; In, Ice ; 6dd, tone, 5r ; 



PASSERINE 



287 



PATERNAL 



I 




Lion jjossant. 



riage, etc.; travel; or, fare; or, decease, death; way 
or course through or by which one passes ; road ; a 
room giving access to other apartments ; a hall ; 
event: anything which has happened: incident; sep- 
arate part or portion of something continuous; esp., 

part of a book or text; extract: 

act of carrying through all the 
regular forms necessary to give 
validity; enactment ; a pass or 
encounter. — Pas'sant, a. {Her.) 
Walking, — apphed to an ani- 
mal on a shield, which appears 
to walk leisurely. [F.] — Pas'- 
senger, -sen-jer, n. A passer or 
passer-by ; a traveler, esp. by 
some established conveyance. 

— Pass'^ing, adv. Exceedingly ; 
surpassingly. — Past, p. a. iVot 
present or future ; gone by ; ended ; accomplished. 

— n. That which is, etc., esp. time. — adv. By. — 
prep. Further than ; beyond the reach or influence 
of ; beyond in time or position ; after. — Pa&B''over, 
n. A feast of the Jews, commemorating the time 
when Grod, smiting the first-born of the Egyptians, 
passed over the houses of the Israelites; the sacrifice 
offered at the feast of the passover. — Pass^port, n. 
A document carried by neutral merchant vessels in 
time of war to certify their nationality, and protect 
them from belligerents ; a document given by the 
competent officer of a state, permitting one therein 
named to pass from place to place ; a safe-conduct; a 
license to import or export contraband "oods or mov- 
ables without paying the usual duties : that which en- 
ables one to pass with safety, certainty, or general ac- 
ceptance.— Pas'time, n. That which makes time pass 
ao-reeablv ; entertainment ; amusement ; diversion ; 
g^ort.— "Pas'sim, oi;/!'. Here and there; everywhere. 

Passerine, pas'ser-in, a. Pert, to sparrows, or to the 
order of birds to which sparrows belong. 

Passible, etc. See under Passion. 

Passim, PassiM, etc. See under Pass. 

Passion, pash'im, n. A suffetmg or enduring; the 
suffering or crucifixion and death of the Savior; ca- 
pacity for emotion ; strong feeling prompting to ac- 
tion; anger; wrath; love; fondness; eager desire ; 
controlling inclination; the object of love, fondness, 
ardent inclination, etc.— Pas'sionate, -at, a. Easily 
moved to anger ; showing passion ; moved to strong 
feeling, love, desire, etc. — Pas^sible, pas-'st-bl^ a. 
Susceptible of feeling or suffering, or of impressions 
from external agents. — Pasaibil'ity, n. Quality of 
being, etc. — Pas'sive, -siv, a. Not active, but acted 
upon; receiving impressions or influences; incapable 
of the appropriate excitement or emotion ; inert ; 
quiescent ; enduring ; patient. 

Past, etc. See under Pass. 

Paste, past, n. A soft composition, as of flour mois- 
tened with water or milk; dough prepared for pie- 
crust, etc.; a fine kind of glass used in imitating 
precious stones; an adhesive cement, made of flour, 
etc.» an elastic confection. — v. t. To unite, cement, 
or fasten, with paste.— Paste'board, n. A stiff board 
made of sheets of paper pasted together.— Pasfy, 
past'T, a. Like paste, — n. A meat-pie made with 
paste.— Pat'ty, pat'tT, n. A little pie. — Pat^ty- 
pan, n. A pan to bake patties in. — Pas 'try, pas'- 
trt, n. Articles of food made chiefly of paste, as 
pies, tarts, cake, etc , ^ /v, j 

Pastel, pas'tel, n. A colored crayon; a plant afford- 
ing a blue dye; the coloring matter obtained from 
it. — Pas'til, -til, Pastille', -teK, n. (Pharmacy.) A 
small cone made of aromatic substances to be burned 
for cleansing and scenting the air of a room; an aro- 
matic orjnedicatedjozenge. 

Pastern. See under Pastor. 

Pasteorism, pas-ter'izm, n. A method of treatment, 
devised by Pasteur, a French scientist, for prevent- 
ing certain diseases, as hydrophobia, by successive 
inoculations with an attenuated virus of gradually 
increasing strength. — PaBteur'iza''tion,pas-ter'i-za''- 
shun, n. A process devised by Pasteur for prevent- 
ing or checking fermentation in fluids, by exposurf? 
to a temperature of 140° F., thus killing the con- 
tained germs. — Pasteur'ize, v. t. To subject to pas- 
teurization, to treat by pasteurism. 



Pasttme. See under Pass. 

Pastor, pas'ter, n. A shepherd : a minister of the gos- 
pel ha%'ing charge of a church and congregation. — 
Pas'toral, a. Pert, to shepherds, to the care of souls, 
or to the pastor of a church. — n. A poem describing 
the life and manners of shepherds; an idyl; a bucol- 
ic— Pas'torate, -at, -ship, n. Office or rank of pas- 
tor. — Past'ure, pas'chur, n. Grass for the food of 
cattle; ground covered with grass, to be eaten on the 
spot by cattle, horses, etc.— v. t. [pastured (-churd), 
-TURING.] To feed ongrowing grass, or to supply 

frass for food. — v. i. To take food by eating grass 
rom the ground; to graze. — Pasfurage, -chur-ej, n. 
The business of feeding or grazing cattle ; land ap- 
propriated to grazing ; grass for feed. — Pas'tem, 
-tern, n. The part of a horse's leg between the fet- 
lock joint and the hoof: see Horse. 

Pastry, etc. See under Paste. 

Pat, pat, a. Exactly suitable as to time, place, or pur- 
pose; fit; convenient. — adv. Precisely at the proper 
time ; seasonably ; fitly. 

Pat, pat, n. A tap ; a Ugnt, quick blow with the fin- 
gers or hand. — v. t. To strike genth\ tap. — Paf- 
ter, V, i. [-TEEED (-terd), -tering.] To strike as fall- 
ing drops of water or haU. — v. t. To cause to strike 
in drops ; to spatter, sprinkle ; to repeat (prayers, 
etc.) in a muttering manner. — n. A quick succes- 
sion of small sounds. 

Pat, pat, n. A small mass or lump. 

Patch, pach, n. A piece of cloth sewed on a garment 
to repair it ; anything resembling such a piece of 
cloth; a small piece of silk used to cover a defect on 
the face, or to heighten beauty; a small piece of 
ground; a plot. — v. <. [patched (pacht), patch- 
ing.] To mend by sewing on a piece ; to mend with 
pieces, repair clumsily; to adorn (the face) with a 
patch; to put together of ill-assorted parts; to com- 
pose in a hasty, irregular, or botching way. 

Pate, pat, n. The head ; top of the head. 

Patent, pa'tent o/- pat'ent, a. Open; expanded; evi- 
dent; manifest; apparent. (Bot.) Spreading. Open 
to public perusal, — said of a document conferring 
some right or privilege, as, letters patent ; appropri- 
ated by letters patent; restrained from general use. 

— Pat'ent, w. A letter patent, or letters patent; a 
writing securing to a person, for a term of years, 
the exclusive right to an invention. — v. t. To secure 
the exclusive right of to a person. —Patentee', -e', 
n. One to whom a grant is made or a privilege se- 
cured by patent. — Pafen, n. The plate on which 
the consecrated bread in the Eucharist is placed. — 
Pat'era, -er-a, n. , pi. -r.e, -re. An ancient saucer- 
like vessel. — PateKlaja-teKla, n. ; pi. -l.e, -le, £!, 
pi. -LAS, -la,z. (Anat.) The knee-pan: see Skeleton. 

Paternal, pa-ter'nal, a. Pert, ts a father; fatherly; 
showing the disposition of a father; derived from a 
father ; hereditary. — Pater'nity, -nt-tT, n. The re- 
lation of a father to his off-spring; fatherhood; orig- 
ination or authorship. — Pa'ter nos'ter, n. The 
Lord's Prayer. — Pa'triarch, -trl-ark, n. The father 
and ruler of a family, — applied to heads of families 
in ancient, esp. Biblical, history. {Eastern Churches.) 
A dignitary superior to the order of archbishops. — 
Patnarch'al, -ic, a. Belonging, relating to, or pos- 
sessed by, patriarchs ; subject to a patriarch. — Pa- 
triarch'ate, -at, n. Office, dignity, or jurisdiction of 
a patriarch ; residence oi a patriarch. — Patrfcian, 
-trish'an, a. Pert, or appropriate to a person of high 
birth; senatorial; noble. — n. A person of high birth 
or old family. — Patris'tic, -tical, a. Pert, to the 
ancient fathers of the Christian church. — Pafri- 
cide, -rt-sid, n. The murder or murderer of a father; 
parricide. — Pat'rimony, -rT-mo-nT, n. A right or 
estate inherited from one's ancestors; a church es- 
tate or revenue. — Patrimo'nial, a. Pert, to a patri- 
mony ; inherited from ancestors. — Pat'ronym'ic. 
-nim'ik, n. A name derived from an ancestor ; a 
modification of the father's name borne by the son. 

— Pa'triot, -trT-ot, w. One who loves his country, 
and zealously supports it and its interests. — a. De- 
voted to the welfare of one's country ; patriotic. — 
Patriotic, a. Full of patriotism ; actuated bj' love 
of one's country.— Pa'triotism, -izm, n. Qualitr 
of being patriotic; love of country. — Patois, pat-wB', 
n. An uncultivated idiom ; a provincial form of 



efin, cube, fgll ; moon, £d6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboir, chair, get- 



PATH 



288 



PEA 



speech. —Pa'tron, -trun, n. {Rom. Antiq.) A mas- 
ter who Iiad freed his slave, and retained some rights 
erer him after his emancipation; also, a man of dis- 
tlMction under whose protection another placed him- 
self. One who countenances, supports, or protects; 
an advocate: defender. — Pafronage, pSfrun-ej, w. 
Special countenance or support; guardianship, as of 
a saint. — Pufronize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] 
To act as jiatron toward, support, favor ; to assume 
the air of a superior and protector toward. — Paf^- 
tem, n. An original or model proposed for. imi- 
tation; archetype; exemplar; a specimen; sample; 
instance ; a quantity of cloth sufficient for a gar- 
ment ; figure or style of ornamental execution. 
{Founding.) A full-sized model around which a 
mold of sand is made, to receive the melted metal.— 
V. t. [PATTERNED (-ternd), -TEKNiNG.] To make in 
imitation of some model ; to copy ; to serve as an ex- 
ample to be followed. 

Path, path, n. : pi. Paths, pa&z. A way, course, or 
track, on which anything moves, or has moved; 
road; route; passage; esp., a narrow way beaten by 
the foot; course of action, conduct, or procedure. 

Pathos, pa'thos, n. That which excites emotions and 
passions, esp. tender emotions; pathetic quality.— Pa- 
thet''ic, a. Affecting the tender emotions, as pity or 
grief; moving,touching.— PathoKogy, -o-jT,?z. (Med.) 
That part of the science of medicine which treats of 
the nature, causes, and symptoms of diseases. 

Patient, pa'shent, o. Suti'ering with meekness and 
submission ; calmly submissive ; persevering ; ex- 
pectant with calmness, or without discontent; not 
nasty. — n. A person or thing that receives impres- 
sions from external agents; a diseased person under 
medical treatment. — Pa^'tlence. -shens, n. Quality 
of being patient ; suffering of afflictions, pain, prov- 
ocation, etc., with unruffled temper; act or quality 
of waiting long for justice or expected good witliout 
discontent; perseverance; resignation. — Pafible, 
pSfl-bl, a. Sufferable; endurable; tolerable. 

Patin. See Paten, under Patent. 

Patois, Patriarch, Patrician, Patriot, etc. See under 
Pateenal._ 

Patrol, pa-troK, n. {Mil.) A marching round of a 
guard in the night, to secure the safety of a place. 
Persons who go the rounds for observation. — v. i. 
[PATEOLLED (-trold'), -LING.] To go the rounds in 
a camp or garrison; to march about and observe 
what passes, as a guard. — v. t. To pass round, 
as a sentry. — Pat'ten, n. A clog or wooden sole, 
mounted on an iron ring, to raise the feet above the 
wet. {Arch.) The base or foot of a column. — v. i. 
To walk on pattens. 

Patron, Pattern, etc. See under Paternal. 

Patter. See under Pat, a tap. 

Patt^, etc. See under Paste. 

Paucity, paw'sT-tl, n. Fewness ; smallness of num- 
ber or of quantity; scarcity. 

Pauline, paw'lln, a. Pert, to, derived from, or like 
St. Paul or his writings. 

Paunch, pawnch or panch, n. The belly and its con- 
tents; abdomen; first and largest stomach of a rumi- 
nant quadruped. 

Paui)er, paw^'per, n. A poor person; esp., one so in- 
digent as to depend on charity for maintenance ; 
one supported by public provision. — Pau'perize, v. 
t. [-IZED (-Izd), -IZING.] To reduce to pauperism. 

Pause, pawz, n. A temporary stop or rest; cessation; 
suspense; hesitation; a mark of cessation or inter- 
mission of the voice; a point. (J/ms.) a character, 
thus ^'^^], placed over a note or rest, to indicate 
that the tone or the silence is to be prolonged be- 
yond the regular time; a hold. — v. i. [paused 
(pawzd), pausing.] To make a short stop, cease for 
atime; to be intermitted, stay, wait, delay, hesitate, 
demur. 

Pave, pav, V. t. [paved (pavd), paving.] To cover 
with a pavement of stone, brick, etc. ; to prepare the 
way for, facilitate the introduction of. — Pav'er, 
pav'er, -ier, -ior, -yer, n. One who lays a pavement. 
— Pav'ing, Pave'ment, n. A floor or covering of 
solid material, laid so as to make a hard and con- 
renient road or footway. 

Pavilion, pa^vil'yun, n. A temporary movable habi- 
tation; a tent; canopy. {Arch.) A turret, project- 



ing apartment, or isolated ornamented building, esp 
one with a tent-shaped roof. {Mil.) A tent raised 




Pavilion. 

on posts. — V. t. [pavilioned (-yund), -ioning.] 
To furnish or cover with tents or pavilions. 

Paw, paw, n. The foot of beasts of prey having claws; 
the hand, — in contempt. — v. i. [pawed (pawd), 
PAWING.] To scrape with the fore foot. —v. t. To 
handle with the paws ; to handle awkwardly or 
coarsely; to scrape with the fore foot. 

Pawl, pawl, n. {Mech.) A short, movable bar, to 
check the backward revolution of a wheel, wind' 
lass, etc. ; a catch, click, detent, or rachet. 

Pawn, pawn, n. Goods, chattels, or money deposited 
as security for payment of money borrowed ; a 
pledge for the fulfillment of a promise. — v. t. 
[pawned (pawnd), pawning.] To deposit in 
pledge, or as security for the payment of money 
borrowed ; to pledge for the fulfillment of a prom- 
ise; to stake, wager. — Pawn'bro'ker, n. One who 
lends money on pledge, or the deposit of goods. 

Pawn, pawn, n. A common man, or piece of the 
lowest rank, in chess. 

Pawpaw. See Papaw. 

Pax, paks, n. {R. Cath. Ch.) A small plate of gold, 
silver, etc., with the image 
of Christ on the cross on it, 
formerly kissed by the peo- 
ple, after the service, the 
ceremony being considered 
as the kiss of peace. 

Paxwax, paks'^waks, Paxy- 
waxy, paks't-waks't, n A 
strong, stiff cartilage run- 
ning along the neck of a 
large quadruped to the 
middle of the oack, as in 
an ox or horse. 

Pay, pa, V. t. [paid (pad), pay- 
ing.] To discharge one's 
obligations to, make due 
return to, compensate, re- 
quite ; to retort or revenge 
upon ; to punish ; to dis- 
charge (a debt or obliga- 
tion) by giving or doing that which is due; to render 
duly. — I', i. To recompense, make payment or re- 
quital; to be remunerative or profitable. — n. An 
equivalent given for money due, goods purchased, 
or services performed; compensation; recompense; 
payment; hire.— Payee', -e', w. The person named 
in a bill or note, to whom, or to whose order, the 
amount is promised or directed to be paid. — Pay'er, 
n. One who pays; the person on whom a bill of ex- 
change is drawn, and who is directed to pay the 
money to the holder. — Pay'ment, n. Act of paying; 
thing'paid; reward; requital; sometimes, deserved 
chastisement.— Pay'able, a. Capable of being paid; 
suitable to be paid; justly due. 

Pay, pa, v. t. {Naut.) To cover fthe bottom of a ves- 
sel, a seam, mast, yard, etc.), witn a water-proof com- 
position of tar, tallow, resin, etc. 

Paynim. Same as Painim. 

Pea, pe, n. ; pi. Peas, pez (used when a definite num- 
ber is referred to), or Pease, pez (used when an in- 




Pax. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, tSrm ; tn. Ice ; Odd, tSne, 6r ; 



PEACE 



289 



PEDANT 




Peacock. 



definite quantity or bulk is spoken of). A le^ru- 
minous plant and its fruit, of many varieties, culti- 
vated for food. — Pea'nut, n. A leguminous plant, 
■which ripens its seed under ground; also its seed- 
vessel and seed; the earth-nut; ground-nut. — Peas'- I 
cod, n. The leg:ume or pericarp of the pea. 

Peace, pes, n. A state of quiet or tranquillity; calm; I 
repose; freedom from war; exemption from, or j 
cessation of hostilities ; absence of civil disturb- 
ance ; public tranquillity ; quietness of mind or 
conscience ; a state of reconciliation ; concord. — 
Peace'able, a. Free from war, tumult, commotion, i 
or quarrel; disposed to peace; not quarrelsome; un- 
disturbed by anxiety or excitement; tranquil; quiet; 
serene; mild; still. — Peace'ful, -fui, a. Possessing 
peace; not disturbed by war or coihmotion; pacific; 
mild. 

Peach, pech, n. A tree and its fruit, of many vari- 
eties, growing in warm or temperate climates. 

Peach., pech, v. t. To impeach; to accuse of crime, 
inform against. — v. i. To turn informer; to betray 
one's accomplice. 

Peacock, pe'kok, n. The male of a gallinaceous fowl, 
about the size of the tur- 
key, having long rump 
feathers, capable of being 
erected, and each marked 
with a black spot, around 
which brilliant metallic 
colors are arranged. — Pea'- 
fowl,n. The peacock or pea- 
hen. — Pea'^hen, n. The fe- 
male of, etc.— Pea'chick, n. 
The young of, etc. 

Peajacket, pe'jak'et, n. A 
thick woolen jacket worn 
by seajiien, etc. 

Peak, pek, n. A point ; the 
end of anything that termi- 
nates in a point; the sharp 
top of a hill or mountain. 
{Naut.) The upper, outer 
corner of a sail extended by a gaff or yard; extrem- 
ity of the yard or gaff. — v. «. [peaked (pekt), peak- 
ing.] (Naut.) To raise to a position perpendicular 
or nearly so. 

Peal, pel, re. A loud sound, or a succession of loud j 
sounds, as of bells, thunder, cannon, etc. ; a set of bells } 
tuned to each other; the changes rung upon a set of i 
bells. — I?, i. [pealed (peld), peauxg.] To utter 
loud and solemn sounds. 

Pean. See P^an. 

Pea-nut. See under Pea. 

Pear, p3.r, n. A tree of many varieties and its fruit. I 

Pearl, p5rl, n. A white, hard, smooth, lustrous sub- i 
stance, usually roundish, found inside the shells of j 
several species of mollusks, esp. of the pearl oyster; ! 
also, nacre or mother of pearl, esp. when made into 
buttons, etc. ; somethkig very precious; a jewel; i 
something round and clear, as a drop of water or ! 
dew. {Pnnt.) A printing type, in size between j 
agate and diamond (this book is printed in Pearl ' 
type). — PearKy, -T, a. Containing, abounding with, i 
or resembling, pearls or nacre; clear; pure; irides- 
cent. — Pearl'ash, n. A carbonate of potassa, ob- 1 
tained by calcining potashes, — named from its 
pearly color. i 

Feasant, pez'ant, n. One whose business is rural la- I 
bor; esp., one of the lowest class of tillers of the soil 
in European countries; countryman ; rustic ; hind. 
— Peas'antry, -rl, n. The body of peasants; rustics. 

Peas-cod. See under Pea. 

Peat, pet, n. A substance resembling turf, consisting 
of vegetable matter in various stages of decomposi- 
tion, often dried and used for fuel. 

Peba, pe''ba, n. A kind of 
armadillo of S. Amer. 

Pebble, peb'bl, n. A small, 
roundish stone ; a stone 
rounded by the action of 
water; transparent and 
colorless rock-crystal. — 
Peb'bly, -blT, a. Full of or 
abounoing with pebbles. 

Pecan, pe-kan' or pe-kawn'. 





Peccary. 




Peba. 



Peca'na, -ka'na, n. A species of N. Amer. hickory, 
and its fruit. 

Pecary. See Peccary. 

Peccant, pek''kant, a. Sinning; criminal; morbid; cor- 
rupt; not healthy. — Pec'cancy, -kan-sT, n. Quality 
of being, etc.; offense. — Pec'cadiKlo, n. A slight 
trespass or offense; a petty crime or fault. 

Peccary, pek'ka-rT, n. A pachyderm about the size 
and shape of a small 
hog, but liaving a white 
ring around the neck : 
they are found tr. Ar- 
kansas to Brazil. 

Peck, pek, n. The l-4th 
of a bushel; a dry meas- 
ure of 8 quarts ; a great 
deal, as, to be in a peck 
of troubles. 

Peck, pek, v. t. [pecked 
(pekt), peckixg.] To 
strike with the beak; to 
delve or dig with anything pointed, as with a pick- 
ax; to pick up with the beak; to strike with small 
and repeated blows. — v. i. To make strokes with 
a beak, or something like a beak. 

Pectinal, pek'tt-nal, a. Pert, to, or resembling, a 
comb. — n. A fish whose bones re- 
semble the teeth of a comb. — Pec' 
tinate, -na'ted, a. {Nat. Hist.) Re- 
sembling the teeth of a comb. 

Pectoral, pek'to-ral, a. Pert, to the 
breast ; relating to diseases of the 
chest. — n. A breastplate ; esp., a 
sacerdotal vestment worn by the 
Jewish high priest. (Ichth.) A pec- 
toral fin: see Fix. A medicine 
adapted to cure or relieve complaints 
of the breast and lungs. ■d„„4- j. t « 

Peculate, pek'u-lat, v. t To steal pub- Pectinate L«af. 
lie moneys committed to one's care; to embezzle. — 
Pecula'tion, n. Act or practice of peculating; embez- 
zlement. —Pec'ula'tor, n. One who, etc. — Pecul'- 
iar, pe-kuKyiir, a. Pert, solely or especially to, or 
characteristic of, one person or thing; not general; 
appropriate ; particular ; individual ; special ; es- 
pecial ; unusual; strange. — n. Exclusive property. 
{Eng. Canon Law.) A particular parish or church 
having jurisdiction within itself, and exemption 
from that of the bishop's court.— Peculiar'ity, -yfc-'- 
T-tt, n. Quality of being peculiar; appropriateness; 
individuality; that which is peculiar; particularity. 

— Pecul'larize, v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), -izing.] To ap- 
propriate, make peculiar. — Pecul'iarly, adv. In a 
peculiar manner; particularly; unusually; especial- 
ly. — Pecun'iary, -kun'T-a-rt or -kun'ya-rl, a. Re- 
lating to money, or to wealth or property; consist- 
ing of money. 

Pedagogue, ped'a-gog, n. A teacher of children ; 
schoolmaster ; one who by teaching has become 
formal, positive, or pedantic in his habits; a pedant. 

— Ped'ant, n. One who makes a display of learning; 
a pretender to superior knowledge. — Pedant'ic, -ic- 
aJ, a. Suiting or resembling a pedant; ostentatious 
of learning. — Ped'antry, -rT, n. Vain ostentation of 
knowledge. 

Pedal, pe'dal, a. Pert, to a foot. — Pedal, ped'al, n. 
(,31its.) A lever, acted on by the foot, as in the 
piano-forte to raise a damper, or in the organ to 
open and close certain pipes. — Fed'estal, n. (,Arch.) 
The base or foot of a col- 
umn, statue, vase, etc. 

— Pedes'trian, -des'trt- 
an, a. G o i n g , or per- 
formed on foot. — n. One 
who walks or journeys 
on foot. — Ped'icel, -t-sel, 
n. {Dot.) The stalk that 
supports one flower only, 
when there are several on 
a peduncle. — Pedun'cle, 
-dunki, n. (Bot.) The 
stem that supports the 
flower and fruit of a plant. 

Pedant, etc. See under Ped- 
agogue. Pedestal. 




Bfin, cube, full ; moon, £66t ; cow, oil ; ligger or ink, ttien, boNboN, chair, get. 
19 



PEDDLE 



290 



PENCIL 




Pediment. 



Peddle, ped'dl, v. i. [-di,ed (-did), -dling.] To go 
from place to place and retail goods ; to hawk ; to 
be busy about trifles, —v. t. To retail by carrying 
around from customer to customer ; to hawk. 

— Ped'dler, -lar, -ler, w. A hawker; traveling trader. 

— Ped^dlery, -dler-T, n. The trade of, or goods sold 
by, a peddler. 

Pedestal, Pedestrian, Pedicel, etc. See under Pedal. 

Pedigree, ped'T-gre, n. Line of ancestors; descent; 
lineage; genealogy; register of a line of ancestors. 

Pediment, ped'I-ment, n. (Arch.) The triangular or 
arched ornamental facing 
over a portico, door, win- 
dows, etc. 

Pedlar, Pedler. See under Ped- 
dle. 

Pedobaptism, pe-do-bap'tizm, 
n. The baptism of infants 
or of children. — Pedobap'- 
tist, n. One who holds to in- 
fant baptism. 

Peduncle. See under Pedal. 

Peek, pek, v. i. To peep; to look 
slyly, or through a crevice, or 
with eyes half closed. 

Peel, pel, v. t. [peeled (peld), peeling.] To strip 
off the skin, bark, or rind of; to flay, decorticate; to 
strip by drawing or tearing olf (the skin of an ani- 
mal, bark of a tree, etc.).— v. i. To come off, as the 
skin or rind.-r-w. The skin or rind of anything. 

Peel, pel, v. t. To plunder, pillage. 

Peel, pel, n. A wooden shovel with long handle, used 
by bakers; an instrument used by printers, etc., in 
hanging up wet sheets. 

Peen, pen, n. The pointed or wedge-shaped end of a 
hammer-head, opposite to its face, used in working 
nwtal, stone, etc. 

Peep, pepj v. i. [peeped (pept), peeping.] To cry, 
as a chicken hatching or newly hatched; to chirp; 
to begin to appear ; to look slyly, through a crev- 
ice, or with the eyes half closed. — n. The cry 
of a chick; chirp; first outlook or appearance; sly 
look. — Peep'er, n. A chicken just breaking the 
shell; a young bird; one who looks out slyly; a spy; 
the eye. 

Peer, per, n. One of the same rank, quality, endow- 
ments, etc.; an equal; match; mate; a comrade; 
companion; associate; a nobleman. — Peerless, -es, n. 
The consort of a peer; a noble lady. — Peer'age, »?. 
Rank or dignity of, etc.; the body of peers. — Peer'- 
less, a. Having no equal; matchless; superlative. 

Peer, per, v. i. [peered (perd), peering.] To look 
narrowly, curiously, or sharply; to peep, pry. 

Peevish, pe''vish, a. Habitually fretful; easily vexed 
or fretted ; expressing discontent and fretfulness; 
querulous; petulant; cross; testy; captious; discon- 
tented. 

Peg, peg, n. A wooden nail or pin. — v. t. [pegged 
(pegd), -GiNG.] To fasten with pegs; to confine, re- 
strict, restrain, or Umit. 

Pekoe, pe^'ko or pek'o, n. A kind of black tea. 

telagiaji, pe-la'ji-an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of 
Pelagius, a monk of the 4th cent, who denied the 
received doctrines in re- 
spect to original sin, free 
will, grace, and the merit 
of good works. — Pela'- 
gianism, -izra, n. The 
doctrines of Pelagius. 

Pelerine, peKe-ren, n. A 
lady's long cape, with 
ends coming down be- 
fore. 

Pelf, pelf, n. Money; rich- 
es ; wealth, — esp. some- 
thing ill gotten or worth- 
less. 

Pelican, pelOT-kan, n. A 
large web-footed water- 
fowl, havingan enormous 
bill, to which is attached 
a pouch for holding fish ; 
a chemical glass vessel, 
or alembic, with a tubu- 
lated head, from which 





Amer. White Pelican. 



2 crooked beaks pass out, and enter again at the 
belly of the cucurbit. 

Pell, pel, n. A skin or hide; a roll of parchment. — 
PeUsse', pe-les', n. A silk robe or habit worn by 
ladies. — PeFlicle, -ll-kl, n. A thin skin, film, or 
crust. — Felt, n. The skin of a beast with the hair 
on; an undressed hide.— Pelt'-mong'er, -mun'ger, 
n. A dealer in pelts or raw hides. — Pelfry, -rl, n. 
Skins with the fur on them; furs; a worthless or ref- 
use object. 

Pellet, pel'let, n. A little ball. 

Pell-mell, pel-meK, adv. In utter confusion; with 
disorderly mixture. 

Pellucid, pel-lu'sid, a. Admitting the passage of light; 
translucent ; clear. 

Pelt, n. A skin. See under Pell. 

Pelt, pelt, V. t. To strike with missiles 
(stones, etc.) ; to use as missiles. — , 
n. A blow or stroke from something 
thrown. 

Peltate, peKtat, PeKtated, a. (Bot.) 
Shaped like a shield, — said of a leaf 
or other organ having the stalk in- 
serted at or near the center. Peltate l.,eaf . 

Peltry. See under Pell. 

Pelvis, peKvis, n. (Anat.) The bowl-shaped, bony 
structure at the lower extremity of the body, in- 
closing the lower part of the abdominal cavity. 

Pemmican, pern'ml-kan, n. Meat cut in thin slices, 
divested of fat, and dried in the sun; or driea, 
pounded, mixed with melted fat and dried fruit, 
and compressed into bags. 

Pen, pen, n. A small inclosure for beasts or fowls ; 
fold; sty; coop. — v. t. [penned (pend) or pent; 
penning.] To confine in a small inclosure or nar- 
row place. — Pent, p. p. or a. Shut up ; closely con- 
fined. 

Pen, pen, n. An instrument used for writing with ink ; 
a writer. — v.t. [penned (pend), penning.] To 
write ; to compose and commit to paper. — Pen'- 
craft, n. Penmanship ; chirography ; art of com- 
position ; authorship. — Pen'knife, -ntf, n. A pocket 
knife, — orig. a knife for making quill pens. — Pen'- 
man, n. One who uses the pen ; one who writes a 
good hand; an author.— Pen''manship, w. Use of 
the pen in writing ; art of writing \_ manner of 
writing ; chirograpTiy. — Pen'nate, -nat, -nated, a. 
Winged; plume-shaped. — Pen'- 
nant, n. {Naut.) A small fiag ; 
banner ; a long, narrow piece 
of bunting carried at the mast- 
head ; a rope or strap to which 
a purchase is hooked. — Pen'- 
non, n. A wing; pinion; a pen- 
nant (flag). 

Penal, pe'nal, a. Pert, to pun- 
ishment ; enacting or threaten- 
ing, incurring, or inflicting, pun- 
ismnent. — Pen'alty, pen'al-tt, 
n. Penal retribution ; punish- 
ment for offense ; forfeiture ; 
fine. — Pen'ance, -ans,w. Suffer- Pennant, 

ing imposed or submitted to as a punishment for 
faults, or as an expression of penitence. {Rom. Cath. 
Ch.) A sacrament, associated with absolution. — 
Pen'itent, -t-tent, a. Repentant; contrite; sincerely 
affected by a sense of guilt, and resolving on amend- 
ment of lire. — n. One who repents of sin; one under 
church censure, but admitted to penance; one under 
the direction of a confessor. — Pen'itence, -tens, n. 
Condition of being, etc. ; contrition ; compunction ; 
remorse. — Peniten'tial, -shal, a. Pert, to, proceed- 
ing from, or expressing penitence. — Peniten'tiary, 
-sha-rY, a. Relating to penance, or to the rules and 
measures of penance. — n. One who prescribes the 
rules and measures of penance; one who does pen- 
ance ; a house of correction in which offenders are 
confined for punishment and reformation, and com- 
pelled to laborj state prison. 

Penates, pe-na'tez, M.pZ. (Rom. Antiq.) The house- 
hold gods of the ancient Latins. 

Pence. See Penny. 

Penchant, poN'shaN', n. Inclination ; decided taste; 
liking. 

Pencil, pen'sU, n. A small brush used by painters ; 




ftm, lame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Tee ; 5dd, tone, dr j 



PENDANT 



291 



PEOPLE 




an instrument used for writing and drawing ; esp- 
a strip of graphite, etc., in a small cylinder of wood 
or metal, or a slender piece of slate; the art, capaci- 
ty, or instrument of painting, drawing, or describ- 
ing. {Opt.) An aggregate or collection of rays of 
light. —!;.«. [penciled (-sild),-ciLiNG.] To paint 
or draw ;^o mark with a pencil. 

Pendant, pend''ant, n. A hanging appendage, esp. of 
an ornamental character ; an appendix or addi- 
tion ; an earring. {Arch.) A hanging ornament on 
roofs, ceilings, etc., much used in 
Gothic architecture. A picture or 
print which hangs as a companion 
of another ; a pennant, q. v. — 
Pend'ent, a. Suspended; depend- 
ing ; pendulous; hanging; jutting 
over : projecting ; overhanging. — 
Pend'ing, p. a. Remaining unde- 
cided ; in suspense. — pre^. Dur- 
ing the pendency or continuance 
of; during. — Pend'ency, -en-sT, n. 
State of Deing undecided or not 
terminated. — Pend'ulous, -u-lus, x> j * 
a. Supported from above; pendent Pendant, 
loosely; hanging; swinging.— Pend'nlum,?*. A body 
so suspended from a fixed point as to swing freely 
to and fro by the alternate action of gravity and 
momentum, as in a clock. — Pen'sile, -sil, a. Hang- 
ing ; pendent. 

Penetrate, pen'e-trat, v. t. To enter into, make way 
into the interior of, pierce ; to touch with- feeling, 
make sensible, affect ; to arrive at the inner con- 
tents or meaning of, comprehend. — v.i. To pass, 
make way, affect the intellect or feelings. — Pene- 
tra'tion, n. Act of penetrating ; physical or men- 
tal entrance into the interior of anything ; acute- 
ness ; sharp discernment; sagacity; discrimination. 
— Pen'etiu'tive, -tiv, a. lending to penetrate; 
piercing. — Pen'etra'tiveness, h. — Pen'etrant, a. 
Having power to, etc.; sharp; subtile. — Pen'e- 
trancQ, -trans, -etrancy, -si, n. Quality of being, 
etc. — Pen'etrable, a. Capable of being penetrated; 
susceptible of moral or intellectual impression. 

Penguin, pen'gwin, n. A web-footed marine bird, of 
the south tem- 
perate and frigid 
regions, unable 
to flj', but an ex- 
p e r t swimmer 
and diver. 

Peninsula, pen-in'- 
su-la or -shoo-la, 
n. A portion of 
land nearly sur- 
rounded by wa- 
ter, and connect- 
ed with the larger 
body of land Dy 
an i s t h m u s. — 
Penin'sular, a. 
In the form or 
state of, or pert. „ 

to, a peninsula. ir'engum. 

Penis, pc'nis, n. The male organ of generation. 

Penitent, Penitentiary, etc. See under Penal. 

Penman, Pennant, Pennate, Pennon, etc. See under 
Pen. 

Penny, pen'nY, n. ; pi. Pennies, -niz, or Pence, pens. 
IPennies denotes the number of coins ; pence, the 
amount in value.] The l-12th of an E. shilling = 2 
cents ; a small sum ; money in general, in certain 
phrases. — a. Containing 1,000 in so many pounds 
weight, — said of nails, as, tenperuiy nails, of which 
1,000 weigh 10 pounds. — Pen''n3nveight, -wat, n. A 
troy weight containing 24 grains, or the 20th part of 
an ounce, — anciently the weight of a silver penny. 
— Pen'ny-wise', a. Saving small sums at the hazard 
of larger. — Pen'nsrworth, pen'nt-werth or pen'- 
nerth, n. As much as is bought for a penny; a good 
bargain; small quantity; bit. — Pen'niless, a. Mon- 
eyless ; destitute of money. 

Penn3rroyal, pen'nT-roi-al, h. An aromatic herb grow- 
ing in Europe ; a N. Amer. plant resembling it. 

Pension, pen'shun, n. A stated allowance to a per- 
son in consideration of past services ; esp., a yearly 




bined witn. 



stipend paid by a government to retired public of- 
ficers, disabled soldiers, needy authors, etc. — v. t. 
[PENSIONED (-shund), -SIGNING.] To grant a pension 
to. — Pen'sionary, -a-rt, a. Maintained by, or re- 
ceiving, a pension ; consisting of a pension. — n. 
One wno receives a pension for past services; one of 
the chief m.unicipal magistrates of the towns in Hol- 
land and Zealand.— Pen'sioner, n. One who receives 
an annual allowance for services ; a dependent ; a 
student of the 2d rank, in the universities of Cam- 
bridge (Eng.), and Dublin, who is not dependent 
on tne foundation for support. — Pen'sive, -siv, a. 
Thoughtful, sober, or sad ; expressing thoughtful- 
ness with sadness. 

Penstock, pen'stok, n. A close trough or tube of 
planks for conducting water, as to a water-whocl ; 
the barrel of a wooden pump. 

Pent. See under Pen, an inclosure. 

Pentad, pen'tad, n. {Chem.) An atom, the equiva- 
lence of which is, or which can be combined with, 
or exchanged for, 5 hydrogen atoms. — 
Pen'tacap'snlar, -su-lar, a. {Bot.) Hav- 
ing 5 capsules. — Pen'tagon, n. ( Geom.) i 
A plane figure having 5 angles and 5 
sides. — Pentag''onal, a. Having 5 cor- 
ners or angles. — Pentagyn'ian, -jin'T- 
an, -tag'ynous, -taj'I-nus, a. (Bat.) Pentagon. 
Having 5 pistils or 5 distinct styles. — Fentahe'^droiir 
n. A solid figure having 5 equal 
sides — Pentam'eter, n. ( Gr. 
& Lat. Pros.) A verse of 5 
feet, of which the first two 
may be either dactyls or spon- 
dees, the third is always a spon- 
dee, and the last two anapests. 
— Pentan'gular, -an''gu-lar, a. 
Having 5 angles. — Penfap- 
tote, -ap-tot, n. (Gram.) A 
noun having 5 cases. — Pen''ta- t, 
Bticli, -stik, n. A composition Pentagynous. 
consisting of 5 verses.— Pen'tastyle, -stTl, n. (Arch.y 
An edifice with 5 columns in front. — Pen'tateucli, 
ta-tuk, n. The first 5 books of the Old Testament. — 
Pen'tecost, -te-kost, n. A festival of the Jews, on 
the 50th day after the Passover, in commemoration 
of the gift of the law on the 50th day after the de- 
parture from Egypt; Whitsuntide, a festival in com- 
memoration of the descent of the Holy Spirit on the 
apostles. {Acts, ii.) 

Pentagraph. Same as Pantogkaph : see under 
Panacea. 

Penthouse, pent'hows, n. A shed standing aslope 
from the main wall or building ; a lean-to. — Pent'- 
roof, n. A roof with a slope on one side only. 

Penult, pe'nult or pe-nult', n. {Gram. & Pros.) The 
last syllable but one of a word. — Fenul'timate, -mat, 
a. l!,ast but one; next before the last. — n. The 
last syllable but one of a word ; penult. 

Penumbra, pe-num'bra, n. {Astron.) The shadow 
cast, in an 
eclipse, where 
the light is 
partly, out not 
wholly, cut off 
by the inter- 
vening body. 
{Paint.) The 
point of a pic- 





Penumbra. 

n ; M, moon ; CHB, GDI, penumbra. 

ture where the shade blends with the light. 

Penury, pen'u-rT, n. Absence of means or resources; 
want ; indigence ; poverty. — Penu'riouB, -rT-us, a. 
Showing penury or scarcity ; excessively saving in 
the use of money ; parsimonious ; avaricious ; nuN 
serly ; niggardly ; sordid. 

Peony, pe'o-nt, n. A plant having beautiful, showy 
flowers. 

People, pe''pl, n. The body of persons who compose 
a community, tribe, nation,, or race, — a collective 
noun, generally construed with a pi. verb, and only 
occasionally used in the pi. in the sense of nations 
or races ; persons generally ; folks ; the mass of a 
community as distinguished from a special class, as 
the noble or clerical ; the populace ; vulgar. — v. t. 
[peopled (-pld), -FLING.] To stock with inhabi- 
tants ; to populate. 



siin. cube, full ; moon, f(J&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiaen, boNboN, chair, get. 



PEPPER 



292 



PERICARP 



Pepper, pep'pSr, n. A plant of several genera and nu- 
merous species, and its fruit, having a strong, aro- 
matic smell, and a hot, pungent taste ; the ground 
or powdered fruit, used as a spice or condiment. — 
V. t. [PEPPEEED (-perd), -PEKING.) To sprinkle 
with pepper ; to pelt \vith shot.— Pep'pery, -per-T, a. 
Relating to, or having the qualities of, pepper; hot; 
pungent; irritable. — Pep^permint, n. An aromatic, 
pungent plant; also, a liquor distilled fr. the plant. 

Pepperidge, pep'per-ij, ?i. Tlie tupelo, or black gum, 
a tree with very tough wood. 

Pepsin, pep''sin, »i. A substance secreted hy the stom- 
ach of animals, and present in the gastric juice. 

Peradventure, per-ad-ven'ohur, adv. By chance ; 
perhaps ; it may be. 

Perambulate, per-am^'bu-lat, v. t. To walk through 
or over ; _to go round or about. 

Percale, par-kaK, n. A fine, closely woven cotton 
fabric, used for ladies' summer dresses. [F.] 

Perceive, per-sev', v. t. [-ceived (-sevd'), -ceiving.] 
To obtain knowledge of through the senses; to take 
intellectual cognizance of, see to be true, discern, 
see, feel, know, understand. — Percep'tion, -sep'- 
shun,w. Act of perceiving; cognizance by the senses 
or intellect; cognition. (Psychology.) The faculty 
of perceiving; act of apprehending material objects 
or qualities through the senses. — Percep'tive, -tiv, 
a. Having the faculty of perceiving; used in per- 
ception. — Percep-'tible, a. Capable of being, etc. — 
Percep'tibly, adv. — Percep'tibiKity, n. State or 
quality of being, etc. — Percipient, -sip'T-ent, a. 
Having the faculty of perception; perceiving. 

Percentage, per-senfej, n. {Com.) The allowance, 
duty, rate of interest, or commission on a hundred. 

Perch, perch, n. A fish of several species, inhabiting 
both fresh and salt 
water, and having sharp 
long fins. 

Perch, perch, n. A pole; 
long staff ; rod; a meas- 
ure of length =5J 
yards or 1 rod ; any 
raised object upon 
which a bird lights or Perch. 

rests ; a roost. — v. i, 

[i-EECHED (percht), peeching.] To light or settle 
on a fixed body, as a bird. — v. t. To place on a fixed 
object or percn. 

Perchance, per-chans', adv. By chance; perhaps ; 
peradventure. 

Percheron, per^'she-ron, n. One of a breed of horses 
originating in the district of Pei-che in Normandy. 

Percipient, etc. See under Peeceive. 

Percolate, per'^ko-lat, v. t. To cause to pass through 
small interstices, as a li(juid; to filter. — v. i. To 
pass through interstices, filter. 

Percussion, per-kush'un. n. Act of striking one body 
against another; forcible collision, esp. such as gives 
a sound or report; the effect of violent collision; vi- 
bratory shock. {Med.) Act of determining the con- 
dition of an internal organ by the sound given when 
the external surface is gently knocked upon. — Per- 
cussion cap. A 
small copper cap or 
cup, containing ful- 
minating powder, 
and used in a per- 
cussion-lock to ex- 
plode gunpowder. — 
P.-lock. A lock of a 

powder is exploded Percussion-lock. 

by fire from the percussion of fulminating powder. 

Perdition, per-dish'un, n. Entire loss; utter destruc- 
tion; ruin; future misery or eternal death. — Perdu, 
Perdue, per-du' or per'du, a. Lost to view ; in con- 
cealment ; abandoned; employed on desperate pur- 
poses. 

Peregrinate, pSr'e-grY-nat, v. i. To travel from place 
to place ; to live in a foreign country. 

Peremptory, p6r''emp-to-rt, a. Precluding debate or 
expostulation; decisive; absolute; positive in opin- 
ion or judgment ; arbitrary ; dogmatical. 

Perennial, per-en'nT-al, a. Lasting through the year; 
continuing without stop or iniermission; perpetual; 






never-failing; constant; enduring. {Bot.) Contin- 
uing more than 2 years. — n. A plant which lives oi 
continues more than 2 years. 

Perfect, per'fekt, a. Carried through; completed i 
filled up; esp., not defective; having all that is req- 
uisite to its nature and kind; complete in moral ex- 
cellences. {Bot.) Having both stamens and pistils. 
—Perfect, per'fekt or per-fekf, v. t. To finish or 
complete, so as to leave nothing wanting. — Perfec'- 
tion, n. State of being perfect or complete, so that 
nothing requisite is wanting ; a quality, endow- 
ment, or acquirement, completely excellent, or of 
great worth. 

Perfidy, per'ft-dT, n. Breach of faith ; act of vio- 
lating a promise, vow, or allegiance ; faithlessness t 
treachery. —Perfid-'ioiiSf-T-us, a. Guilty of , or in- 
volving, perfidy ; false to trust or confidence ; pro- 
ceeding from treachery, or consisting in breach of 
faith; guilty of violating allegiance; faithless; dis. 
loyal; traitorous. 

Perfoliate, per-fo'lTC-at, a. {Bot.) Sur- 
rounding the stem at the base. 

Perforate, per'fo-rat, v. t. To bore 
through, pierce, penetrate; to make a 
hole or holes through. — Perfora'tion, 
n. Act of perforating ; a hole passing 
through or into the interior of any- 
thing. — Per'forative, -tiv, a. Having 
power to perforate. ;— Per''fora''tor, 
-ter, n. An instrument that bores. 

Perforce, per-fors', adv. By force; vio- 
lently ; of necessity ; absolutely. 

Perform, per-fSrm'', v. t. [-foemed 
(-fSrmdO, -FO KM I KG. J To carryp . f.' „ ,„ . 
through, bring to completion, accom-^"'*''^''''^ ^'**' 
plish, do, transact; to execute, discharge. — v. i. To 
acquit one's self in any work ; esp. to go through 
with or act a public part, as in a drama, pantomime, 
etc/; to play on a musical instrument. — Perform''. 
ance, -ans, n. Act of, condition of being, or thing 
which, etc. ; esp., an act of an elaborate or public 
character; exhibition; achievement; exploit; feat. 

Perfume, per'fum or per-fum', n. The odor emitted 
from sweet-smelling substances; fragrance; a sub- 
stance that emits an agreeable scent. — v. t. [fee- 
fumed (-ftimd'), -FUMiXG.] To fill or impregnate 
with a grateful odor ; to scent. — Perfum^er, n. One 
wlio perfumes, or sells perfumes. — Perfum^'ery, 
-er-T, n. Perfumes in general. 

Perftmctory, per-f unk'to-rl, a. Done without interest 
or zeal, and merely to get rid of a duty; indifferent; 
careless ; negligent. 

Perhaps, per-haps', adv. By chance; it may be; per- 
adventure; possibly. 

Peri, pe'rT, n. ; pi. -eis, -riz. {Per. Myth.) A being of 
the female sex, descendant of fallen angels, ex- 
cluded from paradise till their penance is accora« 
plished. 

Perianth, p6r'Y-anth, n. {Bot.") That calyx which 
envelops only a single flower, and is immediately 
contiguous to it; the leaves of the flower generally, 
esp. when the calyx and coroUa are not readily dis- 
tinguished. 

Pericardium, per'T-kar'dT-um, n. (Anat.) The mem- 
branous sac which incloses the heart. — ^Pericax''- 
diac, -dial, -dian, -die, a. 
Pert, to, etc. 

Pericarp, p5r'Y-karp, r.. 
(Bot.) The seed vessel of 
a plant; that portion of a 
fruit in which the seed is 
inclosed. 





Pericarps. 

a, b, drupe of peach; c, nut, filbert; d, strobile of pine; 

e, f, capsule of popp;; g, capsule of Aristolochia. 



Sm, fame, far, piss or oper&, fare ; Snd, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r ; 



PERICRANIUM 



293 



PERSECUTE 



Pericranium, per-T-kra'nT-um, n. (Anat.) The fibrous 
membrane that immediately invests the skull. 

Perigee, per^'T-ie, -ge'um, n. (Astrcm.) That point in 
the orbit of tne moon which is nearest to the earth. 

Perihelion, pSr-I-hel''yun or -he''lI-on,-he''lium,-lt-um, 
n. (.AstroH.) That point in the orbit of a planet or 
comet nearest to the sun. 

Peril, per'il, n. Instant or impending danger ; ex- 
posure to injur}', loss, or destruction ; jeopardy ; 
risk; hazard. — v. t. [periled (-ild), -iling.] To 
expose to danger: to hazard, risk, jeopard. — Per'- 
iloos, -us, a. Full of, attended with, or involving 
peril: hazardous. 

Perimeter, pe-rim'e-ter, n. {Geom.) The outer boun- 
dary of a body or figure, or the sum of all the sides. 

Period, pe'rT-ud, n. A portion of time as determined 
by some recurring phenomenon, as by the revolu- 
tion of one of the heavenly bodies ; a stated and 
recurring interval of time; a cycle; an interval of 
time, specified or left indefinite; a certain series of 
years, months, days, etc.; termination of a revolu- 
tion, cycle, series of events, single event, or act. 
(^Rhet.) A complete sentence, from one full stop to 
another ; clause. (Print.) The point that marks 
the end of a complete sentence; a full stop [thus • ]. 

— Period''ic, -ical, -od'ik-al, a. Performed in a cir- 
cuit, or in a series of successive circuits; happening 
by revolution, at a stated time; returning regu- 
larly, after a certain period of time. {Rhet.) Pert, 
to or constituting a period. — n. A publication 
which appears at stated or regular intervals. ^Peri- 
od'ically, adv. At stated periods. — Pe'riodic'ity, 
-o-dis'I-tT, n. State or quality of being periodical; 
tendency to return or change at regular intervals. 

Periosteum, per-X-os'te-um, n. (Anat.) A fibrous mem- 
brane investing a bone. 

Peripatetic, per'I-pa-tet'ik, a. Pert, to the sj'stem of 
philosophv of Aristotle, who gave his instructions 
while walking in the Lyceum at Athens. — n. An 
adherent of the philosophy of Aristotle; one obliged 
to walk, or unable to ride. 

Periphery, pe-rit''er-T, n. The circumference of a cir- 
cle, ellipse, or other regular curvilinear figure. — 
Peripher^ic, -ical, -fer''ik-al, a. Pert, to, or consti- 
tuting, a periphery ; external ; around the outside 
of an organ. 

Periphrase, per'T-fraz, n. (Rkei.) The use of more 
words than are necessary to express the idea; cir- 
cumlocution.— v. «. [PEEIPHKASED(-frazd), -PHRAS- 
ING.] To express by circumlocution. — Periph'- 
rasis, -rifra-sis, n. Same as Periphrase. — Per'- 
iphras'tic, -tical, -T-fras^'tik-al, a. Expressing or 
expressed in more words than are necessary ; cir- 
cumlocutory. 

Peripneumony, p5r-ip-nu'mo-nT, n. (Med.) An in- 
flammation of the lungs ; pneumonia. 

Peripteral, pe-rip'ter-al, a. ILiving a range of col- 
umns all around. — Perip'terotis, -ter-us, a. Feath- 
ered on all sides. 

Perish, per'ish, v. i. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] To be 
destroyed, pass away, go to destruction, come to 
nothing, be ruined or lost; to die, decease; to 
wither, waste, decay gradusUy, as a limb. 

Peristaltic, per-T-star^tik, a. (Anat.) Contracting in 
successive circles, — applied to the vermicular mo- 
tion of the alimentary canal, and similar structures. 

Peristyle, per'T-stil, n. {Arch.) A range of columns 
1 round a building or square, or a 
I building encompassed with a 
row of columns on the outside. 

Peritonetun, per'T-to-ne''uni, n. 
(Anat.) A thin, smooth, serous, 
membrane, investing the whole 
internal surface of the abdo- 
men, and the viscera contained 
in it.— Per'itoni''tis, n. (Pathol.) 
Inflammation of, etc. 

Peritropal, pe-rit'ro-pal, a. Ro- 
tatory; circuitous. (Bot.) Hav- 
ing the axis of the seed perpen- 
dicular to the axis of the peri- 
carp to which it is attached. 

Periwig, per't-wig, n. A small wig; peruke; scratch. 

— V. t. [periwigged (-wigd), -ging.] To dress 
with a periwig, or with false hair. 





Peristyle. 



Periwinkle, pgr'T-wink'l, n. (^Zo'61.) A gasteropo- 
dous moUusk, having a turbinated 
shell. (Bot.) A flowering plant. 

Perjure, per'jur, V. t. [-JURED(-jurd), 
-juring.] To swear before a court _^| 
of justice to what one knows to be 
untrue, or does not know to be true; p • ■ n 
to make a false oath to, forswear, -t enwinKie. 

— Per'jured, -jurd, a. Guilty of perjury ; having 
sworn falsely ; being sworn falsely. — Per'jury, -rt, 
n. False swearing; act or crime of willfully mak- 
ing a false oath in a judicial proceeding. 

Perk, perk, /(. Pert; uppish; smart: trim ; vain. — 
V. i. [perked (perkt), peeking.] To hold up the 
head with aifected smartness. — v. t. To dress up; 
make trim, prank. 

Permanent, per'nia-nent, a. Continuing in the same 
state, or without any change that destroys form or 
character; lasting; durable: fixed. — Per''manence, 
-nens, -nency, -nen-sTt, n. Condition or quality of 
being, etc. ; duration ; fixedness. 

Permeate, per'me-at, v. t. To pass through the 
pores or interstices of, — applied esp. to fluids. 

Permit, per-mit', v. t. To resign, give in charge, re- 
fer; to grant express liberty to do; to put up with, 
tolerate, suffer; to grant leave to, allow. — v. i. To 
grant permission, give leave. — Permit, per''mit or 
per-mit', n. Warrant; leave; permission; written 
permission from the proper authority, to export or 
transport goods, or to land goods or persons. — Per- 
miftance, -tans, Permis^'sion, -mish-'un, n. Act of 
permitting ; formal consent; leave; liberty: license. 

— Permis'sible, a. Proper to be, etc. — Permis'sive, 
-siv, a. Granting liberty; allowing; suffered with- 
out hindrance. 

Permutation, per-mu-ta'shun, n. Successive change 
or variation of arrangement; mutual transference; 
interchange. (3Iath.) Arrangement of any deter- 
minate number of things, in all possible orders. 

Pernicious, p5r-nish''us, a. Having the quality of de- 
stroying or injuring; destructive; noxious; mischiev- 
ous. 

Peroration, pSr-o-ra'' shun, w. (Rhet.) The concluding 
part of an oration or discourse. 

Peroxide, pSr-oks'id, n. That oxide of a given base 
which contains the greatest quantity of oxygen. 

Perpendicular, per-pen-dik''u-ler, a. Exactly up- 
right; at right angles to the plane 
of the horizon. (Geom.) At right 
angles to a given line or surface. 

— n. A line at right angles to the 
plane of the horizon; a vertical 
line or direction. (Geom.) A line 
or plane falling at right angles 
on another line or suifiice . — Per- 
pendic'ular'ity, -lar'^l-tT, n. 
State of being perpendicular. 

Perpetrate, per''pe-trat, v. t. To 
execute, in a bad sense; to commit ; be guilty of . 

— Perpetra'tion, n. Act of perpetrating, or of com- 
mitting a crime : an evil action. 

Perpetual, per-pefu-al, a. Continuing indefinitely 
or infinitely ; unending ; constant ; perennial ; in- 
cessant ; unceasing. — Perpet'uate, -u-at, v. t. To 
make perpetual ; to preserve from extinction or 
oblivion; to eternize. —Perpet'ua'tion, n. Act of, 
etc. — Perpetu'^ity, n. State or quality of being, 
etc. ; endless duration ; a thing without an end; 
quality or condition of an estate by which it be- 
comes inalienable, either perpetually or for a very 
long period ; the estate so perpetuated. 

Perplex, per-pleks', v. t. [-plexed (-pleksf), -plex- 
iNfi.] To make intricate: to make complicated and 
difficult to be understood or unraveled; to tease with 
suspense, anxiety, or anibisruity: to embarrass, puz- 
zle, bewilder, ve"x. — Perplex'edly, adv. In a per- 
plexed manner. —Perplex'ity, n. State of being 
perplexed ; intricncy ; embarrassment. 

Perqtdsite, per''k\vT-zit, n. An incidental gain in an 
office or employment, beyond ordinary salary or 
wases for services rendered. 

Persecute, per'se-kut, r. t. To pursue in a manner to 
injure, vex, or atHict ; to harass ; esp. to harass or 
punish for adherence to a creed or mode of worship, 

— Persecu'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 



a d, Perpendicular; 
b c, Horizontal. 



stin, cube, full •, moon, ffi&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



PERSEVERE 



294 



PEST 



Persevere, per'se-ver', v. i. [-vered (-verd''); -ver- 
IXG.J To persist in any business or enterprise un- 
dertaken ; not to abandon what is undertaken ; to 
continue. — Per'sever'ance, -ans, n. Act of, etc.; 
persistence : steadfastness ; constancy ; steadiness. 
— Per'sever^'uigly, adv. 

Persiflage, par^se-tiazh', n. Frivolous or bantering 
talk, or style of treating a subject. 

PerBimmon, per-sim'mun, n. A tree and its fruit, 
found from New York southward. 

Persist, per-sist', t'. i. To continue fixed in a course of 
conduct against opposing motives ; to persevere, 
continue steadily and firmly. — Persisfent, -ive, 
-iv, a. Inclined to persist or hold firm ; tenacious ; 
fixed ; immovable. — Persist'ence, -ens, -ency, -en- 
-sT, n. State of being, etc. {Physics.) Continuance 
of an effect after the cause which first gave rise to 
it is removed. 

Person, per'sn, n. A character represented in dia- 
Idgne, fiction, or on the stage; part or character 
wliich any one sustains ; outward appearance ; ex- 
liret^s^ion ; a living soul ; moral agent ; esp. a living 
human being, a man, woman, or child ; among 
Trinitarians, one of the 3 subjects or agents consti- 
tuting the godhead; any hunian being; one; a man. 
{Gram.) One of the 3 relations which a noun or 
pronoun may hold to the verb of which either is the 
subject, and pert, to both noun and verb. — Per'- 
senable, a. Having a well-formed body or per- 
son : graceful. (Law.) Enabled to maintain pleas 
in court. — Per'sonage, -sun-ej, n. Character as- 
sumed or represented; an individual or person, esp. 
one distinguished by rank, social position, or reputa- 
tion ; exterior appearance, stature, an imposing air, 
etc. ; or an individual attracting attention by such 
cha' acteristics. — Per'sonal, a. Pert, to a person; 
as, belonging to men or women and not to things; 
or, relating to individuals, peculiar to private con- 
cerns ; or, pert, to the bodily appearance, done 
without the intervention of another ; or, applying 
to the character and conduct of individuals in a dis- 
paraging manner; or, {Law.) pert, to movable or 
chattel property, as disting. from real estate ; or, 
{Grain.) denoting the person. — PersonaKity, -aKT- 
tT, n. That which constitutes, or pert lins to, a per- 
son; something said or written which refers, esp. in 
a disparaging way, to the conduct of some person. — 
Per'sonally, adv. In a personal or direct manner; 
with respect to an individual; individually. — Per'- 
sonate, -at, v. t. To assume the character of, coun- 
terfeit, feign; to disguise, mask. — Persona'' tion, n. 
Act of, etc. — Per'sona'tor, w. — Person 'ify, v. t. 
[-FIED (-fid), -FYIXG.] To represent, regard, or treat 
as a person; to imitate, mimic, resemble. — Person'- 
ifica'tion, n. Act of personifying. {Rhet.) A fig- 
ure, in which an inanimate being is represented as 
animated, or endowed with personality ; prosopo- 
poeia. — Personnel, par^so-neK, n. The body of per- 
sons employed in some public service, as the army 
or navy, etc. 

Perspective, per-spek'tiv, a. Pert, to the art, or in 




Linear Perspective, 
ft ft, horizon ; o, point opposite the eye ; ao,bo,co,do,fo, 
h 0, i 0, j 0, vanishing lines, 

accordance with the laws, of perspective. — n. A 
view; vista; art of representing on a plane surface 



objects as they appear, relatively, to the eye in na^ 
ture. — Aerial peispective. Art of giving aue dim- 
inution to the light, shade, and colors of obiects, ac- 
cording to their distances, etc. — Isometrical p. See 
Isometric, under Isagox. — Linear p. Application 
of geometric principles to the delineation o5f the lines 
of a picture. — Perspica'cious, -spi-ka'shus, a. 
Quick-sighted ; sharp of sight ; of acute discern- 
ment ; keen. — Perspicac'lty, -kas'T-tT, n. State of 
being, etc. — Perspicuous, -spik'u-us, o. Clear to 
the understanding ; capable of being clearly under- 
stood ; not ob^^cure or ambiguous ; plain ; distinct ; 
definite. — Perspic'uousness, Per'spicu'lty, n. The 
state of being perspicuous; plainness; freedom from 
obscuritj'. 
Perspire, per-spir', v. i. [-.spired (-spTrd'X -t firing.] 
To evacuate the fluids of the body through the 

Eores of the skin ; to sweat ; to be excreted insensi- 
ly through the excretories of the skin. — v. t. To 
emit or evacuate insensibly through the excretories 
of the skin ; to sweat. — Perspira'tion, n. Act of 
perspiring ; that which is perspired ; sweat. 

Persuade, per-swad'', v. t. To influence by argument, 
advice, entreaty, or expostulation ; to convince by 
argument or reasons, induce, prevail on, allure, en- 
tice. — Persua'sible, -swa'sT-bl, a. Capable of being 
persuaded. — Persua'sibiKity, n. — Persua'sion, 
-zhun, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; a creed or 
belief; a sect adhering to a creed. — Persua'sive, 
-siv, a. Tending to persuade; having the power of 
persuading. — n. An incitement; an exhortation. 
— Persua'sory, -so-rT, a. Having power or tendency 
to persuade ; persuasive. 

Pert, pert, a. Indecorously free or presuming ; for- 
ward ; saucy; bold; impudent. — n. An assuming 
or saucy person. 

Pertain, per-tan'', v. i. [-taixed (-tandO, -taixing.] 
To be tne property, right, or duty of; to belong; to 
have relation to, relate. — Per'tinent, -tt-nent, a. 
Related to the subject or matter in hand; adapted 
to the end proposed; apposite; relevant; fit; proper. 

— Per''tinence, -nency, -tT-nen-sT, n. State of being, 
etc. ; suitableness. — Pertina'^cious, -na'^shus, a. 
Holding or adhering to any opinion, purpose, or 
design, with obstinacy; resolute; firm ; inflexible; 
determined; steady.— Pertina'ciousness, Pertinac'- 
ity, -nas'T-tt, n. State or quality of being pertina' 
cious; obstinacy. 

Perturb, per-terb', v. t. To disturb, agitate, disquiet; 
to disorder, confuse. — Perturba^'tion, n. Act of, or 
state of being, etc. {Astron.) An irregularity in the 
motion of a^neavenly bodj through its orbit. 

Peruke, per'ook, n. An artificial cap of hair ; a peri- 
wig, q. V. ' _ 

Peruse, pe-rooz', v. t. [-rused (-roozd'), -kusing.] To 
read, or to read with attention; to observe, consider. 

— Peru^'aal, n. Act of, etc. — Perus'er, n. 
Pervade, per-vad', v. t. To pass through, as an aper- 
ture, pore, or interstice ; to permeate ; to be com- 
pletely diffused in; to be in all parts.-Pervert'', per- 
vert', V. t. To turn froni truth, propriety, or from its 
proper purpose ; to misinterpret through evil mo- 
tives or bias ; to turn from the right, corrupt, con- 
vert, proselyte. — Per'vert, n. One who has turned 
from a right way to that which is wrong. -Per- 
verse'', -vers', a. Turned aside; distorted from the 
right; obstinate in the wrong; disposed to cross and 
vex ; fro ward; untoward ; stubborn ;_ untractable ; 
cross; peevish; vexatious. — Perver'sion, n. Act of 

Ferverting ; change to something worse ; diversion 
rom the true and proper intent or purpose. — Per- 
ver'sity, -st-tT, n. State of being perverse.— Perver'- 
sive, -siv, a. Tending to pervert or corrupt. 

Pervious, p5r''vT-us, a. Capable of being penetrated 
by another body or substance; permeable; penetra- 
ble; capable of being penetrated by the mental sight. 

Pessary, pes'sa-rt, n. An instrument made of wood, 
caoutchouc, etc., and introduced into the vagina to 
support a displaced uterus. 

Pessimist, pes'sT-mist, n. One who complains of every- 
thing as being for the worst, — opp. to optimist. — 
Pessimisfic, a. Gloomy; croaking. 

Pest, pest, M. A fatal epidemic disease; plague; pes- 
tilence ; a troublesome, noxious, mischievous, or de- 
structive person or thing. — Pestiferous, -er-us, a. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; In, ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r ; 



PESTER 



295 



PHASE 




Pest-bearing ; pestilential ; infectious ; contagious ; 
mischievous; destructive; vexatious. — Fes''tilence, 
-tl-lens, «. That which is pestilent ; the disease 
known as the plague ; any deadly epidemic conta- 
gious or infectious disease ; that which breeds dis- 
turbance or vice. — Pes'tilent, a. Pestilential; nox- 
ious : contaminating ; infectious ; troublesome. — 
PestUen'^tiaJ, -shal, a. Producing or tending to pro- 
duce the pest, plague, or other infectious disease; 
noxious; seriously troublesome. 

Pester, pes'tSr, v. t. [-tered (-tSrd), -teeing.] To 
harass with little vexations; to crowd together in an 
annoying way ; to trouble, annoy, tease, vex, en- 
cumber. 

Pestle, pesH, n. An instrument for pounding and 
breaking substances, in a mortar. — v. t. [pestled 
(pes'ld), PESTLING.] To pound, break, or pulverize, 
with, or as with, a pestle. 

Pet, pet, n. A slight fit of peevishness: any little ani- 
mal fondled and indulged; one treated with constant 
gentle attention. — r. t. To treat as a pet, fondle, 
mduljre. — Pet'tish, a. Evincing, pert, to, or ad- 
dicted to, pets; fretful; peevish; captious; cross. 

Petal, pet'al or pe'tal, n. (Bot.) One of the leaves of 
the corolla, or the colored 
leaves of a flower. — 
Pet'^alous, -al-ns, a. 
Having petals, — opp. to 
ajjetalous. — P e t'a 1 i s m, 
-izm, 11. A custom in an- 
cient Syracuse of writ- 
ing on a leaf the name 
of a person whom it was Petals. 

proposed to banish. — 
Pet'aloid, -al-oid, a. Of the form of a petal. 

Petard, pe-tard', n. {Wl.) A receptacle filled with 
powder, formerly used to break gates, barricades, 
ete., by explosion. 

Peterpence, pe'ter-pens, n. An annual tax, paid to the 
Pope. 

Petiole, pet'I-ol, n. (Bot.) The foot-stalk of a leaf, 
connecting the leaf with 
the plant. — Pet'iolar, -la- 
ry, -T-o-la-rT, a. Pertaining 
to, proceeding from, grow- 
ing or supported on, a peti- 
ole. — Pefiolate, -lat, a. 
(Bot.) Mavin°; a petiole. 

Petk, Petite, Petit-maitre. See 
under Petty. 

Petition, p e-t i s h'u n , n. A 
prayer ; supplication ; re- 
quest ; entreaty, esp. of a 
formal kind. — v. t. [peti- 
tioned (-und),-iONiNG.] To 
make a request to, solicit; 
esp., to supplicate for some 
favor or right. — Peti'tioner, n.— Peti'tionary, 
a. Coming with, or containing, a petition. 

Petrean, pe-tre'an, a. Pert, to rock or stone. — Pe'- 
trous, -trus, a. Like stone; stony; hard. — Petres'- 
cence, -tres'sens, n. Process of changing into stone. 
— Petres''cent, -sent, a. Converting into stone, or 
into stony hardness. — Pet'rify, -rt-fl, v. t. [-fied 
(-lid), -FYiNG.] To convert to stone or stony sub- 
stance; to make callous or obdurate. — v. i. To be- 
come stone, or of a stony hardness. — Pet'Tlfac'tion, 
n. Conversion of any organic matter into stone; 
an organized body rendered har^ by depositions of 
stony matter in its cavities ; a body incrusted with 
stony matter.— Pefrifac'tive, -tiv, a. Having power 
to convert vegetable or animal substances into stone; 
pert, to petrifaction.— Petrif''ic, pe-trif'ik, a. Hav- 
ing power to convert into stone. — Fefrifica'^tion, 
n. Petrifaction; obduracy. 
— Petro'leuin, -trole-um, 
n. Rock oil, an inflammar 
ble bituminous liquid ex- 
uding from the earth. — 
Pet'roleur', -ler', n. One 
•who firss buildings by pe- 
troleum; an incendiary. — 
PeVroleuse'', -ISz', n. A 
•woman who, etc. 

Fetoel, pet'rel, n. A long- 




Petiole 



-a-rT, 





Pewit. 



Petrel. 



winged, web-footed seafowl : the stermy petrel is 
called also Mother Carey's chicken. 

Petticoat, Pettifog, etc. See under Petty. 

Pettish, etc. See under Pet. 

Petty, peftT, a. [-tier, -tiest.] Small ; little ; in- 
ferior; trifling ; trivial ; unimportant ; frivolous. — 
Pet^'it, pet'T, F. pron. pte, a. Small; little; mean; 
petty. — Petit jury. A jury of 12 men, impaneled 
to try causes at the bar of a court, — disting. f r. the 
grand jury. — P. larceny. The stealing of goods of 
a certain specified smaU. value or under. — Petite', 
pe-tef, a. Small in size ; little ; dainty. — Petit- 
maitre, pet'e-ma^'tr, n. A spruce fellow who dan- 
gles about ladies; a fop; coxcomb. — Pefticoat, 
-tt-kot, a. A woman's underskirt. — Pet'tifog, r. t. 
To do small business as a lawyer. — Pet'tifog'gery. 
-ger-T, n. Practice or arts of, etc. ; disreputable 
tricks; quibbles. 

Petulant, pef^u-lant, a. Inclined to complain; cap- 
tious; caviling; irritable; peevish; cross; fretful.— 
Pefulance, -lans, -lancy, -lan-sT, n. State of being 
petulant; freakish passion; pettishness. 

Petunia, pe-tu'^nt-a, n. A S. Amer. plant allied to the 
tobacco family, many cultivated varieties of which 
furnish a profusion of beautiful flowers. 

Pew, pu, n. An inclosed seat in a church. 

Pewet,pe'^wet,Pe'wit,n. The 
lapwing or green plover. 

PeiiPter, pu'ter, n. An alloy 
consisting chiefly of tin and 
lead; a class of utensils 
made of pewter. 

Pfenning, fen'ning, n. A 
German copper coin = 
about l-4th cent. 

Phaeton, fa'e-ton, n. {Myth.) 
The son of Phoebus, who 
attempted to guide the chariot of the sun. An open 
carriage like a chaise, on 4 wheels. 

Phalanx, fa'lanks or fal'anks, n. {Gr. Antiq.) A 
battalion or body of soldiers formed in ranks and 
files close and deep, so as to offer very firm re&ist- 
ance to a foe. Any body of troops formed in close 
array; any firm combination of people ; a compact 
society organized on the plan of the socialist Charles 
Fouriej, and ha^ving a common dwelling. — Phalan'- 
ges, -jez, n. pi. (Anat.) The small bones forming 
the fingers and toes : see Skeleton. 

Phalaroi>e, faKa-rop, n. One of a genus of wading 
birds, found chiefly in northern localities. 

Phantasm, fan^'tazm, n. A creation of the fancy ; an 
imaginary existence which seems to be real; an op- 
tical illusion ; a dream. — Phantas'mago'^ria, -taz'- 
ma-go'^rl-a, n. An exhibition of shadows thrown 
upon a flat surface, as by a magic lantern ; illusive 
images. — Phantas'magor'^ic, -g5r''ik, a. Of, or pert, 
to, etc.— Phantas^'magory, -go-rY, n. Phantasmago- 
ria ; a magic lantern. — Phan'tom, n. An appari- 
tion; specter; ghost; airy spirit. — Phan'tasy, -ta-sT, 
n. Fancy. — Phantas'tic, a. Fantastic. 

Pharisee, ffir'i-se, n. One of a sect among the Jews 
ostentatiously observant of rites and ceremonies. 
— PIiarisa''ic, -T-sa'ik, -ical, a. Pert, to, or like, the 
Pharisees ; making a show of religion without the 
spirit of it: hypocritical. 

Pharmacy, far'ma-sT, n. Art or practice of preparing, 
compounding, and dispensing medicines.— Pharma- 
ceu'tic, -tical, -su'tik-al, a. Pert, to the knowledge 
or art of, etc. — Pharmaceu''tics, n. Science of pre- 
paring medicines. — PharmaceU'^tist, Phar^'macist, 
n. One skilled in pharmacy; a druggist. — Fharm?j- 
coKogy, -koKo-jt, n. Science of drugs, or art of 
preparing medicines; a treatise on the art. — Phar'- 
macopoe'^a, -pe^'ya, n. A book giving authoritative 
formula for the preparation of the various stand- 
ard medicines; a dispensatory. 

Pharos, f a'^ros, n. A lighthouse for the direction of sea- 
men; a watchtower; beacon. 

Pharynx, far'inks, n. (Anat.) The ca^vity into which 
the nose and mouth open, and which is continuous 
below with the esophagus. — Pharyngeal, fa-rin'- 
je-al or far-in-je''al, a. Belonging to, or connected 
■with, the pharynx. 

Phase, faz, n. ; pi. Phases, fa'zej, Pba^sis, n. ,• pL 
-SES, -sez. That which is exhibited to the eye ; ap- 



sfin, cabe, fi^ ; moon, fddt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboK, chair, get. 



PHEASANT 



296 



PHRENIC 




pearance which anythinj» manifests, esp. any one 
among varying appearances of the same object. See 
Moon. 

Pheasant, fez'ant, n. A gallinaceous Asiatic bird, 
found wild in Europe, 
whose fiesh is valued as 
food. 

Pbenakistoscope, fen-a- 
kis't o-skop, n. An 
optical toy, consisting 
of a revolving disk on 
which are figures that 
seem to be in actual 
motion. 

Plienix, fe'niks, n. (Gr. 
Myth.) A bird fabled 
to exist single for 500 
years, and to rise again 
from its own ashes, — 
the emblem of immor- ^, 

tality. Piieasant. 

Phenol, fe'nol, n. (Chem.) A hydrocarbon pro- 
duced in the distillation of coal-tar or from the 
vapor of benzoic acid, — used as a disinfectant and 
antiseptic, and as the base of dyes ; carbolic acid. 

Phenomenon, fe-nom^e-non, n. ; pi. -na, -na. An ap- 
pearance ; whatever, in matter or spirit, is apparent 
to, or is apprehended by, observation, as disting. fr. 
its ground, substance, or unknown constitution ; a 
remarkable or unusual appearance. — Phenom''enal, 
a. Pert, to a phenomenon; very extraordinary; of 
rare excellence. 

Phial, fi'al, n. A glass bottle, esp. of small size, for 
liquids; a vial. 

Philander, fi-lan^der, v. i. [-deeed (-derd), -deeing.] 
To make love, flirt, coquette.— Philan''thropy, -thro- 
pT, n. Love pf mankind; benevolence toward the 
whole human family ; universal good will. — PMl'- 
anthrop'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or exhibiting, phil- 
anthropy ; benevolent; kind. — Philan^'thropist, n. 
One who evinces, etc. — Philafely, fTC-lat'e-lI, n. 
Collection of postage stamps. — Phll'harmon'lc, a. 
Loving music. — PhiloKogy, fT-loKo-jI, n. The 
study of language, esp. in a philosophical manner; 
linguistic science.— PhiloKoger, -o-jer, -ogist, n. One 
versed in, etc. — Pliil'ope''na, -na, n. A small pres- 
ent or forfeit of one friend to another, arising out 
of their partaking together of a double-kerneled al- 
mond. — Phi'loprogen'^itiveness, -jen'T-tiv-nes, n. 
iPhren.) The love of offspring or of young chil- 
dren. See Phrenology. — PIiilos''ophy, -o-fT, n. 
Knowledge of phenomena as explained "by, and re- 
solved into, causes and reasons, powers and laws ; 
a particular philosophical system or theory; collec- 
tion of the general laws or principles under which 
the subordinate phenomena of any subject are com- 
prehended. — Plulos''opher, -o-fer, n. One versed in, 
or devoted to, philosophy; one who philosophizes. 

— Philosopher's stO)ie. A stone or preparation which 
the alchemists sought as the instrument of convert- 
ing the baser metals into gold.— Phil''osoph''ic, -ical, 
a. Pert, to, proceeding from, skilled in, or evin- 
cing, philosophy; rational; wise; temperate. — Phil''- 
ter, n. A potion or charm intended to excite love. 

— V. t. [PHILTERED (-terd), -TEEING.] To impreg- 
nate with a love potion; to charm to love. 

Philippic, fil-ip''pik, n. An oration of Demosthenes 
against Philip, king of Macedon ; any declamation 
abounding in acrimonious invective. 

Philistine, ft-lis''tin, n. {Geog.) An inhabitant of 
ancient Palestine. One who cannot appreciate, and 
therefore despises, culture, art, or religion. 

Philomel, fiKo-mel, -me'la, -la, n. The nightingale. 

Philopena, Philosophy, Philter, etc. See under Phi- 
lander. 

Phiz, fiz, n. The face or visage. 

Phlebotomy, fle-bot'o-mt, n. (Surg.) Act or practice 
of opening a vein for letting blood; blood-letting. 

— Phleme, flem, w. A lancet^fleam, q. v. 
Phlegm, flem, n. One of the 4 humors (blood, choler, 

phlegm, and gall) which the ancients supposed to 
determine the temperament. (Physiol.) The tena- 
cious mucus of the respiratory and digestive pas- 
sages. Dullness ; coldness ; sluggishness ; indiffer- 
ence, — Phlegmafic, fleg-mafik, a. Abounding in. 



or generating, phlegm; cold; dull; heavy. — Phlox, 
floks, n. A genus of Amer. flowering plants, havine 
red, white, or purple flowers. 

Phleme. See under Phlebotomy. 

Phoenix. Same as Phenix. 

Phonetic, fo-nefik, Phon'ic, fon'ik, a. Pert, to the 
voice, or its use ; representing sounds. — Phonefics, 
n. Doctrine or science of sounds, esp. those of the 
human voice ; phonology ; art of combining mu- 
sical sounds. — PhCnograph, -graf, n. A distinct 
symbol to represent a sound, and always one and 
the same sound, in writing. (Physics.) An instru- 
ment for the mechanical registration and reproduc- 
tion of audible sounds. —Pho''nogram,«. (Phonog- 
raphy.) A written letter or mark indicating a par- 
ticular sound or modification of sound. The rec- 
ord made by a phonograph (instrument). — Pho- 
nog'rapher, -nog'ra-fer, n. One skilled in phonog- 
raphy, or in using the phonograph (instrument). — 
Pho'nograph'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or based upon. 



\'^ 1. rv 



^^^v'CjLr 



" Be fit to live, that you may be fit to die." 

Phonographic Characters. 

phonography. — Phonog-'raphy, -fT, n. A descrip- 
tion of the laws of the human voice, or of sounds 
uttered by the organs of speech; a representation 
of sounds by distinctive characters ; a system of 
short-hand: art of constructing or using the phono- 
graph. — Phonol'ogy, -o-jl, n. A treatise on sounds; 
science or doctrine of the elementarj' sounds ut- 
tered by the human voice in speech ; phonetics. 
Phosphorus, fos'^for-us, n. The morning star: Phos- 
phor, q. v., below. (Chem.) An elementary non- 
metallic, luminous, poisonous substance, very com- 
bustible, semi-transparent, resembling fine wax. 

— Phos'^phuret, -fu-ret, -phide, -fTd, n. (Chem.) A 
combination of phosphorus with another substance. 

— Phos'phuret'ed^ a. Combined with phosphorus. 

— Phos''phate, -fat, n. A salt formed by a com- 
bination of phosphoric acid with a salifiable base. 

— Phos''phite, -fit, n. A salt formed by combina- 
tion of phosphorous acid with a salifiable base. — 
Phos^phorate, v. t. To combine or impregnate with 
phosphorus. — Phos'phoresce', -es', v. i. [-esced 
(-esf), -ESCING.] To shine, as phosphorus, by ex- 
hibiting a faint light without sensible heat. — Phos'- 
phores'cent, a. Shining with a faint light. — Phos- 
phor''ic, -ical, -fSr'ik-al, n. Pert, to, or obtained 
from, phosphorus. — Phos-'phoroUB, -for-us, a. Pert, 
to, or obtained from, phosphorus — said of a certain 
acid formed bv combination of phosphorus with ox- 
ygen. — Phos^phor, -fer, n. (Astron.) The planet 
Venus, when appearing as the morjiing star; Luci- 
fer. — Photo -engraving, f o'to-en-grav^ing, n. Proc- 
ess of obtaining, from a photographic ^image, an 
etched or engraved plate for printing ; a print from 
such a plate. — Pho'tograph, -to-graf, 7i. A picture 
produced or printed on chemicalh' prepared paper, 
hy the action of sunlight. — i'. t' To take such a 
picture. — Photog'rapher, -ra-f5r, n. One who prac^ 
tices photography. — Photog''raphy, -ra-fY, ?i. Art 
of, etc. — Pho'to-elec'tric, a. Acting by the opera- 
tion of both light and electricity. — Pho'to-lith''o- 
graph, n. A picture printed from a lithographic 
stone which has been prepared by photographic 
process.j— v. t. To produce, etc. 

Phrase, f raz, n. A brief expression, or part of a sen- 
tence; a short, pithy expression ; esp. one which is 
often employed ; manner or style in which one ex- 
presses himself ; diction. — v. t. [pheased (frazd), 
PHRASING.] To express in words, or in peculiar 
words. — Phraseol'ogy, -ze-oKo-jt, n. Manner of ex- 
pression; peculiar words used in a sentence; diction; 
style; a collection of phraseg in a language. 

Phrenic, fren'^ik, a. Pert, to the diaphragm. — 
Phren'ics, n. Science of the mind; metaphysics.— 
Phrenefic, fre-net''ik, a. Frantic, q. v., under Fren. 
ZY. — Phren'^sy, -zi, n. Same as Frenzy. — Phreni'. 
tis, n. (Med.) Inflammation of the brain, or of the 
meninges of the brain, attended with acute fever 



am, tame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r ; 



PHTHISIS 



297 



PICKLE 



and delirium. Madness: frenzy^q. v. [Gr.] — Phre- 
nol'ogy, -noKo-jT, n. Science of the special lunc- 




Phrenology. 



1, Amativeness ; 2, Philopro- 
genitiveHess ; 3, Concentra- 
tiveness; 3 a, Inhabitiveness; 
4, Adhesiveness ; 5, Combat- 
iveness ; 6, Destructiveness ; 
6 a, Alimentiveness; 7, Secre- 
tiveness ; 8, Acquisitiveness; 
9, Constructiveness; 1", Self- 
esteem ; 11. Love of appro- 
b a t i n ; 12, Cautiousness ; 
13, Benevolence ; 14, Venera- 



tion ; 15, Firmnoas; 16, Con- 
scientiousness; 17, Hope; 18, 
Wendir ; 19, Ideality ; 19 a, 
(Nft determined) ; 20, Wit ; 
21, Imitation; 22, Individual- 
ity ; 23, Fcim , 24, Size ; 25, 
Weigh'.; 26 Color; 2T, Local- 
ity ; 28, Number; 29, Order; 
30, Eventuality; 31, Time; 32. 
Tune; 33, Lana;uage; 34, Com- 
parison ; 35, Causality. 




Phylacteries. 



tions of the parts of the brain; theory that the men- 
tal faculties are shown on the surface of the head or 
skull; craniology. — Phrenol''ogi8t, n.. A believer in, 
or one versed in, etc. 
Phthisia, thi'sis, n. (Med.) Pulmjnary consumption, 

— formerly applied, also, to many wasting diseases. 

— Phtlii3''ie, tiz''ik, re. Same as phthisis,— popularl v, 
but erroneously, applied to any difficulty of breath- 
ing, esp. to chronic dyspnoea, from the notion that 
these affections are much the same as phthisis. 

Phylactery, fl-lak'^tSr-I, n. Any charm or spell worn 
as a preservative from danger 
or disease. {Jewish Antiq.) A 
slip of parchment on which 
were written certain passages 
of the Pentateuch; worn by 
devout persons on the fore- 
head and left arm while at 
prayer. 

Phyllon, fiKlon, re. (Bot.) One 
of the leaves forming the calyx or external envelope 
of a flower. — Phyllox''era, -loks'e-r?, re. A hemip- 
terous insect, allied to the aphis or plant-louse, very 
destructive to grajie-vines; the diseased condition of ; 
the vine thus caused. 

Physic, fiz^ik, re. Theory or practice of medicine; a 
specific internal application for the cure or relief of 
sickness; a purge; cathartic— v. t. [physicked (-ikt), 
-ICKING.] To treat with physic; to purge; to cure. 
-^-Phys'ics, re. Science of nature or of natural ob- 
jects; esp. science of the general properties of bodies, 
and causes that modify those properties ; natural 
philosophy. — Physique'', fe'zek', re. The natural 
constitution, or physical structure, of a person. 

— Phys'ical, a. Pert, to nature, as including all 
created existences; relating to natural or material 
things, as opp. to things mental, moral, spiritual, or 
imaginary ; pert, to physics, or the science of na- 
ture, or to unorganized matter ; cognizable by the 
senses; corporeal; external. — Phys'^ically, af/?'. — 
Physi'^cian, -zish'an, n. One who is skilled in physic 
or the art of healing; a doctor of medicine. — Phyi''- 



icist, -t-sist, re. One versed in the science of phvsics. 
— Physiog'^nomy, -T-og''no-ml', re. Art or science of 
discernm^ the character of the mind from the fea- 
tures of the face; the face or countenance, with re- 
spect to the temper of the mind; particular cast, or 
expression of countenance. (Bot.) The general aj)- 
pearance of a plant, irrespective of its botanical char- 
acters. — Physiog'nomist, n. One skilled in physiog- 
nomy. — Physiol'ogy, -l-oKo-jt, n. Science of the 
organs and their functions in animals and plants.— 
Phys''iolog'ic, -leal, -o-Ioj'ik-al, a. Pert, to physiolo- 
gy, or the science of the properties and functions of 
living beings. 

Pi, pi, re. (Print.) A mass of tvpe confusedly mixed, 
or iinsorted. — V. t. [pied (pid), pieing.] To drop 
or break down (a line, page, etc.) so that the type 
shall be confusedly mixed. [Abbr. of pica, a. v., 
under Pie, a bird.] 

Pia Mater, pi'a-ma'ter, n. (Anat.) The vascular mem- 
brane immediately investing the brain. 

Piano, pe-a'no, a. (Miis.) Soft, — a direction to the 
performer. — Pia''no, P.-for'te, -f or'ta, re. (Mus.) A 
musical instrument, consisting of a series of wires of 



^ passage 

in the softest manner. — Pia'^nist, re. A performer 
on the piano-forte. 

Piaster, pT-as'ter, n. A coin of different values in dif- 
ferent countries,— worth about 80 cents in Italy. 

Piazza, pr-az''za, re. (Arch.) A kind of portico. A 
square open space surrounded by buildings. 

Pibroch, pe^'brok, re. A wild, irregular species of mu- 
sic, peculiar to the Highlands of Scotland. — Pib'- 
com, re. A wind instrument or pipe, with a horn at 
each end, used in Wales. 

Pica. See under Pie, a bird. 

Picayune, pik-a-yoon'', re. A small coin = 61-4 cents. 

Piccalilli, pik-'ka-lil'lT, re. An E. Indian pickle of va- 
rious vegetables with pungent spices. 

Piccolo, pik-'Ko-lo, re. (Mus.) A small flute, whose 
pitch is an octave higher than that of the ordinary 
flute; a smaL upright piano-forte. 

Pick, pik, V. t. [PICKED (pikt), picking.] To peck at, 
like birds with iheir bills; to strike at with anything 
pointed; to open, as a lock; to separate, as wool, cot- 
ton, hair, oakum, etc.; to pull away, gather, esp. 
with the fingers, as fruit from a tree, corn from a 
stalk, etc.; to pluck; to cleanse, by removing (with a 
pointed instrument or the fingers) that which is ob- 
jectionable; to take away by a quick, unexpected 
movement, take up suddenly; to choose, select, cull; 
to seek or desire; to collect, bring together. — v.i. 
To eat slowly or by inorsels, nibble; to do anything 
nicely; to steal, pilfer. — re. A sharp-pointed tool; 
esp. (Mining & Mech ), a tool with a w&odei handle 
and a heavy curved iron head tapering to n point 
at each end, used for loosening and breaking op 
hard earth, ground, stones, etc. Choice ; right of se- 
lection. — Pick'ax, -axe, n. A pick with a point r>X 
one end, a transverse edge or 
blade at the other, and a nan- 
die inserted at the middle; a 
pick. — Pick'^ock, re. An in- 
strument for opening locks 
when there is no key; a per- 
son who picks loc IS. — Pick''- 
pocket, re. One ^ /ho steals 
from another's pocket. — Pick''- 
et, re. A stake sharpened, used 
in fortification and encampments; a narrow board 
pointed, used in fences. (Mil.) A guard posted in 
front of an army, to give notice of the approach of 
an enemy. — v. t. To fortify, inclose, or fence with 
pickets; to fasten to a picket. , 

Pickaninny, pik''a-nin-n1, re. A small child; esp. a ne- 
gro or mulatto infant. 

Pickerel, pik''er-el, re. A fresh-water fish of several 
species of the pike family. 

Pickle, pik''l, re. A solution of salt and water, in 
which fish and meat may be preserved or corned; 
brine ; vinegar, sometimes spiced, in which vege- 
tables, fish, etc., may be preserved ; any article of 
food preserved in vinegar ; a troublesome child. — 




Pickax. 



sQb, cube, full ; moon, ffi&t : cow, oil ; lioger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



PICKLOCK 



298 



PILIi 



V. t. [I'iCKLED (pik'ld), -LING.] To preserve or 
season in pickle ; to imbue highly with anj'thing 
b-id ; to prepaie (an imitation) ancl sell as <jenuine ; 
to subject (pins and needles) to the action of certain 
cliemicals. 

Picklock, Pickpocket. See under Pick. 

Picnic, pik'nik, n. Orig. an entertainment at which 
each person contributed some article tor the gen- 

• eral table; an excursion of pleasure into the country; 
the party itself. — v. i. To go on a picnic. 

Pict, pikt, n. One of the ancient inhabitants of N. E. 
Scotland, probably a Celtic race and akin to the 
Welsh. 

Picture, pik^'chur, n. That which is painted ; a like- 
ness drawn iri colors; any graphic representation ; 
art or form of representation by painting; that which, 
by its likeness, brings vividly to mind some other 
thing. — V. t. [pictured (-cnurd), -turixg.] To 
draw or paint a resemblance of '; to represent; to re- 
call vividly. — Pict'uresque'j-esk'', a. Fitted to form 
a pleasing picture; expressing that kind of beauty 
which is agreeable in a picture, natural or artificial. 
— Pictc'rial, -to'rT-al, a. Pert, to, illustrated by, or 
forming, pictures. 

Picul, pik''ul, n. In China, a weight of 133J pounds. 

Piddle, pid'dl, v. i. To deal in trifles, spend time in 
trifling objects ; to eat or drink squeamishly, or 
without relish; to make water, — a childish word. 

Pidgeon, Pidjin. See Pigeox English. 

Pie, pi, n. A crust of paste baked with fruit, meat, 



the old Rom. Oath. 




etc., m it or under it. 
Pie, pi, Pi''ca, -ka, n. A magpie 
service-book; 
pi, disordered 
type . [The 
service-book 
was printed 
in heavy 
black-le t ter 
type on white 
paper, resem- 
bling the col- 
ors of the 
magpie, 
hence the 
name of the 
type now 
called 2)ica.'\ 

— Pi'ca, n. Magpie. - 

(^Frint.) A kind of type of 2 sizes, ftniall pica and 
pica, in size, between English and long primer. 

i@^ This line is in pica. 
]^^^ This Kne is in small pica. 

— Pied, pTd, a. Variegated with spots of different 
colors; spotted. — Pied'ness, n. State of being parti- 
colored. —Pie'bald, a. Of various colors; diversi- 
fied injiolor. 

Piece, pes, n. A fragment of anything separated 
from the whole ; a part ; share ; portion of any- 
thing conceived of as apart from other portions ; an 
individual article ; single effort ; definite perform- 
ance ; a literary or artistic composition ; a musket, 
gun, or cannon; a coin. — 1\ t. [pieced (pest), 
PIECING.] To eniai-ge or mend by the addition of a 
piece ; to patch ; to unite, join. — v. i. To unite by 
a coalescence of parts; to be compacted as parts into 
a whole. — Piece'meal, -mel, adv. In pieces; in frag- 
ments; by little and little. — a. Made of parts or 
pieces; single; separate. 

Pied, etc. See under Pie, a bird. 

Pier, per, n. (Arch.) A mass of stone-work support- 
ing an arch, bridge, etc.; part of the wall of a house 
between windows or doors ; a structure to break the 
force of_the waves; a wharf or landing-place. 

Pierce, pers, y. ^ [pierced (perst), piercing.] To 
thrust into or transfix with a pointed instrument; to 
force a way into; to touch (the affections); to dive in- 
to (a secret orpurpose); to bore, penetrate, perforate, 
reach. — v. i. To enter, as a pointed instrument ; to 
dive or penetrate (into a secret, etc.). 

Pierian, pi-e-'rT-an, a. Pert, to the Muses. 

Piet, pi'et, -ot, n. Same as Pie, magpie. 




Pike. 
Pike'staff, n. The shaft 



Piety, Pietist, etc. See under Pious. 

Pig, pig, //. The young of swine; a hog; an oblong 
mass of metal, as first extracted from the ore. — v. t. 
or i. [pigged (pi^d), pigging.] To bring forth pigs; 
to lie together like pigs. — Pig'glsh, a. Like pigs; 
filthy; greedy; obstinate. — Pig'gery, -ger-T, Pig'-sty, 
n. A place where swine are kept. — Pig'-iron, n. Iron 
in pigs, or oblong bars, as it conies from the smelting 
furnace. — Pig'tail, n. The tail of a pig; the hair so 
tied at the back of -the head as to resemble a pig's 
tail, a cue; a twisted roll of tobacco. 

Pigeon, pij'un, n. A gallinaceous bird, of several 
species, as the stock-dove, ring-dove, turtle-dove, 
and the migratory or wild pigeon of America. — Pig'- 
eon-hole, n. A division of a case for papers. — liv'- 
ered, -erd, «. Mild in temper; soft; timid. 

Pigeon-, Pidgeon-, or Pi^jin-English, pij'un-in'glish. 
The barbarous and childish dialect used between 
English or Americans and Oiinamen, — consisting 
of English words as pronounced by the Chinese, 
with an infusion of Chinese, Portuguese, and other 
words. 

Pigment, pig'ment, n. A substance used by painters, 
dyers, etc., to impart colors to bodies; paint. 

Pigmy ._ See Pygmy. 

Pike, pik, n. {Mil.) A long wooden staff, with a flat, 
pointed steel head; spear. 
ilchth.) A voracious fresh- 
water fish, living in deepj 
water, so named f r. shape ; ^ 
a turnpike road. — Pike'- 
man, n.; pi. -men. A sol- 
dier armed with a pike. 

of a pike; a staff having a sharp metal spike at the 
bottom, to guard against slipping. 

Pilaster, pl-las'ter, n. (Arch.) A sq^uare column, 
usually set within a wall, and projectmg _^^^^^ 
only I-4th or l-5th of its diameter. '. ! .'.i.', l .'..".>s'.:^^ 

Pilchard, piKchard, n. A fish resembling 
the herring, but thicker and rounder. 

Pile, pTl, H. A roundish or elevated mass 
or collection of things ; a heap; a mass 
regularly formed by rows or layers ; a 
large Duilding, or mass of buildings. 
(Elec.) A vertical series of alternate disks 
of 2 dissimilar metals, with disks of cloth 
or paper between them moistened with 
acid water, for producing a current of 
electricity. —V. t. [piled (pTld), piling.) 
To lay or throw into a pile or heap; to fill 
above the brim or top; to heap, accumulate, amass. 
— Pil'er, n. One who forms a pile or heap. — Piles, 
pilz,?!.pZ. (lied.) Small erectile tumors of the vascu- 
lar, mucous, or cellular tissues of the rectum; hem- 
orrhoids. — Pill, 71. Medicine, etc., in the form of a lit- 
tle ball; anything nauseous. — 
PiKule, -ul, n. A homeopathic 
pill. — Pil'ulous, -u-lus, a. Of 
the size of a pill; insignificant. 

Pile, pTl, n. A piece of timber, 
pointed and driven into the 
earth, to support a building, 
bridge, etc. — Pile'-driv'er, -en'- 
gine, n. A machine for driving 
down piles. 

Pile, pil, n. The fiber of wool, 
cotton, etc.; nap.— Pilose'', -los', 
a. Hairy. (Bot.) Covered with 
long, distinct hairs. — Pi'lous, 
-lus, a. Abounding with, or con- 
sisting of, hair. — PiloB'ity, -lOs'- 

, T-tt, n. Hairiness. 
Pilfer, piKfer, v. i. [-feeed (-ferd), 
-FERING.] To steal in small 
quantities; practice petty theft. — v.t. 
petty theft; filch. 
Pilgrim, piKgrim, n. A wanderer; traveler; esp. one 
who travels to a distance from his own country to 
visit a holy place. — Pil^grimage, -ej, n. The jour- 
ney of a pilgrim; a journey to a shrine or other sa- 
cred place. 
Pill, Pilule, etc. See under Pile, a mass. 
Pill, pil, I'. <. [pilled (pild), PILLING.] To rob, plunr 
der, pillage. — Pil 'lage, -lej, n. Act of plundering; 
that taken from another by force, esp. from enemies 




Pilastei. 




Pile-driver. 



To gain by 



am, fame, far, pass »?• opera, fare ; end, eve. tgrm ; tn, ice ; 6dd, tene, 6r ; 



PILLAR 



299 



PIPE 




Pillory. 




Pillow-block. 



in war; rapine; spoil; depredation. — v. t. [pillaged 
(-lejd), -LAGiNG.j To strip of money or goods by 
violence; to plunder, spoil. 

Pillar, pil'lar, ii. A pier or column for a monument or 
ornament, or to support an arch, roof, statue, etc.; 
thing resembling sucii a pillar in appearance, stabil- 
ity, strength, etc.; foundation; proi); support. 

Pillion, pil-'yun, n. The pad or cushion attached to 
the hinder part of a saddle, as a second seat. 

PiUory, pil'lo-rt, ti. A frame of wood erected on a post, 
with holes, through which the 
head and hands of a criminal 
were formerly put, to expose 
him to public view. — v. i. [pil- 
LOUIED (-rid), -RYING.] To pun- 
ish with, or set in, the pillory. 

Pillow, piKlo, n. A cushion to 
support the head. (JVaut.) The 
block on which the inner end 
of a bowsprit is supported. 
(Jlech.) A piece of metal or 
'wood used to support some 
part of a machine to equalize 
the pressure ; a bearing, or 
journal-box. A kind of plain, 
coarse fustian. — v.t. [pillowed C-l6d), -lowing.] 
To rest or lay for support. — Pil'low-bier, -ber, n. 
The movable case or sack 
drawn over a pillow; pillow- 
case. — block, rt. {Mech.) A 
block, or standard, for sup- 
porting the end of a shaft. — 
-case, n. A covering for a pil- 
low. 

Pilose, Piloos, etc. See under 
Pile, fiber. 

Pilot, pi'Iot, 71. One who steers ships, esp. where nav- 
igation is dangerous; a guide; the cow-catcher of a 
locomotive. — o. t. To direct the course of (a ship); 
to guide through dangers or difficulties. — Pi'lotage, 
.-ej, n. The pay, also the guidance, of a pilot. 

Pimenta, pt-men'ta, -to, n. The dried berry of a W. 
Indian tree, having an aromatic flavor, and valued 
a.s a spice; allspice; the tree which produces allspice. 

Pimp, pimp, n. One who provides gratifications for 
the lustof others; aprocurer; pander. — v. i. [pimped 
(pimt), pimping.] To procure lewd women for the 
gratification of others; to pander. 

Pimpernel, pim'per-nel, n. A plant of which one spe- 
cies has snjall flowers, usually scarlet, which close 
at the approach of bad weather. 

Pimple, pim'pl, n. {Merl.) A small pointed elevation 
of the cuticle with inflamed base, differing from a 
pustule in not containing a fluid, nor tending to 
suppuration. 

Pin, pin, n. A pointed instrument of wood, metal, 
etc.; a peg; bolt; esp., a small, pointed piece of wire 
with a head, used for fastening clothes, 
etc. ; a thing of trifling value ; that which 
resembles a pin in form or use. — v. t. 
[i'!X>fED(i)ind),-NiNO.] To fasten (with 
a pin); to inclose, pen. — Pin'afore', -a- 
for', n. An apron for a child to cover 
the front part of the body ; a tier. — 
Pin'cushion.-kush-unjn. A small cush- 
ion in which to stick pins, to keep them. 

— Pin'hole, n. A puncture made bj' a 
pin; a very small aperture. — Pin'nacle, 
-na-kl, n. A slender turret elevated 
above a roof, buttress, etc.j a high, 
spiring point. — Pin^natie, -nat, -nated, 
a. (Bot.) Shaped like a feather. Fur- 
nished withfins.— Pin''tle, -tl. n. (Ariil.) 
A long iron bolt to prevent the recoil 
of a cannon. A pin to hold a wheel in 
place ; a pivot pin, as of a hinge ; an 
iron plate with dowel pins. (Nnnt.) A 
hook on which a rudder is hung to its 
post. 

Pinch, pinch, v. t. [pinched (pincht), 

pinchtxg.] To press hard or squeeze Pinnacle. 

as between the ends of the fingers, or 

any hard 'oodies; to oppress with want; to distress. 

— V. i. To act with pressing force; to bear hard; to 
spare, be covetous. — n. A close compression with 





1, carpenter's pinchers. 

2, shoemaker's pincher^s. 




the ends of the fingers ; thai taken between the 
ends of the fingers; distrcbs; oppression: dithculty. 

— P i n cli'er, n. — Pinch'ers, ..^^^a-^ 

Pin'cers, -sers, ?i. j)L An in- 
strument for drawing nails, 
griping things to be held fast, 
etc. 

Pinchbeck, pinch'bek, n. An 
alloy of copper and zinc, re- 
sembling gold. — a. Made of 
pinclibeck ; sham ; imitation; 
not genuine. 

Pine, pin, ?;. A genus of trees 
of many species, some of which furnish valuable 
timber ; the wood of the pine tree ; a pine-apple. 

— Pine'-apple, n. A tropical plant and its fruit, 
which resembles in shape the cone of the 
pine tree. 

Pine, pin, v. i. [pined (pTnd), pining.] To 
languish, lose flesh, grow lean; to languish 
with desire; to droop, flag, wither, decay. 

— V. t. To wear out, make to languish; to 
grieve for, bemoan in silence. 

Pinion, pin'^yun, n. A feather; quill; a wing; 
the joint of a bird's wing most remote from 
the bodv; a tetter or band for the arm; a 
smaller wheel with leaves or teeth working 
into the teeth of a larger wheel or rack; 
a toothed arbor. —v. t. [pimuned (-yund), -lON- 
ING.] To bind or confine the wmgs of; to cripple 
by cutting off the outermost joint of the wing; to 
restrain by binding the arms to the body; to con- 
fine, shackle. 

Pink, pink, v. t. [pinked (pipkt), pinking.] To 
pierce, stab, prick; to pierce with small holes, work 
in eyelet-holes; to cut or work in small scollops or 
angles. — n. An eye; a small eye. 

Pink, pink, n. A garden plant and its flower; the com- 
mon color of the flower, — being a combination oi 
pure red with white; that which is supremely excel- 
lent. — V. t. To dye of a pink color. — Pink'-eye- n. 
An acute pinkish inflammation of the eyes. 

Pink, pink, n. A kind of boat or ship, with a very 
narrow stern. 

Pinnace, pin'nes, ??. A small vessel, usually schooner- 
rigged; a boat, usually rowed with 8 oars. 

Pinnacle, Pinnate, Pintle, etc. See under Pin. 

Pint, pint, n. Half a quart, or 4 gills; in med., 12 
ounces. 

Pioneer, pi-o-ner'', ^^ t. [-neeeed (-nerd'), -neeriitg.] 
To go before and prepare a way for. — n. (Mil.) 
One who marches with or before an army, to repair 
the road or clear it of obstructions, etc. One who 
goes before to prepare the way for another; a back- 
woodsman; first settler. 

Piony. Same as Peony. 

Pious, pi'us, a. Having affectionate or filial reverence 
for a parent or superior; having reverence and love 
toward the Supreme Being ; dictated by religious 
feeling; practiced under the pretense of religion; 
godly; devout; righteous. — Pi'ety, -e-tT, n. Affec- 
tionate reverence of parents, or friends, or country; 
obedient love of the will of God afid zealous devo- 
tion to his service; religion; sanctity. 

Pip, pip, n. A disease of fowls, in which a horny pel- 
licle grows on the tip of the tongue. 

Pip, pip, n. The seed of an apple, orange, etc. — Pip'*- 
pin, n. A kind of tart apple, — prob. orig. one raised 
fr. the pip or seed. 

Pip, pip, n. A spot on cards. 

Pip, pip, V. i. To cry or chirp, as a chicken. 

Pipe, pip, n, A wind instrument of music, consisting 
of a tube of wood or metal; any long tube or hollow 
body; a tube of clay, etc., with a bowl at one end, 
used in smoking tobacco, etc. ; in Eng., a roll in the 
exchequer, fr. its resemblance to a pipe; the excheq- 
uer itself ; a cask usually containing 126 gallons, 
used for wine; or the quantity which it contains. — 
V. i. [piped (pipt), piping.] To play on a pipe, 
fife, flute, etc.; to have a shrill sound; whistle. — 
V. t. To perform by playing on a wind instrument; 
to utter m a high or sharp tone.— Pip'er, n. One 
who plavs on a pipe or flute ; esp. one who plays 
on the Dao;pipe. — Pipping, p. a. Giving forth a 
weak, shrill sound like the voice of the sick; fee- 



slia, cQbe, full ; moon, fdbt ; cow, oil ; linger or igk, tben, boNboN, chair, get. 



PIPPIN 



300 



PLACE 



ble; simmering; boilinp:. — n. A kind of cord trim- 
ming or fluting for ladies' dresses. (Bot.) Apiece 
cut off to be planted ; a cutting. — Pip^kin, n. A 
small earthen boiler. 

Pippin. See under Pip, a seed. 

Pique, pek, n. A feeUng of annoyance or resentment 
awakened by a social slight or injury; irritation; 
grudge ; spite. — v. t. [piqued (pekt), P4QCIng.] 
To excite the sensibilities of, excite to anger; to 
excite to action by causing resentment or jealousy; 
to pride or value, — used reflexively. — Piquant, pe'- 
kant or pik'ant, a. Stimulating to the tongue ; 
sharp: tart; pungent; severe. — Pi'quancy, -kah-sT, 
n. State or quality of being, etc. — Piqul', -ka', n. 
A figured cotton fabric used for women's and chil- 
dren's dress goods. — Piquet', -ket'', n. A game at 
cards played between 2 persons, with only 32 cards. 

Pirate, pi'' ret, n. A robber on the high seas; free- 
booter; an armed vessel which sails without a legal 
commission, to plunder other vessels indiscrimi- 
nately on the high seas; one who publishes the writ- 
ings of other men without permission. — v. t. To re- 
produce books or writings by theft, or without right 
or permission. — Pi^racy, -ra-sT. n. Act or crime of 
a pirate ; robbery. (Laiv.) The act, practice, or 
crime of robbing on the high seas. Infringement 
of the law of copyright by publishing the writings 
of other men without permission. — Pirafical, a. 
Pert, to a pirate; acquired by, or practicing, piracy. 

Pirogue, pT-rog', n. A canoe formed out of the trunk 
of a tree; a narrow ferrj'-boat carrying 2 masts and 
a leeboard. _ 

Pirouette, pir'oo-et'', n. A whirling about on the toes 
in (lancing. — v. i. To turn about on the toes, as in 
dancing. 

Pisces, pis''sez, n. pi. (Astron.) The Fishes, the 12th 
sign of the zodiac— Pis''catory, -to-rt, -to'rial, -to'- 
rT-al, a. Relating to fishes or to fishing. — Pis'ci- 
cult'ure, -sT-kul'chur, n. Artificial preservation, 
propagation, and nurture of fish. 

Pish, pish, interj. Pshaw, — an exclamation of con- 
tempt. — 1\ i. To express contempt. 

Piss, pis, 75. i. [pissed (pist), -sing.] To discharge 
urine. — Pis^mire, -mir, n. The ant or emmet. 

Pistachio, pis-ta'sho, n. A small tree of W. Asia and 
S. Europe ; its nut, containing a kernel of a pale 
greenish color, of a taste resembling that of the 
almond. 

Pistil, pis'til, n. The seed-bearing organ of a flower, 
including ovary, style, and stigma; a carpel; 
a collection of carpels united by tlieir inner 
suture, or a compound pistil. — Pis'ton, -tun, 
n. A cylinder of metal or other substance, 
fitting the eavity of a pump or barrel, and 
working alternately up and down or back- 
ward and forward in it. See Forcing-pump, 
Steam-engine. 

Pistol, pis'tol, n. A small fire-arm, to be fired 
from one hand. — i'. t. [pistoled (-told), Pistil. 
-toling.] To shoot with a pistol. — Pistole'', 
-tol', n. A Spanish gold coin worth about $3.60. 

Piston. See under Pistil. 

Pit, pit, n. A large, deep hole in the ground; a well; 
an abyss; esp., the bottomless pit; nell; the grave; 
an indenture in the flesh, as the hollow under the 
arm, hollow of the stomach, or the indentation left 
on the flesh by a pustule of the small-pox; the low- 
est place in a theater where spectators assemble; 
parquet; an area into which cocks, dogs, etc., are 
Drought to fight. — I', t. To indent; to mark with 
little hollows, as by variolous pustules; to set in an- 
tagonism to; to provoke to combat, as cocks in a 
pit. 

Pitapat, adv. In a flutter; with palpitation. 

Fitch, pich, n. A thick, black, sticky substance ob- 
tained by boiling down tar; turpentine, — improp. 
so called. — v. t. [pitched (picht), pitching.] To 
cover over or smear with pitch; to darken as if by 
smearing with pitch ; to obscure. — Pitch'y, -T, a. 
Of the nature of, or like, pitch ; black; dark; dis- 
mal. 

Pitch, pich, n. A point or peak; degree of elevation 
or depression. (Mus.) Degree of elevation of the 
voice, of an instrument, etc. Degree ; rate ; posi- 
tion ; point where a declivity begins ; tlie declivity 




A B 

Pitch of a 
Roof. 




itself; descent; slope. {Mech.) The distance from 
center to center of any 2 adjacent teeth of gearing, 
measured on the pitch-line; distance measured on a 
line parallel to the axis, between 2 adjacent threads 
or convolutions of a screw; distance between the 
centers o£ holes, as of rivet-holes in boiler plates. — 
r. t. To throw, hurl, toss; to fix firmly, plant, set 
in array. (Jilus.) To fix or set the tone of. — v. i. 
To light, settle; to fall headlong; to fall, fix choice; 
to encamp. (NaiU.) To rise and fall, as the head 
and stern of a ship. -^ Pitch line, or 
p. circle. A circle concentric with the 
circumference of a toothed wheel, and 
cutting its teeth at such a distance 
from tneir points as to touch the cor- 
responding circle of the gear work- 
ing with it. — P. of a roof. (Arch.) 
The inclination or slope of the sides. 
— P. of a saw. The slope of the face 
of the teeth. — Pitched battle. A bat- 
tle in which the hostile forces have 
taken up a firm position, — disting. 
fr. a skirmish. — Pitchier, n. One ^D-B, Roman 
who, etc. ; esp., in games of ball, who pitch; a C'B, 
pitches the ball for the batsman to Grecian pitch ; 
strike at. — Pitch 'fork, ?2. A farming ;;^|J' *^5'i«= 
implement used in pitching hay, Elizabethan 
sheaves of grain, etc., into wagons, 
etc. — Pitch'-farth'ing, n. A play in which coins 
are pitched into a hole. — pipe, n. (,3Ius.) An in- 
strument for regulating the pitch of the key or 
leading tone of a tune. 

Pitcher, pich'er, ??. A vessel with a spout for pour- 
ing out liquid ; a ewer. {Bot.) A 
cuplike appendage of the leaves of 
certain plants. 

Piteous, etc. See under Pity. 

Pith, pith, n. The soft, spongy sub- 
stance in the center of many plants 
and trees. (Aiiat.) The spinal cord; 
marrow. Vital or essential part : vig- _^ _ 
or; strength; importance. — Pith'y, ^.^u' , p„f s 
-T, a. [-IER ; -lEST.] Consisting of, ^ itcher. (£oi.) 
containing, or abounding with, pith: energetic; con- 
densed, forcible, and appropriate in expression. — 
Pith'ily, adv. 

Pittance, piftans, n. An allowance of food, bestowed 
in charity; a very small quantity; trifle. 

Pity, pit'T, n. The feeling or suffering of one person, 
excited by the distresses of another; cause of grief ; 
thing to be regretted ; a call for pitj' ; compassion ; 
mercy; commiseration. — v. t. [pitied (-id), pity- 
ing.] To feel pain or grief for, nave sj'mpathy for, 
commiserate ; compassionate. — v. i. To be compas- 
sionate ; exercise pity. — Pit'eous, -e-us, a. Fitted to 
excite pity ; evincing pity; paltry ; mean ; pitiful; 
affecting ; doleful ; wretched ; miserable. — Pifia- 
ble, -T-a-bl, a. Deserving pity; worthy of compas- 
sion; affecting; lamentable; rueful.— Pit 'iful, -T-tul, 
a. Full of pity; compassionate ; miserable; moving 
compassion; deserving pity for littleness or mean- 
ness; contemptible; despicable; paltry. — Pit'iless, 
a. Destitute of pity ; hard-hearted; cruel ; merci- 
less; exciting no pit}'. 

Pivot, piVut, n. A fixed point, shaft, or pin on which 
any body turns, oscillates, or revolves; a turning 
point ; tnat on which important results depend. 
(Mil.) The one on whom the different wheelings are 
made in the various evolutions of the drill. 

Pix. Same as Pyx. 

Placable, etc. See under Placate. 

Placard, pla-kard', n. A bill, advertisement, etc., 
posted in a public place; poster. — v. t. To post (a 
writing, libel, etc.) in a public place; to notify pub- 
licly. — Plaque, plak, n. A decorated plate, saucer, 
etc., to be hung on a wall for ornament. — v. t. To 
decorate walls with plaques. — Plack'et, n. The 
opening or slit left in a petticoat or .«kirt for con- 
venience in putting it on; a woman's pocket. 

Placate, pla'kat, v. 1. To appease or pacify, concili- 
ate.— Pla'cable, a. Capable of being, etc. — Pla'ca- 
bleness, -cabil'ity, n.— PlaCid, plas'id, a. Pleased; 
contented : serene ; tranquil ; quiet ; unruflfled ; un- 
disturbed. 

Place, plas, n. A broad way in a city ; open space ; 



ams fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; tn. Ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r ; 



PLACENTA. 



301 



FLASH 



area; any portion of space regarded as distinct from 
all other space, as related to any other portion, or as 
appropriated to some definite object or use ; rank : 
degree; grade; esp., social rank or position; official 
station or post; a position occupied and held as a 
residence, as, a stately dwelling, a mansion; or, a 
collection of dwellings, a village, town, or city; or, 
a country, the seat of a nation; or, a fortified town 
or post; possibility of existence or action; opportu- 
nity; definite portion of a written or printed docu- 
ment; vacated or relinquished space; room; stead. 

— v.t. [placed (plast), PLACING.] To assign a place 
to, fix, settle; to put in a particular rank or office; to 
surround with particular circumstances; to put out 
at interest, invest. — Pla'za, pla'za, n. A public 
square in a city. 

Placenta, pla-sen'ta, n. ; pi. -t.e, -te. (Anat.) The 
soft, spongy disk which connects the mother with 
the fetus in the womb; afterbirth. (Bot.) The part 
of a plant or fruit to which the seeds are attached. 

— Placen'tal, a. Pert, to, or having, etc. — n, A 
mammal having, etc. 

Placid, etc. See under Placate. 

Placket. See under Placard. 

Plagal, pla''gal, a. (_Mus.) Having the principal tones 
lying Detween the fifth of the key and its octave or 
twelith, — said of certain melodies or tunes. 

Plagiary, pla'jT-a-rT, n. A thief in literature ; one who 
purloins another's writings, and offers them to the 
public as his own. — a. Practicing literary theft. — 
Pla'^giaxism, -a-rizm, n. Act or practice of plagia- 
rizing ; literary matter stolen. — Pla'giarist, n. A 
plagiary. — Pla'giarize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izixg.] 
To steal or purloin from the writings of another. — 
V. i. To_be guilty of literary theft. 

Plagae, plag, n. Any afflictive evil or calamity; that 
wnich troubles or vexes. {Med.) An acute, malig- 
nant, febrile disease, that often prevails in the East, 
and has at times raged in cities of Europe. Any pes- 
tilence. — V. t. [PLAGUED (plagd), PLAGUING.] To 
vex, tease, trouble; to afflict with disease, calamity, 
or natural evil; to torment, afflict, annoy, tantalize, 
perplex^ 

Plaice, plas, n. A very broad flat-fish, spotted, and 
larger than the flounder. 

Plaid, plad, n. A striped Oi 
variegated cloth, worn as an 
over-garment by the Scot- 
tish Highlanders.— a. Hav- 
ing a pattern like a Scotch 
plaid; marked with bars or 
stripes at right angles to 
one another. 

Plain, plan, a. Without elevations or depressions ; 
open ; clear ; unencumbered ; not intricate or diffi- 
cult; simple; natural, as, void of extraneous beauty 
or ornament, homely ; or, not highly cultivated, 
unsophisticated, common; or, void of affectation or 
disguise ; or, free from costliness, not rich ; or, not 
ornamented with colors or figures ; or, not much 
varied by modulations. — adv. In a plain manner. 

— n. Level land; usually, an open field with an 
even surface, or one little varied by inequalities ; a 
field of battle. — V. t. [plained (pland), plaining.] 
To level, make plain or even. 

Plain, plan, v.t. and i. To complain, lament, bewail. 
— Plaint, plant, n. Audible expression of sorrow ; 
lamentation ; complaint ; a sad or serious song. — 
Plaint'''iff, n. {Law.') Tlie person wlio commences a 
suit to obtain remedy tor injury to his rights, — 
opp. to defendant. — Plaint'ive, -iv, a. Containing 
a plaint, or expression of sorrow; indicating grief ; 
serious ; sad. 

Plait, plat. Plat, plSt, n. A fold ; a doubling, as of 
cloth; a braid, as of hair or straw. — v. t. To fold, 
double in narrow folds ; to form by interlaying, 
braid, plat; to entangle, involve. 

Plan, plan, n. A draught or form ; prop., the repre- 
sentation of anything drawn on a plane, esp. of a 
horizontal section of anything ; a method of action 
or procedure expressed or described in language ; 
scheme ; plot ; device.— v. t. [planned (pland), 
-NING.] To form a draught or representation ; to 
sketch, model ; to devise, contrive. 

Plane, plan, a. Without elevations or depressions ; 




Plaice. 



even ; level ; flat ; pert. to. lying in, or constituting 
a plane. — n. (Geom.) A surface, real or imaginary, 

. in which, if any 2 points are taken, the straight line 
which joins them lies wholly in that surface. {Join- 
ery.) A tool for smoothing wooden surfaces, form- 
ing moldings, etc. — v. t. [planed ([pland), plan- 
ing.] To make smooth, free from inequalities of 
surface. — Pla'no-con'cave, a. Flat on one side, and 
concave on the other. — con'^ical, ct. Plane on one 
side, and conical on the other. — con' vex, a. Plane 
on one side, and convex on the other : see Lens. — 
Planch, v.i. [planched (plancht), planching.] To 
cover with planks or boards ; to plank. — Planch'et, 
n. A flat piece of metal; esp. a disk of metal ready 
to be stamped as a coin. — Planchette', plaN-shet', 
n. A small board; a circumferentor; a small tablet, 
mounted on wheels and carrying a pencil, which, 
when the instrument is moved by the hand resting 
on it, traces characters supposed to have signifi- 
cance. — Flank, plank, n. A broad piece of sawed 
timber, thicker thaiTa board; a support, as for float- 
ing in a' stream; a statement of a principle or pur- 
pose (in a political, etc., platform). — v. t. [planked 
(plankt), planking.] To cover or lar with planks; 
to lay down upon, or as upon, a plank; to produce, 
as a wager or cash.— Plan'ish, v. t. [-ished (-isht)- 
-ISHING.] To render (a metal surface) smooth and 
level by light blows with a smooth .faced hammer. 

Plane, plan, Plane''-tree, Plafan, -ane, piafan, n. A 
large-leaved tree of the genus Platanus : the orien- 
tal plane-tree is a native of Asia ; the occidental of 
N. Amer., where it is called also the bvtton-wood 
or button-ball. 

Planet, plan'et, n. (_Asiron.) A celestial body which 
revolves about the sun in an orbit of a moderate 
degree of eccentricity. — Plan-'etary, -a-rt, a. Pert. 
to, produced by, or consisting of, planets. {Astrol.) 
Under the dominion or influence of a planet. — 
Plan'et-strick'en, -struck, a. Affected by the influ- 
ence of planets ; blasted. wheel, n. {Mach.) A 

wheel revolving around, or within, the circumfer- 
ence of another wlieel, by which it is driven. See 
Sun and Planet Wheels, under Sun. 

Planifolious, Planish, Plank, etc. See under Plane, a. 

Plant, plant, ?i. A vegetable ; an organic body, desti- 
tute of sense and spontaneous motion, and having, 
when complete, a root, stem, and leaves ; the fixtures 
and tools necessary to carry on any trade or mechan- 
ical business. — v. i. To put (seeds, young trees, etc.) 
in the ground for growth: to furnish with plants; to 
engender; to settle, establish, introduce; to set and 
direct, or point. — v. t. To perform the act of plant- 
ing. — Planta'tion, n. Act of planting; place planted, 
esp. with trees or shrubs; in South. IT. S. and W. 
Indies a farm or large estate; a colon}'. — Plant'^er, 
n. One who plants, sets, introduces, or establishes; 
one who assists in col- 
onizing in a new terri- 
tory; one who owns a 
plantation.— Plant''icle, 
-Y-kl, n. A young plant, 
or plant in embryo. — , 
Planfule, -ul, n. The 
embryo of a plant. — 
P Ian f -louse, n.; pi. 
-LICE. An insect that 
infests plants and feeds 
on their juices. — Plant'- 
ain, -in, /i. A wild her- 
baceous plant of many 
species. — Planfain, P.- 
tree, n. An endogenous 
tropical tree, with a soft 
stem, whose fruit is a 
substitute for bread. — 
Plant'igrade, -T-grad, n. 
An animal that walks 
on the sole of the foot, 
as the bear. — a. Walk- 
ing on the sole of the foot. 

Plash, plash, n. A puddle ; a dash of water; splash. — 
v. i. [PLASHED (plasht), PLASHING.] To dabble in 
water, splash. 

Plash, plash. Pleach, plech, v. t. [pleached (plecht), 
PLEACHING.] To lop off (branches of trees); to bind. 




Plantain. 



sQn, cQbe, fijll ; mdon, f(36t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get 



PLASM 



302 



PLENARY 



or cut, and intertwine (branches). — n. The branch 
of a tree partly cut or lopped and bound to other 
branches. , 

Plasm, plazm, n. A mold or matrix in which anything 
is cast or formed to a particular shape. 

Plaster, plas'^ter-, n. A composition of lime, water, and 
sand, for coating walls, etc.; calcined gypsum (plas- 
ter of Paris), used as a fertilizer and for making or- 
naments, moldings, etc. {Med.) An unctuous, me- 
dicinal, or adhesive substance, spread on cloth or 
leather, used to produce a medicinal effect, exclude 
air, or bind parts togetlier. — v. t. [plastered (-terd), 
-TERING.] To cover (walls, etc.) with plaster; to cov- 
er (wounds, etc.) with a plaster; to smooth over, con- 
ceal the defects or irregularities of. — Plas'tic, a. 
Having power to form a mass of matter; capable of 
being-molded or modeled; pert, or appropriate to, or 
characteristic of, molding or modeling; produced 
by, or appearing as if produced by, molding or 
modeling. — Plastic'ity, -tis'I-tl, n. State or quality 
of being plastic. — Plas'tron, n. A piece of leather 
stuffed, — used by fencers to defend the body. 

Plat, to fold. Same as Plait. 

Plat, plat, n. A small piece of ground (usually flat) ; 
a plot. • 

Platan, -aJie. See Plaxe-tree. 

Plate, plat, n. A piece of metal flattened; metallic 
armor composed of broad pieces; dishes wrought in 
gold or silver; metallic ware overlaid with gold, sil- 
ver, or other metal; a shallow vessel, to hold food at 
table. {Arch.) The timber which supports the ends 
of the rafters. A piece of metal on which anything 
is engraved; an impression from an engraved piece 
of metal ; a page of stereotype or electrotype for 
printing from. — 1\ t. To overlay with gold, silver, 
or other metal ; to arm with plate or metal for de- 
fense ; to adorn with plate ; to beat into thin, flat 
pieces. — Plate'ful, n. ; pi. -fuls, -fulz. Enough to 
fill a plate. — Plat'ing, n. Act or operation of cov- 
ering baser metal with a coating of silver, etc. ; a 
thin coating of metal. — Plate-'-glass, n. A fine kind 
of glass, cast in thick plates, for mirrors, large win- 
dows, etc. — Plafter, plSt'ter, n. A large shallow 
dish, for food at table. — Plateau, pla-to'', w. A 
broad, level, somewhat eievated area of land. — 
Plafen, n. {Print.) The flat part of a press, by 
which the impression is made: see Pkintixg-press. 
— Plat-'in, n. {Mach.) The movable flat table of a 
machine-tool. — Plat'form, n. A frame-work, form- 
ing a conspicuous or elevated standing-place; a dec- 
laration of principles to which any body of men 
declare their adhesion. — Platina, plat't- or pla^tc''- 
na, Platinum, plat^'T- or pla-te''num, n. ( Chem.) A 
very ductile metal of the color of silver, but less 
bright,— the least expansible of the metals. — Plat'- 
itude, -T-tud, n. Flatness ; dullness ; insipidity ; a 
weak or empty remark. 

Platonic, pla-ton''ik, -ical, a. Pert, to Plato, the Greek 
philosopher, or to his philosophy, school, or opin- 
ions. — Platonic lore. A pure, spiritual affection 
subsisting between the sexes, unmixed with carnal 
desires. — Pla'^tonism, -to-nizm, n. Doctrines of 
Plato and his followers; an elevated rational and 
ethical conception of the laws and forces of the uni- 
verse. — Pla^tonist, n. A follower of Plato. 

Platoon, pla-toon', n. {Mil.) A subdivision of a com- 
pany of .soldiers, consisting of 2 files. 

Platter. See under Plate. 

Platjrpus, plafl-pus, n. Same as Oknithorhtnchus, 
q. V. 

Plaudit, plaw'dit, n. A mark or expression of ap- 
plause ; acclamation ; encomium ; approbation. — 
Plau'^ditory, -o-rt, a. Applauding. — Plau'sible. -zT- 
bl, a. Fitted to gain favor or approbation; super- 
ficially pleasing ; apparently right ; using specious 
argurnents or discourse. — Plau'sive, -siv, a. Ap- 
plauding; manifesting praise. 

Play, pla, v. i. [played (plad), playing.] To engage 
in sport or lively recreation : to frolic : to act with 
levity, trifle; to contend in a game ; to gamble ; to 
perform on an instrument of music ; to move with 
alternate dilatation and contraction ; to operate ; to 
move irregularly, wanton ; to act a part upon the 
stage, act in any particular character. — v. t. To 
put in action or motion; to perform music upon; to 



bring into sportive or wanton action; to act or per- 
form by representing a character ; to perform in 
contest for amusement or for a prize. — n. Any ex- 
ercise or series of actions intended for pleasure, 
amusement, or diversion ; game ; act of contending 
for victory, for amusement, or for a prize, as at dice, 
cards, or other games ; gaming ; practice in any 
contest; action; use; employment; a dramatic com- 
position ; representation of a comedy or tragedy ; 
performance on an instrument of music; movement, 
regular or irregular ; room for motion ; free and 
easy action; liberty of acting, room for enlargement 
or display; scope. — Play'er, w. One who plaj's, as, 
a dramatic actor ; a mimic; one who performs on 
an instrument of music; a gamester. — Play'fellow, 
n. A companion in sports; a playmate. — Play'ful, 
-ful, a. Sportive; indulginga sportive fancy. — Play'- 
mate, n. A playfellow. — Play'thing, n. Anything 
that serves to amuse ; a toy. 

Plaza. See under Place. 

Pleach. Same as Plash, to lop branches. 

Plea, pie, n. {Law.) An allegation of fact in a cause, 
— disting. fr. a demurrer; more usually, the defend- 
ant's answer to the plaintiff's declaration and de- 
mand. A cause in court; a lawsuit; an excuse; apol- 
ogy; urgent prayer or entreaty. — Plead, pled, v. i. 
[pleaded (PLEAD (pled) or pled improp. used), 
PLEADING.] To argue in support of a claim, or in 
defense against the claim of another ; to attempt 
to persuade by argument or entreaty. {Law.) To 
present an answer to an indictment or to the dec- 
laration of a plaintiff; to make an allegation of fact 
in a cause ; to carry on a suit 'or plea. — v. t. To 
allege or adduce in proof, support, or vindication; 
to otter in excuse ; to discuss, defend, and attempt 
to maintain by arguments offered to a tribunal, etc.; 
to argue; to allege and offer in a legal plea or de- 
fense, or for repelling a demand in law. — Please, 

• plez, V. t. [PLEASED (plezd), pleasixg.] To excite 
agreeable sensations or emotions in ; to gratify. — 
V. i. To be pleased; to like, choose, prefer, comply. 
— Pleas''ing, a. Giving pleasure or satisfaction; grati- 
fying; pleasurable; acceptable. — Pleas^ant, plCz''- 
ant, a. Fitted to please ; grateful to the mind or 
senses; cheerful; gay; lively; gratifying. — Pleas'- 
antry, -rT, n. Gayety; merriment; gentle raillery; 
a sprightly saying; lively talk. — Pleas'ure, plezh'« 
er, n. Gratification of the senses or of the mind ; 
a^eeable sensations or emotions; frivolous or dis- 
sipating enjoyment ; what the will dictates or pre* 
fers; that which pleases; a favor. — v. t. rPLEAS- 
tTEED (-erd), -URING.] To give or afford pleasure 
to; to please, gratify. — Pleas''urable, a. Pleasing! 
giving pleasure; affording gratification. 

Pleat. Same as Plait. 

Plebeian, ple-be'j^an, a. Pert, to, or consisting of, the 
common people ; vulgar. — n. One of the lower ranks 
of men. — Plebiscite, pla-bis-set', n. A vote by uni- 
versal suffrage. — Plebe'ianism, -yan-izm, n. Con- 
duct of plebeians. 

Pled. See Plead. 

Fledge, plej, n. Something deposited as security for 
a debt or engagement ; a pawn ; gage ; anything 
given or considered as a security for the perform- 
ance of an act ; the wishing of health to another. — 
V. t. [PLEDGED (plejd), PLEDGING.] To deposit in 
pawn, leave as security ; to engage for by promise 
or declaration ; to invite (another person) to drink, 
by drinking of the cup first, and then handing it to 
the other; to drink the health of. 

Pledget, plej-'et, n. {Surg.) A compress, or small, flat 
tent of lint, laid over a wound. 

Pleiocene, etc. See Pliocene, etc., under Plenary. 

Plenary, ple'na-rY, a. Full ; entire ; complete. — Pie- 
nip'otent, a. Possessing full power. - Plenip'^o* 
tence, -tens, -otency, -sTf, n. State of being, etc. — 
Plen'ipoten''tiaiy, -shY-a-rY, n. One having full 
power to transact any business; esp. an embassa* 
dor at a foreign court furnished with full power. -^ 
a. Containing full power. — Ple'nist, n. One who 
maintains that all space is full of matter. — Plen'« 
itnde, -tud, n. State of being full or complete; full' 
ness; abundance; redundancy of blood and humors; 
repletion. — Plen'ty, -tt, n. Full or adequate sup« 
ply; enough and to spare; copiousness; exuberanc«i 



Sm, fSme, far, pass or opera, fare; Snd, eve, tSrm ; Yn, Ice; Bdd, tone, 6r; 



PLESIOSAURUS 



303 



PLUS 



— a. Plentiful; abundant. — Plen'teouB, -te-us, a. 
Containing plenty ; sulficient for every purpose ; 
having plenty; weil provided for; rich ;' fruitful. — 
Plen'tlful, -tl-ful, a. Containing plenty ; jaeld- 
ing abundant crops ; affording ample supply. — 
Ple'onaam, -o-nazm, n. The use of more words, to 
express ideas, than are necessary. — Pleonas'tic, 
'tical, a. Pert, to, or partaking of, pleonasm; redun- 
dant. — Pli'ocene, Plei^ocene, ph'o-sen, a. {Geol.) 
Pert, to the strata more recent than the miocene 
or 2d teri-iary. — Pli-, Plei'stocene, pli'sto-sen, a. 
( Gfeol.) Pert, to the most recent tertiary deposits. 
feesioBanms, ple'sY-o-saw'rus, n. (Paleon.) A genus 




Plesiosaurus 

of large extinct marine reptiles, having the neck 
very long, and the-body and tail short. 

Plethera, pleth'o-ra, n. Over-fullness ; esp., fullness 
or excess of blood ; repletion ; state of being over- 
full in any respect.— Plethoric, ple-thor'ik or pleth''- 
o-rik, a. Evincing plethora either in a physical or a 
metaphorical sense. 

Pleura, plu'ra, n. {Anat.) The serous membrane 
covering the inside of the thorax and investing the 
lungs. — Pleu'risy, -rT-st, n. {Med.) An inflamma- 
tion of the pleura, accompanied with fever, pain, 
difficult respiration, and cough. — Pleurific, -ical, 
a. Pert, to, or diseased with, pleurisy. — Pleu'ro- 
pnenmo^niai -nu-mo'nt-a, n. A contagious inflam- 
matory disease of the pleura and lungs, esp. danger- 
ous to herds of cattle. 

Plexus, Pliable, Plicate, Pliers, etc. See under Ply. 

Plight, plTt, V. t. To expose to danger or risk : to 
pledge, give as security for the performance of some 
act. — n. That which serves to plight or pledge; se- 
curity; gage; exposed condition ; state. 

Plinth," plinth, n. A projecting, vertically faced mem- 
ber forming the lowest division of the base of a 
column, pedestal, or wall. 

Pliocene. Plistocene. See under Plejtary. 

Plod, plod, V. i. To travel, with steady, laborious dili- 
gence; to toil, drudge; esp., to study heavily. — v. t. 
To tread, with a heavy, laboring step. 

Plot, plot, n. A small extent of ground. (Sitrv.) A 
draught of a field, piece of land, etc., drawn to a 
scale. — V, t. To make a plan of, delineate. 

Plot, plot, n. Any scheme, stratagem, or plan of a 
complicated nature ; conspiracy ; cabal ; combina- 
tion ; plan or intrigue of a play, novel, poem, etc. 
— V. i. To form a scheme of mischief against an- 
other or against government, conspire; to contrive 
a plan. — v. t. To plan, devise, contrive. 

Plough. See Plow. 

Plover, pluv'er, n. A bird of several species frequent- 
ing the banks of rivers and 
the sea-shore. 

Plow, Plough, plow, n. An im- 
plement for tuniin|: up the 
soil ; agriculture : tillage ; a 
joiner's instrument forgroov- 
ing ; a knife or machine for 
cutting or trimming paper, 
used by bookbinders and pa- 
per-makers. — V. t. [plowed 

or PLOUGHED (plowd), PLOW- 
ING or ploughing.] To 
trench and turn up with a 
plow ; to run through in sailing ; to turn up and 
devastate ; to cut or trim (paper, etc.) with a knife 
or press. — I', i. T© labor with a plow; to advance by 
plowing, or in spite of obstacles. — Plow'-, Plough''- 
share, n. The part of a plow which cuts the ground 
at the bottom of the furrow. 
Pluck, pluk,'?;.^ [PLUCKED (plukt), plucking.] To pull 
with sudden force or effort, or to pull off, out, or 
from, with a twitch; to strip by plucking. — n. The 
heart, liver, and Inngs of nn animal; spirit; indom- 
itableness; courage. — Pluck'y, -T, a. [-ier; -iest.] 
Having resolute and enduring courage; spirited. 




Plover. 



Plug, plug, n. Anything used to stop a hole; a stop- 
ple; a flat, oblong cake of pressed tobacco. — v. t. 
[plugged fplugd), -ging.] To stop with a plug, 
make tight by stopping a hole. 

Plum, plum, 11. The fruit of a tree of the genus Pru- 
nus ; the tree itself, usually called plum tree ; a rai- 
sin; in Eng., a handsome fortune or property; the 
sum of £100,000 sterling. 

Plumage. See under Plume. 

Plumb, plum, n. A weight of lead, etc., attached to a 
line, to indicate a vertical direction, as in building, 
etc.; aplummet. — a. Perpendicular; standing ac- 
cording to a plumb-line. — adv. Perpendicularly. — 
V. t. [PLUMBED (plumd), PLUMBING.] To adjust bv 
a plumb-Une ; to examine by tests. — Plumba'go, 
-ba'go, n. A form of carbon, popularly called black- 
lead; graphite, q. v. — Plumbag'inous, -baj'I-nus, a. 
Resembling, consisting of, or containing, plumbago. 

— Plum'bean, -be-an, -beous, -be-us, a. Consisting of 
or resembling lead; lead-colored; dull; heavy; stu- 
pid. — Plumb'er, plumper, n. One who works in 
lead, esp. one who adjusts pipes, etc., in buildings.— 
Plumb'ery, -er-t, n. Business of a plumber; place 
where plumbing is carried on. — Plumb'tng, n. Art 
of casting and working in lead ; business of arran- 
ging pipes for conducting water, etc. ; pipes and other 
apparatus for convej-iug water, etc., in a building. 

— Plumb'^-line, n. A plummet; a line perpendicular 
to the plane of the horizon. — Plum'met, n. A weight 
attached to a Une, for sounding the depth of water, 
or for determining a perpendicular, or, with a square, 
a horizontal line; any weight. 

Plume, plum, w. The feather of a bird; esp. a large 
or handsome feather; a large feather or collection 
of feathers worn as an ornament; a token of honor, 
prowess, stateliness, etc. — v. t. [plumed (plumd), 
PLUMING.] To pick and adjust the plumes or 
feathers of ; to strip of feathers ; to pride, value, 
boast. — Plu'mage, -meln. The collection of feath- 
ers covering a bird. — Plumig'erous. -niij''er-us, a. 
Having feathers. — Plumose , -mos', 
Plu'mons, -mus, a. Having, or resem- 
bling, plumes. {Bot.) Having hairs, 
or any parts or appendages, arranged 
along an axis. 

Plummet. See under Plumb. 

Plump, plump, a. Swelled with fat or 
flesh to the full size ; fleshy ; fat; 
sleek ; f ull ; round ; complete ; un- 
reserved ; unqualified ; blunt. — v. t. 

[PLUMPED (plumt), PLUMPING.] To 

extend to fullness, swell, fatten. — v. 
i. To grow large to f uUness, be swelled. 

Plnmp, plump, V. i. To fall suddenly or at once. — v. 
t. To cause to drop heavily. — adv. At once, or 
with a sudden, heavy fall; suddenly. 

Plunder, plun'der. v. t. [-dered (-derd), -dering.] 
To take the goods of by force; to take by pillage 
or open force, despoil, sack, strip, rob. — n. That 
which is taken from an enemy; pillage; prey; spoil; 
in South, and West. U. S., personal property and ef- 
fects; baggage; luggage. 

Plunge, plunj, V. i. [plunged (plunjd), plunging.] 
To immerse in a fluid; to drive into flesh, earth, wa- 
ter, etc. — r. I. To thrust or drive one's self into 
water, or a fluid; to dive, rush in; to fall or rush (into 
distress or a state in which the person or thing is 
surrounded or overwhelmed) ; to pitch or throw 
one's self headlong, as a horse. — n. Act of thrust- 
ing into water or any penetrable substance; act of 
pitching or throwing one's self headlong, like an un- 
ruly horse. — Plun^'ger, n. One who or that which 
plunges; a diver-; a long, solid cylinder, used as a 
forcer in pumps. 

Plus, plus, n. (Math.) A character [marked thus, -f ] 
used as a sign of addition. — a. Full; ample; posi- 
tive. — Plu'ral, a. Containing more than one. — Plu'- 
ralism, n. (Heel.) In Eng., the holding of more than 
one ecclesiastical living at a time. — Plu'ralist, n. A 
clerk or clero;yman who holds, etc.— Plural ''ity, -T-tT, 
n. State of oeing plural, or consisting of more than 
one; a greater number; the number (as of votes) by 
which the largest aggregate exceeds the next in 
size ; a state of being or having a greater number. 
— Plu'perfect, -per-fekt, o. More than perfect,— 




Plumose 
Leaf. 



sitn, cQbe, full ; moon, idbt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, ttien, boNbON, chair, get. 



PLUSH 



304 



POINT 




Plicate Leaf. 




Pliers. 



Baid of that tense of a verb which denotes that an ac- 
tion took place previous to another past action. 

rlUBb, plush, n. A textile fabric with a velvet nap or 
i;hag on one side. 

Pluftocrat, plu''to-krat, n. One whose wealth gives 
him power or influence ; one of the plutocracy. 

Ply, pli, V. t. [PLIED (plld), PLYING.] To fold or cover 
over; to put to or on with force and repetition; to 
urge, solicit importunately; to employ "with dili- 
gence, keep busy; to practice or perform diligently; 
to press, strain, force. — v. i. To work steadily; to 
go with diligence or pertinacity; to busy one's self, 
be steadily employed. {Naut.) To endeavor to 
make way against the wind. To make regular trips. 

— n. A fold; plait; a bent; turn; direction; bias. — 
Pli^able, a. Capable of being plied, turned, or bent; 
easy to be bent; readily yielding 
to moral influence, arguments, 
persuasion, or discipline; supple; 
limber. — Pli''ableness, -abil'ity, 
n. — Pli-'ant, a. Capable of ply- 
ing or bending; easily bent; easi- 
ly influenced to good or evil ; 
easy to be persuaded; tractable; 
docile ; obsequious. — Pli^'ant- 
ness, -ancy, -st, n. State of being 
pliant. —PU'cate, -kat, -cated, a. 
(Bot.) Plaited; folded like a fan. 

— Plex'us, n. (Physiol.) Any 
net -work of vessels, nerves, or 
fibers. — Plex-'iform, -T-f6rm, a. 
In the form of net-work; complicated. — Pli'ers, n. 
pi. A kind of pincers, by which any small object 
may be seized and bent. 

Pneumatic, nu-mafik, -ical, a. Con- 
sisting of, or resembling, air; pert, 
to air, or to elastic fluids or their 
properties ; moved or played by 
means of air ; adapted to, or used 
for, experiments with gases; fitted 
to contain air. — Pneumafics, n. 
Science of the mechanical properties of air and other 
elastic fluids. — Pneumo'nia, -iiio''nI-a, n. (Med.) In- 
flammation of the lungs, with fever, difficult breath- 
ing, etc.— Pneumon'ic, a. Pert, to the lungs. — n. A 
medicine for affections of the lungs. 

Poach, poch, v. t. [poached (pocht), poaching.J To 
cook (eggs) by breaking them into boiling water ; to 
cook (ejrgs) with butter after breaking in a vessel. 

Poacli, poch, v. t. To rob of game ; to plunder. — v. i. 
To steal or pocket game, or carry it away privately. 

Pock, pok, n. (Med.) A pustule raised on the surface 
of the body in an eruptive disease, as the small-pox. 

— Pock'-mark, n. Mark or scar made by the small- 
pox.— Pock^y, -t, a. f-iER; -lEST.] Full of pocks; in- 
fected with the small-pox; vile^ rascally; contempti- 
ble. — Pox, n. (Med.) Any one of the 4 diseases, 
small-pox, chicken-pox, the vaccine disease, and the 
venereal disease or syphilis, — the last being signi- 
fied when no qualifying word is used. — v. t. [poxed 
(pokst), POXING.] To infect with syphilis. 

Pocket, pok'et, n. Any small bag, esp. one inserted 
in a garment ; a large bag for holding various arti- 
cles. (Min.) A small cavity in a rock, containing 
gold, etc. — w. t. To put, or conceal, in a pocket; to 
take clandestinely. 

Pod, pod, n. A capsule of a plant, esp. a legume; a de- 
hiscent fruit. 

Podagric, po-dag^rik, -rical, a. Pert, to, or af- 
flicted with the gout. — Pod'ophiKline, -fiK- 
lin, n. (Med.) A cathartic principle obtained 
from the root of the may-apple (Podophyllum 
peltatum). 

Poe, po'e, n. Food prepared from the pound- 
ed baked roots of the taro plant, used in Ha- 
waii and other islands of the Pacific. 

Poem, po-'em, n. A metrical composition ; a 
composition in verse, — opp. to prose. — Po'- 
esy, -e-sT, n. Art or skill of composing poems; 
poetry; metrical composition.— Po''et,n. The 
author of a poem; one skilled in making po- 
etry ; an imaginative thinker or wiiter. — 
Poet laureate. In Eng., a court poet, employed to 
compose poems for special occasions: see Laureate. 
— Po'etess, n. A female poet. — Po'etas'ter, w. A 




Pod. 



writer of bad poetry. — Poet'ic, -ical, a. Pert., suita- 
ble to, expressed in, or possessing the peculiar beau- 
ties of, poetry. — Po'etry, -rl, w. Modes of express- 
ing thought and feeling which are suitable to the 
imagination when excited or elevated; metrical com- 
position; verse; imaginative composition, whether in 
prose or verse. 

Poh, po, interj. Pish ! pshaw I — an exclamation ex- 
pressing contempt or disgust. 

Poignant, etc. See under Point. 

Point, point, n. That which pricks or pierces; esp., the 
sharp end of a piercing instrumant; a sort of needle 
used by engravers, etchers, lace-workers, etc. ; the 
mark made by the end of a sharp, piercing instru- 
ment; an indefinitely small space; mere spot; a small 
promontory, or cape; a moment; instant; the verge; 
whatever serves to mark progress, or to_ indicate 
transition; degree ; condition ; rank ; a salient trait 
of character; characteristic; a distinct position, the- 
sis, or passage, in argument or discourse ; the pith 
or gist of an expression or discussion ; a lively turn 
of thought. (Geom.) That which has not length, 
breadth, nor thickness. A character used to mark 
divisions of a sentence, etc.; anything aimed at or in- 
tended; object; end; a small affair; trifling concern; 
punctilio. (Mus.) A dot or mark to designate cer- 
tain tones or time; a dot at the right hand of a note, 
to raise its value, or prolong its time, by one half. 
(Anc. Costume.) A tagged lace, used to tie together 
certain parts of the dress. (Naut.) A flat, tapering 
piece of braided cordage, used in reefing sails, pi. 
(Railroads.) In Eng., the switch of a railway track. 
— V. t. To give a point to, sharpen; to direct toward 
an object, aim; to direct attention toward; to mark 
(a sentence, etc.) with marks of punctuation; to 
punctuate; to indicate the point, aim, or purpose of; 
to indicate or discover (game) by a fixed look. (Ma- 
sonry.) To fill the joints of with mortar, and smooth 
them with the point of a trowel. —v. i. To direct the 
finger for designating an object; to indicate the pres- 
ence of game by a fixed and steady look; to show dis- 
tinctly by any means; to fill the joints or crevices of a 
wall with mortar. — Point-'ed, p. a. Sharp ; having a 
sharp point ; characterized by distinctness of mean- 
ing and pithiness of expression; keen; severe; epi- 
grammatic ; direct. — Point-'er, n. Anj-thing that 
points, — as, 
the hand of a 
time-piece; a 
variety of 
dog, tramed 
to stop, and, 
with his; 
nose, point ' 
out the game 
to sports- 
men; (As- 
tron.) one of 

the 2 stars in the Great Bear, the line between which 
points nearly to the North Star. — Point-blank'', n. 
(Mil.) The point to which a projectile is supposed to 
move directly, without a curve.— a. Aimed directly 
toward the mark; plain; express. — adv. In a point- 
blank manner. Directly. — Poign^'ant, poin^ant, a. 
Stimulating to the organs of taste; acutely painful; 
piercing ; irritating ; sharp ; keen ; satirical ; bitter. 
— Pim'^gent, -jent, a. Pricking; piercing, — as, sharp, 
acrid, biting, — said with reference to taste; stimu- 
lating, pricking, — said of smell ; sharply painful, 
acute, — said of pains, sensations, etc.; exquisitely 
painful to the feelings, severe, — said of discourse. 

— Pun''gency, -st, n. State of being, etc.— Punct''ure, 
punk-'chur, n. Act of perforating with a pointed 
instrument ; a small hole made by a point. — r. t. 
[punctured (-churd), -ueing.] To pierce with a 
small, pointed instrument, prick. —Ptmc'tate, -tat, 
-tated, rt. Pointed; ending in a point or points. (Bot.) 
Having dots scattered over the surface. — Punct'ual, 
punk-'chual, a. Observant of nice points; punctili- 
ous; esp. adhering to the time of an appointment; 
prompt; occurring, made, or returning, at the ap- 
pointed time ; exact ; precise ; strict ; accurate. — 
Punct'ual'ity, -Y-tt, n. Quality or state of being, etc. 

— PunctiKio, -tiKyo, n. A nice point of exactness in 
conduct, ceremony, or proceeding. — Punctil'lous, 




Pointer Dog. 



am, fSmc, far, pass or opera, fare- ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; tn, Ice ; Odd, tone, fir ; 



POISE 



305 



POLLIWIG 



-til'yus, a. Attentive to punctilio; exact in forms 
of ceremony. — Pimct''aat<e, punk'chu-at, v. t. To 
separate into sentences, clauses, etc., by points, which 
mark the proper pauses. — Punctua''tion, n. ( Gram.) 
Act or art of punctuating or pointing a writing or 
discourse. 

Poise, poiz, n. Weight ; gravity ; the mass of metal 
used in weighing with steelyards ; equipoise ; bal- 
ance; equilibrium. — v. t. [poisED(poizd), poising.] 
To make of equal weight; to hold or place in equilib- 
rium; to load with weight for balancing; to weigh. 

Poison, poi'zn, n. Any substance noxious to life or 
health; that which taints or destroys moral purity 
or health ; venom ; bane ; ruin ; malignity. — v. t. 
[poisoned (-znd), -soxixg.] To infect with poison; 
to attack, injure, or kill, by poison ; to taint or cor- 
rupt the character, principles, or happiness of. — 
Poi'^sonons, -zn-us, a. Having the qualities of poi- 
son; corrupting; impairing soundness or purity. 

Poke, pok, n. A pocket ; small bag ; a long, wide 
sleeve, formerly worn; a projecting bonnet, lorraer- 
ly worn. 

Poke, pok, V. t. [poked (pokt), poxmo.] To thrust 
against, push against with anything long or pointed; 
to feel for Avith a long instrument; to search or feel 
for in the dark, in a hole, or in a heap of things; to 
stir (a fire, etc.) — v. i. To grope, as in the dark; 
to dawdle, be slow at one's work. — n. Act of pok- 
ing; a thrust; a lazy or stupid person; a yoke with 
a projecting polCj to prevent unruly beasts from 
leaping or breakmg through fences. — Pok'er, n. 
One who pokes; that used in poking, eSp. an iron 
bar, for stirring a coal fire. — Pok''y, -ey, -T, a. Slow; 
dull; stupid. 

Poke, pok, P.'-weed, n. A poisonous N. Amer. plant, 
bearing dark-purple, juicy berries. 

Poker, pok'Sr, n. A game of cards. 

Poker, pok'er, n. Any frightful object, esp. one 
dimly seen in the dark; a bugbear. 

Polacca, po-lak'ka, -lacre, -lacker, n. {Naut.) A ves- 
sel with 3 masts, used in the Mediterranean. 

Polar, Polarize, etc. See under Pole, extremity of an 
axis. 

Pole, pol, n. A native or inhabitant of Poland. — Pol- 
ish, a. Pert, to, etc. — Po'lonaise'', -lo-naz'', n. The 
Polish language ; a kind of Polish robe worn by 
ladies ; a kind of dance ; a polacca. 

Pole, pol, n. A long, slender piece of wood; stem of a 
small tree ; a measure of length of 5 1-2 yards, or a 
squaremeasureof 30 1-4 square yards; a rod; perch. 
— V. t. [poled (pold), poling.] To furnish with 
poles for support ; to bear or convey on poles ; to 
push forward by the use of poles. — Pole''ax,-axe, n. 
A sort of ax or hatchet fixed 
to a pole or handle. / /^^^ 1 ('"i 

Pole, pol, n. One of the ex-fii/HHll I '''iH 
tremities of an axis, on 
which a sphere revolves ; 
esp., one of the extremities 
of the earth's axis ; a point 
on the surface of a sphere 
equally distant from every 
part of the circurrif erence of 
a great circle. (Physics.) 
A point of maximum inten- 
' sity of a force which has 2 

such points, or which has t) i 

polarity. The heavens, the i'oie-axes. 

eky. — Pole'-star, ti. {Astran.) A star at or near to 
the pole of the heavens. That which serves as a 
guide or director. — Po'lar, a. Pert, to, surround- 
ing, or proceeding from one of the poles of the earth, 
or the poles of artificial globes; situated near one of 
the poles; pert, to the magnetic pole. (Geom.) Pert, 
to, reckoned from, or having a common radiating 
point. — Polar bear. A species of arctic bear hav- 
ing fur of a silvery white tinged with yellow. — 
Polar-'ity, -ISr'Y-tY, n. {Physics.) That quality or 
condition of a body in virtue of which it exhibits 
opposite or contrasted properties or powers, in oppo- 
site or contrasted parts or directions. — Po'^larize, 
V. t. [-IZED (-izd), -iziNG.] To communicate polar- 
ity to. — Polar'^isoope, -lar'T-skop, n. {Opt.) An 
instrument for polarizing light and analyzing its 
properties. 





it, pol^kat, n. A carnivorous European mam- 
mal, allied to 
the weasel, 
which ejects a 
fetid liquid 
when irritated 
or alarmed ; the 
fitchew or fltch- 
et. 

Polemic, po-lem^- 
ik, n. A contro- 
versialist ; dis- 

putant. — Po- Polecat. 

lem'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, engaged in, or involving 
controversy ; controversial ; given to controversy; 
disputatious. — Polem''ics, n. Controversy, esp. on 
religious subjects. 

Police, po-les'', n. The administration of the laws 
and regulations of a city, town, etc. ; internal regu- 
lation and government of a state; the body of civil 
officers, organized for the preservation of order, and 
enforcement of the laws. — v. t. [policed (-lesf), 
-LiciNG.] To apply police regulations to, keep in 
order, make (a camp, etc.) clean.— PoKicy, pSKl-sT, 
n. The settled method by which the government 
and affairs of a nation are administered; method by 
which any institution is administered; line of con- 
duct on special questions; worldly wisdom; dexteri- 
ty of management; cunning; stratagem; prudence in 
the management of public and private affairs; wis- 
dom.— PoFity, -t-tX, n. The form or constitution 
of civil government of a state or nation; principle 
on which a nation or any institution is organized. 

— PoKitic, a. Political; pert, to or promoting a pol- 
icy, esp. a national policy; well devised; sagacious in 
promoting a policy; devoted to a scheme or system 
rather than to a principle; warj^; artful; cunning. 

— Politics, n. Science, art, or course of govern- 
ment; political affairs and contests; management of 
a political party; in a bad sense, political trickery. — 
Polifical, a. Pert, to public policy or politics; esp., 
pert, to a state, disting. fr. a city or municipality; 
derived from office or connection with government; 
public. — Politi''cian, -tish'''an, n. One versed in the 
science of government; one devoted to politics; one 
devoted to the advancement of a political party. 

Policy, poKT-sT, n. A warrant for money in the public 
funds. {Law.) The writing orinstrument in which 
a contract of insurance is embodied. — PoKicy-shop, 
n. An office for gambling in connection with lot- 
teries. 

Polish, poKish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] To 
make smooth and glossy, usually by friction ; to re- 
fine, wear off the rusticity or coarseness of . — v. i. 
To become smooth, receive a gloss. — n. A smooth, 
glossy surface, produced by friction ; refinement ; 
elegance of manners. — Polite', -lif, a. Elegant in- 
manners; refined in behavior ; well-bred ; complai- 
sant; urbane; courtly; elegant; genteel. 

Politic, Polity, etc. See under Police. 

Polka, poKka, n. A Bohemian dance, performed by 2 
persons in common time. — Polk, v. i. [polked 
(polkt), POLKING.] To dance the polka. 

Poll, pol, n. The head, or back part of the head; a 
register of heads, that is, of persons; the entry of 
the names of electors who vote for civil officers; an 
election of civil officers ;_ place where an election is 
held. — V. t. [polled (pold), polling.] To remove 
the poll or head of; to clip, lop, shear, cut closely; 
to strip off, bring to naught; to enter (polls or per- 
sons) in a register, esp. for purposes of taxation ; to 
enroll; to pay as one's personal tax; to deposit, as 
a vote; to bring to the polls; to elicit or call forth, 
as a number of votes or voters. {Laiv.) To cut or 
shave, smooth or even. — PolK-tax, n. A tax levied 
by the head or poll; capitation tax. — PoU'er, n. 
One who polls or lops trees, who registers voters, or 
who enters his name as a voter. — Pol'lard, pSKlard, 
n. A tree having its top ctit olf , that it may throw 
out branches ; the chub fish ; a stag that has cast 
his antlers; a mixture of bran and meal. 

Poll, pol, n. A name for a parrot. 

Pollen, pollen, n. (Pot.) The fecundating dust or 
powder of the anthers of flowers. 

Polliwig, pol'lt-wig, -wog, n. A tadpole. 



•iin, cQbe, full ; moon, f(56t ; eow, oil; linger or ink, Bxen, boNboN, chair, get. 
20 



POLLOCK 



306 



POOL 



Pollock, poKlok, -lack, n. An idiblc fish of the Atlan- 1 

tic coastiS, distiuL;'. iroui ^^^ i 

llie whitmg by hiiving 
projecting under ju' 
Pollute, i-ol-lut', V. t. ' 




PoUock. 




Poljandrous. 



make foul or unclean ; 
todeiile morally, impaii-, 
profane; to render legally or ceremoniallv unclean; 
to violate by illegal soxual commerce, debauch, dis- 
honor, ravish. — PoiiU'tioii, n. Act of, or state of 
being, etc.; deiilemeut ; contamination; taint; cor- 
ruption; violation. {Jewish Antiq.) Legal or cere- 
monial uncleanness. 
Polo, po'lo, n. A game of ball, resembling hockey, 

played by persons on horseback. 
Polonaise. See under Pole, native of Poland. 
Poltroon, pol-troon', n. An arrant coward; a wretch 
wicliout s;irit or courage; craven; dastard. — Pol- 
troon'eryi -er-T, n. Cowardice; want of spiiit. 
Polyacoustic, poKl-a-koos'tik, «. Tending to multiply 
or magnify sound. — Polyan'dry, 
-drT, n. The possession by a woman 
of more husbands than one at the 
same time.— Polyan''drian, -drt-an, 
-drous, -drus, a. {Bot.) Pert, to 
a class of monoclinous or hermaph- 
rodite plants, having many sta- 
mens, or more than 20. — Polyan''- 
thus, n. (Bot.) A species of prim- 
rose, whose flower-stalks produce 
flowers in clusters; a species of nar- 
cissus. — Polyg^amy, po-lig^a-mT, n. A plurality 
of wives or husbands at the same time; usually, the 
condition of a man having more than one wife. — 
Polyg'amous, -a-mus, a. Of, or pert, to, polygamy; 
having a plurality of wives. — Polyg'amist, n. One 
who practices polygamy, or maintains its lawful- 
ness. — Pol'yglot, a. Containing, or pert, to, sev- 
eral languages. — ?i. One acquainted with several 
languages ; a book containing the same subject- 
matter in several, languages ; esp. the Scriptures in 
several languages; the text of one of the versions in 
a proper polyglot, printed by itself. — Pol'ygon, n. 
{Geom.y A plane figure of many 
angles, and consequently of 
many sides ; a plane figure of 
more than 4 sides. — Polyg'"©- 
nal, -lig'o-nal, a. Having many 
angles.— Polyhe'dron, n. 
( Geom.) A body or solid con- 
tained oy many sides or planes. 
(Ont.) A poly scone, or multi- 
plying gllss. — Polyhe'drous, Pnlvsrons 
-drus, -he'dral. -hed'rical. a. I'oiygons. 
Having many sides, as a solid body. — Polsnu^athy, 
-lim^a-thT. ?;. Knowledge of many arts and sciences. 
— PoP37Tio''niial, -mr-al, n. {Alg.) An expression 
composed of 2 or more terms, connected by the 
sign pliif! o-- niiiniif. — a. Containing many names or 
terms.— Pol'yora 'ma, -T-o-ra'ma, n. A view of many 
objects. — PoKyT), -ii, re. An aquatic animal of the 
radiate type, having, in general, 
a cylindrical body, at one ex- 
tremity of which there is a 
mouth, surrounded by one or 
more series of arms or tenta- 
cles : it is capable of multiply- 
ing by buds and artificial sec- 
tions as well as by ova: it forms 
CO al by the secretion of calca- 
reous matter.— PoKsTpus, -t-pus, 
«.; E. ;7. -prsHS; 
L. ]l.-vi. Seme- 
thing that hns many feet or roots. 
{Zool.) A polyp. (MecL) A tumor 
with a n-irrow base, souiewhnt re- 
sembling a pear. — Pol'yspenn''ous, 
-sperm'ns, a. (Tint.) ( ontoining 
many seeds. — PoKystyle, -T-ctil, n. 
{Arch.) An edi'ce or court sur- 
rounded by sp'-"-"! rows of col- 
umns. — PoKysyl'lable, -sil'la-bl, n. 
A word ol m-iny. th-^t is, more than 
8, syllables. —Pol'ysyllab''ic, -ical. a.. Pert, to, pr 
consisting of, many syllables.— Pol'ytech''nic, -tflfef^ 





Polyps. 




Polyspermous 
Capsule. 



nik, a. Comprehending many arts, — applied esp. 
to schools in which many branches of art or 
science are taurfit. — Pol'srthal'amous, -thal'a-mus, 
a. Many-chanibered, — applied to cephalopods hav- 
ing multilocular shells. -PoKsTthe'lsm, -T-the'izm, 
V. Belief in or doctrine of a jilurality of gods. 

Pomace, pum'es, n. The substance _of apples, etc., 
c, usiiod l>y grinding. — Pomade', -mad', Poma'tum, 
n. Pe .unied ointment: esp. unguent for the hair. 
— Pomif'erous, -mif'rr-us, a. (Bot.) Apple-bearing, 
—applied to i^lants whic'i bear the larger fruits, suclx 
as melons, pumpkins, c;;cunibers, etc. — Pomol'ogy, 
-moKo-jT, M. Art or spitnee of fruits, or of raising 
fruits.- Pomol'oglst, n. One versed in, etc.— Pome- 
cit'ron, pum-sit^'run, n. A citron apple. — Pome- 
gran'ate, -gran'et, n. A tree and its fruit, which is 
as large as an orange, having a hard rind filled with 
a mass of " grains, each resembling a skinless grape 
and inclosing a seed ; an ornament resembling a 
pomegranate, on the robe and ephod of the Jewish 
high priest. — Pom'mel, n. A knob or ball ; as, the 
knob on the hilt of a sword; the protuberant part of 
a saddle-bow.— V. t. [pommeled (-meld), -meling.] 
To beat, as with a pommel, that is, with something 
thick or bulky. 

Pomp, pomp, n. A procession disting. by ostentation 
of grandeur and splendor; show of magnificence; 
parade; splendor; state; magnificence; pride.— 
Pomp'ousness, Pompos'ity, -pos'l-tl, n. 

Poncho, pon'cho, n. A blanket-like cloak •worn by 
Span. Americans, with a slit in the middle for the 
head to pass through. 

Pond, pond, n. A body of fresh water, less extciided 
than a lake. 

Fonder, pon'der, v. t. [^deeed (-dSrd), -deeing.] To 
weigh in the mind, view with deliberation; to con- 
sider, muse, examine. — v. i. To think, deliberate, 
muse, — usually followed by on. — Pon'derable, a. 
Capable of being weighed. — Pon'derance, -ans, n. 
Weight ; •gravity. — Pon'derons, -der-us, a. Very 
heavy; weighty; important; momentous; forcible; 
strongly impulsive. — Ponder OS 'ity, -os'l-tT, n. 
State of being, etc. ; weight ; gravity ; heaviness. 

Pongee, pon-je', n. An interior kind of India silk. 

Pomard, pon'yard, n. A small dagger. — v. t. To 
pierce with a poniard, stab. 

Pontage, pon'tej, n. (O. Eng. Law.) A tax paid for 
repairing bridges. — Pon'tiff, 7i. A high priest, esp. 
of the sacred college, in ancient Rome ; (Jewish 
Antiq.) the chief priest: (Jiom. Cath. Chtirch.) the 
pope. — Pontif' ic, a. Relating to, or consisting of, 
priests; pert, to the pope. —Pontifical, a. Belonging 
to a high priest or to the pope; popish. — n. A book 
containing the offices, or formulas, used in various 
ecclesiastical rites, pi. The dress and ornaments j)f 
a priest, bishop, or the pope. — Pontificate, -ik-at, 
n. State or dignity of a high priest or ot_the pope; 
the reign of a pope. — Pontoon', -ton', -toon', n. A 
flat-bottomed boat, g^ 

lightframe-work,or p 
float, used in form- " 
ing a bridge quick- 
ly for the passage 
of troops, (isaut.) 
A low, flat vessel, 
furnished with 
cranes, cap- 
stans, etc, used 
i n careening 
ships; a lighter. 

Pony, po'nT, n. ; 
pi. -?flES, -niz. 
A small horse ; 
in college 
slang, a trans- 
lation of a clas- 
sic author ; in 
Eng. slang, the 
sum of £2.5. 

Poodle, poo'dl, 
n. A small dog 
covered with 
long, silky 
hair. _ 

Pool, pool, n. A 




Ponton-bridge. 

side view of ponton ; 6, end view ol 
ponton, with joists, flooring, and timbers 
fastened upon flooring to keep it in place; 
c, plan of pontons ; d, plan of flooring 
joists ; /, plan of flooring boards, with 
timbers thereon, near sides of floor, te 
keep it in place. 



am, fame, far, pass or operd, iarfaegBfdilgyQ^.tSrm ; tn, ice ; Odd, t5ne, dr ; 



POOL 



^07 



PORT 



gmall and rather deep collection of fresh water sup- j 
plied by a spring, or occurring La the course of a 
stream; a puddle. j 

Pool, pool, n. The receptacle for the stakes in certain 
games; the stakes themselves; a kind of billiards; 
a commercial or gambling venture in which sev- 
eral persons have a joint interest. — v. t. or i. To 
contribute, with others, to a common venture. 

Poop, poop, n. A deck raised above the after part of 
the spar deck, reaching forward to the mizzen mast; 
the highest or after part of a ship's deck or hull: see 
SiiiP. — v.t. (Naitt.) To strike upon the stern of, as ' 
a heavy sea; to strike in the stern, as one vessel that i 
runs her stem against another's stern ; to drive in ' 
the stern of. 

Poor, poor, a. Destitute of property; needy; indigent; | 
destitute of qualities which are desirable or might \ 
be expected, — as, wanting in fat, plumpness, or | 
fleshiness; lean; emaciated; meager; or, wanting in ; 
strength or vigor; or, of little value or worth, not i 
good, inferior; or, destitute of fertility, barren, ster- 
ile; or, destitute of strength, beauty, or fitness; or, ! 
very insufficient for an end or occasion, valueless, I 
paltry; worthy of pity or sympathy. — Poor'ly, a<li\ ' 
In a poor manner or condition ; with little or no 
success; meanly; without spirit; without excellence 
or dignity. — a. Somewhat ill; indisposed. — Poor'- 
hoQse, n. A public establishment for the support of 
the poor; alms-house; work-house.— Pov''erty,-er-t'r, 
n. Want of convenient means of subsistence; indi- 
gence ; need ; pauperism ; deflciencj' of resources ; 
lack of sentiment or words. 

Pop, pop, n. A small, quick sound or report; a bever- 
age which issues with a shght explosion, from the 
bottle containing it. — i;. i. [popped (popt), -ping.] 
To make a pop, or sharp, quick sound ; to enter, or 
issue forth, with a sudden motion ; to move from 
place to place suddenly. — r. <. To push or thrust 
suddenlj', bring suddenly to notice; to cause to ex- 
pand and burst suddenl3' with heat, as corn. — adv. 
With sudden entrance ; suddenly. 

?ope, pop, 71. The bishop of Rome, the head of the 
Kom. Cath. church. — Pope'dom, -dum, n. The 
place, office, or dignity of the pope : jurisdiction of 
the pope. — Pop'ery, -er-T, n. The religion, doctrines, 
and practices of the Rom. Cath. church. — Pop^ish, 
a. Pert, to, or taught by, the pope or the Rom. Cath. 
church or its adherents, — used offensivel^^ 

^jpinjay, pop'in-ja, i>. A parrot; a mark like a par- 
rot, put on a pole to be shot at; a ga}% trifling young 
man ; fop ; coxcomb. 

Poplar, pop'ler, n. A genus of trees of several spe- 
cies, all of rapid growth, with soft wood. 

Poplin, pop'lin, n. A textile fabric of silk and worsted. 

Poppy, pop'pT, 71. A flowering plant of many spe- 
cies, from one of 
which (the white 

floppy) opium is col- 
ected. — Pop'py, P. 
-head, n. (Arch.) An 
elevated ornament 
used on bench-ends, 
desks, etc., in the 
middle ages. 
Populace, pop'u-les, w. 
The common people ; 
vulgar; multitude; 
all persons not distin- 
guished by rank, edu- 
cation, office, or pro- 
fession ; mob ; com- 
monalty. — Pop'ular, 
a. Pert, or suitable to 
common people; easy 
to be comprehended; 
familiar ; e n i oying 
the favor of tne peo- p 

pie-; pleasing to peo- Jroppy. 

pie in general; prevailing among the people. — Pop- 
ular'ity, -ia.r''T-tT, n. Quality or state of being popu- 
lar. — Pop'ularize, r. t. r-rzED (-Tzd), -iziNG.] To 
ntake common, or suitable to the mind; to spread 
among the people. — Pop'iilate, -lat, d. t. To fur- 
nish with inhabitants ; to people. — v. i. To breed 
people ; propagate. — Popola'^tioii, n. Act or opera- 




tion of peopling; multiplication of inhabitants; the 
whole number of people in a country, or portion of a 
country. — Pop'ulous, -u-lus, a. Containing many in- 
habitants in proportion to the extent of the country. 

Porcelain, pSrs'lan, n. A fine, translucent kind of 
earthen ware. 

Porch. See under Port, a gate. 

Porcine, Porcupine. See under Pork. 

Pore, por, n. {Anat.) A. minute orifice in a body or 
membrane, esp. in the skin of an animal or plant; 
an interstice between the constituent particles or 
molecules of a body. — Por'ons, -us, a. Full of 
pores ; spongy ; permeable by liquids. — Poros'ity, 
-ros'T-tt, n. Quality or state of being, etc. 

Pore, por, V. i. [pored (pord), poking.] To look 
with steady, continued attention or application on 
or over. 

Porgee, -gy, pdr'jT, n. A salt-water food fish. 

Pork, pork, n. The flesh of swine, fresh or salted, 
used for food. — Pork'er, n. A hog. — Por''_cine, 
pQr'sTn, a. Pert, to swine. — Por'cupine, -ku-pin, u. 
A rodent quadruped furnished witii si.ines, prickles. 




Porcupine, 
or quills capable of being erected at pleasure: when 
attacked, he rolls his body into a round form, pre- 
senting the prickles in every direction to the ene- 
my. — Por'poise, pSr^pus, n. A cetaceous mammal 
about 6 feet in length, which preys on fish, and seeks 
food not only by swimming, but bv rooting like a 
hog in the sand and mud: the flesh resembles that 
of the hog. 

Porosity, Porous. See under Pore, an orifice. 

Porphyry, pdr'^ft-rY, n. {Min.) A rock consisting of 
a compact base, usually feldspathic, through which 
crystals of feldspar, etc., are disseminated. — Por- 
phyrific, a. Pert, to, like, or consisting of, por- 
pliyry. 

Porpoise. See under Pork. 

Porridge, por-'rij, n. A kind of food made by boiling 
vegetables in water, with or without meat ; or by 
boiling meal or flour in water, or in milk and water, 
to the consistency of thin paste. — Por'ringer, -rin'- 
jer, n. A small and shallow metallic vessel in which 
porridge or other liquids are warmed. 

Port, port, n. A place where ships may ride secure 
from storms; a harbor; haven; a place situated on a 
harbor or navigable water, where vessels may dis- 
charge or receive cargoes, passengers, etc.; a dark, 
astringent Portuguese wine. 

Port, port, n. Manner in which one bears himself; 
mien; carriage: deportment; behavior. — v.t. {Mil.) 
To hold (a musket, etc.) in a slanting direction up- 
ward across the body. — Port'able, a. Capable of 
being carried; convej'ed without difficulty. — Port'- 
age, -ej, n. Act of carrying; price of carriage; a tract 
of land over which merchandise, etc., is carried be- 
tween 2 bodies of naviLijable water. — Por^'ter, »!. 
One who carries burdens for hire ; a malt liquor, 
— so called fr. its popularity among the porters of 
London. — Por'terage, -ej, n. Business of a porter; 
money paid for the carriage of burdens. — Port'ly, 
-IT, a. Having a dignified-port or mien; bulky; 
corpulent. —Port'-cray'on, -kra'un, n. A metallic 
clasped handle 
to linld a cay- 
on in drawintr. 
-Portman'- Port-crayon. 

teau, -to, n^; ■' 

j>l. -TEAUs, -toz. A traveling bag. — Porte monnaie', 
-muTi-na', n. A pocket-book. — Port-folio, -fo'lt-o 
or -foKyo, n. A portable case for loose papers,^ 



sdn, cQbe, full ; moon, tSbt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



PORT 



308 



POSSESS 




orig. one large enough to contain folio sheets; a col- 
lection of prints, designs, etc.; office and functions 
of a minister of state. 

Port, port, n. A gate ; door ; passage-way. (Naut.) 
An opening in a ship's side, through which to dis- 
charge cannon ; the lid closing such an opening. 
(J/ec/i.) A passage leading to a steam-waj' : see 
Steam-exgine. — Por-'ter, n. One in charge of a 
door or gate: doorkeeper. — Por'tress, n. A female 
porter. — Port''-hole, n. The embrasure of a ship of 
war. — Por 'tal, 7i. A small door or gate ; any passage- 
way. {Arch.) The arch over 
a doororgate; frame-work of 
the gate. —Por'tiere'', -te-ar', 
n. A curtain hanging across 
a doorway, or vised as a 
screen. — Portcul'ils, n. 
{Fort.) A frame-work of 
timbers, each pointed with 
iron, hung over a gateway, 
to be let down to exclude an 
enemy : see Castle. — Porte, 
port, n. The government of 
the Turkish empire, official- 
ly called the Sublime Porta, 
from the gate of the sultan's 
palace, where justice was ad- 
ministered. — Porch, porch, 
n. (Arch.) A vestibule at 

the entrance of a temple, etc.; a covered entrance 
way. — Por'tico, -tT-ko, 
n. ; pi. -c o E s, -koz. 
(Arch.) A covered 
space, or porch in- 
closed by columns, at 
the entrance of a build- 
ing. 

Port, port, n. The lar- 
board or left side of a 
ship. -.. V. t. To turn 
or put (the helm) to the 
left side. 

Portend, por-tend'', v. 1. 
To indicate as in the 
future; to foreshow, 
forebode, augur, ivr- 
sage, threaten. — Por- 
tenf, n. That which 
foretokens ; esp., that 
which portends evil; an omen of ill. — Portenfous, 
-us, a. Serving to portend; containing portents; fore- 
shadowing ill ; ominous. 

Portal, Porte, Porter (a doorkeeper). Portico, etc. See 
under Port, a gate. 

Porter, Porterage, Port-folio, etc. See under Port, 
demeanor. 

Portion, por'shun, n. A part of anything separated 
from it; a part, though not actually divided, but 
considered by itself ; part assigned: allotment; part 
of an estate given to a child or heir, or descending 
to him by law ; a wife's fortune ; share ; parcel ; 
quantity; dividend. — v. t. [portioned (-shund), 
-TIONIXG.] To separate into portions or shares;, di- 
vide, parcel ; to furnish or supply with a portion, 
endow. — Por'tioner, n. One who divides or appor- 
tions. —Por''tionles8, a. Having no portion. 

Portland, port'land, a. Of 
or pert, to the island of 
Portland, in Dorsetshire, 
Eng. — P. cement'', -se- 
ment'. A kind of cement, 
like Portland stone in col- 
or, used in facing up brick 
and rough stone buildings 
to imitate hewn stone, 
— made from limestone 
mixed with the muddy 
deposits o f rivers which 
run over clay and chalk, 
this mixture being dried 
and calcined. — P. stone. 
A shelly freestone of a 
dull-white color, fr. Port- 
land. — P. vase. A cele- 
brated ancient urn found Portland Vase. 



Portico. 





in the tomb of the Roman Emperor Alexander Sev- 
erus, and deposited by the Duke of Portland in the 
British Museum. 

Portly, Portmanteau, etc. See under Port, demeanor. 

Portray, por-tra', f. t. [-trayed (-trad'), -traying.] 
To pain t or draw the likeness of; to describe in words. 
— Por'trait, -trat, ?(. That which is portrayed; the 

. drawn or painted likeness of a face or person; any 
exact likeness of a living being. — Por'traiture, -tra- 
chur, 71. A portrait; that copied from some example 
or model; the drawing' of portraits. 

Pose, poz, n. An attitude formally assumed for the 
sake of eifect. — v. t. [posed (pozd), posing.] To 
place in an attitude for the sake of effect. — v. i. To 
assume a pose, strike an attitude, carry one's self 
affectedly. 

Pose, poz, V. t. To bring to a stand, puzzle; to ques- 
tion with a view to puzzling: to embarrass by ques- 
tioning or scrutiny. — Poster, ?i. One who puzzles 
by asking difficult questions: a question, statement, 
etc., which puzzles or silences. 

Position, po-zish''un, n. The manner in which, or 
spot where, a person or thing is placed: place where 
one plants himself; ground taken in an argimient, 
etc.: a proposition to be defended or reasoned out; 
a thesis: relative place or standing in societ3': social 
rank. (Gram.) The state of a vowel placed before 
2 consonants, or before a double consonant. (Arith.) 
A method of sohang a problem by one or two sup- 
positions. — Post'ure, pos'chur, n. (Fine Arts.) The 
situation of a figure witli regard to the e\'e, and of 
the several principal members with regard to each 
other. State or condition, whether of external cir- 
cumstances, or of internal feeling and will ; atti- 
tude, position of the body or its members. — v. t. To 
place in a particular attitude. — Pos'itive, poz'Y-tiv, 
a. Having a real position, existence, or energy ; 
actual; not dependent on changing circumstances 
or relations; absolute; definitely laid down; explicit- 
ly stated ; not admitting of doubt, condition, quali- 
fication, or discretion; indisputable; decisive; pre- 
scribed by express enactment or institution; fully 
assured : confident ; dogmatic or even overbearing. 
(Photog.) Corresponding in lights and shades to 
those of the original from wliich taken, — opp. to 
negative.. — n. Reality; that which settles by abso- 
lute or arbitrary appointment. (Gram.) The simple 
form of an adjective, expressing absolute qualitj', 
from which the degrees of comparison are derived. 
(Photog.) A picture printed from a negative, cor- 
responding in its lights and shades with the original, 
instead of being reversed. — Pos'^itively, adv. In a 

' positive form or manner : absolutely : inherently ; 
certainly; really. — Pos'itiveness, 7i. Reality of ex- 
istence; actualness; undoubting assurance; peremp- 
toriness. 

Possess, pos-ses' or poz-zes', r. t. [-sessed (-sesf or 
-zest'), -SING.] To occupy in person, hold in one's 
own keeping; to have the legal title to. have a just 
right to ; to assume the control of, be the master 
of; to obtain possession of: to enter into and in- 
fluence, —said of evil spirits, passions, etc.; to ac- 
quaint, inform: to have, hold, control, own. — Pos- 
ses'sion, -sesh'un or -zesh'un, «. Act of possessing. 
(Law.) Actual seizin or occupancj' ; ownership, 
whether riffhtful or wrongful. That which one owns 
or controls; state of being possessed, as by an evil 
spirit. (International Law.) A country held by no 
other title than mere conquest. — Possess'ive, -siv, 
(/. Pert, to possession; having or expressing posses- 
sion or some relation of one thing to another. — Pos'- 
sible, -sT-bl, a. Liable to happen or come to pass ; 
capable of existing or of being done; barely able to 
be or to come to pass, but highly improbable; prac- 
ticable; likely. — Possibil'ity, -T-tT, n. Power of be- 
ing or existing; state of being possible; that which 
is jiossible. — Pos'sibly, -blT, adv. By any power, 
moral or physical, really existing; without involving 
impossibility or absurdity; perhaps; peradventure; 
perchance.— Po'tent, a. Physically strong; having 
great authority, control, or dominion ; powerful ; 
mighty; puissant; able; efficacious: cogent; influ- 
ential. — Po'tency, -ten-sT, n. State of being potent; 
strength; might; energy. —Poten'tial.-shal, a. Ex- 
isting in possibility, not in act. — Po'tentate, -teu- 



Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; In, ice ; Cdd, tone, 6r ; 



POSSET 



309 



POUND 



tat, n. One who is potent ; a prince ; sovereign ; 
emperor, king, or monarch. — Puissant, pu''is- or 
pu-is'santi-o. Powerful; strong; mighty; forcible. 
— ». Power; strength; might. — Pow'er, m. Ability 
to act, regarded as latent or inherent; faculty of per- 
forming; strength, force, or energy in action; capaci- 
ty of undergoing or suffering ; susceptibility ; exer- 
cise of a faculty or of any kind of control; influence; 
command ; an individual, institution, or govern- 
ment, which exercises control ; military or naval 
force; arm}' or nav}'. (Math.) The product arising 
from the multiplication of a number into itself. 
(Mech.) A mechanical agent; that by means of which 
force is applied, or mechanical advantage is gained. 
(Optics.) The degree to which a lens, mirror, or 
any optical instrument, magnifies. {Laiv.) An au- 
thority enabling a person to dispose of an interest 
vested either in himself or another person. — Pow'- 
erful, -ful, a. -Mighty ; strong; potent; intense. — 
Pow^erless, «. Destitute of. etc.: weak: impotent. 

Posset, pos'set, n. Milk curdled by the infusion of 
wine, etc., formerly used as a beverage. — v. t. To 
curdle, turn. 

Possible, etc. See under Possess. 

Post, post, II. A timber or other solid substance, set 
upright, esp. as a support to something else; a pil- 
lar; place at which anj'thing is stayed or fixed ; a 
station; esp. a military station; an office or position 
of service, trust, or emolument; a messenger who 
goes from station to station; one who regularly car- 
ries letters from one pTace to another: letter-carrier; 
express; postman ; an established convej'ance for 
letters ; the mail ; carriage by which the mail is 
transported; a sort of writing paper. — ??. i. To 
travel with post-horses, or with speed. — adv. With 
post-horses; with great rapidity. — v.t. To attach 
to a sign-post or other place; to advertise, esp. to 
advertise opprobriously; to as^gn to a station, set, 
place ; to cause to go by the post: to put in the 
mail ; to acquaint with what has occurred ; to in- 
form. (Book-keeping.) To can\y (an account) from 
the journal to the ledger. — Posfage, -ej, n. The 
established price for conveyance of a letter or other 
mailable matter by post. — Poftiir/r-stam]). An adhe- 
sive government stamp representiuLr a certain sum, 
for affixing to articles sent by mail to pay the postal 
charge. — Posfal, a. Belonging to the post-office or 
mail service. — Postal, P. -card. Post-card. A card 
on which messages may be written for transmission 
through the mails, at a lower rate of postage than 
a sealed letter, — Post'er, n. One who posts; a cou- 
rier ; a large bill posted for advertising. — Postill- 
ion, pos-tiKyun, n. One who guides post-horses, or 
horses in any carriage, riding on one of them. 

Poster. See under Post. 

Posterior, pos-te-'rT-er, a. Later, or subsequent, in 
time: later in the order of proceeding or moving; 
behind in position.— Poste'rior''ity, -Sr-'T-tT, n. State 
of being later or subsequent. — Poste'riors, -rT-erz, 
n. pi. The hinder parts of an animal's body. — Pos- 
ter^'ity, -tgr'T-tT, ?i. The race that proceeds from a 
pro":enitor; offspring to the furthest generation; suc- 
ceeding generations, — opp. to ancestry. — Pos'tem, 
pos'tern, n. Orig. a back door or gate ; a private 
entrance ; any small door or gate. — Post'^humons, 
p6st''u-mus, a. Born after the death of the father, 
or taken from the dead body of the mother ; published 
after the death of the author; continuing after one's 
decease. 

Postilion, etc. See under Post. 

Posthumous, etc^ See under Posterior. 

Postmeridian, posfme-rid'T-an, a. Being or belong- 
ing to tlie afternoon, — usually contracted p. m. 

Post-mortem, p6st''m6r''tem, a. After death. — Post- 
mortem examination. {Med.) An examination of a 
body made after death; autopsy. 

Post-obit, post'o'bit, n. (Latv.) A bond, in which 
the obligor, in consideration of having received a 
certain sum of money, binds himself to pay a larger 
sum, on unusual interest, upon the death of some 
specified individual from whom he has expectations. 

Postpone, post-pon', v. t. [-poneu (-pondO, -poning.] 
To defer to a future or later time; to set below some- 
thing else in value or importance; to adjourn, delay, 
retard, hinder. 



Postscript, posfskript, n. A paragraph added to a 
letter after it is concluded and signed by the writer; 
an addition made to a book or composition after it 
had been supposed to be finished. 

Postulate, pOsfu-lat, n. A position or supposition 
assumed without proof. (Geom.) The enunciation 
of a self-evident problem. — 1\ t. To beg or assume 
without proof ; to take without positive consent. — 
Posfulant. n. One who makes a request or de- 
mand ; a candidate. —Posfulatory, -u-la-to-rT, a. 
Assuming or assumed without proof. 

Posture, etc. See under Positiox. 

Posy, po'zT, n. A poetical sentence, or a sententious 
maxim ; motto ; legend; inscription ; esp., a motto 
or verse sent with a bunch of flowers ; hence, a 
nosegay ; bouquet ; a single flower. 

Pot, pot, n. A deep metallfc or earthen vessel. — esp. 
one used for cooking or for plants; a mug: quantitv 
contained in a pot. — v.t. [potted; pottixg.] To 
place or inclose in pots; as, to preserve seasoned; to 
set out or cover in pots. — Po'^table, «. Fit to be 
drunk ; drinkable, — Pota'tion, n. Act of drink- 
ing ; a drinking bout ; a draught. — Poteen', -ten', 
n. Irish whisky. — Portion, -shun, n. A draught; 
dose; liquid medicine. — Pofash, w. (Chem.) A 
powerful alkali, the protoxide of potassium ; po-. 
tassa, — orig. obtained fr. the ashes of vegetable sub- 
stances burned in pots. — Potas'sa, -sa, n. Pure 
potash, or protoxide of potassium. — Potas'sium, 
-sT-um, n. A soft bluish-white, lustrous metal, hav- 
ing a strong affinity for oxygen, with which it forms 
potassa: it is lighter than water. — Poftage, -tei, n. 
A kind of porridge of lentils and other vegetables ; 
porridge of oatmeal, etc. ; meat and vegetables boiled 
soft. — Pofter, n. A maker of earthen vessels. — Pot- 
ter's field. A public burying-place, esp. in a city, for 
the poor. [Matt, xxvii. 7.]— Poftery, -ter-T, w. Ves- 
sels or ware made by potters; earthenware; place for 
manufacturing it.— Pot'tle, -tl, n, A liquid measure 
of 4 pints; a pot or tankard; a vessel or basket for 
fruit. — Pot'snerd, n. A fragnient of a broken pot. 

Potato, po-ta'to, n. ; pi. -toes, -toz. A plant of many 
species ; one of its tubers, used for food, and in 
various farinaceous preparations. — Sweet potato. A 
running or climbing plant, allied to the morning- 
glory, whose edible farinaceous tubers have a sweet- 
ish taste. —P. hug. The Colorado beetle, q. v. 

Potent, Potentate, Potential, etc. See under Possess. 

Pother, potli^er, 71. Bustle; confusion; tumult; flut- 
ter.— Pot'ter, V. i. To occupy one's self in a trifling 
or inefficient manner. 

Potion, Pottage, Potter, Pottle, etc. See under Pot. 

Potter, V. i. bee under Pother. 

Pouch, powch, n. A small bag ; usually, a leather 
bag ; thing shaped like or used as a pouch, — as, a 
protuberant belly ; or, the bag or sack of the pelican, 
etc.; crop of a bird; or, (Med.) a cyst or sac con- 
taining watery fluid ; or, a membranous sac in 
which the young of marsupials are carried. — v. t. 
[pouched (powcht), POUCHING.] To pocket, save; 
to swallow,^ said of fowls. 

Poudrette, poo-dref, n. A fertilizing manure made 
from the contents of privies, dried and mixed with 
cl»arcoal, gypsum, etc. 

Poult, polt, n. A young chicken, partridge, etc. — 
Poulfry, -rY, n. Domestic fowls, turkeys, ducks, 
and geese, raised for the table, or for their eggs, 
feathers, etc. — Pul'let, puKlet, n. A young hen. 

Poultice, poKtis, n. A soft composition of mollifying 
or medicinal materials, to be applied to sores, boils, 
and the like; a cataplasm.— iJ. t. [poulticed (-tist), 
-ticing.] To cover or dress with a poultice. 

Potmce, powns, n. A fine powder to prevent ink from 
spreading on paper; a colored powdered substance 
used by embroiderers in making designs on paper. 
— v.t. [pounced (pownst), POUXCixG.] To sprin- 
kle or nib with pounce. 

Pounce, powns, n. The claw or talon of a bird of 
prey. — V. t. [pounced (pownst), pouncing.] To 
pierce with a sliarp instrument, perforate, punch. — 
V. i. To tall suddenly on and seize with the claws. 

Pound, pownd, n. A certain weight; 16 ounces avoir- 
dupois, or 12 Troy ; 20 shillings sterling = about 
$4.84. 

Pound, pownd, n. An inclosure in which cattle or 



sfin, cube, full ; moon, f(5&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNbox, chair, get. 



POUND 



310 



PREACH 




Pouter Pigeon. 



other beasts are confined when taken in trespassing, 
or going at large in violation of law. — v. t. To con- 
fine in a pound, impound. 

Found, pownd, v. t. To beat or strike repeatedly with 
a heavy instrument; to pulverize by beatin":. 

Pour, por, w. <. [pouked (pord), pourixg.] To cause 
to now, as a liquid, in a stream, either out of a ves- 
sel or into it; to send forth in a profuse manner, 
emit; to give vent to, as strong feeling; to utter. — 
V. i. To issue forth in a stream, or continued suc- 
cession of parts; to move impetuously, like a swift- 
running stream; to flow. 

Pout, powt, re. (Icht/i.) A sea-fish, of the cod kind, 
which has the power of inflating a membrane which 
covers the eyes and parts 
of the head ; an Amer. fish 
called also catfish, hortted- 
pout, or bullhead. A spe- 
cies of bird ; a fit of sullen- 
ness. — V. i. To thrust out 
the lips, as in displeasure; 
to look sullen ; to swell 
out, protrude. — Pout'er, 
n. One who tx)uts; a va- 
riety of the douiestic pig- 
eon, with an inflated 
breast. 

Poverty. See under Poor. ? 

Powder, pow'der, n. A dry 
substance in minute par- 
ticles; dust; esp. an ex- 
plosive composition of 
saltpeter, sulphur, and 
charcoal, mixed and gran- 
ulated; gunpowder; a perfumed dust, as pulverized 
starch, for dressing the hair, whitening the skin, etc. 
— V. t. [powdered (-derd), -dering.] To reduce 
to fine particles, pulverize; to sprinkle with, or as 
with, powder. — v. I. To separate into minute parti- 
cles. — Pow''dery, -der-t, a. Easily crumbling to 
pieces ; friable; sprinkled with powder; dusty; re- 
sembling powder. 

Power, Powerful, 
etc. See under 
Possess. 

Pox. See under 
Pock. _ 

Poyou, poi^'oo, n. A 
S. Amer. armadil- 
lo. 

Praam, pram, n. A 
flat-boat or Kght^r 
used in N. Eu- 
rope. (Mil.) A 

flat-bottomed ves- Povou 

sel carrying guns; ^ 

a. batttry to cover the landing of troops. 

Practice, prak^'tis, n. Frequently repeated or custom- 
ary actions ; customary use, habit ; performance, 
disting. fr. theory: exercise of a profession, or the 
limits within which a profession is practiced; skill- 
ful management; art; stratagem; artifice; a rule in 
arithmetic, by which the operations of the general 
rules are abridged in use. {Law.) The establisked 
or prescribed form, manner, and order of conduct- 
ing suits. —v.*. [PRACTICED (-tist), -TICIXG.] To 

do or perform frequently or habitually; to carry on 
in practice or repeated action; to apply (a theory) to 
real Ufe; to exercise (a profession, trade, art, etc.); 
to commit, perpetrate. — v. i. To perform certain 
acts customarily; to learn by practice; to try arti- 
fices or stratagems; to exercise an employment or 
profession, esp. that of medicine or of law. — Prac- 
ti''tioner, -tish'un-er, n. One engaged in the actual 
exercise of any art or profession, esp. in law or med- 
icine. —Prac'ticable, -tl-ka-bl, a. Capable of being 
practiced, performed, or done; possible to be accom- 
plished; admitting of use, or of being passed or trav- 
eled; possible; feasible.— Prac''tical,-tTr-kal, a. Pert. 
,to practice; capable of being turned to use; evilTcing 
practice or skill; ready to apply knowledge to some 
useful end; derived from practice. — Practical Joke. 
A trick or ioke which annoys or injures some one in 
person, feelings, or property; a joke the fun at which 
consists in something that is done. — Prac'tically, 





■V. t. 



adv. In relation to practice; by means of practice or 
use; by experiment; in practice or use. — Prac'tical- 
ness, ?i.— Pragmafic, prag-mafik, -ical, a. Pert, to 
business; material; over-forward in acting; officious: 
meddUn^; meddlesome; impertinent. — ». One ac- 
tive or skilled in business; a solemn ordinance or 
decree issued by the head of a state. 

Pragmatic, etc. See under Practice. 

Prairie, pra're, 71. An extensive tract of land, level or 
rolling, destitute of trees, and covered with coarse 
grass. — Prafrie-chick'en, -hen, n. A species of 
grouse, found on the 
prairies and plains of 
the Western U. S.— 
-dog, n. A small rodent 
animal, a species of 
marmot, found on the 
prairies, etc., having a 
sharp bark, like that of 
a small dog. — -squir'- 
rel, n. A ground squir- 
rel, of the prairies. — 
-wolf, n. The small 
gregarious wolf of the 
prairies ; _coy ote. 

Praise, praz, n. Com- 
mendation for worth ; 
approval of merit; joy- 
ful tribute of gratitude 
or homage rendered to 
the Divine Being ; the 
object, ground, or rea- -p ' ■ a 

son of praise ; enco- .rraine-aog. 

mium; eulogy; panegyric; applause; acclaim.- 
[PRAISED (prazd), PRAISING.] To express approba* 
tion of; to extol in words or song; to do honor to, 
laud, glorify, magnify, extol. 

Prance, prans, v. %. [praxced (pranst), prancixg.] 
To spring or bound, as a horse : to ride with bound- 
ing movements ; to strut about in a showy manner. 

— Prank, prank, v. t. [praxked (prankt), praxk- 
ING.] To adorn in a showy manner; to dress or ad- 
just ostentatiously. — n. A gay or sportive action; a 
playfully mischievous act; gambol; frolic; freak; 
sport. 

Prate, prat, i\ i. To. talk much and without weight, 
or to little purpose ; to be loquacious. — v. t. To 
utter foolishly, speak without meaning. — n. Tri- 
fling talk.— Praf tie, v. i. [-tled (-tld), -tlixg.] To 
talk much and idly, or lightly and artlessl}% like a 
child. — re. Trifling or childish tattle ; prate. 

Pravity, prav'I-tT, n. Deterioration; corruption; de- 
pravity; esp. moral corruption; moral perversion. 

Prawn, prawn, n. A small, edible crustacean, allied to 
the shrimp. 

Pray, pra, v. i. [prayed 
(prad), PRAYiX'^G.J To ask 
with earnestness or zeal 
(forsomethingdesirable); 
esp. to address the Su- 
preme Being with adora- 
tion, confession, supplica- 
tion, and thanksgiving; to 
supplicate, beg, petition. 

— V. t. To address earnest 
request to, entreat; to ask 
earnestly for, beseech.— Pray'er, n. One who prays; 
a supplicant. —Prayer, prar, n. Act of praying or of 
asking a favor; an earnest memorial; esp. the act of 
addressing supplication to God; form of words used 
in praying; an expressed petition; entreaty; suit; re- 
quest. — Prayer''-book, n. A book containing prayers 
or forms of devotion. —Prayer'^fol, -ful, a. Given 
to prayer; devotional. — Prayer-'less, a. Not using 
prayer; habitually neglecting the duty of prayer to 
God.— Preca'rious, -ka'rl-us, a. Depending on the 
will or pleasure of another; held by courtesy, or by 
a doubtful tenure; exposed to constant risk; uncer- 
tain; dubious; equivocal. 

Preach, prech, v. i. [preached (precht), peeachix'^g.] 
To pronounce a public discourse on a religious sub- 
ject, deliver a sermon, give earnest advice on moral 
or religious grounds. — v. t. To proclaim in a ser- 
mon, inculcate in public jdiscourse, deliver or pro- 
nounce. — Pred''icate, -t-kat, v. t. To assert to belong 




Prawn. 



fim, fame, far, p^ss or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; Tn, ice ; 6dd, tone, 5r ; 



PREAMBLE 



311 



PREDISPOSE 



to somethiag; to affirm, declare, assert, — followed 
by of; improp. used as meaning to found, base, — 
followed by o» or upon. — n. {Logic.) The thing or 
quality affirmed of the subject ; in grammar, the 
word or words in a proposition expressing that which 
is affirmed of the subject. — Pred-'icatory. -T-ka-to- 
rl, a. Affirmative; positive. —Pred'icabfe, -t-ka-bl, 
a. Capable of being affirmed of something. — ?z. A 
general attribute or notion as affirmable of many in- 
dividuals; a general abstract notion. {Logic.) One 
of the 5 most general relations of attributes in- 
volved in logical arrangements (genus, species, dif- 
ference, property, and accident). — Pred'icabil''ity, 
-biKl-tt, n. Quality of being predicable.— Predic'a- 
ment, pre-dik^a-ment, n. Class or kind described 
by iinv definite marks ; condition ; esp. an unfor- 
tunate or trying position or condition; state; plight. 
— Predicf, -dikt', v. t. To tell beforehand, foretell, 
l)rophesy, prognosticate, foreshow, bode. — Predica- 
tion, ». Act of foretelling; thing foretold; a previ- 
ous declaration of a future event; prophecy ; augury ; 
divination; soothsaying; vaticination.— Predict'ive, 
-iv, a. Foretelling; prophetic. 

Preamble, pre'am-bl, n. An introductory portion ; a 
preface; introductory part of a statute. 

Prebend, preb'end, n. The maintenance granted to a 
prebendary out of the estate of a cathedral or col- 
legiate church with which he is connected. — Preb'- 
endary, -a-rT, ii. A salaried clergyman attached to a 
collegiate or cathedral church. 

Precarioas. See under Pkay. 

Precaution, pre-kaw'shun, n. Previous caution or 
care : a measure taken beforehand to ward oft' evil 
or secure good or success. — v. t. [precautioked 
(-shund), -TiONiXG.] To warn or advise beforehand 
for preventing mischief or securing good. — Precau''- 
tional, -ary, -a-rl, a. Preventive of mischief. 

Precede, pre-sed'', v. t. To go before in place, time, 
rank, or importance. — Preced'ence, -sed'^ens, -ency, 
-en-sT, n. Act or state of being precedent; priority in 
position, rank, or time; state of going or being before 
in rank, dignity, etc. — Preced'ent, -sed'ent, a. Go- 
ing before; anterior; preceding; antecedent.— Prec'- 
edent, pres'e-dent, n. Something done or said that 
may serve as an example to authorize a subsequent 
act of the like kind; a preceding circumstance or 
condition; prognostic — Prec'edented, a. Having a 
precedent. — Preces'sion, -sesh'un, n. Act of going 
before, or forward. — Precession of the equinoxes. 
{Astion.) The slow, backward motion of the equi- 
noctial points along the ecliptic. 

Precentor, pre-sen'ter, n. The leader of the choir in a 
cathedral. 

Precept, pre'sept, n. Any commandment or order in- 
tended as an authoritative rule of action; esp., a 
command respecting moral conduct ; injunction ; 
mandate; law; principle; maxim. {Law.) A spe- 
cies of writ or process. —Precep''tive, -tiv, a. Giv- 
ing precepts; directing in moral conduct; didactic. — 
Precep'tor, -ter, n. A teacher; instructor; head of a 
school. — Precepto'rial, -to'rt-al, a. Pert, to a pre- 
ceptor. — Precep'tory, a. Giving precepts; precep- 
tive. — n. An establishment of the Knights Tem- 
plars, subordinate to the temple or principal house 
of the order at London. — Precep 'tress, n. A female 
teacher. 

Precession, etc. See under Precede. 

Precinct, pre'sinkt, n. The limit, or exterior line en- 
compassing a place; boundary; confine; a minor ter- 
ritorial or jurisdictional division; esp., a parish or 
prescribed territory attached to a church, and ta:!ted 
for its support. 

Precious, presh^us, a. Of great price; costly; of great 
value or worth ; very valuable ; highly esteemed; 
worthless, contemptible, — used ironically. 

Precipice, pres'T-pis, n. A verj^ steep, perpendicular, 
or overhanging bank_or cliff; an abrupt declivity. — 
Precip^itate, -sip't-tat, v. t. To throw headlong,'cast 
down from a steep height; to urge or press with ea- 

femess or violence, hasten; to throw down or to the 
ottom of a vessel. — r. i. To fall headlong, hasten 
without preparation ; fall to the bottom of a vessel, 
as sediment. — a. Falling, flowing, or rushing, with 
steep descent; rashly hasty; lacking due delibera- 
tion; hurried; rapid; terminating speedily in death; 



rash; headstrong: violent. — n. {Chein.) A substance 
which, having oeen dissolved, is again separated 
from its solvent and thrown to the bottom of the 
vessel when another substance is added to the solu- 
tion. — Precip'itately, adv. Headlong; hastily. — 
Precip'ita'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; a 
falling, flowing, or rushing down with violence and 
rapidity; great hurrj'; rash, tumultuous haste; act 
of throwing to the bottom of a vessel any substance 
held in solution.— Precip-'itance, -T-tans, -itancy, -t- 
tan-st, n. Quality of being precipitant or precipitate; 
headlong hurry ; precipitation. — Precip'itant, a. 
Falling or rushing headlong ; urged with violent 
haste; unexpectedly brought on or hastened, —n. 
(Chem.) A liquor which, when poured on a solu- 
tion, separates what is dissolved, and makes it fall 
to the bottom. — Precip'itous, -T-tus, a. Very steep; 
headlong; rapidly descending; hasty; rash; quick; 
sudden; precipitate. 
Precise, pre-sis', a. Not loose, vague, uncertain, or 
equivocal, either in thought or expression; exces- 
sively nice; punctilious in conduct or ceremonj^; ac- 
curate; exact; definite; punctilious; formal; finical. 

— Precise'ly, ocZf. In a precise manner; exactly: ac- 
curately ; with excess of formality. — Precis'^ian, 
-sizh'an, n. A person rigidly or ceremoniously exact 
in the observance of rules; formalist. — Precis'ian- 
ism, -sizh'an-izm, n. Absurdly excessive exactness. 

— Precis'ion, -sizh'^un, «. Quality of being precise; 
exact limitation ; exactness; accuracy. — Pre'^cis, 
pra'se, n. An abridged statement; an abstract. 

Preclude, pre-klud'', v. t. To shut out by anticipative 
action, shut off, hinder.— Preclu'sion, -klu'zhun, n. 
Act of, or state of being, etc.; a shutting out. 

Precocious, pre-ko^'shus, a. Ripe before the natural 
time; having the faculties developed more than is 
usual at a given age; too forward; premature. — Pre- 
co'ciousness. Precoc'ity, -kos'T-tt, n. Quality or 
state of being, etc.; premature development. 

Preconceive, pre'kon-sev', v. t. [-ceived (-sevd'), 
-CEiviNG.] To conceive previously, form a previous 
notion or idea of. — Preconceif, -sef, n. A pre- 
vious conceit or conception ; an opinion or notion 
previously formed. — Preconcep''tion, -sep'shun, n. 
Act of, etc.; conception or opinion previously 
formed. 

Preconcert, pre'kon-sSrt'', v: t. To concert before- 
hand, settle bj' previous agreement. — Precon'cert, 
n. A previous agreement. 

Precontract, pre-con'trakt, n. A contract previous 
to another. 

Precursor, pre-ker''ser, n. One who, or that which, 
precedes an event, and indicates its approach; fore- 
runner; harbinger; omen; sign. — Precur'sive, -siv, 
-Bory, -so-rt, a. Preceding and leading to, or intro- 
ductory; forerunning. 

Predatory, pred^'a-to-rl, a. Characterized by plun- 
dering: practicing rapine; hungry; ravenous. — Pre- 
da'^ceous, -da'shus, a. Living by prey ; predatory. 

Predecessor, pred-e-ses'ser, n. One who precedes or 
has preceded another in some position, office, etc.; 
one whom another follows or comes after. 

Predestine, pre-des'tin, v. t. [-ti.xed (-tind), -tinino.] 
To decree beforehand, foreordain. — Predes'tinate, 
-fl-nat, a. Predestinated ; foreordained : fated. — 
V. t. To appoint or ordain beforehand by an un- 
changeable purpose, predetermine, decree, fore- 
doom. — Predes'tina'tion, n. Act of, etc. ( Theol. ) 
The purpose of God from eternity respecting all 
events. 

Predetermine, pre'de-ter'min, v. t. [-mined (-mind), 
-MINING-] To determine beforehand; to doojn by 
previous decree. — Pre'deter'minate, -ml-nat, a. 
Determined beforehand. — Pre'deter'mina'tion, n. 
Act of, etc.; purpose formed beforehand. 

Predial, pre'dT-al, a. Consisting of, or attached to, 
land or farms: growing or issuing from land. 

Predicate, Predicament, Predict. See under Preach. 

Predilection, pre'di-lek'shun, n. A prepossession of 
mind in favor of so^nething ; partiality. _ 

Predispose, pre'dis-poz'', v. t. [-posed (-pozd'), -pos- 
ing. J To incline beforehand ; to fit or adapt pre- 
viously.— Pre'dispo'nent, a. Disposing beforehand; 
predisposing. — Pre'disposi'tion, -zish'un, n. Act 
of, or state of being, etc. ; previous inclination oi 



sfln. ottbe, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or igk, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



PREDOMINATE 



312 



PREPARE 



propensity ; previous fitness or adaptation to any 
change, impression, or purpose. 

Predominate, pre-dom'l-nat, v. i. To surpass in 
strength, influence, or authority ; to have control- 
ling influence, prevail, rule. — Predom''inance, -inan- 
cy, -I-nan-sI, n. Condition or quality of being pre- 
dominant; prevalence; ascendency.— Predom''inant, 
a. Prevalent over others; superior in strength, influ- 
ence, or authority; ruling; controlling; overruling. 

Preeminent, pre-em'T-nent, a. Eminent abore others; 
superior in excellence; surpassing others in evil or 
bad qualities. — Preem'^inence, -nens, n. State or 
quality of being, etc. 

Preemption, pre-emp'shun, n. Act or right of pur- 
chasing before others ; as the right of a settler on 
lands of the U. S. to purchase in preference to oth- 
ers, when the land is sold. 

Preen, pren, n. A forked instrument used by clothiers 
in dressing cloth. — v. t. [pkeened (prend), preen- 
ing.] To dress with, or as with, a preen; to keep in 
order (the feathers) — said of birds. 

Preexist, pre'egz-ist', v. t. To exist beforehand, or 
before something else. — Pre''exist''ent, a. Existing 
beforehand. — Pre'exisfence, -ens, n. Existence 
previous to something else ; existence of the soul 
before its union with the body, or before the body 
is formed. 

Preface, pref^'es, n. Something spoken or written as 
introductory to a discourse, book, or essay; pream- 
ble; proem; prelude; prologue. — v. t. [prefaced 
(-est), -ACiNG.] To introduce by preliminary re- 
marks. 

Prefect, pre^'fekt, n. A Roman officer who was over 
a particular command, charge, or department ; in 
France, a superintendent of a department, having 
direction of its pohee establishment, etc. 

Prefer, pre-fer'', v. t. [-fbeked (-ferd'), -ferring.] 
To set forth, offer, present, address; to advance (to 
an office or dignity); to raise, exalt; to set above 
something else in estimation, choice, or liking; to 
incline more toward; to choose. — Pref^'erable, -er- 
a-bl, a. Worthy to be preferred before something 
else ; more desirable. — Pref'^erence, -er-ens, n. Act 
of preferring one thing before another ; predilec- 
tion ; choice ; state of being preferred ; thing pre- 
ferred. — Pref'eren'tial, -en'shal, a. Giving, in- 
dicating, or having, a preference. — Prefer'ment, 
-fer'^ment, n. Act of preferring, or advancing in 
dignity or office ; state of being advanced ; promo- 
tion; exaltation. 

Prefigure, pre-fig'^ur, v. t. [-ured (-urd), -ueing.] 
To announce or suggest by types and similitudes. 

Prefix, pre-fiks'', v. t. [-fixed (-fiksf), -fixing.] To 
put or fix before, or at the berfnning of another 
thing. — Pre'fljc, n. A letter, syllable, or word, set 
before a word, or combined or united with it at its 
beginning, to vary its signification. 

Pregnant, preg'nant, a. Being with young, as a fe- 
male; heavy with important contents; full of con- 
sequence; teeming; big; fruitful; inventive. — Preg''- 
nancy, -nan-sT, n. Condition of being pregnant ; 
q_uality of being heavy with important contents, 
significance, etc.; fertility. 

Prehensile, pre-hen'sil, a. Adapted to seize or grasp; 
seizing; grasping. — Prehen'sion, -shun, n. A seiz- 
ing, as with the hand or other limb. 

Pr^udge, pre-juj', v. t. [-judged (-jujd''), -judging.] 
To jud^e before hearing, condemn beforehand. — 
Preju'^dicate, -dt-kat, v. t. To determine beforehand, 
esp. to disadvantage; to prejudge. — v. i. To form a 
judgment beforehand or without due examination. 

— Prej'udice, pfej^u-dis, n. Prejudgment; an un- 
reasonable predilection or prepossession for or 
against anything; esp., an opinion or leaning ad- 
verse to anything, formed without proper grounds, 
or before suitable knowledge; miscmef; damage; in- 
jury. — V. t. [prejudiced (-dist), -dicing.'] To 
prepossess with unexamined opinions, or opinions 
formed without due knowledge of facts; to obstruct 
or injure by prejudices; to hurt, damage, impair. 

— Prej^udfcial, -dish'^al, n. Tending to obstruct or 
impair ; iniurious ; hurtful ; mischievous. 

Prelate, preKet, n. A clergyman of a superior order, 
as an archbishop, bishop, etc.; a dignitary of the 
church. — PreKacy, -a-sl, n. Office or dignity of a 



prelate; government by prelates; the order of prel- 
ates taken collectively. 

Preliminary, pre-lim''I-narrY, a. Preceding the main 
discourse or business ; introductory ; preparatory; 
prior; precedent. — n. Something previous or pre- 
paratory ; preface ; prelude. 

Prelude, preKud or pre'lud, n. Something introduc- 
tory; an introductory perfomMince, preceding and 
preparing for the principal matter; esp., a musical 
strain, introductag the theme or chief subject; pre- 
liminary ; forerunner ; harbinger ; preface. — Pre- 
lude'', pre-lud', V. t. To introduce with a previous 
performance ; to play before ; to precede, as introduc- 
tory. — V. i. To serve as an introduction ; to play an 
introduction. 

Premature, pre'ma^tur', a. Mature or ripe before the 
natural time ; happening, arriving, performed, or 
adopted before the proper time; too early; received 
without due authentication or evidence. — Pre^ma- 
ture'ness, -tu'rity, -tu'rj-tt, n. 

Premeditate, pre-med''1-tat, v. t. To meditate, or 
think on and revolve in the mind, beforehand. — v. 
i. To think, consider, or revolve in the mind be- 
forehand; to dehberate. — Premed'lta''tion, ??. Act 
of, etc.; previous deliberation; previous contrivance 
or design formed. 

Premier, etc. See under Prime. 

Premise, pre-mTz'', v. t. F-mised (-mizd'), -mising.] 
To set forth beforehand, or as introductory to the 
main subject; to lay down premises, on which rest 
subsequent reasonings. — v. i. To make or state an- 
tecedent propositions. — Prem'ise, -is, -las, n. ; pi. 
-ises, -is-ez. A proposition antecedently supposed 
or proved. (Logic.) Each of the first 2 proposition* 
of a syllogism, from which the inference or conclu- 
sion is drawn, pi. (Law.) The land or thing de- 
mised or granted by deed, — hence applied to a build- 
ing and its adjuncts. 

Premium, pre'ml-um, n. A recompense; reward; a 
prize to be won bj^ competition; something offered 
or given for the loan of money; insurance money 
paid to underwriters; allowance; bonus; anything 
offered as an incentive; bounty. 

Premonish, pre-mon''ish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ISH- 
ING.] To forewarn, admonish beforehand. — PTe'- 
meni'tion, -nish'un, n. Previous warning, notice, 
or information; presentiment.— Premon-'itory, -1-to- 
rT, a. Giving previous warning or notice. 

Premorse, pre-m6rs'', a. (Bot.) Terminating ab- 
ruptly, as if bitten off, — said of 
roots and leaves. 

Premunition, pre'mu-nish'un, n. 
An anticipation of objections. 

Prenatal, pre-na'tal, a. Anterior 
to birth. 

Prenomen, pre-no'men, v. Same 
as Pr.enomen. q. v. — Prenom''- 
inate, -nom'I-nat, v. t. To fore- 
name ; to nominate or name be- 
jforehand. 

Prentice, pren •'tis, n. Contr. fr. 
Apprentice, q. v. 

Preoccupy, pre-ok-'ku-pi, v. t. [-pied (-pid), -pting.] 
To take possession of before another; to prepossess; 
to engage or occupy the attention of beforehand. 
— Preoc'cupancy, -ku-pan-sT, n. Act or right of 
taking possession before another. — Preoc'cupa'- 
tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; prior occu- 
pation; anticipation of objections. 

Preordain, pre-'Sr-dan', v. t: To ordain or appoint be- 
forehand, predetermine. — Preor''dinance, -dt-nans, 
n. Antecedent decree or determination. — Preor'- 
dina'^tion, n. Act of foreordaining; previous deter- 
mination. 

Prepare, pre-par', v. t. [-pared (-pard'), -paring.! 
To fit, adapt, or quahfy for a particular purpose; to 
make ready ; to procure as suitable, get ready, pro- 
vide, fit, adjust, adapt, equip, form, make. — v. i. 
To make all things ready; to make one's self ready, 
get ready. — Prep^ara'tion, n. Act of, or state or 
being, etc. ; that which prepares ; preparatory act 
or measure ; that which is prepared, made, or'com- 
pounded, for a particular purpose. (Anat.) Apart 
of an animal body prepared and preserved as a speci- 
men. — Prepar'ative, -par'a-tiv, a. Tending to pre- 




Premorse Leaf. 



&m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tgrm ; In, Ice : 8dd, tone, or ; 



PREPAY 



313 



PRESIDE 



pare or make ready ; preparatory. — n. That which 
has the power of preparing, whicli prepares, or which 
is done to prepare ; preparation. — Prepar'atory, 
-to-rT, a. Preparing the way for anything by pre- 
vious measures of adaptation ; preliminary ; ante- , 
cedent ; introductory. 

Prepay;, pre-pa'', v. t. [-paid (-pad'), -p.wing.] To 
pay in advance or beforehand. — Prepay'inent, n. 
Payment in advance. | 

Prepense, pre-pens', a. Devised, contrived, or planned | 
beforehand; premeditatedj aforethought. j 

Preponderate, pre-pou'der-at, v. t. To outweigh, I 
have greater weight than; to overpower by stronger 
influence or moral power. — v. i. To exceed in 
weight : to incline or descend, as the scale of a bal- : 
ance; to exceed in influence or power ; to incline to 
one side. — Prepon^derance, -ancy, -der-an-sl, n. 
State or quality of being preponderant or prepon- 
derating; superiority of weight, influence, or power. 

— Prepon^derant, a. Preponderating; outweighing. 
Preposition, prep'o-zish'un, n. (Gram.) A particle 

governing, and generally placed before, a substan- 
tive or pronoun, which is put in an oblique case (in 
Eng., in the objective), and expressing its relation 
to some other word. — Prepos''itive, -poz'T-tiv, a. 
Put before ; prefixed. — n. A word, or particle, put 
before another word. 

Prepossess, pre'pos-ses' or -poz-zes'', v. t. [-sessed 
-(-zest'), -SESSING.] To take previous possession of; 
to preoccupy, as the mind or heart, so as to preclude 
other things; to induce a favorable opinion before- 
hand or at the outset; to bias or prejudice.— ^Pre'pos- 
sess'ing, a. Tending to invite favor; having power 
to secure favor, esteem, or love. — Pre'posses'sion, n. 
Preoccupation ; prior possession ; preoccupation of 
the mind by an opinion, or impression, already 
formed; bent; bias; inclination. — Pre'possess'or, n. 

Preposterous, pre-pos'ter-us, a. Having that first 
which ought to be last ; contrary to nature or rea- 
son ; utterly and glaringly foolish ; absurd ; irra- 
tional ; foolish ; monstrous. 

Prepuce, pre'pus, n. (Anat.) The loose fold of skin 
which ordinarily covers the glaiis or head of an un- 
cifcumcised penis; foreskin. 

Preraphaelite, pre-raf 'a-el-it, a. Pert, to, or imitating 
the style of art which existed before the time of 
Raphael. — n. One who practices or advocates, etc. 

— Preraph'aelism, -izTn, n. The observance in art of 
close adherence to natural forms and effects, as opp. 
to the style of rendering of particular schools in art. 

Prerequisite, pre-rek'wl-zit, a. Previously required 
or necessary to any proposed effect or end. — n. 
Something that is, etc. 

Prerogative, pre-rog^a-tiv, n. An exclusive or pecul- 
iar privilege ; right. 

Presage, pres'ej or pre'saj, n. Something which fore- 
shows a future event ; power to look into the future, 
or the exercise of that power ; prognostic ; omen ; 
presentiment. — Presage', pre-saj', v. t. [-saged 
(-sajd'), -SAGiNG.] To have a presentiment of ; to 
forebode ; to foretell, predict, prophesy. 

Presbyter, prez'bT-ter, n. (Anc. Church.) An elder 
having authority to instruct and guide in the church; 
a pastor or ruling elder in the Presbyterian church. 
(Church of Eng/) One ordained to the second order 
in the ministry, — called also priest. — Presbyte'- 
rialj -rt-al, -rian, a. Pert, to a presbyter, or to ec- 
clesiastical government by presbyters ; consisting of 
presbyters. — Presbyte'rian, n. One who maintains 
the vaUditv of ordination and government by pres- 
byters, or belongs to a church governed by presby- 
ters. — Presbsrte'rianism, -izm, n. That form of 
church government which invests presbyters with all 
spiritual power, and admits no prelates over them. 

— Pres'bytery, -bt-tgr-T, n. A body of elders in the 
Christian Church. (Presb. Ch.) A judicatory con- 
sisting of all the pastors of churches within a cer- 
tain district, and one ruling elder (a layman) from 
each church. 

Prescience, pre'shT-ens, n. Knowledge of events be- 
fore they take place ; foresight. — Pre'scient, -sM- 
ent, a. Having knowledge, etc. 

Prescribe, pre-skrib', v. t. [-scribed (-skrTbd'), 
-SCRIBING.] To lay down authoritatively for di- 
rection, appoint, order, dictate, ordain, establish. 



{Med.) To direct as a remedy to be used by or for 
a patient. — v. i. To give law, dictate, give direc- 
tions, (died.) To write or give medical directions. 
(Law.) To claim by prescription, or on the ground 
of immemorial use. — Pre'script, a. Directed; pre- 
scribed. — Prescript'ible, a. Depending or derived 
from prescription. — Prescrip'tion, n. Act of pre- 
scribing or directing, or that wiiich is prescribed; 
esp., the direction of remedies for a disease, and the 
manner of using them. {Law.) The claim of title 
to a thing by virtue of inmiemorial use and enjoy- 
ment. — Frescripfive, -iv, a. Consisting in, or ac- 
quired by, immemorial use and enjoyment. 
Presence, prez'ens, n. State or condition of being 
present; region in which one is present; approaca 
face to face; nearness; neighborhood, to one of su- 
perior or exalted rank; the person of a superior; a 
number assembled before a great person ; port ; 
mien; air; personal appearance. — Presence of mind, 
A calm, collected state of the mind, with its fac- 
ulties under control, esp. in danger or emergency 

— Pres'ent, a. Being at hand, within reach or 
call, within certain limits, etc. ; now existing, or in 
process ; now in view, or under consideration ; im- 
mediate ; instant ; favorably attentive ; propitious. 

— n. Present time. pi. (Law.) Present letters or 
instrument ; a deed of conveyance, a lease, letter of 
attorney, etc. — Present tense. (Gram.) The tense 
or form of a verb which expresses action or being in 
the present time. — Present', pre-zent', v. t. To put 
or place in the presence of some one, esp. of a supe- 
rior; to give a formal introduction to; to exhibit to 
view or notice, set forth, offer ; to pass or make 
over, esp. in a ceremonious manner; to make a gift 
of, bestow, give, grant, confer; to nominate to an 
ecclesiastical benefice; to lay before a court as an 
object of inquiry: to indict: to point or direct, as a 
weapon. — Pres'ent, n. That which is presented or 
given; gift; donation: donative; benefaction. — Pre- 
sent'able, a. Capable or admitting of being pre- 
sented; properly prepared to be introduced to an- 
other, or to go into society. — Pres'enta'tion, n. Act 
of presenting, or state of being presented; a setting 
forth; offering; bestowal ; exhibition; representa^ 
tion. (Eccl. Law.) Act of offering a clergyman to 
the bishop or ordinary for institution in a benefice. 
[OF.] — Present'ative, -a-tiv, a. (Eccl.) Having 
the right of presentation, or offering a clergyman to 
the bishop for institution. Admitting the presenta- 
tion of a clergyman. (Metaph.) Capable of being 
directly known by, or presented to, the mind; intui- 
tive, — applied to objects; capable of apprehending, 

— applied to faculties. —Pres'entee', n. One pre- 
sented to a benefice. — Pres'ently, adv. At once ; 
without delay; instantly; soon; before long; by and 
by. — Present'ment, n. Act of presenting, or state 
of being presented ; presentation ; setting forth to 
view; delineation; representation. (Law!) Written 
notice taken by a grand jury of any offense from 
their own knowledge or observation, without any 
bill of indictment laid before them ; bill of indict- 
ment found by a grand jury. 

Presentient, pre-sen'shent, a. Perceiving beforehand. 

— Present'iment, -sent'I-ment, n. Previous con- 
ception, sentiment, or opinion ; esp., an antecedent 
impression or conviction of something about to 
happen ; anticipation of e^al. 

Preserve, pre-zerv', v. t. [-served (-z?rvd'), -sekv- 
IXG.] To keep from injury or destruction; to save 
from decay by the use of some preservative sub- 
stance, as sugar, salt, etc. ; to maintain or keep 
throughout (appearances) : to secure, sustain, pro- 
tect, guard, shield. — n. Fruit, etc., seasoned and 
kept by suitable preparation; esp. fruit cooked with 
an equal weight of sugar; a place for the shelter or 
preservation of game, fish. etc. — Pres'erva'tion, n. 
Act of, or state of being, etc. ; security. — Preserv'- 
ative, -a-tiv, a. Having the power or quality of pre- 
serving; tending to preserve. — n. That which, etc.; 
a preventive oi injury or decay. — Preserv'atory, 
-a-to-rt, a. Having the power or a tendency to pre- 
serve; preservative. — n. That which, etc. 

Preside, pre-zld', v. t. To occupy the place of ruler, 
moderator, principal director, etc.; to exercise su- 
perintendence. — Pres'ident, prez'I-dent, n. One 



siln, cube, fall ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oU ; liQger or ink, tben, boNboir, chair, get. 



PRESS 



314 



PREVENT 




Press. 



elected or appointed to presi(? s ; a presidin;; officer ; 
as, the chief officer of a corporation, company, ward, 
society, etc. ; the chief executive of the republic in 
certain countries. — Pres'idency, -den-sT, n. Act or 
condition of one who presides ; superintendence ; 
office of president ; term during which a president 
holds his office ; jurisdiction of a president. — Prea'- 
iden'^tial, -shal, a. Presiding; pert, to a president. 
Press, pres, v. t. [pressed (prest), pressing.] To 
urge with force or weight; to squeeze^ crush; to 
squeeze in order to extract the juice or contents of; 
to squeeze in or with suitable instruments, in order 
to make smooth; to embrace closely; to urge with 
earnestness or importunity, force, compel; to drive 
with violence, urge on; to inculcate with earnest- 
ness. — V. i. To exert pressure, bear heavily ; to 
move on with urging and c-owdinsr forward ; to 
crowd, throng, encroach: 
to urge with vehemence 
or lirTpo rtunity; to ai)- 
proach unseasonably or 
importunately.— «. An in- 
strument or machine by 
which anything is presseci 
or squeezed ; placeor build- 
ing containing presses: a 
machine for printing : see 
Peinting-press ; the art 
or business of printing 
and publishing; the publi- 
cations issued from the 
press, taken collectively ; 
a case, or closet, for tne 
safe keeping of articles ; 
act of pressmg or pushing 
forward; urgent demands 
of affairs; urgency: a mul- 
titude of i n d i vi d u a 1 s 
crowded together; a 
throng. — Press'ingly, (uh\ 
Urgently ; closely. — Press'tire, presh'er, n. Act of, 
or condition of being, etc. ; a constraining force or im- 
pulse ; severe affliction, 
distress, difficulties,etc.; 
urgency. (Mech.) The 
action of a force against 
some obstacle or oppos- 
ing force. — Press'bed, 
n. A bed that may be 
raised and inclosed in 
a press or closet. — 
-man, n. (Print.) One 
who manages or attends 
to a press.— Pres'si- 
ros'ter, -sT-ros''ter, n. 
One of a tribe of wading 
birds, including those 
which have acom- 

Er eased or flattened 
eak. 

Press, pres, v. t. To force 
(men) into service, esp. 
the naval service. 

Prestidigitator, etc. See under Presto. 

Prestige, pres - tezh'' or pres'tij, n. Weight or in- 
fluence coming from past success, character, or 
deeds. 

Presto, pres'to, adv. Quickly; rapidly; immediately; 
in haste; suddenly.— Pres'tidig'ita''tion, pres'tT-dij'- 
T-ta'shun, w. Skill in legerdemain. — Pres'tidig'- 
ita'tor, n. One skilled, etc. 

Presume, pre-zum", r. t. [-sumed (-zumd'), -suming.] 
To take or suppose to be true, or entitled to belief, 
without examination or positive proof ; to take for 
granted. — v. i. To suppose or assume something 
to be, or to be true, on grounds deemed valid, though 
not amounting to proof; to act in a forward or ven- 
turesome manner, take liberties. — Presump^'tion, 
-zump'shun, n. Act of believing upon probable 
evidence, or taking for granted ; ground for pre- 
suming ; strong probability; an inference or belief 
based upon probable reasoning in the absence of 
positive evidence; forward, venturesome, over-con- 
fident, or arroET.int opinion or conduct; presump- 
tuousn'ess. — Presump'tive, -tiv, a. Taken by pre- 




Pressirosters. 
a, Plover ; 6, Lapwing ; c, Bing 
Dotterel. 



sumption or previous supposition ; grounded on 
probable evidence.— Presumpfuous, -zump'ohu-us, 
a. Full of presumption ; going beyond bounds of 
due self -appreciation or modesty; founded on pre- 
sumption ; proceeding from excess of confidence; 
done with bold design, rash confidence, or in viola- 
tion of known duty; foolhardy; rash; presuming; 
arrogant; insolent. 

Presuppose, pre'sup-poz'', v. t. [-posed (-pozd'), 
-POSING.] To suppose as previous, take for granted, 
presume, assume. 

Pretend, pre-tend'', v. t. Orig. to practice, plot, in- 
tend; to simulate in words or actions; to represent 
falsely, show hypocritically or for the purpose of de- 
ceiving, feign; to allege a title to ; to counterfeit, as- 
sume, claim. — V. i. To put in a claim, truly or falsely; 
to lay claim, strive after something; to profess, make 
believe. — Pretense'', -tence'', n. Act of holding out 
or offering to others something false or feigned; de- 
ceptive reason; pretext; simulation; that pretended; 
false, deceptive, or hypocritical show ; act of pre- 
tending or laying claim; assumption. — Preten'sion, 
-shun, n. Act of pretending or laying claim; claim 
laid; right alleged or assumed. — Preten'tiouB, -shus, 
a. Full of pretension; disposed to claim more than 
is one's due. 

Preterhuman, pre-ter-hu'man, a. More than human; 
sfiperhuman. 

Preterimperfect, pre'ter-im-per'fekt, a. (Gram.) Not 
absolutely or distinctly past; past imperfect. 

Preterit, -ite, pret'er-it, a. Past, — appl. to the tense 
in grammar which expresses an action or being per- 
fectly past or finished, often that which is just past 
or completed, but without a specification oi time, — 
called also the 2Jerfect tense. 

Pretermit, pre-ter-mif, v. t. To omit, disregard. 

Preternatural, pre-ter-nach''ur-al, a. Beyond or dif- 
ferent from what is natural ; out of the regular 
course of things. 

Preterperfect, pre-ter-per'fekt, a. (Gram.) Express- 
ing :iction or being absolutely past ; perfect. — Pre- 
terplu'perfect, a. Expressing action or being past 
at or before another past event or time; pluperfect. 

Pretext, pre-teksf or pre'tekst, n. Ostensible mdtive 
assigned or assumed as a cover for the real motive ; 
pretense; semblance; appearance. 

Pretor, pre^'ter, n. A civil officer among the ancient 
Romans. 

Pretty, prit'tY, a. [-tier; -tiest.] Pleasing by deli- 
cacy or grace; of pleasing and attractive form or 
features; having slight or diminutive beauty ; af- 
fectedly nice; foppish; petty; mean; despicable; 
contemptible. — adv. In some degree; tolerably; 
moderately; quite. 

Pretzel, prefzet, n. A brittle, salted_cake; cracknel. 

Prevail, pre-vaK, v. i. [-vailed (-vald'), -vailing.1 
To overcome, gain the victory or superiority, suc- 
ceed; to be in force, have effect, power, or influ- 
ence ; to persuade or induce. — Prevall-'ing, p. a. 
Having more influence ; superior in power, influ- 
ence, or efficacy; predominant; most general in re- 
ception, existence, or extension ; prevalent ; com- 
mon; efficacious; successful. — Prev'alence, -a-lens, 
n. Condition or quality of being prevalent; superior 
strength, influence, or efficacy; most general recep- 
tion or practice, existence or extension .—Prev'alent, 
a. Gaining advantage or superiority; most gener- 
ally received; extensively existing; prevailing. 

Prevaricate, pre-var'I-kat, v. i. To evade telling the 
truth, equivocate, quibble, shuffle. (Civil Lavj.) 
To collude, as where an informer colludes with the 
defendant. -Prevar^ica'tion, n. Act of shuffling 
or quibbling to evade the truth, or disclosure of 
truth. (Civil Lena.) Collusion of an informer with 
the defendant. (Common Law.) The undertaking a 
thing falsely or deceitfully, for the purpose of de- 
feating or destroying it. 

Prevent, pre-venf, v. t. Orig. to be beforehand 
with, get the start of; to intercept and stop, thwart, 
hinder, impede, debar, obstruct. — Preven'tion, n. 
Act of, etc.; obstruction. — Prevenfive, -iv, a. 
Tending to prevent; hindering the access of. — n. 
That which prevents, or intercepts approach. (Med.) 
Medicine taken in health, esp. after exposure to 
contaffion. etc., to prevent an attack of disease. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; find, eve, term ; In, ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; 



PREVIOUS 



315 



PRINCE 



Previous, pre-'vT-us, a. Going before in time ; being 
or happening before something else ; antecedent ; 
preceding; anterior; prior; foregoing; former. 

PrevlBion, pre-vizh'un, «. Foresight; prescience. 

Prey, pra, n. Anything, as goods, etc., taken by force 
in war; that which is seized by beasts or birds, to be 
devoured; anything taken violently or unjustly; 
spoil; booty; plunder. — r. i. [preyed (prad), prey- 
ing.] To collect spoil, take food by violence. 

Price, pris, n. The amount of money at which a 
thing is valued; that for-which something is bought 
or sold, or offered for sale; value; estimation; re- 
ward; recompense. — r. t. [priced (prist), pricing.] 
To set a price on. — Price'less, a. Too valuable to 
admit of being valued; of inestimable worth. 

Prick, prik, v. t. [pricked (prikt), pricking.] To 
puncture with a sharp-pointed instrument or sub- 
stance; to fix by the point, hang or put on by punc- 
turing ; to mark or designate by a puncture ; to 
trace, form, or make, by pricking; to spur, goad, 
incite; to affect with sharp pain; to erect into a 
point; to raise (something pointed), — said esp. of 
the ears of an animal ; — hence, to prick up the 
ears, to listen sharply. — v. i. To be pricked or 
punctured; to suffer or feel penetration by a point 
or sharp pain; to spur onward. — n. That which 
pricks, penetrates, or punctures; a pointed instru- 
ment; sharp, stinging pain; a mark made \>y a point; 
a puncture. — Prick'ing, «. Act of piercing ./ith a 
sharp point; sensation of sharp pain, or of being 
pricked; trace left bv a hare's foot. — Prick'le, n. 
A little prick; a small, sharp-pointed projection. — 
V. t. To pierce with a prickle, or with fine, sharp 
points; to prick slightlj-. — Prick'ly, -IT, a. Full of 
sharp points or prickles ; armed with prickles. — 
Prick'ly-pear, ?!. A species of 
Cactus, destitute of leaves, cov- 
ered with spines, and consist- 
ing of flattened joints inserted 
upon each other: it produces a 
purplish, edible fruit. 

Pride, prld, n. State or quality 
of being proud; inordinate self- 
esteem; noble self-esteem; ele- 
vation of character ; insolence 
or arrogance of demeanor; that 
of which one is proud ; that 

which excites boasting, — as, decoration, ornament; 
or, show, ostentation, nonor; or, elevation reached. 
— V. t. To indulge in pride, elation, self-gratulation, 
etc., — used reflexively. — Proud, prowd, a. Feeling 
or manifesting pride, in a good or bad sense; esp., 
possessing or showing inordinate self-esteem ; giv- 
ing reason or occasion for pride, self-gratulation, 
or boasting; excited by the animal appetite, — said 
of the female of some amvciaXs,.— Proud flesh. {Med.) 
A fungous growth or excrescence of flesh in a 
wound or ulcer. 

Priest, prest, n. One who officiates at the altar, or 
performs the rites of sacrifice. (Christian Ch.) A 
presbyter or elder ; a minister. (Prot. Epis. Ch.) 
One who belongs to the intermediate order oetween 
bishop and deacon. — Priesfcraft, n. The strata- 
gems and frauds of priests: fraud or imposition in 
religious concerns. — Priesfhood, n. Office or char- 
acter of a priest; priests taken collectively; order 
of priests. — Priesfly, a. Pert, to, or becoming, a 
priest or priests; sacerdotal. 
Prig, prig, n. A pert, conceited, saucy, pragmatical 
fellow ; a thief. — v. i. [prigged (prigd), -ging.] 
To haggle about the price of a commodity. — v. t. 
To filch or steal. 
Prim, prim, a. Formal; precise; affectedly nice. — v. t. 
[primmed (primd), -ming.] To deck with great 
nicety. 
Primadonna, prc'ma-don'na, n. The chief female 

singer in an opera. ' 

Prime, prim, a. Primitive; primary; first in rank, de- 
gree, dignity, or importance ; first in excellence; of 
Jiighest quality ; early ; blooming. — n. The first 
pert; beginning or opening, as of tne day, year, etc.; 
the dawn; the spring; spring of life; youth; full 
health, strength, or oeauty; that which is first in 
quality; best portion. {Rom. Cath. Ch.) The first 
canonical hour, succeeding to lauds. — v. t. [primed 




Prickly-pear, 



(primd), priming.] To fill the vent with powder, 
etc., for communicating fire, from the percussion 
cap, etc., to the charge ; to lay the first color in 
painting upon. — Pri'mary, ma-rT, a. First in or- 
der of time or development; preparatory to some- 
thing higher; first in dignity or importance; origi- 
nal; chief; lowest; primitive; elemental. — n. That 
which stands highest in rank or importance, pi. 
(Oitiith.) One of the large feathery on the last joint 
of a bird's wing. — Pri'mate, -mat, n. The chief 
ecclesiastic in a national church; an archbishop. — 
Pri'mateship, -macy, -ma-sT, n. Office or dignity of 
a primate. — Pre'mier, -mT-er, a. First; chief ; prin- 
cipal. (Her.) Most ancient. — Premier, pre'mt-er or 
prem^yer, n. The chief minister of state ; prime 
minister. — Primming, prlm^'ing, n. The powder, 
etc., used to communicate fire from the percussion 
cap, etc., to the charge in a firearm, etc. (Paint.) 
The first color laid on canvas, or on a building, etc. 
(Steam Eng.) The act of carrying over water from 
the boiler into the cylinder. — Prim'itive, prlm^'Y- 
tiv, a. Pert, to the beginning or origin, or to early 
times; characterized by simplicity; formal; prim; 
antique; antiquated: original; primary ; radical. — n. 
An original word: a word not derived from another. 

— Prim'er, primmer, n. A small, elementary book 
for teaching children to read. (Print.) A Kind of 
type, of which there are 2 species; one, called long 
primer, in size between small pica and bourgeois; 
the other, called great primer, larger than English, 
and the largest type commonly used in printing 
books. [Orig. the book of prime, or devotions, then 
an elementary book.] 

The type called long-jprimer. 

Great-primer type. 

— Prime'' val, pri-me''val, a. Belonging to the first 
ages; pristine; original; primitive. — I^^moge''mal, 
-je''nt-al, a. First born, made, or generated; pri- 
mary ; constituent ; elemental. — Pri''mogen''itor, 
-T-ter, n. The first father or forefather. — Pri'mo- 
gen'iture, -l-chur, n. Seniority by birth among chil- 
dren. (Eng. Law.) The exclusive right of inheri- 
tance which belongs _to the eldest son or daughter. 

— Prim''rose, prlrn'roz, n. An earlj' flowering her- 
baceous plant of many species. 

Prince, prins, n. A person possessing highest place 
and authority; a sovereign; monarcli; the son of a 
king or emperor, or the issue of a royal family; a 
person of rank next to the sovereign. — Prin^cess, 
n. A female prince ; daughter of a king ; consort 
of a prince. —Prince^'dom, -dum, h. The jurisdic- 
tion, sovereignty, rank, or estate, of a prince. — 
Prince'ly, -IT, a. Of, or relating to, a prince; regal; 
of highest rank or authority: resembling or becom- 
ing a prince; of great wealth or magnificence; grand; 
noDle; statel.y. — adv. In a prince-like manner. — 
Prin''ce's-meVal, n. An alloy composed of 75 parts 
of copper and 25 of zinc, in imitation of gold. — 
Prin'cipal, -sT-pal, a. Highest in rank, autliority, 
character, or importance ; most considerable ; chie"f . 

— n. A chief or head ; presiding teacher of a school ; 
one who takes the lead, — as, one who possesses or 
exercises chief authority. (Law.) The chief actor 
in a crime, or an abettor who is present at it, — as 
disting. f r. an accessory ; a chief obligor, promisor, 
or debtor, — disting. fr. a, surety ; one who employs 
another to act for him, — disting. fr. an agent. A 
tiling of chief or prime consequence ; a capital sum 
of money, placed out at interest, due as a debt, or 
used as a fund. — Prin'cipaKity, -paKT-tT, n. Sov- 
ereignty ; supreme power ; a prince ; one invested 
with sovereignty; the territory of a prince. — Prin'- 
cipally, adv. In a principal manner; chiefly; main- 
ly; essentially; especially; particularly.— Pnn'ciple, 
-sT-pl, 71. A source, or origin; that from which any- 
thing proceeds; an original faculty or endowment 
of the soul; a fundamental truth or tenet ; elemen- 
tary proposition; a settled rule of action; right rule 
of conduct; maxim; axiom; tenet; motive. (Chem.) 
An original element which characterizes some sub- 
stance, and from which it may be obtained by anal- 



eitn, cabe, fuill ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



PRINK 



316 



i'ROOEED 



ysis. — V. t. [principled (-pld), -fling.] To es- 
tablish or fix in, or impress with, tenets. 

Prink, prink, v. i. [pkinked fprinkt), prinking.] To 
dress for show, put on stately airs, strut. — v. t. To 
dress or adjust the hair, etc. 

Print, print, v. t. To press or impress, imprint; to 
take an impression of, stamp; to strike oi$ impres- 
sions of, by means of a press; to mark by pressure, 
form an impression upon; to form an irnitation of 
letters made by the impression of types. — v. i. To 
use or practice the art of typography ; to publish a 
book. — n. A mark made by impression or by pres- 
sure of one thing on another; impressions of types 
in general, as to form, size, etc. ; that produced by 
printing, — as, a stamped likeness of anything, an en- 
graving; or, a printed sheet of news, newspaper; or, 
a fabric figured by printing, calico; that which im- 
presses its form on anything. — Print'er, n. One who 
prints, impresses, or stamps ; esp., one employed 
in printing books, newspapers, etc. — Print'ing, w. 
Act, art, or practice of impressing letters, char- 
acters, or figures 
on paper, cloth, or 
other material; ty- 
pography.— Prinf- 
ing-ink, m. Ink 
used in printing 
paper. — press, n. 
A press for printing 
books, newspapers, 
handbills, etc. — 
Print''-shop, n. A 
shop where prints 
are kept for sale. 

Prior, pri''er, a. Pre- 
ceding in the order 
of time; anterior; 
antecedent; pre- 
cedent; preemi- 
nent. — n. (^Eccl.) 
The superior of a 
priory ; one next 
m dignity to an ab- 
bot. — Pfi'^oress, n. 
A female superior 
of a convent of 
nuns. — Pri''ory, -o-rY, 




Columbian Printing-press. 

t, tympan ; /, frisket ; r, rounce ; b, 
bar ; bd, bed ; p, platen. 



w. A religious house, the 
head of which was a prior or prioress, and which was 
in dignity below an abbey; a convent. — Prior'ity, 
-6r'T-tT, n. State of being antecedent in time, or of 
preceding something else; precedence; preeminence; 
preference. 

Prism, prizm, n. (Gfeom.) A solid whose bases or ends 
are any similar, equal, and parallel plane 
figures, and whose sides are parallelograms. 
(0/it.) A transparent body, with, usually. 
S rectangular plane faces or sides, and 2 
equal and parallel triangular ends or bases: 
see Light. — Prismafic, -ical, a. Resem- 
bling or related to, separated or distributed 
by, or formed by, a prism.- Prismafically, 
adv. — Pris^moid, -moid, n. A body that 
approaches to the form of a prism. 

Prison, priz'n, n. A building for the con- 'p -^ 
finement or safe custody of criminals, or ■•^"=''"- 
tliose accused of crime, and others committed by 
\ue process of law; a jail. — v. t. [prisoned (-nd), 
ONING.] To shut up in a prison, confine, restrain 
from liberty. — Pris'oner, n. One under arrest or 
in custody; a captive. 

Pristine, pris'tin, a. Belonging to the beginning or 
earliest time; original; first; primitive; former. 

Prithee, prith'e. Corrupt, of Ij^raythee, — generally 
used without the pronoun. 

Private, pri'vet, a. Belonging to, or concerning, an 
individual person, company, or interest,— personal, 
opp. to public ; peculiar to one's self ; sequestered 
from company or observation ; not invested with 
public office or employment; not publicly known ; 
not open; secret; secluded; solitary. — n. A com- 
mon soldier ; one of the lowest rank in an army. 
— Pri'vacy, -va-sT, n. State of being in retirement; 
a place ot seclusion from company or observation; 
retreat ; retirement ; concealment of what is said 
or done; secrecy. — Pri'vateer'', -ter'', n. An armed 



private vessel commissioned to cruise against the 
enemy's commerce. — ^ i'. i. [pri vateered (-terd'), 
-TEERiNG.] To cruise in a privateer. — Priva'tion, 
n. Act of depriving of rank or office; degradation 
in rank; state of being deprived of something, esp. 
of something required or desired; destitution; need; 
condition of being absent or wanting ; absence. — 
Priv'ative, priv'a-tiv, o. Causing privation ; de- 
priving ; consisting in the absence of something; 
not positive. — n. That which derives its charac- 
ter from, or of which the essence is, the absence 
of something. {Gram.) A prefix or suflBjc to a word 
which changes its signification and gives it a con- 
trary sense. — Priv'y, -Y, a. Pert, to some person ex- 
clusively ; assigned to private uses; private; not open 
or public; secret; clandestine; appropriated to retire- 
ment; secretly cognizant.— w. {Law.) A partaker; a 
person having an interest in any action or thing. A 
necessary house. — Priv'ilege, -I-lej, n. A peculiar 
benefit or advantage; a right or immunity not en- 
joyed by others or by all; 
prerogative ; franchise ; 
claim ; liberty. — v. t. 
[PRIVILEGED (-lejd), 
-LEGING.] To grant some 
particular right or exemp- 
tion to; to exempt, deliv- 
er. 

PrJ'^et, priv'et, n. An or- 
n ci .n d n t a 1 European 
shrub, used in hedges in 
the U.S. 

Prize, priz, n. Something 
taken from , another ; 
thing seized by force, ' 
stratagem, or superior 
power. {Law.) Anything 
captured by a belligerent 
using the right of war ; 
esp. a captured vessel. 
Anything carried off as 
the reward of success in a 
contest, etc.; thing of- 
fered to be competed for; 
that won in a lottery; anything worth striving for. 

Prize, priz, v. t. [prized (prizd), prizing.] To set or 
estimate the value of, rate; to value highly, esteem. 

Prize, to raise with a lever. See Pry. 

Pro and Con, pro-and-kon. For and against, pi. 
Things which may be urged for or against a thing. 

Proa, pro'a, n. A long, narrow, sail canoe, with oars 
and outrigger, used in the regions of the trade- 
winds : the head and stern are alike, but the sides 
differently formed. 

Probable, Probate, Probe, Probity, etc. See under 
Prove. 

Problem, prob'lem, n. A question proposed for solu- 
tion; a matter difficult of settlement. (Math.) Any- 
thing required to be done. — Problemafic, -ical, a. 
Having the nature of a problem ; questionable ; un- 
certain; disputable; doubtful. 

Proboscis, pro-bos' sis, n. ; pi. -boscides, -bos'sT-dez. 
An extensible hollow tube projecting from the head 
of certain animals, and capable of absorbing fluids,- 
a snout ; trunk : an insect's proboscis is usually a 
horny tube formed by the modified jaws. 

Proceed', pro-sed', v. i. To move, pass, or go forward 
or onward ; to come forth ; to pass from a stated 
point or topic to another ; to issue or come forth 
as from a source ; to go on in an orderly or reg- 
ulated manner ; to act by method. (Law.) To 
commence and carry on a legal process. — Pro'ceeds, 
n. pi. That which comes forth or results; yield; is- 
sue; product; sum afforded by a sale. — Proceed'- 
ing, n. Action contemplated as in process or with 
reference to its successive steps; progress or move- 
ment from one thing to another; transaction; meas- 
ure; step. — ProcedMire, -se'jur, »i. Act or manner 
of proceeding; progress; management; step taken ; 
act performed; course; conduct. — Proc'esB, pros'- 
es, n. Act of proceeding or moving forward ; pro- 
cedure; progress; advance; series of actions, mo- 
tions, or occurrences; progressive act or transaction; 
normal or regular manner of activity. (^Anat.^ Any 
protuberance; projecting part of any surface. (Law.) 




Privet. 



Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, tSrm ; Tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



PROCLAIM 



317 



PROFUSE 



The whole course of proceedingg in a cause. — Pro- 
ces'sion, -sesh'un, n. Act of proceeding ; reguUir, 
orderly, or ceremonious progress; a train of individ- 
uals advancing in order; a retinue. 

Proclaim, pro-Klam', v. t. [-claimed (-klamd'), 
-CLAIMING.] To make conspicuously known by 
public announcement, give wide publicity to, an- 
nounce, publish, promulgate, declare. — Proc'lama''- 
tion, n. Act of publishing abroad ; official or gen- 
eral publication; an official public announcement; 
published ordinance. 

Proclivity, pro-kliv'T-tT, n. Inclination ; propensity ; 
proneness ; tendency ; readiness ; facility. 

Proconsul, pro-kon'sul, n. {Rom. Antiq.) A Roman 
officer who discharged the duties of a consul with- 
out being himself consul; a governor of a province. 

Procra,8tiiiate, pro-kras'tT-nat, i\ t. To put off till to- 
morrow, or from day to day ; to defer to a future 
time, postpone, delay, retard, prolong. — v. i. To 
delay, be dilatory. — Procras'tina'tion, n. Act of, 
etc.; dilatoriness. 

Procreate, pro^kre-at. v. t. To beget, generate, en- 
gender. — Pro'crea'tion, n. Act of, etc. 

Procrustean, pro-krus'te-an, a. Pert, to or like Pro- 
crustes, a highwayman of Attica, who tied his vic- 
tims on an iron bed, and either stretched out or cut 
off their legs to adapt them to its length ; hence, re- 
ducing by violence to strict conformity to a measure 
or model. 

Proctor, etc. See under Procure. 

Procumbent, pro-kum'bent, a. Lying down or on the 
face; prone; prostrate. 

Procure, pro-kur'', v. t. To bring into possession ; to 
acquire or provide for one's self or for another ; to 
contrive and effect, bring about, gain, get, obtain, 
win, attract, cause. — r. i. To pimp. ^ Procure''- 
ment, n. Act of procuring; obtainnieiit; manage- 
ment; agency. — Procur^er, n. One who i)rocures or 
obtains; a pimp: pander. — Procur'ess. /;. A female 
procurer. — Procur'able. a. — Proc'ura'tor, prok'^u- 
ra'ter, n. (Law.) One who manages anotlier's af- 
fairs ; a proctor. {Rom. Antiq.) A governor of a 
province under the emperors: also, a certain officer 
who had the management of the revenue. — Proc''- 
nracy, -u-ra-st, n. Office or act of a proctor or proc- 
urator; vicarious management. — Proc'ttra'tion, n. 
Act of procuring; procurement; management of an- 
other's affairs; instrument by which a person is em- 
powered to transact the affairs of another; sum of 
money paid to the bishop or archdeacon by incum- 
bents, on account of visitations. — Proc'tor, -ter, n. 
One employed to manage the affairs of another. 
(Lmv.) An officer employed in-admiralty and eccle- 
siastical causes. An officer who attends to the mor- 
als of university or college students, and enforces 
obedience to the regulations. — Prox'y, -T, n. The 
agency of one who acts as a substitute for anotlier; 
one deputed to act for another; a writing by which 
one authorizes another to vote in his place. 

Prod, prod, v. t. To thrust with a pointed instrument, 
goad, prick, — n. A goad; awl. 

Prodigal, prod'T-gal, a. Given to extravagant expen- 
ditures; recklessly profuse; expending to excess, or 
without necessity ; lavish; free. — n. One who ex- 
pends money extravagantly or without necessity ; 
a spendthrift. —Prod'igal'ity, n. Extravagance in 
expenditure, esp. of money; profusion; waste. 

Prodigy, prod'I-jT, n. Something extraordinary from 
which omens are drawn ; portent ; anything won- 
derful or astonishing, and out of the ordinary course 
of nature; miracle; marvel; monster. — Prodig'ious, 
-dij'us, a. Of the nature of a prodigy; enormous in 
size, quantity, extent, etc.; huge; monstrous; por- 
tentous; amazing; extraordinary. 

Produce, pro-dus'', v. t. [-DucEoC-dtist''), -ducixg.] 
To offer to view or notice, exhibit ; to bring forth, 
give birth to, propagate, furnish ; to cause to be or 
to happen ; to manufacture ; to yield or furnish; to 
draw further, lengthen out, prolong. {Geom.) To 
extend, — applied to a line, surface, or solid. — Prod'- 
uce, prod'us, n. That produced, brought forth, or 
yielded; result of labor, esp. of agricultural labors; 
agricultural products.— Prod'uct, n. That produced, 
brought forth, or effected ; fruit, whether of growth 
or labor, either physical or intellectual. {Math.) The 



number resulting from the multiplication of 2 or 
more numbers. — Produc'tion, n. Act or process of 
producing; that produced or made; product; fruit 
of labor; a lengthening out; prolongation. — Pro- 
duc'tive, -tiv, a. Having the quality or power of 
producing; yielding or furnishing results; bringing 
into being ; causing to exist ; efficient ; producing 
good crops. 

Proem, pro'em, n- Preface; introduction; prelude. 

Profane, pro-fan', a. Not sacred or holy ; relating to 
matters other than sacred ; secular ; temporal ; 
worldly ; characterized by impurity ; esp., treating 
sacrHl things with contempt, disrespect, irrever- 
ence, or undue familiarity; taking the name of God 
in vain ; given to swearing; wicked ; godless ; im- 
pious. — V. t. [PROFAlfED (-fand'), -FANING.] To 

treat with abuse, irreverence, obloquy, or contempt; 
to put to a wrong or unworthy use ; to desecrate, 
pollute, defile, violate, dishonor. — Profon^'ity, -fSn'- 
T-tt, n. Quality or character of being profane; pro- 
faneness; esp., the use of profane language ; blas- 
phemy; that which is profane; profane language. — 
Prof'ana'tion, n. Act of violating sacred things, or 
of treating them with contempt or irreverence ; act 
of treating with abuse or disrespect. 
Profess, pro-f es', v. t. [-fessed (-f est'), -fessing.] To 
make open declaration of, confess publicly, affirm; to 
make pretense to, put on an appearance of ; to pre- 
tend to knowledge of, proclaim one'« self versed in. 

— V. i. To take a profession upon one's self; to 
confess. — Profess'sdly, adv. By profession ; by. 
avowal. — Profes'sion, -fesh'un, n. Act of profess- 
ing ; open declaration ; public avowal ; that which 
one professes; declaration ; claim ; occupation (not 
mechanical, agricultural, etc.), to which one devotes 
himself ; the collective body of persons engaged in 
a calling. — Profes'sional, a. Pert, to or engaged 
in a profession or a calling; professed; being ty pro- 
fession ; avowed. — Profes'sionally, adv. By pro- 
fession or calling. — Profess'or, n. One who makes 
open profession of his sentiments or opinions; esp., 
one who makes a formal profession of religion ; a pub- 
lic teacher of any science or branch of learning; esp., 
a college instructor. 

Proffer, proffer, v. t. [-fered (-ferd), -fering.] To 
offer for acceptance, propose to give, tender, essay. 

— n. An offer made ; something proposed for ac- 
ceptance by another. 

Proficient, pro-fish'ent, a. Well advanced in any 
branch of knowledge or skill; well-skilled; versed. 

— n. One who has made considerable advances in 
any business, art, science, or branch of learning; 
an expert, adept. — Profi'cience, -ciency, -fish'en-sT, 
n. StHte or quality of being, etc. 

Profile, pro'fil or -i'el, n. An outline or contour ; a 
vertical section through a building, figure, machine, 
piece of work, section of country, etc. {Paint. & 
Sculp.) A head or portrait represented_sidewise or in 
a side view. — v. t. [-filed (-fild or -feld), -filing.] 
To draw the outline of, draw in profile. 

Profit, profit, n. Acquisition beyond expenditure; 
in commerce, pecuniary guin in any transaction or 
occupation: valuable results; useful consequences; 
benefit: avail; advancement; gain; emolument. — 
V. t. To be of service to, be good to, help on, bene- 
fit. — V. i. To gain advantage, make improvement; 
to be of use or advantag-e, bring good. — Profitable, 
a. Yielding or bringing profit or gain; lucrative; 
advantageous; serviceable; improving. 

Profligate. proflT-^at, a. Abandoned to vice ; open- 
ly and shameles.slv immoral or vicious ; dissolute ; 
depraved; wicked. — ?i. An abandoned man; a 
vicious person. — Profligacy, -iT-ga-sT, n. Condition 
or qviality of being profligate; a very vicious course 
of life: prodigality; extravagance; exuberance. 

Profound, pro-fownd', a. Descending far below the 
surface ; low bending ; very 'low; characterized by 
intensity-; deeply felt; intellectually deep; reaching 
to the t)ottom of a matter ; exhibiting or express- 
ing deep humility. — n. The deep; the abyss; the 
sea; ocean. — Profun'dity, -fun'dl-tT, n. Condition 
or quality of being profound; depth of place, of 
knowledge, of science, of feeling, etc. 

Profuse, pro-fus', a. Very liberal; giving without 
stint; liberal to excess; lavish; exuberant; pouring 



atin, cQbe, full ; mooQr ^^^ > cow, oil ; linger or ink, &en, boNboN, chair, get. 



It 



PROC 



318 



PRONOUN 



forth very abundantly ; prodigal ; extravagant. — 
Profa''Bioh, -zhun, n. 'Act of a profuse person; ex- 
travagance of expenditure ; rich abundance ; exu- 
berant plenty. 

Prog, prog, V. i- To wander about and beg; to steal, 
filch. — n. Victuals sought by begging, or found 
by wlindering about; food; one who seeks victuals 
by wandering and begging. 

Progeny, proj'e-nT, n. Descendants of the human 
kind, or oif spring of other animals; offspring. — Pro- 
gen^'itor, pro-jeu'I-ter, n. An ancestor in the direct 
une; forefather. 

Prognathus, prog-na'thus, -natfic, a. Having^ pro- 
jecting jaw. 

Prognosis, prog-no'sis, n. (Med.) Act or art of fore- 
telling the course and event of a disease, by partic- 
ular symptoms. — Prognos'tic, -nos'tik, a. Indica- 
ting something future by signs or symptoms. — n. A 
sign by which a future event may be known or fore- 
told; a prediction. (Med.) A symptom indicating 
the course and event of a disease. — Prognos''ticate, 
-tik-at, V. t. To indicate as future, foretell from signs 
or symptoms, foreshow, betoken, presage, prophesy. 
— Progno8tica''tion, /). Act of, etc.; a previous sign; 
a foretoken. 

Program, -gramme, pro-'gram, n. A brief outline or 
explanation of the order to be pursued, or subjects 
embraced, in any public exercise. 

Progress, prog'' res. ?i. A moving or going forward, — 
as, in actual space, etc. ; or, in the growth of an 
animal or plant; or, in knowledge; or, in business 
of any kind; or, toward completeness or perfection; 
a journey of state, made by a sovereign through 
his own dominions. — Progress'', pro - gres', v. i. 
[-GRESSED (-grest''), -GRESSING.] To make progress, 
move forward, proceed, advance, go on : to make 
improvement. —Progres'sion, -gresh''un, n. Act of 
moving forward; motion onward; course; passage. 
(Math^ Continued proportion, arithmetical, geo- 
metrical, or harmonica!. {Mus.) A regular succession 
of chords, or movement of the parts in harmony. — 
Progress'ive, -iv, a. Moving forward; advancing; 
evincing progress; improving. 

Prohibit, pro-hib''it, v. t. To forbid, interdict by au- 
thority; to hinder, debar, prevent, preclude. — Pro'- 
bibi''tion, -bish''un,w. Act of, etc.; interdict. — Pro'- 
lubi''tionist, n. One who favors prohibitory duties 
in commerce or prohibition of the sale of intox- 
icating liquor. — Prohib''itive, -tiv, -tory, -to-rT, a. 
Tending to prohibit, forbid, or exclude ; implying 
prohibition. 

Project, pro-jekt'', v. t. To throw out, cast forward; 
to scheme, devise; to draw or exhibit (the form of 
anything); to exhibit in a striking way by the aid 
of another object. — v. i. To shoot forward, extend 
beyond something else, jut. — Proj''ect, proj^'ekt, n. 
That projected or designed, intended or devised; a 
plan ; scheme; an idle scheme ; design not practica- 
ble.— Projecfile, -jek'til, a. Impelling forward; giv- 
en by impulse; impelled forward. — n. A bodv pro- 
jected through the air, as a cannon-ball. pi. (Mech.) 
Science of the motion, range, etc., of bodies thrown 
above the surface of the earth. — Projec'tion, n. Act 
of, etc.; apart jutting out, as of a building: scheme; 
representation of something; delineation; plan; esp., 
the representation of any object on a perspective 
plane. — Projecfor, n. One who projects; one who 
forms a design, — esp. wild or impracticable schemes. 

Proytadre, pro-la-tar'', n. One of the common people; 
a low person ; the commonalty as an influence or 
estate in a country. — Prolif''ic,'«. Producing young 
or fruit; generative; fruitful; productive; serving 
to produce; fruitful of results; active. 

Prolix, pro-liks'', ((. Extending to a great length; in- 
dulging in protracted discourse; long; diffuse; te- 
dious; tiresome; wearisome. — Prolix'ity, n. Qual- 
ity of being, etc.; great length: minute aetail. 

Prolocutor, prol-o-ku''ter or pro-lok''u-ter, n. One who 
speaks for another; the speaker or chairman of a 
convocation. 

Prologue, pro''log, n. The preface or introduction to 
a discourse or performance ; esp., the poem spoken 
before a dramatic performance begins. 

Prolong, pro-long'', v. t. [-longed (-longd''), -long- 
ing.] To lengthen in time, extend the duration of; 



to put off to a distant time; to extend in space or 
length ; to delay, protract, postiwne. — Prolonga'- 
tion, n. Act of, etc.; extension. 

Promenade, prom-e-nad'' or -nad', n. A walk for 
amusement or exercise; a place for walking. — v.i. 
To walk for amusement or exercise. 

Promethean, pro-me''the-an, a. Of, or pert, to, Pro- 
metheus., fabled to have formed men of clay, and 
given them life by means of fire stolen from heaven; 
aving a life-giving quality; inspiring. 

Prominent, prom''T-nent, a. 'Standing out beyond the 
line or surface of something; likely to attract atten- 
tion from size or position; eminent; distinguished 
above others ; conspicuous ; chief. — Prom''inence, 
-nency. -nen-sT, 71. State of. or that which, etc. 

Promiscuous, pro-mis'ku-us, a. Consisting of indi- 
viduals united in a body or mass without order; dis- 
tributed or applied without order or discrimination; 
common; indiscriminate; confused. 

Promise. prom''is, n. A declaration by one person to 
another, which binds him who makes it to do or 
forbear a specified act ; a binding declaration of 
something to be done or given for another's benefit; 
ground or basis of hope; bestowal or fulfillment of 
what is promised. — v.t. [peomised (-ist), -isixg.] 
To engage to do, give, make, or to refrain from do- 
ing, etc. ; to afford reason to expect, assure : to engage 
to bestow. — V. i. To give assurance hy a promise, 
afford hopes or expectations. — Prom''issory, -so-rT, 
a. Containing a binding declaration of something 
to be done or forborne. — Promissory note. {Law?) 
A written promise to pay to some person named, 
and at or before a time specified therein, a certain 
sum of money, in consideration of value received. 

Promontory, prom''on-to-rT, n. A high point of land 
or rock projecting into the sea; a headland. 

Promote, pro-mot'', v. t. To contribute to the growth, 
enlargement, or excellence of (anything valuable) j 
to forward, advance, contribute to the increase or 
power of ; to excite, stir up ; to exalt in station, 
rank, or honor; to elevate, raise, prefer. — Promo'- 
tion, n. Act of, or condition of being, etc. ; advance- 
ment; assistance; elevation. 

Prompt, prompt, a. Ready and quick to act as occa- 
sion demands; acting with cheerful alacrity; quick- 
ly, readily, or cheerfully performed; expeditious; 
alert; brisk; nimble. — v.t. To move or excite to 
action or exertion; to suggest to the mind; esp., to 
assist (a speaker or a learner) when at a loss. — 
Prompfer, n. One who prompts; esp., one who as- 
sists speakers, or actors in a play, when at a loss. ^— 
Prompt''itude, -T-tud, n. Quality of being prompt; 
quickness of decision and action when occasion de- 
mands: cheerful alacrity. 

Promulgate, pro-muKgat, lu t. To make known by 
open declaration, as laws, decrees, or tidings; to an- 
nounce, publish, declare, proclaim. — Pro'mulga'- 
tion, n. Act of , etc.; open declaration. — Pro''mnl- 
ga'tor, n. One who, etc. — Promttlge', pro-mtdj', 
V. t. [-MOLGED (-muljd'^), -MULGiNG.] To promul- 
gate. 

Prone, pron, a. Bending forward ; in- 
clined; flat on the face; lying with the 
face downward : headlong ; running 
downward ; sloping, with reference to 
a line or surface: disposed, — usually 
in an ill sense. -Prone^'ness, ?;. State 
of being prone : in- 
clination of mind, 
heart, or temper: pro- 
pension; disposition. 

Prong, prong, n. A 
sharp-pointed instru- 
ment; the tine of a 
fork, etc. ; a pointed 
proj ec tion .— Prong''- 
bom, -buck, n. An 
antelope of western 
N. Amer., having hol- 
low deciduous horns, t>-^«™ k^ 

with a prong near the Prong-horn. 

end of each ; the only known animal having true 

deciduous horns. 

Pronoun, pro''nown, n. (Gram.) A word used instead 
of a noun or name, to prevent the repetition of it. 




am, lame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, t5rm ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



PRONOUNCE 



319 



PROPULSION 



— Pronom^inal, -nom'-t-nal, a. Belonging to, or 
partaking of, the nature of a pronoun. 

Pronoonce, pro-nowns', v. t. [-nounced (-nownsf), 
-NOUNCiNG.] To utter articulately, speak distinctly; 
to utter formally, officially, or solemnly; to speak 
rhetorically ; to declare or affirm. — Pronounced'', 
-nownst', a. Strongly marked ; decided. — Pro- 
noun'oing, p. a. Teaching or indicating pronun- 
ciation. —Pronun'cia''tion, -shT-a'shun, 74. Act of, 
etc. ; utterance ; mode of uttering words or sen- 
tences. (RJuit.) Art or manner of uttering a dis- 
course with propriety and gracefulness. — Pronun'- 
ciamen''to, -st-a-men'to, -ciamiento, -ndbn'the-a'- 
ml-en-to, n. A proclamation ; manifesto ; formal 
announcement or declaration. 

Proof, etc. See under Prove. 

Prop, prop, V. t. [PROPPED (propt), propping.] To 
support or prevent from falling by placing some- 
thing under or against; to sustain, support, stay, up- 
hold. — n. That which sustains an incumbent weight; 
that on which anything rests for support; stay; staff; 
pillar. 

Propagate, prop^a-gat, v. t. To continue or multiply 
by generation or successive reproduction ; to cause 
to reproduce itself ; to cause to spread or extend ; 
to spread from person ft) person, extend the knowl- 
edge of, diffuse, disseminate, promote. — v. i. To 
have young or issue ; to be produced or multiplied 
hj generation. — Prop'aga^'tion, n. Act of propaga- 
tmg; the spreading or extension of anything ; gen- 
eration ; extension; increase. — Prop'aga'tor, n. — 
Frop'^agable, a. — Propagan'da. -gan'da, n. A so- 
ciety in Rome, charged with the management of 
the Rom. Cath. missions, and entitled Congregatio 
de Propaganda Fide; hence, any organized effort 
to make proselytes. — Propagan^'dism, -dizm, n. 
Art or practice of propagating tenets or principles. 

Proparoxytone, pro-par-oks'I-ton, ?i. {Gr. Gram.) A 
word accented on the antepenult. 

Propel, pro-peK, v. t. [-pelled (-peld'), -Ipelling.] 
To drive forward, urge or press onward by force. 

— Propel'lej, w. One who, or that which, propels; 
esp. a contrivance for propelling a steamboat, con- 
sisting of a revolving screw placed in the stern; a 
steaniDoat thus propelled : see Screw-propeller. 

— PropuKsion, -shun, n. Act of, etc. 

Prepense, pro-pens', a. Inclined; disposed either to 
good or evil; prone. — Propense'ness, -pen'sion, 
-pen'sity, -sT-tl, -pend'ency, -en-sT, n. State of 
being propense or inclined; natural inclination; dis- 
position; bias; proclivity; proneness. 

Proper, propter, a. Belonging to as one's own; own; 
belonging to the natural or essential constitution of; 
esp., befitting one's nature, property, etc.; adapted 
to the ends of order, comfort, taste, beauty, moral- 
ity, etc.; precise; formal; according to usage; well 
formed; handsome; pert, to one of a species, but not 
common to the whole; not appellative. — Prop'^erly. 
adv. In a proper manner; suitably; fitly; in a strict 
sense; strictly. —Prop'^erty, -er-tt, n. That which 
is proper to anything; a peculiar g^uality of any- 
thing; an acquired or artificial quality; that which 
is peculiar to any person; that to which a person has 
a legal title ; thing owned; exclusive right of pos- 
sessing; possession held in one's own right; an es- 
tate, whether in lands, goods, or money; nearness 
or right; a piece of land with the appurtenant build- 
ings. — Propri'etary, -pri'e-ta-rt, n. A proprietor 
or owner; a body of proprietors taken collectively. 

— a. Pert, to a proprietor. — Proprietor, -e-ter, n. 
One who has the legal right or exclusive title to 
anything, whether in possession or not; an owner. 

— Proprl'etorship, w. State of being proprietor.— 
Propri^etress, n. A female proprietor. — Propri'- 
ety, -e-tt, n. Conformity to an acknowledged or cor- 
rect standard; consonance with established princi- 
ples, rules, or customs; fitness; decorum; justness; 
accuracy. 

Properispomenon, pro'pSr-t-spom'e-non, n. (Gr. 
Gram.) A word having the circumflex accent on 
the penult. 

Prophet, prof 'et, w. One who foretells events; a pre- 
dicter; an interpreter. — Proph^ecy, -e-sY, w. A dec- 
laration of something to come ; esp., an inspired 
foretelling. (Script.) A book of prophecies; a his- 



tory; public interpretation of Scripture; preaching. 
— Proph'esy, -e-sl, v. t. [-sied (-sid), -sying.] T^ 
foretell, as future ;_jpredict. — v. i. To utter predic- 



prophecy, — used with of before the thing fore- 
told. 

Prophylaxis, prof-T-laks'is, n. (Med.) Art of pre- 
serving from, or preventing, disease ; observance of 
rules necessary for the preservation of health ; pre- 
servative or preventive treatment. — Proph'ylac'tic, 
n. A medicine which preserves or defends against 
disease ; a preventive. — Proph'ylaw'tic, -tical, a. 
Defending from disease. 

Propinquity, pro-pink-'wlt-tt, n. Nearness in place, 
time, or relationship; neighborhood; proximity. 

Propitious, pro-pish'us, a. Favorable ; kind ; ready 
to forgive sins and bestow blessings ; auspicious. 

— Propi'tiate, -l-at, v. t. To appease and render 
favorable, make propitious. — Propi'tia'tion, n. Act 
of propitiating or making propitious ; that which, 
etc. (Theol.) The atonement or atoning sacrifice. — 
Propi'tiatoiy, -a-to-rt, a. Having the power to make 
propitious ; pert, to, or employed in, propitiation; 
expiatory. — n. (Jewish Antiq.) The mercy-seat; the 
lid or cover of the ark of the covenant ; tue symbol 
of the propitiated Jehovah. 

Propolis, pro''po-lis, n. A resinous substance of a red- 
dish color, used by bees to stop crevices in their 
hives, etc. 

Proponent. See under Propound. 

Proportion, pro-por'shun, n. Arrangement of parts ■, 
relation of one portion to another, or to the whole, 
with respect to magnitude or quantity ; relation of 
one thing to another in size, quantity, degree, etc. ; 
equal or just share; lot; symmetrical arrangement, 
distribution, or adjustment. (Math.) Equality or 
similarity of ratios, esp. of geometrical ratios ; the 
rule of 3 in arithmetic, in which the 3 given terms, 
together with the 1 sought, are proportional. — v. t. 
[proportioned (-shund), -tioning.] To adjust in 
a suitable proportion ; to form with symmetry or 
suitableness. — In proportion. According as ; to the 
degree that. — Propor'tionable, a. Capable of being 
proportioned or made proportional ; proportional. 

— Ptopor'tional, a. Having a due proportion or 
comparative relation ; relating to, or securing, pro- 
portion. (Math.) Having the same, or a constant, 
ratio. — n. (Math.) Any number or quantity in a 
proportion. (Chem.) Same as Equivalent. — Pro- 
por'tional'lty, -aKT-tt, n. Quality of being in pro- 
portion. — Propor'tionate, -at, a. Adjusted to some- 
thing else, according to a proportion; symmetrical; 
corresponding. — v. t. To make proportional ; to 
proportion. 

Propose, pro-poz', v. t. [-po.sed (-pozd'), -posing.] 
To offer for consideration, discussion, acceptance, 
or adoption; to purpose, intend. — v. i. To lay 
schemes; to offer one's self in marriage.— Propos'al, 
n. That which is proposed for consideration or ac- 
ceptance; offer ; proffer; tender; overture. — Pur'- 
pose, per'pus, n. Object to be reached or accom- 
plished; end or aim to which the view is directed in 
any plan, measure, or exertion; design; end; inten- 
tion.— i;.i. [PURPOSED (-pust), -posing.] To deter- 
mine upon (some end or object to be accomplished); 
to intend, design, resolve. — v. i. To design, intend, 
mean. — On purpose. With previous design; with 
the mind directed to that object. — Pur'posely, adv. 
By purpose or design ; intentionally; with predeter- 
mination. 

Propound, pro-pownd'', v. t. To lay before, offer for 
consideration. (Congregational Churches.) To pro- 
pose or name as a candidate for admission to com- 
munion with a church. — Proposi'tion, -zish'un, m. 
That which is offered for consideration, acceptance, 
or adoption. (Gram. &. Logic) A complete sentence; 
a subject and predicate united by a copula. (Math.) 
A statement in terms either of a truth to be demon- 
strated or of an operation to be performed. — Pro- 
po'nent, n. One who makes an offer, or lays down 
a proposition. 

Proprietor, Propriety, etc. See under Proper. 

Propulsion. See under Propel. 



sQn, cube, fuU; moon, tSbt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, lien, boxboN, chair, get. 



PRO RATA 



320 



PROTRACT 



Pro rata, pro-ra'ta. In proportion. — Prorate'', -raf, 
V. t. To divide or distribute proportionally ; to as- 
sess pro rata. — n. A division of rate proportion- 
ably. 
Prorogue, pro-rog', v. t. [-rogued (-rogd''), -rogu- 
iXG.j To protract, prolong, defer, delay; to adjourn 
(a parliament or legislature) to some definite time, 
or esp. till the commencement of the next annual 
session. — Prc'roga'tion. n. Adjournment of a par- 
liament, etc., by authority of a sovereign, governor, 
etc. 

Prosaic, Prosaism, etc. See under Prose. 

Proscenium. pro-se'uT-um, 71. (Anc. Theater.) The 
stage. {Modern Theater.) The part of the stage in 
front of the drop-scene. 

Proscribe, pro-skrib', r. t. [-scribed (-skribd'), -scrib- 
ing.] To doom to destruction; to denounce and 
condemn as dangerous and not worthy of reception, 
interdict, prohibit: to outlaw, doom.— Proscrip'tion, 
71. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; outlawry ; ban- 
ishment ; condemnation ; denunciation. — Proscrip'- 
tive, -tiv, a. Pert, to, or consisting in, proscription; 
pros-cribing. 

Prose, proz, n. The natural language of man; lan- 
guage not in verse; a prosy talker. — v. i. [prozed 
(prozd)', HROZIXG.] To write prose; to talk in a dull, 
prosy, tedious manner. — a. Pert, to, or composed 
of J prose; possessing or exhibiting unpoetical char- 
acteristics.— Pros'y, -T, a. [-IER, -lEST.] Like prose; 
dull; ledious. — ftrosa'ic, -ical, pro-za'ik-al. a. 
Pert, to, or resembling, prose; dull; uninteresting; 
prosy. 

Prosecute, pros'e-kut, v. t. To follow or pursue with 
a view to reach, execute, or accomplish; to seek to 
obtain by legal process. {Law.) To accuse of some 
crime or breach of law, or to pursue for redress 
or punishment, before a legal tribunal. — v. i. To 
carry on a legal prosecution.- Pros'ecu'tion, n. Act 
or process of prosecuting, or of endeavoring to gain 
or accomplish something. {Lav;.) The institution 
and carrying on of a suit. — Pros'ecu'tor, n. 

Proselyte, pros''e-lTt, n. A convert to some religion or 
religious sect, or to some particular opinion, system, 
or party. — v. t. To convert to some religion, opin- 
ion, or system. 

Pro-slavery, pro-slav'er-T, a. In favor of slavery. 

Prosody, pros'o-dt, n. That part of grammar which 
treats of the quantity of syllables, of accent, and of 
the laws of versification. 

Prosopopoeia, pros'o-po-pe'ya, n. {Rhet.) A figure by 
which things are represented as persons, or an ab- 
sent person is introduced as speaking; personifica- 
tion. 

Prospect, pros^pekt, n. That which is embraced by 
the eye in vision; view; a picturesque or widely ex- 
tended view; landscape: a position which affords a 
fine view; a lookout; position of the front of a build- 
ing; anticipation; ground for hoping; expectation. 
— V. t. To search or examine for (esp. ore, gold, 

€tc.). — V. i. To make a search, seek Prospec'tion, 

pro-spek'shun, n. Act of looking forward, or pro- 
viding for future wants. — Prospective, -iv, a. 
Looking forward in time; acting with foresight; re- 
specting or relating to the future. — Prospec'tus, n. 
Plan of a literar3' work, containing the general sub- 
ject or design, terms of publication, etc. 

Prosperous, pros^per-us, a. Tending or permitted to 
succeed in the pursuit of anything desirable; favor- 
ing success; fortunate; flourishing; thriving; auspi- 
cious; lucky.— Pros'per, v. t. [-pered (-perd), -per- 
ING.] To favor, render successful. — v. i. To be 
successful, flourish, thrive, advance. — Prosper^ity, 
-pSr'l-tT, a. Advance or gain in anything desirable; 
successful progre.ss in any enterprise; success; thrift; 
weal: welfare: well-being; happiness. 

Prostitute, pros'tT-tut, v. t. To offer (a woman) to a 
lewd use: to devote to base or unworthy purposes. — 
a. Openly devoted to lewdness, or to base or infa- i 
mous purposes. — n. A woman given to indiscrimi- ' 
nate lewdness; a strumpet; abase hireling. — Pros- i 
titu'tion. n. Act or practice of prostituting; com- 
mon lewdness of a female; act of setting one's self 
to sale, or of devoting to infamous purposes what is 
in one's power. 

Prostrate, pros'trat, a. Lying at length, or with the 



body stretched out; occupying a humble or suppli- 
ant position. — V. t. To lay or fall flat, throw down : 
to cause to sink totally, reduce. — Prostra'tion, n. 
Act of prostrating, throwing or falling down, or lay- 
ing flat; condition of being prostrate; great depres- 
sion. {Med.) Oppression of natural strength and 
vigor. 

Prosy. See under Prose. 

Protagonist. See under Proteid. 

Protasis, prot'a-sis, n. A proposition; maxim. {Gram.) 
The first or subordinate member of a sentence, gen- 
erally of a conditional sentence. 

Protean, pro'te-an, u. Pert, to Proteus, a sea-god who 
could assume dilferent shapes; readily changing the 
form or appearance. 

Protect, pro-tekt', v. t. To cover or shield from dan- 
ger or injury; to delend, guard, preserve, secure. — 
Protec'tion, n. Act ol jjn.tecting: preservation from 
loss, injury, or annoyance; state of being protected; 
that which pre!>erveb from injury; a writing that pro- 
tects ; delense : guanl : sliel'ter ; refuge ; security ; 
safety. — Protec'tionist, //. One who favors the 
protection of some brancli of industry by legal enact- 
ments. — Protective, -iv, a. Affording protection; 
sheltering. — Protect'or, n. One who, etc.; a guar- 
dian, preserver, supporter. — Protecforate. -er-at, w. 
Government by a protector; authority assumed by a 
superior power over an inferior or a dependent one. 
— Protege, n. in., Viot4g6e, pro-ta-zha'jK./. One un- 
der the protection of another. 

Proteid, pro''te-id, n. {Chem.) One of certain nitrog- 
enous, amorphous principles (albumen, gluten, 
fibrin, casein, etc.), forming the chief solid constitu- 
ents of the blood, muscles, etc., of animals, and oc- 
curring in almost every part of vegetables ; an al- 
buminoid. — a. Of, or pert, to, etc. — Protag-'omst, 
n. One who fiUs the leading part in a drama, or in 
any great enterprise, conflict, etc. — Prothon'otary, 
-thon'o-ta-rl, n. Achiet notary or clerk; in some of 
the U. S.. a register or chief clerk of a court. {Rom. 
Cath. Ch.) One of 12 persons constituting a college, 
who receive the last wills of cardinals, etc. — Pro'- 
tocol, n. Original copy of any writing, as of a 
treaty; rough draught of an instrument or transac- 
tion ; a friendly diplomatic document designed to 
effect the peaceful accomplishment of diplomatic 
ends. — Pro'toplasm, -plazm, w. {Phym'ol.) A homo- 
geneous structureless substance, forming the phys- 
ical basis of life, contractile, and resembling albu- 
men in chemical composition: cytoplasm: sarcode; 
ferminal matter. — Pro'toplast, n. The thing first 
ormed, as a copy to be imitated; an original. — Pro'- 
totype, -tip, n. "a model after which anythin?- is 
copied; pattern; exemplar; archetype. — Protezo'- 
an, -zo^'an, n. An animal of the lowest class, ais- 
ting. by its simplicitv of structure: the protozoans in- 
clude the sponges, a"hd many so-called animalcules. 

Protest, pro-tesf, v. i. To affirm in a public or for- 
mal manner; to make a solemn declaration (usually 
a written one) expressive of opposition ; to assever- 
ate, aver, attest, declare, profess. — r. t. To make a 
solemn declaration or aflfirmation of. — Pro''test, /?. 
A solemn declaration of opinion, commonly against 
some act; a declaration that one does not consent 
to an act; esp. a declaration in writing of dissent 
from the proceedings of a legislative body. {Law.) 
A declaration in writing, made bv a notary public, 
on behalf of the holder of a bill or note, that ac- 
ceptance or payment hns been refused. — Profes- 
tant, a. Making a protest; pert, to the faith and 
practice of those M'ho p'otest airainst the church of 
Rome. — n. One who. etc — Prot'esta'tion, n. Act 
of making a protest o'- imhlic avowal ; a solemn 
declaration, esp. of disspiit. 

Prothonotary, Protocol, Protoplasm, etc. See under 
Proteid. 

Protract, pro-trakf, v. t. To draw out or lengthen in 
time, continue; to put off to a 
distant time, prolong, delaj', 
defer, retard. {SunK) To lay 
down with scale and protrac- 
tor. — Protracfer, «. One who, 
etc. — Protracfor. -er, n. One ' 
who, etc. : a mathematical in- 
strument for lavinjj 




Protractor. 
down and measuring angles oc 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone, or ; 



PROTRUDE 



321 



PROXIMATE 



paper. (Surg.) An instrument used in extracting 
foreign or offensive matter from a wound. — Pro- 
tracTiion, n. Act of drawing out or continuing in 
time. (Surv.) Act of plotting or laying down on 
paper the dimensions of anj'thing, as a iield. That 
which is protracted, or plotted on paper.— Protract '- 
ive, -iv, a. Prolonging; continuing; delaying. 

Protrude, pro-trood', v. t. To thrust out, as through a 
narrow orifice or from confinement. — v. i. To snoot 
forward, be thrust forward. — Protrn'sion, -zliun, n. 
Act of, or state of being, etc. — Protru'sive, -siv, a. 
Thrusting or impellingforward. 

Protuberate, pro-tu'ber-at, v. i. To swell or be prom- 
inent beyond the adjacent surface ; to bulge ouf. — 
Protu'berance, -ans, «. Anything swelled beji^ond 
the surrounding surface; a projection. — Protu^ber- 
ant, a. Swelling. 

Proud. S£e under Pride. . _ 

Prove, proov, v. t. [proved (proovd), proving.] To 
try or ascertain by an experiment, test, or standard; 
to evince, establish, or ascertain (truth, reality, or 
fact) by argument, testimony, etc. ; to ascertain 
the genuineness or validity of ; to argue, verify, 
justify, evince, manifest, demonstrate. — v. i. To 
make trial; to be found by experience or trial; to be 
ascertained by the event subsequent. —Prov'en, -n, 
p. p. Scotch form of pr(>ved, p. p. of prove. — Proof, 
proof, n. Any effort, process, or operation designed 
to establish or discover a fact or truth ; test ; trial ; 
that degree of evidence which produces belief ; im- 
penetrability of physical bodies ; firmness of mind; 
stability not to be shaken; act of testing the strength 
of alconolic spirits ; the degree of strength. {Print.) 
A trial impression from a page or form of type, an 
engraved plate, etc., taken for correction. — a. Firm 
or successful in resisting; impenetrable, — much used 
in composition, as, waterproof, firvproof, etc. — 
Proof -sheet, n. {Print.) A trial impression from 
type, an engraved plate, etc.— Probe, prob, n. {Surg.) 
An instrument for examining a wound, ulcer, cav- 
ity, etc. — V. t. [probed (probd), probing.] To 
examine (a wound, ulcer, etc.) by an instrument 
thrust into the part ; to scrutinize ; to examine thor- 
oughly into. — Pro'bate, -bSt, n. {Law.) Official 
proof; esp., proof that an instrument purporting to 
be the last will and testament of one deceased, is 
his lawful act; right or jurisdiction of proving wills. 

— a. Of, or belonging tS, a probate or court of pro- 
bate. — Proba^'tion, n. Any proceeding designed to 
ascertain truth, to determine character, qualifica- 
tion, etc.; examination; trial. — Proba'^tional, -tion- 
ary, -a-rt, a. Serving for trial. — Proba'tioner, n. 
One undergoing probation ; a novice. — Pro'^bative, 
-ba-tiv, a. Serving for trial or proof; probationary. 

— Proba'tor, n. An examiner; approver. — Pro'ba- 
tory, -ba-to-rt, a. Pert, to, or serving for, triaLor 
proof. — Prob''ity, prShi't-tT, n. Tried virtue or in- 
tegrity ; approved moral excellence ; rectitude ; up- 
rightness ; sincerity. — Prob'able, -a-bl, a. Having 
more evidence^ for than against ; likely ; rendering 
probable ; giving ground for belief, but not demon- 
strating. — Prob'^ably, adr. In a probable manner; 
in likelihood ; likely. — Probabil''ity, -biKT-tT, n. 
Quality of being probable; anything that has the ap- 
pearance of truth. {Math.) The ratio of the whole 
number of chances, favorable and unfavorable, to 
the number of favorable chances. 

Provengal. See under Province. 

E*rovender, prov'en-der, n. Dry food for beasts, as 
corn, hay, and oats; a mixture of meal and cut straw 
or hay. 

Proverb, prov'erb, n. An old and common saying; 
esp. a sentence briefly and forcibly expressing some 
practical truth; a striking or paradoxical assertion; 
an enigma; maxim; aphorism; apothegm; adage ; 
saw ; a by-word ; an expression of contempt. — 
Prov'erbs, n. A book of the Old Test., containing 
maxims suitable for the conduct of all classes of men. 

— Proverb-'ial, pro-verb''T-al, a. Mentioned or com- 
prised in a proverb; universally acknowledged or 
spoken of;. pert, to, current as. resembling, or suit- 
able to, etc. — Proverb''ialism, -izm, n. A proverbial 
phrase. — Proverb'ialist, n. One who speaks prov- 
erbs. — Proverb'ially, arfv. In a proverb; in a pro- 
verbial manner; commonly; universally. 



Provide, pro-vld', v. t. To look out for in advance; to 
get, collect, or make ready for future use; to pre- 
pare; to furnish, supply. — v. i. To procure supplies 
or means of defense; to furnish, afford; to stipulate 
previously. — Provid'ed, conj. On condition ; by stip- 
ulation : with the understanding; if, — followed by 
that. — Prov'idence, n. Act of providing or prepar- 
ing for future use or application ; the foresight and 
care which God exercises over his creatures ; hence, 
God, regarded as exercising forecast, care, and direc- 
tion, for and on his creatures.— Prov'ident, a. Fore- 
seeing wants and making provision to supply them; 
forecasting; cautious; prudent; economical. — Prov- 
iden'tial, -shal, a. Elfected by the providence of 
God; referable to divine providence. — Prov'idently, 
adv. In a provident manner; with prudent foresight. 
— Provis''ion, -vizh^un, n. Act of providing or mak- 
ing previous preparation ; that provided or prepared ; 
measures taken beforehand; a stock of food; eat- 
ables collected or stored, — often in pi. ; a condition ; 
previous agreement; proviso; a temporary arrange- 
ment. — v.t. [provisioned (-vizh'und), -ioning.] 
To supply with victuals or food. — Provis''ional, 
-ionary, -a-rt, a. Provided for present need or for 
the occasion; temporary. — Provis'ionally, arlr. By 
way of provision; temporarily.— Provi'so, -vi'zo, n. ; 
pi. -SOS, -zoz. A conditional stipulation that effects 
an agreement, contract, law, grant, etc. — Provisory, 
-zo-rT, a. Conditional; making temporary provision. 

Province, prov'ins, n. A country or region dependent 
on a distant authority; a division of an empire, or 
state, esp. one remote from the capital; a region of 
country; tract; large extent; a region under the 
direction of any special person; a division in any 
department of knowledge or speculation : one's 
appropriate business, duty, or calling. — Provin''cial, 
-shal, a. Pert, or relating to a province; appendant 
to the principal kingdom or state; exhibiting the 
ways or manners of a province; countrified; rude; 
uncouth; having local prejudices; illiberal, — opp. to 
cosmopoJitan. — n. One belonging to a province. 
{Pom. Cath. Ch.) A monastic superior, in charge 
of all the religious houses of the same fraternity in 
a given district. — Provin^cialism, -izm, n. A pecul- 
iar word or manner of speaking in a province or dis- 
trict, remote from the metropolis. — Provin'oial'lty, 
-shI-aKT-tT. n. Peculiarity of language in a prov- 
ince. — Provensal', pro-voN-saK, a. Of or pert, to 
Provence (the first Roman province in Gaul), or to 
its inhabitants or language. — n. The Ronmnce 
tongue used in the Middle Ages, esp. in poetry; the 
Lanyve (Foe. as disting. fr. the Langue d'oU of 
Northern France, — oc and oil signifying yes in the 
two dialects. 

Provision, Proviso, etc. See under Provide. 

Provoke, pro-vok', v. t. [-voked (-vokt''), -voking.] 
To call forth, excite or stimulate to action; ta arouse 
to anger or passion, incense, offend, irritate, incite. — 
Prov^oca'tion, n. Act of provoking; that which pro- 
vokes or excites anger. — Provo''cative, pro-vo'ka- 
tiv, a. Serving or tending to provoke, excite, or 
stimulate. — n. Anything which, etc. ; a stimulant. 

Provost, prov'ust, n. A person appointed to superin- 
tend or preside over something; chief magistrate of 
a city or town ; head of a college. 

Prow, prow, fi. The fore 
part of a ship. 

Prowess, prow'es, n. Dis- 
tinguished bravery; val- 
or; esp., military bra- 
very ; gallantry. 

Prowl, prowl, v. t. 

[PROWLED (prowld), ^^ 
PROWLING.] To rove 
over, through, or about. 
— V. i. To rove or wan- 
der, esp. for prey; to^ 
prey, plunder. 1=— =- 

Proximate, proks'Y-mat, a. ~=^m. 
Next immediately pre- ^^ 
ceding or following ; Prow of Ancient Galley. 
closest ; immediate ; di- 
rect.— Proxim'ity, -im'I-tY, k. State of being next 
in time, place, causation, or influence, etc. — Prox-'' 
imo, n. A day of the next month. 




siin, cube, full ; moon, ffi&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, titien, boNboN, chair, get. 
21 



PROXY 



322 



PUDDING 



Proxy, etc. See under Peocure. 

Pmde. prood, n. A woman of affected or over-sensi- 
tive modesty or reserve. — Prud'ery, -er-T, n. Qual- 
ity or state bt being prudish ; affected scrupulous- 
ness; coyness.— Prud'ish, a. Like a prude; very for- 
mal, precise, or reserved. 

Prudent, proo''dent, a. Sagacious in adapting means 
to ends; practically wise: careful; dictated or di- 
rected by prudence; cautious; wary; circumspect; 
judicious; frugal; economic^il ; provident. — Pru''- 
dence, -dens, n. State of being prudent; wisdom ap- 
plied to practice. — Pruden''tial, -shal, a. Proceed- 
ing from, dictated or prescribed by, or exercising, 
prudence; discretionary; advisory. — Pruden'tially, 
adv. In conformity with prudence ; prudently. 

Pmne, proon, v. t. [pru.ved (proond), peuxixg.] To 
lop or cut off (the superfluoiis branches of trees) ; to 
trim; to dress or trim, as a bird its feathers. — v.i. 
To dresSj^ prink. 

Pmne, proon, n. A dried plum; sometimes, also, a 
fresh plum. — PruneKla. -nel''la, -nel'lo, n. A 
smooth woolen stuff, generally black, used for mak- 
ing shoes or garments ; a kind of lasting;. — Pmnelle, 
-neK, -nel'lo, n. A kind of small French plum, 
stoned, dried, and pressed. — Pruniferous, -nif'^er- 
us, a. Bearing plums. 

Prurient, proo'^rT-ent, a. Uneasy with desire; itching; 
inclined to lewd thoughts or sights. — Pru'^rience, 
-ency, -rT-en-st, ?i. State of being prurient; an itch- 
ing desire or appetite for anything. — Prurig''inoU3, 
-rij'^T-nus, a. Tending to, or caused or affected by, 
prurigo.— Pruri'go, -ri'go, n. (Med.) A papular dis- 
ease of the skin, of which itching is tne principal 
symptom. _ 

Prussian, prush'an or proo'shan, a. Of, or pert, to, 
Prussia. — n. A native or inhabitant of Prussia. — 
Pi~ussian hlue. (Chem.) Cyanide of potassium and 
iron, a salt of a deep blue, used as a pigment. — Prus'- 
siatCj -sT-at, n. (Chem.) One of various compound 
cyanides. — Prus'sic, a. Pert, to Prussian blue. — 
Frussic acid. An extremely powerful and instantly 
fatal Kquid poison, composed of hydrogen and cyan- 
ogen ; hydrocyanic acid : it smells and tastes like 
bitter almonds or peach stones. 

Pry, pri, V. i. [pried (prid), prying.] To inspect 
closely; to attempt to discover that wmch is hidden 
or inaccessible. 

Pry, pri, [pried (prid), prying.]. Prize, Prise, v. t. 
[prized or PRISED (prizd), prizing or prising.] To 
raise, or attempt to raise, with a lever. — n. A lever. 

Psalm, sam, n. A sacred song; esp., one of the hymns 
by David and others, contained in the Bible; or, a 
modern versification of such a hymn. — Psalm^ist, 
n. A writer of sacred songs, — a title esp. applied to 
David. — Psal'mody, saKmo-dl, n. Act, practice, or 
art of singing psalms ; psalms considered collectively. 
— Psal'ter, sawKter, n. The Book of Psalms ; esp., 
the Book of Psalms as printed in the Book of Com- 
mon Prayer. — Psal'tery, -ter-T, n. A stringed in- 
strument of music used by the Hebrews. 

Pseudsesthesia, su-des-the'zht-a, n. (Physiol.') False 
or imaginary feeling or sense-perception, as in hypo- 
chondriasis, or in an organ that has been removed, 
as an amputated foot.— Pseu'do-dip'teral, a. (Arch.) 
Imperfectly or 



falsely dipter- 
al. — n. A tem- 
ple, etc., in 
■vrhich the in- 
ner range of 
columns s u r- 
rounding the 
cell is omitted. 
— Pseu'donym, 
-nim, n. A fic- 
titious nam 



1 


o oooo 


o o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o o o| 1 


oo o ■ 

oo BB^ 

ooo o o 


oo 


o 


[ 

o 


o 


o 


olooi 
oo o o o 


1 



Pseudo-dipteral, 
assumed for the time, as by an author. — Pseudon'y- 
mous, -don't-mus, a. Bearing a fictitious name. 

Pshaw, shaw, interj. Pish ! pooh ! — an exclamation ex- 
pressive of contempt, disdain, or dislike. 

Psora, so'ra, n. (Med.) A cutaneous disease; esp., the 
itch. 

Psychic, si'kik, -chical, a. Of, or pert, to, the human 
soul ; relating to the living principle in man. — Psy- 
choKogy, -kol'o-jlC, n. A treatise on the human soul ; 





Pterophorus. 



the systematic or scientific knowledge of the powers 

and functions of the human soul, so far as they are 

known by consciousness. — Psycholog'ic, -ical, -loi'- 

ik-al, a. Pert, to psychology.— P8ycfiol''ogist, -kol''- 

o-jist, n. One versed in the nature and properties of 

the soul, or who writes on the subject. 
Ptarmigan, tar'mT-gan, n. A bird of the grouse fam- 
ily, having the 

feet and toes 

feathered, and 

haunting lofty 

heights of 

mountainous 

countries in 

Europe, Asia, 

and Amer. 
Pterodactyl, ter- 

o-dak'til, M. 

(P aleon.) A 

fossil reptile 

which had the 

Tl^'^^iul Ptarmigan. 

freatly elongated, to bear a membranous wing. — 
teroph'- ^ ^ 

orus, te- 
rof'o-rus, 
n. (E n- 
tom.) One 
of agenus 
of s m a 1 1 
lepidop- 
t e^- o u s 
insects 
whose 
wings 
are di- 
vided 
into nar- 
row feathered raj's 

Ptolemaic, tol-e-ma'ik, a. Pert, to Ptolemy, an an- 
cient Greek geographer and astronomer who suj)- 
posed the earth to be fixed in the center of the uni- 
verse, witli_the sun and stars revolving around it. 

Ptomaine, to''ma-Tn, n. One of a class of animal 
bases or alkaloids formed in the putrefaction of 
albuminous matter, and closely related to the vege- 
table alkaloids ; a cadaveric poison. 

Puberty, pu'ber-tt, n. The age at which persons are 
capable of begetting or bearing children, being, in 
temperate climates, about 14 years in males and 12 in 
females. — Pubes'cent, -bes'sent, a. Arriving at pu- 
berty. (Bat.) Covered with pubescence, as the 
leaves of plants. — Pubes^cence, -sens, n. State of a 
youth who has arrived at puberty ; state of puberty. 
(B5t.) The soft downy substance on plants. 

Public, pub'lik, a. Pert, to the people ; relating to a 
nation, state, or community; open to the knowledge 
of all; current; general; notorious; open to common 
use. — n. The general body of mankind, or of a na- 
tion, state, or Community; the people, indefinitely. 
— Pub'^licly, adv. "Witnout conoealment ; in the 
name of the public. — Public'lty, -lis''Y-tI, n. State 
of being, etc. ; Notoriety. — Pub^'lican, -iT-kan, n. 
(Rom. Antiq.) A farmer of the taxes and public rev- 
enues ; collector of tribute. The keeper of an inn 
or public house.— Pub'lish. v. t. [-lished (-lisht), 
-lishing.J To make public, divulge (a private trans- 
action), promulgate or proclaim (a law or edict) ; to 
make known by posting, or by reading in a church; 
to put forth (a book, etc.); to utter or put into cir- 
culation. — Pub'^lisher, H. One who, etc.; esp. one 
who prints and offers a book, newspaper, etc., for 
sale. — Pub'lica'tion, n. Act of making known, or of 
offering a writing to the public by sale or by gratui- 
tous distribution; any pamphlet, book, etc.', offered 
for sale or to public notice. — Pub'licist, -iT-sist, n. A 
writer on the laws of nature and nations. 

Puce, pus. a. Of a dark brown or browiiish-purple. 

Puck", puk, n. A goblin or mischievous sprite; a cele- 
brated fairy. 

Pucker, puk"^er, v. t. [-eeed (-erd), -bring.] To 
gather into small folds or wrinkles; to corrugate. — 
V. A fold, wrinkle, or collection of folds. 

Pudding, pud''ding, n. A kind of food soft or moder- 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, term ; In, ice ; Odd, tone, or ; 



PUDDLE 



323 



PUN 



ately hard, often a compound of flour, milk, and 
eggs, sweetened, or eaten with sauce; an intestine 
filled with meat ; anything resembling pudding. — 
Pnd'ding-atone, n. (jlin.) A coarse rock, composed 
of silicious or other pebbles, united by a cement ; 
conglomerate. 

Fuddle, pud'dl, n. A small quantity of dirty stand- 
ing water ; a mixture of clay and sand, worked to- 
gether with water, until it is impervious to water. — 
V. t. [puddled (-did), -DLiNG.] To make foul or 
muddy ; to make thick or close with clay, sand, and 
water," so as to render impervious to water ; to sub- 
ject (iron) to the process of puddling, to convert it 
from the condition of cast iron to that of wrought 
iron. — Pud^dling, K. Act of , etc. (Metal.) Decar- 
bonization of cast iron ; process of converting cast 
iron into wrought or malleable iron. 

Pudicity, pu^dis'I-tl, n. Modesty; chastity. 

Pueblo, poo-ab'lo, n. A village or town in the parts 
of America settled by Spaniards. 

Puerile, pu'er-il, a. Boyish; trifling; childish. — Pu'- 
erll'Ity, -T-tT, a. Quality of being puerile; childish- 
ness ; that which is puerile ; esp., an expression 
which is flat, insipid, or childish. — Puer^peral, -er''- 
per-al, a. Pert, to childbirth. 

Puff, puf, n. A sudden and single emission of breath 
from the mouth; anv sudden or short blast of wind; 
a whiff: anything light and filled with air, as, a 
dry, fungous ball containing dust ; or, a certain 
kind of light pastry; or, a substance of loose tex- 
ture for sprinkling powder on the hair or skin; an 
exaggerated expression of praise, esp. one in a pub- 
lic journal.— V. i. [puffed (puft), -fing.] To blow 
with short and sudden whiffs; to blow, as an ex- 
pression of scorn or contempt; to breathe quick 
and hard; to swell with air; to breathe in a swell- 
ing or pompous manner; to assume importance. — 
V. t. To drive with a puff; to drive away in scorn 
or contempt; to dilate with air, blow up; to inflate 
with pride, flattery, self-esteem, etc.; to praise with 
exaggeration. — Puff'-ball, n. A ball-shaped fungus, 
which when ripe is full of dust-like spores. — Puffier, 
n. One who puffs ; one who praises with noisy com- 
mendation; one who bids at an auction to raise the 
price in the interest of the seller . — Puff^y, -T, a. 
Swelled with air or any soft 
matter; inflated; bombastic. — 
Puff^iness, w. — Puf'fin, n. A 
marine diving bird, allied to 
the auk, and having a short, 
thick beak like the parrot's. 

Pug, pug, n. A monkej^; a kind 
of small dog.— Pug''-mill, n. A 
mill for grinding or mixing 
clay, consisting of a shaft with 
projecting knives, revolving 
vertically in a hollow cylinder 
containing the clay. — nose, n. 
A short, thick nose; snub-nose. 

Pugh, poo, interj. Pshaw ! pish ! 
— a word used in contempt or 
disdain. 

Pugil, pu'jil, n. As much as is taken up between the 
thumb and first 2 fingers. — Pu'gilism, -izm, n. The 
practice of boxing or fighting with the fist.— Pu'gil- 
Ist, w. A boxer; prize-fighter. — Pugilisfic, a. Pert, 
to boxing or fighting with the fist. — Pugna^'cious, 
pug-na'snus, a. Disposed to fight ; quarrelsome. — 
Pugnac'lty, -nas'I-tY, n. Inclination to fight; quar- 
relsomeness. 

Puisne, pu'nY, a. (Law.) Younger or inferior in 
tank, as, a puisne justice. 

Puissant, Puissance, etc. See under Possess. 

Puke, ptik, V. i. [puked (pukt), puking.] To eject 
the contents of the stomach, vomit. — v. t. To eject 
from the stomach, vomit, throw up. — n. A medi- 
cine which excites vomiting. 

Pulchritude, puKkrT-tud, n. That external appear- 
ance which pleases the eye ; comeliness ; grace ; 
loveliness; moral beauty. [L. pulchritudo, tr. pul- 
cher, beautiful.] 

Pule, pul, V. i. [puled (puld), puling.] To cry like 
a chicken ; to cry, as a complaining child ; to 
whimper, whine. 

Pull, piji, V. t. [pulled (puld), pulling.] To draw. 




Puffin. 




Conical Pulleys. 



or attempt to draw, toward one ; to draw apart, 
tear; to gather by drawing toward one, drag, haul, 
pluck, rend; to move by pulling an oar. — v. t. To 
give a pull, tug. — n. Act of pulling or drawing 
with force; a contest, struggle. 

Pullet. See under Poult. 

Ptilley, puKlT, n. ; pi. -leys, -Hz. (Much.) A wheel 
for transmitting power froili, or imparting it to, the 
different parts of machinery, or for changing the 
direction of motion, or lifting a weight or gaining 
a mechanical advantage or pur- 
chase by means of a belt, cord, or 
rope : see Mechanical Powers. 

— Cone pulley. A conical pulley; 
a iiulley naving 2 or more faces of 
different diameters, placed side by 
side, to any one of which the belt 
may be shifted, to vary the veloci- 
ty. — Conical p. One of a pair of 
pulleys, each in the shape of a trun- 
cated cone, for varying velocities. 

— Fast p. One firmly attached up- 
on a shaft and revolving with it. — Loose p. One 
loose upon a shaft so as to revolve without transmit- 
ting motion. \ 

Pulmonajy, puKmo-na-rTf, a. Pert, to, or affecting 
the lungs. — Pulmon''ic, a. Pert, to, or affecting, the 
lungs. — n. A medicine for diseases of the lungs; 
one who has a lung complaint. 

Pulp, pulp, n. A soft, moist, slightly cohering masa 
of animal or vegetable matter; asj^ marrow; or, the 
soft, succulent part of fruit ; or, the material of 
which paper is made, etc. — Pulp'y, -1, a. Like 
pulp; soft; fleshy; succulent. 

Pulpit, puKpit, n. A place in a church, in which the 
preacher stands; preaching; a sort of movable desk 
formerly in use. 

Pulque, puKka, n. A drink slightly intoxicating, ex- 
tracted from the maguey, or Agave of Mexico. 

Pulsate, puKsat, v. i. To beat or throb; to beat, as 
the heart. — Pul'satile, -sa-til, a. Capable of being 
struck or beaten. — Pulsa'tion, n. Act of beating or 
throbbing, as of the heart; a beat or throb; a beat or 
stroke by which some medium is affected. — PuK- 
sative, -tiv, -tory, -to-rT, a. Capable of pulsating ; 
throbbing. — Pulse, puis, w. The beating or throb- 
bing of the heart or blood-vessels, esp. of the arte- 
ries; any measured or regular beat; oscillation; vi- 
bration; pulsation. — v. i. To beat, as the arteries; 
to pulsate. 

Pulse, puis, n. Leguminous plants, or their seeds, as 
beans, peas, etc. 

Pulverize, puKver-iz, v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), -izing.] To 
reduce to fine powder, as Dy beating, grinding, etc. 

— V. I. To turn to powder, fall to dust. — Pulver^u- 
lence, -ver''oo-lens, n. State of being pulverulent; 
dustiness. — Pulver'ulent, a. Consisting of fine 
powder; powdery; dusty. 

Puma, pu''ma, n. A large carnivorous feline mammal 

of S. Amer. ; the Amer. lion. 
Pumice, pum'is, n. A light, hard, porous substance of 

various colors, frequently ejected from volcanoes. 

— Pumi''ceous, -mish-'us, a. Pert, to, consisting of, 
or like pumice. 

Pummace. Same as Pomace. 
Pummel. Same as Pommel. 
Pump, pump, ti. A machine for raising 
or transferring water or other fluids. 

— V. t. [pumped (pumpt), PUMPING.] 

To raise (water, etc.) with a pump; 
to draw out by artful interrogatories ; 
to examine by artful questions for 
the purpose of eliciting secrets from. 

— V. i. To work a pump, raise water 
with a pump. 

PimiP; pump, n. A low, thin-soled shoe. 

Pumpion, pump'yun, Pump-'kin, n. A 
running cucurbitaceous plant; its ed- 
ible fruit, used, when ripe, for cook- 
ing and for feeding cattle. 

Pun, pun, n. 




Suction Pump. 
Tpiay on words which ti^^^^'p'^il 



have the same sound, but different ton? iJ, piston 
meanings; a kind of quibble or rod- v » valves • 
equivocation. — w. i. [punned as, pipe ; o', 
(pund), PUNNING.] To play on words; mouth of pump. 



eiin, cube, fuU ; moon, f66t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



PUNCH 



324 



PURFLE 





Punch Pliers. 



to use the same word at once in different senses; to 
quibWe. — ■Piin''8ter, «. One addicted to punning. 

^Panch, punch, n. A drink composed of some alcoholic 
liquor, mixed with sugar, lemon-juice, and water or 
milk. 

^I'unch, punch, ?;. The buffoon or harlequin of a pup- 
pet-show. 

-Punch, punch, n. A tool, used for stamping, cutting, 
or perforating me- 
tallic plates and 
other substances. 
— v:t. [punched 
■•<puncht), PUNCH- 
ING.] To perfo- 
rate with an in- 
strument. — 
-Piuich''eon, -un, 

"W. A tool or in- ^i i. 

^strument for Punches, 

tpiercing, stamping, etc., used by various artificers 
^\Carp.) A short, upright 
;piece of timber in fram- 
'mg ; a stud. 

Punch, punch, y..<. To 
beat, bruise, thrust 
against, poke. — n. A 
blow or thrust. 

Puncheon, punch'un, n. A cask containing, some- 
times 84, sometimes 120, gallons. 

Punctuate, Punctilio, Puncture, Pungent, etc. See 
under Point. 

Pundit, pun'dit, n. A learned Brahman. 

Pung, pung, n. A kind of rude one-horse sleigh. 

Punic, pu'nik, a. Pert, to, like, or appropriate to, the 
Carthaginians; faithless; treacherous. 

Punish, pun''ish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] To 
afflict with pain, loss, or calamity for a crime or 
fault, or with a view to amendment; to reward with 
pain inflicted on the offender; to chastise, castigate, 
correct, discipline; to pound or pommel. — Pun''ish- 
able, a. Liable to punishment ; capable of being 
punished by law or right; worthy of punishment. 
— -Pun'ishment, n. Act of punishing; penalty in- 
flicted on a person because of a crime or offense. — 
Pu'nitive, -nl-tiv, a. Pert, to, involving, awarding, 
or inflicting, punishment. 

Punk, punk, n. A species of fungus, or some decayed 
wood, used as tinder; a prostitute; strumpet. 

Punka, -kah, pun'ka, n. A large fan, consisting of 
cloth spread over a frame, and suspended from the 
ceiling. 

Punster. See under Pun. 

Punt, punt, n. A flat-bottomed boat, used in calking 
ships, also, for fishing and shooting in shallow 
waters. 
_'Punt, punt, V. t. To play at basset, faro, or omber. — 
Punt'er, n. One who plays against the banker or 
dealer at faro, etc. 
:Puny, pu''nT, a. [-niek ; -niest.] Small and feeble ; 

inferior; petty. 
' Pupa, pu''pa, n. ; pi. -vje, -pe 
the intermediate state be- 
tween caterpillar and ima- 
go ; chrysalis. — Pup 'py, 
pup'pT, n. A young dog ; 
whelp; a person contempt- 
ible from insignificance and 
conceit. — Pup'psrism, -izm, 
n. Extreme meanness, af- 

' fectation, or conceit. — Pup, 
H. A puppy ; a young seal. 
— v.i. To bring forth whelps. 
— Pu'pil, n. {Anat.) The 

: small opening in the iri8_ ^„, 

through which the rays of ^"?,* *°^ CaterpiUar of 
light pass to the retina : ■P^^™?!' Butterfly, 
see Eye. A youth or scholar of either sex under 
the care of an instructor. — Pu'pilage, -ej, n. State 
of being a pupil. — Pu'pillary, -la-rl, a. Pert, to 
a pupil or ward. {Anat.) Of, or pert, to, the pupil 

■ of the eye. — Pup'pet, n. A doll ; a similar figure 
moved by a wire in a mock drama ; one managed 
by the will of another. — Pup^pet-show, n. A mock 
drama performed by puppets moved by wires. — 
-valve, n. (3fech.) A disk like a pot-lid, attached 



{Entom.) An insect in 





to a stem, and used 
in ste am-engine.«. 
etc., to cover and 
uncover an opening, 
for the passage of 
steam, etc. 

Pur, Purr, per, v. i. 
[ p u K K E u (perd), 
PURKING.] To utter 
a low, murmuring, 
continued sound, as 
a cat. — V. t. To sig- 
nify or express by 
purring. — n. The 
low, murmuring, 
continued sound of -._ 

a cat ; a kind of Puppet-valve, 

growl, expressive of contentment or pleasure. 

Purblind, per'blind, a. Near-sighted or dim-sighted; 
seeing obscurely. 

Purchase, per^'ches, v. t. [-chased (-chest), -chas- 
ing.] To obtain by paying money or its equivalent; 
to buy; to obtain byanyoutlav. — ti. Acquisition 
of title to, or property in, anything for an equiva- 
lent; a thing bought; propertS'; possession; acquisi- 
tion ; any mechanical hold, advantage, power, or 
force applied to the raising or removing of heavy 
bodies. 

Pure, pur, a. Separate from all extraneous matter or 
defilement ; free from mixture ; free from that 
which contaminates, defiles, or blemishes; uncon- 
nected with anj'thing else ; mere; absolute; clear; 
simple; real ; genuine : unadulterated ; unstained; 
clean; fair; chaste; undefiled ; innocent; guileless; 
holy. — Pure'^ly, adr. In a pure manner; innocent- 
ly; without connection with, or dependence upon, 
anything else; merely; absolutely. — Pure'ness, n. 

— Pu''ri%', -rl-tT, n. Condition of being pure; as, 
freedom from foreign admixture or heterogeneous 
matter; or, from foulness or dirt; or, from guilt or 
the defilement of sin; or, from any sinister or im- 
proper views ; or, from foreign idioms, barbarous 
or improper words, phrases, etc. — Pu''ritan, -rl- 
tan, ji. {Eng. Church.) A dissenter from the Ch. 
of Eng. in the time of Queen Elizabeth and the 
Stuarts. One scrupulous and strict in his religious 
life. — a. Pert, to, resembling, or characterizing the 
Puritans. — Puritan'ic, -leal, a. Pert, to the Puri- 
tans, or their doctrines and practice; precise inob- 
servance of religious requirements: over scrupulous; 
rigid. — Puritan'ically, adv. — Pu'rltanism, n. The 
notions or practice of Puritans. — Purge, perj, v. t. 
[PURGED (p5rjd), PURGING.] To cleanse, clear, or 
purify by separating and carrying off whatever is 
impure, foreign, or superfluous; to operate on as, 
or by means of, a cathartic medicine; to clear from 
guilt or moral defilement. {Law.) To clear from 
accusation or the charge of a crime, as in ordeal. — 
v.i. To become pure, as by clarification ; to have 
frequent or preternatural evacuations from the in- 
testines. — n. Act of purging; that which purges; 
esp. a medicine that evacuates the intestines; a ca- 
thartic. — Purga'tion, n. Act of purging, cleansing, 
or purifying; often, the act of cleansing from the im- 
putation of guilt. — Pur'gative, -tiv, a. Having the 
power of purging; cathartic. — n. {Med.) A medicine 
that evacuates the intestines: a cathartic. — Pur'^ga- 
tory, -to-rT, a. Tending to cleanse; expiatory. — n. 
{Rom. Cath. Ch.) A place, or a state believed to ex- 
ist after death, in which the souls of persons are pu- 
rified, or in which they expiate such offenses com- 
mitted in this life as do not merit eternal damnation. 

— Pu'rli^, pu'rT-fi, V. t. [-FIED (-fid), -EYING.] To 

make pure or clear from defilement, admixture, or 
imperfection: to free from guilt, from ceremonial 
or legal defilement, or from improprieties or bar- 
barisms. — V. i. To grow or become pure or clear. 

— Pu''riflca''tion, n. Act of purifying; act or opera- 
tion of cleansing or of removing foreign substances, 
or of cleansing ceremonially; a cleansing from guilt 
or the pollution of sin. 

Purfle, per'fl, v. t. [-fled (-fld), -fling.] Orig., to 
embroider. {Arch.) To decorate richly, esp. with 
imitation of drapery, lace work, etc., carved in 
stone, wood, etc. — Purl, 7i. An embroidered and 



Sm, fame, far, p4ss or opera, f&re ; Snd. eve, tSrm ; Tn, ice ; 5dd, tone, dr ; 



PURL 



325 



PYRE 



pttcltered border; ahem or fringe; an inversion of 
stitches in knitting. — v. t. To decorate with fringe, 
embroidering, etc. 

purl, p§rl, n. A gentle murmur, as of a brook; a cir- 
cle made by the motion of a fluid. — v. i. [fueled 
(perld), PURLING.] To make a murmuring sound, 
like running water ; to run swiftly round, as a 
small stream flowing among stones; to eddy. 

Purl, perl, ». Malt liquor medicated or spiced. — v. i. 
To mantle, as in a glass. 

Purlieu, pgr'lu, n. The outer portion of any place; 
environs. 

Purlin, -line, pgr'lin, n. (Arch.) A piece of timber 
extending from end to end of a building or roof, 
across and under the rafters, to support them in 
the middle. 

Purloin, pSr-loin'', v. t. [-loined (-loind''), -loining.] 
To steal, filch, pilfer, plagiarize. 

Purple, pSr'pl, a. Of, or exhibiting, a color composed 
of red and blue; imperial; regal, — the color hav- 
ing been a distinguishing token of imperial author- 
ity. — n. A purple color; a royal robe; imperial state 
or power, pi. {Med.) Spots of a livid color on the 
skin. — V. t. [purpled (-pld), -plisg.] To make 
purple, dye of a deep red. 

purport, per' port, n. Design or tendency; meaning; 
import. — V. t. To intend, mean, signify. 

Purpose, etc. See under Propose. 

Purr. See PuE. 

Purse, pSrs, n. A small bag, to carry money in; a 
treasury; a sum of money offered as a prize, or 
collected as a present. — v. t. [pursed (perst), 
PURSING.] To put in a purse; to contract into folds 
or wrinkles, like the mouth of a purse. — Purs'sr, n. 
{Naut.) A commissioned officer in charge of the pro- 
visions, clothing, etc., and of the public moneys on 
shipboard. 

Purslane, -lain, pSrs'lan, n. An annual plant, with 
fleshy, succulent leaves, used as a pot-herb, for 
salads, etc. 

Pursue, per-su', v. t. [-sued (-sud'), -suing.] To fol- 
low with a view. to overtake; to use measures to ob- 
tain; to proceed along, with a view to some end or 
object; to prosecute, be engaged in, continue; to fol- 
low as an example, imitate. — v.i. To go on, pro- 
ceed, esp. in argument or discourse. (Law.) To 
follow a matter ]udiciallv, as a complaining party. 
— Pursu'ance, n. Act of pursuing or prosecuting; 
state of being pursuant; consequence. — Fursu'ant, 
a. Done in consequence or prosecution of anything; 
agreeable; conformable; according. — Pursuit '',-sut'', 
n. Act of following with haste, either for sport or in 
hostility ; endeavor to attain to or gain ; course of 
business or occupation. — Pur'suivant, -swT-vant, n. 
A state messenger; an attendant on the heralds. 

rursy, pSrs'T, a. Inflated; swelled; fat, short, and 
thick; short-breathed. 

Purulent. See under Pus. 

Purvey, per-va'^, v. t. [-veyed (-vadO. -ateting.] To 
furnish or provide (with provisions, etc.); to pro- 
cure, get. — V. i. To purchase or procure provis- 
ions, provide, cater. — Pur'' view, per'vu, n. (Law.) 
The body of a statute. The limit or scope of a stat- 
ute; sphere of authority; scope; extent. 

Pus, pus, ra. (Med.) The yellowish-white matter pro- 
duced by the process or suppuration. — Pu'rulent, 
-roo-lent, a. Consisting of, or pert, to, pus or matter; 
stinking. —Pu'trid, a. Tending to dissolution or de- 
cay; decomposed; rotten; indicating or proceeding 
from a decayed state of aninial^or vegetable matter. 
— Putrid fever. (Pathol.) A form of malignant ty- 
phus fever, — fr. the decomposing and offensive state 
of the discharges and diseased texture of the body. 
— P. sore throat. A gangrenous inflammation of the 
fauces and pharynx. — Putrid'ity, -I-tt, Pu'trid- 
nesB, n. State of being pv.trid ; corruption ; putre- 
faction. — Pu'trefy, -tre-fl, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -ft- 
ING.] To render putrid, cause to rot; to corrupt or 
foul; to make morbid, carious, or gangrenous. — v, 
i. To become putrid, decay offensively, rot. — Pu- 
tres'Cence, -sens, n. State of being putrescent. — 
Putres'cent, a. Becoming putrid ; pert, to the pro- 
cess of putrefaction. — Pyae'lmia, pi-e'niT-a, n, (Med.) 
Blood poisoning, — a dangerous disease apt to occur 
after injuries and wounds, caused by the mingling 



of the poisonous matter of pus, etc., with the blood. 

— PyaB'mic, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Push, push, V. t. [pushed (pusht), pushing.] Ta> 
press against with force, impel' by pressure; to urge 
forward, drive: to embarrass by arguments, impor- 
tune. — v.i. To make a thrust; to make an effort, 
advance, or attack; to burst out, as a bud or shoot- 

— n. A thrust with the end of a thing; any pressure, 
impulse, or force applied; an assault or attack; cir- 
cumstances which press one; emergency; exigency; 
a little swelling or pustule. 

Pusillanimous, pu-sil-lan't-mus, a. Destitute of man- 
ly strength and firmness of mind; evincing want of 
courage; cowardly; dastardly; timid; weak; feeble. 

— Pu'BiIlanim''ity, -ninx'^Y-tT, n. Quality of being, 
etc.; cowardice; fear. 

Puss, pus, n. A cat; a hare. — Puas^'y, -Y, n. A puss, 

— a fondling name for a cat. — Pus'sy-wil'low, n. A 
variety of wiUow bearing large catkins, which are 
clothed with long glossy hairs; swamp willow; glau- 
cous willow. 

Pustule, pusful, n. (Med.) An- elevation of the cu- 
ticle, with an inflamed base, containing pus. 

Put, put, V. t. [put, putting.] To move in anj' direc- 
tion,' thrust, push ; to place, lay, set ; to cast or 
throw, as a heavy stone ; to cause to be or exist in 
a specified relation, bring to a mental or moral con- 
dition, or to the possession of an attribute or qual- 
ity, or into a specified state ; to place before for 
judgment, acceptance, or rejection ; to bring to the 
attention of ; esp., to state in language, express i. 
to incite, urge. — v. i. To go or move; to steer, di- 
rect. — n. An action of distress. (Stock Exchange.'}' 
Privilege to deliver shares of stock, at a certain price- 
within a certain time agreed upon ; money paid f or- 
this privilege. — Puf- 
log, n. (Arc/i.) A short 
piece of timber, on 
which the planks form- 
ing the floor of a scaf- 
fold are laid.— Put'-off, 
n. A shift for delay; 
evasion. 

Put, put, n. A rustic; 
clown. 

Putative, pu'ta-tiv, a. 
Commonly thought; 
supposed; reputed. 

Putrefy, Putrid, etc. 

Putter, put'ter, v 




Putlog. 
a. Putlog ; b, b, b. Putlog holes 
c, Ledger. 
See under Pus. 
[-tered (-terd), -teeing.] 



To. 



— n. Something, esp. a toy, which perplexes; state 
eing puzzled; perplexity. 



act inefficiently or idlj, trifle, potter, 

Putty, put''tT, n. A kind of thick paste or cement of 
whiting and linseed oil, used by glaziers, etc. — v. f. 
[puttied (-tid), -tying.] To cement or fill up witla 
putty. 

Puzzle, puz'zl, V. t. [-ZLED (-zld), -zliis^g.] To in- 
volve m perplexity, put to a stand, nonplus; to make 
intricate. — v. i. To be bewildered; to be awkward 

or condition of being puzzled; . 

Pysemia, Pyamic. See under Pus 

Pye. See Pie, magpie. 

lygarg, pi'garg, n. In Script., a species of antelope 
or gazelle; the female of the hen-harrier; the osprey. 

Pygmy, pig^mt, n. (Gr. Myth.) One of a fabulous 
race of beings inhabiting Thrace, who wnged war 
with the cranes, and were destroyed. A shoit, in- 
significant person; a dwarf. — a. Pert, to, etc.; 
dwarfish; pettv. 

Pylorus, pi-lo'rus, n. (Anat.) The orifice of the stonfe. 
ach through which the food pass- 
es on to the intestine. — Pylor'- 
ic, -ISr^ik, a. Pert, to the pylorus. 

Pyramid, pir'a-mid, n. A solid 
body standing on a triangular, 
square, or polygonal base, and 
terminating in a point at -the 
top; an edifice so shaped. — Pyr'- 
amid'^ic, -ical, a. Having the 
form of a pyramid. — Psrram'- 
idal, pi-ram'i-dal, a. Tapering 
to a point; relating to the pyramids. 

Pyre, pir, n. A funeral jpile; a pile to be burnt. — Py- 
ri'tes, pi-ri'tez, 71. (Min.) A combination of sulphur 
with iron, copper, cobalt, or nickel, presenting a 




Pyramids. 



etin, cube, fqH ; moon, f d&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboir, chair, get. 



PYRRHIC 



326 



QUADRATE 



white or yellowish metallic luster. — Pyrog'raphy, 

pi-rog'ra-f I, n . A process of printing, ornamenting, 
or carving, by burning with heated instruments. 
— P3rr'elig''neoua, -ne-us, -lig'nic, a. Generated by 
the distillation of wood, — said of an impure acetic 
acid. — Pyrom'eter, pi-rom'e-ter, n. An instrument 
for measuring very high temperatures. — Pyr'otecli''- 
mic, -nical, -tek'^mk-al, a. Pert, to fireworks, or the 
art of forrmns them. — Psrr'otech'nics, n. Art of 
makjng or exhibiting fireworks. — Pyr'^oxene, pir''- 
oks-en, ?i. A dark green mineral, in igneous rocks. 

Pyrrhic, pir'rik, n. (Pros.) A foot consisting of 2 
short syllables. An ancient military dance, to the 
accompaniment of the fiute. — a. (Pros.) Pert, to, 
or containing, pyrrhics. Of, or pert, to, the dance. 

Pytiiian, pith'I-an, n. Pert, to the priestess of Apollo, 



who delivered oracles. — Pyth'- 
onesB, -o-nes, n. ( Gr. Antiq.) The 
priestess who gave oracular an- 
swers at Delphi, in Greece. A 
witch. — Py'thon, n. A genus of 
large African and E. Indian 
snakes, allied to the boa. 
Pyx, piks, n. (Rom. Cath. Ch.) The 
box in which the host is kept ; a 
box used, in English coinage, as a 
place of deposit for sample coins 
taken for a trial of the -weight and 
fineness of metal, before they are 
sent from the mint. (Naut.) The 
box in which the compass is sus- 
pended. 




Pyx. 



Q. 



Q, ku, the 17th letter in the Eng. alphabet, has but one 

sound, — the same as that of k, or c hard: it is a su- 
perfluous letter, never ending a word, and is always 
lollowed by u, the 2 letters together being pro- 
nounced like kw, except in some words in which the 
u is silent. 
Qua, kwa, conj. As ; in so far as ; in the capacity, 
character, or condition of; because. — Qua'^si, kwa'- 
&i,pre;fwc. As if; in a manner; in a certain sense or 
degree; apparently; almost.— Quo''niin,kwo''rum,n. 
Such a number of the officers or members of any 
body as is competent by law or constitution to trans- 
act business. — Qui tarn, kwi'tam, ?i. (Law.) A penal 
action prosecuted partly by the government, partly 
by an informer. — Qui vive, ke-vev. The challenge 
of a French sentinel,- signifying. For whom do you 
call Vive f — i. e., "What party do you belong to ? — 
Quid'nunc, kwid'nunk, n. One curious to know 
everything that passes; a busybody; gossip.— Quid'- 
dity, -dt-tt, n. The essence or nature of a thing; a 
trifling nicety; quibble; captious question. — QuaK- 
ity, kwoKt-tt, n. Condition of being of such and 
such a sort as distinguished from others; nature rel- 
atively considered; special or temporary character; 
that which makes, or helps to make, anything such 
as it is ; distinguishing property, characteristic, or 
attribute; superior birth or station; high rank. — 
Qual^il^, -T-fi, V. t. [-FIED (-fid), -fting.] To make 
such as is required; to give requisite qualities to; to 
fit (for a place, office, occupation, etc.); to supply 
with legal power or capacity; to reduce, by consid- 
eration or enumeration of qualities, from a general, 
undefined, or comprehensive, to a particular or re- 
stricted form; to limit; to soften, abate, diminish, 
assuage; to reduce the strength of (liquors, etc.). — 
V. i. To be or become qualified. — Qaal''ifica'tion, n. 
Act of, or condition of beinof, etc.; any endowment 
which fits a person for a glace, or enables him to 
sustain any cnaracter with success; act of limiting, 
or state of being limited or restricted; that which 
limits, restricts, or modifies; abatement; diminution. 
— QoaKified, -1-fid, p. a. Fitted by accomplishments 
or endowments ; modified ; limited. — Quan^'tum, 
kwon'tum, n. Quantity; amount. — Quan'tity, -tt- 
tl, n. Property of being measurable, or capable of 
increase and decrease, multiplication and division; 
that which answers the question "How much ? " ; 
extent; size; measurement; a certain portion or part; 
a large bulk, sum, or portion. (Logic.) The extent 
or extension of a general conception, that is, the 
number of species or individuals to which it may be 
applied; also, its contents or comprehension, that is, 
the number of constituent qualities, attributes, or 
relations. (Oram.) The relative time occupied in 
pronouncing a syllable. (Mus.) The relative du^a^ 
tion of a tone. (Math.) Anything to which mathe- 
matical processes are applicable. — Qnan'tum li'bet. 
As much as pleases you. — Q. suf' ficit, -fr-sit. As 
much as is sufficient. — Quod'libet, kwod'lT-bet, n. 



A nice point; a subtilty. (Mus.) A medlev impro- 
vised by several performers. — Qno'ta, kwo'ta, n. A 
proportional part or share; or snare, part, or propor- 
tion assigned to each. — Quote, kwot, v. i. To cite (a 
passage from some author); to name, adduce, repeat. 
(Com.) To name the price of. — Quot'able, a. — Quo- 
ta'' tion, n. Act of quoting; thing quoted or cited. 
(Com.) The naming of the price of commodities; or 
the price specified to a correspondent. — Quotid'^ian, 
kwo-tid''I-an, a. Occurring or returning daily. — n. 
Anything returning daily; esp. (ifed.), a fever whose 
paroxysms return every day. — Quo'tient, -shent, re. 
(Arith.) The number resulting from the division of 
one number by another. 

Quack, kwak, v. i. [quacked (kwakt), quacking.] 
To cry like the common domestic duck; to boast; to 
act as a quack. — n. The cry of the domestic duck; 
a boastful pretender to medical skiU ; an empiric; 
one who pretends to knowledge of any kind, not 
possessed; mountebank ; charlatan. — a. Pert, to 
quackery ; used by quacks. — Quack'ery, -er-T, n. 
Practice of a quack; empiricism. 

Quadragesima, Quadrangle, etc. See under Quab- 

EATE. 

Quadrate, kwod'rat, a. Having 4 equal and parallel 
sides, and 4 right angles ; square ; divisible by 4 ; 
even; equal; exact; suited; applicable; correspond- 
ent. — n. A square. (Astral.) Same as Quartile. — 
V. i. To agree, be accommodated, suit, correspond, 
square.— Quadratic, -rat''ik, a. Of, pert, to, or like, 
a square; square. — Q. equation. (Alg.) An equation 
in which the highest power of the unknown quan- 
tity is a square. — Quad'rat, n. ( Print. ) A piece of 
type metal cast lower than the letters, so as to leave 
a blank space on the paper, when printed, where it 
is placed. — Quad, n. Abbr. of Quadrat, also of 
Quadrangle.- Quad'^raturo, -ra-chur, n. The find- 
in » of a square having the same area" as a given cur- 
vifinear figure, as a circle; a quadrate; square. (As- 
tron.) The position of one heavenly body in respect 
to another, when distant from it 90°. — 
Quad'rangle, -ran-gl, M. (Oeom.) A plane 
figure having4 angles and 4 sides. (Arch.) 
A square or quadrangular court sur- 
rounded by buildings. — Quadran'gular, 
a. Having 4 angles and 4 sides. — Quad- 
ren'nial, -ren'nT-al, a. Comprising 4 Quaarangle. 
years; occurring once in 4 years.— Quadren'nium, n. 
A period of 4 years. — Quad'rilaf^- / 'i 

eral,-lat''er-al, a. Having 4 sides and / j 

4 angles. — n. A plane figure ha v- / [ 

ing, etc. ; a quadrangular figure. — / I 

Quad'riliferal, a. Consisting of 4 / I 

letters. — Quadrille', kwa-dnK or ^ — , ., . ,' 
ka-drir, n. A game played by 4 per- Quadrilateral. 
sons with 40 cards ; a dance made up of sets of 
dances, 4 couples of dancers being in each set. — 
Quad'rireme, -rT-rem, n. (Rom. Antiq.) A galley 
with 4 benches of oars or rowers.— Quadroon'', -roon'. 



am, fame, far, pass or oper&, fire ; gnd, eve, term ; In, lee ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



QUADRUMANE 



827 



QUAIL 





n. The offspring of a mulatto and a white person; 
one quarter-blooded. — Qiiad''ramane, -r(5o-man, n. 
An animal having 4 haiidii, and no true feet, as a 
monkey. — Qaad'mped, a. Having 4 feet.— n. An 
animal having 4 feet, — often restricted to mammals. 
— Quad^ruple, -roo-pl, a. Fourfold; 4 
times told. — a. Four times the sum or 
number; a fourfold amount. — v. t. 
[-PLED (-pld), -FLING.] To multiply by 
4; to increase fourfold. — r. i. To be 
multiplied by 4.— Quadru ''plicate, -plT- 
kat, n. Fourfold; 4 times repeated. — 
V. t. To make fourfold, quadruple. — a, a, yuad- 
Quad'ruplica'tion, n. Act of, etc. — rants. 
Quad'^rant, n. (Geotn.) The ^^ - 

quarter of a circle, or of the cir- - ^'y*** 

cumference of a circle; an arc 
of 90'^. An instrument for meas- 
uring altitudes, in astronomy, 
surveying, gunnery, etc. — 
Quadrant 'ai, a. Pert, to a quad- 
rant. — Quar'rel, kwor'^rel, -ry, 
-rT, n. A square-headed arrow ; 
a square or lozenge-shaped pane 
of glass; a glazier's diamond. — 
Quar''ry,?i. A place where stones 
are cut from tfie earth for build- Hadley's Quadrant, 
ing, etc.— i;. t. [QU arrie d . . ^ "^ ,^ * 
(-rid), -RYiNG.l To dig or take »> mdex glass ; h, hon- 
f rom a quarry.— Quart, kwawrt, ^°° S^'^ ' «' ='8^*- 
n. The l-4th of a gallon; 2 pints; a vessel containing, 
etc. — Quarte, kart, n. A thrust in fencing; a carte, 
q. v.— Quar'tan, kwawr'tan, a. Of, or pert, to, the 
4th; occurring every 4th day. — n. {Med.) An inter- 
mitting ague that occurs every 4th day. — Quar'ter, 
n. One of 4 equal parts into which anything is di- 
vided; the l-4th of a hundred-weight, being 28 or 25 
pounds, according as the hundred-weight is reck- 
oned at 112 or 100 pounds; l-4th of a ton in weight, 
or 8 bushels of grain; l-4th of a chaldron of coal. 
{Astron.) The l-4th part of the moon's period or 
monthly revolution. One limb of a quadruped with 
the adjacent parts; that part of a shoe which forms 
the side, from the heel to the vamp. {Far.) That 
part of a horse's foot between the toe and heel. A 
term of study in a seminary, college, etc.; properly, 
l-4th of the year; part of a ship's side between the 
aftmost end of the main-chains and the sides of the 
stern ; a region ; territory ; a division of a town, 
county, etc.; district; locality; proper station; spe- 
cific place; assigned position. {Naut.) pi. A station 
at which officers and men are posted in battle. 
Phce of lodging or temporary residence ; shelter. 
{Mil.) A station or encampment occupied by troops. 
sing. Merciful treatment shown to an enemy. — v. 
t. fQUARTERED (-terd), -TERiNG.] To divide into 
4 equal parts; to furnish with shelter or entertain- 
ment. {Her.) To bear as an appendage to the he- 
reditary arms. — v. i. To lodge; to have a tem- 
porary residence. — To quarter amis. {Her.) To 

place the arms of other 

families in the compart- ^^ 
ments of a shield, which 
is divided into 4 or more 
parts, the familvarms be- 
ing placed in tne first. — 
Quar'ter-day, n. A day 
regarded as terminating a 
quarter of the year; one 
on which rent becomes 
due. — deck, n. {Naut.) 
That part of a ship's uppt r 
deck which extends frou' 
the stern to the mainmast. 
— round, n. {Arch.) A 
molding, the section of which is approximately a 
quadrant, or the l-4th part of a circle. — ses'sions, n. 
pi. {Eng. Law.) A general court of criminal iuris- 
diction held quarterly by the justices of peace of each 
county. — staff, n. A long, stout staff formerly used 
as a weapon in Eng., — so called from the manner 
of using it, one hand being placed in the middle, and 
the other half way between the middle and end. — 
Quar'terage, -ej, ?;. A quarterly allowance. — Quar'- 
ter-foil, -foil, Quatre-foil, kafer-foil, n. {Anh.) An 




Quartered (arms). 




Quarterfoils. 



ornamental figure dis- 
posed in 4 segments of 
circles, supposed to re- 
s e m b 1 e an expanded 
flower of 4 petals: see 
Foil. — Quar'tcring, n. 
Assignment of quarters 
for soldiers; 1-^ging. {Her.) Division of a shield 
containing many coats. {Arch.) A series of small 
upright posts.— Quar'terly, a. Containing or con- 
sisting of l-4th part; recurring at the end of each 
quarter of the year. — w, A periodical work pub- 
lished once in a quarter of a year, or 4 times dur- 
ing a year. — adv. By quarters; once in a quar- 
ter of a year. — Quar'tennas'ter, n. (Mil.) An offi- 
cer, who provides quarters, provisions, clothing, 
transportation, etc., for a regiment, and superintends 
the supplies. {Naut.) A petty officer who attends 
to the helm, binnacle, signals, etc., under the direc- 
tion of the master. — Quar'tern, n. The l-4th of a 
pint; a gill: l-4th of a peck; a loaf weighing about 4 
pounds. — Quartet', -tette', -tef, ?!. (Mns.) A com- 
position in 4 parts, each performed by a single voice 
or instrument; the set of 4 persons who perform 
such a piece of music. — Quar'to, n. ; pi. -tos, -toz. 
Orig., a book of the size of l-4th of a sheet of print- 
ing paper; in present usage, a book of a squarish 
form, corresponding to that formerly made by fold- 
ing a sheet twice. — a. Having the form or size of a 
quarto. — Quater'nary, kwa-ter''na-rt, n. The num- 
ber 4. — a. Consisting of 4; by 4s. — Quat'rain, kwof- 
ran, n. A stanza of 4 lines rhyming alternately. — 
Quat'refoU, kat'Sr-foil, n. Sameas Quarterfoil, 
above. — Qnar^'antine, kw5r''an-ten, n. A space of 
40 days ; term during which a ship arriving in port, 
and suspected of being infected v/ith a contagious 
disease, is obliged to forbear all intercourse with the 
shore; inhibition of intercourse. — v. t. [quaran- 
tined (-tend), -TiNiNG.] To prohibit from inter- 
course. — Quad^rages'^ima, kwod'ra-jes'T-ma, n. 
{Eccl.) The 40 days of fast preceding Easter; Lent. 
— QuadrilKion, -riKyun, n. According to Entr. nota- 
tion, the number produced by involving a million to 
the 4th power, or a unit with 24 ciphers annexed ; 
according to the common or French, a unit with 15 
ciphers: see Notation. 

Quaere, kwe're, v. i. Inquire, question, query, — used 
as a memo- 
randum sig- 
n if y i n g 
doubt. 

Quaff, kwaf, 
V. t. [quaff- 
ed (kwaft), 

QUAFFING.] 

To drink 
down, drink 
c o p i o u sly 
of. — V. i. To 
drink largi - 
ly or luxu- 
riously. 
Q u a g g a , 
kwag'^ga, n. 
A S. Afric- 
an mammal 
of the horse 




Quagga. 



family, allied to the zebra. 
Quaggy and Quagmire. See under Quake. 
Quahaug, kv>'aw''hog, n. 

A large species of clam 

having the inside shell 

tipped with purple. 
Quail, kwal, v. i. [quailed 

(kwald), QUAILING.] To 
become quelled, sink 
into dejection, lose spir- 
it, shrink, cower. 
Quail, kwal, n. A gallina- 
ceous bird allied to the 
partridge of Europe : in 
the U. S. the name is' 
used for ruffed grouse, 
and for the bob-white, 
or Virginia partridge. 




Common Quail. 



Biin, cube, full ; moon, fd&t ; cdw, oil ; linger or ink, tiieu, boubojf, chair, get. 



QtJAINT 



328 



QUIESCE 



Quaint, kwant, a. Characterized by ingenuity or art; 
subtle; artificially elegant; showing excess of art; 
odd and antique; curious and fauciiul; far-fetched; 
affected :_ odd; unusual. 

Qoake, kwak, v. i. [qlaked (kwakt), quakixg.] To 
tremble ; to shake with fear, cold, or emotion ; to 
shake or tremble, either from not being solid, as soft, 
wet land, or from violent convulsion of any kind; 
to vibrate, quiver, shudder. — n. A tremiflous agi- 
tation ; shake ; shudder. — Quak'^er, n. One who 
quakes; one of the religious sect whose members 
■are caUed also Friends : their early preachers were 
throwiL " 
and 

•a. Of the nature of a quagmire; trembling under 
tthe foot, as soft, wet earth.— Quag'mire, -mir, n. 
Soft, wet land, which shakes or yields under the 
feet. 

Qualify, Quality, etc. See under Qua. 

Qualm, kwam, n. A sudden attack of illness, faint- 
ness, distress, or pain; esp., a sudden fit of sickness 
at the stomach; a scruple of conscience. — Qualm'^- 
ish, a. Sick at the stomach; inclined to vomit; af- 
fected with nausea. 

Quandary, kwon^'da- or kwon-da^'rY, n. A state of dif- 
ficult}- or perplexity; uncertainty; doubt. 

Quantity, Quantum, etc. See under Qua. 

Quarantine. See under Quadrate. 

Qnarl, kworl, n. A medusa or jelly-fish. 

Quarrel, kwor''rel, n. An angry dispute; a faUing out; 
brawl ; squabble ; affray ; altercation ; contention ; 
-breach of friendship; variance; cause or ground of 
■contention ; cause of a contending party. — v. i. 
•[quarreled (-reld), -eeling.] To dispute violently, 
"wrangle, fall out ; to find fault. — Quar''relsome, 
-«um, a. Apt to quarrel; given to brawls and con- 
tention; irascible. 

Quarrel, a bolt, Quarry, a bolt, a stone pit. See un- 
der Quadrate. 

Quarry, kwor'rt, n. Game; esp., the game hunted for 
by hawking. 

Quart, Quarter, Quarto, etc. See under Quadrate. 

Quartz, Kworts, H. {Min.) SUex, occurring crystallized, 
and also in masses of various colors, more or less 
transparent, and sometimes opaque ; rock crystaL 
— Quartzose', -os'', Quartz'^ous. -us, Quartz'y, -T, a. 
Containing, of the nature of, or resembling quartz. 

Quash., kwosh, ;;. t. [quashed (kwosht), quashixq.] 
To beat down or beat in pieces; to crush, subdue, 
put down summarily and completely. {Law.) To 
annul, overthrow, niake void, or suppress. — Quas- 
8a''tion, kwas-sa'shun, n. Act of shaking; concus- 
sion; state of being shaken. 

Quasi. See under Qua. 

Quassia, kwosh'I-a or kwash't-a, n. A bitter wood 
obtained from various trees of tropical America: the 
wood and bark are employed in medicine. 

Quaternary, Quatrain, etc. See under Quadrate. 

Quaver, kwa'ver, v. i. [quavered (-verd), -verixg.] 
To tremble, vibrate, shake; to shake the voice, sing 
•with tremulous modulations of voice; to produce a 
«hake on a musical instrument. — n. A rapid vibra- 
tion of the voice, or on an instrument of music. 
(Music.') An eighth note: see Eighth, under Eight. 

Quay, ke, n. A wharf or landing-place, esp. one facing 
a harbor or dock; a mole or bank formed toward the 
sea, or on the side of a river. 

■Quean, kwen, n. A woman; girl; low woman; slut. 

■Queasy, kwe'^zT, a. Sickat the stomach; affected with 
nausea; fastidious; squeamish; causing nausea. 

Queen, kw€n, n. The con- 
sort of a king; a woman 
who is the sovereign of 
a kingdom ; the sover- 
eign of a swarm of bees, 
being the only fullv-de- 
veloped female in the 
hive ; the Sd piece in 
value in chess. — v. i. To <«<^ 
act the part or character 
•of a queen. — Queen''- 
post, n. (Arch.) One of 
55 posts in a truss, framed 
below into the tie-beam, and above into the princi- 
pal rifters. 




Queen-post Rooi. 



queen - posts ; 6, tie-beam ; 
ec, struts or braces ; dd. pur- 
lins ; e, straining beam ; ff. 
common rafters ; gg, wail- 
plates ; h, ridge-piece. 



Queer, kwer, o. Going athwart what is usual or nor- 
mal; odd; singular; quaint; M'himsical. — n. A cant 
name for counterfeit money. 

Quell, kwel, v. t. [quelled (kweld), -lixg.] To sub- 
due, put down; to reduce to peace, cause to cease, 
crush, quiet, allay, calm. 

Quench, kwench, v. t. [quexched (kwencht), quexch- 
IXG.] To extinguisn, put out (fire); to put an end 
to (something warm, ardent, burning, etc.); to still, 
stifle, check, destroy. 

Quercitron, kwer''sit-run, n. The bark of the black 
oak, or dyer's oak, wTiich grows from Canada to 
Georgia, and west to the Mississippi; the inner bark 
of this tree, used in tanning and in dyeing yellow. 

Querimonious. See under Querulous. 

Querist. See under Query. 

Quern, kwern, )i. A stone hand-mill for grinding grain. 

Querulous, kwer^'oo-lus, a. Apt to repine; habitually 
complaining; expressing complaint: whining: mur- 
muring; dissatisfied. — Quer^imo''nion3. -mu''nT-us-, a. 
Complaining; querulous; apt to complain. 

Query, kwe'rl, ?i. A question; an inquiryto.be an- 
swered or resolved. — v. i. [queried (-riil;, -kvixg.] 
To ask questions, make inquiry. — v. t. To .-^cek by 
questioning, inquire into; to "doubt of. — O.ue'rist, 
n. One who asks questions. ^ Quest, kwest, //. Act 
of seeking, or looking alter an. tiling: attunipt to 
find or obtain: seaich. — Ques'tion. -cliuii, n. Act 
of asking; interrogation ; ui l;u^^i^ln : dtl);ite : vci- 
bal contest; investigation: ip.])., Jo ni il invcstigii- 
tion, as before a tribunal; that wliicii is asked- a 
query; a subject of invubtij: ;tion ci. ox '.niination. 

— V. I. [questioned (-chun'd), -TiuM.NG.] 'l"i a-sk 
questions. — v.t. To inquire- ol bva^kiu; qiu-^tiun.s; 
to examine by interrog.itoriis: to (hiubt oi. he un- 
certain of; to treat as not entitled to coii.dei.ce. c II 
in question, citcchise. doubt, cont;<ivert. disjiiite. ii.- 
g^uire. — Ques'tionable, a. Invifing. or .-ioi min to 
invite, inqui-y; liable to be doul)te<l (■ c hid iii 
question; disputable; debatable; doulttlul; suspi- 
cious. 

Queue, ku, n. A cue, q. v. [F.] 

Quib, kwib. n. A saicasm; bitter taunt: quip: gibe. 

— Quib'ble, -bl, ii. An evasion ; cavil: petense: a 
pun ; a low conceit. — v. i. [quibbled (-bid). 
-BLIXG.] To evade the point in question by a ti- 
fice, play upon words, caviling, or any conceit; to 
pun, practice punning. 

Quick, kwik, a. Alive; living; characterized by live- 
liness; animated; sprightly; speedy; hasty; 'swilt: 
rai)id; prompt; brisk; nirnble; lively. — adv. In a 
quick manner; rapidly; in a short time; without de- 
lay. — n. A living animal or plant; esp., the haw- 
thorn, quickset ; the part of the body sensitive to 
pain: the living flesh; the sensitive part or point. 

— Quick''en, -n, v. t. [-exed (-nd), -exixg.] To 
malce alive, vivify, rein vibrate; to make lively, ac- 
tive, or sprightly; to make quick or rapid, stimu- 
late, sharpen, expedite, speed. — r. i. To become 
alive, become vivified or enlivened; to move with 
rapidity.— Quick'lime, ?i. {Chem.) Anv carbonate 
of lime, as chalk, limestone, oyster-shells, etc., de- 
prived of its carbonic acid and" aqueous matter, by 
exposure to intense heat; unslacked lime.— Quick'- 
sand, n. Sand easily moved or readily yielding to 
pressure ; esp., loose or moving sand mixed with 
water, and very dangerous, from its being unable to 
support the weight of a person. — Quick''set, v. t. 
To plant with li\'ing shrubs or trees for a hedge or 
fence.— a. Made of quickset. — Quick'silver, n. Mer- 
cury, — a fluid silver-like metal, moving as if quick, 
or living.— Quick'step, ?i. (J/"s.) A lively, spirited 
march. — Quick'-sighted, a. Having quick sight or 
acute discernment. 

Quid, kwid, n. A portion to be chewed; a cud; esp. a 

. chew of tobacco. 

Quiddity, Quiddle, Quidnunc, etc. See under Qua. 

Quiesce, kwi-es'', r. i. [-esced (-esf). -escixg/J To be 
silent, as a letter; to nave no sound. — Quie8''cence, 
-cency, -es-'sen-sl, n. State or quality of being quies- 
cent; rest: repose; rest of the mind. (Gram.) Si- 
lence; the having no sound, as a letter. — Quies'^cent, 
a. Being in a state of repose: still; n<rt ruffled with 
passion; quiet; dormant. (Gram.) Not sounded; 
mute. — Qui'et, a. Being in a state of rest; not mov- 



5m. lame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, gve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; 



QUILL 



329 



OTJOTTT 



ing; still; free from alarm or disturbance; not triv- 
ino: offense or trouble ; not turbulent ; tranquil; 
calm; placid; mild; contented. — n. State of a thing 
not in motion; rest; repose; freedom from disturb- 
ance or alarm; stillness; tranquillity. — v. t. To stop 
motion in, reduce to a state of rest ; to calm, ap- 
pease, pacify. — Qoi'^etism, -izm, ?i. Peace or tran- 
quillity of mind. {Eccl. Hist.) The system of the 
Qu'ietists, who maintained that religion consists in 
an internal rest or repose of the mind, employed in 
contemplating God, and submitting to his will. — 
Qui'etist. n. One of a sect of mystics, who main- 
t lined the principles of Quietism. — Qni'etude, 
-e-tuJ, n. Rest; repose; quiet; tranquillity.— Quie''- 
tu3, n. Rest ; repose ; death ; hence, a final dis- 
c.ia.se or acquittance; that which quiets. 
Quill, kwil, ?!. A large, strong feather, — used for writ- 
iii^i- )un^, etc.; a pen; a spine or prickle, as of a por- 
c opine ; a piece of small reed, on which weavers wind 
thread. (Mus.) The tube of a musical instrument. 

— r. t. [QUILLED (kwild), -LIXG.] To plait, or form 
with small rid^fes like quills or reeds; to wind on a 
quill, as thread or j'arn. — Quill''ing, n. A narrow 
border or trimming of lace, etc., folded so as to re- 
semble a row of quills. 

Qoilt, kwilt, n. A bed cover or garment made by put- 
ting wool, cotton, etc., between 2 cloths, and stitch- 
ing them together; a coverlet or counterpane. — v. t. 
To stitch together with some soft and warm sub- 
stance between, or in the interior of ; to sew with 
the stitch used in a quilt. — Qiulfing, n. Act of 
forming a quilt; act or process of making quilts by a 
partyof latlies, esp. for some charitable purpose; fig- 
ured material lor bed-quilts, toilet-covers, etc. 

Quinary, kwi'na-rf, a. Consisting of 5 ; arranged 
in .5s. — Quint, kwint, n. A set or sequence of 5, 
as in piquet. — Quincunx, kwin''- 
kunks. 71. An arrangement or dis- 
position of things, esp. of trees, by 
5s in a square, one being placed in 
the middle of the square. — Quin- 
quan'gular, -kwan-'gu-ler, a. Hav- 
ing 5 angles or corners. — Quin- 
quen''nial, -kwen''nt-al, a. Occur- 
ring once in 5 years, or lasting 5 
years. —Quinquefo''liate, -liated, a. 
( Dot.) Having 5 leaves or leaflets. — Quin^'quevalve, 
-valv^ular, -valv'u-ler, a. 
(/Jot.) Having .5 valves, as 
a pericarp.— Quint es'- 
sence, -sens, n. (Alchenv/.') 
1'he oth or last and high- 
est essence or power in a 
natural body. Pure or 
concentrated es^ience. — 
Quintet', -tette', -tet', 
-tet'to, n. (Mvs.) A com- 
position for 5 voices or in- - . „ ,. . 
strnments.- Quint'ile, -il, Qumquefoliate. 
n. (A^tron.) The aspect of planets when distant 
irom each other the l-5th part of the zodiac, or 72°. 

— Quinfan, n. (Med.) A fever whose paroxysms re- 
turn every 5th day. — Quintill''ion, -tiryun, n. Ac- 
cording to Eng. notation, a number produced by in- 
volving a million to the 5th power, or a unit with 
"Jl ciphers annexed ; according to the common or 
French notation, a unit 
with 18 ciphers an- 
nexed. — Quin''tuple, 
-tu-pl, a. Multiplied 
by 5; fivefold. — v. i. 
fQUINTUPLEn (-pld), 
-I'LIXG.] To make five- 
fold; multiply by 5. — 
Quinquages'ima, 
-kwa-jes'l-ma, a. Fif- 
tieth. — QvinquacieKima 
S'lv'lny. The Sunday 
which is about the 
■lOth day before Easter. 

Quince, kwins, n. The 
hirrt. vellow fruit of 
a sMiall tree or bush 
of the rose family, — 
named from Q/donia, 



Quincunx. 





Quince. 



. a town of Crete, famous for this fruit: it has a 
pleasant flavor when cooked, and is used in making 
l>reserves, marmalade, etc. 

Quinine, kwi'nin or kwi-nin'', n. (Ck&n.) A basic 
alkaloid obtained from the bark of various species 
of cinchona. (Med.) One of the salts of quinine, 
esp. the sulphate, used as a tonic and iebriluge. 

Quinquagesima, Quinquangular, etc. See under Qur- 

NAKV. 

Quinsy, kwin'zT, «. (Med.) An inflammation of the 
throat, or parts adjacent, accompanied by inflamma* 
toryfever. 

Quint, Quintan, Quintet, etc. See under Quinary. 

Quintain, kwin'tin, ii. An object to be tilted at. 

Quintal, kwin'tal, n. A hundred weight, either 112 or 
100 pounds, according to the scale used; a metrie 
measure of weight = 100,000 grams (100 kilograms>^ 
or 220.46 lbs. avoirdupois. 

Quintillion, Quintuple, etc. See under Quinary. 

Quip, kwip, n. A smart, sarcastic turn; a taunt; se~ 
vere retort; gibe; jeer. — v. t. [quipped (kwipt)^ 
QUIPPING.] To taunt, treat with a sarcastic retort- 

— V. i. To scoff, manifest contempt by derision. 
Quire, kwir, n. A body of singers; a choir; the part of 

a church where the service is sung. 

Quire, kwlr, n. Twenty-four sheets of paper of the 
same size and quality, having a single fold or not 
folded; l-20thof a ream. 

Quirk, kwerk, n. A sudden turn ; a recess or indenta- 
tion; an artful evasion or subterfuge; a shift; quib- 
ble; a smart taunt or retort. 

Qnit, kwit, V. t. [QUIT or quitted; quitting.] To 
release from obligation, accusation, penalty, etc.; to 
acquit; to meet the claims upon, or expectatiojis en- 
tertained of; to conduct; to discharge (obligation or 
duty); to have done with, depart from, forsake, give 
up, leave, resign, surrender. — a. Released from ob- 
ligation, charge, penalty, etc.; free; clear; absolved. 

— To he quits with one. To have made mutual satis- 
faction of demands with him; to be even with liim. 

— Quit 'tance, -tans, n. Discharge from a debt or 
obligation ; acquittance ; recompense ; repayment. 

— Quifclaim, v. t. [-claimed (-klamd), -claim- 
ing.] (Law.) To release or relinquish a claim to 
by deed. — n. A release of a claim; deed of release. 

— Quifrent, n. (Law.) A rent reserved in grants- 
of land, by the payment of which the tenant is;- 
quieted or quit from all other service. — Quite, kwit» 
adv. Completely; wholly; entirely; to a great ex- 
tent or degree ; very; considerably. 

Qui tam. See underQuA. 

Quiver, kwiv'er, n. A case or sheath for ar- 
rows.— Quiv'ered, -erd, a. Furnished with, | 
or sheathed as in, a quiver. 

Quiver, kwiv'er, v. i. [-ered (-erd), -eeing.] I 
To shake with slight and tremulous mo-J 
tion ; to quake, shudder, shiver, vibrate,' 
tremble. 

Qui vive. See under Qua. 

Quixotic, kwiks-ot'ik, a. Like Don Quixote; 
romantic to extravagance. — Quix^otism, 

— i z m , n. Absurdly chivalrous notions, 
schemes, or acts. 

Quiz, kwiz, n. A riddle or obscure question ; l 
an enigma; one who quizzes others; an odd' 
fellow. —v. t. _ [quizzed (kwizd), -zmo.] Quiver. 
To puzzle; to ridicule or make sport of, by 
deceiving; to look sharply and mockingly at, peer at. 

— Quiz''zical, -zik-al, a. Comical. — Quiz^zing-glass, 
n. A small eye-glass. 

Quod, kwod, n. A prison ; confinement. 

Qnodlibet. See under Qua. 

Quoif, kwoif, n. A cap or hood. 

Quoin, kwoin or koin, n. Any external angle; esp. 
(Arch.), the external angle of a building; a wedge- 
like piece of stone, wood, metal, etc., used in ma- 
chinery, building, etc. 

Quoit, kwoit, n. A circular ring or piece of iron, stone,- 
or other material, to be pitched at a fixed object in 
play. — V. ». To throw quoits, play at quoits. 

Quondam, kwon'dam, a. Having been formerly; for- 
mer. 

Quorum, Quote, Quotient, etc. See under Qua. 

Quoth, kwoth or kwuth, v. i. Said; spoke, — used witb 
1st and .3d persons in past tenses. 




sQn, cube, full ; moon, f<3&t ; cow, oil ; linger w igk, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



330 



RADIUS 



R. 




R, ar, the 18th letter of the Eng. alphabet, is a liquid 
or semi-vowel. 

Rabbet, rab'bet, v. t To cut a rectangular recess, 
ehannel, or groove in (the edge 
or face of a board, etc.) so that it 
may receive or form a joint with 
the edge of another board, etc., 
properly cut; to lap and unite the 
edges of (boards, etc.) bj' a rab- 
bet. — n. A cut made upon the 
edge or face of a board, etc., so Rabbet, 

that it maj'^ form a joint with another board, etc., 
properly cut. 

Rabbi, rab'bl or rab'^bi, n. : pi. -bis, -biz, or -bies, 
-biz. Master; lord; sir, — a Jewish title of respect for 
a teacher or doctor of the law. — Rab''bin, n. Same 
as E.ABBI. — • Rabbin^ic, -leal, a. Pert, to the rab- 
bins, or Jewish doctors of the law, or to their opin- 
ions, learning, -^ 
and language.— 
Rab'b i n i s m , 
-izm, n. A rab- 
binic expression 
or phraseology. 
— Rab''binist, n. 
One among the •; 
Jews who ad- 
hered to the 
Talmud and 
traditions of the 
rabbins. 

Rabbit, rab^'bit 




Rabbit. 



n. 



A burrowing rodent mamraal, 
which resembles the hare, but is smaller, and has 
shorter legs and ears. 

Rabble, rab'bl, n. A crowd of vulgar, noisy peo- 
ple; a mob; the dregs of the people; a rake-like tool 
for skimming off slag, etc., in puddling metal.— v. t. 
[rabbled (-bid), -BLING.] To insult or drive away 
by a mob; to mob; to stir (molten metal) to render 
it uniform. 

Rabid, rab''id, a. Furious; raging; mad; pert, to hy- 
drophobia. — Rab''idness, -id'ity, -l-tt, n. 

Raca, ra'^ka, a. Empty ; beggarly ; foolish ; loose in 
life and manners, — a term expressing contempt. 

lUiccoon, rak-koon'', n. A climbing, nocturnal, omniv- 
orous mam- 
m a 1 inhab- 
iting North 
Amer., al- 
lied to the 
bear , but 
lessthanSft. 
long, inclu- 
sive of its 
bushy, a n - 
nulated tail. 

Race, ras, n. 
The descend- 
ant s of a Tj 
common an- Raccoon, 
cestor ; a family, tribe, people, or nation, of the 
same stock ; peculiar flavor, taste, or strength of 
wine ; characteristic flavor ; smack ; characteristic 
miality or disposition. — Ra''ey, -sT, a. [-cier, -ctest.] 
Havins,' a strong flavor indicating origin ; tasting of 
the soil; fresh; rich; spicy; exciting to the mental 
taste by a distinctive character of thought or lan- 
guage ; smart ; piquant. — Ra'^cial, -shal, a. Pert, 
to a race or family of men. 

Race, ras, n. A root. 

Race, ras, n. A movement or progression of any kind; 
a method or course of action oreiSect; train; pro- 
cess ; swift progress ; rapid course or motion; act or 
process of running in competition ; trial of speed to 
win a prize ; a rapid current of water, or the chan- 
nel for such a current ; a watercourse leading from 
a dam to a waterwheel which it drives. — v. i. [raced 





Raceme. 




(rast), racing.] To run swiftly, contend in run- 
ning. — V. t. To cause to run rapidly, as a horse in 
a race. 

Raceme, ra-seni'', n. (Boi.) A flower-clus- y , 
ter with short and equal lateral one-flow- u*^ 
ered pedicels, as in the currant. — Rao'- ■p^ . 
ema''tion, n. A cluster or bunch, as of 
grapes. — Rac'emif''erouB, a. Bearing 
racemes, as the currant. 

Rachitis, ra-ki'tis, n. {3led.) Inflamma- 
tion of the spine, — a disease commen- 
cing in early childhood, which is charac- 
terized by a bulky head, distorted bones 
and joints, tumid abdomen, short stat- 
ure, emaciated limbs, and weak, un- 
steady gait. — Rachit''ic, -kifikj a. Pert. 
to, or affected by, rachitis ; nckety. — 
Rick''ets, n. pi. Same as Rachitis. — 
Rick''ety, -et-t, a. Affected with rickets; 
feeble in the joints; imperfect; weak. 

Rack, rak, v. t. To stretch or strain ; to 
subject to violent treatment, wrest ; to 
stretch on the rack or wheel, torment, 
torture ; to harass by exaction, exhaust. 

— n. An instrument for racking, stretcliing, or ex- 
tending anything; as, an engine of torture, on which 
the body of a person is gradually stretched ; or, a 
wooden frame in which hay is laid for horses and 
cattle ; or, a frame-work on which articles are ar- 
ranged and deposited ; or, {Naiit.') a strong frame 
of wood, having several sheaves, through which 
passes the running rigging ; or, 
{Mach.) a straight oar with teeth 
on its edge to work with those of 
a wheel or pinion which is to ___ 
drive or follow it. — Rack'er., n. ^^ 
One who racks or torments. 
Rack^'ing, a. Tormenting 
cruciating. — Rack'-rent, n. 
to the utmost. 

Rack, rak, v. t. [e.^cked (rakt), racking.] To draw 
off from the lees, as wine or other liquor; to cause 

, to flow olf, as pure wine, etc., from its sediment. 

Rack, rak, ?i. A peculiar pace of a horse, resembling 
an amble. — r. i. [racked (rakt), racking.] To 
move or travel with a quick amble, as a horse. 

— Rack^er, n. A horse which, etc. 

Rack, rak, v. i. To steam ; to rise, or fly as vapor or 
broken clouds. — n. Thin, flying, broken clouds, or 
any portion of floating vapor in the sky. 

Rack, n. Same as Arrack. 

Racket, Racc[iiet, Raqnet, rak'^et, n. A bat with net' 
work instead of a solid blade, used in tennis and 
similar games; a game of ball, resembling tennis; in 
Canada, a snow-shoe ; a broad wooden shoe for a 
horse, to enable him to step on soft ground. 

Racket, rak''et, n. A confused, clattering noise ; 
clamor; din. — v. i. To make a racket; to frolic. 

Raey. See under Race, faniilv. 

Raddle, rad''dl, v. t. To interweave, twist together.— 
n. A long stick used in hedging: a hedge formed by 
interweaving the shoots and branches of trees or 
shrubs; an instrument employed by domestic weav- 
ers. 

Radial. Radiate, etc. See under Radius. 

Radical, Radish, etc. See under Radix. 

Radius, ra'dT-us, n. ; jil. -dii, -dt-i. ( Geom.') A right 
line, extending from the center of a 
circle to the periphery. {Anat.') The 
bone on the exterior or thumb side 
of the fore-arm: see Skeleton. 

— Ra-'dius-vec'tor, n- {Math.) A 
straight line connecting any point 
(of a curve) with a fixed point, or pole, 
round which it turns, and to which it _ ,. 
serves to refer the successive points c* Raoius 

a curve, in a system of polar coordinaf«i» '—Ray. ra. n 



n. 

ex- Rack & Pinion. 
An annual rent raised 



^v..v.^ --C3 — - 

o 



^m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Sad, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tSne. fir/ 



RADIX 



331 



RAISE 



One of a number of lines or parts diverging from a 
common point or center, like the radii of a circle. 
(Bot.) A radiating part of a flower or plant. (Ichth.) 
One of the radiating bony spines forming the frame- 
work of the fins of fishes. {Physics.) A line of light 
or heat proceeding from a radiant or reflecting point; 
one of the colored portions of the spectrum. A gleam 
of intellectual Jight ; perception; apprehension. — 
V. t. [RAYED (rad), KAYING.] To send forth or shoot 
out, cause to shine out, glimmer, beam, gleam, light. 

— Ray'less, a. Destitute of light; not illuminated; 
dark. — Ra'diate, -dT-at, w. {Zo'ol.) An animal in 
which all the parts are arranged uniformly around 
the central axis of the body." — v. i. To issue and 
proceed in direct lines from a point of surface, as 
neat or light ; to issue in rays, as light ; to emit 
rays, be radiant. — v. t. To emit or send out in di- 
rect lines from a point or surface. — a. Formed of 
rays diverging from a center ; having the parts of 
a structure arranged radiately about a center. — 
Radia'tioH, n. Act of radiating, or state of being 
radiated ; emission and diffusion of rays of light ; 
divergence of anything from a point or surface, 
like diverging rays of light. — Ra'dia'tor, -ter, n- 
That wlnich radiates or emits rays ; esp., that part 
of a heating apparatus designed to radiate heat. — 
Ra'dial, -dt-al, a. Pert, to a radius, or to the radius, 
one of the bones of the fore-arm. — Ra^diant, a. 
Radiating ; radiate ; resembling or in the' form of 
rays ; emitting or darting rays of light or heat ; 
emitting a vivid light or splendor. — Ra^'diance, 
-ancy, -an-sT, n. Quality of being radiant ; vivid 
brightness ; luster ; glare ; glitter. — Ra'dio-ac'tive, 
ra'dt-o-ak-'ttv, a. (Physics.) Capable of becom- 
ing luminous under the action of cathode rays, 
X rays, or any of the allied forms of radiation. 
\_Radius + active.] — Ra'dio-activ'^ity, n. — Ra'dio- 
grapb, -graf, n. {Phys.) A picture produced by the 
llontgen rays, q. v. [L. radius, ray -(- Gr. gra- 
phein, to write.] — Ra'^dium, ra'dT-um, n. A radio- 
active element found in pitchblende. [L. radius, 
ray.] 

Eadix, ra'diks, n. A root. (Philology.) A primitive 
word, from which spring other words; a radical; root. 
(Math.) The fundamental number of any system; 
a base. — Rad''ical, -I-kal, a. Pert, to, or proceeding 
directly from, the root ; pert, to the root or origin ; 
reaching to the principles; thoroughgoing ; unspar- 
ing ; extreme ; innate ; constitutional. (Sot.) Pro- 
ceeding from the stem at or below the surface of the 
ground ; belonging to the root of a plant. (Gram.) 
Relating to a root, or ultimate source of derivation. 

— n. (Philology.) A primitive word ; a root, or sim- 
ple, underived, unconi pounded word ; a letter that 
belongs to the root. (Politics.) One who advocates 
a radical reform, or extreme measures in reforma- 
tion. ( Chem.) The base or distinguishing part of a 
compound, whether itself a simple or compound. — 

' Sad'^icalisiiij -izm, n. Doctrine or principle of rad- 
icals in politics or reformation. — Rad''icant, a. 
^Bot.) Taking root in, or above the ground. — Rad'- 
icate, -t-kat, v. t. To root, plant deeply and firmly. 

— Radica^'tion, n. Process of taking root deeply. 
(Bot.) Disposition of the root of a plant 

with respect to the ascending and de- 
scending caudex. — Rad'icel, -I-sel, n. 
(Bot.) A little root.— Rad'icle, -T-kl, n. ™ . ,, 
(Bot.) The rudimentary root of a plant; * ■"''' 
the stem of the embryo. — Rad'^ish, n. 
(Bot.) A cultivated plant, whose root is 
eaten raw. Radicle. 

Raflle, raf-'fl, v. i. [-fled (-fld), -fling.] To engage 
in a raflle. — v. t. To dispose of by means of a 
raffle. — n. A game of chance, or lottery, in which 
several persons deposit a part of the value of some- 
thing, and it is determined by chance which of them 
shall become sole possessor. 

Raft, raft, n. A collection of logs, planks, etc., fas- 
tened together, either to serve as a support upon 
the water, or to move the materials from one place 
to another. — v. t. To carry on or in a raft. — Raft'- 
er, n. A roof-timber of a building: see Queex-post. 

Rag, rag, n. A piece of cloth torn off; a tattered frag- 
rnent; shred; bit; patch, pi. Mean or tattered at- 
tire. (Oeol.) A coarse kind of rock, somewhat cel- 





lular in texture. — Rag'ged, a. Rent or worn into 
tatters ; broken with rough edges ; uneven ; rough 
with sharp or irregular points ; jagged; wearing tat- 
tered clothes; dressed in rags. — Bag'man, n. One 
who collects or deals in rags. ,. 

— Rag'stone, n: A dark gray xHt/ 
silicious sand stone. — Rag'- 
wheel, n. (Mach.) A wheel 
having projecting pins on 
the rim, which fit into the 
links of a chain belt, to prevent 
its slipping when receiving or 
communicating motion; a 
sprocket wheel. — Rag'amuff'- 
in, -a-muf'in, n. A paltry fel- 
low; mean wretch; a ragged, u ,, , a r.\. ■ 
disreputable fellow. °^ Rag-wheel and Cham. 

Rage, raj, n. Violent excitement; eager passion; vio- 
lent anger accompanied with furious words, ges- 
tures, or agitation; vehemence of anything painful 
or destructive; the subject of eager desire. — v.i. 
[EAGED (rajd), RAGING.] To be furious with anger; 
to be violent and tumultuous; to act or move f uri- 

• ously, storm, fret, chafe, fume ; to prevail without 
restraint, or with fatal effect, ravage. 

Ragged, Ragman, Rag;Wheel, etc. Sec under Rag. 

Ragout, ra-goo'', n. Fragments of meat stewed and 
highly seasoned; a stew. 

Raid, rad, ra. A hostile or predatory incursion; esp., 
an inroad or incursion of mounted men. 

Rail, ral, n. A piece of timber, iron, or other sub- 
stance extending from one post or support to an- 
other ; a long wooden bar split from a log, — used 
esp. in building a crooked or " Virginia " rail fence. 
(Railroads.) A bar of iron, resting upon sleepers 
and forming part of a continuous track. (Naut.) A 
narrow plank on a ship's upper works ; a curved 
piece of timber extending from the bows of a ship 
to the continuation of its stem, to suj)port the knee 
of the head, etc. — v. t. [railed (raid), railing.] 
To inclose with rails. — By rail. By railroad or rail- 
way. — Rail'lng, H. A series of rails; a fence; rails 
in general ; material for rails. — Rail'road, -way, n. 
A graded road having a continuous track of iron or 
steel rails laid upon sleepers, etc. 

Rail, ral, n. A wading bird of Europe and Amer., of 
many species. 

Rail, ral, v. i. To use inso- 
lent and reproachful lan- 
guage ; to scoff. — RaU'^er, 
n. One who rails, scoffs, 
insults, or censures.— Rail'- 
lery, t)LV- or raKer-T, n. 
Good-humored pleasantry (\ i 
or slight satire ; banter. ,.^^ 

Raiment, ra-'ment, n. Cloth-' 
ing in general ; vestments ; 
garments. 

Rain, ran, v. i. [rained (rand), RAIniwg.] To fall in 
drops from the clouds, as water; to fall or drop like 
water from the clouds. — v. t. To pour or shower 
down from above like rain from the clouds. — n. 
Water falling in drops from the atmosphere. — 
Rain-'y, -T, a. Abounding with rain; wet; showery. 

— Rain'iness, n. — Rain'bow, n. A bow or arch ex- 
hibiting the colors of the spectrum, and formed by 
the refraction and reflection of the sun's rays in 
drops of falling rain. 

Raise, raz, v. t. [raised (razd), raising.] To cause 
to rise; to bring from a lower to a higher place; to 
bring to a liigher condition or situation, elevate in 
rank, dignity, etc.; to increase the strength or vehe- 
mence of; to recall from death, give life to; to cause 
to rise up, or assume an erect position or posture; to 
cause to spring up from a recumbent position, from 
a state of quiet, etc.; to awitken; to rouse to action, 
stir up; to cause to arise, grow up, or come into be- 
ing or to appear; to give rise to; to build up, erect; 
to Dring together, collect; to cause to grow; to pro- 
cure to be produced, bred, or propagated; to bring 
into being, produce; to give vent or utterance to; to 
cause to rise, as by the effect of leaven; to make 
light and spongy, as bread. (Naut.) To cause to 
seem elevated, as an object by a gradual approach 
to it. (Law.) To create or constitute. — Rais^ing, n. 




Rail. 



Biin, cube, f uU ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, ihen, boNboif, chair, get. 



RAISIN 



332 



RANaE 



Act of lifting, setting up, elevating, exalting, pro- 
ducing, or restoring to life; operation of setting up 
the frame of a building, or any structure of tirnber. 

Eaisin, ra'zn, n. A grape dried in the sun, or by ar- 
tificial heat. 

Eaisonn^. See under Reasoit. 

BajsJii ra^'ja or ra'ja, n. In India, a native prince or 
king. — Rajpoot'', raj-poot', n. In India, a prince; a 
Hindoo of the 2d, or royal and military, caste; an 
inhabitant of the country of Rajputana. 

Bake, rak, n. An instrument for collecting hay or 
light things spread over a large surface, or for 
breaking and smoothing the earth. — v. t. [kaked 
(rakt), RAKING.] To smooth, clear, gather, etc., 
with a rake; to collect laboriously, scrape together; 
to scour, ransack. {Mil.) To enfilade, tire in a direc- 
tion with the length of. — v. i. To use a rake, scrape, 
pass rapidly. — Rak'ing, n. Act of using a rake ; 
space or ground raked at once ; or quantity of hay, 
etc-, collected by using a rake once. 

Bakb, rak, n. A loo.st*, dissolute, vicious man. — 
Bake''liell, n. A lewd, wild fellow; rake; debauchee. 
— Rak.''iBh, a. Dissolute. 

Rake, rak, n. (Navt.) The projection of the upper 
parts of a ship, at the height of the stem and stern, 
beyond the extremities of the keel; inclination of a 
mast from a perpendicular direction. — r. i. [raked 
(rakt), raking. 1 To incline from a perpendicular 
direction. — Rak'^ish, a. Having a great rake, or 
backward inclination of the masts. 

Rally, raKlT, v. t. [-lied (-lid), -lying.] To collect 
and reduce to order (as troops thrown into confu- 
sion); to gather again, reunite. — v. i. To come into 
orderly arrangement, assemble, unite ; to renew 
wasted force or power, recuperate. — n. Act of reas- 
sembling scattered troops ; regaining of lost strength ; 
a public meeting, as of political adherents. 

Rally, raKlT, v. t. To attack with raillery, banter, 
ridicule, mock. — v. i. To use pleasantry or satir- 
ical merriment. — n. Exercise of good humor or 
satirical merriment. 

Ram, ram, n. The male of the 
sheep and allied animals. 
(Astron.) Aries, the sign of 
the zodiac which the sun 
enters about March 21st; the 
constellation Aries, wliich 
does not now, as formerly, 
occupy the sign of the sarne 
name. An engine of war, 
used for butting or batter- 
ing; a battering-ram; a ves- 
sel, armed with a heavy 
beak for piercing and destroying other vessels : a 
machine for raising water by the momentum of the 
water of which a part is to be raised : see Hy- 
draulic Ram. —v. t. [rammed (ramd), ramming.] 
To butt or strike against, like a ram ; to thrust or 
drive with violence; to fill or compact by pounding 
or driving. 

Ramble, ram-'bl, v. i. [rambled (-bid), -bling.] To 
walk, ride, or sail from place to place, without de- 
terminate object; to go out, expand, or grow with- 
out constrairit or direction; to rove, roam, wander, 
stroll. — n. A going from place to place without 
object. — Ram 'bling, a. Discursive; desultory. 

Ramee, -mie, rani'e, n. An Asiatic plant of the hemp 
and nettle family, from the fiber of whose inner 
bark grass-cloth is made for wearing apparel : China 
grass. 

Ramose, ra-mos', Ra''moas, -mus, a. 
(Bot.) Branched, as a stem or root ; 
consisting of branches ; branchy. — 
Ram'ify, ram''T-fi, v. t. [-fied (-tid). 
-FYING.] To divide into branches or 
parts. — V. i. To shoot into branches ; 
to be divided or subdivided.— Ram'- 
ifi.ca'^tion, n. Process of branching, 
or shooting branches from a stem, or 
the mode of their arrangement ; a 
small division proceeding from a 
main stock or channel; a subordin- 
ate branch ; a division into principal 
and subordinate classes or heads. 




Ram. 





Rampant. 



Ranuise root. 



iBot.) The manner in which a tree produces its 



branches. Production of figures resembling, 
branches. 
Ramp, ramp, v. i. [ramped (rampt), eamping.] To 
climb, as a plant ; to creep up ; to spring, leap^ 
prance, frolic, romp. — n. A leap; spring; bound. 

— Ramp'^age, -aj, n. Violent or 
riotous behavior ; a state of ex- 
citement or passion. — Ramp'- 
ant, a. Springing or climbing 
unchecked : overgrowing the 
usual bounds ; exuberant; over- 
leaping restraint. {Her.) Stand- 
ing upright on his hind legs, as 
if attacking a person. — Ramp'- 
ancy -an-st, n. Quality or state 
of being rampant ; excessive 
growth or practice; exuberance; 
extravagance. 

Rampart, ram'part, n. That which fortifies and de- 
fends from assault. {Fort.) An elevation or mound 
of earth round a place, upon which the parapet is- 
raised : see Castle. —v. t. To fortify with ram- 
parts. 

Ramshackle, ram'shak-l, a. Loose ; old ; falling ta 
pieces. 

Ran, imp. of Run. 

Rancescent. See under Rancid. 

Ranch, ranch, Ranch'o, n. In Mexico, California, etc., 
a rude hut, as of posts, covered with branches or 
thatch, where herdsmen or laborers lodge at night; 
a large farming establishment on which are many 
ranchos ; esp., an establishment for rearing cattle 
and horses. — Ranche'ro, ran-cha''ro, n. A herds- 
man ; one employed on a rancho. 

Rancid, ran''sid, a. Having a rank, unpleasant smell; 
strong-scented ; sour ; musty. — Rancid'tty, -sid'T- 
tT, Ran'cidness, n. Quality of being rancid ; a strong 
scent, as of old oil. — Rances'^cent, -ses'sent, a. Be- 
coming rancid or sour. — Ran 'cor, rank'er, n. The 
deepest malignity; inveterate hatred ; ill will ; mal- 
ice; spite; grudge; malignity. — Ran'corous, -er-us» 
a. Full of rancor; implacably spiteful or malicious; 
bitter; malevolent; virulent. 

Random, ran''dum, n. A roving motion; course with- 
out definite direijtion; hazard; chance; distance to 
which a missile is thrown ; range ; reach. — a. Done 
at hazard, or without settled aim or purpose; left to 
chance. 

Ranedeer^ Same as Reindeer. 

Range, ranj, v. t. [ranged (ranjd), ranging.] To 
set in a row or rows, dispose in the proper order, 
rank; to dispose in a systematic order; to rove over, 
pass over; to sail or pass in a direction parallel to or 
near. — v. i. To wander without restraint or direc- 
tion; to be capable of projecting, or to admit of be- 
ing projected, esp. as to horizontal distance; to be 
placed in order, admit of arrangement or classifica- 
tion ; to have a particular direction, be in a line with; 
to sail or pass near or in the direction of. — n. A 
series of things in a line; a row; rank; an aggregate 
of individuals of like rank or degree; an order; class; 
a cooking apparatus of cast iron, set in brick work, 
and containing pots, oven, etc.; a wandering or rov- 
ing; ramble; expedition; compass or extent of excur- 
sion; natural or acquired power to comprehend or 
master a greater or less variety of knowledge; the 
variety of truth or compass of knowledge in posses- 
sion ; scope. {Gun.) The horizontal distance to 
which a shot or other projectile is carried. That 
which may be traversed or ranged over; esp., a re- 
gion of country in which cattle may wander and 
pasture; in the land system of thetJ. S., a row or 
line of townships lying between 2 successive merid- 
ian lines 6 mUes apart. — Ran'ger, n. One who 
ranges ; a dog that beats the ground; one of a body 
of mounted troops, who range over the country, 
and often fight on foot; a keeper of a forest orpark. 

— Rank, rank, n. A row or line ; a range. {Mil.) 
Aline of soldiers; a row of troops reckoned from 
side to side, — opp. to^fe. {Mil. Si Naval.) Degree; 
grade. An aggregate of individuals together: an 
order; division; degree of dignity, eminence, or ex- 
cellence; high degree; high social position. — r.t. 
[HANKED (rankt), ranking.] To place abreast, or 
in a line; to range in a particular class, order, or dif 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve. term ; Tn. ice ; 6dd, tone, 6ri 



RANK 



333 



RATCH 



vision; to class; to dispose methodically; to take pre- 
cedence of. outrank. — v. i. To be ranged or set, as 
in a particular deo;ree, class, order, or division; .to 
have a certain grade or degree of elevation in the 
orders of civil or military life. 

Rank, rank, a. Luxuriant in growth ; exuberant; 
raised to a high degree; causing vigorous growth; 
very rich and fertile; strong to the smell; rancid; 
sour; musty; strong to the taste; high-tasted. — 
Eank''le, -1, v. i. [rankled (-Id), -LixGri To grow 
more rank or strong, be inflamed, fester ; to become 
more violent, rage. 

Bansack, ran'sak, r. t. [-sacked (-sakt). -sacking.] 
To search thoroughly, search every place or part of; 
to plunder, pillage completely. 

Bansom, ran'sum, ri. Release from captivity, bond- 
age, or the possession of an enemy ; mo^ey paid for 
the redemption of a prisoner, or for goods captured 
by an eneni}'. — v. t. [kaxsomed (-sumd), -somixg.] 
To redeem from captivity, servitude, or punishment, 
by paying a price. 

Bant, rant, v. L To rave in violent, high-sounding, 
or extravagant language. — n. Boisterous, empty 
declamation. 

Bsuiunculus, ra/-nun'ku-lus, n. ; E. pi. -luses; L. pi. 
-LI. A herbaceous flowering plant of many annual 
and perennial species, including the crow-foot, but- 
tercup, etc., and esp. the cultivated tuberous-rooted 
Asiatic ranunculus. 

Bap, rap, v. i. To strike with a quick, sharp blow; to 
knock. —t\*. [RAPi'ED (rapt). RAPPING.] To strike 
with a quick blow, km^ck. — n. A quick, smart blow. 

Bap, rap, v. t. [rapped (rapt), more usually written 
RAPT; rapping.] To snatch away, seize .ind hurry 
off; to transport out of one's self , affect with ecstasy 
or rapture. — Kape, rap, n. Sexual intercourse with 
a woman against her will ; violation ; act of seizing 
and carrying away by force (persons or things). 

Bapacions, ra-pa'shus, a. Given to plunder; seizing 
by force; subsisting on prey or animals seized by 
violence; greedy; ravenous: voracious. 

Bape, violation. See under Rap, to snatch. 

Bape, rap, n. A plant of several species, with woody 
roots, allied to the turnip and cabbage, cultivated 
for its leaves and stalks (for salad and forage), and 
for its seeds, from which oil is extracted. 

Bapid, rap'id, a. Very swift or quick; moving with 
celerity; advancing with speed; in quick sequence; 
of quick utterance of words; fast; expeditious; hur- 
ried. — n. A portion of a stream, esp. when broken 
by rocks, where the current runs with unusual swift- 
ness or rapidly descends without actual waterfall or 
cascade. — Bapid'ity, -t-tT, n. Qualitj' or state of 
bein^ rapid; quickness of progression or advance ; 
speed; celerity; velocitj'; agility.— Rap'idly, adv. — 
Bap''idness, n. — Rap'ine, -in, w. Act of plunder- 
ing; spoliation; pillage; violence; force.— Rapto'- 
rial, -to^r'i-a,\,~a. Rapacious : living upon prey, — 
said esp. of certain birds. — Rapt 'ore, rap'chur, n. 
State or condition of being carried awaj^ from one's 
self bv agreeable excitement ; extreme joy or pleas- 
ure ; bliss ; ecstacy ; transport; exultation. — Rapf- 
■orouB, -us, a. Ecstatic: transportin;^; ravishing. 

Bapier, ra'pT-er, n. A li^ht sword with narrow blade, 
formerly worn by gentlemen on all occasions. 

Rapine. See under Rapid. 

Rapparee, rap'pa-re', n. A wild Irish plunderer. 

Rappee, rap-pe'', n. A pungent kind of snuff, of either 
a brown or black color. 

Rapscallion. See under Rascal. 

Rapt. imp. of Rap, to snatch. 

Raptorial, Rapture, etc. See under Rapid. 

Raquet. See under Racket. 

Bare, rar, a. Of loose texture ; not thick or dense ; 
thin; thinly scattered; dispersed; not frequent; sel- 
dom met with; unusual; unusually excellent; valu- 
able to a degree seldom found; scarce; uncommon; 
extraordinary ; incomparable. — Rare'ly, adv. In 
a rare manner or degree; seldom; not often ; finely; 
nicely. — Rar'efy, rSr-'e-fr, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -FT- 
ING.] To make rare, thin, porous, or less dense. — v. 
i. To become thin and less dense. — Rarefac'tion, n. 
Act or process of making rare, • or of expanding or 
distending bodies, by separatino; the parts. — BSt''- 
ity, -I-tt, n. Quality or state of being rare; tenuity; 



uncommonness; infrequency ; a rare or uncommon 
thing ; a thing valued for its scarcity; thinness; sub- 
tilty. — Rare'ripe, rar'rip, a. Early ripe ; ripe before 
others, or before the usual season. — n. An early 
fruit; esp., a kind of peach which ripens early. 

Rare, rar, a. Nearly raw; imperfectly cooked; under- 
done. 

Rascal, ras'kal, n. A mean fellow; scoundrel; worth- 
less fellow ; trickish, dishonest person ; rogue. — 
Ras'cally, a. Like a ra.scal: meanly trickish; base. 
— Rascal 'ity, -T-tT, n. Quality of being, etc.; trick- 
ery; dishonesty. — Rascall'lon, ras-kaK-, Rapscall''- 
ioh, rap-skal'yun, n. A 1()W. mean wretch. 

Rase, raz, v. t. [rased (razd), rasing.] To graze; 
to cancel, ei-ase ; to le\'el with the ground, raze. — 
Raze, V. t. [razed (razd), kazing.J To erase, ef- 
face, obliterate, extirpate ; to lay level with the 
ground, demolish, subvert, ruin. — Razee', ra-ze', 
n. (Xaiit.) An armed ship having her upper deck 
cut down, and thus reduced to the next inferior 
rate. — v. t. To cut down (a ship) to an inferior 
class; to prune or abridge by cutting off or retrench- 
ing parts. — Ra'zor, -zer, n. An instrument for 
shaving oft" the 
beard or hair. — ...» .™^ 
Ras'^ure, Raz^'ure, VniniiiflMilT cv .^^^^ o 
razh'ur, n. Act of 
erasing or oblit- 
erating ; th ing 
razed ; erasure. — 
Raso'^rial, -so'rT- 
al, a. Pert, to an 
order of gallina- 
ceous birds which 
scrape the ground 
for food, as the 

domestic fowl, JPli^K .^ 

peacock, par- ^Jiiyi^itaiL ^toiS^^sQ^ 

tridge, ostrich, 
pigeon, etc. 

Rash, rash, a. 
Hasty; quick; sud- 
den ; rapid ; hasty 
in counsel or ac- 
tion ; entering on ■iB>«ca.fir.4niir* ^ ^^ ,. ^^ 
a measure without l^^SS^wl\S&|^l^l^|#wi q^ 
due caution ; ut- 
t e r e d or under- 
taken with too 
much haste or too 

little reflection; „ . , „._, 

precipitate ; head- Rasonal Birds. 

strong; foolhardy; a, a, head and foot of Gallus bankivs; 
heedless; unwary. 6, 6, do. of common pheasant; c, c, do. 

Rash, rash, n. {Med.) of wild turkey ; d, d, do. of common 
A fine eruption or grouse, 
efflorescence on any portion of the person. 

Rasher, rash'er, n. A thin slice of bacon; a thin cut. 

Rasorial. See under Rase. 

Rasp, rasp, n. A species of coarse file, on ■which the 
cutting prominences aje distinct, being raised by the 
oblique stroke of a sharp punch. — v. t. [rasped 
(raspt), RASPING.] To rub or file with a rasp or a 
rough file ; to grate harshly upon. — Rasp'berry, n. 
A thorny bush or bramble of several species ; its 
edible thimble-shaped berry, — red, white, or black. 

Rasure. See under Rase. 

Rat, rat, n. {Zobl.) One of several species of rodent 
mammals, larger than mice, that infest houses, stores, 
and ships. One who deserts his party or associates; 
among printers, one who works at less than estab- 
lished prices. — V. i. [ratted, -ting.] {Eng. Poli- 
tics.) To desert one s former party or associates 
from interested motives. To work at less than estab- 
lished prices. — Rats'^bane, n. Poison for rats; arseni- 
ous acid.— Rat'ten, v. t. [-tened (-tend), -tening.] 
To injure and carry away the tools, etc., of (a work- 
man obnoxious to a trades' union, etc.). 

Ratafia, rat'a-fe'a, n. A fine spirituous liquor, fla- 
vored with cherries, apricots, peaches, etc., and 
sweetened with sugar. 

Ratan. See Rattan. 

Ratch, Ratchet, rach-'et, re. A bar or piece of mechan- 
ism turning at one end upon a pivot, while the other 
end falls into the teeth of a wheel or rack, allowing. 




sQn, cube, full ; moon, £d6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiieu, boNboK, chair, get. 



RATE 



334 



REACH 






Ratchet-wheel. 

ratchet-wheel ; 6, 
reciprocating lever; 

c, small ratchet or 
pawl for communi- 
cating motion ; 

d, ratchet for pre- 
venting backward 
motion. 



the latter to move in one direction 
only ; pawl ; click ; detent. — 
Eatch'et-wheel, n. A circular 
■wheel, having angular teeth, by 
which it may be moved forward, 
as by a lever and catch, or pawl, 
or into which a pawl may drop to 

Erevent the wheel from running 
ack. 
Bate, rat, v. t. To chide vehemently, 

reprove, scold. 
Rate, rat, n. Established portion or 

measure; fixed allowance; degree; 

standard ; proportion ; ratio ; value ; 

price; rank; movement, as fast or 

slow, etc. ; a tax or sum assessed on 

property for public use. — v.t. To 

set a certain estimate on, value at 

a certain price; to settle the rela- 
tive scale, rank, or position of; to 

appraise, compute, reckon. — v. i. 

To be set or considered in a class ; to have rank ; to 

make an estimate.— Rateable, o. Capable of being 

rated, or set at a certain value ; liable to taxation. 

— Rat'ably, adv. Proportionally. — Rat'er, n. — 
Ra'tio, ra'shT-o or -sho, n. (Math.) The relation 
which one quantity or magnitude has to another of 
the same kind, as expressed by the quotient of the 2d 
divided by the 1st; fixed relation of number, quan- 
tity, or degree ; proportion ; rate ; quota. — Ra'tion, 
ra'shun or rasn''un, n. A portion or fixed allow- 
ance of provisions, drink, and fora°:e; a certain por- 
tion or fixed amount dealt out ; allowance. — Ra'- 
tional, rash^uH-al, a. Rehiting to the reason; not 
physical; having reason, or the faculty of reasoning; 
agreeable to reason ; not absurd, extravagant, fool- 
ish, fanciful, etc.; sane; sound; discreet; judicious. 

— Rational quantity. (Alg.) A quantity that can 
be expressed without a radical sign, — opp. to irra- 
tional or radical quantity'.— Ra'tiona'le, rash'un-a'- 
le, n. A series of reasons assigned ; an explanation 
01 the principles of some opinion, action, hypoth- 
esis, phenomenon, etc., or the principles themselves. 
— Ra'tionaUsm, -izm, n. A system of opinions de- 
duced from reason, as disting. fr., or opp. to, revela- 
tion; an excessive reliance on reason. — Ra''tional- 
ist,n. One who proceeds wholly upon reason, or 
relies on his reason as the sole oV the supreme au- 
thority in matters of religion, and rejects supernat- 
ural guidance. — Ra'tional'lty, n. Quality of being 
rational; due exercise of reason ; reasonableness. — 
Ra'tionaUy, adv. — Ra'tioC'inate, rash'T-os'I-nat, 
V. i. To reason deductively ; to offer reason or ar- 
gument.— Ra'tioc'lna'tion, n. Act or process of rea- 
soning. — Rat'ify, rafl-fi, v. t. [-fied, -fying.] To 
approve, make valid; esp., to give sanction to (some- 
thing done by an agent or servant); to confirm, es- 
tablish, sanction. — Rafifica'tion, n. Act of ratify- 
ing; state of being ratified; confirmation. 

Rath, Rathe, rath, a. Coming before others or be- 
fore the usual time; early. — adv. Early; betimes. 

— Rath''er, ratti^er, adv. More readilj^ or willingly; 
preferably ; on the other hand ; on the contrary ; 
somewhat ; moderately ; tolerably ; more properly; 
more correctly speaking. — The ratJier. The sooner; 
the more so ; especially. 

Ratify, Ratio, Rational, etc. See under Rate. 

Ratlin, -line, rat'lin, n. (Naut.) A small line travers- 
ing the shrouds of a ship, making the step of a lad- 
der for ascending the masts : see Ship. 

Ratoon, ra-toon', n. A sprout from the root of the 
sugar-cane, after the cane has been cut. 

Ratslsane. See under Rat. 

Rattan, rat-tan', n. The long, slender, jointed, branch- 
less stem of a plant growing in India, which is cylin- 
drical, solid, flexible, and very tou^h, and is used 
for wicker-work, seats of chairs, walking sticks, etc. 

Ratteen, rat-ten', n. A thick woolen stun quilled or 
twilled. 

Ratten. See under Rat. 

Rattle, rat'tl, v. i. [-tled (-tld), -tling.] To make 
a quick, sharp noise, rapidly repeated, by collision 
of bodies not very sonorous ; to clatter ; to speak 
eagerly and noisily, jabber. — v.t. To cause to make 
a rapid succession of sharp sounds ; to stun with 




Rattle-snake. 



Harshness of 



noise ; to scold. — n. A rapid succession of sharp, 
clattering sounds; loud, rapid talk; an instrument or 
toy with which a clattering sound is made ; a jab- 
berer; noise produced by the air in passing through 
mucus of which the lungs 
are unable to free them- 
selves. — Rat'tle - head'- 
ed, a. Noisy; giddy; un- 
steady. — snake, n. A ven- 
omous Amer. snake hav- 
ing a series of horny joints 
at the end of the tail 
which make a rattling 
sound. — wort, -wert, n. 
An annual hairy hejb, 
growing from Massachu- 
setts southwards, whose 
seeds are in inflated pods, 
and rattle when shaken; 
rattle-box. 

Raucous, rawlcus, a. 
Hoarse ; harsh. — Rau'city, -sl-tt, n. 
sound ; hoarseness. 

Ravage, raVej, n. Desolation by violence ; violent 
destruction ; devastation ; pillage ; spoil ; waste; 
ruin. — V. t. [ravaged (-ejd), -agixg.] To lay 
waste by force, despoil, sack, desolate, destroy. 

Rave, rav, v. i. [raved (ravd), raving.] To wander 
in mind or intellect; to be delirious; to talk irration- 
ally or frantically ; to be furious or raging ; to rush 
wildly or noisily. — v. t. To utter in frenzy, Say 
wildly. 

Ravel, ravl, v. t. [-eled (-Id), -eling.] To undo the 
texture of, take apart, unsew or unknit; to dis- 
entangle ; to pull apart (a texture) so that the 
threads fall into a tangled mass; to entangle, make 
intricate, involve. — v. i. To become separated in 
texture, be untwisted or unwoven, be disentangled. 

RaveUn, rav'lin, n. (Fort.) A detached work with 
2 embank ments which 
make a salient angle. 

Raven, ra'vn, n. A bird of 
black color, allied to the 
crow, but larger. 

Raven, rav'n, ?;. t. [-ened 
(-nd), -ENiNG.] To obtain 
by violence, devour with 
eagerness. — v. i. To prey 
with rapacity, be greedy. 
— n. Rapine ; rapacity ; 
prey ; food obtained by 
violence. — Rav'ening, n. 
Eagerness for plunder. — 
Rav'enous, -n-us, a. Furi- 
ously voracious ; hungry be, ravelin; a, redoubt; cc, 
even to rage ; eager for ditch; e, passage from fort- 
prey or gratification. — '■^ss to ravelin. 
Rav'in, -n^ n. Plunder; prey. 

Ravine, ra-ven', n. A long, deep, and narrow hollow, 
usually worn by a stream or torrent of water ; a 
gorge. 

Ravish, rav'ish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] To 
seize and carry away by violence ; to carry away with 
joy or delight, transport, entrance, enrapture; to 
commit rape upon, violate, deflour, force. 

Raw, raw, a. Not cooked; unprepared for use or en- 
joj^ment; immature; unripe; unpracticed; untried; 
untouched by art; unwrought; not spun or twisted; 
not mixed or adulterated; not tried, or melted and 
strained; not tanned; deprived of skin; galled; caus- 
ing sensations as of raw flesh; piercingly damp or 
cold. — n. A raw, sore, or galled'place. 

Ray, a line, Rayless. See under Radius. 

Ray, ra, n. A fish of several species, including the 
sKate, thornback, and tor- 
pedo, having the rays of the 
pectoral fins covered by a 
disk-like expansion of the 
body. 

Raze, Razee, Razor, etc. See | 
under Rase. 

Reach, rech, v. t. [reached 
(recht), reachin'g.] To ex- 
tend, stretch, thrust out ; to 
deliver by stretching out a member, esp. the hand; 




ilavelin. 




Ray. 



'Sua, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; In, ice ; Cdd, t5ne, 6r ; 



R£< 



335 



REBEL 



to pass to another, hand over ; to attain or obtain 
by stretching forth the hand; to extend an action, 
effort, or influence to, penetrate to ; to extend to, 
stretch out as far as; to arrive at, get as far as; to 
attain to, gain. — v. i. , To stretch out the hand ; to 
strain after something ; to be extended in dimen- 
sion, time, action, influence, etc., so as to attain to 
or be equal with something. — ?i. Act of stretching 
or extending; extension; power of reaching; power 
of extending action, influence, etc.; extent of force 
or capacity; extent; stretch; expanse; application; 
influence; result; an extended portion of land or 
■water; a stretch; an artifice to obtain an advantage. 

Re-, re, Red-, inseparable pre/., signifying again, or for 
the 2d time: it may be prefixed to almost any verb, 
and many substantives, the words so formed being 
usually self-explanatory. 

Re, ra. (Mus.) A syllable applied in solmization to 
the 2d tone of the diatonic scale. 

React, re-akf, v. t. To act or perform a second time, 
do over again. — v. i. To resist the action of another 
body by an opposite force; to produce or exhibit an 
opposite effect or condition from that which has 
previously been produced or exhibited; to exercise 
a reciprocal or reverse effect. — Reac'tion, n. Any 
action in resisting other action or power ; counter 
tendency or movement. {Chem.) The mutual or 
reciprocal action of chemical agents upon each 
other. {Med.) Depression or exhaustion of vital 
force consequent on over-exertion or over-stimula- 
tion; or vital excitement and recuperation follow- 
ing depression or exhaustion. (Meek.) Force which 
a body subjected to the action of a force from an- 
other body exerts upon that body in the opposite 
direction. (Politics.) Backward tendency from rev- 
olution, reform, or progress. — Reac'tionaiTr, -a-rT, 
-iat, a. For, or implying, reaction. — n. (Folitics.) 
One anxious to undo reform, or to return to an out- 
grown condition of things. — Reacfive, -iv, a. Hav- 
ing power to react; tending to reaction^ 

Read, red, v. t. [ee.\d (rSd), reading (red^'ing).] To 
go over, as characters or words, and utter aloud, or 
recite to one's self inaudibly; to take in the sense of 
(language); to peruse; to know fully, comprehend; 
to gather the meaning of by inspection, learn by ob- 
servation. — V. i. To perform the act of reading; to 
be studious; to learn by reading; to appear in read- 
ing. — a. Instructed or knowing by reading; versed 
in books; learned. — Read^able, a. Capable of being 
read; fit, legible, or suitable to be read; worth read- 
ing. — Readying, n. Act of one who reads; perusal; 
study of books; the way in which anything reads; 
lection; version; learning. 

Ready, red^'t, a. [-iee ; -iest.] Prepared at the mo- 
ment ; not behindhand or backward when called 
upon; prepared in mind or disposition; not slow, hes- 
itating, or awkward ; quick in action ; not occasion- 
ing delay; offering itself at once; on the point, about, 
— with a following infinitive. — adv. In a state of 
preparation so as to need no delay. — Read'ily, -T-lY, 
adv. Quickly; promptly; without delay or objec- 
tion; cheerfully. 

Reagent, re-a'jent, n. (Chem.) A substance em- 
ployed to detect the presence of other bodies ; a 
test. 

Real, re'al, a. Actually being or existing ; not arti- 
ficial, counterfeit, or factitious. (Law.) Pert, to 
things fixed, permanent or immovable, as to lands 
and tenements, — as, real estate. — Regally, adv. 
Actually ; in truth. — Re''alism, -al-izm, n. Doc- 
trine of the realists ; fidelity to nature or to real 
life, in art or literature. — 'Re''alist, n. One who 
maintains that generals, or the terms used to denote 
the genera and species of things, represent real ex- 
istences, and are not mere names, as maintained by 
the nominalists ; an artist or writer who aims to ad- 
here to real life in his delineations. — Realist'^ic, a. 
Pert, to, or characteristic of, realists. — ReaKity, n. 
State or quality of being real ; actual being or ex- 
istence of anything, — disting. fr. mere appearance; 
fact; that which is real; an actual existence ; truth; 
verity; certainty. — Re'alty, n. (Law.) Real estate; 
that which has the nature or character of real es- 
tate. — Re'^alize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To 
Make real, convert from imaginary or fictitioug into 



actual ; to cause to seem real, impress upon the 
mind as actual ; to convert into real property ; to 
obtain as the result of plans and efforts, gain, get. 

— V. >. To receive value or property, esp. in money. 
Real, re'^al, n. A small Spanish denomination of 

money varving in value from 12i to 5 cents. 

Realgar, re-al'giir, n. (Min.) a. natural or artificial 
combination of sulphur and arsenic in equal equiv- 
alents, of a brilliant red color; red orpiment. 

Realm, relm, n. A royal jurisdiction or regal govern- 
ment; kingdom: region; domain; department. 

Ream, rem, n. A package of paper, consisting of 20 
quires or 480 sheets. 

Ream, rem, v. t. [reamed (remd), reamixg.] To en- 
large or dress out, as a hole. — Ream'er, 7i. (Jfech.) 
An i n s t ru- 
ment to en- 
large a hole 

in a beveled „ 

form. Reamer. 

Reanimate, re-an'T-mat, v. t. To animate anew, in- 
fuse new life, vigor, spirit,_or courage into. 

rep, V. t. [reaped (rept), reaping.] To cut 
with a sickle, as grain ; to gather, obtain, receive as 
a reward, or as the fruit of labor; to clear of a crop 
by reaping. — V. i. To perform the act of reaping; 
to receive the fruit of labor or works. — Reap''er, n. 
One who reaps or cuts grain with a sickle; machine 
for cutting grain. 

Rear, rer, n. The back or hindmost part; part of an 
army or fleet which comes la^, or is behind the rest. 

— a. Being behind or in the hindmost part : hind- 
most. - Rear''-ad'miral, n. An officer next in rank 
after the vice-admiral. 

Rear, rer, v. t. [reared (rerd), rearing.] To bring 
up or raise to maturity, as young; to lift, erect, es- 
tablish. — V. i. To rise on the hind legs, as a horse. 

Rear-, Reremonae, rer'mows, n. The bat. 

Reason, re'^zn, n. A thought or consideration, as bear- 
ing on a determination or opinion ; a motive or cause ; 
that which accounts for or explains ; the faculty 
or capacity of the human mind by which it is dis- 
ting. f r. the inferior animals ; the liigher as disting. 
fr. the lower cognitive faculties; due exercise of the 
reasoning faculty ; that which is supported by the 
common sense of mankind ; propriety ; justice ; 
traths and laws by which the universe is supposed 
to be constructed and governed. — v. i. [reasoned 
(-znd), -SONING.] To exercise the rational faculty, 
ratiocinate ; to carry on a process of deduction in 
order to convince, or to confute ; to debate, discuss, 
argue, examine, prove. — v. t. To examine or dis- 
cuss by arguments ; to debate ; to persuade by rea- 
soning or argument. — Rea'^sonable, a. Having the 
faculty of reason; governed by, under the influence 
of, or agreeable to, reason; within due limits; just; 
honest ; equitable ; fair ; suitable ; considerable. — 
Rea'sonlng, n. Act or process of deriving conclu- 
sions from premises ; proofs or reasons when ar- 
ranged and developed; argumentation; argument. 

— Raisonn^, ra'zo-na', a. Having proofs, illustra- 
tions, or notices ; arranged analytically or system- 
atically. _ 

Reassure, re^as-shoor', v. t. To assure anew; to free 
from fear or terror; to obtain insurance from an- 
other of what one has already insured. — Re'as- 
sur'^ance, n. Assurance or confirmation repeated. 
(Laio.) A contract by which an insurer of property 
obtains indemnity against loss by his insurance 
from some_other insurer. 

Rebate, re-bat'', v. t. To beat to obtuseness, blunt; to 
make a discount from for prompt payment; to cut 
a rebate in, rabbet. — n. A groove or channel sunk 
on the edge of a board or piece of timber; a rabbet. 

— Rebate', -bate'ment, M. Diminution. (Com.) De- 
duction of interest, or any sum, etc., on account of 
prompt payment; abatement. 

Rebel, reb'el, n. One who rebels ; one who revolts 
from the government to which he owes allegiance; 
revolter ; insurgent. — a. Acting in revolt ; rebel- 
lious. — Rebel', re-bel', v. i. [-belled (-held'), 
-belling.] To revolt; to take up arms traitorously 
against the state or government. — Rebell'ion, -yun, 
n. Act of rebelling ; open renunciation of the au- 
thority of the government to which one owes aUe- 



sQn, cube, full ; mdbn, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or igk, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



REBOUND 



336 



RECK 



piance ; resistance to lawful authority ; sedition » 
mutiny ; contumacy. — Rebell'^ions, -yus, a. En- 
gaged 'in, or marked by, rebellion; violently resist- 
ing government or lawful authority. 

Bebonnd, re-bownd', v. i. To spring back, start back; 
to be reverberated. — v. t. To drive back, reverber- 
ate. — n. Act of flying back upon collision with 
another body; resilience. 

Rebuff, re-buf, n. A beating back; a quick and sud- 
den resistance; sudden check; repercussion; unex- 
pected repulse; refusal. — v. t. [rebuffed (-buff), 
-FING.J To bearback, check, repel violently, harsh- 
ly, or uncourteously. 

Rebuild, re-bild'', v. t. [-built (-bilt), -building.] To 
build or construct (something which has been de- 
molished). 

Rebuke, re-buk',t?. t. [-buked (-bukf), -buking.] To 
check, silence, or put down with reproof; to repre- 
hend sharply and summarily. — w. A pointed re- 
proof; reprimand; chastisement; punishment. 

Rebus, re'bus, n. ; pi. -buses. Enigmatical represen- 
tation of words by figures; a riddle made up of 
such representations. 

Rebut, re-buf^, v. t. To drive back, repel by force. 
(Lavj.) To oppose by argument, plea, or counter- 
vailing proof. — v.i. To make an answer, as to a 
plaintiff's surrejoinder. — Rebufter, n. The an- 
swer of a defendant in matter of fact to a plain- 
titt's surrejoinder. — Rebut'^tal, n. The giving of 
evidence for the plaintiff, to destroy that of the de- 
fendant. 

Recalcitrate, re-kal'st-trat, v. i. To kick back, kick 
against anything, express repugnance. — RecaKci- 
trant, a. Kicking back; showing repugnance or op- 
position. 

Recall, re-kawK, v. t. [-called (-kawld'), -calling.] 
To call back, summon to return; to revoke, annul 
by a subsequent act; to call to mind, recollect, re- 
member. — It. A calling back; revocation. 

Recant, re-kant', v. t. To contradict (a former dec- 
laration); to take back by one's own act, retract, re- 
call, abjure, disown, disavow. — r. i. To revoke or 
disavow a declaration or proposition. — Recanta'- 
tion, n. Act of recanting; retraction. 

Recapitulate, re-ka-pifu-lat, v. t. To give a summary 
of the principal facts, points, or arguments of; to 
relate in brief, reiterate, repeat, rehearse, recite. — 
V. i. To sum up what has been previously said. — 
Recapit^ula'^tion, n. Act of recapitulating ; a sum- 
mary. — Recapit'ulatory, -to-rT, a. Repeating again; 
containing recapitulation. 

Recapture, re-kap'^chur, n. Act of retaking; esp., the 
retaking of a prize or goods from a captor; a prize 
retaken. — v. t. [recaptured (-churd), -Turing.] 
To retake, esp. a prize previously talcen. 

Recast, re-kast'', v. t. [recast, recasting.] To 
throw again; to mold anew, throw into a new form 
or shape; to compute a second time. 

Recede, re-sed', v. i. To move back, retreat, with- 
draw; to withdraw a claim or pretension, desist. — v. 
t. To cede back, yield to a former possessor. — Re- 
cess'', n. A withdrawing or retiring ; retirement; 
retreat; a withdrawing from public business or no- 
tice; state of being withdrawn; seclusion; privacy; 
remission or suspension of business; intermission, 
as of a legislative body or school; part of a room 
formed by the receding of the wall, as an alcove, 
niche, etc.; place of retirement or secrecy; secret or 
abstruse part. — Reces^'sion, -sesh'^un, n. Act of re- 
ceding or withdrawing (from a place, claim, de- 
mand, etc.); act of ceding back^ restoration. 

Receive, re-sev'', w. «. r-CEiVED(-sevd''),-CEiviNG.] To 
take (something offered, given, committed, sent, 
paid, etc.) ; to gain the knowledge of, accept (an 
opinion, notion, etc.); to give credence or accept- 
ance to; to give admittance to, in an official capacity, 
as an embassador, associate, guest, etc.: to have car- 
pacity for, hold, contain ; to bear, suffer ; to take 
(goods) from a thief, knowing them to be dishon- 
estly obtained. — v. i. To hold a reception of com- 
pany. — Receiv'er, n. One who, or that which, etc. 
(Law.) One appointed, usually by a court of chan- 
cery, to receive and hold in trust property which is 
the subject of litigation pending the suit, or to take 
charge of the estate and effects of a corporation and 




Receivers. 

a, cylindrical glass receiver ; 
ft, gas receiver ; c, au-pump 
receiver. 




do acts necessary to winding up its affairs. {Chem.) 
A vessel connected with 
an alembic, retort, etc., 
for receiving and con- 
densing the product of 
distillation ; a vessel to 
contain gases. {Pneu- 
mat.) The glass vessel in 
which a vacuum is pro- 
duced by an air-pump. 
— Receipt', -set'', n. Act, 
power, or place of re- 
ceiving ; reception ; ca- 
pacity ; plan or formu- 
lary according to which things are tc be combined; 
a recipe; a written acknowledgment of payment; 
that received. — v. t. To give a receipt for.— v.i. 
To give a receipt. — Recep'tacle, -sep'ta-kl, n. That 
which receives, or into which anything is received 
and held ; a receiver or holder; reser- 
voir. (Bot.) The apex of the flower- 
stalk from which the organs of the 
flower grow or into which they are in- 
serted.— Receptac'ular, a. (Bot.) Pert, 
to the receptacle, or growing on it, as 
the nectary. — Recep'tible, -tt-bl, a. 
Admitting reception; receivable.— Re- 
cep'tibil'ity, n. Quality of being recep- 
tible; capacity of receiving. — Recep'- 
tion, re-sep'shun, n. Act of, or state 
of being, etc.; a receiving or manner of 
receiving for entertainment ; an occa- 
sion or ceremony of receiving guests; -d.-.-x i 
admission (of an opinion or doctrine). J^veceptacie. 
— Recep'tive, -tiv, a. Having the (Jiot.) 
quality of receiving; able or inclined to take in, 
hold, or contain. — Receptiv'ity, n. Quajity of be- 
ing, etc. — Rec'ipe, -t-pe, n.; 'pl. -pes, -pez. A pre- 
scription for making some combination ; esp. for 
medicine. — Recip'ient, -T-ent, a. Receiving. — n. 
A receiver; the person or thing that receives. , 

Recension, re-sen'shun, n. Act of reviewing or re- 
vising: examination; esp. review of a text by edit- 
ors; a text established by critical revision. 

Recent, re'' sent, a. Of late origin, existence, or occur- 
rence; not already known, familiar, worn out, trite, 
etc. (Cfeol.) Of a date subsequent to the creation 
of man. — Re'centiy, adv. — Re'centness, -cency, 
-sen-sT, n. Quality of being, etc. ; freshness ; late- 
ness of origin or occurrence. 

Receptacle, Recipe, etc. See under Receive. 

Recess, Recession, etc. See under Recede. 

Recherche. See under Research. 

Reciprocal, re-sip'ro-kal, a. Recurring in vicissitude; 
alternate; done by each to the other: given and re- 
ceived; mutually interchangeable. (Gram.) Reflex- 
ive,— applied to Jironouns and verbs.— n. That which 
is reciprocal to another thing. (Arith. & Alg.) The 
quotient arising from dividing unitj' by any quan- 
tity. — Recip'rocate, -ro-kat, V. i. To act inter- 
changeably ; to alternate. — v. t. To give and re- 
turn mutually, make return for, requite, inter- 
change. — RecipToca'tion, n. Act of reciprocating; 
interchange of acts ; alternation. — Reciproc'ity, 
res-t-pros'I-tT, n. Mutual action and reaction; re- 
ciprocal advantages, obligations, or rights. 

Recision, re-sizh-'un, n. Act of cutting off. 

Recite, re-sTt', v. t. To repeat (something already 
prepared, written, memorized, etc.); to tell over, go 
over in particulars ; to rehearse (a lesson to an in- 
structor), detail, number, count. — ?'.?. To repeat, 
pronounce, or rehearse something prepared. — Re- 
cit'al, n. Act of reciting : repetition of the words 
of another, or of a writing: narration; that recited; 
a story. (Laio.) The formal statement or setting 
forth of some matter of fact in any deed or writing. 
— Recita'tion, res-T-ta''shun, n. Act of reciting ; 
rehearsal; a public reading or reproduction, esp. as 
an elocutionary exhibition; rehearsal of a lesson by 
pupils before their instructor. — Rec'itative''. -ta- 
tev', n. A species of musical recitation in which the 
words are delivered in a manner resembling that of 
ordinary declamation ; the recitation itself; a piece 
of music intended for recitation. 

Reck, rek, r. i. To make account, take heed, regard. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; In, ice ; Sdd, tone, 8r ; 



RECKON 



337 



RECRIMINATE 



care. — Reck'less, a. Rashlj^ or indifferently negli- 
gent; heedless; careless; remiss. — Reck'lessness, n. 

Beckon, rek'n, v. «. [-oned (-nd), -omxg.] To make 
or render account of, tell one by particulars ; to 
count as in number, rank, or series; to enumerate, 
compute, calculate, estimate, account, repute. — v. i. 
To make account, go through with a calculation; to 
make up accounts, examine and strike the balance 
of debit and credit; to think, suppose, imagine, — a 
provincial vulgarism. — Reck''oiier, n. — Reck'on- 
ing, n. Act o± one who reckons, counts, or com- 
putes ; calculation ; adjustment of claims and ac- 
counts ; exaction of penalty incurred ; charges or 
account made by a host: esteem; account: estima- 
tion. (^Navigation.) A calculation of the ship's posi- 
tion- from observations made and recorded in the 
log-book. 

Aeclaiin, re-klam', v. t. [-claimed (-klamd'), -claim- 
ing.] To reduce from a wild to a tamed state; to 
bring under discipline ; to reduce by discipline, la- 
bor, cultivation, etc., to a desired state; to call back 
from moral wandering or transgression to rectitude; 
to claim back, demand as a right the return of. — 
Reclama'^tion, n. Kecovery; demand of something 
to be restored ; exception taken. 

Recline, re-klin'', v. t. [-clined (-klTnd'), -CLmiXG.] 
To lean back, lean to one side, or sidewise. — v. i. 
To rest or repose, take a recumbent position, lean. 

— Rec'linate, -iT-nat, a. {Bot.) Reclined, or bent 
downwaM, as a leaf. 

Becluse, re-klus', a. Shut up ; sequestered ; retired 
from the world or from public notice ; solitary. — n. 
One who lives, etc.; a secluded religious devotee. 

Recognize, rek'og-niz, v. t. [-nized (-nizd), -jtizing.] 
To know again, recover or recall knowledge of ; to 
avow knowledge of, allow that one knows, admit 
with a formal acknowledgment. — r. t. {Law.) To 
enter an obligation of record before a proper tribu- 
nal. — R6cog''nJzee'', -kog^nT-ze' or -kon'I-ze'', n. 
(Laiv.) The person to wliom a recognizance is made. 

— Recog'nizor', -kog'- or -kon't-z6r', n. One who 
enters into a recognizance. — Bec''ogni''tion, -og- 
nish''un, n. Act of recognizing, or state of being 
recognized ;» acknowledgment ; formal avowal ; 
knowledge confessed or avowed. — Recognizable, 
rek'og-mz'- or re-kog'nT-za-bl, a. Capable of be- 
ing recognized or acknowledged. — Recognizance, 
-kog'nT- or -kon't-zans, n. Acknowledgment of a 
person or thing; avowal; recognition. {Law.) An 
obligation of record entered into before some court 
of record or magistrate, with condition to do some 
particular act ; verdict of a jury impaneled upon 
assize. [Among lawyers, the g in this and the re- 
lated words (except recognize) is usually silent.] 

— Recon''naissance, -noissance, -kon'^nis-sans, n. 
Act of reconnoitering ; examination of a tract of 
country, either in warlike movements or for the 
carrying on of public works, as canals, railroads, 
etc. — Rec'oanoi''ter, -tre, -noi'ter, v.i. To exam- 
ine by the eye, make a preliminary survey of, sur- 
vey with a view to military or engineering opera- 
tions. 

Recoil, re-koiK, v. i. [-coiled (-koild''), -coiling.] 
To start, roll, bound, or fall back; to draw back as 
from anything repugnant, distressing, or alarming ; 
to shrink. — n. A starting or falling back; there- 
action of fire-arms when discharged. 

Recollect, rek'ol-lekf, v. t. To recover or recall the 
knowledge of, bring back to the mind or memory, 
remember. — Re-collect'', v. t. To collect again, 
gather what has been scattered. — Rec'ollec'tion, n. 
Act of recollecting or recalling to the memory; power 
of recalling ideas to the mind, or the period within 
which things can be recollected ; remembrance ; 
memory; thing recollected; reminiscence. 

Reconunend, rek'om-mend'', v. t. To commend to the 
favorable notice of another, bestow commendation 
on; to make acceptable; to commit, give in charge ; 
to advise (an action, practice, measure, remedy, 
etc.) — Rec^ommend'^'able, a. Worthy of, etc. — Rec'- 
ommenda'tion, n. Act of recommending or com- 
mending; that which recommends or commends to 
favor. — Rec'ommend''atory, -a-to-rf, a. Serving to 
recommend; commendatory. — Rec^onunend''er, n. 

Rscommit, re/kom-mif, v. t. To commit again, refer 



again to a committee. — Re^coinmit''ment, -mit'tal, 
n. A second commitment ; renewed reference to a 
committee. 

Recompense, rek^'om-pens, v. t. [-pensed (-penst), 
-PENSIN6.] To make a return to ; to render an 
equivalent to, for service, loss, etc. ; to make up to 
any one, pay for, compensate, remunerate. — n. An 
equivalent returned for anything given, done, or 
suffered; amends; satisfaction; requital. 

Reconcile, rek''on-sil, v. t. [-ciled (-slid), -ciling.] 
To conciliate anew, restore to friendship or favor 
after estrangement ; to bring to acquiescence, con- 
tent, or quiet submission; to make consistent or con- 
gruous; to adjust, settle, pacify, appease. — Rec'on- 
cil'ia''tion,-sil't-a''shun, n. Act of, or state of being, 
etc.; restoration to harmony; reduction to congru- 
ence or consistency ; appeasement ; propitiation ; 
atonement ; expiation. — Rec'oncil'iatory, -sil'I-a- 
to-rT, a. Serving or tending to reconcile. 

Recondite, rek''on-dIt or re-kon''dit, a. Hidden from 
the view or intellect ; dealing in things abstruse ; 
profound; deep; unfathomable. 

Reconnoissance, Reconnoiter. See under Recognize. 

Reconsider, re^kon-sid'er, v. t. [-eked (-erd), -bring.] 
To consider again, review. {Parliam. Practice.) To 
take up for renewed consideration (a motion, vote, 
etc., which has been previously acted upon). — Re'- 
consid'era'tion, w. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; 
renewed consideration or review. 

Record, re-kSrd', v. t. To preserve the memory of, 
by committing to writing, printing, inscription, etc. ; 
to make note of. — Rec'ord, w. A register; an au- 
thentic copy of any writing, or an account or memo- 
rial of any facts and proceedings, entered in a book 
for preservation; known facts showing the principles 
and course of life of any one, esp. of a public man; 
register of the time made by competitors in a race, 
etc. — Record'er, ?i. One who records; esp., one ap- 
pointed to register writings or transactions; the chief 
judicial officer of some cities and boroughs. (J/its.) A 
wind instrument resembling the flageolet. 

Recount, re-kownt'', v. t. To relate in detail, tell or 
narrate the particulars of, rehearse, enumerate, de- 
scribe, recite. 

Recoup, re-koop', v. t. Lit., to cut again; to redivide 
or redistribute. {Law.) To diminish damages by 
cutting out or keeping back a part of; to hold oack a 
part of, as due. To compensate (one's self) for a loss. 

Recourse, re-kors'', n. Return; recurrence; recurrence 
in difficulty, need, etc.; a going for help; resort. 

Recover, re-kuv^er, v. t. [-eeed (-erd), -ering.] To 
get or obtain again, win back; to make up for, re- 
pair the loss or injury of; to bring back to life or 
health. {Law.) To gain as a compensation ; to ob- 
tain in return for injury or debt. — v. i. To regain 
health after sickness, grow well; to regain a former 
state or condition after misfortune. {Law.) To ob- 
tain a judgment, succeed in a lawsuit. — Recov'ery, 
-er-T, n. Act of recovering, regaining, retaking, or ob- 
taining possession; restoration from sickness, weak- 
ness, misfortune, etc. ; the obtaining of a right to 
something by a verdict and judgment of court froni 
an opposing party in a suit. — Recu''perate, -per-at, 
V. i. To recover health. — Reca''perative, -a-tiv, -ato- 
ry, -a-to-rt, a. Tending, or pert., to recovery. 

Recreant, rek're-ant, a. Crying for mercy, as a com- 
batant in the trial by battle ; cowardly; craven; apos- 
tate; false; unfaithful. — n. One who, etc.; a mean- 
spirited, cowardly wretch. 

Recreate, rek're-at, v. t. To give fresh life to, reani- 
mate, revive; esp., to revive the exhausted strength 
or languid spirits of, refresh from weariness, enli- 
ven, amuse, entertain, divert, cheer. — v. i. To take 
recreation. — Re'creatie', v. t. To create or form 
anew. — Rec'rea'tion, w. Act of , or state of being, 
etc.; refreshment of strength and spirits after toil; 
amusement; diversion; entertainment. — Re'erea'- 
tlon, n. A forming anew ; new creation. — Rec'rea'- 
tive, -tiv, o. Tending to recreate or refresh; amus- 
ing; diverting. 

Recriminate, re-krim''T-nat, v. i. To return one accu- 
sation with another, retort a charge. — v. t. To ac- 
cuse in return. — Recrim''ina^tion, n. Act of, etc. — 
Recrim'inatory, -I-na-to-rt, a. Recriminating; re- 
torting accusation. 



sdn, cabe, full ; modn, f<56t ; cow, oil; ligger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 
22 



RECRUIT 



338 



REHUCE 



Rectangle. 



Recruit, re-kroot', v. t. To repair by fresh supplies, 
as anything wasted; to supply lack or deficiency in; 
to renew in strength or health, reinvigorate ; to sup- 
ply with new men, enlist new men for (an army). — 
v.i. To gain new supplies of anything wasted; to 
gain flesh, health, spirits, etc. ; to gain new supplies 
of men for military or other service. — n. Supply of 
anything wasted; a newly-enlisted soldier. 

Rectangle, rekt'^an-gl, n. A 4-sided figure, having only 
' right angles; aright-angled par- 
allelogram. — Rectan'gular, a. 
Right-angled; having one or 
more angles of 90°. — Rec'tify, 

-tl-fi, V. t. [-FIED C-fld), -FYING.] 

To make straight or rignt; to cor- 
rect from a wrong, erroneous, or 
false state; to amend. (Chem.j To refine by repeated 
distillation or sublimation. — Rec'tifica''tion, n. Act 
or operation of rectifying, or of correcting, amend- 
ing, or setting right. (Chem.) Process of refining or 
purifying any substance by repeated distillation. 
( Geom.) The determination of a straight line, whose 
length is equal to a portion of a curve. — Rec'tilia.'- 
eaJ, -e-al, -ear, a. Right-lined : consisting of, or 
bounded by, right lines. — Rec'titude, -tt-tud, n. 
Rightness of principle or practice; uprightness; in- 
tegrity; honesty. —Rec't-or, -ter, n. {Episc.Ch.) A 
clergyman who has the charge and cure of a parish; 
D, pastor; the head master of a public school; chief 
elective officer of some universities; superior officer 
or chief of a convent or religious house. — Rec'to- 
rate, n. Office, rank, or station of a rector, lector- 
ship. — Rec'tory, -to-rt, n. A parish church, par- 
sonage, or spiritual living, with all its rights, tithes, 
and glebes; a rector's mansion or parsonage-house. 
— Rec'tum, n. {Anat.) The terminal part of the 
large intestine. 

Reciunbent, re-kum^bent, a. Leaning; reclining; ly- 
ing; reposing; inactive; idle. — Recom'^bence, -bens, 
-bency, n. State of being recumbent; act of reposing 
or resting. 

Recuperate, etc. See under Recoyee. 

Recur, re-ker', v.i. [-cuered (-kerd-'), -CUEeing.] To 
come back, return again or repeatedlj'; to occur at a 
stated interval, or according to some regular rule; to 
resort, have recourse. — Recur'rence, -rency, -ren-sT, 
n. Act of recurring; state of being recurrent; return; 
resort.— Recur''rent, a. Returning from time to time ; 
recurring. 

Recusant, re-ku'^zant, a. Obstinate in refusal; (,JEng. 
Hist.) refusing to acknowledge the supremacy of the 
king, or to conform to the established rites of the 
church. — n. One obstinate in refusal. {Eng. Hist.) 
One who refuses to acknowledge the supremacy of 
the king in matters of religion. A non-conformist. 

Red, red, a. [eeddee ; eeddest.] Of the color of 
blood, or of a tint resembling that color, — a general 
term, including many different shades or hues, as 
scarlet, crimson, vermilion, orange, etc. — n. The 
color of blood, or a tint resembling this; one of the 
primary colors: see Light. {Europ. Politico.) Are- 
publican of the most advanced and violent type; a 
jacobin; communist; nihilist. — Red'den, -dn, ?•. «. 
[-DENED (-dnd), -DENiNG.] To make red. — V. I. To 
grow or become red, blush. — Red'dish, a. Some- 
what red. — Red'breast, n. The Europejin robin, — 
fr. the color of his breast. — Redsear', -ser', v. i. To 
break or crack when red-hot, as iron under the ham- 
me". — Red'short, a. Brittle, or breaking short when 
red-hot, — said of metals. -- Red'start, n. A Euro- 
pean singing bird of the warbler family; a migrato- 
ry bird of N. Amer., combining the habits of the fly- 
catchers and warblers. — Red'top, n. An English 
grass, cultivated in the U. S., valuable for pasturage 
and hay. 

Redaction, re-dak'shun, n. Act of digesting, or re- 
ducing to order ( 1 i t - 
erary or scientific ma- 
terials); a digest ; the 
editorial staff of a 
newspaper or literary 
compilation. — Re'dac- 
teur', ra'dak-tgr', n. 
An editor. 

Sedan, re-dan^, n. {Fort.) 




Redans. 



A field work having 2 parapets, uniting so as to form 
a salient angle toward the enemy. 

Reddition. See under Rendee. 

Redeem, re-dem'', v.t. [-deemed (-demd''),-DEEMiXG.] 
To purchase back, repurchase. {Law.) To recall (an 
estate) or regain (mortgaged property) by paying 
what may be due. {Com.) To receive back by pay- 
ing the oDligation (a promissory note, bond, or other 
evidence of debt). To ransom or rescue from cap- 
tivity, bondage, etc., by paying a price or ransom. 
(.Theol.) To rescue and deliver from the bondage 
of sin and its penalties. To discharge (a penalty or ob- 
ligation); to make good by performance (a promise). 

— Redeem'able, a. — Redeem'^er, n. One who, etc.; 
the Savior of the world, Jesus Cheist. — Redemp''- 
tion, -dem''shun, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 
{Law.) Liberation of an estate from a mortgage; 
right of redeeming and reentering upon an estate 
mortgaged. {Com.) Repurchase T)y the issuer, of 
notes, bills, etc., by making payment to the holder. 
( Theol.) The deliverance of sinners from the bon- 
dage of sin and the penalties of God's violated law. 

— Redemp'tory, -to-rY, a. Paid for ransom; serving 
to redeem. 

Redolent, red'o-lent, a. Diffusing odor or fragrance; 
scented; odorous. 

Redouble, re-dub^l, v. t. [-doubled (-bid), -ling.] To 
double again or repeatedly, augment greatly, multi- 
ply. — V. i. To become greatly or repeatedly in- 
creased; to be multiplied. 

Redoubt, re-dowt', n. {Fort.) An inclosed work of any 
polygonal form without 
reentering angles; a 
work placed within an 
outwork: see Ravelijj. 

Redoubtable, re-do wfa-bl. 
a. Form- 
idabl e ; 
terrible to 
foes; val- 
iant. 

Redound.re- 
downd'', 
V. i. T o 
roll back, 
as a wave 
or flood ; 
to come 
back, as Redoubt, 

a con se- 
quence or result; to have eifect; to contribute, con- 
duce; to be in excess, be redundant. — Redun''dant. 
a. Exceeding what is natural or necessary; using 
more words or images than are necessary or useful; 
superfluous; superabundant; excessive: copious. — 
Redun-'dance, -dancy, -dan-sl, n. Quality of being 
redundant; anything superfluous. 

Redowa, red''o-a, n. A slow and graceful dance in 
triple time. 

Redress, re-dres'', v. t. [-dressed (-dresf), -dressing.] 
Orig., to put in order again; to set right (a wrong); 
to make amends for, remedy; to make amends or 
compensation to. — n. Reformation ; ' deliverance 
from wrong, injury, or oppression; reparation; in- 
demnification; remedy. 

Reduce, re-dus', v. t. [-duced (-dust'), -ducixg.] 
To bring (to a state or condition specified, usually 
inferior or weaker, sometimes indiiferent); to con- 
vert ; to bring to an inferior state, with respect to 
size, rank, quantity, value, etc. ; to bring into sub- 
jection ; to bring into a certain order, arrangement, 
classification, etc. {Arith.) To change (numbers) 
from one denomination to another without altering 
their value. {Metal.) To separate (a metal) from 
other substances with which it is combined. {Sarq.) 
To restore to its proper place or condition (a dis- 
placed organ or part). — Redu'cible, -sT-bl, a. Ca- 
pable of being reduced ; convertible. — Reduc'tion, 
n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; conversion to a 
given state or condition ; conquest. {Arith.) Art 
or operation of changing numbers from one denomi- 
nation to another without altering their value, or of 
changing the form of a quantity or expression with- 
out altering its value. {Ala.) Act or operation of 
solving an equation by Dringing the unknown 




ftm, fame, far, p&ss or oper&, fdre ; Snd, eve, tSnn ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tSne, dr ; 



REDUNDANT 



339 



REFORM 



quantity by itself on one side, and all the known 
quantities on the other side, without destroying the 
equation. Process of making a copy of something, 
on a smaller scale, preserving the proper propor- 
tions. (Metal.) Operation of separating a metal 
from other substances with which it is combined. 
(Surg.) Operation of restoring a dislocated or frac- 
tured part to its former place. 

Redundant, etc. See under Kedoux d. ^ 

Reduplicate, re-du''plT-kat, v. t. To redouble, multi- 
ply, repeat. — Reda'plica'tion, n. Act of, or state 
of being, etc. — Redu''plicative, -ka-tiv, a. Double. 

Reecho, re-ek'o, v. t. [-oed (-od), -oixg.] To echo 
back, reverberate again. — v. i. To return back, 
or be reverberated, as an echo ; to resound. — n. 
The e^ho of an echo. 

Reed, red, n. (Bot.) One of a large family of plants, 
mostly aquatic, being chiefly large grasses, with hol- 
low, jointed stems. A musical instrument made of 
the hollow joint of some plant ; a rustic or pastoral 
pipe ; an arrow, as made of a reed. (J/«s.) A thin 
piece of wood attached to the mouth-piece of instru- 
ments of the clarionet species ; one of the thin 
pieces of metal, whose vibrations produce the tones 
of a melodeon, accordeon, etc. (Weaving.) A frame 
having parallel slips (called "dents") of wood or 
metal for separating the threads of the warp and for 
beating the weft up to the web; a sley. (Anat.) The 
4th or true digesting stomach of a ruminant.— Reed'- 
ing, n. (Arch.) A small molding in imitation of par- 
allel reeds; see Molding. 

Reef, ref, n. (Navt.) A certain portion of a sail which 
is folded or rolled up to contract the sail, when_the 
wind becomes too strong. — v. t. [eeefed (reftX 
REEFING.] To reduce the extent of (a sail) by roll- 
ing or folding a portion and making it fast to the 
yard. — Reeve, rev, v. t. [kove (rov), reeving.] To 
pass (a rope) through any hole in a block, thimble, 
cleat,_ring-bolt, cringle, etc. 

Reef, ref, n. A chain or range of rocks lying at or 
near the surface of the water. (Mining.) A large 
auriferous quartz vein. 

Reek, rek, n. Vapor; steam; smoke. — v. i. [reeked 
(rekt), REEKING. J To emit vapor, usually that which 
is warm and moist; to steam, smoke. 

Reel, rel, n. A revolving frame on which yam, thread, 
lines, etc., are wound; a yam measure = 54 inches 
for cotton or linen, 30 for worsted. — v. t. [reeled 
(reld), reeling.] To wind upon a reel, as yarn or 
thread from the spindle. — v. i. To move in walk- 
ing, first to one side and then the other; to stagger. 

Reel, rel, n. (3Ius.) A lively dance, characterized by 
a whirling movement. 

Reaming, renT'in^, n. (Naut.) The opening of the 
seams between the planks of vessels, tor callcing. 

Reenforce, re'en-fors', v. t. [-forced (-iorsV), -foe- 
CLVO.] To strengthen with new force, assistance, or 
support; esp. to strengthen (an army or a fort) with 
additional troops, or a navy with additional ships. — 
— n. (Artil.) Part of a gun near the breech which 
is stronger than the rest of the piece : see Cannon. 
— Re'enforce''ment, n. Act of reenforcing ; that 
which reentorces ; additional force ; esp. additional 
troops or ships, to strengthen an army or navy. 

Reenter, re-en'ter, v. t. [-teeed (-terd), -tering.] 
To enter again or anew. (En- 
graving.) To cut deeper, as 
those incisions of the plate 
which the acid has not bitten 
in sufficiently. — v. i. To 
enter anew or again. — Re- 
entering angle. An angle of a 
polygon pointing inward, as a, 
in the cut. — Reen'trance, Reentering Angle, 
-trans, n. Act of entering again. 

Reeve. See under Reef, of a sail. 

Refashion, re-fash-'un, v. t. j;-ioned (-und), -ioning.] 
To fashion, form, or mold into shape a second time, 
remodel, change the form of. 

Refection, re-fek'shun, n. Refreshment after hunger 
or fatigue; a, simple repast; lunch. — Refec'tive, -tiv, 
n. That which ref j-eshes. — RefeC'tory, -to-rl, w. A 
room of refreshment; orig. a hall in convents and 
monasteries, for a repast. 

Refer, re-fer'', v. t. [-ferred (-ferd'), -feering.] To 




carry or send back, pass over, give in charge; to pass 
over to another tribunal or authority for decision; 
to assign to as a class, a cause, motive, reason, or 
ground of explanation. — v. i. To have recourse, 
apply, betake one's self; to have reference or rela- 
tion; to relate; to make reference or allusion, direct 
attention; to direct or apply for information or a 
guarantee of any kind. — Referable, Refer'rible, 
a. Capable of being referred ; assignable ; ascrib- 
able ; imputable. — Referee', n. One to whom a 
thing is referred ; a person to whom has been re- 
ferred a matter in dispute in order that he may set- 
tle it; arbitrator; umpire. — Reference, -ens, n. Act 
of referring, or state of being referred; a directing, 
delivering, making over, or sending, as for treat- 
ment, decision, information, etc.; respect; heed; con- 
cern taken; allusion; intimation; one of whom in- 
quiries can be made as to the integrity, capacity, 
etc., of another; a passage in a work to which the 
reader is referred from another passage. 
Refine, re-fin', v. t. [-fined (-find'), -fining.] To 
reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free 
from impurities. (Metal.) To reduce (metals) from 
the ore; to separate from other metals or from dross. 
To purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inele- 
gant, low, etc. — V. i. To become pure, be cleared 
of feculent matter; to improve in accuracy, delicacy, 
or excellence of any kind; to affect nicety or subtiltjr. 
in thought or language. — Refine 'ment, n. Act of, 
or state of being, etc.; high cultivation; culture; ele- 
gance; over-nicety; affected subtilty. — Refiji'er, w. 

— Refin'ery, -er-T, n. The place and apparatus for 
refining metals, sugar, etc. 

Refit, re-fit', v. t. To fit or prepare again; to repair; 
to fit out or provide a second time. — v. i. To repair 
damages. — Refit'ment, n. A second fitting out. 

Reflect, re-fl.ekt', v. t. To bend or throw back; esp., 
to cause to return after striking upon any surface; 
to give back an image of; to mirror. — v. i. To throw 
back light, heat, etc. ; to rebound as from a surface ; 
to turn back the thoughts upon anything; to attend 
earnestly to what passes within the mind; to think 
in relation to moral truth or rules; to cast reproach. 

— Reflec'tion, -flex'ion, n. Act of reflecting, or state 
of being reflected; the return of rays, beams, sound, 
etc., from a surface; the reverting of the mind to 
that which has already occupied it; the capacity for 
judging rationally, esp. in view of a moral rule or 
standard; that which is produced by reflection; an 
image given back from a reflecting surface ; result 
of meditation; esp., thoughts suggested by truth; 
censure; reproach cast. — Reflect'ive, -iv, a. Throw- 
ing back images; capable of exercising thought or 
judgment. (Gram.) Reflexive; reciprocal. — Re- 
flect'or, re. One who reflects; something having a 
polished surface for reflecting light or heat, as a 
mirror, speculum, etc. — Re'flex, a. Directed back; 
retroactive; introspective; produced in reaction, in 
resistance, or in return. (Bot.) Bent back: reflected. 
(Physiol.) Produced hy stimulus without the neces- 
sary intervention of consciousness. (Paint.) Il- 
luminated by light reflected from another part of 
the same picture. — Reflex'ible, a. Capable of being 
reflected or thrown back. — Reflex^ive, -iv, a. Bend- 
ing or turned backward; reflective. (Gram.) Having 
for its direct object a pronoun which refers to the 
agent or subject as its antecedent, — said of certain 
verbs. 

Refluent, ref'lu-ent, a. Flowing back; returning; ebb- 
ing. — Re'flux, a. Returning or flowing back ; re- 
flex. — re. A flowing back, as the return of a fluid; 
ebb. 

Reform, re-f6rm', v. t. To form again, create or shape 
anew; esp., to restore to a former good state, or bring 
from bad to good; to amend, correct, better, restore, 
reclaim. — v. i. To return to a good state; to be 
amended or corrected. — n. .Amendment of what is 
defective, vicious, corrupt, or depraved ; amend- 
ment; rectification; correction. — Ref'orma'tion, n. 
Act of, or state of being, etc.; change from worse to 
better. (Eccl. Hist.) The religious movement at the 
beginning of the 16th century, which resulted in the 
separation of the Protestant church from the Romish 
see. — Re'forma'tion, n. Act of forming anew; a sec- 
ond forming in order. — Reform'ative, -tiv, a. Form- 



siin, cube, fuJl ; moon, ffi&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, flien, boNboN, chair, get. 



REFRACT 



340 ' 



REGARD 




Refraction. 

a b, vessel, lower part filled 
with water ; s I, ray of 
light in straight line ; 
rpa, ray of light refract 
ed ; Q,q, perpendicular. 



ing again; having the quality of renewing form: re 
formatory. — Eeform'ato- 
ry, -to-rt, a. Tending to 
produce reformation. — 
Eefonn'er, n. O n e w h o 
effectsa reformation or 
amendment ; one who ad- 
vocates reform in church 
or state, or in manner of 
life. iEccl. Hist.) One 
of those who commenced 
the reformation of religion 
in the 16th century. — Re- 
fonn''iBt, n. One who is of 
the reformed rehgion; one 
who proposes or favors po- ^ 
litical reform. 

Kefract, re-frakt', v. t. To 
bend sharply and abruptly 
back. {Opt.) To cause to 
deviate from a direct 
course, as rays of light. — 
Refrac'tion, n. Act of, or 
state of being, etc.; the 
change in the direction of 
a ray of light, heat, etc., 
when it enters obliquely a 
medium of a different den- 
sity from that through which it has previously 
moved. — Refract''ory, -o-rl, a. Sullen or perverse 
in opposition or disobedience ; not readily yielding 
to heat, or to the hammer, as metals; reduction, etc. 
— RefragaWe, -ra-ga-bl, a. Capable of being re- 
futed; refutable. 

Refrain, re-fran'', v. t. [-feained (-fraud''), -feain- 
ING.] To hold back, restrain, keep within prescribed 
bounds, curb, govern. — v. i. To keep from action 
or interference, forbear, abstain, withhold. 

Refrain, re-fran', n. The burden of a song; a portion 
of a song or poem recurring at the end of each stanza 
or division; a musical repetition. 

Refresh, re-fresh', v. t. [-freshed (-f resht'), -feesh- 
iNG.] To make fresh again, restore strength, spirit, 
animation, etc., to; to cool, renew, cheer; to renovate, 
retouch. — Refresh'ment, n. Act of, or state of be- 
ing, etc. ; restoration of strength, spirit, vigor, or live- 
liness: that which refreshes; esp., food taken for the 
sake of fresh strength; rest; peace; sympathv, etc. 

Refrigerate, re-frij'er-at, v. t. To allay the heat of, 
coot, refresh. — Refrig'erator, n. That which refrig- 
erates, or keeps cool; as, a box for keeping articles 
cool by means of ice; an apparatus for rapid cooling, 
connected with a still, etc. — Refrig'erant, a. Cool- 
ing; allaying heat. — n. That which cools. 

Refage, ref 'uj, n. Shelter or protection from danger 
or distress; that which shelters or protects; a place 
inaccessible to an enemy; an expedient to secure 
protection or defense ; asylum ; retreat ; covert. — 
Refugee', -je', n. One who flies to a shelter or place 
of safety ; esp., one who flees to a foreign power or 
country for safety. 

Refulgent, re-ful'jent, a. Casting a bright light; radi- 
ant; brilliant; splendid. — Reful'gence. -gency, -jen- 
sT, n. Quality of being refulgent; splendor; radiance. 

Refund, re-fund', v. t. To return in payment or com- 
pensation for what has been taken; to repay, restore. 

Refuse, re-ftiz', u. «. [-fused (-fuzd'), -fusing.] To de- 
ny (a request, demand, invitation, or command); to 
decline to accept, reject. — v. i. To decline to accept 
something offered. — Refos'al, n. Act of refusing; 
denial of anything demanded, solicited, or offered 
for acceptance; right of taking in preference to oth- 
ers; option; preference; preemption. — Refuse, -us, 
a. Refused; rejected; of no value; worthless. — n. 
That which is refused or rejected as useless; waste 
matter; dregs; sediment; scum; dross; trash. 

Refute, re-fut', v. t. To prove to be false or erroneous, 
confute, disprove, repel. — Ref'uta'tion, »!. Act or 
process of refuting or disproving, or state of being 
refuted; proof of falsehood or error. — Refut'atory, 
-a-to-rT, a. _ Tending to refute; refuting. 

Regain, re-gan', v. t. [-gained (-gand'), -gaining.] 
To gain anew; to recover (what has escaped or been 
lost); to reobtain, repossess, retrieve. 

Eegal, re'gal, a. Pert, to a king; kingly; royal. — R©- 



ga^a, -ga'lt-a, n. pi. Ensigns of royalty ; regal 
symbols or paraphernalia; decorations or insignia of 
an office or order. — Regality, -gal'I-tl, n. Royalty; 
sovereignty; sovereign gurisdiction. — Re'gent, -jent, 
a. Ruling; governing; regnant; exercising vicarious 
authority. — n. One who rules or reigns; one who 
governs a kingdom in the minority, absence, or dis- 
ability of the sovereign; one of a governing board; 
a trustee or overseer. — Re'gentsMi), -gency, n. Office 
of a regent or ruler ; rule ; authority; government ; 
esp., the ofiice, jurisdiction, or dominion of a vica- 
rious ruler-; body of men intrusted with vicarious 
government. — Reg'icide, rej'I-sid, w. One who kills 
a king; esp. {Eng. Hist.), one of the judges who con- 
demned Charles I. to death; the killing of a king. — 
Regime, ra-zhem', n. Mode or style of rule or man- 
agement; administration. — Reg'imen, rej'I-men, n. 
Orderly government; any regulation or remedy in- 
tended to produce beneficial effects by gradual oper- 
ation. {Med.) Systematic use of food and drink, and 
the necessaries of life. ( Gram.) A relation of syntax 
between 2 words; government; the words governed. 
— Reg'iment, ?z. {Mil.) A bodj' of troops, command- 
ed by a colonel, and cqiisisting of a number of com- 

or 



-jun, n. A portion of territory of indefinite extent : 
province, district; tract; neighborhood; vicinity; 
sphere. — Reg'ular, -u-ler, a. Conformed to a rule; 
agreeable to an established rule, law, principle, or 
mode; governed by rule or rules; steady or uniform 
in course, practice, or occurrence; normal; orderly; 
methodical ; periodical ; instituted or initiated ac- 
cording to established forms or discipline; belong- 
ing to a monastic order. — n. {Rom. Caih. Church.) 
A member of any religious order who has taken the 
vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, and been 
solemnly recognized by the church. {Mil.) A sol- 
dier belonging to a standing army. — Regular'ity, 
-lar'f-tl, n. Condition or quality of being regular; 
method; steadiness; uniformity. — Reg'ularly, adv. 
— Reg'ulate, v. t. To adjust by rule, method, or 
established, mode; to subject to governing principles 
or laws; to put in good order, adjust, dispose, meth- 
odize, arrange. — Regula'tion, n. Act of, or state of 
being, etc. ; a prescribed rule ; law ; principle ; or- 
der. — Reg'ula'tor, ». One who regulates. {Meek.) 
A contrivance to produce uniformity of motion or 
regulate it, as a watch-spring, etc. — Reg'let, w, 
{Arch.) A kind of flat, narrow molding. {Print.) 
A thin strip of wood of the height and thickness of 
a quad (nonpareil, pica, eto.), used instead of a blank 
line, or in making margin. — Reign, ran.n. Royal 
authority ; supreme power ; time during whicn a 
king, queen, or emperor, possesses the supreme au- 
thority; rule; empire; dominion; influence; preva- 
lence." — r. i. [reigned (rand), reigning.] To pos- 
sess or exercise sovereign authority; to be predom- 
inant, prevail: to have superior or uncontrolled do- 
minion. — Reg'nant, a. Exercising regal authority; 
reigning; predominant; prevalent. 

RegfSe, re-gal', n. A royal or princely entertainment; 
a magnificent repast. — v. t. [regaled (-gald'), 
-Galing.] To entertain in a royal, princely, or 
sumptuous manner; to gratify, refresh. 

EegaUa, Regality, etc. See under Regal. 

Regard, je-gard', r. t. To observe, notice, or remark 
particularly; to pav respect to, treat as of peculiar 
importance; to hold and treat, look upon, consider, 
heed, estimate, value. — n. Look ; aspect ; view ; 
gaze ; attention, as to a matter of 
importance or interest ; that feel- '^ 
ing which springs from perception 
of value, estimable qualities, or 
anything that excites admiration; 
respect ; relation ; reference. — 
Regard'ant, a. Looking behind. 
{Ikr.) Looking behind or back- 
ward. — Regard'ful, -ful, a. Tak- 
ing notice ; observing with care ; 
heedful; attentive.— Regard'less, 
a. Not looking or attending; neg- Regardant pas- 
ligent ; careless ; indifferent; un- ° sant. 
observant; neglectful. 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



REGATTA 



341 



RELATE 



Regatta, re-gat'ta, n. ; pi. -tas, -taz. A rowing or sail- 
ing match in which a number of boats compete for a 
pnze. 
Eegency. See under Regal. 

Regenerate, re-jen^er-at, v. t. To generate or produce 
anew. \Tkeol.) To cause to be spiritually bom 
anew, or to become a Christian. — a. Reproduced. 
( TheoV) Bom anew ; changed from a natural to a 
spiritual state. — Regeu'erateness, -eracy, -gr-a-sY, n. 
State of being, etc. — Regen'era-'tion, n. Act of, or 
state of being, etc. ; reproduction. {Theol.) The 
entering into a new spiritual life. — Riegen^erative, 
-tiv, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. 

Regent, R^cide, Regiment, Region, etc. See under 
Regal. 

Register, rej'is-ter, n. A written account or entry ; 
memorial record; list; roll; book in which a register 
is kept; the officer who keeps such an account; that 
whicli records; a contrivance for automatically not- 
ing down or calculating the performance of "a ma- 
chine, the rapidity of a process, the pressure of a 
fluid, etc.; a device for regulating the passage of 
heat or air, as in a furnace, or in the floor or wall of 
a room. {Print.) Correspondence of pages or col- 
umns on opposite sides of the sheet. (^Com.) A docu- 
ment issued by the custom-house, to be kept on 
board a vessel on a foreign voyage, as evidence of 
its nationality. (Mus.) Compass of a voice or in- 
strument ; a portion of the compass of a voice ; a 
stop or set of pipes in an organ.— r. t. [registered 
(-terd), -TEBLNG.] To enter in a register, record, en- 
roll. —w.i. {Print.) To correspond in relative po- 
sition, as the columns or pages of a printed sheet. — 
Reg'istrar, ru One who registers; a recorder; keep- 
er of records.— Registra'tion, ». Act of, etc.— Reg'- 
istry. -trl, n. Act of recording in a register ; place 
where a register is kept ; series of facts recorded. 

Reglet, Regnant. See under Regal. 

Regorge, re-gSrj', v. t. [-gorged (-g6rjd'), -gor- 
ging.] To vomit up, eject from the stomach ; to 
swallow again; to swallow eagerly. 

Regrefis, re'gres, n. Passage oack ; return ; power 
or liberty of passing back. — Regres'sion, -gresh'- 
un, n. Act of returning ; retrogressfon ; retrogra- 
dation. — Eegress'ive, -iv, a. Passing back; return- 
ing. 

Regret, re-gref, v. t. To grieve over, be sorry for; to 
look back at with sorrowful longing, repent, bewail, 
bemoan. — n. Pain of mind at something causing 
unhappiness ; pain of conscience ; remorse ; con- 
cern; repentance; penitence; self-condemnation. — 
Regret ''lul, -ful, a. Full of regret. — Regret ^table, 
a. Admitting'of, or deserving, regret. 

Regular, RegrQate, etc. See under Regal. 

Begorgitate, re-ger'jT-tat, r. t. To throw or pour 
back in great quaritity. — r. i. To be thrown or 
poured back ; to rush or surge back. — Regur'gita'- 
tion, n. Act of flowing or pouring back by the ori- 
fice of entrance ; act of swallowing again; the rising 
into the mouth of solids or fluids from the stomach. 

Eehablhtate, re-ha-bil'f-tat, v. t. To reinstate, re- 
store (a delinquent) to a former right, rank, or 
privilege forfeited. — Rehabil^ita'tion, n. Act of, 
etc.; restoration to former rights. 

Rehear, re-her'', v. t. [-heard (-hgrd')» -hearing.] 
To hear again, try a second time. 

Rehearse, re-hers'', v. t. [-hearsed (-hersf), hears- 
ing.] To repeat (what nas been already said) ; to 
narrate, recount, relate ; to recite in private for ex- 
periment and improvement, before a public repre- 
sentation. — Rehears'^al, n. Act of rehearsing, or 
state of being rehearsed; recital; narration; recital 

■ of a piece before the public exhibition of it. 

Reign. See under Regal. 

Reimburse, re'im-bers'', v. t. [-bursed (-bersf), -BUES- 
ING.] To replace in a treasury or purse, pay back; 
to indemnify, refund, repay, make up, restore, ren- 
der an equivalent. — Reimburse''ment, n. Act of, 
etc. ; repayment. 

Rein, ran, n. The strap of a bridle, fastened to the bit 
on each side and extending to the hand of the dri- 
ver, by which to govern the horse, etc.; a means of 
curbing, restraining, or governing. — v. t. [reined 
(rand), REINING.] To govern bya oridle; to restrain, 
control. 



Reindeer, ranker, n. [Written also rain- and rane- 
deer.] A ruminant 
mammal of the deer 
kind, of several spe- 
cies, found in the 
northern part of both 
hemispheres. 

Reinforce. See R e- 

EN force. 

Reins, ranz, n. pi. The 
kidneys ; the lower 
part of the back, over 
the kidneys ; the af- : 
fections and passions, 

— formerly supposed 
to have their seat in 
that part of the body. 

— Re''nal, a. Pert."to 
the kidneys or reins. - 




Reindeer. 



Ren''iform, n. Of the shape 
of a kidney. {Hot.) Of the form of a section of a 
kidney: seeKiUiNEY. 

Reinstate, re'in-stat'', v. t. To place again in pos- 
session, or in a former state. 

Reinsure, re'in-shoor'', v, t. [-sured (-shoord''). -sur- 
ING.] To insure property in tavor of one who has 
previously insured it. — Re'insur'ance, -ans, n. A 
contract of indemnity to a party, who has insured 
property, against loss by his insurance ; insurance a 
second time or again. _ 

Reintegrate, re-in'te-gcat, v. t. To renew with regard 
to any state j)r quality; to restore, reestablish. 

Reis-effendi, rez'ef-fen'de, n. A Turkish minister for 
foreign aifairs. 

Reissue, re-ish'shoo, v. t. To issue a 2d time. — n. A 
2d or repeated issue. 

Reiterate, re-ifer-at, v. t. To repeat again and again; 
to say or do repeatedly, recapitulate, rehearse. 

R^ect, re-jekt', v. t. To cast from one, throw away, 
discard ; to refuse to receive, decline haughtily or 
harshly; to refuse to grant, repel, repudiate, rebuff, 
decline. — Rejec'tion, n. Act of rejecting, throwing 
away, casting off, or forsaking; refusal to accept or 
grant; repulse; slight, etc. 

Rejoice, re-jois', v. i. [.>ioiced (-joist'), voicing.] 
To feel joy, experience gladness in a mgh degree, 
delight, exult, triumph. — v. t. To give joy to, make 
joyful, gladden, cheer, exhilarate, delight. 

Rejoin, re-join', u.<. [-joined (-joind'),-JOiNiNG.] To 
join again, unite after separation; to answer. — v. i. 
To answer to a reply. — Rejoin'der, n. An answer. 
(Law.) The defendant's answer to the plaintiff's 
replication. 

Rejuvenate, re-ju've-nat, v. t. To render young again. 

Rekindle, re-kin'dl, v. t. [-dled (-did), -dling.] To 
kindle again, set on fire anew; to excite anew. 

Relapse, re-laps', v. t. [-lapsed (-lapsf), -lapsing.] 
To slip or slide oack; to fall back, return to a former 
state or practice, — generally in a bad sense. — n. A 
sliding or falling back, esp. into a former bad state, 
either of body or moTals.—Relapsing fever. (Pathol.) 
An acute, epidemic, contagious fever, usually not 
fatal, which prevails endemically also in Ireland, 
Russia, and elsewhere : it is marked by 1 or 2 remis- 
sions of the fever, and by the presence during the 
paroxysm of a spiral bacterium m the blood; famine 
fever. — Relaps'er, n. One who relapses into vice or 
error. 

Relate, re-lat', v. t. To recount, narrate, recite, tell 
over ; to ally by connection or kindred. — v. i. To 
stand in some relation, have bearintr or concern, per- 
tain, refer. — Relat'er, n. — Rela'tion, n. Act of re- 
lating or telling ; that related ; narrative of facts ; 
state of being related or of referring; relative qual- 
ity or condition ; connection by consanguinity or af- 

, flnity; a person connected by consanguinity or affin- 
ity; Kindred; kinsman; kinswoman. — ReJa'^tional, 
a. Having relation or kindred; indicating or speci- 
fying some relation. — Rela'tionship, n. State of 
being related by kindred, affinity, or other alliance. 
— Rel'ative, -tiv, a. Having relation; respecting; 
pertaining; arising from relation, or from connection 
with, or reference to, something else; not absolute. 
(Gram.) Indicating or expressing relation. — n. One 
who, or that which, relates to, or is considered in its 
relation to, something else; a person connected by 



siin, cube, fijll ; moon, fd6t ; cow* oil ; linger or ink, <iien, boif boN, chair, get. 



RELAX 



342 



REMINISCENCE 



blood or affinity. {Gram.) A word relating to or 
representing another word or phrase, called its ante- 
cederit. 
Belax, re-laks', v. t. [-laxed (-laksf^), -laxing.] To 
make less close, firm, rigid, or tense; to make less 
severe or rigorous, abate the stringency of; to slack- 
en, remit; to relieve from attention or effort; to re- 
lieve from constipation; to open. — v. i. To become 
loosened or feeble; to be made lax; to abate in sever- 
ity ; to remit in close attention or effort. — Relaza'- 
tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; remission of 
closeness, flrmness, tension, rigor, effort, or consti- 
pation ; remission from attention and effort. — Re- 
lease', -les', V. t. [-LEASED (-lesf), -LEASING.] To 

set free from confinement, give liberty to; to relieve 
from something that confines, burdens, or oppresses ; 
to let go (a legal claim), discharge, quit, acquit. — 
n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; relief from care, 
pain, or any burden ; discharge from obligation or 
responsibility. (Law.) A giving up or relinquish- 
ment of some right or claim ; a quitclaim ; acquit- 
tance; discharge. 

Belay, re-la', n. A supply of anything, as of horses, ar- 
ranged beforehand for affording relief from time to 
time, or at successive stages. 

Eelajr, re-la', v. t. [-layed (-lad'), -laying.] To lay 
again, or a second time. 

Release, etc. See under Relax. 

Relegate, rel'e-gat, v. t. To remove, dispatch, con- 
sign, remand, transfer; to send into exile, banish. 
— ReFega'tion, n. Actof relegating; removal; con- 
signment; banishment; exile. 

Relent, te-lent', v. i. To become less harsh, hard, 
cruel, etc. ; to become more mild and tender, feel 
compassion ; to yield. — Relent'less, a. Unmoved 
by appeals for sympathy or forgiveness; insensible 
to the distress of others ; destitute of tenderness ; 
implacable: unmerciful; pitiless; cruel. 

Relevant, rel'e-vant, a. Bearing upon, or properly 
applying to, the case in hand; pertinent; applica- 
ble. — Rel'evance, -vancy, -van-sit, n. State of being 
relevant, or of affording relief or aid; pertinence; 
fitness; propriety; appositeness. 

Reliable, Reliance, etc. See under Rely. 

Relic, Relict, etc. See under Relinquish. 

Relieve, re-lev', v. t. [-lieved (-levd'), -lieving.] 
To cause to rise, cause to seem to rise, set off by 
contrast; to raise or remove (anything which de- 
presses, weighs down, or crushes) ; to render less 
burdensome or afflicting, alleviate ; to make less 
monotonous ; to free from any burden, trial, evil, 
distress, etc. ; to release from a post or station by 
substitution of others; to ease of any burden, wrong, 
or oppression by judicial or legislative interposition, 
by the removal of a grievance, by indemnification 
for losses, etc. ; to remedy, right. — Relief, -lef, n. 
Act of, or state of being, etc. ; removal of any evil, or 
of anything oppressive or burdensome; release from 
a post, or from the performance of duty; that which 
relieves or gives succor, aid, or comfort. (Sculp. & 
Arch.) Prominence of a figure above or beyond the 
ground or plane on which it is formed. (Paint.) The 
appearance of projection, which a figure exhibits to 
the eye at a distance. 

Religion, re-lij'un, n. The recognition of God as an 
object of worship, love, and obedience; any system 
of faith and worship; piety; sanctity. — Relig'ion- 
ism, -izm, n. Practice of, or adherence to, religion; 
affected or false religion. — ReUg'ionist, n. One 
earnestly or bigotedly devoted to a religion. — Re- 
lig'ious, -lij'us, a. Pert., relating to, or concerned 
with, religion ; possessing, acting according to, or 
agreeing with, religion ; scrupulously faithful or ex- 
act; pious; godly; devout; strict; rigid; exact. 

Relinquish, re-link'wish, v. t. [-quished (-wisht), 
. -QuiSHiNG.] To withdraw from, leave behind; ta 
give up, renounce a claim to, resign, quit, forsake, 
abandon, forego.— Relin'quishment. n. Act of leav- 
ing or quitting; a forsaking; the renouncing a claim 
to. -^Rel'ict, n. A woman whose husband is dead ; 
a widow. — Rel'ic, n. That which remains after loss 
or decay ; a corpse ; the body, or .some part of the 
body, of deceased saints or niartyrs : a memorial ; 
any remembrancer. — Rel'iquary, -T-kwa-rT, ?i. A 
small chest, box, or casket in which relics are kept. 



Relish, rel'ish, v. t. f-iSHED (-ieht), -ishing.] To taste 
or eat with pleasure ; to like the flavor of, enjoy, be 
pleased with or gratified by; to give a pleasing flavor 
to. — V. i. To have a pleasing taste, give pleasure, 
gratification, or satisfaction ; to have a flavor. — n. 
A pleasing taste; enjoyable quality; power of pleas- 
ing ; savor ; quality ; characteristic tinge ; inclina- 
tion or taste for; fondness; the smallest perceptible 
quantity; tinge; that used to impart a flavor; some- 
thing taken with food to render it more palatable. 

Reluct, re-lukt', v. i. To strive or struggle against 
anything; to make resistance.— Reluc'tance, -tancy, 
-tan-sT, n. State or quality of being reluctant; aver- 
sion of mind; repugnance; unwillingness; dislike. 

— Reluc'tant, a. Striving against ; much opposed 
in heart ; proceeding from an unwilling mind ; 
granted with reluctance; averse; loth; dismclined; 
coy. 

Relume, re-lum', v. t. [-lusied (-lumd'), -ltjming.] 
To rekindle, light again. 

Rely, re-li', v. i. [-lied (-lid'), -lying.] To rest with 
confidence, as the mind when satisfied of the veraci- 
ty, integrity, or ability of persons, or of the cer- 
tainty of facts; to trust, depend, repose. — Reli'able, 
a. Suitable or fit to be relied on ; worthy of de- 
pendence or reliance; trustworthy. — Reli'ableness, 
-abil'ity, n. Trustworthiness. —Reli'ance, -ans, n. 
Act of relying, or condition or quality of being re- 
liant; repose of mind on what is deemed sufficient 
support or authority; anything on which to rely ; 
ground of trust; confidence; faith. 

Remain, re-man', v. i. [-jiained (-mand'), -main- 
ING.] To stay behind while others withdraw or are 
removed; to be left as not included or comprised; 
to continue in a fixed place, an unchanged lorm or 
condition, an undiminished quantit}'; to abide, last. 
endure. — n. That which is left ; relic ; remainder, 

— chiefly in pi. ; a dead body, corpse, — only in pi.; 
the literary works of one vi'ho is dead. — Rem'nant, 
n. What remains after a part is removed, per- 
formed, etc.; a small portion; fragment; residue; 
rest; remainder. —Remain'der, n. Anything that 
remains, or is left, after tlie separation and removal 
of a part; sum left after subtraction. 

Remand, re-mand', v. t. To recommit or send back. 

Remark, re-mark', n. Act of remarking or attentive- 
ly noticing ; expression, in speech or writing, of 
something remarked or noticed ; a casual observa- 
tion; note; comment; annotation. — v. t. [eemakked 
(-markf), -marking.] To take notice of ; to ex- 
press in words or writing, as observed or noticed; to 
call attention to, notice, heed, note, say. — v. i. To 
say or observe. — Remark'able, a. Worthy of or 
capable of being remarked or noticed; extraordi- 
nary; unusual ; rare ; strange; wonderful ; notable; 
famous; eminent. 

Remedy, rem'e-dl, n. That which cures a disease ; 
that which corrects or counteracts an evil of any 
kind. (Law.) The legal means to recover a right, or 
obtain redress for a wrong. — v. t. [remedied (-did), 
-dying.] To apply a remedy or cure to; to restore to 
soundness, health, integrity, etc. ; to heal, redress, 
relieve, help, aid, remove, counteract, etc. — Reme'- 
diable, -dl-a-bl, a. — Reme'dial, a. Affording, or 
intended for, a remedy. — Remediless, re-med'T- 
or rem'e-dl-less, a. Incapable of being restored, 
changed, or prevented ; not answering as a remedy; 
ineffectual; powerless. 

Remember, re-mem'ber, v. t. [-beeed (-herd), -Ber- 
ing.] To bring to mind again, recall ; to keep in 
mind, preserve fresh in the memory, keep from be- 
ing forgotten. — Remem'brance, -brans, ?;. Act of 
remembering ; state of being remembered, or held 
in mind; recollection; that which serves to keep in 
or bring to mind ; a memorial ; token ; memento ; 
souvenir ; power of remembering ; time within 
which a fact can be remembered. 

Remigrate, rem't- or re-mi'grat, v. i. To migrate 
again, return. — Remigra'tion, n. Migration to a 
former place. 

Remind, re-mind', v. t. To put in mind, bring to the 
remembrance, notice, or consideration of. 

Reminiscence, rem-T-nis'sens, n. State of being rem- 
iniscent, or inclined to call to mind; power of recall- 
ing to mind ; that remembered or recalled to mind f 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, term ; In, ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; 



REMIT 



343 



RENTER 



memory; remembrance; recollection. — RemiBis''- 
cent, a. Capable of, or inclined to, call to mind. 

Bemit, re-mit', v. t. To send back, refer; to give up, sur- 
render, resign; to r^lax in intensity; to refrain from 
exacting or enforcing, abate; to forgive; to transmit 
or send, esp. to a distaiice (money, oills, etc.) — v. i. 
To abate in force or in violence ; to grow less in- 
tense, become moderated. — Remit'^ment. n. Act of 
remitting; state of being remitted. — Remit'tal. n. 
A remitting; a giving up; surrender. — Remit'' liance, 
-tans, n. (Com.) Act of transmitting (money, bills, 
etc.), esp. to a distant place ; the sum or tfiing re- 
mitted. — Remit'tent, a. Having remissions from 
time to time, as a disease. — Remise'', -miz', v. t. 
[-MISED (-mizd''),-MisiNG.] To release a claim to; 
to resign or surrender by deed. —Remiss', -mis'', 
a. Not energetic or exact in duty or business; not 
careful or prompt in fulfilling engagements; lack- 
ing earnestness or activity; languid; slack; dilatory; 
negligent ; inattentive ; heedless ; thoughtless. — 
Bemi8''sible, -st-bl, a. Capable of being remitted 
Of f orgi'ven. — Remis'sion, -mish'un, n. Act of re- 
mitting, surrendering, or giving up; esp., discharge 
from tnat which is due; relinquishment of a claim, 
right, or obligation ; pardon ; forgiveness; release. 
(Med.) A temporary subsidence of the force or 
violence of a disease or of pain. 

Remnant. See under Remai:n'. 

Remodel, re-mod ■'el, v. t. [-eled (-eld), -elktg.] To 
model or fashion anew. 

Remold, -mould, re-mold'', v. t. To mold or shape 
anew, make over, remodel. 

Remonstrate, re-mon''strat, v. i. To exhibit or pre- 
sent strong reasons against an act, measure, or any 
course of proceedings; to expostulate, reprove. — Re- 
mon'strator, n. — Remon''strance, -strans, n. Act 
of expostulation , the terms in which one remon- 
strates; earnest advice or reproof . — Remon''8trant, 
a. Inclined or tending to remonstrate; expostula- 
tory. — n. One who remonstrates. 

Remorse, re-mdrs'', n. The keen or gnawing pain or 
anguisfi excited by a sense of guilt; compunction; 
regret; compassion. — Remorse''ful, -ful,a. Full of 
remorse or compunction; compassionate ; pitiable. 
— Remorse''less, a. Without remorse or sensibility; 
cruel; insensible to distress; pitiless; relentless; 
merciless; savage. 

Remote, etc. See under Remove. _ 

Remove, re-moov'', v. t. [-moved (-moovd'), -moving.] 
To cause to change place; to move away from the 
position occupied ; to displace from an office, etc. ; 
to cause to cease to be, put an end to; to banish; to 
carry from one court to another. — v. i. To change 
place in any manner; to change one's residence. — n. 
Act of removing; removal; state of being removed; 
that which is removed, as a dish removed from table 
to make way for something else; distance or space 
through, which anything is removed ; interval ; a 
step in any scale of gradation. — Remov'able, a. Ad- 
mitting 01 being removed, as from an office or sta- 
tion, or from one place to another. — Remov'al, n. 
Act of removing^ from a place, office, etc. ; act of 
remedying or taking away; state of being removed; 
change of place; migration; displacing; departure; 
death; aet of putting an end to. — Remote'', -mot'', a. 
Removed to a distance; not near; far away, — said 
in respect to time or place; removed; not agreeing, 
according, or being related, — in various figurative 
uses ; foreign ; alien ; primary; abstracted ; slight ; 
inconsiderable. 

Remunerate, re-mu'ner-at, v. t. To pay an equiva- 
lent to for any service, loss, expense, or other sac- 
rifice ; to repay, reimburse. — Rema''nera'tion, n. 
Act of remunerating; that given to remunerate. — 
Remn'nerative, -tiv, a. Intended or fitted to re- 
munerate ; yielding a proper remuneration. —Re- 
mu''neratory, -to-rl, a. Affording recompense. 

Renal. See under Reins. 

Renard, ren-'ard, n. A fox. 

Renascent, re-nas'sent, a. Springing or rising into 
being again; reproduced ; able or likely to be re- 
born, renewed, or reproduced; rejuvenated. — Re- 
Iia8''cence, -cency, -sen-sl, n. State of being, etc. — 
Senaissance'', re-na-sa.Ns'', n. Lit., a renewal ; the 
Mstoric period of the revival of learning in Europe 



in the 15th and I6th centuries ; the transitional 
movement from the middle ages to the modern 
world; a style of decorative art, characterized by a 
return from Gothic to antique forms, revived by 
Raphael. 

Rencontre, ren-kon't5r, -counter, -kown'ter, n. A 
meeting of 2 persons or bodies; a meeting in oppo- 
sition or contest; action or engagement; a sudden 
contest without premeditation, as between individ- 
uals or small parties; conflict; collision; clash. — 
Rencoun''ter, v. i. To meet an enemy unexpect- 
edly, come into collision, skirmish. 

Rend, rend, v. *. [rent, rending.] To separate into 
parts with force or sudden violence; to tear asun- 
der; to part or tear off forcibly, burst, break, rup- 
ture, crack, split. — Rent, n. An opening made by 
rending ; a break or breach made by force ; a 
schism; separation. 

Render, ren'der, v. t. [-dered (-derd), -dering.] To 
return, pay back, restore; to inflict, as a retribution; 
to give on demand, surrender; to furnish, contrib- 
ute; to make up, state, deliver; to cause to be, or to 
become; to translate from one language into an- 
other; to interpret, or bring into full expression to 
others, the meaning, spirit, and full effect of; to try 
out or extract (oil, lard, tallow, etc.) from fatty ani- 
mal substances; to plaster rouglily without lathing. 

— Rendi''tion, -dish'un, n. Act of rendering, or re- 
turning; surrender, as of fugitives from justice, at 
the claim of a foreign government; translation; ren- 
dering. — Rendi''tion, -dTsh''un, n. A returning of 
anything^ restitution ; surrender. — Ren''dezvoas, 
ren''de-voo, n. A place for meeting; esp., the ap- 

Eointed place for troops or ships of a fleet to assem- 
le]_a meeting by appointment. — r. i. [-voused 
(-vdod''), -vou.siNG.] To assemble or meet at a par- 
ticular place, as troops, ships, etc. — v. t. To as- 
semble or bring together at a certain place. — Rent, 
n. A certain sum or amount in money, provisions, 
chattels, or labor, periodically paid or received for 
the use of a tenement, estate, or corporeal inherit- 
ance; in France, capital invested in public funds, 
stocks, etc. — V. t. To grant the possession and en- 
joyment of, for a consideration ; to lease; to take 
and hold by lease or at will, for a consideration, the 
possession of. — v. t. To be leased, or let for rent. 

— R&nt''al, Rent''roU, n. A schedule or account of 
rents, with the names of the tenants, etc. 

Renegade, ren''e-gad, -ga''do, n. One faithless to prin- 
ciple or party ; esp. an apostate from a religious 
faith ; or, one who deserts from a military or naval 
service; a deserter; a common vagabond. 

Renew, re-nu', v. t. [-newed (-nud'), -newing.] To 
make over as good as new, give new life to ; to re- 
store to freshness, completeness, or vigor; to begin 
again; to repeat, either exactly or almost exactly; 
to furnish again. (Theol.) To make new spiritually, 
implant holy affections in the heart. — v. i. To be 
made new, grow or commence again. —Renew^'al, n. 
Act of renewing or forming anew; that renewed. — 
Renew'edly, aai-. Again ; once more. 

Reniform. See under Reins. 

Rennet, ren''net, n. The inner membrane of the 4th 
stomach of the calf, or an infusion or preparation 
of it, used for coagulating milk. 

Renoance, re-nowns'', v. t. [-nounced (-nownst''), 
-NOUNCiNG.] To declare against, reject (a title or 
claim) ; to cast off or reject (a connection or pos- 
session), give up, disavow, disclaim, abjure, recant, 
quit, forego, resign, abdicate.— Renun'cia''1aon, -shT- 
a'shun, 7i. Act of renouncing; disavowal; disclaim- 
er; abjuration; recantation; relinquishment. 

Renovate, ren''o-vat, v. t. To make over again, render 
as good as new, renew, regenerate, revive. — Ren- 
ova'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

Renown, re-nown'', n. State of being much known and 
talked of ; fame; celebrity. — Renowned'', -no wnd', 
a. Celebrated for great and heroic achievements, 
for distinguished qualities, or for grandeur ; fa- 
mous; noted; eminent; remarkable; wonderful. 

Rent, a tear, breach. See under Rend. 

Rent, payment. Rental, etc. See under Render. 

Renter, ren'ter, v. t. [-tered (-terd), -tering.] To 
sew together so that the seam is scarcely visible ; to 
fine-draw. 



siin, cube, full ; moon, f66t ; cow, oil ; ligger or igk, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



RENUNCIATION 



344 



REPRESENT 



B«]iunciatk>n. See under Renounce. 

Reorganize, re-6r''gan-iz, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] 
To organize anew, reduce again to an organized 
condition. — Reor'gaiiiza'tion, n. Act of, etc 

Eep, rep, a. Formed with a surface closely corded, or 
of a cord-like appearance. — n. A kind of stuff 
having a surface appearing as if made of small 
cords. 

Bepair, re-par'^, v. t. [-paired (-pard'), -pairing.] To 
restore to a sound or good state after decay, injury, 
dilapidation, or partial destruction; to make amends 
for, as for an injury, by an equivalent; to indemnify 
for; to renew, mend, retrieve, recruit. — n. Restora- 
tion to a sound or good state after decay, waste, inju- 
ry, or partial destruction; reparation; condition. — 
Rep'' arable, -a-ra-bl, a. Capable of being, etc. — 
Rep'ara''tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; tliat 
done or made in order to repair; indemnification for 
loss or damage; restoration; restitution; compensa- 
tion; amends. 

Bepair, re-par'', v. i. To go, betake one's self, resort. 

Bepartee, rep'ar-te', n. A smart, ready, and witty 
reply; retort. — v.i. [repaeteed (-ted'), -teeing.] 
To make smart and witty replies. 

Repass, re-pas', w. i. [-passed (-past'), -passing.] To 
pass again, pass or travel back, pass a second time. 

— r. i. To pass or go back, move back. 

Bepast, re-past', n. Act of taking food; that taken as 
food; a meal; victuals. 

Bepay, re-pa', v. t. [-paid (-pad'), -paying.] To pay 
back, make return or requital for, pay anew, or a 
second time, as a debt, refund, recompense, remu- 
nerate, reimburse, requite. — Bepay'ment, n. Act 
of, etc. ; money or other thing repaid. 

Bepeal, re-pel', V. i. [-pealed (-peld'), -pealing.] To 
recall (a deed, wHl, law, or statute); to abrogate by 
authority, abolish, revoke, rescind, annul, cancel, re- 
verse.— n. Revocation; abrogation. 

Bepeat, re-pet', v. t. To go over a second time; to do, 
try, make, attempt, or utter again; to do or say what 
one has already done or said; to reiterate, recite, re- 
hearse, recapitulate. — n. Act of repeating; repeti- 
tion ; that repeated, or to be repeated. Qifus.) A 
mark, or series of dots, placed before and after a pas- 
sage to be repeated in performance. — Bepeat'edly, 
adv. — Bepeat'er, n. One who, or that which, re- 
peats; one who recites or rehearses; a watch that 
strikes the hours at the touch of a spring; a fire-arm 
that may be discharged many times in quick succes- 
sion; in U. S., one who votes more than once at an 
ielection. — Rep'etend', h. (Math.') That part of a 
repeating decimal which recurs continually. — Rep'- 
eti'tion, -tish'un, n. Act of repeating; recital from 
memory; tautology; iteration; rehearsal. — Rep'eti'- 
tional, -ary, -a-rl, a. Containing repetition. — Rep'- 
©ti'tious, -tish'us, a. Repeating; containing repeti- 
tion. 

Eepel, re-pel', v. t. [-felled (-peld'), -pelling.] To 
drive back, force to return, check the advance of; 
to encounter or assault with effectual resistance, as 
an encroachment; to repulse, reject, refuse. — Be- 
pel'lence, -lency, -len-sf, n. Quality or capacity of 
repelling; repulsion. — Eepellent, a. Driving back; 
able or tending to repel. — n. That which repels or 
scatters ; a kind of water-proof cloth. — Bepolse', 
-puis', n. Condition of being, or act of, etc, ; re- 
fusal ; denial; failure. — v. t. [-pulsed (-pulsf), 
-pclsing.] To repel, beat or drive back, reject. 

— Repul'sion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — 
Repul'sive, -siv, a. Inclined, serving, or able to re- 
pel; repelling; cold; reserved; forbidding. 

Bepent, re'pent, a. Creeping, as a plant. 

Repent, re-pent', v. i. To feel pain, sorrow, or regret, 
for what one has done or omitted to do ; to feel 
such sorrow for sin as leads one to turn from it and 
seek forgiveness; to change the mind or course of 
conduct on account of dissatisfaction with what 
has occurred. — v. t. To feel pain on account of, 
remember with sorrow. — Repent'ance, -ans, n. Act 
of repenting, or state of being penitent; sorrow for 
what one has done or omitted to do; contrition for 
sin, accompanied by change of life. — Repenfant, 
a. Inclined to repent; sorry for sin; expressing or 
showing sorrow for sin. — n. One who repents; a 
penitent. 



Repeople, re-pe'pl, v. t. [-pled (-pld), -pling.J To 
people anew, furnish again with inhabitants. 

Repertory, rep'er-to-rY, n. A place in which things 
are disposed in an orderly manner, so that they can 
be easily found; a treasury; magazine. 

Bepetend, Repetition, etc. See under Repeat. 

Bepine, re-pin', v. i. [-pined (-pind'), -pining.] To 
continue pining, indulge in envy or complaint, mur- 
mur. 

Beplace, re-plas', v. t. [-placed (-plasf), -placing J 
To place again, restore to a former place, position, 
condition, etc.; to refund, repay, to supply or sub- 
stitute an equivalent for; to supply the want of, ful- 
fill the end or office of. — Beplace'ment, n. Act of re- 
placing. 

Beplenish, re-plen'ish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] 
To fill up again, fill completely. ^Beplen'ishment, 
n. Act of , state of _being, or that which, etc.; sup- 
ply. — Beplete', -plet', a. Filled again; completely 
filled; f nil. — Reple'tion, w. State of being replete; 
superabundant fullness. (Med.) Fullness of blood; 
plethora. — Reple'tive, -tiv, a. Tending to replete; 
replenishing. 

Beplevy, re-plev'I, v. t. [-plevied (-plev'id), -ying.] 
lo take back, by a writ for that purpose, goods 
wrongfully taken, upon giving security to try the 
right to them in a suit at law, and, if that should be 
determined against the plaintiff, to return the prop- 
erty replevied; to bail. — Beplev'in, n. (Law.) A 
personal action which lies to recover possession of 
goods and chattels wrongfully taken or detained. 
The writ by which goods and chattels are replevied. 

Beply, re-pli', v. i. [-plied (-plid')j -plying.] To 
make a return to in words or writing, answer, re- 
spond, rejoin; to do er give in return for something, 
answer by deeds. (Law.) To answer a defendant's 
plea. — V. t. To return for an answer. — n. That 
which is said, written, or done in answer to what is 
said, etc., by another; rejoinder; answer. 

Beport, re-port', v. t. To bear or bring back (an answer 
or account of something); to give an account of, cir- 
culate publicly; to give a formal or official account 
of; to make minutes of (a speech, or the doings of a 
public body); to relate, tell, recite, detail. — v. i. To 
make a return or statement that is expected or de- 
sired; to furnish in writing an account of a speech 
or proceedings of a public assembly, etc. ; to betake 
one's self as to a superior officer, and be in readi- 
ness for orders or to do service. — n. That which is 
reported; an account received; storj^; rumor; repute; 
reputation ; sound ; noise ; an official statement of 
facts, verbal or written ; a statement of a judicial 
opinion or decision, or of a case argued and deter- 
mined ; a sketch, or fully written account, of a 
speech, or a public meeting, etc. — Report'er, n. 
One who reports; esp., one who makes statements 
of law proceedings and decisions, or of legislative- 
debates; one who reports the proceedings of public 
meetings, current transactions, etc., for the news- 
papers. 

Bepose, re-poz', v. t. [-posed (-pozd'), -posing.] To 
lay at rest, cause tooe calm or quiet, compose; to 
place, have, or exercise (confidence, etc.), deposit, 
lodge. — V. i. To lie, rest; to lie for rest or refresh- 
ment; to rest in confidence. — n. A lying at rest; 
sleep; tranquillity; freedom from uneasiness. 

Beposit, re-poz'it, i-. t. To lay up, or lodge, as for 
safety or preservation. — Re'pos'itory, -poz'T-to-ri, 
n. A place in which to deposit things for safety; a 
depository. 

Beprehend, rep-re-hend', v. t. To accuse, charge, 
cnide, reprove, censure. — Beprehen'sible, -sT-bl, a. 
Worthy of reprehension or blame; culpable; censur- 
able. — Beprehen'sion, n. Reproof; censure; open 
blame. —Beprehen'sive, -siv, -sory, -so-rT, a. Con- 
taining reproof. 

Represent, rep-re-zenf, v. t. To exhibit the counter- 
part or image of; to delineate, reproduce; to act the 
part or character of, personate; to supplj' the place 
or perform the duties of; to exhibit to another mind 
in language, bring before the mind; to serve as a 
sign or symbol of. — v. i. To present a second time, 
esp. bv a mental transcript or picture. — Rep'r©- 
senta^'tion, n. Act of representing, describing, or 
showing ; that which represents, — as, a picture, 



Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; ?nd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



REPRESS 



345 



BESEIZE 



model, or other facsimile; or, a dramatic perform- 
ance; or, a description or statement; or, a body of 
representatives. — Represenfative, -tiv, a. Fitted 
or qualified to represent; bearing the character or 
power of another; acting for others. — n. One who, 
or that which, etc.; an agent, deputy, or substitute, 
who supplies the place of another; in U. S., a mem- 

, Oer of the lower nouse in a State legislature or in 
the national Congress. 

Repress, re-pres', v. t. [-pressed (-presf), -pressing.] 
To press back or down effectually, or a second time; 
to crush down or out; to overpower, subdue, quell, 
check.— Repres'sien. -shun, ;*. Act of, or that which, 
etc.; check; restraint. — Repress'lve, -iv, a. Able, 
or tending to, etc. 

Reprieve. See under Reprove. 

Reprimand, rep'rl-mand, v. t. To reprove severely, 
cnide for a fault; to reprove publicly and officially, 
in execution of a sentence; to reprehend, rebuke, 
censure, blame.— ?!. Severe reproof for a fault; r9pre- 
hension, private or public. 

Reprint, re-print', v. t. To print again; to print a new 
edition of. — Re'print, n. A second or a new im- 
pression or edition of any printed work; esp., the 
publication in one country of a work previously 
published in another. 

Reprisal, re-prTz'al, M. Act of reprising or retaking; 
esp., the act of taking from an enemy by way of re- 
taliation or indemnity; that which is retaken, esp. 
from an enemy, etc.; act of retorting on an enemy 
by inflicting suffering or death on a prisoner taken 
from him, in retaliation for an act of inhumanity. 

Reproach, re-proch'', v. t. [-pkoached (-prochf). 
-PKOACHiNO.] To censure with severity, and some- 
times with contempt; to charge with a fault in se- 
vere language, upbraid, rebuke, condemn, revile, 
vilify. — n. An expression of blame or censure ; cen- 
sure mingled with contempt or derision; an occasion 
of blame or censure; an object of blame, censure, 
scorn, or derision; disrepute; discredit; scandal; op- 
probrium; invective; contumely; vilification; insult; 
ignominy; shame; disgrace; infamy. — Eeproacli''- 
ral, -ful, a. Expressing, occasioning, or deserving, 
reproach. 

Reprobate, etc. See under Reprove. 

Reproduce, re-pro-dus', v. t. [-duced (-dust'), -DU- 
ciXG.] To produce again; to make a copy of ; to 
portray; to bring to the memory or the imagination; 
to renew the production of; to generate, as offspring. 

— Reproduc'tion, -duk'shun, n. Act or process of, 
etc. — Reproduc'tive, -tiv, -tory, -to-rT, a. Pert, to, 
or employed in, reproduction. _ 

Reprove, re-proov', r. t. [-proved (-proovd'), -prov- 
ing.] To chide as blameworthy to the face; to ac- 
cuse as guilty; to reprehend, rebuke, scold, blame, 
censure. — Reproof , n. Expression of blame; cen- 
sure for a fault; admonition; reprimand: rebuke; 
blame. — Reprov'al, n. Act of reproving, or that 
which is said in reproving; reproof. — Rep'robate, 
-ro-bat, V. t. To disapprove with detestation or marks 
of extreme dislike ; to abandon to punishment with- 
out hope or pardon ; to condemn, reprehend, dis- 
own, reject. — a. Abandoned to vice or punishment; 
morally abandoned and lost ; vitiated ; depraved ; 
profligate; base; vile; castaway. — n. A ijerson aban- 
doned; one morally lost. — Reproba'tion, n. Act 
of reprobating; state of being reprobated. — Re- 
prieve', -prev', V. t. [-PEIEVED (-prevd'), -priev- 
IXG.] To try over again, delay the punishment of. 

— n. Temporary suspension of the execution of sen- 
tence, esp. the sentence of death; interval of ease or 
relief; respite. 

Reptile, rep'til, a. Creeping, moving on the belly, or 
by means of small, short legs; groveling; low; vul- 

far. — n. An animal that crawls or moves on its 
elly, or by means of small, short legs. (Zo'ol.) A 
vertebrate animal, oviparous, cold - blooded, air- 
breathing, and covered with plates or scales. A 
groveling or very mean person. 
Republic, re-pub'Iik, n. A state in which the sover- 
eign power is exercised by representatives elected 
by the people; a commonwealth. — Repub'lican, a. 
Pert, to a republic; consonant with the principles of 
a republic . — n. One who favors a republican form of 
government; in U. S., since 1856, a member of the 



political party opposed to the extension of slavery. 

— Repub'licanism, -izm, n. A republican form or 
system of government; attachment to a republican 
form of government. — Repnb'licanize, v. t. [-ized 
(-Tzd), -iziNG.] To convert to republican princi- 
ples. 

Republish, re-pub'lish, v. t. [-lished (-lisht), -lisii- 
ING.] To publish anew, — often applied to the pub- 
lication in one country of a work first published in 
another. — Repub'lica'tion, n. A second publica- 
tion, or a new publication of something before pub- 
lished; esp., the publication in one country of a work 
first issued in another; a reprint. 

Repudiate, re-pu'dt-at, v. t. To cast off and disavow; 
to put away, divorce; to refuse any longer to ac- 
knowledge or to pay. — Repu'diable, -dl-a-bl. a. Ad- 
mitting of repudiation; fit or proper to be put away. 

— Repu'dia'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 
Repugnant, re-pug'nant, a. Opposite; contrary; lios- 

tile; inconsistent; distasteful in a high degree; of- 
fensive. —Repug'nance, -nancy, -nan-sl, n. Act of 
opposing, or state of being repugnant; opposition or 
contrariety, as of mind, passions, principles, etc.; 
aversion; reluctance; dislike; inconsistency. 

Repulse, Repulsive, etc. See under Repel. 

Repute, re-put', V. t. To account, hold, reckon; to at- 
tribute. — n. Character attributed; established opin- 
ion; estimate; good character; reputation. — Rep'- 
utable, -u-ta-bl, a. Worthy of repute or distinction; 
held in esteem; respectable; honorable; estimable. 

— Reputa'tion, re. Condition in which one is reputed 
to be; estimation in w-hich one is held ; public es- 
teem; general credit; good name.— Reput'edly, adv. 
In common opinion or estimation; by repute. 

Reg[uest, re-kwest', re. Act of asking for anything de- 
sired; earnest desire or demand; solicitation; that 
asked for or requested; a state of being held in such 
estimation as to be sought after or pursued. — v. t. 
To ask for earnestly, express desire for, beg, ask, 
entreat, beseech. — Require', -kwir', v. t. [-quired 
(-kwird'), -QUIRING.] To insist upon having ; to 
claim as by right and authority; to make necessary, 
claim as indispensable, exact, enjoin, prescribe, de- 
mand, need. — Requiro'ment, re. Act of requiring; 
demand ; requisition ; that required ; an essential 
condition. — Req'ulsite, rek'wl-zit, a. Required by 
the nature of things, or by circumstances ; neces- 
sary; needful; indispensable; essential. — n. That 
which is necessary ; something indispensable. — 
Req.uisi'tion, -zish'un, ti. Act of requiring; appli- 
cation made as of right ; demand ; a written call 
or invitation ; a formal demand made by one state 
or government upon another for the surrender of a 
fugitive from justice; that required by authority; 
esp., a quota of supplies or necessaries. 

Requiem, re'kwT-em, re. (Bom. Cath. Ck.} A hymn 
or mass sung for the dead, for the rest of his soul. 
A grand musical composition, performed in honor 
of some deceased person. 

Requite, re-kwit', v. t. To repay; to return an equiv- 
alent in good, or evil for evil; to reward, retaliate, 
punish. — Requit'al, n. That which requites or re- 
pays; returnfor any office, good or bad; recompense; 
satisfaction; retribution; punishment. 

Rescind, re-sind', v. t. To cut oft', abrogate; to vacate 
(an act) by the enacting authority or by superior 
authority; to revoke, repeal, annul, vacate, void. — 
Rescis'sioB, -sizh'un, re. Act of rescinding, abro- 
gating, annulling, or vacating. 

Rescript, re'skript, re. {Roin. Antiq.) The answer of 
an emperor or pope, when consulted on some diffi- 
cult question ; an edict or decree. 

Rescue, res'ku, r. *. [-cued (-kud), -cuing.] To 
free or deliver from any confinement, violence, dan- 
ger, or evil ; to retake", liberate, save. — re. Act of 
rescuing ; deliverance from restraint, violence, or 
danger. 

Research, re-s5rch', re. Diligent inquiry or examina- 
tion in seeking facts or principles ; investigation ; 
scrutiny. — v. t. [researched (-sgrchf), -search- 
ing.] To search and examine with continued care, 
seek diligently; to search again, examine anew. — 
Recherche, rS-shar-sha', a. Sought out with care; of 
rare attraction or elegance. 

Reseize, re-sez', v. t. [-seized (-sezd'), -seizing.] To 



siiD, cQbe, f^ll ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; ligger or iQk, then, boKboK, chair, get. 



.. 



RESEMBLE 



346 



RESPOND 



seize again, or a second time. (Law.) To take pos- 
eession of, as lands and tenements which have been 
disseized. — Reseiz'^nre, -se'zhur, n. A second seiz- 
ure; act of seizing again. 

Resemble, re-zem''Dl, v. t. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To 
be like to, — said of one thing as compared with an- 
other; to be alike or similar to,— said of objects with 
respect to one another; to liken, compare. — Kesem''- 
blance, -blans, n. State of resembling or being like; 
that which is similar ; likeness ; similitude ; sem- 
blance; representation: image. 

Besent, re-zenf, v. t. To take ill, consider as an in- 
jury or affront; to be in some degree provoked at. 
^ Resenfful, -ful, n. Inclined to resent; easily pro- 
voked. — Resent''ment, n. Act of resenting ; dis- 
pleasure; indignation; irritation; anger. 

Reserve, re-zerv', v. t. [-served (-zervd''), -sekv- 
ING.] To keep in store for future or other use ; to 
withhold from present use for another purpose ; to 
keep, retain, withhold. — n. Act of reserving or 
keeping back ; that which is reserved ; restraint of 
freedom in words or actions; a tract of land reserved 
or set apart for a particular purpose. (Mil.) A body 
of troops kept for an exigency. — Reserved', -zervd"*^, 
p. a. Restrained from freedom in words or actions; 
not free or frank; cautious; backward; cold; shy; 
coy; modest. — Reserv'edly, -ed-lT,arfi'. — Reserva'- 
tion, rez-er-va'shun, n. Act of reserving, or keep- 
ing back; something withheld; a tract of the public 
land reserved for some special use, as for schools. 
(Law.) A clause in an instrument by which some- 
thing is reserved out of the thing granted; a proviso. 
— Res'ervoir'', -er-vwor'^, n. A place where anything 
is kept in store, esp., a place where water is collected 
and kept for use when wanted; a cistern; basin. 

Reset, re-set', v. t. [-set, -setting.] (Print.) To set 
over again, as a page of matter. To furnish with new 
setting, border, or adornment. 

Reside, re-zid', v. i. To dwell permanently or for a 
length of time; to have one's dwelling or home ; to 
have a seat or fixed position; to lie or be inherent 
in. — Res'idence, rez'I-dens, n. Act of residing, 
abiding, or dwelling in a place for some continu- 
ance of time; place where one resides; sojourn; stay; 
abode; home; domicile; mansion. — Res'ident, a. 
Dwelling or having an abode in a place for a con- 
tinued length of time; fixed; residing. — n. One 
who dwells in a place ; a public minister who re- 
sides at a foreign court. — Residen'tiary, -sha-rl, a. 
Having residence. — n. One who is resident; an ec- 
clesiastic who keeps a certain residence. — Res'idue, 
rez'I-du, n. That which remains after a part is tak- 
en ; balance or remainder of a debt or account. — Re- 
sid'aiun, -zid'u-um, n. That which is left after any 
process of separation or purification; residue. — Re- 
sid'ual, -u-al, a. Remaining after a part is taken. — 
Resid'uary, -u-a-rt, a. Pert, to the residue, or part 
remaining. 

Resign, re-zin', v. t. [-signed (-zind'), -signing.] 
To return by a formal act, yield to another, give up; 
to withdraw (a claim), abdicate, surrender, relin- 
quish, forego, abandon, renounce. — Res'igna'tion, 
rez-'ig-na'snun, n. Act of resigning or giving up (a 
claim, possession, wish, etc.); state of being resigned 
or submissive; patience; submission; acquiescence; 
endurance. — Resigned', -zind', 2J. a. Submissive; 
not disposed to murmur. 

Resin, rez'in, n. A solid, inflammable substance, of 
vegetable origin, a non-conductor of electricity^, and 
insoluble in water, but soluble in ether and in es- 
sential oils. — Res'inous, -us, a. Partaking of the 
qualities of resin, or resembling it; pert, to, or ob- 
tained from, resin. — Res'lniferous, -ifer-us, o. 
Yielding resin. 

Resist, re-zist'^, v. t. To stand against; to strive against, 
act in opposition to; to counteract as a force by iner- 
tia or reaction; to withstand, hinder, thwart, baffle, 
disappoint. — Resist'ance, -ans, n. Act of resisting; 
quality of not yielding to force or external pressure; 
opposition; rebuff; hindrance; check. — Resist'ant, 
n. One who, or that which, resists. — Resist'lble, a. 
Capable of being resisted or of resisting. — Resist'i- 
bil'ity, -T-tt, n. — Resist'less, a. Incapable of being 
resisted; irresistible. 

Sesolve, re-zolv', v. t. [-solved (-zolvd'), -solving.] 



To separate the component parts of; to melt; to dis- 
solve and reduce to a different form; t& reduce to 
simple or intelligible notions, make clear or certain, 
free from doubt; to cause to penceive or understand; 
to form or constitute by resolution, vote, or determi- 
nation; to determine on. (Math.) To solve, as a prob- 
lem ; to find the answer to, or tne result of. (Med.) 
To disperse or scatter. — v.i. To be separated into 
its component parts, or distinct principles; to melt, 
dissolve; to form a resolution or purpose. — n. Act 
of resolving or making clear; that resolved on or 
determined ; decisive conclusion ; legal or official 
determination; legislative act or declaration. — Re- 
solv'ent, n. That which has the power of resolving 
or causing solution. (Med.) That which has power 
to disperse inflammation. — Res'olute, -o-lut, a. Hav- 
ing a decided purpose ; constant in pursuing a pur- 
Eose; decided; fixed; steadfast; persevering; firm; 
old; unshaken. — Resolu'tion, n. Act, operation, 
or process of resolving, — as, act of separating a com- 
pound irito its elements or parts; or, act of analyz- 
ing a complex notion, or solving a vexed question, 
or difficult problem: state of being resolved, made 
clear, or determined ; that which is resolved or de- 
termined; esp., the decision of a court, or vote of an 
assembly. (Math.) Act or process of solving; solu- 
tion. 

Resonant, Resanance. See under Resound. 

Resort, re-zSrf, v. i. To go, repair, betake one's self; 
to have recourse. — n. Act of going to, or making 
application; a betaking one's self: a place to which 
one betakes himself haoitually; a haunt. 

Resoand, re-zownd', v. t. To sound again, or repeat- 
edly; to praise or celebrate with voice or sound of 
instruments; to spread the fame of; to reecho, re- 
verberate. — V. i. To sound loudly; to be filled with 
sound, ring: to be echoed; to echo or reverberate. 
— Res'onant, rez'o-nant, a. Able to return sound; 
engaged in resounding; echoing back.— Res'onance, 
-nans, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

Resound, re-sownd', v. t. To sound again. 

Resource, re-sors', n. That from which anj'^thing 
springs forth; that to which one resorts, or on which 
one depends for supply or support ; pi. pecuniary 
means; funds; property that can be converted into 
supplies; capabilities of any kind. 

Respect, re-spekt', v. t. To look back upon, notice 
with special attention, regard as worthy of particular 
notice, honor, revere, venerate; to relate to, regard. 

— H. Act of respecting, or noticing with attention; 
act of holding in high estimation; that which re- 
spects or pertains to any person or thing; relation; 
reference; pi. an expression of respect or deference. 

— Respect'able, a. Worthy of respect ; fitted to 
awaken esteem ; deserving regard ; having a good 
reputation or standing; moderate in degree of excel- 
lence or in number, but not despicable. — Respect'- 
ableness, -abil'ity, n. State or quality of being re. 
spectable; state or qualit.v which deserves or com- 
mands respect. — Respect'ably, adv. In a respecta' 
ble manner; in a manner to merit respect. — Respect'- 
ful, -fill, a. Marked or characterized by respect. — Re- 
spect'ing, p.pr.., but commonly called a. preposition. 
Having regard or relation to; regarding; concerning. 

— Respect'ive, -iv, a. Noticing with attention ; care- 
ful; wary; considerate; looking toward; having ref- 
erence to; relative, not absolute; relating to partic- 
ular persons or things, each to each; particular; own. 

— Respect 'ively, ac/v. As relating to each: particu- 
larly; as belongs to each; relatively; not absolutely. 

— Res'pite, -i?it, n. A postponement or delay; tem- 
porary intermission of labor, or of any process or op- 
eration; pause; cessation; stay; reprieve. — v.i. To 
grant or give a respite to. 

Respire, re-spir', v. i. [-spieed (-spird'), -spiring.] 
To take breath again; to take rest or refreshment; 
to breathe, inhale air with the lungs. — v. t. To 
breathe in and out; to inspire and expire (air); to 
breathe. — Res-'pira'tion, n. The act or process of 
breathing, or drawing breath. 

Respite. See under Respect. 

Resplendent, re-splen'dent, a. Shining with brilliant 
luster; very bright. — Resplen'dence, -dency, -den- 
si, n. State of being, etc. 

Respond, re-spond', v. i. To answer, reply; to exhibit 



ftm, fSme, far, pass or oper&, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; Odd, t5ne, 8r : 



REST 



347 



RETICULUM 



action or effect in response to force or stimulus; to 
correspond, suit; to render satisfaction, make pay- 
ment. — Respond 'ent, a. Disposed or expected to re- 
spond; answering. — n. One who responds; a.%,{Law.) 
one who answers in certain suits or proceedings; or, 
one who maintains a thesis in reply. — Kesponse', 
-spons', n. Act of responding; an answer or reply. — 
Bespon''sible, -st-bl, a. Liable to respond; likely to 
be called upon to answer ; accountable ; able to re- 
spond; involving responsibility or accountability. — 
Eespon'sibleness, n. — Respon'sibil'lty, n. State of 
being responsible, accountable, or an&werable; that 
for which anyone is responsible or accountable; abil- 
ity to answer in payment. — Respon''sive, -siv, a. 
Able, ready, or inclined to respond; suited to some- 
thing else; correspondent. — Respon'sory, -so-rl, a. 
Containing or making answer. 
Rest, rest, n. A state of quiet or repose; cessation 
from motion or labor ; freedom from everything 
which wearies or disturbs; that on which anything 
rests or leans for support; a place where one may 
rest. (Mus.) A pause ; an interval during which 



!==!: 



Rests. (Mils.) 

voice or sound is intermitted; the mark of such in- 
termission. — V. i. To cease from action or motion 
of any kind: to be free from whatever disturbs; to 
lie, repose, recline; to stand on, be supported by; to 
sleep, slumber; to sleep the final sleep, die; to lean, 
trust, rely. — i\ t. To lay or place at rest; to quiet; 
to place, "as on a support. — Resfless, a. Never rest- 
ing; continually moving; passed in unquietness; not 
aftording rest; hard; not satisfied to be at rest or in 
peace ; discontented with one's lot, residence, etc.; 
unsettled; wandering. 

Rest, rest, n. That which is left, or which remains 
after the separation of a part; those not included in 
a proposition or description; remainder; overplus; 
residue; others. — v.i. To be left over, remain.— 
Resfive, -iv, -iff, a. Unwilling to go forward; stub- 
b.-rn; impatient under coercion or opposition; un- 
easy. 

Restaurant, Restaurateur. See under Restore. 

Restitution, res-tt-tu'shun, n. Act of restoring, esp. 
of restoring anything to its rightful owner, or of giv- 
ing an equivalent for any loss, damage, or injury; 
that offered in return for what has been lost, in- 
jured, or destroyed; indemnification; reparation; 
amends. 

Restive, etc. See under Rest, remainder. 

Restless, etc. _ See under Rest, quiet. 

Restore, re-stor-', v. t. [-stored (-stord'), -storing.] 
Ti> bring back from a state of ruin, decay, etc. ; to 
eive or bring back (what has been lost); to bring 
n !clc to health or strength; to give in place of, or as 
snisfaction for; to return, replace, refund, repay, 
reinstate, revive, heal, cure. — Restor'er, n. — Res- 
tor'' able, a. — Res'tora'tion, n. Act of restoring or 
bringing back to a former place, station, or condi- 
tion ; event or state of being restored; reestablish- 
ment: the repairing of injuries: that which is re- 
stored or made anew. — Restor'ative, a. Having 
power to renew strength, vigor, etc. — n. A medi- 
cine which, etc. — Restaurant, res-to-rax'' or res'to- 
rant, ?i. A place for refreshment; eating-house. — 
Res'taurateur', res'tor-a-ter'', n. The keeper of an 
eating-house. — Res'^tora'tor, n. A restaurateur. 

Restrain, re-stran', v. t. [-strained (-strand'), 
-STRAINING.] To hold from acting, proceeding, or 
advancing: to hinder from unlimited enjoyment; to 
check, hinder, repress, curb, coerce, restrict, limit, 
confine. — Restrain ''edly, ac/w. With restraint; with 
limitation. —Restraint', -stranf, n. Act of restrain- 
ing; hindrance of the will, or of any action, physi- 
cal, moral, or mental; that which restrains; repres- 
sion; stop; curb; limitation; restriction. — Restrict', 
-strikt', ?'. t. To restrain within bounds, limit, con- 
fine, circumscribe, curb, coerce. — Restric'tion, n. 
Act of, or state of being, etc. ; confinement within 
bounds ; that which restricts ; a restraint. — Re- 



stricfive, -iv, a. Having power or tendency to r». 
strict. 

Result, re-zult', v. i. To come out, or have an issue ; 
to proceed or spring, as a consequence, Jfrom facts, 
arguments, premises, combination of circumstances, 
consultation, thought, or endeavor; to rise, originate, 
ensue, terminate. — n. The conclusion or end to 
which any course or condition of things leads, or 
which is obtained by any process or operation; ef- 
fect : consequence ; inference ; issue ; event. — Re- 
Bulfance, -ans. n. Act of resulting. — Resulfant, n. 
(Mtch.) A force which is the joint effect of 2 or more 
forces. — a. _ Resulting or issuing fr. a combination. 

Resume, re-zum', v. t. [-sumed (-zumd'), -suMma.] 
To take back; to enter upon or take up again; to be- 
gin again, as something which has been interrupted. 
— Rdsumd, ra'zu-ma', n. A summing up; an abridg- 
ment or brief recapitulation. — Resump'tlon, -zum'- 
shun, n. Act of resuming, taking back, or taking 
again.— Resump'tive, -tiv, a. Taking back or again. 

Resurrection, rez-er-rek'shun, n. A rising again, esp., 
the rising again from the dead; resumption of life; 
the future state. — Resurrec'tionist, n. One whose 
business it is to steal bodies from the grave, esp. for 
dissection. 

Resuscitate, re-sus'sT-tat, v. t. To revivify, revive ; 
esp., to recover from apparent death. — ?;, i. To 
come to life again. — Resus'cita'tion, n. Act of re- 
viving from a state of apparent death ; state of be- 
ing revivified. 

Ret, ret, V. t. To prepare (flax) for use, by separating 
the fibers from the woody part, by a process of soak- 
ing, macerating, etc. 

Retail, re-taK, v. t. [-tailed (-tald'), -tailing.] To 
cut up and sell in small quantities, as to customers; 
to sell at second hand; to deal out or tell in small 
portions; to tell again, or to many. — n. The sale of 
commodities in small quantities or parcels, — opp. to 
wholesale. — Retailer, re-taK- or re'tal-er, n. 

Retain, re-tan', v. t. [-tained (-tand'), -taining.] 
To continue to hold, keep in possession ; to keep in 
pay, employ by a fee paid.— Retain'er, n. One who 
retains ; one who is retained or kept in service; an 
attendant ; adherent ; dependent ; a fee paid to en- 
gage a lawyer or counselor. — Reten'tion, n. Act of, 
or state of being, etc.; custody; faculty of the mind 
by which it retains ideas.— Reten'tive, -tiv, a. Hav- 
ing power to, etc. — Ret'inue, -T-nu, n. A body of re- 
tainers ; train of attendants ; suite. 

Retake, re-tak', v. t. [imp. -took; p. n. -taken; -tak- 
ing.] To take or receive again, recapture. 

Retaliate, re-tal'T-at, v. t. To return the like for ; to 
repay or requite by an act of the same kind as has 
been received ; esp., to return evil for evil. — v. i. 
To return like for like. — Retal'ia'tion, n. Act of, 
etc. ; reprisal ; retribution ; punishment. — Retal'- 
iative, -T-a-tiv, -iatory, -to-rt, a. Tending to, or in- 
volving, etc. 

Retard, re-tard', v. t. To contintie to hinder, prevent 
from progress; to put oft, render more late, impede, 
detain, delay, procrastinate, defer. — Re'tarda'tion. 
n. Act of retarding or delaying ; hindrance ; that 
which retards ; obstacle ; obstruction. 

Retch, rech, V. I. [retched (recht), retching.1 To 
make an effort tu vomit. 

Retell, re-teK, v. t. To tell again. 

Retention, Retentive. See under Retain. 

Retepore. See under Reticl'llm. 

Reticent, reft-sent, a. Inclined to keep silent; re- 
served; taciturn. — Ret'icence, 
-sens, n. State of being reticent, 
orobserving continued silence. 

Reticulum, re-tik'u-lum, n. 
{Comp. ^wa<.) The 2d stomach 
of a ruminant, in which the 
mucous membrane forms hex- 
agonal cells ; the honey-comb 
stomach. — Ret'icle, -T-lil, n. A 
small net or bag. — Ret'icule, -T- 
kul, w. A little bag of net-work, 
etc. ; a lady's work-bag. — Re- 
tic'iilar, -tik'u-lar, a. Having _ 
the form of a net, or of net- Reticulate Leaf, 
work; formed with interstices.— Retic'ulate, -latedj 
a. Resembling net-work ; netted ; having distinct 




eOa, cube, fi^ ; moon, fdOt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boii^bos^, chair, get. 



RETINUE 



348 



REVENUE 



veins, fibers, or lines crossing like net-work. — Re- | 
tic'ula'tion, n. State of being, or that which is, 
etc. : net-work. — Refiform, -I-l'6rm, a. Having 
the form of a net in 
texture; composed of 
crossing lines and in- 
terstices.— Re'tepore, 
-te-por, n. {Zo'ol.) A 
zoopiiyte whose cor- 
al-like' cells form re- 
ticulated leaf- or ruf- 
fle-shaped ex p a n - 
sions. — Ref^ina, -t- 
na, n. The reticular 
membranous expan- 
sion of the optic 
nerve which receives 
the impressions re- 
sulting in the sense 
of vision. See Eye. 
Retinue. See under Retain. 



Retire, re-tir' 




[-TIRED C-tird"), -TIRING.] 




Retort. 
: or throwin" 



back. 



d.aw back or away, keep aloof ; to retreat from ac- 
tion or danger ; to withdraw from a public station ; 
to fall back, recede, retrocede. — v. t. To pay up 
and withdraw from circulation ; to cause to retire ; 
to designate as no longer qualified for active service. 
— Retired''ly, -tird''lT, adv. In a retired manner. — 
Retire^ment, n. Act of retiring or withdrawing 
from company or from public notice or station ; state 
of being retired or withdrawn: place to which any 
one retires ; private abode ; solitude ; retreat ; se- 
clusion ; privacy. — RotiT'lng, p. a. Reserved ; not 
forward or obtrusive ; assigned or suitable to one 
who retires, or is retired, fr. a public oiBce or station. 

Retort, re-t6rt-', v. t. To bend or curve back ; to 
throw liack, reverberate ; to return (an argument, 
accusation, censure, or incivility). — v. i. To return 
an argument or charge, make or 
read a severe reply. — n. The 
return of an arguriient, charge, 
or incivilit3' in reply ; a quick 
and ready response; a vessel in 
which substances are subjected 
to distillation or decomposition 
by heat, made of different forms 
and materials for different uses. 
— Retor'tion, n. Act of retortin^ 

Retouch, re-tuch', v. i. [-touched (-tuchf), -touch- 
ing.] To improve by new touches; to touch again, 
revise. 

Retrace, re-tras', v. t. [-traced (-trast'), -tracing.] 
To trace back (a line); to carry or conduct back in 
the same path or course; to reverse; to go over again 
in reverse direction. 

Retract, re-trakt', v. t. To draw back (claws, etc.); 
to recall (a declaration, words, or saying); to with- 
draw, take back, recall, recant, disown. — v.i. To 
take back what has been said. — Retract'^ible, -T-bl, 
-lie, -il, a. Capable of being retracted or drawn 
back. — Retrac'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, 
etc. ; act of withdrawing something claimed, ad- 
vanced, or done ; recantation. {Med.') A drawing 
up or shortening. — Retract'ive, -iv, a. Able or 
ready to retract: retractile. — v. That which with- 
draws or takes from. — Retreaf, -tret', n. Act of 
retiring or withdrawing one's self, esp. from what 
is dangerous or disagreeable ; place to which one re- 
tires; the retiring of an army, body of men, ship, or 
fleet, from an enemy ; seclusion ; privacy ; asj'lum ; 
shelter; refuse. — v.i. To retire from any position 
or place, witndraw ; to retire from an enemy, or 
frf)m any advanced position. 

Retrench, re-trench', v. t. [-trenched (-trencht'), 
-tkexchixg.] To cut off, pare away ; to lessen, 
abridge, curtail. (3Iil.) To furnish with a retrench- 
ment. — ?\ i. To live at less expense. — Retrenchement, 
n. Act of retrenching or of lopping off ; removal of 
what is superfluous; act of lessening or abridging. 
{Mil.) A work constructed within another, to pro- 
long partial possession of the fortress when the en- 
emy has gained iwssession, or to protect the defend- 
ers till they can retreat or obtain a capitulation. 

Retribute, re-trib'ut, v. t. To pay back, compensate, 
requite. — EeVribu'tion, n. Act of retributing or 



repaying ; state of being paid back ; return suit- 
able'to the merits or deserts of (an action, esp. an 
evil or wrong action) ; reward and punishment, as 
distributed at the general judgment; requital; retal- 
iation. — Retrib'utive, -u-tiv, -utory, -u-to-rl, a. 
Tending to retribute; involving, or pert, to, retribu- 
tion. 
Retrieve, re-trev', r. t. [-trieved (-trevd'), -teiev- 
ING.] To find again, restore from loss or injury; to 
remedy the evil consequences of, repair, restore. 

— RetrieVer, n. One who, etc. ; a dog trained to 
find and bring in birds that have been shot. — Re- 
triev'able, o. — Retriev^al, n. Act of retrieving. 

Retroact, re'tro- or ret'ro-akt, r. i. To act backward, 
in return or in opposition. — Retroac'tion, n. Ac- 
tion returned, or action backward ; operation on 
something past or preceding. — Retroact''ive, -iv, a. 
Fitted or designed to retroact ; affecting what is 
past; retrospective. — Retrocede, re'tro- or refro- 
sed, V. t. To cede or grant back. — v. i. To go back. 

— Retroces'sion, -sesh''un, n. Act of retroceding ; 
state of being retroceded or granted back. — Retro- 

trade. a. Gloving or going backward ; contrary ; 
eclining from abetter to a worse state. {Astron.) 
Apparently moving backward, as a planet. — v. t. 
To go or move backward.— Retrograda'tion, w. Act 
of retrograding or moving backward. {Asiron.) The 
apparent motion of the planets contrarv to the order 
of the signs, that is, from east to west. State of being 
retrograded; a going backward. — Retrogres'sion, n. 
Act of going backward ; retrogradation. — Retro- 
gres'sive, -siv, a. Goin^ or rrioving backward. — 
Retrospect, r. i. To look back; to affect what is past. 

— 71. V iew or contemplation of things past; review; 
survey; reexamination. — Retrospec'tion, n. Act or 
faculty of looking back on things past. — Retrospecf- 
ive, -iv, a. Tending or fitted to look back; looking 
back ; having reference to what is past ; affecting 
things past. 

Return, re-tern', v. i. [-turned (-tSrnd'), -turning.] 
To go or come again to the same place or condition; 
to come again, as a visitor; to answer, reply. — v. t. 
To bring, carry, or send back; to repay; to requite 
or recompense; to give back in reply; to report offi- 
cially; to render back to a tribunal, or to an office. 

— n~. Act of returning: that returned; as, a pay- 
ment, remittance, an answer, a formal account or 
report, profit on labor, an investment, etc. {Law.) 
The delivery of a writ, precept, or execution, to the 
proper ofl[icer or court; or the certificate of the offi- 
cer, stating what he has done in execution of it, in- 
dorsed.— Retum'able, a. Capable of being returned 
or restored. {Law.) Legally required to be re- 
turned, delivered, given, or rendered. 

Reunion, re-iin'yun,?i. A second union; union formed 
anew after separation or discord; an assembling or 
assembly of familiar friends.— Re-'nnite', -nif, v. t. 
To unite again, join after separation or variance. — 
V. i. To be united again ; to join and cohere again. 

Reveal, re-veK, v. t. [-VEAtED (-veld'), -vealing.] 
To make known after having been concealed, — 
used esp. of what could not be known or discovered 
without divine or supernatural instruction. — Rev'- 
ela'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; thing revealed ; the last 
book of the New Test., the Apocalypse. 

Reveille, ra-val'ya, in the U. S. service rev'a-le', n. 
{31U.') The beat of drum about break of day, after 
whicn sentries do not challenge. 

Revel, rev'el, v. i. [-eled (-eld), -eling.] To feast 
in a riotous and lawless manner ; to carouse. — n. ' 
A riotous feast ; a carousal. — Rev'elry, -el-rt, n. 
Act of engaging in a revel; noisy festivity. 

Revelation. See under Reveal. 

Revenge, re-veni', v. t. [-venged (-venjd'), -ven- 
ging.] To inflict punishment for; to exact satisfac- 
tion for, under a sense of injurj' ; to inflict injury 
for, in a spiteful, wrong, or malignant spirit ; to 
avenge. — n. Act of revenging ; retaliation; dispo- 
sition to return evil for evil. — Revenge'fol, -ful, a. 
Full of revenue ; wreaking revenge ; vindictive ; 
spiteful; malicious. 

Revenue, rev'e-nu, n. That which returns, or comes 
back, from an investment; income; esp., the annual 
produce of taxes, customs, duties, etc., which a na- 
tion or state collects for public use. 



am, fame, far, pass ur opera, tare; eu^. e\e, term; iii, ice; Odd, tone, 5r ; 



REVERBERATE 



349 



RHAPSODY 



Eeverberate, re-vgr'bgr-at, v. t. To return or send 
back (sound); to echo; to reflect (light or heat); to 
repel from side to side. — v. i. To resound: to be 
driven back; to be repelled, as rays of light; to 
echo, as sound. — Rever-Tjera'tion, n. Act of rever- 
berating or sending back; esp., of reflecting light and 
heat, or reechoing sound.— ilever''beratory, -a^to-rl, 
a. Producing or actin"; by reverberation; returning, 
or driving back. See Furnace^ 

Revere, re- ver', y. i. [-veked (-verd'), -veking.] To 
regard with fear mingled with respect and affec- 
tion; to venerate, reverence. — Rev'erence, -5r-ens, 
n. Profound respect and esteem, as for a holy be- 
ing or place; an act or token of respect or venera- 
tion; state of being reverent; disposition to venerate; 
a person entitled to be revered, — a title applied to 
priests or ministers.— v. t. [reverenced (-er-enst), 
-ENCiNG.] To regard with reverence. — Rev'erend, 
a. Worth}' of reverence ; entitled to respect, — a 
title given to the clergy, in writing abbr. Rev. — 
Rev'erent, a. Expressing reverence, veneration, 
or submission; disposed to revere; submissive; hum- 
ble. — Reveren'tial, -shal, a. Proceeding from, or 
expressing, reverence. 

Reverie, rev'Sr-e', Rev'ery, -er-Y, n. A loose or ir- 
regular train of thoughts, occurring in musing or 
meditation; a waking dream; deep musing. 

Reverse, re-vers', v. t. [-versed (-verst'), -versing.] 
To turn back, cause to return or depart; to change 
totally; to turn end for end, or upside down; to 
overthrow, subvert. {Law.) To make void, undo 
or annul for error. — n. That wliich appears or is 
presented when anything is reverted or turned 
Dack; that which is directly opposite or contrary to 
something else ; complete change ; esp., a change 
from better to worse, misfortune; the back side. — 
a. Turned backward; having a contrary or opposite 
direction. — Rever'sal, n. A change or overthrowing. 
— Rever'sion, -sJiun, H. {Law.) The returning of an 
estate to the grantor or his heirs, after the grant is 
determined; the residue of an estate left in the pro- 
prietor or owner thereof, to take effect in posses- 
sion, after the determination of a limited or less 
estate carved out of it and conveyed by him. A 
right to future possession or enjoyment; succession. 
(Annuities.) A payment not due till the occurrence 
of some contingent event. A return toward some 
ancestral type or character; atavism. — Rever'sion- 
ary, -a-rT, a. Pert, to, or involving, a reversion. — 
Revert',' c. f. To turn back, or to the contrary; to 
reverse ; to drive or turn back, reverberate. — v. i. 
To return, fall back. {Law.) To return to the pro- 
prietor, after the determination of a particular estate 
granted by him. 

Revery. Same as Reverie. 

Revetment, re-vefment, n. {Fort.) A facing of wood, 
stone, or any other material, to sustain an embank- 
ment-. 

Review, re-vu'. r. t. [-viewed (-vud'), -viewing.] To 
go over and examine critically or deliberately, as, to 
go over with critical examination, in order to dis- 
cover the excellences or detects of; to make official 
examination of the state of (troops, etc.). — n. A 
second or repeated view, retrospective survey. {Lit.) 
A critical examination of a new publication, with 
remarks; criticism; critique. {Mil.) An inspection 
of troops under arms, by a commander, for ascer- 
taining the state of their discipline, equipments, 
etc. A periodical publication containing critical es- 
says upon matters of public interest, new books, 
etc. Reexamination ; retrospect ; survey ; revise ; 
revision. 

Revile, re-viK, v. t. [-viled (-vild'), -viling.] To 
treat as vile or common, assail with opprobrious 
language, vilify, upbraid, calumniate. 

Revise, re-viz', v. t. [-vised (-vizd'), -vising.] To 
look at again, reexamine, look over with care for 
correction ; to review, alter, and amend. {Print.) 
To compare a proof with a previous jn-oof of the 
same matter and mark again such errors as have hot 
been corrected in the tj'^pe. — n. {Print.) A2d proof- 
sheet ; a proof-f^heet taken after correction. — Re- 
via'al, n. Act of revising, or reexamining for cor- 
rection and improvement. — Revis''ion, -vizh'uii, »?. 
Act of revising; reexamination tor correction; that 



which is revised. — Revls'ional, -ary, -vizh'un-a-rt, 
a. Pert, to, etc. 
Revive, re-viv', v. i. [-vived (-vivd'), -viving.] To 
return to life, become reanimated or rein vigo rated; 
to recover from a state of neglect, oblivion, obscu- 
rity, or depression. — \'. t. To bring again to life, re- 
animate; to recover from a state of neglect or depres- 
sion ; to renew in the mind or memory, awaken. 

— Reviv'al, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; re- 
newed attention; renewed performance of, or inter- 
est; renewed interest in religion after indifference 
and decline; reanimation from a state of languor or 
depression; renewed pursuit or cultivation, or flour- 
ishing state of; renewed prevalence of (a practice or 
fashion). {Law.) Restoration of force, validity, and 
effect to; renewal. — Reviv'ify, -vlv'I-fi, v. t. [-fied 
(-fid), -FYING.] To cause to revive, reanimate. — 
Reviv'iflca'tion. n. Renewal or^ restoration of life. 

Revoke, re-vok'', v. t. [-voked (-vokf), -voking.] To 
annul by recalling or taking back; to reverse (anj'- 
thing granted by a special act) ; to abolish, recall, 
repeal, rescind, countermand, abrogate, cancel. — 
v.i. {Card-playing.) To fail to follow suit; to re- 
nounce. — n. Act of revoking, or of neglecting to 
follow suit. — Rev'ocable, -o-ka-bl, a. Capable of 
being recalled or revoked.— Rev' ocableness, -cabil'- 
ity, n. — Revoca'tion, n. Act of calling back; state 
of being recalled; repeal; reversal. 

Revolt, Revolution, etc. See under Revolve. 

Revolve, re-volv', v. i. [-volved (-volvd'), -volving.] 
To turn or roll round on an axis ; to move round a 
center. — v. t. To cause to turn, as upon an axis; to 
rotate ; to turn over and over, reflect repeatedly upon. 

— Revolv'ency, -en-sT, n. State, act, or principle of 
revolving. — Revolv'er, n. One who, or that which, 
revolves ; a fire-arm 
with several loading 
chambers or barrels 
so arranged as to re- 
volve on an axis and 
be discharged in suc- 
cession by the same 
lock.— Rev'olu'tion, 
n. Act of revolving, 
or turning round on an axis or a center ; rotation ; 
return to a point before occupied ; space measured 
by the regular return of a revolving body ; period 
made bj^ the regular recurrence of a measure of 
time, or by a succession of similar events; a total or 
radical change. {Astron.) The motion of any body, 
as a planet or satellite, in a curved line or orbit, 
until it returns to the same point again. {Geom.} 
Tlie motion of a point, line, or surface, about a 
point or line as its center or axis, in such a manner 
that a moving point generates a curve, a moving 
line a surface, and a moving surface a solid. {Poli- 
tics.) A revolt successfully or completely accom- 
plished ; a sudden, violent, or complete change in a 
government, constitution, etc. — Revolu'tionary, 
-shun-a-rT, a. Tending or pert, to a revolution in 
government. — ^"Revolu'tionist, n. One engnged in 
effecting a change of government. — Revolu'tionize, 
V. t. [-IZED (-iz'd), -izing.] To chjinge completely, 
as by a revolution. — Revolt', re-volt' or -v81t', v. i. 
To turn away; to renounce allegiance or subjection, 
rise against a government, rebel ; to be grossly of- 
fended, disgusted, or shocked. — v. t. To put to flight, 
overturn; to do violence to, repel, shock. — n. Act of 
revolting; esp., a renunciation of allegiance and sub- 
jection to one's prince or government; insurrection; 
sedition; rebellion; mutiny. 

Revulsion., re-vul'shun, n. Act of holding or drawing 
back; marked repugnance or hostility; asudden and 
violent change, esp. of feeling. — Revul'sive, -siv, a. 
Tending to revulsion; repugnant. 

Reward, fe-wawrd', v. t. To give in return, whether 
good or evil, — commonly in a good sense; to repay, 
recompense, compensate, requite. — n. That which 
is given in return for good or evil received; esp., that 
which comes in return for some good ; that which is 
offered or given for a certain service, information, 
or attainment; a token of regard. {Law.) Compen- 
sation for services. 

Rejmard, ra'nard or ren'ard, n. A fox. 

Rhapsody, rap'so-dt, n. A portion of an epic poem fit 




Revolver. 



sQn. cube, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



HHENISH 



350 



RIDDLE 



for recitation at one time : a wild, rambling composi- 
tion or discourse. — RIiapsod''ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or 
consisting of, rhapsody; unconnected. 
Bheniah, ren'ish, a. Of, or pert, to, the river Rhine. 

— n. Wine from the vineyards along the Rhine. 
Bheteric, ret'o-rik, }i. Art of elegant and accurate 

composition, esp. in prose; science of oratory; art of 
speaking with propriety, elegance, and force; arti- 
ficial eloquence, as opposed to that which is real ; 
the power of persuasion or attraction ; that which 
allures or charms. — Rhetor^ical, re-tor'ik-al, a. Of, 
pert, to, or involving, rhetoric : oratorical. — Rhet'- 
ori'cian, -rish''an, n. One well versed in the rules 
and principles of rhetoric ; one who teaches the art 
of rhetoric ; an artificial orator, as opp. to one who 
is genuine. 
Kheam, room, n. An increased action of the excretory 
vessels of any organ; a thin serous fluid, secreted by 
the mucous glands, etc., as in catarrh. — Rheum''y, 
-T, a. Pert, to, abounding in, or causing, rheum. — 
Bbea'matism, -ma-tizm, ?;. (,Jlfed.) A painful affec- 
tion of the muscles, joints, etc., of the human bodj'. 

— RIieamat''ic, a. Pert, to rheumatism, or of its na- 
ture. 

fibino, ri''no. n. Gold and silver, or money. 
Bhinoceros, ri-nos'e-ros, n. A large, powerful, un- 




Rhinoceros. 

gainly pachydermatous mammal of Asia and Af- 
rica, allied to the elephant, hippopotamus, tapir, 
etc., haWng 3 hoofs on each foot, and 1 or 2 very 
strong horns upon the nose. — Rhi^noplasty, -tT, 
n. (Su7-g.) Process of forming an artificial nose, by 
bringing down a piece of flesh from the forehead, 
and causing it to adhere to the anterior part of the 
remains of the nose. — Rhi'^noscope, -skop, w. A small 
mirror for inspecting the nasal passages. — RMnoS''- 
copy, -nos'ko-pT, n. Inspection of, etc. 

Rhizoma, ri-zo'ma, n. (Bot.) A creeping stem or 
branch growing beneath the 
surface of the soil and partly 
covered by it. 

Rhodimn, ro'dT-um, w. {Chem.') 
A metal of a white color and 
metallic luster, extremely hard 
and brittle: it is used for form- 
ing the nibs of gold pens. — 
Rfio'doden''dron, n. A shrub or 
small tree of several species, 
having evergreen leaves, and 
handsome flowers. 

Rhodomontade. Same as Rodo- 
montade. 

Rhomb, rom, Rhom 'bus, n. {Geom.) A figure of 4 equal 

sides but unequal angles. — Rhom''- ., , 

bic, a. Having the AX I I 

/,--'/ figure of a rhomb. / \ i / 

,---" / —Rhom' bold, / \ i/ 
,^''' I -bold. n. {Geom.) I \ 1 / 

1 I An oblique-angled / "\ •/ 

Rhomboid. parallelogram like / ':s 

a rhomb, but hav- t>v,„™Kii= 
ing only the opposite sides equal, ^nomous. 
thelength and width being different. — Rhom'boid, 
-boid'al, a. Having the shape of a rhomboid. — 
Rhomb, rum, n. (Navigation.) Any given point of 
the compass; a line making a given angle with the 
meridian: a rhumb-line. — To anil on a rhnmh. To 
Bail continuouslj- on one course. — Rhumb'-line, n. 
A line or the course of a vessel which cuts all the me- 
ridians at the same angle. 




Rhizoma. 



Rhubarb, roo'barb, n. A plant of many species : the 
fleshy and acid stalks of the common species are 
used in cookery: roots of several other species fur- 
nish a cathartic medicine. 

Rhumb, ejc. See under Rhomb. 

Rhyme, nm, n. Poetry. (Poet.) Correspondence of 
sound in tiie terminating words or syllables of 
verses. Verses, usually 2, in rhyme with each 
other; a couplet, triplet; a word answering in sound 
to another word.— f. i. [rhymed (rinid), rhyming.] 
To make verses; to accord in sound. — v. t. To put 
into rhyme; to influence by rhyme. — Rhym'ster, n. 
One who makes rhymes; a poor or mean poet. 

Rhythm, rithm or rithm, n. A dividing into short 
portions by a regular succession of motions, im- 
pulses, sounds, accents, etc., producing an agreeable 
effect, as in music, poetry, etc. (JIiis.) Movement 
in musical time, or the periodical recurrence of ac- 
cent. A division of lines into short portions by a 
regular succession of percussions and remissions" of 
voice on words or sy Habits ; liarmonious flow of vo- 
cal sounds. — Rhjrth'mic, -mical, a. Pert, to rhythm. 

Rial, re'al, n. A Spanish coin. See Real. 

Rib, rib, n. (Anat.) One of the curved bones attached 
to the spine and inclosing the thoracic cavity: see 
Thorax. That which resembles a rib in form or use, 
as apiece of timber which forms or strengthens the 
side of a ship; (Arch.) an arch-formed piece of tim- 
ber for supporting the lath and plaster work of a 
vault; also a projecting piece on the interior of a 
vault, etc.; (^o<.) any marked nerve or vein of a leaf. 
A prominent line or rising, like a rib in cloth. — v. 
t. [RIBBED (ribd), -BiXG.J To furnish with ribs: to 
inclose with ribs, shut in. — Rib^roast, v. t. To beat 
soundly. 

Ribald, rib^ald, n. A low, vulgar, brutal, foul- 
mouthed wretch; a lewd fellow. — a. Low; base; 
mean; filthy; obscene. -Rib-'aldry, n. The talk of 
a ribald; vulgar language; obscenity. 

Ribbon, rib'bun, Rib'and, Rib'banH, n. A fillet or 
narrow web of fine cloth, commonly of silk or satin; 
a narrow strip or shred; pi. the reins, or lines, by 
which a horse is guided and held. 
— Rib'bon, v. t. [-boxed (-bund), 
-BOXIXG.] To adorn with, or mark 
with stripes resembling, ribbons. 

Rice, ris, n. An annual plant culti- 
vated in warm climates ; its seed, 
which forms an important article of 
food. — Rice''pa'per, n. A kind of 
thin, delicate paper, from China, 
used for painting upon, and for 
fancy articles: it is said co be made 
from the pith of a plant. 

Rich, rich, a. Abounding in material 
possessions; possessed of large prop- 
erty; well supplied; affording abun- 
dant supplies: productive or fertile; 
composed of valuable or costly materials or ingredi- 
ents; highly valued: abounding in agreeable or nu- 
tritive qualities; highly seasoned or flavored; abound- 
ing in oily, fatty, or indigestible materials; not faint 
or delicate ; vivi'd; bright; full of sweet and harmoni- 
ous sounds; abounding in beauty: abounding in hu- 
mor; exciting amusement.— Rich'eB, -ez, 7j. 7)Z. That 
which makesone rich; abundant possessions or treas- 
ures; that which appears rich, sumptuous, precious, 
etc.; wealth; opulence; plenty; abundance. 

Rick, rik, n. A stack of grain or haj' in the open air, 
sheltered with a covering. 

Rickets, Rickety. _ See under Rachitis. 

Ricochet, rik'o-sha'', n. Rebound or skipping, as of a 
ball fired at a low angle of elevation. (Chm.) The 
firing of guns, or howitzers, so as to cause the balls 
or shells to rebound or roll along the ground on 
which they fall. 

Rid, rid, v. t. [rid or ridded; ridding.] To free, de- 
liver, clear, disencumber. — Rid'dance, n. Act of 
ridding or freeing; deliverance; a clearing up or out; 
state of being rid or free; freedom; escape. 

Ridden. See Ride. 

Riddle, rid'dl, n. A sieve with coarse meshes, for 
separating coarser materials from finer, as chaff from 
grain, gravel from sand, etc. — v. t. [riddled (-did), 
-DLING.] To separate, as gi-ain from chaff, with a 




Rice. 



ftm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; In, ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



RIDDLE 



851 



RING- 



riddle; to perforate with balls so as to make like a 
riddle. 

Eiddle, rid'dl, n. Something to be solved by con- 
itcture; a puzzling question; enigma; anything am- 
biguous or puzzTing. — V. t. To solve, explain, un- 
riddle. — V. I. To speak ambiguously, oDscurely, 
or enigmatically. 

Bide, rid, v. i. [imp. kode or rid; p. p. rid or ridden; 
RiDiXG.] To be carried on the back of any animal, 
as a horse; to be borne in a carriage; to be' borne on 
or in the water; to be supported in motion; to rest 
on something; to manage a horse well; to support a 
rider, as a horse. — v. t. To sit on, so as to be car- 
ried; to manage insolently at will; to cause to ride; to 
carry.— n. Ah excursion on horseback or in a vehicle. 
— Rid'er, n. One who rides; in Eng., an agent who 
goes out with samples of goods to obtain orders; an 
addition to a manuscript or other document, inserted 
after its completion, on a separate piece of paper; an 
additional clause, as to an appropriation bill, in- 
volving legislation not germane to the bill. — Ridd- 
ing, n. Act of, etc. ; a road made for, etc. — Rid'tng- 
hood, n. A woman's hood to be worn when riding; 
a cloak with a hood. —-school, n. A place for in- 
struction in riding. 

Rideau, re-do', n. A small mound of earth. 

Ridge, rij, n. The back, or top of the back; top or 
crest of any elongated elevation, as of a mountain, 
roof, etc.; a long, horizontal elevation li-om which 
the surface slopes down on each side; a raised line 
or strip, as of soil between furrows. — r. t. [kidged 
(rijd), RIDGING.] To form a ridge of, make into 
ridges; to wrinkle. — Ridg''y, -1, a. Having a ridge 
or ridges ; rising in a ridge. — Ridge-pole, -plate, 
-piece, n. (Arch.) The tiniber or board forming the 
ridge, or upper angle, of a roof: see Queen cost. 

Ridicule, rid'T-kul, n. The expression of, or en- 
deavor to excite, laughter at some person or thing, 
esp. when mingled with contempt; that species of 
writing which excites contempt with laughter : de- 
rision; Danter; raillery; burlesque; irony; satire; sar- 
casm; gibe; jeer; sneer, — r. t. [ridiculed (;kald), 
-CULING.] To laugh at with expressions of contempt ; 
to deride, rally, mock, lampoon. — Ridic ''ulcus, -dik''- 
u-lus, a. Fitted to excite ridicule; contemptuous and 
laughable; ludicrous; droll; absurd; preposterous. 

Riding, R.-school, etc. See under Ride. 

Rife, rif, a. Prevailing; prevalent; abounding. 

Riffle, Rifler. See under Rifle, a gun. 

Riffraff, rif''raf, n. Sweepings ; refuse ; the lowest 
order of society. 

Rifle, ri'fl, v. t. [-fled (-fld), -fling.] To seize and 
bear away by force, carry off; to strip, rob, pillage, 
plunder. 

Rifle, ri'^fl, n. A gun whose barrel is formed with 
spiral grooves or channels inside, thus securing for 
the ball a rotary motion, and great precision ; a 
whetstone for a scythe. — v. t. To groove, channel; 
esp., to groove internally with spiral channels ; to 
sharpen (a scythe) with a rifle. — Riffle, rif ''fl, n. A 
sluice having depressions in the bottom, or other con- 
trivances, for facilitating the settling of particles of 
gold, in washing auriferous dirt; process of washing, 
etc. — Rif''fler, n. A file with a curved end for work 
in shallow depressions. 

Rift, rift, n. An opening made by riving or splitting; 
a cleft; fissure; a fording-place. — v. t. To cleave, 
rive, split. — v. i. To burst open, split. 

Rig, ng, V. t. [rigged (rigd), -ging.] To dress, clothe; 
esp., to clothe in an odd or fanciful manner; to fur- 
nish with apparatus, gear, or tackling. — n. Dress; 
clothing; esp., odd or fanciful clothing; the peculiar 
manner of fitting the masts and rigging to the hull 
of a vessel. — Rig'ging, n. Dress; tackle; esp., the 
ropes which support the masts, extend and contract 
the sails, etc., of a ship. 

Rig, rig, n. A sportive trick; a frolic. — To run a rig. 
To play a wanton trick. 

Rigadoon, rig'a-doon', n. A gay, brisk dance, per- 
formed by one couple. 

Rigation. Same as Irrigation. 

Eight, rit, a. Straight; not crooked; most direct; up- 
right; erect; not oblique; according with truth and 
duty; unswerving; just; true; fit; suitable; charac- 
terized by reality or genuineness; actual; unques- 



tionable; passing a true judgment; not mistaken or 
wrong: not lelt, but its opjiosite; most convenient 
or dexterous; being on the same side as the right 
hand; well placed, disposid, or adjusted; orderly; 
being on the right liand ot a person descending a 
river with his face toward its mouth: designed to be 
placed or worn outward. (Muth.) UpriMt from a 
base; having an upright axis. — actv. In a right 
manner: esp., in a riglitor straight line; directly; ac- 
cording to the law or will of God, or to the standard 
of truth and justice; or to any rule of art; or to fact 
or truth; in a great degree, very, extremely, — pre- 
fixed to titles.— n. That which is right or correct; as, a 
straight course, adherence to duty; or, a true state- 
ment, adherence to truth or fact; or, a just judgment, 
iustice, uprightness, integrity ; that to which one 
has a claim; as, that which one has a natural, legal, 
or social claim to do or to exact ; legal power, author- 
ity; or, that which justly belongs to one, title, claim, 
property, interest; or, privilege or immunity granted 
by authority; that which is on the right side, or oppo- 
site to the left; the outward or most finished surface. 

— V. t. To set upright, make right or straight, as hav- 
ing been wrong or crooked; to do justice to, relieve 
from wrong, — u. i. To recover the proper or natural 
condition or position; to become upright. — To set to 
rights, put to r. To put into good order, adjust, as 
what is out of order. — Right '-an'gled, -an'gld, a. 
Containing a right angle or right angles: see Angle. 
— handled, a. Using the right hand habitually or 
more easily than the left. — Right 'ly, adu. Accord- 
ing to justice; honestly; uprightly; properly; fitly; 
suitably; appropriately; according to truth or fact. 

— Right''eous, ri-'chus, a. According with, or per- 
forming, that which is right; esp., free from guilt or 
sin; upright; just; godly; honest; equitable; right- 
lul. — Right''ful, -ful, «. Consonant to justice; hav- 
ing the right or just claim; being by right, or by just 
claim; lawful; true; honest: equitable; proper." 

Rigid, rii'^id, a. Having become so firm as not to be 
easily bent; not lax or indulgent; severe; inflexible; 
stiff; strict; exact; austere; stern; unmitigated. — 
Rig'idness, Rigid'ity, rl-jid'T-tT, n. Want of plia- 
bility; quality of resisting change of form; stiifness 
of appearance or manner ; inflexibility. — Rig'or, 
rig'or, n. State of being rigid. {Med.) A convulsive 
shuddering with sudden coldness, as in the begin- 
ning of a fever, etc. Severity of climate or season; 
stiffness of opinion or tempeV ; severity ; voluntary 
submission to pain, abstinence, or mortification; ex- 
actness without allowance, latitude, or indulgence; 
austeritj'; harshness; exactness. — Rig^oroas, -us, a. 
Manifesting, exercising, or favoring rigor; relentless; 
strict; severe. 

Rigmarole, rig^ma-rol, n. A succession of confused 
or nonsensical statements; foolish talk; nonsense. 

Rigor, etc. See under Rigid. 

Rile, ril, V. t. To render turbid; to make angrj', vex. 

Rill, ril, n. A small brook; rivulet; streamlet. 

Rim, rim, n. The border, edge, or margin of some- 
thing circular or curving. — v. t. [rimmed (rimd), 
-MING.] To furnish with a rim. — Rim'base, w. A 
short cylinder connecting a trunnion with the body 
of a cannon: see Cannon. 

Rime. See Rhyme. 

Rime, rim, n. White or hoar frost; congealed dew or 
vapor. — Rim'y, -Tf, a. Abounding with rime; frosty. 

Rimose, ri-mos'', a. Full of cracks or chinks, like those 
in the bark of trees. 

Rind, rind, n. The external covering or coat of fruit, 
etc.; peel; bark: skin; shell. 

Rinderpest, rin'der-pest, n. A highly contagious dis- 
temper or murrain, affecting neat cattle and sheep; 
the cattle-plague ; steppe-murrain. 

Ring, ring, n. A circle, circular line, or anything in 
the form of a hoop; esp. an ornament of gold, etc., 
for a finger ; an inclosure for games, fights, etc.; 
arena; a clique; a combination of persons for a self- 
ish end, esp. in politics, finance, or commerce. — v. t. 
[RINGED (ringd), ringing.] To surround with, or 
as with, a rin^; to encircle. (Hort.) To cut out a 
ring of, as bark. — Ring'^let, n. A curl, esp. of hair 

— Ring-dove, -duv, n. A large species of pigeon, hav- 
ing white upon the neck which forms a portion of a 
ring about it ; the cushat. — Ring'^Ieader, n. The 



stin, cube, full ; moon, tdtt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, bouboN, chair, get. 



RING 



352 



ROAR 



leader of a ring; esp., the leader of an association 
of men engaged in violation of law or an illegal en- 
terprise. — Ring^worm, H. (Med.) A vesicular erup- 
tion of the skin, forming rings, whose area is slight- 
ly discolored. — Rink, rink, ji. Orig. a circus or 
course for the game of curling: a covered sheet of 
ice on which to skate, or smooth flooring for roller 
skates. 

Iling, ring, v. t. [imp. eaxg or euxg; j>. p. ruxg; 
EiXGiXG.] To cause to sound, esp. by striking (a 
metallic body); to produce by ringing (a sound or 
peal); to repeat often, loudly, or earnestly. — v. i. 
To sound, as a bell, or other sonorous body; to re- 
sound; to continue to sound or vibrate, resound; to 
be tilled with report or talk. — n. A sound; esp., the 
sound of metals; any loud sound, or sound contin- 
ued, repeated, or reverberated; a chime, or set of 
bells harmonically tuned. 

Riiik. See under Ring, a circle. 

Rinse, rins, v.t. [rixsed (rinst), rinsixg.J To cleanse 
with a second application of water after washing; to 
cleanse (a hollow vessel) by the introduction of 
water. 

Riot, ri'ot, n. Wanton or unrestrained behavior; up- 
roar; row; sedition. (Law.) The doing of an act in 
a tumultuous manner against the peace, by 3 or 
more persons assembled of their own authority. — v. 
i. To engage in riot, act in an unrestrained or wan- 
ton manner, indulge in excess of luxury, feasting, 
behavior, etc.; to be highly excited; to raise an up- 
roar or sedition. — Ri'otous, -us, a. Involving or en- 
gaging in riot; of the nature of an unlawful assem- 
bly; seditious; tumultuous; wanton. 

Rip, rip, V. t. [RIPPED (ript), rippixg.] To divide or 
separate the parts of, by cutting or tearing, esp. by 
cutting or pulling out stitches in a seam; to tear oft, 
out, or open, by violence ; to take out or away by cut- 
ting or tearing. — n. A rent made by ripping, esp. by 
a seam giving way; a tear; a place torn; laceration; 
water roughened by the meeting of opposing tides or 
currents. — Rip'ple, -pi, v. t. To remove the seeds, 
etc., from (flax, etc.) with a ripple. — n. A kind of 
comb, with which the seeds and seed-vessels of flax, 
broom-corn, etc., are removed. 

Ripajian, ri-pa'rl-an, a. Pert, to the bank of a river. 

Ripe, rip, a. Keady for reaping; having attained per- 
fection, as grain, fruit, etc.; advanced to the state of 
titness for use; having attained full development; 
characterized by completenessorfinish;consuramate; 
perfected ; ready for action or effect; prepared ; re- 
sembling ripened fruit in ruddiness and plumpness; 
mature; mellow. —Rip'en.rip'n, v. t". [-exed (-nd), 
-EXIXG.'J To grow ripe; to approach or come to per- 
fection; to be fltted or prepared. — v. <. To make 
ripe, as grain or fruit; to mature, fit or prepare, bring 
to perfection. 

Hippie, to clean flax. See under Rip. 

Hippie, rip'pl, v. i. [-pled (-pld), -puxg.] To become 
fretted or dimpled on the surface, as water running 
over a rough bottom; to be covered with small waves 
or undulations; to make a sound like the breaking 
of ripples on the shore. — v. t. To fret or dimple, as 
the surface of running water. — n. The fretting or 
dimpling of the surface of water ; a little wave or 
undulation. 

Riprap, rip'rap, n. (Engin.) A foundation or par- 
apet of stones thrown together without order, as in 
deep water, or on a soft bottom. 

Rise, rlz, v. i. [imp. EOSE-(roz); p.p. risen (rrz'n); 
EiSiXG.] To move or pass in any manner from a 
lower position to a higher; to ascend, mount up, be- 
come elevated, attain a height ; to have the aspect 
or the effect of rising; to seem to rise, become appar- 
ent, emerge into sight, have a beginning; to increase 
in size, force, value, price, etc. ; to become excited, 
opposed, or hostile ; to attain to a better social posi- 
tion; to become more and more digniiied or forcible, 
increase in interest or power : to come to mind, be 
suggested ; to come to hand, offer itself ; to come to 
hie, revive; to close a session, adjourn.— Rise, ris, n. 
Act of rising, or state of being risen; ascent; distance 
through which anything rises ; that which rises or 
seems to rise ; an acclivity ; steep : ascent ; spring ; 
source; origin; increase; augmentation, as of price, 
value, rank, property, fame, etc.; increase of sound. 



(Mus.) Elevation or ascent of the voice. The spring 
of a fish alter an artificial fly.— Ris''er, «. One who 
rises. (Arch.) The upright piece in a stair. — Ria'- 
ing, n. Act of, etc.; resurrection; insurrection; a tu- 
mor; boil. 

Risible, riz'T-bl, a. Capable of exciting laughter; 
worthy to be laughed at; ludicrous; ama-iiug; ridic- 
ulous. — RisibU'lty, n. Quality of being risible. 

Risk, risk, n. Hazard; peril; degree of danger. (Com.') 
Liability to loss in property ; that which is liable to 
loss.— v. ^ [EISSED (riskt), RISKING.] To expose 
to risk, hazard, or peril ; to jeopard, venture. — 
Risk'y, -I, a. Attended with danger; hazardous. 

Rite, rit, n. Formal act of religion, or other solemn 
dutj' ; a religious ceremony or usage ; form ; observ- 
ance: ordinance. — Rifual, rlt'u-al, a. Pert, to, or 
consisting of, rites; ceremonial; ceremonious; for- 
mal; prescribing rites. — n. Manner of performing 
divine service in a particular church or communion; 
a book containing the rites to be observed. — Rif- 
ualism, -izm, n. Prescribed forms of religious wor- 
ship; observance of prescribed forms in religion; 
confidence in mere rites or external ceremonies. — 
Rit'ualist, n. One skilled in, or devoted to, a ritual; 
one of tlie extreme party in the Ch. of Eng., which 
seeks to assimibite its doctrines and ritual to that of 
Rome.— Rifually, adv. By rites, or by a particular 
rite. 

Rival, ri''val, n. One in pursuit of the same object 
as another ; competitor; emulator; antagonist. — a. 
Having the same pretensions or claims: standing in 
competition for superiority.— v. t. [eivaled (-vald), 
RIVALING.] To stand in competition with, strive to 
gain some object in opposition to; to strive to equal 
or excel, emulate. —Ri'valry, -rt, -ship, w. Act of 
rivaling, or state of being a rival; emulation; strife. 

Rive, riv, v. t. \imp. rived (rivd), p. p. rived or 
RIVEN (rlv'n), EiviNG.] To rend asunder by force, 
split, cleave. — v. i. To be split or rent asunder. 

River, riVer, n. A stream of water, larger than a 
rivulet or brook, flowing in a channel on land toward 
the ocean, a lake, or another river ; a copious flow; 
abundance. — Riv'ered, -erd, a. Supplied with riv- 
ers. — Riv'er-horse, n. The hippopotamus, an am- 
phibious animal inhabiting rivers. 

Rivet, riv'et, n. A pin of metal clinched at one or 
both ends by being hammered and spread. — v. t. 
To fasten with a rivet, or with rivets ; to clinch ; to 
fasten flrmlv, make firm or strong. 

Rivulet, riv'ti-let, n. A small river or brook; a stream- 
let. 

Rix-dollar, riks'doVlar, n. A silver coin of Germany, 
Holland, Denmark, and Sweden, ol different value 
in different places, varying fr. 60 cents to sisl.OS. 

Roach, roch, n. (Ichih.) A 
gregarious fresh-water fish 
of the carp family, of a 
silver-white color, with a 
greenish back, ha'ving the 
dorsal fin opposite the ven- 
tral. A cockroach. Roach 

Road, rod. n. An open way ' 

or public passage; a public track for traveling: way; 
highway; street; lane; route; course: a place where 
ships may ride at anchor at some distance from the 
shore ; a roadstead. — Road'^stead, -sted, n. A place 
where ships may ride at anchor, at some distance 
from the shore. — Road-'ster, n. (JVaut.) A vessel 
riding at anchor in a road or bay. A horse fitted for 
traveling. 

Roam, rom, v. i. [roamed (romd), roaming.] To 
walk or move about from place to place without any 
certain purpose or direction; to wander, rove, stroll, 
ramble, stray. — v. t. To range or wander over. 

Roan, ron, a. Having a bay, sorrel, or ddrk color, with 
spots of gray, or white, thickly interspersed: esp., of 
a color having a decided shade of red. — said of a 
horse. — n. The color of a roan horse: a roan horse; 
a kind of leather for book-binding, made from sheep- 
skin, in imitation of morocco. 

Roar, ror, v. t. [roaeed (rord), eoaring.] To utter 
a deep, loud, terrific cry, as a lion ; to cry with a full, 
loud, continued sound; to make a loud, confused 
sound, as winds, waves, passing vehicles, etc.; to en. 
gage in riotous conduct, be disorderly; to laugh out 




am, tame, far, pass or opera, fSre ; 6nd, eve, term ; In, ice ; Cdd, tone, 6r ; 



ROAST 



353 



ROLL 



loudly and continuously. — m. The cry of a lion, 
etc.; the sound of roaring; a loud, continuous noise, 
as of billows, etc. 

Roast, rost, v. t. To cook, dress, or prepare (meat, etc.) 
for the table, by exposure to heat, before the Are; 
to dry and parcn by exposure to heat; to heat vio- 
lently, or to excess. — v. i. To be cooked by expo- 
sure to heat in the ashes or in an oven, be roasted. — 
n. That which is roasted; a piece of meat suitable 
for roasting. — a. Roasted. 

Rob, rob, v. t. [robbed (robd), -bing.] To take away 
from by force, strip by stealing, plunder, steal from. 
(Law.) To take property from the person of, feloni- 
ously, forcibly, or by putting in f ear. — Rob'ber, n. 
One who commits a robbery; one who takes property 
feloniously, and by violence; thief; plunderer; pil- 
lager; brigand; freebooter: pirate. — Rob^bery, -ber- 
T, n. The crime of stealing by force; spoliation; 
plunder; pillage; freebooting; piracy. 

B&e, rob, n. An outer garment for man or woman; 
esp., one of a rich, flowmg, or elegant style or make; 
a dress of state, rank, office, etc. ; a skin of the wolf, 
buffalo, etc., dressed and prepared for use. — v. t. 
[robed (robd), robing.] To invest with a robe, 
dress, array. 

Robin, rob''in, n. A European singing-bird, having a 
reddish breast ; the ruddock ; redbreast ; an Anier. 
singing-bird, having the breast of a dingy orange red 
color ; migratory thrush. 

Robust, ro-Dusf, a. Evincing strength; indicating 
vigorous health; lusty; sturdy; hearty; sound; re- 
quiring strength or vigor. — Rob''orant, -o-rant, a. 
Strengthening.— 71. {Med.) A strengthening med- 
icine; a tonic. 

Roche-alum. See under Rock. 

Rochelle Powders, ro-sheK poWderz. Same as Sed- 
LiTz Powders. 

Rock, rok, n. A large mass of stony material ; a large 
stone or crag; a stone. (Geol.) Any natural deposit 
of stony material, whether consolidated or not, in- 
cluding sand, earth, or clay, when in natural beds. 
That which resembles a rock in firmness. —Rock'y, 
-t, a. Full of, formed of, or like, rock; unfeeling; 
obdurate.— Roche'-, rok'-, or Rock''-al'um, n. The 
purest kind of alum. — -can'dy, n. An extremely 
hard candy, consisting of crystals of pure sugar. — 
-crys'tal, w. {Mm.) Limpid quartz. — oil, ?i. Same 
asPETEOLEUM. — Salt, H. {Mill.) Chloride of .sodium 
(common salt) occurring in rock -like masses in 
mines. In U. S., salt in large crystals, formed by 
evaporation from sea-water. 

Rock, rok, n. A distaff used in spinning. — Rock'et, 
n. A cylindrical case attached to a stick and filled 
with a composition which, being set on fire, projects 
the case, etc., through the air by a force arising from 
the combustion. 

Rock, rok, v. t. [rocked (rokt), rocking.] To move 
backward and forward, as a body resting on a sup- 
port beneath; to move backward and forward in a 
cradle, etc. ; to still, quiet. — v. i. To move or be 
moved backward and forward ; to reel, totter. — 
Rockier, n. One who 
rocks the cradle ; the 
curving piece of wood 
o n which a cradle o r 
chair rocks; any imple- 
ment capable of a rock- 
ing motion. — Rock'ing- 
chair, n. A chair mount- 
ed on rockers. — stone. 
n, A large stone, resting 
upon another stone, and 
BO exactly poised tliat it 
can be rocked, or slight- 




liockaway. 
- Rock'away, 



ly moved, with but little force. — Rock'away, -a-wa, 

n. A low, 4-wheeledi2-seated pleasure-carriage, with 

full staniiing top. 
RocKet, rok'et, n. An ornamental plant of several 

genera and many species: one species is eaten as a 

salad, when young and tender. 
Rocket, a firework. See under Rock, a distaff. 
Rod, rod, n. A shoot or long twig of any woody plant; 

a branch; stem of a shrub; any long slender stick; 

a wand; an instrument of punishment or correction; 

a kind of scepter, or badge of office; power; author- 




Boebuck. 



ity; tyranny; oppression; a measure of length, con- 
taining 16i feet; a perch; pole. 

Rode. See Ride. 

Rodent, ro'dent, a. Gnawing. — n. An animal that 
gnaws, as a rat. 

Rodeo, ro-da^o, n. In Western U. S., a collecting of 
all the cattle on a ranch, to separate, count, or brand 
them. 

Rodomontade, rod'o-mont-ad', n. Vain boasting ; 
empty bluster or vaunting; rant. — v.i. To boast, 
brag, bluster. 

Roe, ro, >i. The female of any species of deer.— Roe'- 
buck, n. A 
small, grace- 
ful , and 
nimble deer 
of £u rope 
and Asia, 
about 2 1-4 
feet high, 
with branch- 
ing antlers. 

Roe, r o, n. 
The ovary '^' 
and eggs of-- 
a fish : t h e 
mUt of t h e 
male fish is 
sometimes 
called soft ro\ 

Roentgen, Rontgen.ray, rent'gen-. (Phys.) A kind of 
ray generated in a very higlily exhausted vacuum 
tube by an electrical discharge. It is capable of pass- 
ing through many bodies opaque to light, and produ- 
cing photographic and fluorescent effects by which 
means pictures showing the internal structure of 
opaque objects are vaade, cilled. radiograp?is or scia- 
f/raphs. So called fr. the discoverer, W. C. Rwiigen. 

Rogation, ro-ga'shun, n. {Rom. Antiq.) The demand, 
by the consuls or tribunes, of a law to be passed by 
the people. Litany; supplication. — Rog/'atory, rog'- 
a-to-rT, a. Seeking information; authorized to ascer- 
tain facts by examining witnesses, etc. 

Rogue, rog, n. {Law.) A vagrant ; sturdy beggar; 
vagabond. A deliberately dishonest person; knave; 
cheat ; one who is mischievous or frolicsome ; an 
elephant which has left the herd and roams alone, 
usually very ferocious; also used as a term of en- 
dearment. (Hort.) A plant which deviates from the 
normal type. — Rogu'ery, -er-t, w. Knavish tricks; 
cheating; fraud; dishonest practices; rogue-like ac- 
tions ;_ waggery ; arch tricks; mischievousness. — 
Rogu'ish, a. Resembling, or proper for, a rogue; 
waggish; slightly mischievous. 

Roil, roil, V. f. [ROILED (roild), roiling.] To render 
turbid by stirring up the dregs or sediment of; to 
excite to some degree of anger. 

Roister, -terer, rois'tPr-pr. m. a 
bulent fellow. 

Roll, rol, i\ t. [rolled (rold), rolling.] To cause 
to revolve by turning over and over; to move by 
turning on an axis; to wrap round on itself, form 
into a spherical or cylindrical body; to bind or in- 
volve by winding; to drive or impel forward with 
a swift and easy motion, as of rolling; to press or 
level with a roller ; to move on, or by means of, 
rollers or small wheels; to beat with rapid strokes, 
as a drum. — v. i. To move by turning on a sur- 
face; to revolve upon an axis; to keep falling over 
and over; to perform a periodical revolution; to 
turn, move circularly; to move up and down, as 
waves or billows; to rock or move from side to side, 
as a ship: to run on wheels; to be formed into a 
cylinder or ball; to spread under a roller or rolling- 
pm; to wallow, tumble; to emit a sound like that 
of a drum beaten with strokes so rapid that they 
can scarcely be distinguished by the ear. — n. Act 
of rolling, or state of being rolled; that which- rol Is; 
a roller; that which is rolled up; wool, and the like; 
a document which maybe rolled up; a scroll; an 
official or public document ; register ; catalogue ; 
list ; a quantity of cloth wound into a cylindrical 
form; a small cake of bread made fr; i dough rolled 
up ; the uniform beating of ad ■; with rapid 
strokes. — RoU'er, m. That which ; ,s; that which 



'ter-er, n. A bold, blustering, tur- 



eOn, cube, full ; moon, tSbi ; eow, oil ; liQger or igk, then, boNboN, chair, get. 

2S 



ROLLIO 



354 



ROOT 



turns on its own axis; esp., a cylinder of wood, stone, 
metal, etc., used in husbandry and the arts; a long 
and broad bandage used in surgery. — Roll'^call, n. 
Act or time of calling over a list of names, as among 
soldiers. — Roll''ing-mill, »?. A mUl furnished with 
heavy rollers, through which heated metal is passed, 
to form it into sheets or rails, etc. — pin, n. A cylin- 
drical piece of woodto roll out paste or dough with. 

— EolKy-pory, -Y-pol't, n. A game in whicn a ball, 
rolling into a certain place, wins; a thin sheet of 
cake spread with jam and rolled into cylindrical 
form. — Role, r51, n. A part performed by an actor 
in a drama; any conspicuous action or duty per- 
formed by any one.— Rouleau, roo-lo'', n. ; pi. -leaux, 
-loz'. A little roll; a roll of coins in paper. — ^Roulette, 
-let'', n. A game of chance, in which a small ball is 
made to roll round on a circle divided off into red 
and black spaces; a small toothed wheel used by en- 
gravers to roll over the surface of a plate to produce 
dots. 

Rollic, roKlik, v. i. [-licked (-likt), -licking.] To 
move_with a careless, swaggering, or frolicsome air. 

Rom, rom, n. The name of the gypsies for one of 
themselves.— Rom'' any, rSm''a-nl, a. Of or pert, to 
the gypsies. 

Roman, ro''man, a. Pert, to Rome, to the Roman 
people, or to the Roman Catholic religion. {Print.) 
Upright, erect, — said of the letters ordinarily used, 
as disting. fr. Italic characters; expressed in letters, 
not in figures, as I., IV., i., iv., etc., — said of nu- 
merals, as disting. f r. the Arabic numerals, 1, 4, etc.— 
n. A native, permanent resident, or citizen, of Rome. 

— Roman Catholic. Of, pert, to, or adhering to, the 
relirion of that church of which the pope is the spir- 
itual head. — Roman ''ic, a. Pert, to Rome or its peo- 
ple, — or to any or all of the various languages which, 
during the middle ages, sprung out of the old Ro- 
man; related to the Roman people by descent. — 
Ro^manism, -izm, n. The tenets of the church of 
Rome. — Ro-'manist, ?i. An adherent to the Rom. 
Cath. religion; a Roman Catholic. — Ro'^manize, v. 
t. [-IZED (-izd), -iziNG.] To convert to the Rom. 
Catn. religion or opinions. — v. i. To conform to, 
etc. — Rom'^ish, a. Belonging or relating to Rome, 
or to the Rom. Cath. church. — Romanic, -ma'ik, n. 
The modern Greek vernacular language, used by 
the descendants of the Eastern Romans. —a. Of, 
or pert, to, modern Greece, or the modern Greek 
vernacular.- Romance'', -mans'', n. A species of fic- 
titious writing, orig. composed in meter in the Ro- 
mance dialects, and afterward in prose ; hence, any 
fictitious and wonderful tale; a sort of novel; the 
languages or dialects formed from a mixture of the 
Latin with the languages of the barbarians, and 
from which have sprung the languages now preva- 
lent in the south of Europe ; the Neo-Latin lan- 
guages.— v. i. [-MANCED (-manst''), -MANCING.] To 

, write or tell romances; to deal in extravagant sto- 
ries. — Romaii''cer, n. One who romances. — Roman'- 
tic, a. Pert, to, involving, or resembling romance; 
fictitious; fanciful; characterized by novelty, strange- 
ness, or variety, as scenery; sentimental; extrava- 
gant; wild; chimerical.- Roman'^ticism, -tt-sizm, n. 
State of being romantic or fantastic. — Roman''tic- 
ness, n. The state of being romantic; wildness; ex- 
travagance; fancifulness. — Ro'manesque'', -esk''. a. 
(Paint.) Representing subjects and scenes appropri- 
ate to romance. (Arch.) Somewhat resembling the 
Roman; esp., characterized by the debased style 
adopted in the later Roman empire. — n. (.Paint.) A 
style of art in which fantastic and imaginary repre- 
sentations of animals and foliage are employed. 
(Arch.) The debased style of architecture and or- 
nament adopted in the later Roman empire. 

Romany. See under Rom. 

Romp, romp, n. A rude girl who indulges in boister- 
ous play ; rude plav or frolic. — v. i. [romped 
(romt), ROMPING.] To play rudely and boister- 
ously; to leap and frisk about in play. 

Rondeau. See under Round. 

Rood, rood, n. The l-4th of an acre, or 40 square rods; 
a representation of the cross with Christ hanging on 
it; or more generally of the Trinity. 

Roof, roof, n. The cover or upper part of any house, 
barn, etc. ; that which resembles or corresjronds 




Mansard Roof. 



Pitch Roof. 



Con- 
ical 
Roof. 




wi_th the covering of a house. — v. t. [koofed 
(rooft), KOOFING.] To cover with a roof, inclose in 
a house, shelter.— Roof''ing, n. Act of covering with 
a roof; materials of or for a roof; the ropf itself. — 
Roof''less, a. Having no roof; having no house or 
home: unsheltered. 

Rook, rd&k, n. ( Chess.) One of the 4 pieces placed 
on the corner squares of the board; a castle. 

Rook, r66k, n. A gregarious bird resembling the 
crow, but differing from it in 
feeding chiefly on insects 
and grain, instead of carrion 
and the like. — v. i. Jrooked 
(r6f)kt), ROOKING.] To cheat, 
defraud; to squat or sit close. 
— V. t. To cheat, defraud by 
cheating. — Rook-'ery, -er-T, 
n. A place where rooks con- 
gregate and build their nests, 
as a wood, etc.; an over- 
crowded, dilapidated build- t. t, 
ing, or cluster of buildings. — Rook. 
Rook''y, -T, a. Inhabited by rooks. 

Room, room, n. Space; space unoccupied; place for 
reception of a person or thing; an apartment in a 
house ; opportunity to act; place or stead left by 
another; compass; scope; latitude. — v. i. [roomed 
(roomd), rooming.] To occupy a room or apart- 
ment; to lodge. — Room''y, -T, a. Having ample 
room; spacious; wide. — Room^'iness, n. 

Roorback, roor''bak, n. A sensational story, esp. for 
political effect; a circumstantial falsehood. 

Roost, roost, n. The pole on which birds rest at night; 
a perch ; a collection of fowls roosting together. — 
V. i. To sit, rest, or sleep, as birds on a pole or tree ; 
to perch. — Roost'er, n. The male of the domestic 
fowl, considered as the head of the roost; a cock. 

Root, root, n. (Bot.) That part of a plant, usually 
underground, from which 
it receives support and 
through ^which it imbibes 
nourishment from the 
earth, etc. An edible or es- 
culent root; that which re- g 

sembles a root as a source "" " 

of nourishment or support; 

that from which anything 

proceeds as if by growth or 

development ; an ancestor 

or progenitor; an earlv 

race ; a word from which C — -^"'Jf-MVi Vsr — c 

other words are formed; 

a radical; cause or occasion 

by which anything is 

brought about. (Muth.^ 

That factor of a quantity 

which when multiplied root ; 6, b, 

into itself will produce that «• <"■> ^^"^• 

quantity. That which resembles a root in position ; 

the lowest place, position, or part. — v.i. To enter 

the earth as roots ; to take root and begin to grow; 

to become firmly fixed or established. — v.t. To 

plant and fix deeply in the earth, or as in the earthf 




Root. 

a, a, crown or head oi 
rootleto 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, dr : 



ROPE 



355 



ROUND 



to make deep or radical; to tear up by the root, 
eradicate, extirpate. — Soot'let, n. A radicle; a lit- 
tle root; a branch of a root. — Root'y, -I, a. Full 
of roots. — Root, I', i. To turn up tne earth with 
the snout, as swine; to fawn servilely. — v. t. To 
turn up with the snout, as swine. 

Rope, rop, n. A large, stout, twisted cord, of not less 
than an inch in circumference; a row or string con- 
sisting of a number of things united ; in Eng., a 
measure of length =6 2-3 yards. — v. i. [roped 
(ropt), ROPiyo.J To be formed into rope ; to be 
drawn out or extend into a filament or thread, as a 
glutinous substance. — I', t. To draw by, or as by, 
a rope. — Rop'y, -T, a. Stringy; adhesive; viscous; 
tenacious; glutinous. — Rop'ery, -er-T, n. A place 
where ropes are made. — Rc^e'dan'cer, n. One 
who walks or dances on a rope extended through 
the air. — lad'^der, n. A ladder made of ropes. — 
-walk, n. A long, covered walk or building where 
ropes are manufactured. 

Ror^erous, ro-rif''er-us,_a. Generating or producing 
dew. — Rose'mary, roz'ma-rl, n. A shrubby aro- 
matic plant of several species, whose pungent ever- 
freen leaves are used for flavoring soup, etc., and 
urnish a fragrant oil used in making cologne, 
Hungary water, etc. 

Rorqual, rdr'kwal, n. A cetaceous mammal allied to 
the common whale, but more ferocious and yielding 
less bone and oil: it is characterized by a dorsal fin 
and longitudinal folds on the throat and under parts. 

Rose. See Rise. 

Rose, roz, n. A plant and flower of manv species and 
varieties; a rosette; a perforated nozzle for distrib- 
uting water. -^ Ros'y, -T, a. [-ier; -iest.] Like a 
rose in form, color, etc.; blooming; red; blushing. 
^Rose'-bug, -cha'fer, n. A species of diurnal beetle, 
■which feeds on the blossoms of the rose, and on va- 
rious other plants. — cold, -fe'ver, n. Hay-fever, q. 
V. — col'ored, a. Having the color of a rose ; un- 
commonly beautiful ; exaggeratedly fine or pleas- 
ing; extravagant. — di'^amond, n. A diamond near- 
ly nemispherical, one side of which is flat, and the 
other cut into 24 triangular planes in 2 ranges. — 
-wa'ter, n. Water tinctured with roses by distilla- 
tion. — a. Having the odor of rose-water; affectedly 
nice or delicate; sentimental. — wind'ow, n. (Arch.) 
A circular window with a series of mullions diver- 
ging from the center, forming divisions which bear 
a general resemblance to the leaves of a rose. — 
-wood, n. The wood of several different kinds of 

,^ trees, growing in warm climates, much used in 
cabinet-work. — Ro'^seate, -ze-at, a. Full of roses; 
rosy; of a rose color; blooming. — Ro'sary, -za-rT, 
n. A bed of roses, or place where roses grow. {Rom. 
Cath. Ch.) A series of prayers, and a string of beads 
by which they are counted. — Rosette', -zet', n. 
An imitation of a rose made of ribbon or other 
material, used as an ornament. (Arch.) An orna- 
ment in form of a rose. 

Rosemary. See under Roriferous. 

Rosin, roz''in, n. The resin left after distilling off the 
volatile oil from the different species of turpentine. 

— V. t. To rub with rosin. 

Boss, ros, n. The rough, scaly matter on the surface 
of the bark of trees. 

Boater, ros'ter, n. (Mil.) A list of officers. 

Rostrum, ros'trum, n. The beak or bill of a bird ; 
beak of a ship. (Rom. Antiq.) An elevated place 
in the forum, for public speakers. Any elevated 
platform from which a speaker addresses an audi- 
ence. 

Rosy. See under Rose. 

Rot, rot, V. i. To be decomposed into simple parts; to 
go to decay, putrefy, corrupt, spoil. — v. t. To make 
putrid, bring to corruption. — n. The process of rot- 
ting ; decay ; putrefaction ; a fatal distemper inci- 
dent to sheep; a form of decay which attacks timber, 

— usually called dry-rot ; a disease very injurious to 
the potato. — Rot'ten, -tn, a. Having rotted; putrid; 
decayed; offensive to the smell; not firm or trusty; 
carious; unsound; corrupt; deceitful; treacherous. 

— Rot''teime8S, n. — Rot'ten-stone, n. (Min.) A soft 
stone used for polishing, and for cleaning metallic 
substances. 

Rotary, ro'ta-rt, a. Turning, as a wheel on its axis; 





Rotate Corolla. 



pert, to, or resembling, the motion of a wheel on its 
axis; rota- 
tory. — Rota- 
ry pump. A 
machine 
consisting of 
one or more 
projections 
acting as 
plungers, 
fixed to an 
axle and re- 
volving in a \,^^ a«p t^ ^ '''/^ 
cylindrical ^^.alg--'^ y 
case, for lift- „ . -r, 
ing or for- _ Rotary Pump, 
cing fluids. — Ro'tate, -tat, a. (Bot.) Wheel-shaped. 

— V. i. To revolve or move round a center; to go 
out of office, and be succeeded by another. — v.t. 
To cause to revolve.— Rota'- 
tion, n. Act of rotating or 
turning, as a wheel or solid 
body on its axis; any return 
or succession in a series; fre- 
quent change of crop on any 
piece of land, or of incum- 
bents in an office. — Ro'ta- 
tive, -tiv, a. Turning as a 
wheel ; rotary. — Ro'tatory, 
a. Turning on an axis, as a wheel ; going in a cir- 
cle ; following in succession . — Rotund', a. Round ; 
circular; spherical; complete; entire. — Rotund'ity, 
-T-tY, n. State of being rotund ; sphericity; circu- 
larity. — Rotun^da, -da, n. Any building that is 
round both on the outside and inside.— Roud, roo-a', 
n. A debauchee; rake. 

Rote, rot, n. An old instrument of music, — one kind 
resembling a harp, another a fiddle. 

Rote, rot, n. A frequent repetition of forms of speech 
without attention to the meaning; mere repetition. 

Rotten, Rotten-stone. See under Rot. 

Rotund, Rou^, etc. See under Roxaky. 

Rouble. Same as Ruble. 

Rouche. _Same as Ruche. 

Rouge, roozh, n. A cosmetic giving_a red color to the 
cheeks or lips. — v. i. f rouged (roozhd), eouging.] 
To paint the face or cneeks with rouge. — v. t. To 
paint or tinge with rouge. 

Rough, ruf, a. Having inequalities, small ridges, or 
points on the surface ; not level, uneven ; not pol- 
ished; uncut, as a gem; tossed in waves: boisterous; 
stormy; marked by coarseness; shaggy; ragged; dis- 
ordered; lacking refinement, gentleness, or polish; 
rude; uncivil; harsh; unharmonious; hard; austere. 

— n. A rude, coarse fellow ; a swaggerer ; bully ; 
rowdy; unfinished or original state. — v. t. [roughed 
(ruft), roughing.] To render rough, roughen.— 
Rough'ly, adv. In a rough manner; unevenly; harsh-" 
ly; rudely; severely; austerely. — Rough'ness, 7i. — 
Rough^en, rufn, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To 
make rough. — v. i. To grow or become rough. — 
Rough'-cast, V. t. [-cast, -casting.] To form or 
mold rudely; to plaster with a mixture of lime and 
shells or pebbles. — n. A rude model; a mixture of 
lime with shells or pebbles, used for covering build- 
ings. 

Rouleau, Roulette. See under Roll. 

Rounoe, rowns, n. (Print.) The handle of a printing- 
press. See Printing-press. 

Round, rownd, a. Having every portion of the surface 
or of the circumference equally distant from the 
center; or having a form approaching this; circular, 
cylindrical, or curved; not angular or pointed; full; 
complete; not inconsiderable; large; fully or plump- 
ly stated ; positive ; decided. — n. That which is 
round, as a circle, globe, sphere; a series of events 
ending where it began ; a cycle ; a course of action or 
conduct, performed by a nunjber of persons in turn, 
or one after another ; a series of duties to be per- 
formed in turn, and then repeated; a circular dance; 
that which goes round a whole circle or company; 
rotation, asm office; succession; step of a ladder; 
thigh of a beef creature below the edge bone. (Mus.) 
A short, vocal piece, in which 3 or 4 voices follow 
each other round in a species of fugue in the uni- 



silu, cabe, £i^ ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or igk, iiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



ROUSE 



856 



RUDD 




son. iMil.) A general discharge of fire-arms by a 
body of troops, in which each soldier fires once. — 
adv. On all sides; around; circularly; from one 
side or party to another; by or in a circuit; back to 
the starting-point; through a circle, as of friends or 
houses. — iirep. On every side of ; around; about. — v. 
t. To make circular, spherical, cylindrical, or curved ; 
to complete ; to make round and protuberant ; to 
move about, go round. — u.i. To grower become 
round or full. — Round'ing, -ish, a. Somewhat, or 
nearly, round. — Round'ly, ar/v. In a round form 
or manner; openly; boldly; plainly; briskly; with 
speed. — Rotind''ai3out, a. Indirect ; going round; 
loose. — n. A sort of surtout ; an armchair with a 
rounded back ; a jacket worn by boys, sailors, and 
others. — Round'head, a. A Puritan, — so called 
from their practice of cropping the hair. — Round'- 
house, 11. A constable's prison. (N^aut.) A cabin on 
I 'H utter part of the quarter-deck; a privy near the 
li.' id of a vessel. A building in connection with a 
riiiroad station, for housing focomotives. — Round'- 
iat. /(. A little circle. — Rounds 'ma,n, n. A police- 
ni n not on duty in a particular precinct, but who 
inspects the rounds of the patrolmen. — Round'- 
Ehoul'dered, -derd, a. Having the shoulders pro- 
jecting behind; round - backed. 

— Roun'del, n. A round form or 
figure ; a circle : a small circular 
shield, in the 14th and 15th centu- 
ries. {Her.) A circular spot ; an 
ordinary in the form of a small 
circle. (Miis.) A roundelay, q. v. 

— Rondeau'', ron-do', n. A spe- 
cies of lyric poetry so composed as 
to contain a refrain or repetition, 
which occurs according to a fixed 
law. {3hcs.) A composition, in -Rminrlpl 
which the first strain is repeated .Rouuuei. 

at the end of each of the other strains. — Roun''- 
delay, -de-la, n. A sort of ancient poem, in which 
certain parts are repeated, and that, if possible, in 

• an equivocal or punning sense. 

Rouse, rowz, v. t. [roused (rowzd), kousing.] To 
wake from sleep or repose; to excite to lively thought 
or action ; to awaken into activity, as the attention, 
or some passion, emotion, or faculty; to put into mo- 
tion, agitate; to startle or surprise. — v. i. To awake 
from sleep or repose; to be excited to thought or ac- 
tion. 

Rouse, rowz, n. A carousal; festival; drinking frolic. 

Roust, rowst, V. t. To rouse, disturb, vex. — Rousf- 
about, -a-bowt, n. A laborer on a steamboat, who 
loads and unloads the cargo, etc.; a shiftless va- 
grant. 

Rout, rowt, n. A fashionable assembly, or large even- 
ing party; a tumultuous crowd; rabble; an uproar; 
noise; defeat of an army or band of troops; disorder 
and confusion of troops put to flight. — v. t. To de- 
feat and throw into confusion, discomfit, beat, over- 
power, overthrow, conqner. 

Route, root or rowt, n. The course or way traveled or 
to_be passed; a passing; course; march. — Routine'', 
roo-ten', n. A round of business, amusements, or 
pleasure, frequently pursued ; anv regular course 
of action adhered to by force of habit. 

ricvo. rov, V. i. [ro"ved (rovd), roving.] To wander, 
1 imble, range; to go, move, or pass without certain 
direction in any manner. — v.t. To wander over, 
I amble, stroll. — Rov'er, rov'er, n. A wanderer; a 
fickle or inconstant person; arobber or pirate; free- 
V)noter. 

Iicve, rov, v. t. To draw through an eye or aperture; 
to draw out into flakes; to card (wool). 

Eow, ro, re. A series of persons or things in a contin- 
ued line; a line; rank; file. 

Row, ro, V. t. [kowed (rod), rowing.] To impel (a 
boat or vessel) along the surface of water by oars; to 
transport by rowing. — v.i. To labor with the oar; 
to be moved by oars. — n. An excursion in a row- 
boat. — Row'er, n. — Row'lock, ro^'lok or ruKnk, n. 
(yaut.) A contrivance or arrangement in or against 
which an oar works in rowing. — Row'-boat, w. A 
boat propelled by oars. 

Row, row, n. A riotous, noisy disturbance ; uproar ; 
affray ; quarrel. — v. i. To be riotous. — Row'dy, 



-dT, n. One who engages in rows, or riots ; turbu- 
lent feUow; a rough. 

Rowel, row'el, n. The little wheel of a spur, formed 
with sharp points. {Far.) A roll of hair or silk, an- 
swering to a seton in surgery. — v. t. [roweled 
(-eld), -ELING.] {Far.) To insert a rowel in. 

Row'en, row'en, n. A stubble-field left unplowed un- 
til after Michaelmas, that the corn left on the ground 
may sprout into green; the 2d growth of grass in a 
season; aftermath. 

Royal, roi^al, a. Kingly; pert, to the crown; becom- 
ing a king or queen ; regal ; founded by or under 
the patronage of royalty; noble; illustrious; august; 
majestic; magnanimous. — n. A large kind of paper, 
usually 20 by 25 inches or more. {Naut.) A small 
sail above the top-gallant-sail: see Sail. — Roy'alist, 
n. An adherent to a king, or one attached to a 
kingly government. — Roy'alize, w- i. [-ized (-izd), 
-iziXG.] To make royal. — Roy^ally, adv.—'B.oy^- 
alty, n. State of being royal; kingship; kingly of- 
fice; the person of a king or sovereign; royal pre- 
rogative ; kingdom ; domain ; province ; spnere ; a 
tax or duty paid to the crown or government, as on 
the produce of a mine; (Co?n.)a duty paid bj' one 
who uses the patent of another, at a certain rate 
for each article manufactured; or a percentage paid 
to the owner of an article or privilege by one who 
hires the use of it. 

Roysterer. Same as Roisterer. 

Rub, rub, V. t. [RUBBED (rubd), -bing.] To move 
backwards and forwards upon the surface of, with 
pressure or friction; to wipe, clean, scour; to spread 
a substance thinly over the surface of ; to smear. 

— V. i. To move along the surface of a body with 
pressure ; to fret, chafe ; to move or pass with dif- 
ficulty. — n. Act of rubbing; friction; that which 
rubs, esp., a difficulty or obstruction hard to over- 
come, a pinch ; something grating to the feelings ; 
sarcasm ; joke. — Rub'ber, n. One who, or that 
which, ruDs ; m some games of chance, as whist, 
etc., the decisive game or games; or a contest of 3 
games ; a small block of India-rubber for erasing 
pencil marks; pi. overshoes made of India-rubber. 

— Iiidia-riibher. Caoutchouc, — so called as having 
been orig. used to rub out pencil marks. 

Rubbish, rub'bish, n. Waste or rejected matter; any- 
thing worthless; fragments; ruins; debris. — Rub'- 
ble, -bl, n. Water-worn or rough stones, broken 
bricks, etc., used in coarse masonry, or to fiU up 
between walls. 

Rubescent, Rubicund, etc. See under Ruby. 

Ruble, roo'bl, n. A silver coin of Russia, worth from 
*0.7.5 to $0.86; a gold coin of Russia, 100 of wkich are 
held equal to 103 of the silver ruble. 

Ruby, roo^bT, n. {Min.) A precious stone or mineral, 
of a crimson or carmme red color. {Pr.int.) A size 
of printing type smaller than nonpareil, — so called 
in Eng. : in the U. S. it is called agate. 

f^W This line is printed in ruby, or agate. 

— a. Having the color of the ruby; red. — Rubes'- 
cent, -bes'sent, a. Growing or becoming red; tend- 
ing to a red color. — Ru^'bicund, -bT-kund, a. In- 
clining to redness. — Rubif'ic, a. Making red. — 
Ru'biflca''tion, n. Act of making red ; that which 
serves to make red. — Ru'bifonn, a. Having the 
form or nature of red. — Rubi'go, B. {Bot.) A kind 
of rust on plants, coiisisting of a parasitic fungus; 
mildew. — Ru'bric, n. That part of any work 
which in the early manuscripts and typography was 
colored red; (Law-books.) the title of a statute, — 
anciently written in red letters ; {Prayer-book oj 
the Epis. Ch.) the directions for the conduct of ser- 
vice, formerly printed in red; an episcopal injunc- 
tion; that which is established or settled, as by au- 
thority. _ 

Ruche, Rouche, roosh, n. A kind of plaited or goffered 
quilling. — Ruck, ruk, v. «. [rucked (rukt), ruck- 
ing.] To draw into wrinkles or folds; to crease. — v. 
i. To be drawn into wrinkles. — n, A wrinkle, fold, 
or plait in a piece of cloth. 

Ructation, ruk-ta'shun, n. Act of belching wind from 
the stomach. 

Rudd, rud, n. A fresh-water European fish of the 



am, fame, for, piss or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; 



RUDDER 



357 



RUN 





carp family ; it has red 
irises, fins,"and tail; the 
red-ej^e. — Rud'dy, -dT, 
a. [-DIER; -DiEST.J Of a 
red color: of a lively flesh 
color. — Rad''dineES, n. — 
Rud'dle, -dl, n. (J/i«.) A 
species of red earth; red Rudd 

Rudder, rud'der, n. (Naut.) The ir.strument by -which 
a ship or other vessel is steered : see Ship. That 
■whichresembles a rudder as a guide or governor. 

Rude, rood, a. Characterized by roughness, uneven ; 
rugged; lacking delicacy or refinement; coarse; im- 
pertinent; shapeless; uncouth; rustic; vulgar; un- 
taught; ignorant; surlj'^; churlish; uncivilized; bar- 
barous; boisterous; severe. — Ru''diment, -dT-ment, 
n. That which is unformed or undeveloped ; un- 
finished beginnings ; an element or first principle 
of any art or science. (Xat. Hist.) An organ not 
fully formed. — Rudiment''al, -axy, a. Pert, to rudi- 
ments, or consisting in first principles ; initial. 
{Nat. Hist.) Imperfe^etly developed. 

Rue,roo,)'.<. [rued (rood), ECiNG.J To lament, regret, 
grieve for. — Rue'ful, -ful, a. Causing one to rue 
or lament ; wof ul ; mournful ; sorrowful; express- 
ing sorrow. 

Rue, roo, n. A plant, having 
a strong, heavy odor, and a 
bitter taste. 

RiiS, ruf , n. A muslin or linen 
collar plaited, crimped, or 
fluted ; something formed 
in plaits or flutings, like the 
collar of this name. {Or- 
nith.) A bird, allied to the 
woodcock and sandpiper: 
the male has a tuft of feath- 
ers around the neck during 
the breeding season; also, a 
certain species of pigeon. — 

V.t. [RL'FFED(ruft),-FING.] 

To ruffle, disorder. — 

Rnffed, ruft, a. Furnished with a ruff. — Ruffed 

grouse. A handsome 

Amer. bird, resembling 

the pheasant, — called 

partridge in the U. S. — 

Kuf'fle, -fl, V. t. [-FLED 

(-fld), -FLING.] To make 
into a ruff, draw or con- 
tract into wrinkles, 
open plaits, or folds; to 
furnish with ruffles; to 
roughen or disturb the 
surface of ; to discom- 
pose, agitate ; to throw 
into disorder or confu- 
sion. — V. i. To play 

loosely, flutter. — n. A strip of plaited cambric, or 
other fine cloth, attached to some border of a gar- 
ment; a frill; a state of being ruffled or disturbed; 
agitation; commotion. (Mil.) A low, vibrating beat 
of a drum, not so loud as a roll. — v. i. To make this 
beat on a drum. 

Ruffian, ruf 'van or -fT-an, n. A boisterous, brutal fel- 
low : a fellow read}' for any desperate crime. — a. 
Brutal ; savagely boisterous. — Ruf'fi.anism, -izm, n. 
Act or conduct of a ruflSan. — Ruffianly, a. Like a 
ruffian; bold in crimes; violent; licentious. —Ruf- 
fle, -fl, V. i. [-FLED (-fld), -FLING.] To be noisy and 
turbulent; to bluster, bully. 

Ruffle. See under Ruff and Ruffian. 

Rufotis, ru'fus, a. Reddish; brownish-red. 

Rug, rug, n. A coarse, nappy, woolen fabric, used for 
protecting a carpet, and for various purposes.— Rug'- 
ged, a. Full of asperities on the surface; not neat or 
regular; rough with bristles or hair; harsh; crabbed; 
austere; stormy; turbulent; tempestuous, — said of 
weather, etc.; rough to the ear; sour: siirly; frown- 
ing ; violent ; rude ; boisterous ; vigorous ; robust ; 
hardy. — Rug'gedly, adv. — Rug''gedness, n. 

Rugine, roo'jen, n. A surgical instrument for rasping 
bones to detach the periosteum, either in certain 
surgical operations or for anatomical purposes. 



Ruff. 




Ruffed Grouse. 



Rugose, roo-gos', a. Wrinkled ; full of wrinkles. — 
Rugos'ity, -gSs'T-tT, n. State of being wrinkled. 

Ruin, roo'iu, n. That change of anything which de- 
stro3"s it, or entirely defeats its object, or unfits it 
for use ; that which is fallen down and become 
worthless; esp., in pi., the remains of a destroyed or 
desolate house, fortress, citv, etc.; state of being de- 
cayed, or worthless; that which promotes injury, de- 
cay, or destruction. — v. t. [ruined (-ind), ruining.] 
To bring to ruin, impair seriously, damage essen- 
tially. — v.i. To fall to ruins; to perish. — Ruina'- 
tion, n. Subversion: overthrow; demolition. — Ru'- 
inous, -us, a. Bringing, or tending to bring, certain 
ruin ; characterized by ruin ; composed of, or con- 
sisting in, ruins: dilapidated: decayed; pernicious; 
destructive; wasteful; mischievous. 

Rule, rool, n. An instrument which serves as a guide 
in drawing a straight line; that which is prescribed 
or laid down as a guide to conduct or action ; a mi- 
nor law; the administration of law; government; au- 
thority ; control. — v. t. [ruled (r<3dld), ruling.] 
To mark with lines by a ruler: to exercise authority 
over, govern; to establish or lay down (a rule, de- 
cree, decision). (Law.) To require or command by 
rule; to enter a rule against. — 1\ i. To have power 
or command; to exercise supreme authoritv. (Law.) 
To decide, order by rule, enter a rule. (Com.) To 
stand or maintain on a level. — Rul'able, a. Ac- 
cordant or conformable to rule. — Rul'er, n. An 
instrument with straight edges or sides, for drawing 
lines; one who rules; a governor. — Rul'ing, jy.a. 
Marking with, or as with, a ruler ; predominant ; 
reigning; controlling; prevailing: prevalent. 

Rum, rum, n. A kind of. intoxicating liquor distilled 
from cane juice, or from treacle or molasses. 

Rum, rum, a. Queer; odd; strange; curious. 

Rumble, rum'bl, n. A boot with a seat above it for 
servants, behind a carriage; alow, heavy sound; a 
rumbling. — r. i. [rumbled (-bid), -bling.] To 
make a low, heavy, continued sound. — Rum''bler, «. 

Rumb. Sarrie as Rhumb: see under Rhomb. 

Ruminate, roo'niT-nat, v. i. To chew the cud; to muse, 
meditate, ponder. — v.t. To chew over again; to 
muse on, meditate. — Ru'minant, a. Chewing the 
cud. — n. An animal that chews the cud, as the 
camel, deer, goat, and bovine kind. — Rumina'tion, 
n. Act of ruminating, or chewing the cud; deliber- 
ate meditation or reflection. 

Rummage, rum^'mej, n. A searching carefully by 
looking into every corner, and by turning tnin^s 
over. — V. t. [rummaged (-mejd), -maging.] To 
search or examine thoroughly, esp. by turning over 
or mo\'ing things. (Naitt.) To remove (goods or lug- 
gage) from one place to another. — v.i. To search 
a. place narrowly. 

Rumor, roo'mer, ?i. A current story passing from one 
person to another, without any known authority 
for its truth; a story well authorized; fame; reputa- 
tion ; report ; hearsay ; story. — v. t. [rumored 
(-merd), -moring.] To report by rumor, tell. 

Rump, rump, n. The end of the back-bone of an ani- 
mal, with the parts adjacent; the buttocks; the part 
of a beef creature above the edge bone, extending 
from the round to the loin: see Beef. 

Rumple, rum'pUw.i. [-PLED(-pld),-PLiNG.] To make 
uneven, wrinkle, disorder by rough usage. — n. Aa 
irregular fold or plait. 

Rumpus, rum'pus, n. A disturbance; quarrel. 

Run, run, V.i. [imp. ran or run;^.;^. run; running.] 
To go with a lighter or more rapid gait than by 
walking; to move with an easy or rapid movement; 
to hasten, hurry; to retreat, flee; to steal off, quit, de- 
part: to contend in a race, enter, as a candidate, into a 
contest; to go from one state to another; to proceed; 
to pass, in thought or conversation, from one sub- 
ject to another; to press for payment (upon a bank, 
etc.) with numerous demands; to be moved, pass, 
go, — said of involuntary mption; as, to flow, as a 
liquid; to descend, as a stream; to proceed along a 
surface, extend, spread; to turn, as a wheel; to move 
on wheels or runners; to extend through a period 
of time ; to go back and f ortli from place to place, as 
a stage, packet, etc.; to pass; to continue in opera- 
tion ; to have a course or direction ; to be in form 
thus, as a combination of words; to have growth or 



siin, cube, fi^ ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oU ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



RUNAGATE 



358 



SABBATH 




Runners. 



deyelopmenti to tend, incline; to spread and blend 
together; to continue without falling due; to hold 
Rood. — V. t. To cause to run; to pursue in thought; 
to cause to eater, thrust; to drive or force; to shape, 
mold, cast; to cause to be drawn, mark out, deter- 
mine; to smuggle; to be exposed to the risk of, haz- 
ard, renture ; to sew by passing the needle through 
cloth back and forth in a continuous line. — n. Act 
of running; that which runs; a method or^-ate of 
running; mode of conduct or procedure; state of be- 
ing current; currency; prevalence; a small stream; 
brook; creek; a pressure on a bank or treasury for 
payment of its notes. — Run'^ner, n. One who or that 
■which runs; a racer; 
one who solicits cus- 
tom for hotels, 
Bteamboats,etc.; one 
of the curved pieces 
on which a sled or 
eleigh slides. {Bot.) 
A slender branch 
running along the 
ground, and form- 
ing roots and a young plant at its extremity. — 
Rtm'away, -a-wa, n. One who flees from danger or 
restraint; a fugitive. — a. Fleeing, etc.; accom- 
plished by or during flight ; addicted to running 
away, — said of a horse, etc. — Eun^way, n. The 
channel of a stream ; the path to feeding-grounds 
made by deer, etc. — Run^'-round, n. {Med.) A 
felon ; whitlow. — Rtin'let, -nel, n. A little run ; 
small brook : rivulet. 

Sonagate. run'a-gat, n. A fugitive; vagabond; apos- 
tate; renegade. 

Bundle, run^dl, n. A round ; a step of a ladder; 
something put round an axis. 

Rime, roon, n. One of the letters or characters of a 
peculiar alphabet in use among the Norsemen ; a 
rhyme, etc., written in such characters ; anything 
obscure or mysterious. — Ru'nic, a. Of, or pert, to, 
the Runes, or the language and letters of the ancient 
Norsemen. 

Rnng. ^ee Ring. 

Rung, rung, n. {Naut.') A floor timber in a ship. One 
of the rounds of a ladder, or stakes of a cart. 

Runner. See under Run. 

Runt, runt, n. Any animal small below the natural 
or usual size of the species. 

Rupee, ru-pe', n. A coin and money of account in 
the E. Indies: the gold rupee of Bombay and Ma- 
dras is worth about $".00; the silver rupee, coined 
by the E. I. Co. at Calcutta, nearly $0.50. 

Rupture, rup'^chur, n. Act of breaking or bursting; 
state of being b'roken or violently parted; breach of 
peace or concord; between nations, open hostility 
or war. {Med.) Hernia. — v.t. [euptueed (-churd), 
-TUEING.] To part by violence, break, burst. 

Rural, r6o''ral, a. Pert, or belonging to the country, as 
(listing, fr. a city or town; pert, to farming or agri- 
culture; rustic — Rus'tic, a. Pert, to the country; 
rude ; unpolished ; coarse ; plain ; simple ; artless ; 
inelegant ; untaught ; awkward ; rough ; honest. — 
n. An inhabitant of the country ; a clown. — Rus'- 
tically, -tik-al-ll, adv. In a rustic manner ; rudely. 
— Rtis'ticate, v. i. To dwell in the country. — v. t. 




To compel to reside in the 
country; to banish from a 
town or college for a time. 

— Rustica'tioH, n. Act of, 
or state of being, etc. — Rus- 
tic'ity, -tis'l-tl, n. State 
of being rustic; rustic man- 
ners; rudeness; coarseness; 
simplicity; artlessness. 

Ruse, rooz, n. An artifice ; 
trick ; stratagem ; wile ; 
fraud ; deceit. 

Rush, rush, n. ( Bot.) A plant fiuRtm Masonrv 
of many species, growing Ivustic masonry, 
in wet ground. The merest trifle; a straw. 

Rush, rush, v. i. [eushed (rusht), bushing.] To move 
or drive forward with impetuosity, violence, and 
tumultuous rapidity; to enter with undue eager- 
ness. — V. t. To push forward with violence. — n. 
A driving forward with eagerness and haste. 

Rusk, rusk, n. A kind of light, soft cake, or a kind 
of soft, sweetened biscuit. 

Russ, rus or roos, n. A Russian* the language of the 
Rjissians. — a. Pert, to, etc. — Rus'sian, rush'an or 
roo'shan, a. Of, or pert, to, Russia. — n. A native 
or inhabitant of. Russia ; language of Russia ; Russ. 

Russet, rus'set, a. Of a reddish-brown color ; home- 
spun. — Rus'^set, -seting, n. A kind of apple of a 
russet color and rough skin. — Rus'sety, -set-I, a. 
Of a russet color ; russet. 

Rust, rust, n. An oxide of iron which forms a rough, 
reddish coat on the surface of that metal; anj' met- 
allic oxide ; that which resembles rust in appearance 
or eif ects ; esp., a parasitic fungus which forms 
rusty spots on the leaves and stalks of many kinds 
of grain. — v. i. To be oxidized, and contract a 
roughness on the surface ; to become dull by in- 
action. — V. t. To cause to contract rust; to cor- 
rode with rust; to impair by time and inactivity. 

— Rust'y, -1, a. [-iee; -iest.] Covered, affected 
with, or resembling, rust : impaired by inaction or 
neglect of use; covered with a substance resembling 
rust ; rubiginous. 

Rustic, Rusticate, etc. See under Rueal. 

Rustle, rus'l, v. i. [rustled (-sld), -ling.] To make 
a quick succession of small sounds, like the rubbing 
of silk, or dry leaves, — n. A succession of sounds 
like those made by rubbing silk ; a rustling. 

Rut, rut, n. The copulation of animals, esp. of deer; 
time of sexual excitement among deer, etc. — v. i. 
To seek copulation. — Rut'ty, -t, a. Lustful. 

Rut, rut, n. A furrow worn by a wheel or bv habitual 
passage of anything. — Rufty, -tT, a. Full of ruts. 

Rutabaga, roo'ta-ba'^ga, n. A large turnip of many 
varieties; Swedish turnip. 

Ruth, rooth, n. Sorrow for the misery of another; 
pity ; tenderness. — Rutli'less, a. Having no ruth or 
pity; cruel; pitiless. 

Rye, ri, n. An annual herbaceous grain-bearing grass, 
intermediate between wheat and barley ; its seed, 
used as a bread-corn, esp. in Germany and Russia. 
— Rye'-grass, n. A grass of several species, culti- 
vated for cattle in England; the darnel. 

Ryot, ri'ot, n. A cultivator of the soil; a peasant, — 
so called in Hindostan. 



S. 



S, es, the 19th letter of the Eng. alphabet, is a conso- 
nant, called a sibilant, from its hissing sound: it has 
2 uses; one to express a mere hissing, as in sin, this; 
the other a vocal hissing or a buzzing, like that of z, 
as in rmise, wise: it generally has its hissing sound 
at the beginning of proper Eng. words, but in the 
middle and end of words its sound is to be known 
only by usage. 

Sabaoth, sa-ba-'oth or sab'a-oth, n. pi. Armies; hosts, 
— used only in the phrase, Lot-d of Sabaoth. 



Sabbath, sab''bath, n. A day in each week which 
God has commanded to be kept holy and observed 
by rest from all secular employments and recrea- 
tions, — kept by the Jews upon Saturday, the 7th 
day, and by Christians on Sunday, the 1st day of the 
week, the day on which Christ arose from the dead; 
the 7th year, observed among the Israelites as one of 
rest ana festival ; intermission of pain, effort, sor- 
row, etc. — Sabbata''rian, -rT-an, n. One who regards 
the 7th day of the week as the Sabbath, agreeably to 



&m, lame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone, dr ; 



SABER 



359 



SAFE 




Sable. 



the letter of the 4th commandment in the decalogue ; 
a strict observer of the Sabbath. — a. Pert, to the 
Sabbath, or to the tenets of Sabbatarians. — Sabba- 
ta^rianism, -izm, n. The tenets of, etc. ; bigoted or 
rigid observance of, etc. 
Saber, -bre, sa'ber, n. A sword with a broad and heavy 
blade, thick at the back, 
and a little curved tow- 
ard the point; a cavalry 

sword. — V.t. [SABEKED 

or -BKED (-berd), -bek- saber. 

IXG or -BEIXG.] To strike, cut, or kill with a saber. 

Sable, sa'bl, n. (Zool.) A carnivorous animal of the 
weasel family, found in 
northern Europe and 
Asia. The fur of the 
sable, consisting of a 
downy under-wool, 
with a dense coat of 
hair over-topped by an- 
other still longer : this 
upper covering will lie 
in any direction, backward or forward; and a skin 
is valued in proportion as this coat is abundant, 
black, and glossy: the Amer. sable is the pine mar- 
ten; a mourning garment; funeral robe. (Her.) The 
tincture or color black, — represented by vertical 
and horizontal lines crossing each other. — a. Of 
the color of the sable's far; black. — v. t. [sabled 
(-bid), -BLIXG.] To render sable or dark in color. 

Sabot, sa-bo', w. A kind of wooden shoe, ; worn by 
the lower classes in some European countries. {Mil.) 
A wooden disk to which the cartridge bag and pro- 
jectile are attached, in a stand of ammunition. 

Sabre. See Saber. 

Sac, sak, n. (Nat. Hist.) A bag or receptacle for a 
liquid. 

Saccharine, sak'ka-rin or -rln, a. Pert, to sugar; hav- 
ing the qualities of sugar ; sweet ; producing sugar. 

— Saccharif' erous, -rif ''er-us, a. Producing sugar. — 
Sac'charoid, -roid'al, -roid'al, a. Having a texture 
resembling that of loaf-sugar. — Saccharom''eter, 
-e-ter, n. An instrument for ascertaining the quan- 
tity of saccharine matter in any solution. 

Sacerdotal. See under Sacred. 

Sachem, sa'chem, n. A chief of a tribe of the Amer. 
Indians; a sagamore. 

Sack, sak, ji. A bag for holding and carrying goods 
of any kind; a large pouch; a loosely hanging gar- 
ment, worn like a cloak about the shoulders ; the 
pillage or plunder (of a town or city) ; devastation ; 
ravage. — v. t. [sacked (sakt), sackixg.] To put 
in a sack; to bag; to plunder or pillage (a town or 
city) ; to devasta,te, ravage. — Sack' age, -ej, n. Act 
of taking by storm and pillaging. — Sack'^er, n. — 
Sack'^cloth, n. Cloth such as sacks are made of ; 
coarse cloth; a cloth or garment worn in mourning, 
distress, or mortification. — Sack'ful, -ful, n. ; pi. 
-FULS. As much as a sack will hold. — Sack''ing, n. 
A stout, coarse cloth for bags, bed-bottoms, etc. 

Sack, sak, n, A Spanish wine of the dry kind; sherry. 

Sackbut, sak'but, n. {Mus.) A brass wind instru- 
ment of music, like a trumpet, so contrived that it 
can be lengthened or shortened. 

Sacred, sa''kred, a. Set apart by solemn religious 
ceremony ; esp., in a good sense, made holy ; set 
apart to religious use; relating to religion, or to the 
services of religion ; possessing the hisrhest title to 
respect, reverence, or veneration; not to be profaned 
or violated ; consecrated; dedicated; holy; divine; 
reverend. — Sac'rifice, -rT-fiz, v. t. [-ficed (-fizd), 
-FiciXG.] To make an offering of; to consecrate or 
present, by way of expiation or propitiation, or as a 
token of acknowledgment or thanksgiving, to some 
divinity; to destroy, surrender, or suffer to be lost, 
for the sake of obtaining something; to kill. — v. i. 
To make oiferings to God, or to a deity, of things 
consumed on the altar.— -fis or -fiz, n. The offering 
of anything to God or to a god; anything consecrated 
and offered to a divinity; destruction or surrender 
of anything made for the sake of something else ; 
thing so given up. — Sac'rifl'cial, -fish^'al, a. _ Re- 
lating to. Concerned with, or consisting in, sacrifice. 

— Sac'rilege, -rT-lej, n. The crime of violating or pro- 
faning sacred things. — Sacrile'^gioos, -le'jus, a. Vi- 



olating sacred things; involving sacrilege; profane; 
impious. — Sac'ristan, now contr. Sex'ton, n. An 
officer of the church who has the care of its utensils 
or movables. — Sac'risty, -tt, n. An apartment in a 
church where the sacred utensils, vestments, etc., are 
kept; vestry. — Sac'rament, n. (Theol.) One of the 
solemn religious ordinances enjoined by Christ to be 
observed by his followers; eucharist. [Protestants 
apply the term sacrament to baptism and the Lord's 
Supper, esp. the latter : the Romish and Greek 
churches have 5 other sacraments, viz., confirmation, 
penance, holy orders, matrimony, and extreme unc- 
tion.] — Sacrament''al, a. Belonging, relating to, or 
constituting a sacrament; sacredly binding; bound 
by a sacrament. — Sac'ramenta'rian, -menfary, -a- 
rY, a. Pert, to the sacraments. — Saeerdo'tal, sas-er- 
do'tal, a. Pert, to priests, or to the order of priests; 
priestly. — Sa'cnun, n. (Anat.) The triangular bone 
which forms the posterior part of the pelvis. 

Sad, sad, a. [s.4.dder; -dest.] Heavj^; duU; grave; 
dark, — said of colors; serious; grave; affected with 
grief or unhappiness; causing sorrow; bad; naugh- 
ty; troublesome.— Sad'den, -on, r.i. [-dened (-dnd), 
-DEXIXG.] To make sad, or sorrowful. 

Saddle, sad''dl, n. A seat to be placed on an animal's 
back for the rider to sit on; a part of a horse's har- 
ness, to which the check-rein, lugs, etc., are at- 
tached; something resembling a saddle in form, use, 
etc.; esp., a piece of meat containing a part of the 
back-bone of an animal with the ribs on each side. 

— v.t. [saddled (-did), -DLiNG.] To put a saddle 
upon; to fix as a charge upon; to encumber. — Sad'- 
dler, 11. One who makes saddles, harness, etc. — 
Sad''dlery, -dler-1, 7i. Materials for making saddles 
and harnesses; articles for sale in a saddler's shop; 
trade or employment of a saddler. 

Sadducee, sad''u-se, n. One of a sect among the an- 
cient Jews, who denied the resurrection, a future 
state, and the existence of angels. 

Sad-iron, sad'i-ern, n. An instrument for ironing 
clothes; flat iron. 

Sadly, ^adness. See under Sad. 

Safe, saf, a. Free from harm, injury, or risk; not dan- 
gerous or likely to cause injury; conferring safety; 
securing from harm ; to be relied upon ; in secure 
care or custody; sure; secure. — n. A place for saf e- 
ty; a fire-proof chest or closet for containing money, 
valuable papers, etc.; a chest for meals; refrigerator. 

— Safe'ly, adv. In a safe manner; without injury or 
danger; without escape; in close custody. — Safe'- 
ness, w. Condition or quality of being safe; free- 
dom from hai-m or danger; security; safety. — Safe'- 
ty, -tl, n. Condition or state of being safe; exemp- 
tion from hurt, injury, or loss; quality of making 
safe or secure, or of giving confidence, insuring 
against loss, etc.; close custody. — Safe'^guard, n. 
That which defends or protects ; defense ; protec- 
tion ; a convoy or guard ; a warrant of s-jcurity 
given bj' a sovereign or military commander to pro- 
tect any one. — Safe'^-con'duct, n. That which gives 
a safe passage; either a convoy or guard, or a writ- 
ing, pass, or warrant of security. keep'ing, n. 

Act of keeping or preserving in safety from injury 
or from escape. — Safe''ty-lamp, n. A lamp sur- 
rounded with a cylinder of wire gauze, to give light 
in mines, without danger of setting fire to inflam- 
mable gases. valve, n. (Steam Eng.) A valve 

fitted to the boil- . .-^ 

er, which opens gM et Tf^^O 

and lets out the ^«» ^ 

steam when the 

pressure within 

becomes too Safety-valve. 

great for safety; , ., , , , , 

a valve onenins *■ ''""er ; 6, valve ; c, fulcrum or sup- 

fn^ard^'to'^adml P"" ' "' ^'^'^^^ ^^^ ' «' -■^"- 
the air and prevent the boiler from being crushed 
or injured by the pressure of the atmosphere as the 
steaiii cools. — Save, sav, v. t. [saved (savd), sav- 
IXG.] To make safe, preserve from injury, destruc- 
tion, or evil of any kind; to rescue from impend- 
ing danger; to deliver from sin and from the second 
death or endless misery; to keep from being spent 
or lost ; to lay up ; to insure against, spare ; to 
hinder from occurrence, prevent; to catch; to be in 




etln, cube, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, ftien, boNboN, chair, get.- 



SAFFRON 



360 



I.MANDER 



time for. — v. i. To hinder expense, be economi- 
cal. — pj-ep. Except ; not including. — Sav^ing, 
p. a. Avoiding unnecessary expenses; frugal; eco- 
nomical; incurring no loss, though not gainful. — 
p. pr., but commonly called a p7-ep. With the ex- 
ception of; in favor of; excepting. — n. Exception; 
reservation; that which is saved. — Sav^ings-bank, n. 
A bank in which savings or earnings are deposited 
and put to interest. — Sav'ior, -iour, -yer, n. One 
who saves or delivers from destruction or danger; 
Jesus Christ, the Redeemer. 

Saffron, saf'run, n. A bulbous plant of the genus 
C'/ uciifi, having flowers of a deep yellow color ; the 
dried stigmata of the plant, used in cooking, medi- 
cine, and esp. in dyeing, etc. — a. Having the color 
of sahf nm flowers: deep yellow. — Saf'flower, n. An 
annual plant, the flowers of which are used as a dj'e- 
stuff and in making rouge; the dried flowers; the red 
or yellow dyestuff obtained from the flowers. 

Sag/sag, V. i. [SAGGED (sagd), -ging.] To lean, in- 
eline, bend, hang away, in consee^uence of unsup- 
ported weight; to give why, yield. — v. t. To cause 
to bend or give way; to load or burden. 

Saga, sa'ga, n. ; pL -gas, -gaz. A northern European 
popular historieal or religious tale of olden time. 

Sagacious, sa-ga''shus, a. Of keen penetration and 
judgment: discerning and judicious; shrewd; cjuick; 
wise. — Sagac'ity, -gas''T-tT, n. Quality of being sa- 
gacious ; keenness of discernment or penetration 
with soundness of judgment; judiciousness. 

Sagamor, sag'a-mor, n. The head of a tribe, among 
the N. Amer. Indians, — generally used as synony- 
mous with sachem, but some writers disting. between 
them, making the sachem a chief of the 1st rank, 
a sagamore one of the 2d. 

Sage, saj, n. A plant of many species : the common 
sage ij mostly employed in cookery as a condiment. 

Sage, saj, a. Having nice discernment and powers of 
judging; proceeding from wisdom; well adapted to 
the purpose; sapient; grave; prudent; judicious. — 
71. A wise man ; esp., a grave philosopher, venera- 
ble for his years. 

Sagittarius, saj'it-ta-rT-us, n. (Astron.) One of the 
12 signs of the zodiac, which the sun enters about 
Nov. 22. [L., an archer, fr. sagitta, an arrow.] — 
Sag''ittary, -ta-rT, n. {Myth.) A centaur, an animal 
half man, half horse, armed with a bow and quiver. 
— a. Pert, to, or resembling, an arrow. 

Sago, sa-'go, ?<. A dry, granulated starch, imported 
from the E. Indies, and used for puddings, etc.: it 
is i^repared from the pith of several different palms. 

Sagoin, sa-goin-', n. The squirrel monkey of S. Amer.: 
it has anon-prehensile, furry tail. 

Said, sed, jD. a. Before mentioned: already spoken of 
or specified; aforesaid, — used chiefly in legal style. 

Sail, sal, n. A sheet of canvas or other substance, 




Sails. 



1, flying jib ; 2, jib ; 3, foretop- 
mast stay sail; 4, fore-course; 
5, foretop-sail; 6, foretop-gal- 
1 a n t sail ; 7, fore-royal ; 8. 
fore sky-sail ; 9, fore-royal 
studding sail: 10, foretop-gal- 
lant studding sail ; 11, fore- 
topmast studding sail ; 12, 
main course; 13, maintop-sail; 
14, maintop-gallant sail ; 15, 



main royal; 16, main sky-sail; 

17, main-royal studding sail ; 

18, maintop-gallant studding 
sail ; 19, maintopmast stud- 
ding sail ; 20, mizzen course ; 
21, mizzen-top-sail ; 22, miz- 
zen top-gallant sail ; 23, miz- 
zen-royal ; 24, mizzen s k y- 
sail ; 25, mizzen spanker. 



spread to the wind, to assist the progress of a vessel 
in the water ; a sailing vessel ; ship of any kind; a 
craft; a journey or excursion upon the water. — v.i. 
[sailed (said),' sailing.] To be impelled or driven 
forward by the action of wind upon sails, as a ship 
on water; "to be conveyed in a vessel on water; to 
set sail, begin a voyage; to move smoothly through 
the air. — r. t. To pass or move upon in a ship, by 
means of sails; to fly through; to direct or manage 
the motion of (a vessel). — SaiKer, v. A ship or 
other vessel, — with qualifying words descriptive of 
speed or manner of sailing. — Sail'ing, n. {Xaut.) 
Act of one who or that which sails: art or method of 
directing a ship's way on the ocean: navigation. — 
Sail'or, n. One who follows the business of naviga- 
ting ships or other vessels; one of the crew of a ves- 
sel: a mariner; seaman; seafarer. 

Sainfoin, san'foin, n. A leguminous fodder plant. 

Saint, sant, n. A holy or godly person ; one of the 
blessed in heaven. (Eccl.) One canonized by the 
church. — V. t. To make a saint of, beatify, canon- 
ize. — Saint Vitus''s dance. {Med.) A disease affect- 
ing the voluntary muscles with constant, irregular 
movements ; chorea. — Saint''ed, a. Consecrated ; 
sacred: holy; gone to heaven. — 83111^17,0. [-liee; 
-LiEST.] Like a saint; becoming a holy person.— 
Sairt'ship, n. Character or qualities of a saint. — 
Sanc'tify, sank'tl-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To 
make sacred or holy; to purify, in preparation for 
religious service ; to set apart to a holy or religious 
use, hallow ; to make free from sin, make holy ; to 
render productive of holiness or piety ; to secure 
from violation, give sanction to. — Sanc'timony, -tT- 
mo-nt, n. Holiness; devoutness; sanctity: esp., arti- 
ficial saintliness; hypocritical devoutness. ^ Sanc'ti- 
mo'nious, a. Possessing sanctimony; sacred; saint- 
Ij'; making a show of sanctity; hj'pocritically devout 
or pious. — Sanc'tion, n. Solemn or ceremonious rat- 
ification; approbation and acceptance; anything done 
or said to enforce the will, law, or authority of an- 
other; ratification; authorization; authority: coun- 
tenance ; support. — V. t. [sanctioned (-shund), 
-TiONiNG.l To give validity or authoritj- to; to rat- 
ify, confirm, authorize.— Sanc'titude, -tT-ttid, n. Ho- 
liness; sacredness; sanctity. — Sanc'tity, n. State or 
qualitj' of being sacred_or holy; religious binding 
force. — Sanct'^uary, -choo-er-T, n. A sacred place; a 
temple,church,or place of worship; consecrated spot; 
place of refuge and protection; shelter; refuge. — 
Sanc'tum, «. A sacred place; a private retreat. 

Sake, sak, n. Final cause; end; purpose of obtaining; 
cause; reason; account; regard for a person or thing. 

Sal, sal, 11. Salt, — a word used in chemistry and phar- 
macy.— S. volatile, -vo-lafT-le, vtdg. pron. -voKa-til. 
Lit. 'volatile salt, carbonate of ammonia ; aromat- 
ic spirits of ammonia. — .S. 50c/a. {Com.) Impure 
carbonate of soda. — SaKad, n. Uncooked herbs, 
dressed with salt, vinegar, oil, or spices, and eaten 
as a relish; a dish composed of meat chopped fine, 
and mixed with uncooked lettuce, etc., seasoned 
with mustard and other condiments. — Sal'^ary, -a- 
rt, n. Recompense stipulated to be paid to a per- 
son periodically for services; stipend; pay; wages; 
hire. — v.i. [salaried (-rid), -eying.] To fix or 
pay a salary to one. — Sal'era'tus, n. A bi-carbon- 
ate of potash, used in cookery. — SaFiftr, -T-fi, v. t. 
f-FiED (-fid), -FYING.] To form into a salt, as a base, 
by combining it with an acid. — Salif erous, -lif- 
er-us. a. Producing or bearing salt. — Sal'ifi'able, a. 
(Chem.) Capable of combining with an acid to form 
a salt. — Sal'iflca'tion, w. Act of salifying. — Saline, 
sa-lin' or sa'ITn, a. Consisting of, containing, or 
partaking of the qualities of, salt.— n. A salt spring, 
or a place where salt water is collected in the earth. 

Salacious, sa-la''shus, a. Lustful; lecherous. 

Salad. See under 
Sal. 

S a 1 a m , -laam, sa- 
1am'', II. A saluta- 
tion, obeisance, or 

• com p I i m e n t of ' 
ceremony or re- ^ 
spect in the East. 

Salamander, saKa- 
man'de r, n. A 




Salamander. 



£ni, fame, far, pass or opera, fare j gnd, eve, tSrm ; Xn, Ice ; Sdd, tone, &r ; 



SALE 



861 



SAND 



small lizard-shaped batrachian reptile, living in cool, 
moist places, formerly tabled to live and breed in 
the fire; any being caj>able of enduring great heat. 

Sale, sal, n. Act of selling, transfer of property for a 
price in money, etc.; opportunity of selling; demand; 
market; auction. — Sales''inakn, n. ; pi. -men. One 
whose occupation is to sell goods or merchandise. — 
Sale'work, n. Work or things made for sale; work 
carelessly done. — SeU, v. t. [sold (sold), selling.] 
To trans'fer to another for an equivalent; to dispose 
of in return for something, esp. for money; to accept 
a price or reward for (a breach of duty, trust, etc.); 
to betray; to impose upon, make a fool of, cheat. — 
v.i. To practice selling; to be sold.— w. An imposi- 
tion or trick, as in a case where confidence has been 
reposed, or expectation excited. 

Saleratus. See under Sal. 

Salic, saKik, a. Designating a law by which, as in 
France, males only can inherit the throne. 

Salient, sa''lT-ent, a. Moving by leaps ; shooting out 
or up; projecting; springing; forcing itself on the at- 
tention; prominent; conspicuous. 

Salify, Saline, etc. See under Sal. 

Saliva, sa-li'va, n. The transparent alkaline liquid 
secreted by certain glands in the mouth; spittle. — 
Sal'ivate, -T-vat, v. t. {lied.) To produce an abnor- 
mal secretion of saliva, as by the use of mercury. — 
Sal'lva'tion, n. {Med.) A continued unnatural 
flow of saliva, esp. with soreness of the mouth and 
gums; ptyalism. 

Sallow, sal'lo, Sal'ly, -IT, n. A tree of the willow kind. 

Sallow, sal'lo, a. Of a pale, sicklj' color, tinged with 
a dark yellow. 

Sally. See Sallow, a tree. 

Sally, saKlI, n. A leaping forth ; a sudden eruption ; 
an issuing of troops from a place besieged to attack 
the besiegers ; excursion from the usual track ; di- 
gression; deviation; a flight of fancy, liveliness, wit, 
etc.; act of levity; wild^ayety; frolic; escapade. — 
V. i. [-lied (-lid), -LiNor] To leap or rush out; to 
issue suddenly, as a body of troops from a fortified 
place to attack besiegers. — SaK- 
ly-port, w. {Fort.) A postern gate, 
or a passage under ground, to af- 
ford free egress for troops in a 
sortie: see Castle. — Salta'tion, 
A leaping or jumping; beat:n; 




Saltier. 




or palpitation. — Sai'tatory, -ta- 
to-rt, a. Leaping or (lancing: hav- 
ing the power of leaping or dan- 
cing; used in leaping or dancing. 
— SaFtier, -ter, n. {Her.) A St. 
Andrew's cross, or cross in the 
form of an X. One who leaps or dances. 

Salmagundi, sal-ma-gun'dT, n. A mixture of chopped 
meat and pickled lierring with oil, vinegar, pepper, 
and onions ; a mixture of various ingredients ; an 
olio; medlev. 

Salmon, sam-'un, n. A migratory food fish of northern 
regions, allied to the 
trout ; the color of its 
flesh, — a kind of red- 
dish yellow.— Salm'on- 
trout, n. A fish resem- 
bling the salmon. Sahnon. 

Saloon, sa-loon', n. {Arch.) A spacious and elegant 
apartment for the reception of company, or for 
works of art, — applied also to halls for specific pub- 
lic uses. — Salon, sa-loN'', n. An apartment for the 
reception of company; pZ., fashionable parties; cir- 
cles of fashionable society. [F.] 

Salsify, saKsI-ft, n. A plant having a long, tapering 
root, of a mild, sweetish taste like the parsnip ; the 
oyster-plant, — so called from its taste when fried. 

Sal-soda. See under Sal. 

Salt, sawlt, n. The chloride of sodium, a substance 
used for seasoning certain kinds of food, for the 
preservation of meat, etc. ; flavor ; taste ; savor ; 
smack ; seasoning ; piquancy ; wit ; a salt-cellar; a 
sailor; esp., an old sailor. {'Chem.) A combination 
of an acid with a base, forming a compound which 
has properties differing from those of either con- 
stituent. — a. Furnished or impregnated with, 
abounding in, or containing salt; prepared with, or 
tasting of, salt. — v. t. To sprinkle, impregnate, or 



season with salt. — Saltpe'ter, -tre, -tSr, n. { Chem.) 
Nitrate of potassa; niter, q. v, 

Saltaat, Saltier, Saltigrade, etc. See under Sally. 

Salubrious, sa-lu'brl-us, a. Favorable to health ; 
promoting health; wholesome; healthy; salutary. — 
Salu'brity, -brT-tT, n. Quality of being salubrious; 
wholesoineness; healthfulness. — Sal'utary, -u-ta-rT, 
a. Promoting health; p-.-omotive of public safety; 
contributing to some beneficial purpose: wholesome; 
beneficial; useful; advantageous; profitable. — Sa<- 
lute', sa-lut', V. t. To address with expressions of 
kind wishes; to greet, hail; togreet witha kissorwith 
a wave ot the hand. {Mil. & JSaral.) To honor (some 
day, person, or nation) by a dibCliarge of cannon or 
small arms, by striking colors, by shouts, etc. — a. 
Act of saluting or expressing kind wishes or respect; 
salutation; greeting; a kiss; a discharge of cannon or 
small arms in honor of, some distinguished person- 
age, or on the anniversary of some festival, — some- 
times also' performed by lowering colors or beating 
drums. — Sal'uta'tion, n. Act of saluting or paying 
respect or reverence by the customary words or ac- 
tions; act of greeting; that which is uttered in salu- 
ting or greeting; sahite; address.— Salu'tatory, -lu'- 
tarto-rl, a. Containing or expressing salutations; 
speaking a welcome; greeting. — n. In the U. S., the 
salutatory or opening oration at a college com- 
mencement. — Salu'tato'rian, n. The student who 
pronounces the salutatory oration. — Sal'vage, -ve;j, 
n. The compensation allowed to persons who vol- 
untarily assist in saving a ship or her cargo fron" 
peril; that part of the property that survived the 
peril and is saved. — SaFvable, a. Capable of being 
saved; admitting of salvation. — Salva'tion, n. Act 
of saving; preservation from destruction, danger, or 
great calamitj'. {Theol.) Redemption of main from 
the bondage of sin and liability to eternal death.— 
Sal'ver, n. A plate or waiter on which food, etc., is 
presented. — Sal ''vo, n. ; pi. -voz. An exception; res- 
ervation. {Md.) A general discharge of fire-arms, 
not intended lor a salute; a volley. 

Salve, sav, n. An adiiesive .composition or substance 
to be applied to wounds or sores ; a healing oint- 
ment.— i;. t. [SALVED (savd), SALVING.] To heal 
by applications or medicaments; to apply salve to. 

Salver, Salvo. See under Salubrious. 

Samara, sa-ma'ra, n. {Bot.) A dry, one-seeded, in- 
dehiscent fruit, having a membrana- 
ceous margin or wing, as in the ash, 
maple, and elm. 

Sambo, sam'^bo, 7t. The offspring of a 
black person and a mulatto; a negro. 

Same, sam, a. Not different or other; 
identical; of like kind, species, sort, 
dimensions, etc.; corresponding; sim- 
ilar; like; just, or just about to be, 
mentioned.— Same^ness, H. State of Samara, 
being the same; identity; near resemblance; corre- 
spondence: similarity; tedious monotony. 

Samovar, sam'o-var, n. A copper tea urn used in 
Russia. 

Samp, samp, n. Maize broken or bruised, cooked by 
boiling, and often eaten with milk. 

Sample, sam'pl, n. A part of anything presented for 
inspection, or intended to be shown, as evidence of 
the quality of the whole; specimen; illustration. — 
Sam'pler, n. One who distributes things into sam- 
ples lor inspection; a pattern of work; esp., a col- 
lection of needle-work patterns. 

Sanable, Sanatory, etc. See under Sane. 

Sanctify, Sanction, Sanctuary, etc. See under Saint. 

Sand, sand, n. Comminuted rock, esp., quartz, re- 
duced to fine, loose, incoherent particles ; fr. the use 
of sand in the hour-glass, a moment, a measured 
interval; pi. tracts of land consisting of sand. — v. t. 
To sprinkle or cover with sand. — Sand'ed, p. a. 
Covered with sand: marked with spots; speckled. — 
Sand'y. -1, a. Consisting of, abounding with, or re- 
sembling sand; full of sand; of the color of sand; of 
a yellowish red color. — Sand ''stone, H. {Geol.) A 
rock made of sand more or less firmly cemented to- 
gether.— Sand'-blast, n. A process of cutting, dress- 
ing, or engraving stone, glass, metal, etc., by driving 

against it a stream of quartz grains. eel, n. A 

small eel-like fish: it buries itself in the moist sand 




sun, cube, full ; mSon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



SANDAL 



36^ 



SARDONYX 




Sand-piper. 




Sandals. 



after the retiring of the 
tide. — heat, n. The 
heat of warm sand in 
chemical operations. — 
-paper, w. Paper cov- 
ered on one side with 
a fine gritty substance, 
used for smoothing and 

polishing. piper, n. 

{Oiiiith.) A migratory 
wading bird of the 
snipe family, of many 
species: it inhabits sea-shores and marine marshes. 

Sandal, san''dal, n. A kind of shoe consisting of a 
sole fastened to the foot; a kind 
of slipper; an overshoe with par- 
allel openings across the instep. 

Sandal-wood, san''dal-wd6d, n. 
The wood of a low E. Indian 
tree, having a general resem- 
blance to the privet or prim : 
when old it has a yellow color 
and great fragrance. 

Sandemanian, san-de-ma'nT-an, n. One of a Chris- 
tian sect, established in Eng. and Amer. by Robert 
Sandeman, a Scotchman, who taught that the bare 
work of Christ is sufficient to save sinners. 

Sandiver, san^dt-ver, n. A whitish substance cast 
up, as a scum, from the materials of glass in fu- 
sion. 

Sandwich, sand'wich, n. Two pieces of bread and 
butter, with a thin slice of meat between them, — 
said to have been a favorite dish of the Earl of Sand- 

ivich.-^V.t. [SANDWICHED (-Wicht), -WICHIKG.] To 

make into a sandwich; to form of alternate parts or 
layers_of different nature ; to interlard. 

Sane, san, a. In a sound condition; not shattered; 
esp., not disordered in intellect; in one's right mind; 
of sound reason. — San'' able, san^a-bl, a. Capable 
of being cured; remediable; healable. — San'abil''- 
ity, n. — San''ative, -a-tiv, -tory, a. Conducive to 
health; healing; cUratite; sanative. — San'itary, a. 
Pert, to, or designed to secure sanity or health; re- 
lating to the preservation of health; hygienic — 
San'ity, -Y-tT, n. Condition or quality of being 
sane ; soundness or healthiness of body or mind, esp. 
the latter. — San'icle, -I-kl, n. A plant of several 
species ; black snake-root, — so called from its re- 
puted healing qualities. 

Sang. See Sing. 

Sangreal. See Holy Graih under Grail. 

Sanguine, san'gwin, a. Having the color of blood; 
red; characterized by abundance and active circu- 
lation of blood; warm; ardent; anticipating the best; 
feeling assured; full of hope; animated; confident; 
hopeful. — Sanguin''eou3, -e-us, rt. Abounding with 
blood; sanguine; of, pert, to, or constituting blood; 
blood-red; crimson. — San'guinary, -gwT-na-rt, a. 
Attended with much bloodshed; eager to shed blood; 
bloody ; murderous ; bloodthirsty ; cruel. — San''- 
guify, -fl, V. i. To produce blood. — Sanguiferous, 
-gwif''er-us, a. Conveying blood. — San'guifica''- 
tion, n. (Physiol.) Production of blood; conversion 
of the products of digestion into blood. — San'- 
guifi'er, n. A producer of blood. — San'garee', n. 
Wine and water sweetened and spiced. — Sang- 
froid, sawN-frwS', n. Freedom from agitation or 
excitement of mind; coolness; indifference. — Sa'- 
nies, -nt-ez, n. (Med.) A thin serous or purulent 
discharge from unhealthy wounds or sores, usuall3' 
of a reddish tinge. 

Sanhedrim, san^he-drim, -drin, n. The great council 
of the Jews, which consisted of 70 members, to 
whom the high priest was added: it had jurisdic- 
tion of all important, and esp. of religious matters. 

Sanity, Sanitary, etc. See under Sane. 

Sank. See Sink. 

Sans-cnlotte, saN-ku-lot', n. A ragged fellow, — a 
name of reproach given in the 1st French revolution 
to the extreme republican party ; an extreme or 
radical republican. 

Sanskrit, -scrit, san'skrit, n. The ancient language 
of the Hindoos, obsolete in vernacular use, but pre- 
served as the literary and sacred dialect of India, — 
distiug. fr. Prakrit, the vulgar dialects which grew 



from it, and from which most of the modem lan- 
guages of upper India are derived. 

Sap, sap, w. The circulating fluid or juice of plants; 
the alburnum of a tree ; sap-wood. — Sap^'ling, n. 
A young tree. — Sap'py, -pt, a. Abounding with 
sap; succulent; young; weak; weak in intellect. 

Sap, sap, V. t. [SAPPED (sapt), -ping.J To subvert by 
digging or wearing away ; to mine, undermine. 
{Mil.) To pierce with saps. — v. i. To proceed by 
mining, or by secretly undermining. — n. (Mil.) An 
approach made to a fortified place by digging under 
cover of gabions, etc. 

Sapid, sap'id, a. Possessing savor or flavor; having a 
relish; savory. — Sapid'ity, Sap'idness, w. Quality 
of being sapid; savoriness. — Sa'por, n. Taste: rel- 
ish; flavor; savor. — Sap'orif^ic, a. Having the 
power to produce taste. — Sap'orous, -o-rus, a. Hav- 
ing flavor; yielding some kiud of taste. — Sa''pience, 
-pl-ens, n. Quality of being sapient; wisdom; sage- 
ness; knowledge. — Sa'pient, a. Having wisdom; 
discerning; would-be wise ; supposing one's self 
sage. 

Sapodilla, sap-o-dil'la, n. A tree, growing in the W. 
Indies, and in S. Amer.; its edible fruit. 

Saponaceous, sap-o-na'shus, a. Resembling soap; 
having the qualities of soap ; soapy. — Sapon^'ify, 
-pSu'I-fl, V. t. [-FIED (-fid), -FYiNG.] To convert 
into soap. 

Sapor, Saporific, etc. See under Sapid. 

Sapper. See under Sap, to subvert. 

Sapphic, saf'ik, a. Pert, to Sappho, a Grecian poet. 
ess. (Pros.) In the manner of Sappho, — used of a 
" certain kind of verse. 

Sapphire, saf'^ir or -er, n. (Min.) Pure, crystallized 
alumina, a precious stone used in jewelry: the name 
is usually restricted to the blue crystals; a blue color. 

Sappy, etc. See under Sap, juice. 

Sapsago, sap'sa-go, n. A kind of cheese, made in 
Switzerland, having a dark-green color. 

Saraband, sar''a-band, n. A grave Spanish dance, to 
an air in triple time ; the air itself. 

Saracen, sar''a-sen,w. An Arab; Mussulman; mediae- 

, val adherent of Mohammedanism in countries fur- 
ther west than Arabia. — Sar'acen'ic, -ical, a. Of, or 
pert, to, the Saracens. — Sarce'net, sars'net, n. A 
species of fine, thin, woven silk, used for ribbons, 
linings, etc.— Siroc'co, st-rok'ko, n. ; nl. -cos, -koz. 
An oppressive, hot wind from the Libyan deserts, 
felt in Italy, Malta, Sicily, etc. 

Sarcasm, sar'^kazm, n. A satirical remark, uttered 
with some degree of scorn or contempt; irony; taunt; 
gibe. — Sarcas'tic, -tical, a. Bitterly satirical; scorn- 
fully severe; taunting. 

Sarcenet. See under Saracen. 

Sarcoma, sar-ko''ma, n.;pl. -comata, -kom'a-ta. (Med.) 
A tumor of fleshy consistence. — SarcoKogy, -o-jT, 
n. That part of anatomy which treats of the soft 
parts of the body. — Sar'colog'ic, -ical, 'a. Of, or 
pert, to, sarcology. — Sarcoph''agons, -kof ''a-gus, a. 
Feeding on flesh ; flesh-eating. — Sarcoph^'agus, n. 
A species of limestone used among the Greeks for 
making: coffins, — so called because it consumed the 
flesh of bodies deposited in it within a few weeks; 
a tomb of this kind of stone; a stone coffin. 

Sard. See under Sardine, a precious stone. 

Sardine, sar'den, n. A small fish, of the herring fam- 
ily, abundant on the coasts of France and m the 
Mediterranean, — often put up with olive oil as a 
delicacy. 

Sardine, sar'din, -dius, -dY-us, n. A precious stone 
prob. a cornelian, of which one was set in Aaron's 
breastplate. — Sard, n. A variety of cornelian, red- 
dish brown by reflected light, blood red by trans- 
mitted light. — Sar'donyx, -do-nix, n. A rare vari- 
ety of onyx, consisting of sard and white chalcedony 
in alternate layers. 

Sardonic, sar-don''ik, a. Forced, heartless, or bitter, 
— said of a laugh or smile; concealing bitterness of 
heart; mocking. — Sardonic laugh. A spasmodic af- 
fection of the muscles of the face, giving it a hor- 
rible appearance of laughter, and said to nave been 
first noticed as the effect of eating the Herha sar- 
do/iica, a species of ranunculus, that grows in Sar- 
dinia. 

Sardonyx. See under Sardine, precious stone. 



5m, tame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



SARMENTOSE 



363 



SAW 




Sannentose, sar-ment-Os'', -menfous, -us, a. (Bot.) 
Bearing runners; resem- 
bling a runner ; long, 
filiform, and almost 
naked, or having only 
leaves in bunches at tiie 
joints or knots where it 
strikes root. 

Sarsaparilla, sar'sa-pa- „ t„„„ 

riKIa, «. A Mexican, W. Sarmentose. 

Ind., and S. Amer. plant of the smilax family, of 
several species; its mucilaginous root, used in med., 
etc. Also, improperly, a IST. Amer. species of aralia. 

Sartorius, sar-tc'rl-us, ?i. {Anat.) The muscle which 
throws one le^ across the other, reaching from above 
the hip to below the knee. 

Sash, sash, n. An ornamental belt ; a band worn 
about the waist or over the shoulder. 

Sash, sash, n. The frame of a window in which the 
panes of glass are set. — v. t. [sashed (sasht), sash- 
ing.] To furnish with sashes or frames for glass. 

Sassa&as, sas'sa-fras, n. A bush or tree of the laurel 
family, whose bark has an aromatic smell and taste. 

— Sax''ifrage, -I-fraj, n. A plant embracing many 
species, mostly hardy herbs.— Saxifragous, -ra-gus, 
a. Dissolving stone; esp., stone in the bladder. 

Sat. See Sit. 

Satan, saltan, formerly pron. sSt'^an, n. The grand 
adversary of man; the devil. — Satan'^ic, -ical, a. 
Having the qualities of Satan ; resembling Satan; 
devilisn; infernal. 

Satchel, sach'el, n. A little sack or bag. 

Sate. Contr. of Satiate, q. v. 

Sate. See Sit. 

Satellite, sat'el-llt, n. A small planet revolving round 
another; a mopn; an obsequious follower. 

Satiate, sa'sht-at. Sate, sat, v. t. To satisfy the ap- 
pe'ite or desire of; to feed to the full; to fill to re- 
pletion or loathing ; to suffice, cloy, gorge, overfill, 
surfeit, glut. — a. Filled to satiety; glutted. — Sati- 
a''tioii, -sht-a'shun, n. State of being satiated. — 
Sati'ety, -e-tt, n. State of being satiated or glutted ; 
fullness of gratification even beyond desire ; reple- 
tion; surfeit; cloyment.— Safisfy, -is-fi, v. t. [-fied 
(-fid), -FYiNQ.] To gratify fully the desire of, make 
content ; to comply with the rightful demands of, 
answer or discharge (a claim, debt, legal demand, 
etc.); to free from doubt, suspense, or uncertainty; 
to give assurance to. — v. i. To give satisfaction or 
content; to feed or supply to the full; to make pay- 
ment, atone. — SaVisfa^^'tion, n. Act of satisfying, 
or state of being satisfied ; gratification of desire ; 
settlernent of a claim, due, demand, etc.; that which 
satisfies or gratifies; contentment; gratification; rec- 
ompense ; compensation ; amends ; atonement. — 
Satisfac'tory, -to-rl, a. Giving or producing satis- 
faction ; yielding content; making amends, indem- 
nification, or recompense. — Sat'ire, -Ir, in Eng. 
often pron. safer, n. A composition, generally 
poetical, holding up vice or folly to reprobation; an 
invective poem; keenness and severity of remark ; 
trenchant wit; lampoon ; sarcasm; irony ; ridicule; 
pasquinade; burlesque; wit; humor. — Satir'ic, -ical, 
-ttr^ik-al, a. Belonging to, conveying, or of the na- 
ture of satire; censorious; severe in language; cut^ 
ting; poignant; sarcastic; bitter; reproachful ; abu- 
sive. — Safirist, n. One who writes satire. — Sat'- 
irize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To make the ob- 
ject of satire; to censure with keenness or severity. 

— Sat'^nrate, -u-rat, v. t. To cause to become com- 
pletely penetrated, impregnated, filled, or soaked. 

Satin, sat'in, n. A glossy silk cloth, of a thick, close 
texture, and overshot woof. — Sat'inet', n. A thin 
species of satin; a kind of glossy cloth made of cot- 
ton warp and woolen filling. — Sateen'', -ten'', n. A 
glossy dress-goods, resembling satin, but having a 
worsted instead of a silken face. 

Satire, Satisfy, etc. See under Satiate. 

Satrap, sa^'trap or sat'rap, n. _ In ancient Persia, 
the governor of a province; viceroy. 

Saturate, etc. See under Satiate. 

Saturn, sat'ern, n. {Myth.) One of the oldest and 
principal deities, son of Coelus and Terra (heaven 
and earth), and father of Jupiter. (Astron.) One 
of the planets of the solar system, next in magni- 




Satyr. 



tude to Jupiter, but more remote from the sun. 
— Sattima''lia, -iT-a, n. pi. {Bom. Antiq.) The festi- 
val of Saturn, celebrated as a period of unrestrained 
license and merriment for all classes. A period or 
occasion of general license. — Sata]:na''lian, a. Pert, 
to the Saturnalia; of unrestrained and intemperate 
jollity ; riotously me^rJ^ — Satur''nian, -nT-an, a. 
XMyth.) Pert, to Saturn, whose age or reign, from 
the mildness and wisdom of his government, ia 
called the golden age. — Sat''timine, -er-nln, a. IJn-. 
der the influence of the planet Saturn; not readily 
susceptible of excitement; phlegmatic; dull; heavv; 
grave. — Safurday, n. The Tth or last day of the 
week. 

Satsn:, sat'^er or sa''ter, n. {Myth.) One of a class of 
sylvan deities, represented 
as monsters, part man and a 
part goat, and character- \V 
ized by riotous merriment ®< 
and lasciviousness. 

Sauce, saws, n. A prepara- 
tion, mixture, or composi- 
tion to be eaten with food 
for improving its relish; 
pertness ; insolence. — v. t. 

[sauced (sawst), SAUCING.] 

To accompany with some- 
thing intended to give a 
higher relish ; to give zest, 
flavor, or interest to ; to be 
impudent or saucy to. — 
Sau''cy, -sT, a. [-ciee; -ci- 
est.] Bold to excess; trans- 
gressing the rules of deco- 
rum ; expressive of impudence; insolent ; imperti- 
nent; rude. — Sauce''pan, n. A pan in whicli to boil 
sauce or small articles. — Sau''cer, n. A small dish, 
orig. to hold sauce ; a shallow dish in which a tea- 
cup, etc., is set. — Sau''sage, -sej, ;/. An article of 
food, made of meat minced, highly seasoned, and 
inclosed in a prepared intestine. 

Sauerkraut, sowr'krowt, n. Cabbage preserved in 
brine, and allowed to ferment, — a German dish. 

Saunter, san''ter, v. i. [-tered (-terd), -tering.] To 
wander about idly, loiter, linger, stroll, wander. 

Saurian, saw'rl-an, a. Pert, to, or of the nature of, a 
saurian. — n. An animal of the order of reptiles 
which includes all that are covered with scales, and 
have 4 legs, as the lizard. 

Sausage. See under Sauce. 

Savage, sav'ej, a. Pert, to the forest ; remote from 
human residence and improvements ; wild ; un- 
tamed ; uncivilized ; unpolished ; characterized by 
cruelty; ferocious; brutish; barbarous; fierce; pit- 
iless; murderous. — n. A human being in his na- 
tive state of rudeness; a man of extreme, unfeeling, 
brutal cruelty; a barbarian. — Sav'ageiy, -ej-rT, n. 
State or condition of being savage; a wild, unculti- 
vated condition; barbarism; an act of cruelty; bar- 
barity. 

Savanna, sa-van'na, n. An extensive open plain or 
meadow, or a plain destitute of trees, and covered 
with grass. 

Savant, sa-vawN'', n.; pi. Savants, same pron. A 
man of learning ; one versed in literature or sci- 
ence. 

Save, Savior, etc. See under Safe. 

Savin, sav'in, n. An evergreen tree or shrub, with 
dark foliage, producing small berries. 

Savor, sa-'ver, n. Quality affecting the organs of taste 
or smell ; specific flavor or quality ; characteristic 
property ; taste ; relish ; odor ; scent. — v. i. [sa- 
vored (-verd), -voring.] To have a particular smel) 
or taste; to indicate the presence or influence. — Sa'- 
vory, -ver-T, a. Having savor or relish; pleasing to 
the organs of taste or smell. 

Savory, sa''ver-I, n. An aromatic plant, used in cook- 
ing. 

Savoy, sa-voi'', n. A variety of cabbage, having curled 
leaves, cultivated for winter use. 

Saw. See See, also Say. 

Saw, saw, n. An instrument for cutting, consisting of 
a thin blade or plate of steel, with a series of sharp 
teeth on one edge. — v. t. [irnp. sawed (sawd); p.p. 
sawed or SAWN; sawing.] To cut Or separate witb 



sQn, c joe, full ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



SAXIFRAGE 



364 



SCAN 




SdW-llS 



a saw; to form by cutting with a saw. — v. i. T9 use 
a saw, practice sawing; to cut with a saw; to be cut 
with a saw. — Saw'yer, n. One who saws timber 
into planks or boards, or wood for fuel ; a tree 
which, hiving fallen into a stream, lies fast by the 
roots, with its branches rocking above and below the 
surface of the water, like the motion of a saw. — 
Saw'dust, n. Dust or small fragments of wood, 
stone, or other material, 
made by the attrition of 
a saw. — Saw'-fish, n. A 
cartilaginous fish, close- 
ly allied to the shark: it 
has the upper jaw pro- 
longed into a long beak 
or snout, with teeth ar- 
ran^red along both edges. 
— fly, n. One of a fam- 
ily of insect, the f e - 
males of which are fur- 
nished with an oviposi- 
tor toothed like a saw, 
for boring holes for 
their eggs in the twigs and stems of plants. — mill, n. 
A mill for sawing timber or marble, etc. — -pit, «. 
A pit over which timber is sawed by two men, one 
standing below the timber and the other above. — 
-set, n. An instrument used to set or turn the teeth 
of a saw a little outward. — See'saw, n. A play 
among chi-ldren, in which 2 persons, seated upon 
opposite ends of a board supported in the middle, 
move alternately up and down; a board adjusted for 
this purpose; a vibratory or reciprocating motion.— 
V. i. [SEESAWED (-sawd), -SAWiXG.] To move back- 
ward and forward, or upward and downward. — a. 
Moving up and down, or to and fro; having a recip- 
rocating motion. 

Saxifrage, Saxifragous. See under SassjVFRAS. 

Saxon, saks'un or saks'n, n. One of a people who 
formerly dwelt in N. Germany, and who invaded 
and conquered England in the oth and 6th centuries; 
an Anglo-Saxon ; a native of Saxony ; language of 
the Saxons; Anglo-Saxon. — a. Pert, to the Saxons, 
their country, or their language; of, or pert, to, Saxo- 
ny, or its inhabitants. 

Say, sa, v. t. [said (sed; contr. fr. sayed), saying.] To 
express in words (spoken or written), tell, speak, 
utter, argue, allege; to repeat, rehearse, recite; to an- 
nounce, as a decision or opinion; to suppose, assume 
to be. — n. A speech; something said. — Say'ing, n. 
That which is said; an expression; esp., a proverbial 
expression. — Saw, w. A saying; maxim; proverb; 
adage; aphorism; apothegm; by-word. 

Sbirro., zber'ro, n. ; pi. -ei, -re. An Italian policeman. 

Scab, skab, n. {Med.) An incrustation over a sore or 
wound. A contagious disease of sheep.— Scab'^bed, 
a. Abounding, or diseased, with scabs; mean; pal- 
try ; vile ; worthless. — Scab^by, -br, a. [-bier ; 
-BIEST.] Affected with scabs; full of scabs; diseased 
with the scab or mange; mangy.— Sca^bious, -bl-us, 
a. Consisting of scabs; rough; itchy; leprous. 

Scabbard, skab'bard, n. The case in which the blade 
of a sword, etc., is kept; a sheath. 

Scabrous, ska'brus, a. Having hard, short, rigid 
points; rough; rugged. 

ScaSold, skaf'^fold, n. A temporary structure of tim- 
ber, boards, etc., for supporting workmen and ma- 
terials, in building, etc. ; esp., a platform for the 
execution of a criminal. — v. t. To furnish with a 
scaffold. — Scaffolding, n. A frame or structure for 
temporary support; materials for scaffolds. 

Scagliola. See under Scale, dish of a balance. 

Scalade, etc. See under Scale, a ladder. 

Scald, skawld, v. t. To burn with hot liquid or steam; 
to expose to a boiling or violent heat over a fire, or in 
water or other liquor. — n. A burn, or injury to the 
skin and flesh by some hot liquid, or by steam. 

Scald, skawld, n. Scurf on the head; scab. — Scall, 
skawl, n. Scab; scabbiness; leprosy. — Scald ''-head, 
n. (Med.) A pustular disease of the hairy scalp, 
with scabs or crusts. 

Scald, skawld, n. A reciter and singer of heroic po- 
ems, eujogies, etc., among the Norsemen. 

Scale, skal, 71. The dish of a balance ; the balance 
itself ; an instrument or machine for weighing, — 




chiefly in pi. when applied tc ine whole instrument; 
one of the small, thin, membranous or bony pieces 
which form the covering of many fishes and reptiles; 
any thin layer or leaf of metal or other material; an 
incrustation deposited on the inside of a vessel in 
which water is heated. — v. t. [scaled (skald), 
scaling.] To strip or clear of scales; to take off in 
thin layers or scales. — v. i. To separate and come 
off in thin layers. — Scal'y, skaKi, a. Covered or 
abounding with scales; rough; resembling scales, 
laminae, or layers; mean; scabby. — Scaglic'la, skal- 
yo'la, n. An imitation of marble, formed by stud- 
ding the surface of a substratum of gjfpsum mixed 
with glue, with splinters of stone of different colors, 
and polishing it. 

Scale, skal, n. A ladder ; series of steps ; anything 
graduated, esp. when employed as a measure or 
rule, or marked by lines or degrees at regular inter- 
vals. (Mas.) The gamut, or graduating series of all 
the tones, ascending^ or descending, from the key- 
note to its octave. Gradation; scheme of compara- 
tive rank or order; relative dimensions, without^ dif- 
ference in proportion of parts.— v. t. [scaled f skald), 
SCALING.] To climb by a ladder, or as if by a ladder; 
to clamber up.— Scalade', -lad', n. (Mil.) 
An assault on a besieged place with lad- 
ders to mount the >valls; an escalade. 

Scalene, ska-len', a. (Geom.) Having the 
sides and angles unequal, — said of a tri- 
angle ; having the axis inclined to the 
base, as a cone. — n. (Geom.) A triangle 
having its sides and angles unequal. 

Scall. See Scald, scurf. 

Scallion, skal'yun, n. A plant, which grows 
about Ascalon, in Palestine: it is allied to 
the garlic and onion. 

Scallop, skoKlup, n. A marine shell-fish or 
bivalve moUusk, often used for food: the shell was 
formerly worn by pilgrims as 
a mark that they had been to 
the Holy Land ; a curving of 
the edge of anything, like 
the segment of a circle : a 
kind of dish for baking oys- 
ters in. — V. t. [SCALLOPED 

(-lupt), -LOPING.] To mark 
or cut the edge or border 
of into segments of circles. 

— Scal'loped, -lupt, a. Made 
or done with or in a scallop; „ ,, j,, ,, 
having the edge or border cut scauop &neu. 

or marked with segments of circles.— 5faZ/opec?02/s- 
ters. (Cookenj.) Oysters baked with crumbs of bread 
strewed over the surface: this was, at first, done in 
scallop shells, and afterwards in a dish called a scal- 
lop. — Scalp, skalp, n. That part of the integument 
of the head usually covered with hair; the skin of 
the head, or a part of it, with the hair belonging to 
it, torn off, as by Indian warriors, as a token of vic- 
tory over an enemy.— v. t. [scalped (skalpt), scalp- 
ing.] To deprive of the scalp, or integuments of the 
head. 

Scalpel. skaKpel, n. (Surg.) A knife used in anatom- 
ical dissections and surgical operations. — Scalp'er, 
Scalp'ing-i'ron, n. (Surg.) An instrument used in 
scraping foul and carious bones. 

Scamble, etc. See under Scamp. 

Scammony, skam'mo-nT, n. A plant of the convolvu- 
lus family ; an inspissated sap obtained from its 
root, having a blackish-gray color, a nauseous smell, 
and a bitter and acrid taste. 

Scamp, skamp, n. A rascal; scoundrel; mean villain. 
— t'. t. [scAJiPED(skamt), -PING.] To perform (work) 
dishonestly or in an unworkmanlike manner. [Abbr. 
fr. scamper.} — Scam 'per, v. i. [-pered (-perd), -Pek- 
ing.] To run with speed ; to nasten away, escape. 

— Scam'ble, -bl, i\ i. To stir quick, be busy, scram- 
ble; to be awkward. —i>. t. To mangle, maul. 

Scan, skan, v. <. [scanned (skand), -king.] To mount 
by steps ; to go through with (a verse), marking 
and distinguishing the feet of which it is composed; 
to go over and examine point by point, scrutinize. 

— Scau'dent, a. (Bot.) Climbing, either with spiral 
tendrils for support, or by adhesive fibers, as a stalk. 

— Scan'sion, -shun, n. Act of scanning. — Scanso'- 




Sm, fame, far, pass o- opera, fSre ; gnd, eve, tSrm ; Tn, ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r ; 



SCANDAL 



365 



SCENE 



res, -so-rez, n. pi. 
An order of b i r d 8 
whose toes are in 
pairs, 2 before and 
2 behind, enabling 
them to cling to 
and climb upon 
trees, as the wood- 
peckers and par- 
rots.— Scanso^'rial, 
-rt-al, a. Pert, to, 
etc. ; climbing, or 
adapted to climb- 
ing. 

Scandal, skan'dal, 
n. Reproach o r 
reprobation called 
forth by what is 
regarded as wrong, 
heinous, or fla- 

. grant; imputed 
disgrace: re- 
proachful asper- 
sion ; defamatory 
speech or report : 
detraction ; cal- 
umnj' ; opprobri 
um; reproach 




Scansores. 



o a, head and foot of cuckoo ; 6 h, head 
and foot of green woodpecker ; 
c c, head and foot of great jacamar. 

shame ; disgrace. — Scan''dalize, r. t. 




Scape. 



[-1ZED (-izd), -iziNG.] To give offense to, excite the 
reprobation of: to reproach, defame. — Scan'^dalous, 
-dal-us, a. Giving offense ; exciting reprobation ; 
calling out condemnation: disgraceful to reputation; 
bringing shame or infamy; shameful: base; defam- 
atory; libelous. — Scan'dalously, adv. — Scan'da- 
lousness, «. — Sc-an^dalum Magna'tum. (Laiv.) A 
defamatory speech or writing published to the injury 
of a person of dignity, — usuallv abbr. scan. may. 

Scandent, Scansion, etc. See unier Scan. 

Scant, skant, v. t. To limit, straiten, treat illiberally; 
to make small, narrow, or scanty. — v. i. To fail, 
or become less. — a. Scarcely sufficient; less than 
is wanted for the purpose. — Scanfly, adv. In a 
scant manner; not fully or sufficiently; narrowly; 
penuriously.— Scanfy, -T, a. [-ieR; -iest.] Want- 
ing amplitude or extent; not abundant for use or 
necessity ; hardly sufficient ; sparing ; niggardly ; 
narrow; poor; parsimonious; penurious. 

Scantling, skant'ling, n. A piece of timber sawed or 
cut of a small size, as for studs, rails, etc. 

Scape, skap, v. t. or i. To escape. [Abbr. fr. escape.] 

— Scape'-goat, n. (Jewish Antiq.) A goat upon 
whose head were symbolically placed the sins of 
the people, after which he wa"s suffered to escape 
into the wilderness. A person on whom the sins of 
another may be fixed. — grace, n. A graceless, hai'- 
brained fellow. — Scape'ment, n. A kind of mech- 
anism: see Escapement. 

Scape, skap, n. (Bot.) A peduncle rising directly from 
the root, as in the stemless vio- 
lets, the bloodroot, etc. 

Scaphoid, skafoid, a. Resem- 
bling a boat in form: see Ear. 

Scapula, skap'u-la, n. ; pi. -l^, 
-le. {Anat.) The shoulder- 
blade: see Skeleton.— Scap'^- 
alaT, a. Pert, to the shoulder 
or to the scapula. — Scap'ular, 
-ulary, -la-rY, n. A part of the 
habit of certain religious or- 
ders in the Rom. Cath. church, 
consisting of 2 bands of wool- 
en stuff worn over the gown, of which one crosses 
the back or shoulders, and the other the stomach. 

Scar, skar, n. A mark remain- 
ing after a wound or ulcer is 
healed; a cicatrix; blemish. 

— V. t. [SCARKED (skard), 
scarring.] To mark with a 
scar, or scars. 

Scar, Scanr, skar, n. A bare 

and broken place on a side 

of a mountain, or in the high 

bank of a river. 
Scarab, skar'ab, Scar'abee, -a-be,-abae''us,-a-be''us, n. 

An insect having cased wings; a beetle. 




_E 



h 



Modes of Scarfing. 




Scarab. 



Scarce, skars, o. Not plentiful or abundant; not easily 
to be procured; rare; infrequent; deficient; uncom- 
mon. — Scarce, Scarce'ly, adv. With difficulty ; 
hardly; scantly ; barely; but just. — Soarce'nesa, 
Scar'city, -st-ti, n. Condition of being scarce; lack 
of plenty; infrequency; deficiency; penury; dearth; 
rarity: sliort supply. 

Scare, skar, v. t. [scared (skard), scaring.] To 
terrify suddenly, make afraid, frighten, alarm. — 
Scare'crow, n. An object set up to frighten crows, 
etc., from cornfields; anything which terrifies with- 
out danger; a vain terror. 

Scarf, skarf, n. A light article of dress, worn loosely 
over the shoulders or about the neck. — v. t. 
[scarfed (skarft), scaefing.] To throw loosely 
on, put on like a scarf; to cover, bandage. — Scarf- 
skin, ». (Anat.) The outer thin integument of the 
body; the cuticle: epidermis. 

Scarf, skarf, v. t. To cut a scarf on, as for a joint in 
timber. — ?(. (Carp.) The 
part cut away from each 
of 2 pieces of timber to 
be joined longitudinal- 
ly, so that the corre- 
sponding ends may fit 
together in an even 
joint; the joint so 
formed. 

Scarify, skar'I-fi, v. t. 

\-FlEU (-fid), -FYING.] 

To scratch or cut the 

skin of; to make small 

incisions in, by means of 

a lancet or cupping instrument; to stir the surface 

soil of. 

Scarlet, skar''let, n. A bright red color, lighter than 
crimson. — a. Of the color called scarlet ; of a bright 
red color. — Scar'^let-fe'ver, ScarTati'na, -te-'na, n. 
(3Ied.) A contagious and often malignant febrile 
disease, characterized by inflammation of the fau- 
ces, and a scarlet rash, appearing usually on the 2d 
day, and ending in desquamation about the 6th or 
7th day. 

Scarp, skarp, n. A perpendicular, or nearly perpen- 
dicular, slope. (Fo)-t.) Theinterior slope of the ditch 
at the foot of the rampart : see Casemate. — v. t. 
[scarped (skarpt), scarping.] To cut down per- 
pendicularlv. or nearly so. 

Scath, skath," Scathe, skath, v.t. [scathed (skStht 
or skathd), scathing (skath''- or skath'ing).] To 
do harm to, injure, damage, waste, destroy. -j^. 
Damage ; injury ; waste ; narm. — Scath'^less, a. 
Without waste or damage. 

Scatter, skafter, r. t. [-tered (-terd), -tering.] To 
strew about, sprinkle around; to 
cause to separate in different di- 
rections; to frustrate, disappoint, 
and overthrow, dissipate. — v. i. 
To be dispersed or dissipated. — 
Scat''tered, -terd, a. Dispersed. 
(Bot.) Irregular in position ; with- 
out apparent order. — Sqat'ter- 
brain, n. A giddy or thoughtless 
person. 

Scaur. See Scar, bare place on a 
mountain. 

Scavenger, skav'en-jer, n. A per- 
son who cleans the streets of a 
city, by scraping or sweeping, and 
carrying off the filth; one engaged 
in a mean or dirty occupation ; „ . . , t 
esp. one who gathers garbage Scattered Leaves, 
from ash-barrels, dumps, etc. ; a creature which eats 
or rerooves filth, carrion, etc. 

Scene, sen, n. The structure on which a spectacle or 
play is exhibited; stage; one ef the slides, hangings, 
or other devices, used to give an appearance of real- 
ity to the action of a' play ; a separate portion of a 
play, subordinate to the act ; place, time, circum- 
stances, etc., in which anything is imagined to occur, 
or where the action of a story, play, poem, etc., is 
laid; an as.semblage of objects'presehted to the view 
at once; spectacle; show; exhibition; view; a dra- 
matic exhibition of passionate feeling ; an inter- 
view; action, or course of action, done for effect. — 




sun, cube, full ; moon, f(5&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNbON, chair, get. 



SCENT 



366 



SCOFF 



Scen'ery, -er-f, n. The paintings and hangings rep- 
resenting the scenes of a play ; general aspect, as re- 
gards variety and beauty or the reverse in a land- 
Bcape; combination of natural views; representation; 
imagery. — Scenic, sen'- or sen''ik, -ical, sen'ik-al, a. 
Pert, to, or of the nature of, scenery, esp. the scen- 
ery of a theater; theatrical. 

Scent, sent, r. t. To perceive by the olfactory organs, 
smell ; to imbue or fill with odor, perfume. — n. 
Odor ; smell ; power of smelling ; sense of smell ; 
chase followed by the scent; course of pursuit; track. 

Scepter, -tre, sep'ter, n. A staff borne by kings, as a 
badge of authority ; a ,a.,^ , , irtn T Ti 

royal mace; royal pow- « ^^-"* ' " H M ^ 

er or authority. — v. t. Scepter. 

[SCEPTERED Or -TRED 

(-terd), -TEKiNG or -thing.] To Invest with royal 
authority, or with the ensign of authority. 

Sceptic, Sceptical, etc. See Skeptic, etc. 

Schedule, sked'ul, in Eng. pron. shed'ul, n. A writ- 
ten or printed scroll of paper ; a document ; esp., an 
official or formal list or inventory; catalogue. 

Scheik. Same as Sheik. 

Scheme, skem, n. A combination of things connected 
and adjusted by design ; a plan of something to be 
done; any lineal or mathematical diagram; project; 
design; contrivance; purpose; plot.— t^. t. [schemed 
(skemd;, SCHEMING.] To plan, project. — v. i. To 
form a plan or project, contrive. 

SchirrhuB. See Scieeus. 

Schism, sizm, n. Division or separation ; permanent 
division or separation in the Christian church, oc- 
casioned by diversity of opinions, or other reason.— 
ScMsmafic, -mat'ik, -mafical, a. Pert, to or im- 
plying, schism; partaking of the nature of schism; 
tending to schism. — Schismafic, n. One who sep- 
arates from an established church or religipus faith; 
heretic; partisan. 

Schist, shist, n. {Geol.} A rock having a schistose 
structure, — used esp. of some kinds of metamorphic 
rocks. — Schistose', -os', Schist'ous, -us, a. Admit- 
ting of division by natural cleavage into flags, slabs, 
or slates, — used esp. of metamorphic rocks. 

School, skool, n. A place for learned intercourse 
and instruction; an institution for learning; an in- 
stitution of learning of a grade below a college or 
university 5 place of elementary instruction ; a ses- 
sion of an institution of instruction ; one of the 
mediseval seminaries for teaching logic, metaphys- 
ics, and theology, characterized by academical dis- 
putations and subtilties of reasoning ; an assem- 
blage of scholars ; body of pupils ; the disciples or 
followers of a teacher ; a sect or denomination in 
pliilosophy, theology, science, etc. ; a shoal or com- 
pact body, as of fish. — v. t. [schooled (skoold), 
SCHOOLING.] To train in an institution of learning; 
to admonish. — SchooKing, n. Instruction in school ; 
tuition; reproof; reprimand; compensation for in- 
struction. — SchooK-boy, -girl, n. One who attends 
a school. — dame, n. A female teacher of a school. 
— felTow, n. One bred at the same school and at 
the same time as another. house, n. A house ap- 
propriated for the use of schools, or for instruction. 

man, n. One versed in"the niceties of academical 

disputation, or of the school divinity of the middle 
ages; one of the philosophers and divines of the 9th- 
14th centuries. — mas'ter, -mis'tress, n. One who 
presides over and teaches a school; a teacher or in- 
structor. — SchoKar, skoKar, n. One who attends a 
school; one who learns of a teacher; pupil; learner; 
disciple ; a learned person ; a man of high literary 
or scientific attainments; one versed in any branch 
of knowledge; one acquainted with books only; a 
pedant. — Schd'arly, a. Like, or becoming, a schol- 
ar. — SchoKarship, n. Character and qualities of a 
scholar ; attainments in science or literature; learn- 
ing; erudition; knowledge; foundation for the sup- 
port of a student. — Scholas'tic, sko-las'tik, n. One 
who adheres to the method or subtilties of the 
schools. — Scholas'tic, -tical, a. Pert, to, or suit- 
ing, a scholar or school ; pert, to the schoolmen, or 
Shiiosophers and divines of the middle ages ; pe- 
antic ; formal. — Scholas'tically, adv. — Scholas''- 
Ucism, -tT-sizm, n. The method or subtilties of the 
BChoolsof philosophy; scholastic formality. — Scho'- 




liast, -lY-ast, n. Acommentator or annotator.— Seho''- 

liom, -lY-um, n. ; L. pi. -lia, -IT-a, E. pi. -liums. A 

marginal annotation, — so called as being the fruit of 

the leisure hours 

of the writers. 

(Math.) A remark 

or observation 

subjoined to a 

demonstratjon. 

Schooner, skoon'er, 
n. {Naut.) A 
sharp-built vessel, 
having 2, 3, or 4 
masts, with fore- 
and-aft sails. — 
Tojjsail schooner. 
The original form 
of schooner, hav- 
ing square fore- 
topsail and fore- 
topgallant sail, 

but the other sails „, ., „ , 

fore-and-aft. Topsail Schooner. 

Schorl, shSrl^ n. (lEn ) Black tourmaline. 

Sciagraph, si'd-graf, n. (Physics.) Photograph made 
by Rontgen rays, q. v. 

Sciagraphy, si-ag'ra-f T, -og'raphy, n. Art or science 
of projecting or delineating shadows as they fall in 
nature. (Arch.) The profile or vertical section of a 
building. 

Sciatic, si-at'ik, Sciat'ica, -Y-ka, n. (Med.) Neural- 
gia of the sciatic nerve;- a rheumatic affection of 
the hip joint, or of the parts surrounding it. — Sci- 
at'ic, a. Pert, to, or affecting, the hip. 

Science, si'ens, n. Exact and comprehensive infor- 
mation, skill, or expertness; investigation of truth 
for its own sake ; that which is known ; knowl- 
edge duly arranged, and referred to general truths 
and principles on which it is founded, and from 
which it is derived. —Scientific, -tifik, a. Agree- 
ing with, or depending on, the rules or principles of 
science. — Sci'olist, -o-list, n. One who knows any- 
thing superficially; a smatterer. — Sci'olism, -lizm, 
n. Superficial knowledge. 

Scilicet, sil'I-set. To wit; namely, — of ten abbr. to 
sc, or ss. 

Scimiter, -itar, sim'Y-ter, n. A short sword with a 
convex edge or recurved point. 

Scintillate, sin'til-lat, v. i. To emit sparks, or fine 
igneous particles ; to sparkle, as the fixed stars. — 
Scintilla'tion, n. Act of scintillating; act of emit- 
ting sparks, or of twinkling. [F.] 

Sciography. Same as Sciagraphy. 

Sciolism, etc. See under Science. 

Scion, si'un, n. A shoot or twig of a plant, esp. when 
cut for ingrafting in a stock; a descendant; heir. 

Scire-facias, si^re-fa'shT-as, n. (Law.) A judicial 
writ, founded upon some record, and requiring the 
party proceeded against to show cause why the 
party bringing it should not have advantage of such, 
record, or why the record should not be annulled. 

Scirrhous, skir'rus, a. Proceeding from, or of the 
nature of, scirrhus; indurated; knotty. — n. ; L. pi. 
-RHI, E. pi. -UHVSES. (Med.) An inaolent indura- 
tion, particularly of the glands; a hard, cancerous 
growthj which emits a creaking sound when incised. 

Scissel, sis'sel, n. Clippings of metals made in va- 
rious mechanical operations. — Scis'sile, -sil, a. 
Capable of being cut or divided by a sharp instru- 
ment. — Scis'sion, sizh'un, n. Act of cutting or 
dividing by an edged instrument; state of being cut; 
division; separation. — Scis'sure, sizh^gr, w. A Ion 
gitudinal opening made b^' cutting; a cleft; fissure. 

Scissors, siz'zerz, n. pi. A cutting instrument con- 
sisting of 2 cutting blades movable on a pin in the 
center. — Scis'sor, v. t. To cut with scissors or 
shears. 

Scissure. See under Scissel. 

Sclerema, skle-re'ma, n. (Med.) Induration of the 
cellular tissue. — Sclerofic, a. Hard; firm.— n. 
(Anat.) The firm, white, outer coat of the eye: see 
Eye. 

Scobs, skobz, n. sing. & pi. Raspings of ivory, harts- 
horn, metals, etc.; the dross of metals. 

Scoff, skof, V. I. [SCOFFED (skott), scoffing.] To 



&ia. faoue. JiLr, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Yn, Ice ; Odd, tone, 8r ; 



SCOLD 



367 



SCRATCH 




Sconce. 



Bhow insolent ridicule, mockery, or derision; to utter 
eontumelious language; to sneer, mock, gibe, jeer.— 

— V. t. To treat with derision or scorn ; to mock at. 

— n. Expression of scorn or contempt. 

Scold, skold, V. i. To find fault, chide sharply or 
coarsely. — v. t. To chide with rudeness and bois- 
terous clamor; to rate; to rebuke or reprove with 
severity. — n. One who scolds; esp., a rude, clamor- 
ous, foul-mouthed woman; shrew; a scolding. 

ScoUop, skol'lup, n. A kind of shell-fls'h; an indent- 
ing like those of a scollop shell. — v. t. To form or 
cut with scollops. [See Scallop.] 

Sconce, skons, n. A fortification ; a fort ; a helmet ; 
the head; skull ; brains ; sense ; 
discretion ; a protection for a 
light; a fixed hanging or project- 
ing candlestick; the circular 
tube, with a brim, in a candle- 
stick, into which the candle is 
inserted._ 

Scoop, skoop, n. A large, deep, 
thin-bladed shovel for grain ; a 
smaller instrument for sugar, 
flour, etc. ; a large ladle; a 
vessel for bailing boats. (Surg.) 
A spoon-shaped vessel, used to 
extract certain foreign bodies. 
A basin-like cavity ; a sweep; 
stroke; swoop. (Stock Ex- 
change.') 'A sudden breaking 
down of prices, in order to buy 
stocks at cheaper rates, followed by a rise. — v. t. 
[scooped (skoopt), SCOOPING.] To take out with a 
scoop, or with a sweeping motion ; to empty by lad- 
ing; to make hollow, as a scoop or dish; to excavate. 

Scope, skop, w. That at which one aims; the thing, 
or end, to which the mind directs its view; room or 
opportunity for free outlook or aim; amplitude of 
opportunity ; free course or vent: length; extent; 
sweep; design; intention; tendency; drift. 

Scorbutic, skdr-bu'tik, -tical, a. Pert, to, resembling, 
or atfected with scurvy. 

Scorch, skoixh, v. t. [scorched (sc6rcht), scorch- 
ing.] To burn superficially; to parch, or shrivel by 
heat, the surface of; to affect painfully with heat, 
or as with heat. — w. i. To be burnt on the surface, 
be parched, be dried up. 

Score, skor, n. A notch or incision; esp., a mark for 
keeping account of something; tally-mark; an ac- 
count or reckoning; bill; indebtedness; reason; mo- 
tive; sake; the number of 20, as being marked off by 
a special score or tally. (Mus.) The original and en- 
tire draught, or its transcript, of a musical composi- 
tion, with the parts for all the different instruments 
or voices, — so called from the bar, which was for- 
merly drawn through all the parts. — v. t. [scored 
(skord), SCORING.] To mark with lines, scratches, 
or notches; esp., to mark with significant lines or 
notches, for keeping account of something; to mark 
or signify by lines or notches; to set down, charge; to 
write down (music) in.properorder and arrangement. 

Scoria, sko'rt-a, n. ; pi. -rije, -rt-e. The recrement of 
metals infusion; slag; dross; the very light, cellular, 
slaggy lavas of a volcano; volcanic cinders. 

Scorn, sk6rn, n. Extreme and passionate contempt; 
that which is scorned ; an object of extreme dis- 
dain; derision; contumely; slight; dishonor. — v.t. 
[SCORNED (skSrnd), scorning.] To hold in extreme 
contempt, contemn, despise, neglect, disregard.— 
ScornTul, -ful, a. Full of scorn or contempt; dis- 
dainful; reproachful; insolent. 

Scorpion, sk8r''pT-un, n. An animal allied to the 
spider, having an 
elongated body, 
terminated by a 
long, slender tail 
formed of 6 
joints, the last 
of wltich termi- 
nates in a very 
acute sting, 
which effuses a „ 

venomous liquid. scorpion. 

(Astron.) The 8th sign of the zodiac. (Ichth.) The 
red, spiny hogfish of the Mediterranean. 




Scot, skot, n. A portion of money assessed or paid' a 
tax; contribution; mulct; fine. — Scof-free, a. Free 
from paj'ment or scot; untaxed; unhurt; safe. 

Scot, skot, n. A native or inhabitant of Scotland.— 
Scotch, Scots, Scoftish, a. Of, or pert, to, Scotland 
or its inhabitants.— Scotch'man, n. A Scot.— Scot'- 
ticism, -sizm, n. An idiom or expression peculiar to 
the Scots. 

Scotch, skoch, V. t.- [scotched (skocht), scotching.] 
To support (a wheel) by placing some obstacle to pre- 
vent its rolling. 

Scotch, skiich, V. t. To chop off a bit of the bark, skin, 
or surface of; to wound superficially. — n. A slight 
cut; shallow incision. — Scotch'- or Scotched'^-col- 
lops, n. pi. Veal cut into small pieces. 

Scotomy, skofo-mT, n. Dizziness or swimming of the 
head, with dimness of sight. 

Scoundrel, skown'drel, n. A mean, worthless fellow; 
rascal; base villain. — a. Low; base; mean; unprin- 
cipled. 

Scour, skowr,w. t. [scoured (skowrd), scouring.] To 
rub hard with something rough, for the purpose of 
cleaning; to cleanse from grease, dirt, etc.; to purge 
violently; to remove by rubbing or cleansing; to pass 
swiftly over, range, traverse thoroughly. — v. i. To 
clean anything by rubbing; to cleanse; to be purged 
to excess; to run with celerity. — n. A diarrncea or 
dysentery in cattle. 

Scourge, skerj, n. A lash; a strap or cord, esp. one 
used to inflict pain or punishment; a whip; a pun- 
ishment, or means of inflicting punishment. — v. t. 
[scourged (skerjd), scourging.] To whip severely, 
lash; to afflict with the purpose of correction. 

Scout, skowt, n. A person sent out to gain and bring 
in tidings, esp. of the movements and condition of an 
enemy; a spy. — v. t. To spy out, watch for; to pass 
over or through, for the purpose of spying out; to re- 
connoiter. — 1;. i. To act as a scout. 

Scout, skowt, V, t. To sneer at, treat with contempt. 

Scow, skow, n. A large, flat-bottomed boat. 

Scowl, skowl, V. i. [scowled (skowld), scowling.] 
To wrinkle the brows, as in frowning or displeasure; 
to look gloomy, dark, or tempestuous. — n. The 
wrinkling of the brows in frowning; gloom; dark 
or rude aspect. 

Scrabble, skrab'bl, v. i. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To 
scrape, paw, or scratch with the hands; to scramble; 
to scribble, scrawl, —n. A scramble. 

Scrag, skrag, m. Something thin or lean with rough- 
ness ; esp., a neck piece of meat. — Scrag'^eed, -gjr, 
-gt, a. Rough with irregular points ; lean with ro ugli- 
ness. 

Scramble, skram'bl, «):i. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To 
go on all-fours, clamber with hands and knees; to 
struggle with others for something thrown upon the 
ground. — v. t. To mix and cook in a confused 
mass. — n. Act of scrambling; clambering; act of 
jostling and pushing for something desired. 

Scrap, skrap, n. Something scraped off; a small piece; 
bit; fragment; ]jI. the skinny substance that remains 
after trying animal fat. — Scrap''-book, n. A book 
in which extracts cut from books and papers may 
be pasted and kept. — Scrape, skrap, v. t. [scraped 
(skrapt), scraping.] To rub the surface of with a 
sharp or rough instrument; to abrade; to remove by 
rubbing or grating; to collect by harsh, coarse, and 
laborious effort ; to express disapprobation of by 
noisy movements of the feet upon the floor. — v. i. 
To rub over the surface of anything with something 
which roughens or removes it; to play awkwardly 
and inharmoniously on a violin, etc.; to make an 
awkward bow, with a drawing back of the foot. — 
n. A rubbing over with sometliing harsh; the effect 
produced by rubbing, as of a scraping instrument, 
of the foot, etc.; an awkwardly obsequious bow; a 
disagreeable and embarrassing predicament. — To 
scrape acquaintance. To make one's self acquainted, 
— a phrase introduced from the practice of scraping 
in bowing. — Scrap'er, n. An instrument with which 
anything is scraped; one who scrapes. 

Scratch, skrach, v. t. [scratched (skracht), scratch- 
ing.] To rub, tear, or mark the surface of, with 
something sharp or ragged ; to wound slightly ; to 
scrape with the nails ; to dig or excavate with the 
claws; to erase. — v. i. To use the claws in tearing or 



». « 



sQn, cube, full ; moon, fdbt ; cow, oil j ligger or igk, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



SCRAWL 



368 



SCULL 



digging.— 7b scratch out. To erase, rub out, obliter- 
ate. — n. A break in the surface of a thing made by 
scratching; a slight furrow or mark; a slight wound 
or incision ; a kind of wig covering onlv a portion 
of the head. {Pugilistic Matches.) A line across 
the prize ring, up to which boxers are brought when 
they join iight ; test, trial, or proof of courage. A 
count in billiards made unintentionally, — called in 
Eng., a fluka. pi. {Far.) A disease in horses con- 
eistmg of dry chaps or scabs, between theTheel and 
pastern joint. 

Scrawl, skrawl, v. t. [scrawled (skrawld), scrawl- 
IXG.] To draw or write awkwardly and irregularly; 
to scribble. — v. i. To write unskillf ully and inele- 
gantly. — n. Unskillful or inelegant writing; a rag- 
ged, broken branch of a tree; brush. 

Screak, skrek, v. i. [screaked (skrekt), screaking.] 
To utter suddenly a sharp, shrill sound oroutcrv; 
to scream, creak, "as a door or wheel. — n. A creali- 
ing; screech. 

Scream, skrem, v. i. [screamed (skremd), scream- 
ing.] To utter a sudden, sharp outcrj% as in a fright 
or extreme pain; to shriek. — n. A shriek, or sharp, 
shrill cry, uttered suddenly, as in terror or in pain; 
a shriek, screech. 

Screech, skrech, v. i, [screeched (skrecht), screech- 
ing.] To utter a harsh, shrill cr\', as in terror or 
acute pain ; to scream, shriek. — ». A harsh, shrill 
cry, uttered in pain or in fright; a shrill cry, as of a 
fowl. — Screech'-owl, n. An owl that utters a harsh, 
disagreeable cry. 

Screed, skred, ?;.' {Arch.) A strip of mortar or wood 
placed on_a wall, etc., as a guide in plastering. 

Screed, skred, n. A harangue or tirade, generally 
slirill or disagreeable. 

Screen, skren, n. Anything that shelters or protects 
from danger, prevents inconvenience, shuts off view, 
etc.;_along, coarse riddle, or sieve. — v. t. [screened 
(skrend), screening.] To provide with a shelter or 
means of concealment; to protect by hiding, conceal, 
shelter, protect, defend; to pass through a screen. 

Screw, skroo, n. A cylinder, or a cylindrical perfora- 
tion, having a continuous rib or thread 
winding round it spirally, — one of the 
6 mechanical powers: see Mechanical 
Powers ; a small metal cylinder with 
sharp point, spiral thread, and slotted 
head, used in place of a nail ; anything 
shaped or acting like a screw ; esp., a 
form of wheel for propelling steam- 
vessels ; a miser ; skinflint; sharp bar- Screw. 
gainer ; a harsh, inexorable instructor ; ,. /, v, 

a persistent questioner ; a small quan- °'^^ \,^{^^^y. 
tity of tobacco, etc., twisted up in a , ' .„ ' 
piece of p a p e r ; a steam-vessel pro- 
pelled by a screw instead of wheels. — v. t. [screwed 
(skrood), screwing.] To press, fasten, or make firm 
by a screw ; to force, squeeze, press ; to use violent 
means toward; to distort. — Screw'-driVer, n. An 
implement for turning screws, resembling a blunt 
chisel. — -jack, n. A contrivance for raising great 
weights through short lifts by means of a stout screw 
worKing in a nut or female screw in the bodj' of the 

instrument. pine, n. A tree or bush having long, 

lanceolate teaves, like those of the pine-apple, ar- 
ranged spirally about the trunk, whence the name : 
it grows in loose, sandy, or marshy places, on tropical 
islands of the Old World and tlie P^^ci^^c Ocean. — 
-propePler, n. A steam-vessel propelled by a screw; 
also the screw, or 
spiral -bladed wheel, 
used in the propul- 
sion of steam-vessels: 
see Ship._ 

Screw, skroo, n. A vi- 
cious horse. 

Scribe, skrib, n. One 
who writes; esp., an 
otficial or public wri- 
ter. {Jeivish & Sacrcfl 
Hist.) A writer and 
a doctor of the law ; bcrew-propeUer. 

one who read and explained the law to the people. — 
V. t. [scribed (skribd), scribing.] {Carp.) To 
fit bj' a rule or compasses: to fit (one edge of aboard, 






etc.) to another surf ace. — Scrib'ble, skrTb'-bl, v. t. 
[-BLED (-bid), -BLING.] To write with haste, or with- 
out regard to correctness or elegance; to fill or cover 
with worthless writing. — v. i. To write without 
care, elegance, or value; to scrawl. — n. Careless 
writing. — Scrib'bler, n. One who scribbles ; a 
writer of no reputation. — Scrip, n. A small writing, 
certificate , or schedule ; a certificate of stock sub- 
scribed to a company, or of a share of other joint 
property ; one of the forms of certificate given in 
exchange for a loan. — Script, n. {Laiv.) An orig- 
inal instrument or document. {Print.) A kind of 
type made in imitation of handwriting. — 



Scripfure, skrip''chur, n. Anything written ; a 
writing; the books of the Old and New Testament ; 
the Bible,— chiefly in pi.— Scripfural, a. Contained 
in the Scriptures ; according to the Scriptures. — 
Scrive'ner. skriv'ner, n. One who draws contracts 
or other writings, or who places money at interest ; 
a copyist: notary. 

Scrimmage, skrim'mej, n. A confused row or contest. 

Scrimp, skrimp, v. t. [scrimped (skrinit), scrimping.] 
To make too small or short, limit, straiten, scant. 

Scrip, skrip, n. A small bag ; wallet ; satchel. 

Scrip, Scripture, Scrivener, etc. See under Scribe. 

Scrofula, skrofu-la, n. {Med.) A constitutional dis- 
ease, generally hereditary, which affects the lym- 
phatic glands, oftenest those of the neck; king's- 
evil. — Scrofiilous, -u-lus, a. Pert, to, or diseased 
with, scrofiila. 

Scroll, skrol, n. A roll of 
paper or parchment; a 
schedule. {Arch.) A con- 
volved or spiral ornament ; 
the volute of the Ionic and 
(Corinthian capital. A mark 
or flourish added to a per- 
son's signature to a writing. 

Scrotum, skro'tum, n. {Anat.) 
The bag which contains the testicles. 

Scrub, skrub, v. t. [scrubbed (skrubd), -ring.] To 
rub hard, rub with a brush, or with something 
coarse or rough. — v. i. To be diligent and penu- 
rious. — n. One who labors hard and lives mean- 
ly; something small and mean: a worn-out brush; 
close, low growth of bushes. {Stock-breeding.) One 
of th^common cattle, etc., of a region, of no par- 
ticular breed ; a native. — Scrub'by, -bT, a. [-bier; 
-BiEST.] Small and mean ; stunted in growth. — 
Scrub'-oak, n. Popular name for several dwarfish 
species of oak. 

Scruple, skroc'^pl, n. A weight of 20 grains, the J of 
a dram: a very small quantity; hesitation as to ac- 
tion from the "difficulty of determining what is right 
or expedient. — v. i. [scrupled (-pld), -pling.] To 
be reluctant as regards decision or action. — Scru'ptl- 
lous, -pu-lus, a. Full of scruples: cautious in decis- 
ion from a fear of oif ending or doing wrong; care- 
ful ; cautious ; exact. 

Scrutiny, skru'tT-nT, n. Close search : minute in- 
quiry : critical examination. — Scru'tinize, v. t. 
[-NIZED (-nizd), -NiziNG.] To search closely, ex- 
amine into criticnlly. 

Scrutoire, skru-twOr', n. A kind of desk or cabinet, 
with a lid opening downward for writing on it. 

Scud, skud, r. i. To be driven or to flee or fly with 
haste; to fly. {Xaitt.) To be driven with precipita- 
tion before a tempest, with little or no sail spread. 
— v.t. To pass over quickl}'. — n. Act of scudding; 
a driving along; loose, vapory clouds driven swiftly 
by the wind. 

Scime, skuf'fl, n. A struggle or trial of strength be- 
tween two persons, who grapple closely; a confused 
quarrel or contest; fight. — i-.i. [scuffled (-fid), 
-fling.] To strive or struggle with close grapple ; 
to contend tumultuously. 

Scuik. See Skulk. 

Scull, skul, n. A boat; an oar so short that one man 
can work a pair; a single oir "placed over the stern, 
to propel a boat. — ?-, t. [sculled (skuld), -ling.] 
{N^aut.) To impel a boat by moving and turning an 



Scroll. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, tSrm ; In, ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; 



P*» 



SCULLERY 



369 



S£a 



oar over the stern ; to row, 
u-sinfT a pair of short oars. 



said of 1 person 




Scullery, skul'ler-T, n. A place where dishes, kettles, 
etc., are kept; an apartment attached to the kitchen, 
where the dirty work is done. 

Scullion, skuKyun, v. A servant who does menial 
services in the kitchen. 

Sculpin, skuKpin, n. A 
small salt water fish fur- 
nished with siiiiies. 

Sculpture, sknlp'chur, n. 
The art of carving or 
cutting wood, stone, or 
other material into Souln'n 

statues, ornaments, etc.; ^' ' 

carved work. — r. t. [sculptured (-churd), -TUR- 
ING.] To form with the chisel on wood', stone, or 
metal ; to carve, engrave. — Sculptural, -chur-al, a. 
Pert, to, etc. — SciSp'^tor, n. One wlio sculptures; 
one who carves images or figures. 

Scum, skum, n. The impurities which rise to the 
surface of liquids, in boiling or fermentation, or 
which form on the surface by other means; scoria; 
dross; refuse; that which is vile or worthless. — v. t. 
[scummed (skumd),-Mi?!G.] To take the scum from; 
to *skim. — Scam''iner, n. An instrument used for 
taking off the scum of liquors; a skimmer. — Scum'- 
ble, V. t. [SCUMBLED (-bid), -bling.] To cover 
lightly, or spread thinlj' (a painting, drawing, etc.) 
with opaque or semi-opaque colors. 

Scupper, skup''per,w. (Nmit.) A channel cut through 
the water-ways and side of a ship, for carrying oif 
water from the deck. 

Scuppemong, skup'per-nong, n. A kind of Amer. 
muscadine or fox -grape, growing both wild and 
cultivated, from Virginia to Florida. 

Scurf, skerf, n. A dry scab or exfoliation of the dry 
external scales of the skin of an animal; anything ad- 
hering to the surface. — Scurfy, -T, a. [-ter; -iest.] 
Having scurf; covered with scurf: resembling scurf. 

— Scun''iness, ?i.— Scur''vy, -vT, n. {Med.) A disease 
of sailors and others who have been deprived of 
fresh provisions, characterized by livid spots of va- 
rious sizes, paleness, languor, depression of spirits, 

feneral exhaustion, pains in the limbs, spongv and 
leeding gums, and bleeding from almost all the 
mucouo membranes. — a. [scurvier; -viest.] Cov- 
ered or affected by scurf or scabs; scurfy; diseased 
with the scurvy ; vile ; mean ; low ; contemptible. — 
Scur'vy-grasB, n. A plant growing on rocks near 
the sea, often used as a remedy for the scurvy. 
Scurrile, skur'ril, a. Such as befits a buffoon or vul- 
gar jester; grossly opprobrious in language; low; 
mean. — Scur'rilous, -ril-us, a. Using low and in- 
decent language ; containing low indecency or abuse ; 
offensive : gross ; vile ; foul ; foul-mouthed : mean. 

— Scur'rilousness, -ril'ity, -t-tl, n. 
Scurvy, etc. See under Scurf. 

Scutch, skuch, v. t. [scutched (skucht), -isg.'] To 
beat or whip slightly; to dress (flax, etc.) by beating 
and separating woody iiber from. ( Cotton Maniif.) 
To beat and loosen the liber of (filaments of cotton). 

Scutate, Scutcheon, etc. See under Scutum. 

Scuttle, skut'tl, n. A broad, shallow basket; a wide- 
mouthed vessel for holding coal. 

Scuttle, skuftl, n. A small opening in an outside wall 
or covering, furnished with a hd; the lid or door 
which closes an opening in a wall, roof, etc. — v. t. 
[scuttled (-tld), -TLING.] To cut large holes 
through the bottom, deck, or sides of (a ship); to 
sink (a ship) by making holes through the bottom. 

Scuttle, skut'tl, w. i. To hurry, bustle. — n. A quick 
pace; short run. 

Scutum, sku^'tum, iu An oblong shield carried by the 
heavy infantry of the ancient Ro- 
mans. (Anat.) The patella or knee- 
pan. (Entom.) The 2d part or sec- 
tion of the upper surface of a seg- 
m e n t of an insect. — Scutch^eon, 
skuch-'un, n. An escutcheon; an em- 
blazoned shield : see Escutcheon ; 
an ornamental brass plate placed over 
a key-hole. — Scu'tiform, -tt-f6rm, a. 
Having the form of a buckler or 
shield. — Scu'tate, -tat, a. (Bat.) 



Shaped like an ancient buckler. {Zobl.) Protected 
by a surface of scales. 

Sc3rmetar. See Cimeter. 

Scythe, .sith, n. An instrument for mowing grass, 
grain, etc., composed of a long, curving blade, with 
a sharp edge, made fast to a handle. 

Sea, se, n. The ocean ; a limited or partially inclosed 
portion of the ocean; one of the larger bodies of salt 
water, less than an ocean, found on the earth's sur- 
face; an inland bod}'' of water; a lake; a flood; any 
large quantity; the swell of the ocean or other body 
of waterin atempest; a high wave orbillow: a surge. 
— Sea'man, n. A mariner; sailor. — Sea^'mansMp, 
?(. The skill of a good seaman ; art of working 
a ship. — Sea'sick, a. Affected with nausea from 
the pitching or rolling of a 
vessel. — Sea'sickness, n. ^^/v\7 

The sickness caused by, ^J^^,. ^Nv^- 




etc. — Sea-'ward, a. aikl 




Searanemone. 



Scutate Leaf. 



adv. Toward the sea. 
Sea'-anem'one, -a-nem'o 
ne, n. A kind of polyp re- 
sembling a flower. — -bank. 
n. The sea-shore; a bank or 
mole to defend against the 
sea. board, n. The sea- 
shore. — adv. Toward the 
sea. — boat, n. A vessel 
considered with reference 
to her power of resisting 
a storm. — bom, a. Born 
of, produced by, or born 

at sea. coast, n. The 

shore or border of the land adjacent to the sea or 
ocean. — eFephant, n. A species of seal, of great 
size, and remarkable for the prolongation of the 
nose, in the male, into an erectile, soft, elastic 
snout. — far'er, n. One who follows the seas; a mar- 
iner; a sailor. — farming, a. Following the business 
of a seaman: customarily emploj'ed in navigation. — 
-go'ing, a. Going upon the sea ; esp., sailmg upon 
the deep sea. — green, a. Having the color of sea- 
water ; being of a faint green color, with a slightly 
bluish tinge. — hog, n. The porpoise. — horse, n. 

The walrus ; the hippocampus, q. v. isl'and, a. 

Pert, to islands in the sea, —used esp. of a fine long- 
staple cotton growing on the islands on the coast of 
S. Carolina and Georgia. — kale, n. A plant found 
growing along sand}' shores, the young shoots and 
leaf-stalks of which are used as food. — lev'el, n. The 
level of the surface of the sea, used as a standard 
from which to estimate heights and depths. — li'on, n. 
A seal of large 
size,— esp. ap- 
plied to cer- 
tain large 
seals, with 
manes resem- 
bling the 
lion's. — 
-maid, n. The 
mermaid ; a 
sea-nymph. — . 
-mart, n. An ] 
elevated o b - 
ject on land | 
which serves : 
as a direction ' 
to mariners; a j 
beacon visible i 
from the sea. 
— mew, w. A 

gull; mew. na'vel. v. A kind of small shell-'^sh. 

— net'tle,?!. Amedusn having the pro] erty oJ sting- 
ing when touched. — ot'ter, »" An aquatic mamniif- 
erous animal found in the N. Paeiiic, and having 
valuable fur. — piece, «. A picture representing a 
scene at sea. — port, n. A port on the searshore; an 
ocean harbor. — room, n. Ample space or distance 
from land, shoals, or rocks, sufficient for a ship to 

drive or scud without danger of shipwreck. ser'- 

pent, n. A serpent-like animal of great size, sup- 
posed to dwell in the sea, now commonly reckoned 
as fabulous; a kind of eel found in the Mediterrane- 
an; a large marine serpent found in the Australian 




Sea-lion. 



sQn, eube, full ; moon, tUbi ; cow, oil ; linger or iak, tiien, boNboif, chair, get. 



SEAL 



370 



SECRET 




Sea-urchin. 




seas. — shell, n. A marine 
shell; a shell that grows 

in the sea. shore, n. 

The coast of the sea. 
iLaw.) All the ground 
between the ordinary 
high-water and low-wa- 
ter marks. — term, n. A 
word or term used ap- 
propriately by seamen, 
or peculiar to the art of 

navigation. u'nicorn, 

w. The narwhal. — ur'- 
chin, n. A radiate ani- 
mal of the class of echinoderms, having a firm shell 

and covered with spines ; the echinus. weed, n. 

A marine plant, esp. one of the Alf/as. — ^wor'thy, 
a. Fit for a voyage; worthy to be trusted to trans- 
port a_cargo. 

Seal, s e I, n. An 
aquatic fur-bear- 
ing carnivorous 
mammal of 
many species, in- 
habiting sea- 
coasts, and 
found principal- 
ly in the higher 
latitudes of both 
hemispheres. Seal. 

Seal, sel, n. An engraved or inscribed stamp, for mak- 
ing an impression in wax, etc.; wax, or other tena- 
cious substance, set to an instrument and stamped 
with a seal; the wax or wafer fastening a letter or 
other inclosed paper; that which confirms, ratifies, 
makes stable, or authenticates.— v. t. [sealed (seld), 
SEALING.] To sot or affix a seal to; to confirm, rat- 
ify; to mark with a stamp, as an evidence of stand- 
ard exactness, legal size, or merchantable quality; to 
fasten with a seal; to shut or keep close, make fast, 
keep secure or secret. {Mormon.') To take to one's 
self, or assign to another, as a 2d or additional wife. 

Seam, sem, n. The fold or line on the surface of cloth 
formed by the sewing together of 2 different pieces; 
a line of junction; suture. {Geol. & Mining.) A nar- 
row vein betweeii^2 thicker ones. A scar; cicatrix. — 
V. t. [seamed (semd), seaming.] To form a seam 
upon or of, join by sewing togetner; to mark with 
something resembling a seam, scar ; to knit with a 
certain stitch. — Seam^'less, a. Without a seam. — 
Seam'y, -Y, o^ Containing or showing seams. — 
Seam'stress, sem''- or sem^'stres, n. A woman whose 
occupation is sewing; needle-woman. 

Ssam, sem, n. A denomination of weight or measure ; 
as, the quantity of 8 bushels of grain ; or of 120 pounds 
of glass; or a horse-load of timber, of about 3 cwt. 

Stance, sa-axs'', n. Session, as of some public body; 
esp., a meeting for spiritualistic manifestations. 

Sear, sere, v. t. [seared (serd), searing.] To wither, 
dry up; to expose to a degree of heat such as changes 
the color or hardness of the surface; to scorch, make 
callous. — a. Dry ; withered. [Written also sere.'] 

Search, serch, v. t. [searched (sercht), searching.] 
To look over or through, for the purpose of finding 
something; to inquire after, look for; to try or put 
to the test; to explore, examine, scrutinize, investi- 
gate, pry into. — v. i. To seek, look, make inquiry 
or exploration, hunt. — n. Act of, etc.; examina- 
tion ; inquiry ; quest ; pursuit. — Search'er, n. — 
Search''-war'rant, n. {Law.) A warrant legally is- 
sued, authorizing persons to search houses, or other 
places, for_goods stolen, secreted, or concealed. 

Sear-cloth, ser'kloth, n. A cloth to cover a sore ; plaster. 

Season, se'zn, n. One of the 4 divisions of the year, 
spring, summer, autumn, winter; a suitable or con- 
venient time; proper conjuncture; a certain period 
of time not very long; a while; time. — i?. t. [sea- 
soned (-znd), -BONING.] To render suitable or ap- 
propriate, prepare; to habituate, accustom; to pre- 
pare by drying or hardening, or removal of natu- 
ral juices; to render palatable, give zest or relish 
to, spice; to fit for enjoyment, render agreeable; to 
qualify by admixture, temper; to imbue; to com- 
municate first instruction to. — v. i. To become 
mature, grow fit for use, become adapted to a cli- 



mate ; to become dry and hard, as timber. — In sea- 
son. In good time, or sufficiently early for the pur- 
pose. — Out of s. Beyond or out of the proper or 
usual time. — Sea''Bonable, a. Occurring in good 
time, in due season, or in proper time for the pur- 
pose; opportune; timely; fit; convenient. — Sea''Bon- 
ing, n. That which is added to food, to give it a 
higher relish ; a condiment ; something added or 
mixed, to enhance the pleasure of enjoyment. 

Seat, set, n. The place or thing upon which one sits; 
place where anything is situated, resides, or abides; 
station; site; abode; something made to De set in or 
upon; that part of a thing on which a person sits; 
a right to sit; regular place of sitting; posture or 
way of sitting of a person on horseback. {Mach.) 
A part on which another part rests. — v. t. To place 
on a seat, cause to sit down: to station, locate, es- 
tablish, fix; to assign a seat to, or the seats of; to 
fix, set firm ; to repair by making the seat new. 

Sebaceous, se-ba-'shus, a. Made of, pert, to, contain- 
ing, or secreting tallow or fat. {Bot.) Looking like 
wax, tallow, or grease. 

Secant. Se^ under Section. 

Secede, se-sed', v. i. To withdraw from fellowship, 
communion, or association; esp., in the U. S., to 
withdraw, as a State, from the National Union. — Se- 
ces'sion, -sesh'un, n. Act of seceding ; separation 
from association. {U. S. Hist.) The attempt to 
withdraw from the Union. — Seces'sionist, n. One 
who takes part in or upholds secession. 

Secern, se-sern'', v. t. [-cerned (-serndQ, -ceening.] 
To separate, distinguish. {Physiol.) To secrete. — 
Secern'ment, n. Process or act of secreting. 

Seckel, sek''l, n. A small, pulpy variet3' of pear. 

Seclude, se-klud', v. t. To shut up apart from others; 
to withdraw into solitude; to shut out, prevent from 
entering, exclude. — Seclu'sion, -zhun, n. Act of, 
or state of being, etc.; separation from society or 
connection ; solitude ; retirement ; privacy. 

Second, sek'und, a. Immediately following the 1st; 
next to the 1st in order of place or time; next in 
value, power, excellence, dignity, or rank. — n. One 
who follows or comes after; one next and inferior 
in place, time, rank, etc.; one who attends another 
for his support and aid; one who acts as another's 
aid in a duel; the l-60th of a minute of time or of a 
degree, that is, the second regular division next to 
the hour or degrees. {Mus.) The interval between 
any tone and the tone represented on the degree of 
the staff next above it; the 2d part in a concerted 
piece, — often popularly applied to the alto. pi. A 
coarse kind of flour, —v. t. To follow or attend for 
the purpose of assisting: to support, back, assist, 
forward, encourage ; to support (a motion or pro- 
posal) by adding one's voice to that of the mover or 
proposer. — Sec'ondary, -und-a-rt, a. Succeeding 
next in order to the 1st ; of 2d place, origin, rank, 
etc. ; acting by deputation or delegated authority ; 
second-rate ; subordinate ; inferior. — n. One who 
occupies a subordinate, inferior, or auxiliary place. 
(Astron.) A satellite. {Ornith.) A quill growing 
on the 2d bone of a bird's wing. — Secondary color. 
One formed by equal mixture of the pigments of any 
2 primary colors. — S. tint. Any subdued tint, — as 
gray. — Sec'ondarily, adv. In a secondary manner 
or degree; not primarily. — Sec'onder, ?i. 'One who 
seconds or supports what another attempts, affirms, 
moves, or proposes. — Sec'ondly, -II, adv. In the 
2d place. — Sec'ond-hand, 7i. The hand marking the 
seconds in a clock or watch; possession obtained by 
transfer from a previous owner. — a. Not original 
or primary ; not new; previously possessed or used 
by another. — Sec'ond-rate, a. Of the second size, 

rank, quality, or value. sight, n. The power of 

seeing things future or distant ; prophetic vision. — 
Sec'undineT-din, ?!. {Bot.) The 2d coat of an ovule. 
pi. {Obstet.) The membranes in which the fetus is 
wrapped in the womb ; the after-birth. 

Secret, se'^kret, a. Separate ; hid ; concealed from 

feneral notice or knowledge ; kept from general 
nowledge or solution ; known only to one or to 
few; retired; unseen; unknown; private; recondite; 
latent; covert; clandestine; privv.— «. Something 
studiously concealed ; a thing kept from general 
knowledge, or not discovered; a mystery, pi. The 



&m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, tSrm ; In, ice ; Sdd, tone, dr ; 



SECT 



371 



SEDGE 




Secretary-bird. 



genital organs. — Se'crecy, -kre-sT, n. State of being 
secret; retirement; privacy; concealment; fidelity 
to a secret. — Secrete', -kret', v. t. To deposit in a 
plaee of hiding, remove from observation. {Physiol.) 
To separate by the processes of the vital economy, 
from the circulating fluids, as the blood, sap, etc. 

— Secre'tion, n. Act of secreting; esp., production 
from the general nourishing substance, of particular 
substances in the vital economy; matter secreted. — 
Secreti''tiou8,-tish''us,_a. Produced by animal secre- 
tion. — Secret'ive, -kret'iv, a. Tending to secrete, 
or to keep secret or private. — Secrefiveness, n. 
Quality of being secretive. (Pkren.) The supposed 
organ in the brain, impelling one to concealment : 
see Phrexology. — Secretory, se'kre-to- or se-kref- 
o-rT, a. Performing tlie office of secretion. — Sec're- 
tary, -re-ta-rT, n. A person employed by a public 
bod}', compan}% individual, etc., to write letters, dis- 
patches, public or private papers, records, etc., or to 
superintend business correspondence, etc.; an officer 
in charge of the affairs of a particular department 
of government ; a piece of furniture with conven- 
iences for writing ; an escritoire. — Sec'retaryship, 
n. The office of a sec- 
re tarj^— Sec 'ret ary- 
bird, n. A serpent-eating 
bird of S. Africa, with 
an aquiline head and 
beak, the legs of a crane, 
and a lengthened crest 
and tail, — so called 
from the tufts of feath- 
ers at the back of its 
head, resembling pens 
stuck behind the ear. 

Sect, sekt, n. A body of 
persons who have sep- 
arated from others in 
virtue of some special 
doctrine, or set of doc- 
trines, which they hold 
in common; a school or denomination; esp., a relig- 
ious denomination. — Sec'tary, -ta-rT, n. A secta- 
rian; a member or adherent of a sect; a schismatic. 

— Secta'rian, -rt-an, a. Pert, or peculiar to a sect or 
sects ; devoted to the tenets and interests of a sect. 

— 71. One of a sect ; a member or adherent of a 
special school, denomination, or religious or philo- 
sophical party ; heretic; partisan; schismatic. — Sec- 
ta'rianism, -izm, n. Quality or character of a sec- 
tarian; devotion to the interests of a party. 

Section, sek'shun, n. Act of cutting, or of separation 
by cutting ; a part separated from the rest ; a divis- 
ion ; portion ; a distinct part of a book or writing ; 
subdivision of a chapter, law, or other writing ; the 
character §, used to denote such a division; a distinct 
part of a country, people, community, class, etc. ; one 
of the portions, of one square mile each, into which 
the public lands of the U. S. are divided. (Geom.) 
The intersection of 2 superficies, or of a superficies 
and a solid. Representation of anything as it would 
appear if cut through by any intersecting plane; pro- 
file. — Sec'tional, a. Pert, to a section; partial. — 
Sec'tionalism, -izm, n. Sectional feeling; devotion 
to one part of a country, to the exclusion of the oth- 
ers ; provincialism. — Sec'tile, -til, a. Capable of 
being cut. (Min.) Capable , 
of being cut smoothly. — ^ ^ 

Se'cant, a. Cutting ; di- 
viding into 2 parts. — n. 
(Geom.) A line that cuts 
another. (Trigonometry.) 
a, A right 

line 
drawn 
from 

the cen- Secant, 

ter of a circle through one end of 
an arc, and terminated by a tan- 
gent drawn through the other 
end : thus the line c d is the se- 
cant of the arc ah: see Co-se- 
CAXT. — Sec'tor, -ter, n. (Geom.) 
A part of a circle comprehended 
between 2 radii and the included 





ach, Sector. 



arc. A mathematical instrument, for plotting, etc., 
to any scale; an astronomical instrument, for meas- 
uring differences of declination too great for the 
compass of a micrometer. — Seg'ment, n. One of 
the parts into which any body 
naturally separates or is divided; 
a part cut or marked off; a sec-'^'^ 
tion; portion. (Geom.) A part 
cut off from a figure by a line j 
or plane; esp., that jiart of a cir- 
cle contained between a chord' 
and an arc of that circle. 
Secular, sek'u-lar, a. Coming or 
observed once in an age or cen- 
tury ; pert, to an age, or the 
progress of ages, or to a long pe- 
riod of time; pert, to this present 
world, or to things not spiritual^ 
or holy; worldl}^ 




Segment. 

a b, chord ; a c b, 
segment. 
(Rom. Cath. Church.) Not bound 



by monastic vows or rules. — n. An ecclesiastic not 
bound by monastic rules. (Eccl.) A church officer 
whose functions are confined to the vocal depart- 
ment of the choir. — See^ularize, r. t. [-ized (-izd), 
-iziXG.] To convert from regular or monastic into 
secular; to convert from spiritual to secular or com- 
mon use; to make worldly or unspiritual. — Sec'- 
ularist, n. One who rejects forms of religious faith 
and worship, and accepts only facts and infliuences 
derived from the present life; one who would ex- 
clude religious influences from civil policy, esp. 
from education. — Sec'ularism, -izm, n. Tenets ot 
practice of, etc. 

Secundine. See under Second. 

Secure, se-kur', a. Free from care or anxiety ; easy 
in mind ; over-confident ; confident in opinion ; not 
entertaining, or not having reason to entertain, 
doubt ; not exposed to danger ; safe ; easy ; sure ; 
certain; assured ; confident ; heedless; inattentive. 

— V. t. [SECURED (-kurd'), -cueing.] To make 
safe, guard, protect; to make certain, assure, insure; 
to make fast; to close, inclose, or confine effectual- 
ly; to get possession of, make one's self secure of. 

— Secu'rity, -I-tT, n. Condition of being secure ; 
freedom from apprehension, anxiety, or care; over- 
carelessness; negligence; 
freedom from risk ; safe- 
ty; that which secures or 
makes safe ; something 
given or deposited to make 
certain the fulfillment of 
an obligation, paj'ment of 
a debt, etc. ; one who be- 
comes surety for another; 
an evidence of debt or of 
property, as a bond, cer- ; 
tificate of stock, etc. 

Sedan, se-dan', n. A port- 
able chair 07 covered 
vehicle for carrying a 
single person. 

Sedate, se-dat', a. Unruffled by passion ; composed ; 
calm; quiet; tranquil; serene; undisturbed; sober; 
serious.— Sedate'ness, w.— Sed'ative, -a-tiv, a. Tend 
ing to calm, moderate, or tranquilize; allaying irri. 
tability and irritation. — n. (Med.) 
A remedy which allays irritability 
and irritation, and irritative activity 
or pain. — Sed'entary, -en-ta-rY, a. 
Accustomed to sit much or long; re- 
quiring much sitting; passed for the 
most part in sitting. — Sed'iment, 
-T-ment, n. The matter which sub- 
sides to the bottom, from water or 
any other liquid ; settlings ; lees ; - 
dregs; feculence. — Sedimenfary, -a- 
rT, a. Pert, to, formed by, or consist- 
ing of, matter that has sub§ided. — 
Sedil'inm, -T-um, n. pi. -i\, -Y-a. 
(Rom. Antiq.) One of a row of seats 
in the amphitheater. (Eccl.) A seat 
in the chancel, near the altar, for a 
priest or deacon during the eucha- 
ristic service. 

Sedge, sej, n. A grass-like plant, of 
many species, — it is innutritious, Sedilium. 




Sedan. 




sQn, cube, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil; ligger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



SEDIMENT 



372 



SELF 



with jointless stem and sharp-edged leaves, growing 
generally in wet grounds. — Sedg'y, -T, a. Over- 
grown with sedge. 

Sediment, Sedilium, etc. See under Sedate. 

Sedition, se-dish''un, n. The raising of commotion in 
a state, not amounting to insurrection; excitement 
of resistance to lawful authority: tumult; uproar; 
riot ; rebellion ; revolt. — Sedi''tious, -dish'us, a. 
Pert, to, of the nature of, or tending to excite, sedi- 
tion; turbulent; factious, or guilty of sedition. 

Sedlitz Powders, sed'lits-pow'derz. Certain aperient 
powders which are dissolved separately in water, 
and, when mixed, form an effervescing drink; Ro- 
chelle powders. 

Seduce, se-dus', 7\ t. [-duced (-dusf), -ducing.] To 
draw aside from the path of rectitude and duty; to 
induce to surrender chastity; to allure, entice, mis- 
lead, deco}', inveigle. — Seduce'ment, n. Act of se- 
ducing ; seduction; means emploj'ed to seduce. — 
Sedu'cer, n. One who seduces ; one who prevails 
b}' art and persuasions over the chastitj' of a woman. 

— Sedu'cible, «. Capable of being seduced or led 
astray.— SeduCtion, -duk'shun, n. Act of seducing, 
or of enticing from the path of •duty; act or crime 
of persuading a female to surrender her chastity ; 
that which seduces: means of leading astray. — Se- 
duc'tive, -tiv, a. Tending to lead astray. 

Sedulous, sed'u-lus, a. Diligent in application or pur- 
suit; steadily industrious: assiduous; laborious; un- 
remitted. — Sedu'lity, -iT-tt, 71. Quality of being 
sedulous; unremitting industry. _ 

See, se, n. A diocese; the jurisdiction of a bishop; the 
seat of an archbishop; a province or jurisdiction of 
an archbishop; seat, place, or office of the pope or 
Roman pontiff; the pope or court of Rome. 

See, se, v. t. [imp. saw; p. p. seen (sen) ; seeing.] 
To perceive by the ej^e; to perceive by mental vision, 
form an idea or conception of; to regard or look to, 
take care of, beware; to have an interview with; esp., 
to make a call upon, visit; to fall in with, meet or 
associate with; to make acquaintance with, experi- 
ence, discern, perceive, descry. — v. i. To have the 
power of sight ; to have intellectual apprehension; 
to be attentive, give heed.— Seer, ser, n. One who 
foresees events; a prophet. — Seeding, p. pr. but con- 
sidered a conj. In view of the fact that; consider- 
ing; taking into account that; inasmuch as; since. 

Seed, sed, ra. (Bot.) The embryo, with its envelope or 
envelopes, or the matured ovule, whose growth gives 
origin to a new plant. (P/u/sioI.) The generative 
fluid of the male ; semen. 
That from which anythini? J 
springs; first principle ; princi- 
ple of production; progeny; off- j. 
spring ; children; descendants; 
race ; generation ; birth. — v. i. , 
To grow to maturity, so as to <^-" 
produce seed; to shed the seed. 

— V. t. To sprinkle with seed, 
or as if with seed ; to sow. — 
Seed'ling, n. A plant reared 
from the seed, disting. fr. one 
propagated bj' layers, buds, etc. 

— Seeds'man, n.; pi. -hen. A 
person who deals in seeds; also, 
a sower. — Seed'y, -T, o. [-ier; 
-lEST.] Abounding with seeds; 
bearing seeds ; ruii'to seed ; old 
and worn out': poor and misera- 
ble looking; shabbily clothed. — 
Seed'-bud, ?i. (Dot.) The germ, 
germen,or rudiment of the fruit .4, section of anatro- 

pous seed ; iJ, section 
ot orthotropous seed ; 
r, raphe ; h, the fu- 
ture hilum ; /, funicu- 
lus, connecting seed 
with placenta; m, mi- 
cropyle or foramen of 
the ovule ; p, pri- 
mine ; 8, secundine ; 
n, nucleus ; es, en- 
dosperm ; ch, chala- 




-—j'tL C 



\; 

Seed. {Bot.) 



in embryo ; the ovule. cake 

n. A sweet cake containing aro- 
matic seeds. time, //. " The 

season proper for sowing. — 
-ves'sel, n. (Bot.) The case 
which contains the seeds; a pod. 

Seeing._ See under See. 

Seek, sek, v. t. [sought (sawt), 
seeking.] To go in search or 
quest of , try to find; to endeav- 
or to find or gain by any means. ^^- 
— r. i. To make search or inquiry; to endeavor, 
attempt, strive. 



Seel, sel, v. t. [seeled (seld), seeling.] To render 
incapable of seeing by sewing the eyelids together; 
to shut the eyes of, render blind. 

Seem, sem, v. z. [seemed (semd), seeming.] To have 
a show or semblance; to present an appearance, ap- 
pear, look. — Seem'tng, p. a. Appearing like ; hav- 
ing the semblance of; specious. — n. Appearance; 
show ; semblance ; fair appearance. — Seem^ingly, 
adv. In appearance; apparently; ostensibly. — Seem'- 
ingness, n- — Ssem'ly, -If, a. [-lier; -liest.] Suited 
to the object, occasion, purpose, or character ; be- 
coming; fit; proper; meet; decent; decorous. 

Seen, Seer. See See. 

Seesaw. See under Saw. 

Seethe, setih, V. t. [imp. seethed (sethd), obs. sod; 
p. p. seethed, sodden; seething.] To decoct or 
prepare for food in hot liquid : to boil. — v. i. To 
be in a state of ebullition; to boil. 

Segment. See under Section. 

Segregate, seg're-gat, v. t. To separate from others, 
set apart. —o. Separate; select. — Segrega'tion, w. 
Act of, or state of being, etc.; separation Irom oth- 
ers; a parting. 

Seidlitz, sid'lits. See Sedlitz. 

Seignior, sen'yer, n. A lord; lord of a manor, — the 
Eng. equivalent of the Sp. 5e?Io)-and It. Sigitor, titles 
of address corresponding to Sir or ]Hr. — Senior, 
san'yor, n. Lord; sir; gentleman, — Spanish title 
of address. — Senor'^a, -yor'a, n. Lady ; madam ; 
mistress. — Sign'ior, Sign'or, sen'yer, «. Sir; Mr., 

— Italian title. — Signo'ra, -yo-ra, n. Madam; Mrs. 

— Signori^na, -yo-re'na, n. Miss. 
Seine, s;en, n. A large net for catching fish. 

Seize, sez, v. t. [seized (sezd), seizing.] To fall o" 
rush upon suddenly and lay hold on ; to take posses- 
sion of by force : to come upon suddenly ; to take pos- 
session of by virtue of a warrant or legal authority; 
to catch, grasp, clutch, snatch, apprehend, arrest, 
capture, {jyaut.) To Jsind or fasten together (ropes). 

— Seiz'in, Seis'ln, sez'in, m. (Lavj.) Possession 
of an estate of freehold. The thing possessed; pos- 
session. — Seiz'or, -6r, w. (Law.) One who seizes, 
or takes possession. — Seiz'ure, se'zhur, w. Act of 
seizing, or state of being seized; sudden and violent 
grasp or gripe ; retention within one's grasp or 
power; possession; thing laid hold of or possessed. 

Selah, sC'la, n. {Script.) A word of doubtful mean- 
ing, occurring frequently in the Psalms, — by some 
supposed to signify silence or a pause in the mu- 
sical performance of the song ; by others, to cali 
special attention to the subject. 

Seldom, seKdum, ac?r. Rarely; not frequently. 

Select, se-lekf, v. t. To choose and take from a num- 
ber, choose by preference, .jick out, cull.— «. Taken 
from a number by preJerence; of special value or 
excellence; chosen; picked: choice. — Selec'tion, n. 
Act of selecting, or state of being selected; choice, 
by preference, from many others; that selected ; 
something chosen or culled, also the selection of 
things culled. — Selectman, w. ; pi. -men. A town 
officer in the N. Eng. States: several are chosen an- 
nually, in each town, to manage the concerns of 
the to'wn, see that the laws are enforced, etc. 

Selenite, seKe-nit, n. A variety of sulphate of lime 
or gypsum, occurring in transparent crystals, or 
crystalline masses. 

Self, self, n. ; pi. Selves, selvz. The individual as an 
object to his own reflective consciousness ; one's 
own person; a person as a distinct individual; per- 
sonal interest, or love of private interest. [Self is 
united to certain personal pronouns and pronom- 
inal adjectives to express emphasis or distinction : 
thus, for emphasis, I m?/se?/ will write : I will ex- 
amine for myself. It is also used reflexively.]— Self- 
ish, a. Caring "chiefly or solelj' for self or for one's 
own interests; not regarding the rights or interests 
of others : proceeding from or influenced by love 
of self. — Selfishly, a.<h\ In a selfish manner; with 
regard to privarr interest only or chiefly. — Self- 
ishness, ?i. — Self'-abase'ment, «. Ilnnnliation or 
abasement pniceeding from consciousness of infe- 
riority, guilt, or shame. — abuse', n. Abuse of 
one's own person or powers; masturbation; onan- 
ism. — conceit', n. Conceit of on /s self; a high 
opinion of one's powers or endowments ; vanity. 



I 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; In, ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; 



SELLANDERS 



373 



SENSE 



conceit 'ed, a. Having, etc. ; vain; puffed up ; 

conceited. — con'fidence, n. Confidence in one's 
own opinion or powers, without extraneous aid; 

self-reliance. con''scious, a. Conscious of one's 

acts or states as belonging to, or originating in, 
one's self; conscious of one's self as an obiect of 
the observation of others ; estimating too highly 

one's capacities, claims, or importance. control', 

n. Control of one's self ; restraint exercised over 
one's self. — defense'', -defence', n. Act of defend- 
ing one's own per>fin. property, or reputation. — 
-deni''al, n. The denial of one's self: the forbear- 
ing to gratifv one's own ap{iftitfs or desires. es- 
teem', n. £stceni or ^dod opinion of one's self; 
complacency. — ev'ident. «. Evident without proof 
or reasoning: producing certuinty or clear convic- 
tion upon a bare presentation to the mind. — exist'- 
ent, a. Existing of or by himself, independent of 
any other being. — gov'ernment, n. The govern- 
ment of one's self ; self-control; government by the 
mass of the nation, or the people; democracy. — 
-in'terest, n. Private interest ; The interest or ad- 
vantage of one's self. — love, n. The love of one's 
self ; tendency to seek one's own benefit or advan- 
tage. — made, a. JNIade by one's self. — Self-made 
man. A man who has risen from poverty, igno- 
rance, or obscurity, to wealth, learning, fame, or 
power, by means of his own talents or energies. — 
-posses'sion, -sesh'un or -zesh'un, n. The posses- 
sion of one's powers; calmness; solf -command ; 
presence of mind. — reproach', a. The act of re- 
proaching or condemning one's self. — same, a. 
Precisely the same ; the very same ; identical. — 
-suffi-'cient, a. Having full confidence in one's own 
. strength, abilities, or endowments; haughty; over- 
bearing. — will, n. One's own will; obstinacy. — 
-willed', -wild, a. Governed by one's own will; not 
yielding to the will or wishes of others. — Sel'vage, 
-vedge, -vej, n. The edge of cloth so woven as to 
prevent raveUng; list. 

Sell, Seller. See under Sale. 

Sellanders, sel'lan-derz, -lenders, w. ?)Z. (Far.) A skin 
disease on the front of a horse's hock, owing to a 
want of cleanliness. [F. solandres, solandre.'] 

Selvage, -vedge. See under Self. 

Semaphore, sem'a-for, n. An apparatus for exhibit- 
ing signals to convey in- 
formation from a dis- 
tance; a telegraph. 

Semblance, sem'blans, n. 
Seeming; appearance ; 
show ; form ; likeness ; 
resemblance; similitude. 

Semen, se'men, ??. Seed, 
esp. the fecundating fluid 
produced by the male gen- 
erative organs of animals; 
sperm. — Sem'inal, sem'- 
Y-nal, a. Pert, to, or con- 
tained in, seed ; holding 
the relatio ns of seed, 
source, or first principle: 
germinal ; radical ; rudi- 
mental; original. — Sem'- 
inary, -T-na-rt, n. An in- 
stitution of education; a 
school, academy, college, 
or university, in which young persons are instructed. 

Semi-annual^ sem-t-an'nu-al, a. Half yearly. — Sem'- 
ibreve, -brev, n. (JIus.) A note, of 
half the time of the breve, — called 
also a whole note: it is the longest 
note now in general use. — Sem'i- 
cho'ruB, n.. (Miis.) A short chorus 
performed bv a few singers. — Sem'- 
icir'cle, n. The half of a circle ; a 
body in the form of half of a circle. 
— Semicir'cnlar, a. Having the 
form of halt of a circle. — Sem'ico'- 
lon, 71. A point or sentential mark [;] used to indi- 
cate a separation between parts or members of a sen- 
tence, more distinct than that marked by a comma, 
and a pause in reading usually of longer duration.— 
Semi-offi'cial, a. Not professedly official, but hav- 
ing some degree of official authority. — Sem'i-steel, 



Semaphore. 



Semicircle. 





n. Puddled steel. — Sem'itone, n. (3Ius.) Half a 
tone, — the name commonly applied to the smaller 
intervals of the diatonic scale. — Sem'i-vow'el, ?(. 
(Gratn.) A sound intermediate between a vowel and 
a consonant, or partaking of the nature of both, and 
sometimes used in language with the value of a vow- 
el; the sign representing such a sound. 

Semitic, se-mit'ik, a. Pert, to the familv of nations 
or languages of which the Hebrews, Syrians, As- 
syrians, Phccnicians, Abyssinians, and Arabs are 
members, — so called because in the Bible genealo- 
gies they are chiefly ranked as descendants of 
Shem, the son of Noah. 

Sempiternal, sem-pt-ter'nal, a. Of never-ending 
duration ; everlasting ; endless ; having beginning, 
but no end. 

Sempstress. See Seamstress. 

Senary, sen'a-rl, a. Of, belonging to, or containing 
six. — Senqc'ular, -nok'u-lar, a. Having 6 eyes. 

Senate, sen'at, m. An assembly or council of citizens 
distinguished by birth, dignities, wealth, influence, 
etc., and invested with a share in the government. 
(Anc. Borne.) A body of elders chosen from the 
nobles of the nation, and having supreme legisla- 
tive authority. The upper or less numerous branch 
of a legislature in various countries, as in France 
and the U. S.; a legislative body; state council. — 
Sen'ator, n. A member of a senate. — Senato'rial. 
-to'rl-al, a. Pert, to or becoming a senator or a sen- 
ate; entitled to elect a senator. — Senato'rially, adv. 
In the manner of a senate; with dignity or solem- 
nity. — Sen'atorship, n. Office or dignity of a sen- 
ator. — Senes'cent, -nes'sent, a. Growing old; de- 
caying with the lapse of time. — Sen'eschal, -e-shal: 
formerly -es-kal, n. A steward ; an officer in the 
"houses of princes and dignitaries, who has the su- 
perintendence of feasts and domestic ceremonies. — 
Se'nile, -nil, a. Pert, to, or proceeding from, age. — 
Senil'ity, -nTl'I-tl, n. State of being senile; old age. 

Send, V. t. [SENT, sending.] To cause to go in anj' 
manner; to dispatch: to procure the goingf carry- 
ing, transmission, etc., of ; to emit, cast, throw, 
hurl ; to commission or direct to go and act ; to 
cause to happen, inflict; to grant, bestow. — v. i. 
To dispatch an agent or messenger. 

Senescent, Seneschal, Senile, etc. See under Senate. 

Senior, sen'ySr, a. More advanced in age or rank; 
elder; belonging to the 4th or most advanced year 
of the collegiate course in Amer. colleges, or the 3d 
year in professional schools. — n. One who is older 
than another; one older in office; one prior in grade 
or rank; an aged person, one in the 4th year at an 
Amer. college or in the .Sd year at a professional 
school. — Senior'ity, -3'5r'I-tT, ti. Quality or condi- 
tion of being senior;"priority of birth; priority or 
superioritj' in office or rank. 

Senna, sen'na,?;. A leguminous plant of the cassia 
family; its dried leaves, used as a cathartic. 

Sennight, sen'nit, ?/. The space of 7 nights and days; 
a week. 

Senocular. See under Senary. 

Sense, sens, n. Perception by the bodily organs; sen- 
sation; feeling; perception through the intellect; ap- 
prehension; discernment; appreciation; capacity of 
gaining a knowledge of the exterior world by means 
of the bodily organs, — often used in pi., and esp. of 
the 5 senses of feeling, sight, hearing, smell, and 
taste; sound perception and reasoning; judgment: 
notion; opinion; meaning; import; signification. — 
Sense'less, a. Destitute of sense; incapable of feel- 
ing ; insensible ; wanting appreciation or sympa- 
thy ; without sensibility ; destitute of understand- 
ing ; foolish ; stupid ; contrary to reason or sound 
judgment; unwise; ill-judged; foolish. — Sensa'- 
tion, n. An impression made upon the scnsorium 
tlirough the medium of the, organs of sense; agree- 
able or disagreeable feelings occasioned bj^ exter- 
nal or internal objects, conditions, etc., whether 
corporeal or incorporeal : a state of excited inter- 
est or feeling. — Sensa'tional, a. Pert, to the sen- 
sations; attended by, or fitted to excite, great inter- 
est ; exciting ; startling ; melodramatic ; done sim- 
ply for effect; trashv, — said of oratory and litera- 
ture which interests by temporary excitement of the 
feelings. — Sensa'tionalism, -izm, n. Doctrine that 



sttn, cube, lull ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



SENTINEL 



374 



SEPTUM 



our ideas originate solely in sensation, and consist 
of sensations transformed. — Sen''sible, -sl-bl, «. Ca- 
pable of being perceived by the senses; perceptible 
to the mind; able to receive impressions from exter- 
nal objects; easily affected; having nice peiceptiou 
or acute feeling; readily moved or affected by nat- 
ural agents; perceiving or having perception, either 
by the senses or the mind ; cognizant ; satisfied ; 
persuaded; having moral perception; possessing or 
containing sense or reason; characterized by good 
sense; intelligent; wise.— Sensibil'ity, -T-tl, «. Qual- 
ity or condition of being sensible; capacity to leel 
or perceive; capacity of the soul to e.xeicise, or to 
be the subject of, emotion or feeling, as dieting- 
I'r. the intellect and the will; capacity for any spe- 
cific feeling or emotion ; acuteness of sensation or 
of perception ; quick emotion or sympathy ; that 
quality of an instrument which makes it indicate 
very slight changes of condition ; delicacy : taste ; 
susceptiDility ; feeling.— Sen'sibleness, w. Condition 
or quality of being sensible; sensibility; susceptibil- 
ity; intelligence; reasonableness. — Sen^'sibly, adv. 
In a sensible manner; perceptibly to the senses; with 
intelligence or good sense. — Sen'sitive, -sT-tiv. a. 
Having sense or feeling ; having quick and acute 
sensibility ; highly susceptible ; easily and acutely 
affected; having a capacity of being easily affected 
or moved ; pert, to, or depending on, sensation.— 
Sensc'rium, -rT-um, Sen'^sory, -so-rY, n. The whole 
nervous system, when animated, so far as it is sus- 
ceptible of common or special sensations; an organ 
of sense. — Sen'sory, a. Of, or connected with, the 
sensorium, or with sensation. — Senso^rial, a. Pert, 
to the sensorium. — Sen'sual, -shoo-al, u. Pert, to, 
consisting in, or affecting, the senses, or bodily or- 
gans of perception; carnal; fleshly; pert, to, or con- 
sisting in, the gratincation of sense, or the indul- 
gence of appetite; devoted to me pleasures of sense 
and appetite ; luxurious; voluptuous ; pert, or pe- 
culiar to sensualism, as a philosophical doctrine. — 
Sen''Bualism, -izm, n. Condition or character of one 
who is sensual; sensuality. (PMIqs.) Doctrine that 
all our ideas, or the operations of the understanding, 
not only originate in sensation, but are transformed 
sensations, copies, or relics of sensations; sensational- 
ism. — Sen'sualist, w. One given to the indulgence 
of the appetites or senses. — SensuaKity, -al'T-tl, n. 
Quality of being sensual; free indulgence in carnal 
or sensual pleasures. — Sen'sualize, v. t ;-ized 
(-izd), -lzi>fG.] To make sensual; to debase by car- 
iial_gratifications. — Sen'^sually, adv. — Sen'^suous, 
-shoo-us, a. Pert, to, or addressing, the senses; con- 
nected with sensible objects. — Sen''tence, -tens, n. 
An opinion) decision; esp., a philosophical or theo- 
logical opinion. {Law.) A judicial decision or judg- 
-nent prescribing the punishment to be inflicted 
upon a convicted criminal. (Gram.) A combina- 
tion of words, which is complete as expressing a 

tllOUght. — V. t. [SENTENCED (-tCnst), -TENCING.] 

To pass or pronounce judgment upon; to doom. — 
Senten'tial, -shal, a. Comprising sentences ; pert, 
to a sentence, or full period. — Senten'tious, -shus, 
a. Abounding with sentences, axioms, and maxims; 
short and energetic. — Sen'tient, -shent o/- -sliT-ent, 
a. Having a faculty of sensation and perception. — 
Sen'timent, -tT-ment, n. A thought prompted by 
passion or feeling; feeling toward or respecting some 
person or thing; the decision of the mind formed by 
deliberation or reasoning ; a sentence, or passage, 
considered as the expression of a thought; a maxim; 
toast; sensibility; feeling; tender susceptibility. — 
Sentiment'' al, a. Abounding with sentiment or re- 
flections; having an excess of sentiment or sensibili- 
ty; artif=ci)lly or affectedly tender; romantic— Sen- 
timent^alism, n. Character or behavior of a senti- 
mentalist; sentimentality. — Sentimenfalist, w. One 
who affects sentiment, fine feeling, or exquisite sen- 
sibility. — Sen'timental'lty, -T-tt, n. Affectation of 
fine feeling or exquisite sensibility. - - 

Sentinel, sen'tt-nel, n. (Mil.) A soldier set to Watch 
or guard an army, camp, etc., from surprise. — Sen'- 
try, -trT, n. A soldier on guard ; sentinel ; guard ; 
watch; duty of a sentinel. — Sen'try-box, w. A box 
to cover a sentinel at his post, and shelter him from 
the weather. 




5 S S, Sepals. 



Sepal, se'pal, n. (.Bo^) A leaf 
or division of the calyx. 

Separate. sep''a-rat, v. t. To 
pait in any manner; to sev- 
e r , as by an intervening 
space; to hold apart; to set ■ 
apart, select from among 
others. — v. i. To part, be- 
come disunited, be discon- 
nected, withdraw irom 
each other. — a. Divided 
from another or others; 
disconnected ; separated ; 
unconnected ; not united ; 
distinct ; disunited from the bodj' ; incorporeal. — 
Sep'' arable, a. Capable of being separated, dis- 
joined, disunited, or rent. — Sep''arableness, -rabiK- 
ity, n. — Separa''tion, n. Act of, or state of being, 
etc.; disunion; disconnection; chemical analysis; 
disunion of married persons ; divorce. — Sep'^ara- 
tism, -tizm, n. Disposition to withdraw trom a 
church; the practice of so withdrawing. — Sep'ara- 
tist, w. One who withdraws or separates himself; 
esp., one who withdraws from a church- to which he 
has belonged ; a dissenter ; non-conformist ; schis- 
matic; sectary. — Sep''ara'tor, ». One who, or that 
which, separates 01 disjoins: ;■ (li\'iiler. 

Sepia, se''pT-a, n. ; pL -pi.e. (ZdhI.) The cuttle-fish. A 
pigment, formerly supposed to be prepared from the 
ink of the cuttle-fish; India ink. 

Sepoy, se''poi, n. A native of India, employed as a 
soldier in the service of a European power. 

Sept, sept, n. A clan, race, or family, proceeding from 
a common progenitor, — used of families in Ireland. 

Septangle, sepfan'gl, n. ( Geom.) A figure with 7 sides 
and 7 angles; a heptagon. — Septan''gular, a. Hav- 
ing 7 angles. — Septem''ber, );. The month following 
August; the 9th month of the year, reckoning from 
January. — Sep''tenary, -ten-a-rl, a. Consisting of, 
or relating to, 7; lasting 7 years. — Septen''nial, -nf- 
al, a. Continuing 7 years; happening once in every 
7 years. — Septen''trion, -trl-un, n. The north or 
northern regions. — Septilateral, a. Having 7 sides. 

— Sep''tuple, -tu-pl, a. Sevenfold; 7 times as much. 

— V. t. [SEPTUPLED (-pld), -FLING.] To multiply by 
7. — Septill'ion, -yun, n. According to Eng. nota- 
tion, tne product of a million involved to the 7th 
power, or the number expressed by a unit with 42 
ciphers annexed; by the common or French nota- 
tion, the iiumber expressed by a unit with 24 ciphers 
annexed. See Numeration. — Sep''tuagint, -tu-a- 
jint, n. A Greek version of the Old Testament,— so 
called because it was said to be the work of 70, or 
rather of 72, interpreters. — S^tuag'ena'rian, -aj'- 
e-na'^rt-an, n. One who is 70 years of age; aseptuag- 
enarJ^ — Septuag''enary, -aj'e-na-rT, a. Consisting 
of 70 ; also, 70 years old. — n. A person 70 years of 
age; a septuagenarian. — Septtiages''inia, -tu-a-jes''- 
T-ma, >/. (Eccl.) The Sd Sunday before Lent, — so 
calledbecause it is 70 days before Easter. — Sep'tua- 
ges''iinal, a. Consisting of 70, or of 70 years. 

Septin, sep''tin,- Sep'sin, n. A soluble poison devel- 
oped in putrefying blood and other decomposing 
animal matter. — Sep'' tic, -tical, a. Having power 
to promote putrefaction. — Sep'- 
tic, n. A substance which, etc. — 
Septicae''nua, -tl-se''ml-a, -tae''mia, 
-te''mT-a, n. (Pathol.) 
Blood poisoning pro- 
duced by the introduc- 
tion of septic matter 
into the circulation ; 
putrid infection. 
Septum, sep''tum, n. pi. 
-ta, -ta. A partition. 
(Bot.) A partition that 
separates the cells of a 
fruit. (Anat.) A partition which sepa- 
rates 2 cavities: see Heart. — Septici'- 
dal, -tT-si'dal, a. (Bot.) Dividing the 
partitions, — said of a method of dehis- 
cence in which a pod splits through the 
■ partitions, dividing each into 2 layers. — 
Septifra'gal, a. Breaking from tne par- 
titions, — said when the valves of a pod 





Septum. (Bot.) 

8, 8, 8, 8, Septa. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fSre ; Snd, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



SEPTUPLE 



375 



SERVE 




break away from the partitions. — Sep- 
tif er«ua, -er-us, a. Bearing septa. 

Septuple, etc. See under Septaxgle. 

Sepulcher, -chre, sep'ul-ker, n. A place 
in which the dead body of a human be- 
ing is interred; a grave; tomb. — r. t. To 
bury, inter, entomb.— Sepol'^chral, 
-kra'l, It. Pert, to burial, to the grave, 
or to monuments erected to the mem- 
ory of the dead; suggestive of a sepul- 
cher; hollow in tone. — Sep'ulture, -ul- 
chur, n. Act of depositing a dead hu- 
man body in a burial place; burial; in- Capsule open- 
terment. i?g ^7, ^^p- 

Sequel, se'kwel, n. That which follows; "tragal De- 
a succeeding part; consequence; event, "licence. 
— Se'quence, -kwens, n. State or quality of being 
sequent; succession; that which follows or succeeds; 
consequence. (Jlits.) A succession of similar har- 
monic steps. — Se^quent, a. Following: succeeding. 

Sequester, se-kwes'ter, v. t. [-teked (-terd), -terixg.] 
CLaw.) To separate from the owner for a time; to 
take possession of (prepertj' belonging to another) 
and hold it till the profits have paid the demand for 
which it is taken, or till he has performed the de- 
cree of court, or clears himself of contempt. To 
take from or set aside from (parties in controversy) 
and put into the possession of an indifferent person; 
to set apart, separate from other things; to seclude, 
withdraw. — v. i. {Law.) To renounce, as a widow, 
any concern with the estate of her husband. — Se- 
ques'trate, v. t. To sequester. — Seq'ueBtra'tion, 
sek'wes-tra'shun, w. (Civil & Common Law.) Act 
of separating or setting aside a thing in controversy 
from the possession of both the parties that contend 
for it, to be delivered to the one adjudged entitled 
toft. {Chancery.) A prerogative process empower- 
ing certain commissioners to take and hold a de- 
fendant's property, and receive the rents and profits 
thereof, till he clears himseli of a contempt or per- 
forms a decree of the court. {Eccl. Laiv.) A kind 
of execution for a rent, as in the case of a beneficed 
clerk, of the profits of a benefice, till he shall have 
satisfied some debt established by decree. {Lnterna- 
tional Law.) The seizure, by a belligerent power, of 
debts due f r. its subjects to the enemy. State of be- 
ing separated or set aside; retirement; seclusion from 
society. — Seq^uestra'tor, n. One who sequesters 
property; one to whom the keeping of sequestered 
property is committed. 

Sequin, se'kwin, n. A gold coin of Italy worth about 
$2.30, and of Turkey worth about $1.8o. 

Sequoia, se-kwoi'a, h. A California species of coni- 
fer, which produces some of the largest trees 
known; the red-wood; big tree. 

Seraglio, se-ral'yo, n. The palace of the grand seign- 
ior, or Turkish, sultan, in which are confined the 
females of the harem ; a harem ; a house of de- 
bauchery. 

Seraph, ser'af, n.: E. pi. -apiis; Heb. pi. -aphim, -a- 
fim. {Script.) A celestial being having a winged 
human form. {Eng. Poetry.) An angel of the high- 
est order. — Seraph''ic, -ical, se-raf '■ik-al,«a. Pert, to, 
becoming, or suitable to, a seraph ; angelic ; sub- 
lime; burning or inflamed with love or zeal. — Ser'- 
aphine, -af-en, n. A wind instrument resembling 
the reed organ. 

Seraskier, se-ras''ker, n. A general or commander of 
land_forces in the Turkish empire. 

Sere, ser, a. Dry; withered; sear. 

Serene, se-ren', a. Clear and calm; fair; bright; un- 
ruffled; undisturbed. — Serene'^ness, -ren'ity, -rgn''- 
T-tT,w. Condition or quality of being serene; peace; 
calmness of mind. — Serenade, ser^e-nad', n. Music 
performed in the open air at night in compliment 
to some person, esp. to a ladj'. — v. t. To entertain 
with nocturnal music. — v. i. To perform nocturnal 
music. 

Serf, serf, n. A servant or slave employed in hus- 
bandry; usually one bound to work on a eertnin 
estate, and thus attached to the soil. — Serfdom, 
-dum, n. State or condition of serfs. 

Serge, serj, n, A woolen twilud stuff, the warp of 
which is worsted and the wel t woolen. — Seri'ceous, 
-rish'us, a. Pert, to, or cn^i.-^tiiiLr oj, silk, i-ilky. 



Sergeant, -jeant, sar'jent or ser-'jent, n. Formerly, 
an officer in Eng., nearly answering to the more 
modern bailiff of the hundred. {Mil.) A non-com- 
missioned officer, next in rank above the corporal, 
in a company of infantry or troop of cavalry, whose 
dutv is to instruct recruits in discipline, to form the 
ranks, etc. In Eng., a lawyer of the highest rank. 

— Ser'geant-at-arms'', n. {Legislative Bodies.) An 
oflRcer who executes the commands of the body in 
preserving order and punishing offenses. — Ser'- 
geant-ma'jor, n. {Mil.) A non-commissioned officer 
who assists the adjutant. — Ser'^geancy, -jen-st, 
-geantship, h. Office of, etc. 

Sericeous. See under Seege. 

Series, se'rez or se'rT-ez, n. A number of things or 
events standing or succeeding in order, or connected 
by a like relation; a line or row of things. {Nat. 
Hist.) An order or subdivision of some class of nat- 
ural bodies. {Math.) An indefinite number of terms 
succeeding one another, increasing or diminishing 
by a fixed law. — Se'rial, -rl-al, a. Pert, to, or con- 
sisting of, a series; appearing in successive parts. — 
n. A work appearing in a series or succession of 
parts; a tale, or other writing, published* in succes- 
sive numbers of a periodical. — Se'ria'tim, adv. In 
regular order. [L.] 

Serious, se'rT-us, a. Grave in manner or disposition; 
earnest; not light, gay, or volatile; really intending 
what is said; being in earnest; important; not tri- 
fling; giving rise to apprehension ; attended with 
danger ; solemn ; weightv. — Se'riously, adv. In 
a serious manner; gravely; solemnly; in earnest; 
without levit}'. — Se'riousness, h. — Se'rio-com'ic, 
-ical, -rT-o-kom''ik-al, a. Having a mixture of se- 
riousness and comicality. 

Serjeant. Same as Sekgeant. 

Sermon, ser'mun, n. A public discourse for religious 
instruction, grounded on some passage of Scripture; 
a serious address^; a set exhortation or reproof. 

Seron, -roon, se-roon'', n. A bale or package made of 
skin or leather for holding drugs, etc. {Com.) A 
weight, varying with the substance to which it is 
applied. 

Serosity, Serous. See under Serum. 

Serpent, ser^'pent, n. {Zodl.) A snake; an ophidian 
reptile without feet, with an extremely elongated 
body, and moving by means of muscular contrac- 
tions and serpentine flexions. A subtle or malicious 
person ; a species of firework having a serpentine 
motion. {A'<tron.) A certain constellation. {Mris.) 
A bass wind instrument, — so called from its form. 

— Ser'^pentine, -tin, a. Resembling, having the 
shape or qualities of, or moving like, a serpent ; 
■winding or turning one way and the other; meander- 
ing; crooked; spiral. — n. {Min.) A mineral or rock 
usually of an obscure green color, with shades and 
spots, which give it a spotted or mottled 
appearance resembling a serpent's skin. 

Serrate, ser^rat, -rated, a. Notched on 
the edge, like a saw. — Ser'rature, -ra- 
chur, n. A notching like that between 
the" teeth of a saw, in the edge of any W 
thing. |\x 

Serum, se'rum, n. (.Physiol.) The thin, \V 
transparent portion of the blood; a 
lymph-like fluid secreted by the serous 
membranes. — Se'rous, -rus, a. Thin ; 
like whey, — said of that part of the blood 
which separates in coagulation from the 
red part; pert, to serum ; secreting a lu- 
bricating serum, — said of certain del- 
i c a t e membranes, as the peritoneum, 
pleura, etc.— Seros''ity,-ros'nr-tT, n. The 
thin, watery liquid forming the chief constituent of 
most animal fluids; serum; a fluid which exudes 
from the albumen of the serum of the blood when 
coagulated by heat. 

Serve, serv, v. t. [served (servd), serving.] To work 
tor, labor in behalf of, act as servant to, be in the 
emplo3'ment of; esp., to render spiritual obedience 
and worship to; to be subservient or subordinate to; 
to minister to; to attend at meals; to bring forward, 
arrange, deal, distribute (a portion of anything, 
esp. of food prepared for eating); to do the" duties 
leqiiired in or lor; to handle, manage; to contri'bc^ 




Serrate 
Leaf. 



sun, cube, lull ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



SESAME 



376 



SETTLE 



or conduce to; to be left suOcient for, satisfy; to 
treat, behave one's self to. — v. i. To be a servant or 
slave; to wait, attend; to discharge the requirements 
of an otRce or employuient: to ;ict as a soldier, sea- 
man, etc. ; to be of use, be sufficient, answer. — Serv'- 
ant, n. One who serves, or does services, volunta- 
rily or involuntarily: one in a state of subjection; a 
person of base condition or ignoble spirit. — Ser''- 
vice, -vis, n. Act of serving ; occupation of-a serv- 
ant; performance of labor tor the benefit of another, 
or at another's command ; labor performed for an- 
other ; assistance or kindness rendered ; office ; of- 
ficial religious duty performed ; a musical composi- 
tion for use in churches ; duty performed in, or ap- 
propriate to, any office or charge : militarj' or naval 
duty ; useful office ; advantage conferred ; benefit ; 
avail; profession of respect uttered or sent ; a set or 
number of vessels ordinarily used at table. (Naiit.) 
The materials used for serving a rope, as spun-yarn, 
etc. — Service-bush, -tree, n. A bush or tree of sev- 
eral species, bearing a fruit allied to the medlar ; 
shad-berry; rowan tree. — Ser'viceable, a. Doing 
service ; promoting happiness, interest, advantage, 
or any good; beneficial; advantageous; prepared for 
rendering service; active; diligent; officious.— Ser'- 
vile. -vil, a. Pert, to, or befitting, a servant or slave; 
slavish; mean; held in subjection; dependent; mean- 
ly submissive : cringing ; fawning. {Gram.) Not 
belonging to the original root ; not itself sounded, 
but serving to lengthen the preceding vowel. — Ser'- 
vileness, ServU'ity, -viKl-tl, »i. State or quality of 
being servile ; condition of a slave or bondman ; 
slavish deference; baseness; obsequiousness.— Ser''- 
ving-maid, w. A female servant; menial. — Ser^vi- 
tor, -vY-ter, n. A servant; attendant; follower; ad- 
herent. (Lfnirersiti/ of Oxford.) An undergraduate 
partlj' supported by the college funds: they formerly 
waited at table. — Ser'vltorsliip, m. Office or condi- 
tion of a servitor. — Ser''vitude, -tud, n. State of sub- 
jection to a master ; service ; slavery ; bondage. 
(Laiv.) A right, whereby one thing is s"ubject to an- 
other thing or person, for use or convenience, con- 
trary to tlie common right. 

Sesame, ses'a-me, n. An annual herbaceous plant, 
from whose seeds an oil is expressed. 

Sesqui.pedal, ses-kwip'e-dal, -edalian, -e-da-'lT-an, a. 
Measuring or containing a foot and a half,— humor- 
ously applied to long words ; pedantic. 

Session, sesh''un, n. Act of sitting, or state of being 
seated: actual sitting of a court, legislature, etc., to 
transact business; the term or time during which a 
court, council, etc., meet daily for business. — Ses'- 
sile, ses'sil, a. Attached 
without any sensible pro- 
jecting support. (Bot.) Is- 
suing directly from the 
main stem or branch, with- 
out a footstalk. 

Sess-pool. Same as Cess- 
pool. 

Sesterce, ses'ters, n. ( Rom. 
Antiq.) A Roman coin, in 
value orig. containing 2i, 
afterward 4 asses, — equal fo 
about 4 cents.— Sester'tium, 
-shT-ui"n, n. 1,000 sesterces, c„^^;i„ t „„„„„ 
about $40. Sessile Leaves. 

Set. set, )'. t. [SET, SETTING.] To cause to sit; to seat; 
to make to assume a specified position; to place, 
put, fix: to attach to, put or place on; to put in a 
condition or state, cause to be; to make fast, per- 
manent, or stable; to render motionless; to cause to 
stop, obstruct, embarrass; to determine, make un- 
yielding or obstinate, render stiff or rigid: to plant; 
to fix (a precious stone in metal); to place in or 
amid sometliing which embellishes and shows oif ; 
to convert into curd; to apjioint, assign: to i)ut into 
a desired position or condition; to adjust, regulate, 
adapt; to \n\t in due owler, as an instrument; to ex- 
tend (the siiil of a ship): to give a pitch to (a tune); 
to reduce from a dislocated or fractured state, as a 
limb: to stake at play, wager, risk; to adapt (words 
to notes); t'> prepare for singing; to variegate with 
objects placed here and there. — v. i. To pass be- 
low the horizon, go down; to strike root, begin to 





Setter. 



germinate; to become fixed or rigid; to congeal or 
concrete; to have a certain direction in motion; to 
move on, tend; to indicate the position of game, — 
said of a dog; to apply one's self. — ^. a. Fixed; 
firm ; obstinate ; regular ; uniform ; formal; estab- 
lished ; prescribed. — n. Act of setting ; descent 
below the horizon ; that which is set, placed, or 
fixed ; as, a young plant for growth ; or. (Mech.), 
permanent change of figure, in consequence of 
pressure ; a number of things of the same kind, 
ordinarily used together, an assortment ; suit^; a 
nurhber of persons associated by custom, office, 
connnon opinion, quality, etc.; direction or course. 
— Set^ter, ^-^ 



n . One 

who, or that 
which, sets; 
asp orting 
dog of the 
hound 
kind, that 
i n d i cates, 
by s i t ting 
o.r crouch- 
i n g , the 
place where 

fame lies 
id.— Sea- 
ting, n. Act 

of putting, placing, fixing, or establishing ; act of 
sinking, or seeming to sink, below the horizon < 
something set in or inserted ; that in which some- 
thing (a gem, etc.) is set; the direction of a current, 
sea, or wind. — Sef-off, ?t. That which is set off 
against another thing; an offset; a decoration; orna- 
ment. {Law.) A counterclaim; a distinct claim filed 
or set up by the defendant against the plaintiff's de- 
mand. {Arch.) The part of a wall, etc., which is ex- 
posed horizontally when the portion above it is 
reduced in thickness.. — Sef-to. ?(. A conflict in 
boxing, argument, etc. — Sef-line, v. A buoyed 
fishing line, supporting a number of liaited hooks, 
to be left by the fisherman. — Settee', -te'. n. .\ long 
seat with a back; a kind of arm-chair lor several per- 
sons to sit in at once. 

Seton, sc'tun or se'tn, w. (Surg.) A few horse hairs, 
or a twist of silk or fine linen, drawn through the 
skin and subjacent tissues by a large needle, etc., to 
cause irritation and suppuration or adhesion. — 
Setose', -tos', Se'tous, -tus, a. 
{Nat. Hist.) Having the surface 
set with bristles ; bristly. — Seta'- 
ceous, -ta'shus, a. Set v,-ith, or 
consisting of, bristles ; bristly. 
{Nat. Hist.) Having the slender 
form of a bristle. — Setig'erous, 
-tij'er-us, a. Covered with bris- 
tles. — Se'tiform, -tT-f5rm, a. 
{Bot.) Of the shape of a bristle. 

Setting. See under Set. 

Settle, seftl, n. A wide step or platform lower than 
some other part ; a bench with a high back. 

Settle, seftl, v. t._ [-tled (-tld). -tlixg.] To place 
in a fixed or permanent condition ; to make firm, 
steady or stable; to establish in business, in situation, 
in pastoral office, etc.; to render quiet, clear, etc.; to 
still; to clear of dregs and impurities ; to restore to 
a smooth, dry, or passable condition : to cause to 
sink, lower, depress ; to free from uncertainty or 
wavering: tf) make sure, firm, or constant; to adjust 
(something in discussion or controversy) ; to adjust 
(accounts), liquidate, balance ; to plant with inhab- 
itants, colonize, people. — r. i. To become fixed or 
permanent, estal)lish one's self, assume a lasting 
form or condition ; to fix one's place or residence, 
take up habitation, be established in an employment 
or profession ; to become quiet or clear, become dry 
and hard, as the ground after raifi or frost : to clar- 
ify and deposit dregs, as a liquid; to sink gradually, 
subside : to become calm, cease from agitation ; to 
adjust differences oraccounts. — Settlement, v. Act 
of settling, orstateof being settled; establishment in 
business, condition, etc. ; ordination or installation 
as pastor ; establishment of inhabitants : coloniza- 
tion ; act or process of adjusting or determining; 




Setiform Prickles. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; Qdd, tone, 5r ; 



SEVEN 



377 



SHADE 



composure of doubts or differences ; liquidation of 
accounts; bestowal or giving possession under legal 
sanction ; that which settles, or is settled, estab- 
lished, or fixed, — as, matter that subsides, settlings, 
lees, dregs; or, a colony newly established, place 
settled ; or, the sum secured to a person; esp., a 
jointure made to a woman at her marria^. {Law.) 
Disposition of property for the benefit of some 
person, usually through trustees ; a settled place of 
abode ; residence ; legal residence. — Set'^tler, n. 
One who settles ; esp., one who establishes him- 
self in a colony; a colonist. — Seftling, n. Act of 
making a settlement, or of subsiding, as Tees; adjust- 
ment of differences, jil- Lees ; dregs ; sediment. 

Seven, sev'n, a. One more than 6. — n. The number 
greater by 1 than C ; a symbol representing 7 units, 
as 7 or vii. — Sev'enfold, a. Repeated 7 times ; in- 
creased to 7_ times the size or amount. — Sev'en- 
night, sen'nit, n. A week; the period of 7 days and 
nights. — Sev'en-up'', n. A game of cards, won by 
scoring 7 points: all-fours. — Sev'eiith, -nth, a. One 
next in order after the (jth ; constituting or being 
one of 7 equal parts. — n. One of 7 equal parts; one 
next in order alter the 6th. {Mus.) The interval 
between any tone and the tone represented on the 
7th degree of the staff' next above ; a certain chord. 
— Sev'enthly, adv. In the 7th place. — Sev'enteen, 
-n-ten, a. One more than IG or less than 18.— w. The 
sum of 10 and 7 ; a symbol representing seventeen 
units, as 17 or xvii. — Sev'enteenth, a. One next in 
order after the 16th ; constituting or being one of 17 
equal parts. — n. One of 17 equal parts; the next 
in order after the 16th. — Sev'snty, -n-tl, a. 7 
times 10 ; one more than 69. — 7i. The sum of 7 
times 10 ; a symbol representing 70 units, as Ixx or 
70. — Sev'eiitieth, a. Next in order after the 69th ; 
constituting or bein"; one of 70 equal parts into 
■which anj'thing is divided. — n. One of 70 equal 
parts ; one next in order after the 69th. — Sev'- 
enty-four, n. A man-of-war carrying 74 guns. 

Sever, sev'er, v. t. [-eeed (-erd), -bring.] To separate 
(one from another) ; to cut or break open or apart ; 
to keep distinct or apart, make a distinction respect- 
ing; to divide, part, disjoin, distinguish, discriminate, 
disconnect. {Law.) To part possession of — v. i. 
To make a separation or distinction; to distinguish; 
to be parted or rent asunder. — Sev'eral, -er-al, a. 
Separate; distinct; not common to 2 or more; single; 
diverse; different; various; consisting of a numfier; 
more than 2, but not very many ; diverse ; sundry. 

— Sev'eralty, -al-tt, n. A state of separation from 
the rest, or from all others. — Sev^erance, -ans, n. 
Act of severing or dividing: separation. 

Severe, se-ver'', a. Serious in feeling or manner; ex- 
ternally sedate; very strict, in judgment, discipline, 
or government ; rigidly methodical, or adherent to 
rule or principle; exactly conformed to a standard; 
difficult to be endured ; grave ; austere; stern: mo- 
rose; rigid; exact; prim ; precise ; rigorous ; hard ; 
harsh; cutting; keen; cruel. — Severe'ness, -ver'^ity, 
-ver'^TC-tt, n. Quality of being severe ; as, gravity ; aus- 
terity ; extreme strictness ; or, quality or power of 
distressing or paining ; or, extreme c'oMness or in- 
clemency ; or, harshness; cruel treatment; or, ex- 
actness; rigorousness: or, strictness; rigid accuracy. 

Sew, so, v._t. [imp. seaved (sod) ; p. p. sewed, rarely 
SEWN (son); SEWING.] To unite or fasten together 
with a needle and thread. — v. i. To practice sewing. 

Sewer, su'er, n. A drain or passage to convey off water 
and filth underground. — Sew'erage, -ej, n. Con- 
struction of a sewer; system of sewers in acity, town, 
etc.; general drainage of a place by sewers; sewage. 

— Sew'age, -ej, n. The mixture of water, filth, etc., 
collected in, and discharged by, sewers; sewerage. 

Sewer, su'er, n. An upper servant who set on the 
dishes at a feast, previously tasting them. 

Sex, seks, n. The distinguishing peculiarity of male 
or female ; physical difference between male and 
■female ; one of the 2 groups of organic beings formed 
on the distinction of male and female. (Bot.) The 
distinguishing peculiarity of plants, as staminate 
or pistillate; one of the groups founded on this dis- 
tinction. Womankind; females, — soused by way 
of emphasis. — Sex'ual, sek'shoo-al, a. Pert, to .sex 
or the sexes; distinguishing sex; relating to. proceed- 



ing from, or based upon the distinctive organs, char- 
acteristics, or offices of the sexes. — Sex^'ualist, n. 
(Hot.) One who classifies plants by the sexual or 
Liuuajan system. — Sexual''ity, n. State or quality 
of being distinguished by sex. 
Sexagenary, seks-aj'e- or seks'a-je-na-rt, a. Pert, to, 
or designating, the number 60; proceeding by 60s. — 
— Sex'agena'rian, -rT-an, M. A person 60 years old. 
— Sexages'ima, -jes't-mi, n. {Eccl.) The 2d Sunday 
before Lent, the next to Shrove - Tuesday, being 
about the 60th day before Easter. — Sexages''unal, a. 
Pert, to, or founded on, the number 60. — Sexan'ga- 
lar, a. Having 6 angles ; hexagonal. — Sexan'gu- 
larly, adv. With 6 angles ; hexagon ally. — Sexeii'- 
nial, -nt-al, a. Lasting 6 years, or happening once 
in 6 years. — Sex'fid, Sex'ifld, a. {Bot.) Six-clelt ; 
divided_into 6 parts. — Sex' 
tain, -tan, n. A stanza of 6 
lines. ^ Sex'tant, ?!. {31atk.) 
The 6th part of a circle. An 
instrument for measuring an- 
gular distances between ob- 
jects, esp. for observin"; the 
altitude, etc., of celestial bod- 
ies in determining latitude and 
longitude at sea. — SextilKiou, 
-tiryun, n. According to 
Eng. notation, the product 
of a million involved to the 




SexLant. 
6th power, or the number expressed by a unit with 
•36 ciphers annexed ; according to the common or 
French, the number expressed by a unit with 21 ci- 
phers annexed. See Numeration. — Sextodec^imo, 
-to-des'I-mo, a. Formed of sheets folded so as to 
make 16 leaves ; 16mo ; of, or eqiial to, the size of 
sheets so folded. — n. ; pi. -mos, -moz. A book com- 
posed of sheets folded so as to make 16 leaves, or 32 
pages; the size of a book thus composed, usually in- 
dicated thus : 16mo, 16°. — Sex'tuple, -tu-pl, a. Six 
times as much ; sixfold. {Mus.) Having 6 parts. 

Sexton, seks''tun, n. An under officer of a church, 
who takes care of the church building, sacramental 
vessels, vestments, etc., and often attends on the 
officiating clergyman, acts as usher, digs graves, etc. 

Sextuple. See under Sexagenary. 

Sexual, etc. See under Sex. 

Shab, slial). ?,-. ?. [shabbed (shabd), -bing.] To play 
mean tricks, act shabbily. — Shab'by, -bT, a. [-bier ; 
-biest ] Torn or worn to rags; poor; mean; ragged; 
clothed with ragged or soiled garments; mean; pal- 
try; despicable. 

Shack, shak, n. Liberty of winter pasturage; grain 
left after harvest or gleaning; fallen mast or acorns; 
a shiftless fellow; vagabond. 

Shackle, shak'l, v. t. [shackled (-Id), -ling.] To put 
in letters, chain, tie or confine the limbs o^. .10 as to 
prevent free motion : to join by a link or chain, as 
railroad cars; to confine so as to obstruct nction, im- 
pede. — )?. [Gtenerally in pi.] A fetter; gyve; chain; 
that which embarrasses free action ; a link for con- 

- necting railroad cars. 

Shad, shad, n. sing. & pi. A food fish, inhabiting the 
waters 
off the 
coasts of 
Great, 
B ri tain 
and the 
U.S.,and 
per iodi- 
cally as- 
cending 
the large Shad, 

rivers to spawn. 

Shaddock, eiad''duk, n. A species of orange tree in 
E. and W. Indies : its fruit, weighing 10 to 20 lbs. 

Shade, shad, n. Comparative obscurity owing to in- 
terception of the rays of light ; dimness ; gloom ; 
darkness ; obscurity;" an obscure place ; a secluded 
retreat; protection; shelter; cover; a screen; some- 
thing that intercepts light or heat; shelter from the 
directlight of thesun, etc.; a shadow; the soul, offer 
its separation from the body; a spirit; ghost. {Paint.) 
The darker portion of a picture. Degree or varia- 
tion of color, as darker or lighter ; a very minute 




sun, ciibe, fuU ; moon, fd&t ; coV, oil ; liQger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



SHAFT 



378 



SHARE 



difference ; degree. — v. t. To shelter or screen by 
intercepting the rays of light ; to cover from inju- 
ry, protect, screen; to overspread with darkness or 
oDscurity ; to obscure ; to paint in obscure colors, 
darken; to mark with gradations of light or color. — 
Shad'^y, -Tf, a. [-ier; -iest.] Abounding with shade 
or shades; overspread with shade; sheltered from the 
glare of light or sultry heat.— Shad'^iness, n.— Shad'- 
ow, shSd"^, 71. Shade within defined limits, repre- 
senting the form of a body which intercepts the rays 
of light; darkness; shade; obscurity: obscure place; 
secluded retreat; shelter; the less illuminated part 
of a picture ; that which follows or attends a person 
or thingj like a shadow; an imperfect and faint rep- 
resentation ; adumbration ; indistinct image ; mys- 
tical representation; type; something unsubstantial; 
phantom; mockery. -^ ?'. t. [shadowed (-od), -ow- 
ing.] To cut off light from, put in shade, shade ; to 
protect, screen from danger ; to paint in obscure 
colors ; to mark with slight gradations of color or 
light; to shade; to represent faintly or imperfectly; 
to adumbrate ; to represent typically ; to cloud, 
darken ; to attend as closely as a shadow ; esp., to 
follow and watch secretly ; to follow exactly. — 
Shad'owy, -o-T, a. Full of shade; serving to shade; 
dark; obscure; gloomy; faintly light; faintly repre- 
sentative ; typical ; unsubstantial ; unreal. 

Shaft, shaft, n. A body of a long cylindrical shape ; 
the cylindrical, column-shaped part of anything ; 
the stem of an arrow; an arrow; a missile weapon. 
(Arch.) The body of a column; the part of a chim- 
ney above the roof; spire of a steeple. The haiidle 
of a weapon; the stem, or stock, of a feather or quill; 
the pole or one of the thills of a carriage. (Mach.) 
A bar liaving one or more journals on which it rests 
and revolves. (3fining.) A well-like excavation 
through which the inner cavity of a mine is reached 
and the ore is brought to the surface. — Shaft'ing, 
n. {Mach.) The system of shafts, with pulleys at- 
tached, for the transmission of power in factories. 

Shag, shag, n. Coarse hair or nap, or rough, woolly 
hair; a kind of cloth having a long, coarse nap. — 
r.t. [shagged (shagd), -GiNG.] To make rough or 
hairy; to make shaggy, deform. — Shag''bark, n. A 
species of hickory, — so called from its shaggj^ bark; 
shellbark; the nut of this tree; hickory-nut. — Shag'- 
gedness, Shag'giness, -gT-nes, n. — Shag/'gy, -gT, a. 
[-GIER ; -GIEST.] Rough with long hair or wool ; 
rugged. 

Shagreen, sha-gren', n. A kind of leather prepared 
without tanning, from the skins of horses, asses, and 
camels, and grained so as to be covered with small 
round pimples or granulations; shark-skin. 

Shah, sha^ n. The king or monarch of Persia. 

Shake, shak, v. t. [imjy. shook; p. j). shaken; shak- 
ing.] To cause to move with quick vibrations; to 
move rapidly or forcibly one way and another ; to 
make to tremble or shiver; to agitate; to weaken the 
stability of, endanger; to cause to waver, impair the 
resolution of; to give a tremulous note to; to trill; 

• to move or remove by agitating, rid one's self of. — 
V. i. To be agitated with a waving or vibratory mo- 
tion; to tremble, shiver, quake, totter. — n. A vacil- 
lating or wavering motion; a rapid motion one way 
and tne other; agitation; a fissure or crack in timber, 
in rock, or in earth. {Mus.) A rapid alternation of 
2 notes represented on contiguous degrees of the 
staff; a trill. — Shak'^er, n. One who, or that which, 
etc. ; one of a sect of Christians, — so called from 
the agitations or movements in dancing which char- 
acterize their worship. — Shak'y, -T, a. [-ier ; 
-IEST.] Fullof shakes, slits, or clefts; unsound; want- 
ing in cohesion; shaking or trembling; tremulous; 
tottering; not to be trusted ; doubtful; timorous. 

Shale, shal, ji. A shell or husk; cod or pod. (Geol.) 
A soft, fragmental, argillaceous rock, often bitumi- 
nous, found in coal mmes, etc. — Sha'ly, a. Break- 
ing unevenly into fraofile plates. 

3hall, shal, v. i. & auxiliary, [imp. SHOULD : shall is 
defective, having no infinitive, imperative, or par- 
ticij)le.] Orig. to owe, be under obligation: as an 
auxiliary, shall indicates a duty or necessity whose 
obligation is derived from the person speaking; it 
expresses, in the 2d and 3d persons, a command, 
threat, or promise; with the 1st person, the necessity 



of the action is sometimes implied as residing else- 
where than in the speaker, as, I shall suffer; we 
shall see; and there is always a less distinct and 
positive assertion of his volition than is indicated 
by will; after a conditional conjunction, as if., 
whether, shall is used in all persons to express futu- 
rity simply: should is everywhere used in the same 
connection and the same senses as shall, as its im- 
perfect: it also expresses duty or moral obligation : 
see Will. 

Shalloon, shal-loon', re. A kind of worsted stuff. 

Shallop, shaKlup, n. A large light boat with 2 masts, 
usually rigged like a schooner. 

Shallot, shal-lot', n. A mild-flavored plant of the 
onion family, with a compound bulb like garlic ; 
eschalot. 

Shallow, shaKlca. Having little depth; shoal; slight; 
not of low, heavy, or penetrating sound ; simple ; 
ignorant; superficial; silly. — n. A place where the 
water of a river, lake, or sea is of little depth; a 
shoal; flat; sand-bank; shelf. ^ 

Sham, sham, n. Any trick, fraud, or device that de< 
hides and disappoints; delusion; imposture; feint; 
humbug. — a. False; counterfeit; pretended. — v, 
t. [shammed (shamd), -ming.] To deceive expec- 
tation, trick, cneat; to obtrude by fraud or imposi. 
tion; to imitate, ape. — v. i. Tb make false pre- 
tenses, deceive. 

Shamble, sham^bl, v. i. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To 
walk awkwardly and unsteadily, as if the knees 
were weak; to shuffle along. 

Shambles, sham^blz, n.pl. The place where butcher's 
meat is sold. 

Shame, sham, n. A painful sensation excited by a 
consciousness of guilt, or of having done something 
which injures reputation; decency ; decorum; re- 
proach incurred or suffered ; dishonor ; cause or 
reason of shame; the parts which modesty requires 
to be covered. — v. t. [.s?iamed (shamd), shaming.] 
To make ashamed; to cover with reproach or igno- 
miny ; to disgrace. — Shame'Tul, -ful, a. Bringing 
shame or disgrace; injurious to reputation; raising 
shame in others ; disgraceful ; indecent ; degrad- 
ing ; scandalous ; infamous. — Shame^fully, adv. — 
Shame''less, a. Destitute of, or indicating an ab- 
sence of, shame; wanting modesty; impudent; bra- 
zen-faced; unblushing; audacious; indecent. 

Shammy, sham'mT, n. A soft and pliant kind of 
leather prepared_orig. from the skin of the chamois. 

Shampoo, sham-poo', v. t. To rub and percuss the 
whole surface of the body of, in connection with 
the hot bath ; to wash thoroughly and rub the head 
of, with a soapy preparation. — ru Act of, etc. 

Shamrock, sham'^'rok, n. A plant used by the Irish as 
their national emblem; white trefoil; white clover. 

Shank, shank, n. The lower joint of the leg from the 
knee to the foot; the shin ; bone of the leg; the 
whole leg: see Horse; that part of an instrument, 
tool, etc., which connects the acting part with a 
handle or other part, by which it is held or moved. 

Shanty, shan'tt, n. A mean dwelling ; a hut. 

Shape, shap, v. t. [imp. shaped (shapt); p. p. shaped 
or shapen ; shaping.] To form or create, make, 
produce ; to mold or make into a particular form ; 
to adapt to a purpose, regulate, adjust, direct; to 
image, conceive, beget. — n. Character or construc- 
tion of a thing as determining its external appear- 
ance; that which has form or figure; form of em- 
bodiment, as in words ; make ; form ; guise. — 
Shape-'less, a. Destitute of shape or regular form. 
— Shape'lessnoss, n. — Shape''ly, a. [-liee; -liest.] 
Having a regular shape; symmetrical; well-formed. 

Shard, shiird, n. A piece or fragment of an earthen 
vessel, or of a like brittle substance; the hard wing- 
case of a beetle. 

Share, shar, n. The broad iron or blade of a plow 
which cuts the bottom of the furrow. 

Share, shar, n. A certain portion; part; division; the 
part allotted or belonging to one, of any property or 
interest owned by a number; one of a certain num- 
ber of equal portions into which any property or 
invested capital is divided. — v. t. [shared (shard), 
sharing.] To part among 2 or more; to divide; to 
partake, enjoy, or suffer with others. — v. i. To have 
part, receive a portion. 



9,m, fame, far, pass or opera, f£re ; Snd, eve, tSnu ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, dr ; 



SHARK 



370 



SHEET 



Shark, ihark, n. (Ichth.) A lar^e, voracious, cartilagi- 
noua dsh of many species, having a long, round body. 




White Shark, 
tapering from the head, the surface set with minute 
osseous granules in place of scales, and the gill-open- 
ings placed upon the sides of the neck: the mouth is 
set with successive rows of sharp teeth. A rapacious, 
artful fellow; a sharper. —r. t. [sharked (sharkt), 
SHARKING.] To pick up hastily, slyly, or in small 
quantities. — r. i. To play the petty thief, swindle; 
to live by shifts and stratagems. 

Sharp, sharp, a. Having a very thin edge or fine 
point; keen; terminating in a point or edge; peaked 
or ridged; affecting the senses, as if pointed or cut- 
ting; Diting: sour; pungent; penetrating; abrupt. 
Very trying to the feelings; cutting in language or 
import ; sarcastic ; severe ; eager in pursuit ; impa- 
tient for gratification; violent; impetuous; of keen 
perception; quick to discern or distinguish; not dull; 
keenly attentive to one's own interest; uttered in a 
whisper, or with the breath alone, as certain conso- 
nants; whispered; shrill; non-vocal. {Mus.^ High in 
pitch; raised a semitone in pitch; so high as to be out 
of tune or above true pitch. — n. (JIus.) An acute 
sound; esp., a note raised a semitone above its proper 
pitch; the character [ Jf] which directs that a note 
be thus raised. A needle, of the most acute of the 
3 grades. —v.t. [sharped (sharpt), sharpixg.] To 
make keen, acute, penetrating, etc. ; to sharpen. 
(Miit^.) To raise above the proper pitch; esp., to raise 
a semitone above the natural tone. — Sharp'en, -n, 
v.t. [-ENED (-nd), -ENIXG.] To make sharp; to give 
a keen edge or fine point to; to render more quick or 
acute in perception; to make more quick, acute, or 
ingenious; to make more pungent and painful: to 
make biting, sarcastic, or severe; to render less flat, 
or more shrill or piercing; to make more tart, acid, 
or sour. (Mus.) To raise, as a sound by means of a 
sharp. — V. i. To grow or become sharp. — Sharp'e]^ 
n. A man shrewd in making bargains; swindle!"; 
cheat. — Sharp'ly, adv. — Sharp'ness, n. — Sharp'- 
set, a. Eager in appetite or desire of gratification. 

Shatter, shafter, v. t. [-tered (-terd), -terixg.] To 
break at once into many pieces; to rend, crack, split; 
to disorder, derange, render unsound. — v. i. To be 
broken into fragments. — n. A fragment of any- 
thing fojcibly rent or broken, — generally in pi. 

Shave, shav, v. t. [imp. shaved (shavd): p. p. shaved 
or shavex; shaving.] To cut or pare off from the 
surface of a bodv by an edged instrument; to make 
bare or smooth by cutting off closely the surface or 
surface covering of; esp. to cut off the beard or hair 
from, with a razor: to cut off thin slices, or to cut 
in thin slices to skim along or near the surface of; 
to strip, fleece. — '•. i. To use a razor for removing 
the beaid to cut closely, be hard in a bargain, cheat. 
— n. A thin slice; shaving; a cutting of the beard; 
operation of shaving; an exorbitant cutting down or 
discount on a note, etc., for cash in hand; a tool with 
a long blade and a handle at each end, for shaving 
wood, as hoops, etc.— Shave'ling, n. A man shaved; 
a monk, or other person of a religious order. — Shav'- 
er,n. One who shaves; one close in bargains; a cheat; 
one who fleeces; a pillager; plunderer; a little fel- 
low. -^ Shav'ing, n. Act of, etc.; a thin slice pared 
off with a cutting instrument. 

Shawl, shawl, n. A cloth of wool, cotton, silk, or hair, 
used as a loose covering for the neck and shoulders. 

Shawm, shawm, n. {Miia.) A wind instrument of mu- 
sic, formerly in use. 

ohe, she, pron. [iiom. she; poss, her or hers; 067. her; 
pi. pom. they; poi<s. their or theirs; ohj. them.] 
This or that female; the woman understood or re- 
ferred to; a woman; a female, — used as a noun. 




Sheaf, shef, n. : pi. Sheaves, shevz. A bundle of un- 
tlirashed stalks of wheat, rye, or other grain; any col- 
lection.— r. i. To collect and bind^^ to make sheaves. 

Shear, sher, v. t. [_imp. sheared (sherd) or ob^. shore; 
p. p. sheared or shorn; shearing.] To cut or clip 
with shears, scissors, etc.; to cut or clip from a sur- 
face. — n. pi. A cutting instrument consisting of 2 
blades with a bevel edge, movable on a pin, used for 
cutting cloth and other substances; any tiling in the 
form of shears ; an apparatus for raising heavy 
weights, as, the lower masts of ships: it consists of 2 
or more spars or pieces of timber, fastened togeth- 
er near the top, and furnished with the necessary 
tackles. — Shear''-steel, n. Steel suitable for shears, 
scythes, and other cutting instruments. 

Sheath, sheth, n. A case for a sword or other long and 
slender instrument; a scabbard; any^hin covering 
for defense or protection.— Sheathe, shetli, 

V. t. [SHEATHED (slietbd), SHEATHIXG.] 

To put into a sheath, case, or scabbard; 
to fit or furnish with a sheath ; to case or 
cover with boards or with sheets of cop- 
per, etc. ; to cover or line. — Sheathed, 
sheflid, a. {Bot.^ Invested by a sheath, 
or cylindrical, membranaceous tube, 
which is the base of the leaf, as the stalk 
or culm in grasses ; vaginate. — Sheath'- 
ing, n. That which sheathes ; esp., the 
casing or covering of a ship's bottom and 
sides; or the materials for such coverings. 

Sheave, shev, n. A wheel in a block, rail, 
mast, yard, etc., on which a rope works; 
the wheel of a pulley. 

Shebat, sha^'bat, n. The 11th month of the 
Jewish sacred year, and the 5th of the civ- Sheathed, 
il, — parts of January and February. 

Shed, shed, v. t. [shed, -ding.] To cause to emanate, 
proceed, or flow out; esp., to throw off or give forth 
from one's self; to emit, diffuse; to throw off (a nat- 
ural covering of hair, feathers, shell, etc.); to cause 
to flow off, without penetrating. — v. i. To let fall 
the parts, throw off a covering or envelope. — Shed'- 
der, n. One who sheds or causes to flow out ; a soft- 
shelled crab, which has recently shed his shell. 

Shed, shed, n. A slight or temporary erection built to 
shelter something; an out-building; hut; a lean-to. 

Sheen, slien, n. Brightness; splendor. 

Sheep, shep, n. smg. & pZ. {Zobl.) A ruminant quad- 
ruped of many species, valued for its flesh (mutton) 
and wool. The people of God, as being under the 
government and protection of Christ, the great 
Shepherd.— Sheep'ish, a. Like a sheep ; bashful ; 
timorous to excess. — Sheep''-cot, n. A small in- 
closure for sheep; a pen. dog, n. A dog for tend- 
ing sheep ; a colly. — hook, n. A hook fastened to 
a pole, by which shepherds lay hold on the legs of 
their sheep; a crook. — shear'er, n. One who shears 
the wool from sheep. — shear'ing, n. Act of shear- 
ing sheep; time of shearing sheep: a feast made on 

that occasion. skin, n. The skin of a sheep, or 

leather prepared from it; a diploma, — fr. its being 
printed on parchment. — walk, n. Pasture for sheep. 
— Sheep's'-eye, n. A modest, diffident look; a lov- 
ing or desiring glance. — Shep'herd, shep'herd, n. 
One in charge of sheep; esp., one who tends a flock 
in an unfenced region ; the pastor of a parish, church, 
or congregation. — Shep''herdess, n. A woman who, 
etc. ; a rustic lass. 

Sheer, sher, a. Separate from anything foreign; pure; 
clear; being only what it seems to be; simple; mere; 
clear; thin ; perpendicular ; straight up and down. 

Sheer, sher, u. i. [sheered (sherd), sheering.] To 
decline or deviate from the line of the proper course; 
to turn aside, move away. — n. {Naut.) The longi- 
tudinal curve of a ship's deck or sides: the position 
of a ship at single anchor, with the anchor ahead. 

Sheet, shet, n. Any broad, uninterrupted expanse; 
a broad piece of cloth use.d as a part of bed furni- 
ture, next to the body; a broad piece of paper, folded 
01' unfolded; a single signature of a book or pam- 
phlet; a newspaper; a broad expanse of water, etc.; 
a broad, thinly expanded portion of metal or other 
substance. (Naut.) A rope fastened to the lower cor- 
ner of a sail, to extend and retain it in a particular 
situation. — v. t. To fold in a sheet; to cover as with 



sdn, cube, f ijll ; moon, iSdt ; cow, oil ; linger or igk, tien, boNboN, chair, get. 



SHEIK 



380 



SHIMMER 




Sheldrake. 



a sheet : to draw or expand, as a sheet. — Sheet'- 
iag, n. Cloth for sheets.— Sheef-anch'or, n. {Naut.) 
The largest anchor of a ship, sometimes the last ref- 
uge to prevent the sliip from going ashore; the chief 
support; last refuge for safety. 1 

Sheik, shek, n. A chief of an Arab tribe or clan; a Mo- 
hammedan religious dignitary. I 

Shekel, shekel, n. An ancient weight and coin among 
the Jews, in weight about half an ounce avoirdupois. 

ShekinaJi, she-ki'na, 71. (Jewish Hist.) Tliat miracu- 
lous light or visible glory which was a symbol of the 
divine presence. 

Sheldrake, sheKdrak, n. A large, handsome, fish- 
eating duck 
o f several 
species ; 
goosander. 

Shelf, shelf, 
71. ; plural. 
Shelves, 
shelvz. A. 
board, or 
platform, 
elevated 
above the 
floor, and 
fixed hori- 
zontally on 
a frame, or 
contiguous 

to a wall, for holding vessels, books, etc. ; a sand-bank 
in the sea, or a rock, or ledge of rocks, rendering the 
water shallow and dangerous to ships.— Shelf' y, -T, 
a. Abounding in, or composed of, shelves ; full of 
dangerous shallows.— Shelve, v. t. To furnish with 
shelves, place on a shelf, put aside, suppress. 

Shell, shel, w. A hard outside covering ; esp., that 
serving as the natural protection of certain fruit? 
and animals; a pod; the covering or outside layer of 
an egg. {Zo'61.) The hard organized substance form- 
ing the skeleton of many invertebrate animals, usu- 
ally external, but sometimes internal; the hard cov- 
ering of some vertebrates, as the armadillo, tortoise, 
etc. {Mil.') A hollow sphere or cylinder of iron, 
which, being filled with gunpowder, and fired from 
a mortar or cannon, bursts into pieces when the pow- 
der explodes; a bomb. Any framework or exterior 
structure regarded as not complete or filled in; any 
slight hollow structure; outward show without in- 
ward substance; an instrument of music, as a lyre; 
a light boat, sometimes made of paper, for racing, pi. 
The husks of the cacao-nut, a decoction of which is 
used as a substitute for chocolate, cocoa, etc. — v. t. 
[shelled (sheld), shelling.] • To strip or break off 
the shell of, take out of the shell or pod; to separate 
(corn) from the ear; to throw shells or bombs upon, 
bombard. — v. i. To fall off, as a shell, crust, or ex- 
terior coat ; to cast the shell or exterior covering. 
— Shell'y, -T, a. Abounding with, or consisting of 
shells. — ShelK-bark, n. A species of hickory whose 
bark is loose and peeling; shag-bark. — fish, n. An 
aquatic animal, whose external covering consists of 
a shell, either testaceous, as in oysters, clams, etc., 
or crustaceous, as in the lobster. — Shel''lac, Shell''- 
lac, n. The resin lac spread into thin plates, after 
being melted and strained. 

Shelter, etc. See under Shield. 

Sheltie, shel'tT, n. A Shetland pony ; one of a breed 
of small ponies, — orig. f r. Shetland. 

Shelve, shelv, v. t. See under Shelf. 

Shelve, shelv, v. i. [shelved (shelvd), shelving.] To 
incline, be sloping. — Shelv'y, -1, a. Full of rocks or 
sand-banks; shallow. 

Shepherd, Shepherdess. See under Sheep. 

Sherbet, sher^bet, n. A drink used in the East, com- 
posed of water, lemon-juice, and sugar, with an in- 
fusion of rose-water, etc., to give it an agreeable 
taste; a kind of water-ice. 

Sherd, sherd, n. A fragment. [See Shard.] 

Sheriff, sher'if, ti. The chief officer of a shire or 
county, to whom is intrusted the execution of the 
laws and of judicial writs and processes, and the 
preservation of the peace.— Sher'iffalty, -al-tT, -ship, 
-wick, Shriev'alty, shrev'al-tT, w. Office or jurisdic- 
tion of sheriff. 



Sherry, sngr^rl, n. A strong, dry wine of a deep am- 
ber color and aromatic odor, — so called from Xei-eg 
near Cadiz, in Spain, where it is made. — Sher'ry- 
cob''bler, 71. An Amer. drink, containing sherry, 
sugar, ice, etc., imbibed through a tu_be or straw. 

Shew, sho. Shewed, shod. Shewn, shon. See under 
Show. 

Shibboleth, shib'bo-leth, n. A word used to distin- 
guisli the Ephraimites from the Gileadites : the 
Ephraimites, not being able to sound sh, pronounced 
the word sibholetk : see Judges, xi. and xii. ; that 
which distinguishes one party from another ; usu- 
ally, sonie peculiarity in things of little importance. 

Shield, sheld, 7i. A broad piece of defensive armor, 
carried on the 
arm ; a buck- 
ler ; anything 
which de- 
fends; shelter; 
protection ; a 
person who 
protects or de- 
fends. {Bot.) 
A little colored 
cup or line, 
with a hard 
disk, s u r- 
rounded by a 
rim, and con- 
taining the 
fructification 
of lichens. 
{Her.) The 
escutcneon or 
field on which 
are placed the 
bearings in 
coats of 




^-:z^ 




Shield. 

{Mini7ig.) A framework used to protect workmeK 
in makin"' an adit under ground, 
and capable of being pushed along 
as the excavation progresses. — v. t. 
To cover with a shield, defend, pro- 
tect. — Shel'ter, n. That which 
covers or defends from injury or 
annoyance ; one who protects ; a 
guardian ; state of being covered 
and protected ; asylum ; refuge ; 
sanctuary; defense; security. — v. 
t. [sheltered (-terd), -teeing.] ck- 1^ /r. ,n 
To furnish a shelter for, cover from o™eia. (^Bot.) 
harm or injury ; to betake to cover, or a safe place, 
used reflexively ; to cover from notice, shield, pro- 
tect, disguise, — v.i. To take shelter. — Shelterless, 
a. Destitute of shelter or protection. 

Shift, shift, V. t. To change, alter; to transfer from 
one place or position to another; to put off or out of 
the way by some expedient ; to change (clothes); 
to dress in fresh clothes. — v. i. To vary from one 
point or direction to another, change about, move; 
to change one's occupation or principles; to change 
one's clothes, esp. the under garments; to satisfy 
one's wants by changing; to resort to expedients for 
accomplishing a purpose. — n. A turning from one 
thing to another; a change; an expedient tried in 
difficulty ; a temporary or deceitful expedient ; 
fraud; artifice; a trick to escape detection or evil; 
an under garment; esp., a woman's under garment; 
chemise. — Shiffy, -T, a. Full of or ready with shifts; 
fertile in expedients. — Shift'less, a. Characterized 
by failure, through negligence or incapacity. 

Shillalah, shil-la''la, -ly, -IT, -lelah, -le'la, n. A cudgel. 

Shilling, shil'ling, 7i. An Eng. silver coin, equal to 
12 pence, or l-20th of a pounds about 24 cents; in 

, the U. S., a denomination of money differing in 
value in different States; as, in New York, J of $1, 
or 12J centfe; in N. Eng. l-6th of $1, or Ifi 2-3 cents, 
— a term formerly used in trade, though no corre- 
sponding national coin existed. 

ShiUy-Bhally, shiKlT-shal'lT, >i. Indecision; trifling.— 
v.i. To hesitate. —ody. Hesitatingly. 

Shiloh, shi'lo, «. (Script.) The Messiah, — so called 
by Jacob on his death-bed: see Gen. xlix. 10. 

Shiiy, Shiness, etc_^ See under Shy. 

Shimmer, shim^mer, v. i. To emit a tremulous light, 



&u, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 8dd, tSne, &r ; 



SHIN 



SSI 



SHIP 



gleam, glisten, glimmer. — n. A tremulous gleam- 
ing; glimmer. 

Shin, snin, n. The fore part of the leg, esp. of the 
human leg, between the ankle and the knee. — v. t. 
To climb (a pole, etc.) by alternately clasping with 
the hands and legs alone. — Shin'pla^'ter, n. A 
bank-note of low denomination ; a piece of paper 
money. — Shin'ney. -ny, -nY, n. A game in which a 
ball is driven along the ground by blows from curved 
sticks ; hockey ; bandj', — named fr. the blows re- 
ceived on the shins of the players. 

Shindy, shiu'dlj n. A disturbance; spree; row; riot. 

Shine, shin, v. i. [shoxe (shon or shSn) or shixeo 
(shlnd), SHINING.] To emit rays of light, give light; 
to be lively and animated, be brilliant; to be glossy 
or bright, as silk; to be gay, splendid, or beautiful; to 
be eminent, conspicuous, or distinguished. — n. Fair 
weather; state of shining; brightness; splendor ; 
luster; gloss; polish; a liking for a person; a fancy. 
— Shin'er, n. That which shines; as, a bright piece 
of money. (Ichth.) A fish of several genera, having 
brilliant, light-colored scales. — Shin'y, -T, a. [-iek; 
-lEST.] Bright; luminous; clear; unclouded. 

Shingle, shin'^l, n. A thin, oblong piece of wood, 
with one end thinner than the other, in order to 
lap lengthwise in covering roofs and outer walls of 
buildings. — v. t. [shingled (-gld), -gling.] To 
cover with shingles; to cut, as hair, so that one por- 
tion overlaps another, like shingles. 

Shingle, shin'gl, n. Round, water-worn, and loose 
gravel and pebbles, on shores and coasts. — v. t. 
(Forging.) To hammer or squeeze (red-hot puddled 
iron), to remove impurities and form malleable iron. 

Shingles, shin'glz, n. (Med.) A kind of herpes, 
which spreads around the body like a girdle. 

Shinto, shin'to, -toism, -to-izm, n. One of the 2 great 
religions of Japan, consisting in worship of ances- 
tors and sacrifice to departed heroes, and having the 
Mikado or Tenno as its spiritual head. 

Ship, sliip, n. Any large sea-going vessel; esp., a ves- 



sel furnished with a bowsprit and 3 masts, each oi 
which is composed of a lower mast, top - mast, 
and topgallant-mast, and is square rigged. — v. t. 




p, prow ; I, larboard or port : 
s, starboard; 1, round-house; 
2, tiller; 3, grating; 4, wheel; 
5, wheel-chains; 6, binnacle; 
7, mizzen-mast ; 8, skylight ; 
9, capstan ; 10, main-mast ; 
11, pumps ; 12, galley or ca- 



Ground Plan of a Ship. 

boose ; 13, main hatchway ; 
14, windlass: 1.5, fore-mast; 
16, fore-hatchway; 17, bitts; 
18, bowsprit ; 19, head-rail ; 
20, boomkins ; 21, bows ; 22, 
fore-chains; 23, main-chains; 
24, mizzen-cbains. 



[shipped (shipt), -PING.] To put on board of a 
vessel, or other conveyance, for transportation ; to 
dispose of, get rid or ; to engage for service on 
board of a ship; to receive on board of a ship or 
vessel; to fix anything in its place. — r. i. To en- 
gage for service on board of a ship. — Ship^board, 
adv. Upon or within a ship; aboard. — Sbip'mate, 
71. One who serves on board of the same ship; a 
fellow sailor. — Ship'ment, ?i. Act of putting any- 
thing on board of a vessel or ether public convey- 
ance; embarkation; that which is shipped. — Ship'- 
per, n. One who ships, or sends good.s for trans- 
portation. — Ship''ping, n. The collective body of 
ships in or belonging to a port, country, etc.; vessels 
of navigation generally ; tonnage. — Ship^'wreck, 
-rek, n. The breaking in pieces of a vessel oy being 
driven against rocks, shoals, etc.; a ship destroyed 
upon the water, or the parts of such a ship; total 
destruction ; ruin. — v. t. [shipwrecked (-rekt), 



FO^E-fiOYAL MAS ^ 




sreis. 



£iiQ, cube, f^ll ; moon, fddt ; cow, oil ; linger or iok. titen. boNboN. chair, ^et. 



SHIRE 



382 



SHORT 



-WRECKING.] To destroy (a ship at sea) by running 
ashore or on rocks or sand-banks, or by the force of 
wind and waves in a tempest; to expose (sailors) to 
destruction by the loss of a ship. — Ship^wriglit, -rit, 
n. One whose occupation is to construct ships; a 
builder of vessels. — Ship'-build'er, n. A man whose 
occupation is to construct vessels; a naval architect. 
car'penter, n. A carpenter who works at ship- 
building;. — chan'dler, n. One who deals in cordage, 
caiivas,"and other furniture of ships. — ^mas'ter, ?*. 
The captain, master, or commander of a ship. — 
-mon'ey, n. {Eng. Hist.) An imposition formerly 
cliarged on the ports, towns, cities, boroughs, and 
counties of Eng., for providing and furnishing cer- 
tain ships for tlie king's service. — shape, adv. In 
a seamanlike manner; properly; according to usage; 
well put. — Skip'per, n. The master of a small mer- 
chant vessel. 

Shire, shir or sher, n. In Eng., a portion of the king- 
dom, orig. under the supervision of an earl; a ter- 
ritorial division, usually identical with a countj', 
but sometimes a smaller district; a county. 

Shirk, sherk, v. t. lo avoid or get off from ; to slink 
away. — n. One who seeks to avoid duty; one who 
lives by shifts and tricks. 

Shirr, sher, n. An insertion of cord (usually elastic) 
between 2 pieces of cloth; the cord itself, or the cloth 
made with it. — Shirred, sherd, a. Having lines or 
cords inserted between two pieces of cloth. 

Shirt, shert, n. A garment of linen, cotton, etc., worn 
under the outer clothes by men and boys. — v. t. To 
cover or clothe as with a shirt ; to change the shirt 
of. — Shirfing, n. Cloth suitable for shirts. 

Shittah, shifta, -tim, n. A sort of precious wood, of 
wliicli the tables, altars, and boards of the taber- 
nacle were made among the Jews, — supposed to 
have been the wood of a species of Acacia. 

Shive, shiv, n. A slice ; a little piece or fragment. 
— Shiv'er, shtv^er, n. A small piece or fragment 
into which a thing breaks by sudden violence; a thin 
slice. — V. t. To break into small pieces or splinters, 
shatter, dash to pieces by a blow. — v. i. To fall at 
once into many small pieces or parts. — Shiv'ery, 
-er-T, u. Easily falling into many pieces. 

Shiver, shiVer, v. t. [-eeed (-erd), -erixg.] (Naiit.) 
To cause to shake in the wind, — applied to sails. — 
V. i. To quake, tremble, vibrate ; to quiver from 
cold, be affected with a thrilling sensation, like that 
of chilliness. — n. Act of shivering ; a shaking or 
shuddering caused by cold, pain, fear, or the like; a 
tremor. — Shiv'ery, -er-t, a. Full of, or inclined to, 
shivers; trembling. 

Shoal, shol, n. A crowd; throng, — said esp. of fish. — 
V. i. [SHOALED (shold), SHOALING.] To assemble 
in a mujtitude; to crowd, throng. 

Shoal, shol, n. A sand-bank, or bar; a shallow. — v. i. 
[SHOALED (shold), SHOALING.] To becoms more 
shallow. — V. t. To cause to become more shallow ; 
to come to a more shallow part of. — a. Of little 
''"^pth; shallow. 

B. jit, shot, «. A young hog. [See Shote.] 

Shock, shok, n. A collision ; sharp concussion of one 
thing against another ; that which surprises or of- 
fends the intellect or the moral sense ; a blow ; of- 
fense ; concussion ; collision. (Med.) A violent 
agitation or derangement of any organ or organs, or 
of the nervous system. — v. t. [shocked (shokt), 
SHOCKING.] To strike against suddenly ; to en- 
counter ; to strike with surprise, horror, or disgust ; 
to offend, disgust. — Shock'ine, a. Striking, as with 
horror; causing to recoil with norror or disgust; ex- 
tremely offensive or disgusting. — Shock'ingly, adv. 

Shock, shok, n. A pile or assemblage of sheaves of 
grain, set up in a field; stook. — v. t. To make or col- 
lect (sheaves of grain) into shocks. 

Shock, shok, n. A dog with long hair or shag; a thick 
mass of short hair. 

Shod. See Shoe. 

Shoddy, shod-'dt, n. A fibrous material obtained by 
deviling or tearing into fibers refuse woolen goods, 
old stockings, rags, druggets, etc. ; any worthless 
material. — a. Of, pert, to, or made of, shoddy ; 
counterfeit; sham; cheap and nasty. 

€hoe shoo, n. ; /)^ Shoes, shooz. A covering for the 
foot, usually of leather ; anything resembling a 



shoe in form or use ; a plate of iron nailed to the 
hoof of an animal to defend it from injury ; a plate 
of iron, or slip of wood, nailed to the bottom of the 
runner of a sleigh or sled ; something answering a 
purpose analogous to that of a shoe. — v. t. [shod, 
SHOEING.] To furnish with shoes, put shoes on, to 
cover at the bottom. — Shoe'-black, n. One who cleans 
and blacks shoes or boots. — mak'er, n. One who 
makes boots and shoes. — tie, n. A ribbon or string 
fiir fastening a shoe to the foot. — Shoe'^ing-hom, 
Shoe'-horn, n. A curved piece of polished horn or 
metal used to facilitate the entrance of the foot into a 
shoe; anything by which a transaction is facilitated. 

Shone. See Shine. 

Shoo, shoo, interj. Begone; away, — used in scaring, 
away fowls and other animals. 

Shook. See Shake. 

Shook, shdSk, n. A set of staves sufficient in number 
for one hogshead, cask, barrel, etc. ; a set of boards 
for a sugar-box. 

Shoot, shoot, V. t. [SHOT, SHOOTING.] To let fl V or 
cause to be driven with force, as an arrow or bullet; 
to discharge and cause to be driven witli violence; to 
strike with anything shot; to hit, wound, or kill with 
a missile; to send out or forth, esp. with a rapid or 
sudden motion; to emit, hurl; to push or thrust ior- 
ward; to pass rapidly through or under; to variegate 
as if bj' sprinkling or intermingling. — v. i. To per- 
form the act of dfischarging, sending with force, or 
driving anything by means of an engine or instru- 
ment; to be shot or propelled forcibly; to be emitted, 
sent forth, or driven along; to be felt, as if darting 
through one; to germinate, bud, sprout; to make pro- 
gress, grow, advance; to move quickly, pass rapidly 
throu^i, under, or over ; to form by snooting ; to 
spread over, overspread; to be pushed out. Jut, pro- 
ject. — n. Act of propelling or driving anything with 
violence; discharge of afire-arm or bowl; act of strik- 
ing, or endeavoring to strike, with a missive weapon; 
a young branch or growth. — Shoofing-star, n. A 
star-like, luminous meteor, which, appearing sud- 
denly, darts quickly across some portion of the sky 
and "^as suddenly disappears. — Shot, n. ,>7:iZ. Shot 
or Shots. Act of shooting ; discharge of a missile 
weapon ; a missile weapon, esp. a ball or bullet ; 
small globular masses of lead, for killing birds and 
small animals ; flight of a missile weapon, or the 
distance which it passes from the engine ; a marks- 
man ; share or proportion ; reckoning ; scot. — v. t. 
[SHOTTED, -TING.] To load with shot over a car- 
tridge. — Shot 'ten, -tn, a. Having ejected the 
spawn.— Shof-free, a. Scot-free; free from charge. 
— prop, w. (Nant.) A wooden prop covered with 
tarred hemp, to stop a shot-hole in a ship's side. 

Shoot, shoot, n. An inclined plane, artificial or natu- 
ral, down which timber, coal, etc., are caused to slide; 
a narrow passage, natural or artificial, in a stream, 
where the water rushes rapidly. 

Shop, shop, n. A building in which goods, wares, 
drugs, etc., are sold by retail ; a building in which 
mechanics work; store; warehouse. — v. i. [shopped 
(shopt), -PING.] To visit shops for purchasing goods. 
— Shop'-book, n. A book in which a tradesman 

keeps his accounts. keep'er, n. A trader who 

sells goods in a shop, or 

by retail. lift'er, n. 

One who steals anything 
in a shop or store, or 
takes goods privately from 
a shop. 

Shore, shor, n. The coast or 
land adjacent to a large 

body of water, as a sea or g^ ^^ ^^^ g^^^^^^ supported 
lake. by Shores. 

Shore, shor, n. A prop, or 
timber, placed as a temporary brace or support on 
the side of a building, etc. — r. t. [shoked (shord), 
SHORING.] To support by a post or buttress; to prop. 

Shorl, sh6rl, n. Qlin.) Black tourmaline. 

Shorn. See Shear. 

Short, short, a. Not long ; having brief length ; not 
extended in time ; having very limited duration ; 
limitedinquantity; inadequate; insufficient; scanty; 
insufficiently provided; inadequately supplied; lacK- 
ing; deficient; imperfect; not coming up (to a meas- 




Sm, fatne, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, tSrm ; In, ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; 



SHOT 



383 



SHRIEK 



ure or standard) ; near at hand ; limited in intel- 
lectual power or srasp ; not tenacious, as memory ; 
less important, efficacious, or powerful; not equalor 
equivalent; less; abrupt; petulant; brittle; triable. ■ 
{Cookery.) Breaking or crumbling readily in the , 
mouth; cnsp; tender. (.Slock Exchange.') Engaging to 
deliver what is not possessed. (Fron.) Pronounced | 
■with a less prolonged utterance, and with a some- 
what thinner and more slender sound, — said of vow- 
els, in Eng., as disting. fr. the same when having i 
the "long sound; as. a in hdt, e in met, etc. ; less 
prolonged, simply, and disting. fr. the same sound 
as of long quantity, — said of the vowels in many 
languages, and sometimes of vowel sounds in Eng. 

— n. A summary account, pi. The part of ground 
grain from which tlie fine flour or meal has been 
sifted. — adv. In a short manner; brieflj-; limitedly; 
abruptly ; suddenlJ^ — Shorfen, -n, v. t. [-ened 
(-nd), -ENING.] To make short in measure, extent, 
or time; to reduce or diminish in amount, quantity, 
or extent; to make deficient in respect to; to make 
short or friable, as pastry, with butter or lard. — r. i. 
To become 'short or shorter; to contract. — Shorf- 
■ening, n. A making or becoming short or shorter. 
{Cooker;/.) That which renders pastry short or fria- 
ble, as butter or lard. — Shorfly, adv. In a short or 
brief timeor manner; infew words; briefly. — Short'- 
breathed, -bretht, a. Having short breath, or quick 
respiration. — com'tng, ?i. Act of failing or coming 
short; as, failur* of a crop, etc.; neglect of, or failure 
in, performance of duty. — hand.n. A rapid method 
of writing by substituting characters, abbreviations, 
or symbols, for words: stenography; phonography. — 
-lived, -livd, a. Not living or lasting long; being of 
ehort continuance. — sight, n. Short-sightedness. — 
-sight'ed, a. Not able to see far; near-sighted: not 
able to look far into futurity; of limited intellect; 
having little re":ard for the future; heedless. — sight'- 
edness, n. Inability to see things at a distance, or at 
the distance to which the sight ordinarilj' extends; 
myop}'' ; defective or limited intellectual sight. — 
-waisVed, a. Short from the armpits to the w'aist, — 
said of persons; short from the shoulder to the com- 
mencement of the skirt, to the part about the waist, 
or to the narrowest and smallest part, — said of gar- 
ments. wind'ed, a. Affected with shortness of 

breath. — wit'ted, a. Having little wit; not wise. 

Shot, etc._ See under Shoot. 

ohote, shot, n. A fish resembling the trout; a young 
h( g: shoat. 

Shough, shok, n. A kind of shaggy dog; a shock. 

Should. See_ Shall. 

Shoulder, shoKder, «. (Anat.) The joint by which the 
arm of a human being, or the tore leg of a quadru- 
ped, is connected vvith the body: see Horse. The 
flesh and muscles connected with the shoulder-joint; 
the upper part of the back; that which supports or 
sustains; support; that which resembles a human 
shoulder ; any protuberance from the body of a 
thing; the tore leg of an animal dressed for market. 

— V. t. [SHOULDERED (-derd) -DERING.] To push or 
thrust with the shoulder; to take upon the shoulder. 

— ShouKder-belt, n. A belt that passes across the 
shoulder. — blade, n. {Anat.) The scapula; the flat, 
triangular bone of the shoulder, or blade-bone: see 
Skeleton. — *-kiiot, n. An ornamental knot of rilD- 
bon or lace, worn on the shoulder; a kind of epaulet. 

strap, n. A strap worn on or over the shoulder; 

(Jlil. & Naval.) a narrow strap worn on the shoulder 
of a commissioned officer, indicating, by devices, the 
rank he holds. 

Shout, showt, V. i. To utter a sudden and loud out- 
cry, as in joy, triumph, or exultation, or to attract 
attention. — ?^. <. To utter with a shout; to cry: to 
treat with shouts or clamor. — n- A loud burst of 
voice or voices; a vehement and sudden outcry, esp. 
of a multitude. 

Shove, shuv, v. t. [shoved (shuvd), shoving.] To 
drive along by dirtct application of strength, with- 
out a sudden impulse; to push; to push along, aside, 
or away, in a careless or rude manner ; to jostle. — 
V. i. To push or drive forward ; to push off, move 
in a boat by means of a pole. — n. Act of shoving, 
pushing, or pressing. — Shov'el, shuv'l, n. An in- 
strument with hollowed blade for digging, lifting, or 



throwing earth or loose substances. 
ELED (-Id), 



• I', t. [SHOV- 




Shoveler. 



ELING.] To 

take up and 
throw with a 
shovel; to 
gather in 
great quan- 
titles. — 
Shov'eler, n. 
One who, 
etc. ; a kind 
of duck.hav- ^ 
ing a bill re- ' 
m a r k a b 1 y 
long and 
broad at the 
end. 
Show, sho, V. t. [SHOWED (shod); p. p. shown (shon) or 
SHOWED; SHOWING.] To exhibit or present to 
view; to exhibit; to cause to see, enable to perceive; 
to teach, inform, point out to ; to usher or guide, 
conduct; to make apparent or clear by evidence, tes- 
timony, or reasoning; to prove, evince, explain; to 
bestow, confer, afford. — v. i. To appear, look, 
seem. — n. Act of showing or bringing to view; ap- 
pearance; exhibition; that which is sliown or brought 
to view; a spectacle; proud or ostentatious display; 
parade; pomp; semblance; likeness; appearance ; 
pretext; specious plausibilit3^ — Show'y, -T,a. [-iek, 
-lEST.] Making a show; attracting attention; gay; 
gaudy; fine; pompous; ostentatious. — Show'lly, acfo. 

— Show'iness, ». — Showier, h. — Show ''-bill, n. A 
broad sheet containing an advertisement, in large 
letters, placed at shop doors, windows, etc. — bread, 
n. {Jewish Antiq.) Loaves of bread which the priest 
of the week placed before the Lord, on the golden 
table in the sanctuarj'. 

Shower, show'er, n. A fall of rain or hail of short 
duration ; that which resembles a shower in fall- 
ing through the air copiously and rapidly. — v. t, 
[SHOWERED (-erd), tEring.] To water with a shower, 
wet copiously with rain: to bestow liberally. — v.i. 
To rain in showers. — Show'ery, -er-t, a. Raining 
in showers; pert, to, or pioduced by, showers. — 
Show'er-bath, n. A bath in which water is show- 
ered upon the person from above; a contrivance for 
effecting this. 

Shrank. See Shrink. 

Shrapnel, shrap'nel, S.-shell, n. 
A shell filled with bullets, which 
scatter destructively when the 
shell explodes. 

Shred, shred, v. t. [shred, -ding.] 
To cut or tear into small pieces, 
esp. narrow and long pieces (of 
cloth, leather, etc.). — n. Along, 
narrow piece cut or torn off ; a oi. i cii_ ,1 

strip; a fragment; piece. Shrapnel Shell, 

Shrew, shroo, n. A brawling, turbulent, vexatious 
woman ; a scold. {Zo'61.) _A shrew-mouse. — v. t. 
[shkewed or shrewd (shrood); shrewing.] Tobe- 
shrew, curse. — Shrewd, shrood, a. Disposed to be 
critical and censorious; astute; penetrating; discrim- 
inating; involving or displaying an astute or saga- 
cious judgment; keen; vexatious; subtle; discerning. 

— Shrew'ish, a. Having tlie qualities of a shrew; 
fro ward; peevish; petulantly clamorous. — Shrew'- 
ishly, «(/!/. — 
Shrew'ishness, 11. 
— Shrew^- mouse, 
71. {Zovl.) An in- 
sectivorous animal 
which burrows in 
the ground. 

Shriek, shrek, v. i. 
[shrieked 
(shrekt) ; shriek- 
ing.] To utter a 
loud, sharp, shrill 
cry; to scream, as in sudden fright, in horror, or an- 
guish; to mourn with sharp, shrill cries. — v. t. To 
utter sharply and shrilly. — ;*. A sharp, shrill out- 
cry or scream, such as is produced by sudden terror 
or extreme anguish. 





Common Shrew. 



siin, cube, f ijll ; moon, idbt 5 cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboif, chair, get. 



SHRIEVALTY 



384 



SIDE 




Shrimp. 



Shrievalty. See under Sheriff. 

Shrift. See under Shrove-tide. 

Shrike, shrik, n. A rapacious bird, of many species, 
living upon insects and small animals; the butcher- 
bird. 

Shrill, shril, a. Uttering- an acute sound ; sharp ; 
piercing. — v. i. [shrilled (shrild), -lixg.] To 
utter an acute, piercmg sound; to sound in a sharj), 
shrill tone ; to have an acute or piercing effect. — 
V. t. To cause to make a shrill sound, utter in a 
shrill tone; to pierce, penetrate, wound. 

Shrimp, shrimp, n. {Zool.) A small, long-tailed, dec- 
apod crustacean, of 
numerous species, 
some of which are 
used for food. A ^^ 
little, wrinkled man; *=^ 
a dwarf, — in con- 
tempt. 

Shrine, shrin, w. A 
case, box, or receptacle, esp. one in which sacred rel- 
ics are deposited; any sacred or hallowed place; an 
altar; place of worship. 

Shrink, shrink, v. i. [shrunk, shrixking : the old 
imp. SHRANK and p. p. shruxkex are nearly obso- 
lete.] To become wrinkled bv contraction; to shriv- 
el, contract, dry up ; to withtlraw or retire, as from 
danger ; to recoil, as in fear, horror, or distress. — 
r. t. To cause to contract. — n. Act of shrink- 
ing; contraction; recoil. — Shrink ''age, -ej, w. Con- 
traction into a less compass ; reduction in the bulk 
or dimensions of anything by shrinking: diminution 
in value (of stocks,' property, etc.).— Shrink^er, n. 

Shrive. See under Shrove-tide. 

Shrivel, shrivel, v. i. [-eled (-Id), -elixg.j To draw, 
or be drawn, into wrinkles: to contract, shrink, 
wither. — v. t. To cause to shrink or contract. 

Shroud, shrowd, n. That which clothes, covers, con- 
ceals, or protects; a garment: esp., a winding-sheet 
or dress for the dead; that which clothes, covers, or 
shelters, like a shroud, pi. (JS'aut.) 
A set of ropes reaching from the 
mast-heads to the sides of a vessel, 
to support the masts: see Ship. — 
V, t. To cover with a shroud; esp., 
to inclose in a winding-sheet ; to 
cover, as with a shroud; to hide, 
veil. 

Shrove-tide, shrov'tTd, -Tuesday, 
-tuz^'dl, n. The Tuesday follow- 
ing Quinquagesima Sunday, and 
preceding the first day of Lent, or 
Ash-Wednesday, on which daj' it 
was formerly customary in Eng. 
for the people to confess their sins Shrouds, 

to the priests. — Shrive, shriv, i-. t. [shrived (shrTvd), 
shriving.] To hear or receive the confession of and 
absolve, — said of a priest; to confess, — used reflex- 
ively. — V. i. To receive confessions^ — Shrift, n. 
Confession made to a priest; act of shriving; abso- 
lution. 

Shrub, shrub, n. A low, dwarf tree; a woody plant 
of a size less than a tree. — Shrub'by, -bt, a. [-bier ; 
-biest.] Full of, resembling, or consisting of shrubs 
or brush. — Shrub'bery, -bgr-T, n. A collection of 
shrubs taken as a whole; a place where shrubs are 
planted. 

Shrub, shrub, n. A preparation of fruit juice, etc., 
used for flavoring summer drinks. 

Shrug, shrug, v. «. [shrugged (shrugd), -ging.] To 
draw up, contract, esp. by way of expressing dislike, 
dread, doubt, or the like' — i\i. To raise or draw up 
the shoulders, as in expressing horror, etc. — n. A 
drawing up of the shoulders. 

Shrunken. See Shrink. 

Shuck, shuk, n. A shell or covering; husk; pod; esp., 
the covering of a nut or of maize. — v. t. To husk, 
shell, peel tne shucks from (nuts, corn, etc.) 

Shudder, shud''der, v. i. [-dered (-dSrd), -deking.] 
To tremble or shake with fear, horror, or aversion ; 
to shiver with cold, quake. — n. A shaking with 
fear or horror ; a tremor. 

Shuffle, shuf 'fl, i\ t. [-FLED (-fld), -fling.] To shove 
one waj' and the other; to push from one to an- 
other; to mix by pnsliing or shoving, confuse, throw 




into disorder; esp., to change the relative positions 
of (cards in a pack). — v. i. To change the relative 
position of cards in a pack ; to shift ground ; to 
practice shifts to elude detection; to use arts or ex- 
pedients, equivocate, prevaricate, quibble, evade, 
sophisticate, make shift, struggle ; to move in a 
slovenl}', dragging manner. — n. Act of shuffling; 
act of mixing and throwing into confusion by 
change of places; an evasion; trick; artifice. 

Shun, shun, v. t. [shunned (shund), -nixg.] To 
avoid, keep clear of, get out of the way of, escape 
from, neglect. — Shunt, v. t. To turn off to one side ; 
esp., to turn off (a railroad car, etc.) upon a side 
track; to switch off; to shift (an electric current) to 
another circuit ; to put off upon one. — v. i. To gto 
aside, turn off. — n. {Hailroads.) A turn off to a side 
or short rail that the principal rail may be left free. 
(JElec.) A switch, — a contrivance for shifting an 
electric current to another circuit. 

Shut, shut, V. <. [shut, -TING.] To close, as the hand; 
to contract; to close so as to hinder ingress or egress; 
to forbid entrance into, prohibit, bar. — v. i. To 
close itself, become closed. —p. a. (P;-o«.) Having 
the sound suddenly interrupted or stopped bv a 
succeeding consonant, as the i in pit, the o in /iop. 
— Shut'ter, n. One who shuts or closes; a slatted 
or close movable frame or cover for a window or 
other aperture: a blind. — Shut^'tle, -tl, n. A sliding 
thread-holder for carrying the thread of the woof 
from one side of the cloth to the other, between the 
threads of the warp, or for completing a lock stitch 
in some sewing machines; a shuttlecock.— Shut'tle- 
cock, n. A cork stuck with feathers, used to be 
struck by a battledoor in play; the play itself. 

Shy, shi, a. Sensitively timid; reserved; easily fright- 
ened ; cautious ; wary ; suspicious ; coy. '— v. i. 
[shied (shid), shying.] To start suddenly aside, as 
if a little frightened. — Shy'ly, Shiay, adv. In a 
shy or timid manner; not familiarly; with reservt. 
— 'Shy'ness, Shi'^ness, 7i. 

Shyster, shi'ster, n. A tricky knave ; one who carries 
on business, esp. legal business, dishonestly. 

Si, se. (J/ws.) A syllable applied, in solmization, to 
the 7th tone'of the major diatonic scale. 

Sialogogue, si-aKo-gog, n. {Med.) A medicine that 
promotes the flow of saliva. 

Sibilant, sib''T-lant, a. Making a hissing sound; ut- 
tered with a hissing sound; hissing. — n. A letter 
uttered with a hissing of the voice, as s and z. — 
Sibila''tion, n. Utterance with a hissing sound; the 
sound itself. 

Sibyl, sib'^il, n. {Parjan Antiq.) A woman supposea 
to be endowed with a spirit or prophecy. A female 
fortune-teller, or gypsy. — Sib'ylline, -if-lin, a. Pert. 
to, uttered, written, or composed by, sibyls; like the 
productions of sibyls. 

Sic, sik, adv. So ; thus, — usually placed in paren- 
thesis, after a quoted word or phrase, to indicate 
that the quotation is exact, though apparently un- 
likely. 

Siccity, sik'sY-tY, n. Dryness; aridity. 

Sick, sik, a. Affected w'ith, or attended by, nausea; 
inclined to vomit ; having a strong dislike ; dis- 
gusted; affected with disease of any kind; ill; dis- 
ordered; indisposed; weak; feeble;' rporbid. — Sick 
headache, (lied.) A variety of headache attended 
with disorder of the stomach and nausea. — Sick'- 
ish, a. Somewhat sick or diseased ; exciting sick- 
ness or disgust; nauseating; nauseous. — Sick'ly, -lY, 
a. [-LIER; -LiEST.] Somewhat sick; disposed to ill- 
ness; producing or tending to disease; appearing as 
if sick ; ailing ; infirm ; weakly ; feeble ; languid ; 
faint. — Sick''liness, n. — Sick''ness, n. State of be- 
ing sick or diseased; a disease or malady; esp., nau- 
sea. — Sick'en, -n, V. <. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To 
make qualmish, disgust; to make sick, disease. — v. i. 
To be filled to disgust, be filled with abhorrence, be 
satiated; to become disgusted or tedious; to become 
sick. 

Sickle, sik'l, n. A reaping-hook; a curved steel instru- 
ment with handle, used for cutting grain, etc., hav- 
ing the cutting edge on the inner curve of the blade. 

Side, sid, n. The margin, edge, verge, or border of a 
surface; esp., one of the longer edges; one of the 
surfaces which define or limit a soUd, esp. one of 



am. fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tgrm ; In, Ice ; Sdd, tone, 8r ; 



SIDERAL 



385 



SILENCE 



the longer surfaces; any outer portion of a thing 
considered apart from, and yet in relation to, the 
rest; also, any part or position viewed as opposite to 
or contrasted with another; one half of the body 
considered as opposite to the other half; the part of 
the body about the ribs; part connecting top and bot- 
tom, as the wall of a room or the slope or declivity of 
a hill; position of a person or party regarded as op- 
posed to another person or party; a body of advo- 
cates or partisans; the interest or cause which one 

. maintains against another; a doctrine opposed to 
another doctrine; interest; favor; a line of descent 
traced through one parent, as disting. f r. that traced 
through another. — a. Being on the side ; or toward 
the side; lateral; indirect; oblique; collateral. — v. i. 
To embrace the opinions of one party, or engage in 
its interest, when opposed to another party. — Sid'ed, 
a. Having a side, — used in composition. — Sidling, 
n. The attaching of one's self to a party. (Rail- 
roads.) A turn-out; side track. (Carp.) The board- 
ing covering the side of a house. — Side''ling, a. In- 
clining to one side; directed toward one side; sloping; 
inclined. — Side'long, a. Lateral ; oblique ; not 
directly in front. — adv. Laterally; obliq[uely; in 
the direction of the side; on the side. — Side'' walk, 
n. A raised way for foot-passengers at the side of 
a street or road. — Slde'ways, -wise, adv. Toward 
one side; inclining; laterally; ononiside. — Sides'- 
man, n. An assistant to a churchwarden; a partisan. 
— Side''ann, n. A weapon (sword, bayonet, etc.) 

worn at the side. board, n. A piece of cabinet 

work, placed on one side in a dining-rooni to hold 
dishes, etc. — light, n. A subsidiary light, or one 
supplementary to the main one. — sad^dle, n. A 
saddle for a woman to use, with both feet on one side. 
— wheel, n. A steamer's paddle-wheel. — a. Pro- 
pelled by side-wheels, and not by a screw. — Si'dle, 
V. i. [-DLED (-did), -DLiNG.] To move side foremost. 

Sideral, sid'er-al, a. Relating to the stars; affecting 
unfavorably by the supposed influence of the stars; 
baleful. — Side'real, si-de''re-al, a. Relating to the 
stars: starry; astral. (Astron.) Measured by the ap- 
parent motion of the stars ; pert, to or designated, 
marked out, or accompanied, by a return to the same 
position in respect to the stars. 

Siderography, sid-er-og'ra-fT, n. Art or practice of 
steel engraving. —Sid'erograph'ic, -leal, -graf'ik-al, 
a. Pert, to siderography, or performed by engraved 
plates of steel. 

Sidewalk, Sidewise, Sidle, etc. See under Side. 

Siege, sej, n. The setting of an army around or before 
a fortihed place, to compel the garrison to surrender; 
a continued attempt to gain possession. 

Sienite. See Syenite. 

Sienna, sT-en''na, n. An earthy pigment of a brown- 
ish-yellow color, — a silicate of iron and alumina. 

Sierra, se-er'ra, n. A saw-like ridge of mountains and 
craggy rocks. 

Siesta, se-es'ta, n. A short sleep taken about the mid- 
dle of the day, or after dinner. 

Sieve, siv, n. A utensil for separating the fine part of 
any pulverized or fine substance 
from the coarse; a kind of coarse 
basket. — Sift, v. t. To separate 
by a sieve (the fine part of a sub- 
stance from the coarse) ; to sepa- 
rate or part as if by a sieve ; to 
separate the good or bad of ; to 
analyze, scrutinize. 

Sigh, si, V. i. [SIGHED (sid), sighing.] To make a deep 
single respiration, esp. as the result or involuntary 
expression of fatigue, exhaustion, grief, sorrow, etc.; 
to lament, grieve; to make a sound like sighing. — 
?'. t. To utter sighs over, lament or mourn over; to 
express by sighs. — n. A single deep respiration; a 
long breath; a manifestation of grief or sorrow. 

Sight, sit, n. Act of seeing; perception of objects by 
tlie eye; view; power of seeing; faculty of vision; 
state of admitting unobstructed vision; visibility; 
region which the eye at one time surveys ; thing 
seen; spectacle: show; something worth seeing; in- 
S'lection ; examination : inKtrumeiit of seeing; the 
eye; a small aperture through which objects are to 
be spen, and by which the direction is settled or as- 
certained; a piece of metal near the muzzle, or an- 




Sieve. 



other near the breech, of a fire-arm, to guide the eye 
in taking aim; a great number, quantitj-, or sum. — 
V. t. To get sight of, see: to look at through a sight, 
see accurately. (Mil.) To give the proper elevation 
and direction to by means of a sight. — v. i. To ob- 
tain a distinct view. (3lil.) To take aim by a sight. 

, take sight. — Sighfless, a. Wanting sight; blind; 
offensive or unpleasing to the eye; unsightly. — 
Sight'ly, -H, a. Open to sight; conspicuous; pleas- 
ing to the sight; comely. 

Sigmoid, sig'moid,-moid''al,a. Curved in 2 directions, 
like the letter S. 

Sign, sin, n. That by which anything is made known 
or represented; that which furnishes evidence; to- 
ken; indication; proof; a remarkable event, consid- 
ered by the ancients as indicating the will of a deity ; 
miracle; wonder ; indication of the divine will ; 
something serving to indicate the existence, or pre- 
serve the memory of a thing; any symbol or emblem 
which prefigures, typifies, or represents, an idea; a 
word regarded as the outward manifestation of 
thought; a motion, action, or gesture, by which a 
thought is expressed, or a command or wish made 
known; one of the conventional manual motions by 
which conversation is carried on, as by the deaf and 
dumb; something conspicuous placed before a house 
to advertise the business there transacted. (Astron.) 
The l-12th part of the ecliptic or zodiac. (Alg.) A 
character indicating the relation of quantities, or an 
operation performed upon them. (Mits.) Any char- 
acter, as a flat, sharp, dot, etc. — v. t. [signed 
(sind), signing.] To represent by a sign, signify; 
to affix a signature to, notify by hand or seal. — v. i. 
To make a sign or signal; to communicate intelli- 
gence by signs. — Sig'hal, n. A sign agreed upon to 
give notice of some occurrence, command, or dan- 
ger, to a perst)n at a distance, or, as the occasion of 
concerted action; atoken; indication. — a. Disting. 
from what is ordinary; notable; conspicuous. — v. t. 
[SIGNALED (-nald), -NALING.] To communicatc by 
signals. — Sig'nally, adr. In a signal manner; emi- 
nently; remarkably. — Sig'nalize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), 
-iziNG.] To make signal or eminent; to communi- 
cate with by means of a signal; to indicate the exist- 
ence, presence, or fact of, by a signal. — Sig'natnre, 
-na-chur, M. A sign, stamp,' or mark impressed; the 
name of any person written with his own hand; a 
sign-manual. (Mus.) The flats or sharps at the be- 
ginning of a composition, which indicate the key 
or scale. (Print.) A letter or figure by which the 
sheets of a book or pamphlet are distinguished and 
their order designated. — Sig'natory, -na-to-rT, a. 
Pert, to a seal; used in sealing; signing; sharing in 
a signature.— n. A signer. -^Sig''net,?i. A seal; esp., 
in £ng., the seal used by the sovereign in sealing 
private letters and grants that pass by bill under the 
sign-manual. — Sig'nify, -nt-fi, v. t. [-fied (-lid), 
-FYiNG.] To make known by a sign, communicate 
by any conventional token; to convey the notion of; 
to make known, express, manifest, declare, intimate, 
denote, imply, mean. — v. i. To express meaning 
with force. —"Significance, -can-cy, -nif-'I-kan-sT, n. 
State of being significant ; that which is signified ; 
moment; weight; consequence; import; importance; 
force. — Significant, a. Fitted or designed to sig- 
nify or make known something ; standing as a sign 
or token ; expressive or suggestive ; having a mean- 
ing; deserving to be considered; important; moment- 
ous. — Sig'nifica'tion, n. Act of signifying or making 
known; that which is signified or made known. — 
Significative, -ka-tiv, a. Betokening or representing 
by an external sign; having signification or meaning. 

Signior, Signer, Signora, etc. See under Seignior. 

Silence, si'lens, n. State of being silent; entire ab- 
sence of sound or noise; forbearance from, or ab- 
sence of, speech: secrecy; cessation of rage, agita- 
tion, or tumult; calmness; quiet; absence of men- 
tion: oblivion. — interj. Be silent, — used elliptically 
for let there be silence, nr keep silence. — v. t. [si- 
lenced (-lenst), -ciNG.] To compel to silence, cause 
to be still; to put to rest, quiet. — Si'lent, a. Free 
from sound or noise; absolutely still; indisposed to 
talk ; speechless ; mute ; habitually taciturn ; not 
speaking ; keeping at rest ; inactive. (Pron.) Not 
pronounced ; having no sound ; quiescent. 



sfin, cube, full ; moon, fdtt; cow, oil; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chaii', get. 



SILEX 



386 



SINCERE 





Silez, si'leks, Sil'ica, -l-ka, n. (Min. and Chem.) Ox- 
iae of silicon, — the characteristic ingredient of 
rock crystal, quartz, fliut, glass, etc.- when pure it 
is a hard, rough, white powder. — Sili'ceoas, -cioos, 
sT-lish'us, a. Pert, to, or containing, silica, or par- 
taking of its nature and qualities. —Silic'lc, -lis'ik, 
a. {Chem.) Of, pert, to, or obtained from silica. — 
Silicic acid. An acid composed of silicon, oxygen, 
and water. — SiU'cium, -lish''I-um, n. Silicon. — 
Sil'lcon, 11. {Chem.) A dark, nut- 
brown, elementary substance, desti- 
tute of metallic luster, and a non-con- 
ductor of electricity: it is the base of 
i^ilex, or silica. 

Silhouette, siKcSfe-et, n. A representation 
ot the outlines of an object filled in 
with a black color; a profile. 

Siliqaa, siKl-kwa,_ra. ,• pi. -qu^e, -kwe, or 
Sil'ique, -ik or-ek, w. (Bot.) An ob- ^ 
long seed-vessel, consisting of 2 valves, „Z, ,. 
an 1 a dissepiment between, and open- ^H-Qouetie. 
itig by sutures at either margin, with the seeds at- 
tached to both edges of the dissepiment, 
and alternately upon each side of it. — 
Sil''iquous, -t-kwus, a. Bearing, pert, to, 
or resembling, siliques. — Sil'icle, -T-kl, 
n. A seed-vessel resembling a silique, 
but about as broad as long. 

Silk, silk, n. The fine, soft thread, pro- 
duced by various species of caterpillars 
in the form of a cocoon, esp. that pro- 
duced by the silk-worm; thread spun, or 
cloth woven, from tlie above-named ma- 
terial; the filiform styles of the female 
flower ot maize. — Silk''en, -n, a. Made 
of, resembling, or pert, to, silk; soft; del- 
icate ; tender ; smooth; dressed in silk. 

— Silk'y, -T, «. [-IER; -lEST.] Made of, 
resembling, or pert, to, silk; silk-like; 
soft and smooth; pliant; yielding. — 
Silk'-worm, n. (Entom.) Tne caterpil- 
lar which produces silk; the larve of a 
white 01- cream-colored moth. 

Sill, sil, H. A stone or timber forming the basis or 
foundation of a house, bridge, loom, etc.; the tim- 
ber or stone at the foot of a door; threshold; the 
timber or stone on which a window-frame stands. 

Sillabub, sil'la-bub, n. A mixture of wine or cider 
with milk, forming a soft curd. 

Silly, siKlt, a. [-lier; -liest.] Orig. weak; helpless; 
frail ; weak in intellect ; destitute of ordinary 
strength of mind; proceeding from want of under- 
standing or common judgment; witless ; shallow; 
foolish; imprudent. — Sil'lily, -IT-lt, adv. 

Silo, si'lo, n. A trench or pit in which fodder crops 
are preserved by the process of ensilage, q. v. 

Silt, silt, n. Mud or fine earth deposited from running 
or standing water. — v. t. To cnoke, fill, or obstruct 
with mud. — v. i. To flow into, or percolate through, 
crevices or narrow places, as muddy water; to ooze. 

Silurian, si-lu'rl-an, a. {Geol.) Of, or pert, to, the 
country of the ancient Silures, who inhabited a part 
of England and Wales, — a term applied to the ear- 
liest Paleozoic age, and to the strata of the age. 

Siiva, Sylva, siKva, n. A collection of poems. (Bot.) 
The forest trees of a region or country, or a descrip- 
tion of them. — Sil'van, SyKvan, a. Pert, to, com- 
ipobed of, or inhabiting groves; woody. 

Silver, siKver, 7i. (_3Iin.) A soft, white, metallic ele- 
ment, very malleable and ductile, and capable of a 
high polish. Coin made of silver; anything having 
tlie luster or appearance of silver. — a. Made of, or 
resembling silver. — v. <. [silvered (-verd), -vek- 
J.vc] To cover with silver; to coat with an amal- 
gam of tin and quicksilver; to polish like silver, 
cause to resemble silver, make smooth and bright; 
to make hoary, or white and shining, like silver. — 
Sil'vering, n. Art, operation, or practice of cover- 
ing the surface of anything with silver or with a 
mercurial amalgam; coating thus laid on.— SiKvery, 
-ver-T, o. Resembling, or'having the luster of, sil- 
ver; besprinkled or covered with silver. 

Similar, sim'T-ler, a. Exactly corresponding ; pre- 
cisely alike; somewhat alike; nearly corresponding. 

— Similar fgures. (Geom.) Figures which differ 



Silique. 



from each other only in magnitude, being made up 
of the same number ot like parts simUarty situated 

— Sim'ilar'lty, -lar'I-tT, n. State of being similar, 
perfect or partial resemblance.— Sim'ilarly, adv. In 
a similar manner; in like manner; with resemblance. 

— Sim'ile, -T-le, n. ,• j»Z. -ILES, -lez. {Rhet.) A word 
or phrase by which anything is likened in one of its 
aspects to another ; a similitude. — Siinll''itude, -T- 
tud. n. State of being similar or like; resemblance; 
likeness; act of likening one thing to another; fan- 
ciful or imaginative comparison ; simile. 

Simitar. See Cimetek.- 

Simmer, sini'mer, v. i. [-mered (-merd), -merino. J 
To boil gently, or with a gentle hissing. — v.t. To 
cause to Doil gently. 

Simony, sirn'o-nt, n. The crime of buying or selling 
ecclesiastical_preferment. 

Simoom, sT-moom', -moon'', n. A hot, dry wind, that 
blows occasionally in Africa, Arabia, etc. 

Simper, sim'per, v. i. To smile in a silly, affected, or 
conceited manner. — n. A smile with an air of sil- 
liness, etc. ; a smirk. 

Simple, sim'' pi, a. [-plee; -plest.] Single; not com- 
plex; not compounded; plain; unadorned; not given 
to artifice, stratagem, or duplicity ; unmistakable; 
clear ; intelligible ; artless in manner ; straightfor- 
ward ; weak in intellect not wise or sagacious. 
(Bot.) Without subdivisions ; entire. — n. Some- 
thing not mixed or compounded. (Med.) A me- 
dicinal plant, — so called because each vegetable is 
supposed to possess its particular virtue and to con- 
stitute a simple remedy. — Sim'ply, -pll, adv. In a 
simple manner ; without art ; without subtlety; art- 
lessly ; plainly ; when considered in or by itself ; 
merely; solely; barely; weakly; foolishly. — Sim'- 
pleton, -pl-tun, n. A sUly person; person of weak in- 
tellect ; foolish person. — Simplicity, -plis''^-tl, -ple- 
ness, n. State or quality of being simple, unmixed 
or uncompounded, or of being not complex, or of 
consisting of few parts ; artlessness of mind ; free- 
dom from duplicity; sincerity; freedom from artifi- 
cial ornament; plainness; freedom from subtlety or 
abstruseness; clearness; weakness of intellect; silli- 
ness. — Sim-'plify, -plT-fi, v. t. [-FIED (-fid), -FYING.] 
To make simple, reduce from the complex state by 
analysis, show an easier or shorter process for doing 
or making. — Sim^plifica'tion, n. Act of simplify- 
ing, or making simple. 

Simulate, sinT'u-lat, v. t. To assume the mere appear- 
ance of without the reality; to counterfeit, feign. — 
a. Feigned ; pretended. — Simula ''tion, n. Act of 
simulating, or putting on what is not true; counter- 
feiting; feint; pretense. 

Simultaneous, si-mul-ta'ne-us, a. Existing or happen- 
ing at the same time. 

Sin, sin, n. Transgression of the law of God; disobe- 
dience or neglect of a divine command ; moral de- 
pravity; crime; iniquity; wickedness; wrong; a sin- 
offering ; one on wTiom is laid the burden of an- 
other's sin.— V. t. [sinned (sind) -ning.] To de- 
part voluntarily from the path of duty prescribed 
by God to man; to violate any known rule of duty 
or rectitude; to violate human rights, law, or prop- 
erty. — Sin''ful, a. Full of sin; wicked; criminal; 
unholy; containing, tainted with, or consisting in, 
sin. — Sui''less, a. Free from sin; pure; perfect; in- 
nocent of transgression. — Siu'lessly, adv. — Sin'- 
lessness, n. — Sin^'ner, n. One who, etc. ; esp., a per- 
sistent or unrepenting transgressor. 

Sinapism, sin-'a-pizm, n. (Med.) Mustard seed pul- 
verized, with other ingredients, used as an external 
application. 

Since, sins, adv. In the time past, counting back- 
ward from the present ; before this or now ; ago. — 
prep. From the time of; subsequently to; after, — 
with a past event or time for the object. — conj. 
Since the time when ; from the (past) time that ; 
from (inferentiallv), or in view of, the fact that; 
seeing that; because; considering. 

Sincere; sin-ser', a. [-cerer ; -cerest.] Pure ; un- 
mixed ; unadulterated ; being in reality what it ap- 
pears to be ; not simulated or falsely assumed ; 
he^irtv ; honest; unfeigned; frank; upright ; undis- 
sembling. — Sincer'ity, -scr''Y-tT, n. State or quality 
of being sincere, honesty of mind or intention. 



S.m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; Sdd, tone, or ; 



SINCIPUT 



387 



SIRUP 




Sine. 

d b, sine : d e, arc ; 

coe, diameter. 



Sinciput, sin'sT-put, n. {Anut.) The fore part of the 
head from the forehead to the coronal suture, — 
opp. the occiput. See Facial Angle. 

Sine, sin, n. (Trigonometry.) The length^f a^per- 
pendicular drawn from one ex- 
tremity of an arc to the diame- 
ter drawn through the other ex- 
tremity; the perpendicular it- 
self. 

Sinecure, si'ne-kur, n. An eccle-* 
siastical benefice, without the 
care of souls; an office or posi- 
tion which involves no labor or 
active service. 

Sinew, sin'u, n. (.Anat.) The 
tough, white cord or fibrous tis- 
sue which unites a muscle to a 
bone; a tendon. That which 
supplies strength. — 1>. t. [sinewed (-ud), -ewing.] 
To knit as by sinews.— Sin'ewed, -ud, a. Furnished 
with sinews; strong; firm; vigorous. — Sln^'ewlesB, a. 
Having no sinews, and hence no strength or vigor. — 
Sin'ewy, -u-Y, a. Pert, to, consisting of, or resemb- 
ling a sinew or sinews ; well braced with sinews; 
nervous; strong; vigorous; firm. 

Sinful, etc. See under Sin. 

Sing, V- 1- [ifnp. sung or sang (obsolescent); p.p. sung; 
singingO To utter sounds with musical inflections 
or melodious modulations of voice ; to utter sweet 
or melodious sounds, as birds; to make a small shrill 
sound; to celebrate something in poetry, ^-v. t. To 
utter with musical modulations of voice ; to cele- 
brate in song, praise in verse. — Sing'-song, n. A 
drawling tone, as of a monotonous or badly executed 
song. — Song, n. That which is sung; a short poem 
to be sung; poetical composition; poetry; sonnet; 
ballad; canticle; carol; canzonet; ditty; hymn; des- 
cant; lay; strain; an object of derision; amere trifle. 
— Song'ster, w. One who sings; one skilled in sing- 
ing; esp., a bird that sings. — Song'stress, re. A fe- 
male singer. 

Singe, sinj, v. t. [singed (sinjd), singeing.] To 
burn slightly or superficially; to burn the ends or 
surface of; to burn off hair, etc., from the surface 
of. — «. A burning of the surface; a slight burn. 

Single, stn^gl, a. One only, as distinguished from 
many, or the whole ; individual ; separate ; alone ; 
having no companion ; unmarried ; not twisted or 
combined with others ; performed by one person, 
or one on each side ; uncompounded ; pure ; un- 
mixed ; unprejudiced ; unbiased ; sincere. — v. t. 
[singled (-gld), -gling.] To select (an individual 
person or thing) from amon^ a number. — Sin'gle- 
ness, n. State of being single, or separate from all 
others; freedom from duplicity, or secondary and 
selfish ends; purity of mind and purpose; simplici- 
ty; sincerity. — Siu^gly, -glT, adv. Individually ; 
particularly; only; by one's self ; without partners, 
companions, or associates. — Sin'gle-hand'ed, a. 
Having one hand or workman only; alone; by one's 
self; unassisted. — heart'ed, a. Having a single or 
honest heart without duplicity. — Sin''gleton, -gl-tun, 
n. A single card, being the only card of a suit origi- 
nally held in a hand at whist. — Sin'gular, a. Stand- 
ing "by itself; out of the ordinary course of things; 
distinguished as existing in a very high degree; rare- 
ly equaled ;_disting. as departing from general usage 
or expectations; being alone; unique; unprecedent- 
ed; extraordinary; rare; peculiar; strange; odd; ec- 
centric: fantastic. (Logic.) Existing by itself; sin- 
gle; individual. (Gram.) Denoting one person or 
thing; not plural. — n. (Gram.) The number or form 
of a word which denotes a single person or thing. — 
Sin'gular'ity, -iar'"r-tT, n. State of being singular; 
some character or quality of a thing by which it is 
distinguished from all, or from most, others; posses- 
sion of a particular or exclusive privilege, preroga- 
tive, or distinction. — Sin'gtilarly, adv. In a singu- 
lar manner; peculiarly; strangely; oddly; so as to 
express one, or the singular number. 
Sinister, sin'is-ter, a. On the left hand, or the side 
of the left hand; left; unlucky; inauspicious; disas- 
trous; injurious; evil, — the left being regarded as 
the unlucky side; wrong, as springing from indirec- 
tion or obliquity of purpose; evil; corrupt; dishon- 




est. — Sin'^istrous, -is-trus, a. Being on the left side; 
inclined to the left; wrong; absurd; perverse. — Sin'- 
istror''8al, -tr6r''sal, a. Rising from left to right, as 
a spiral line, or helix. 

Sink, sink, v. i. [imp. sank or sunk;/?. p. sunk; sink- 
ing.] To fall by the force of gravity; to descend 
lower and lower, subside; to enter deeply, penetrate 
below the surface; to enter so as to make an abiding 
impression; to descend in or through, become sub- 
merged ; to be overwhelmed or depressed ; to fall 
slowly to the ground, etc., from weakness, etc.; to 
fail in strength, decline, decay, decrease; to decrease 
in volume, as a river, — or in apparent height, as the 
sun. — V. t. To cause to sink, immerse in a fluid; 
to depress, degrade ; to plunge into destruction; to 
make, by digging or delving; to bring low, reduce 
in quantity; to cause to decune or fall; to keep out 
of sight, suppress; to lower in value or amount; ttf 
reduce in amount, diminish or annihilate by pay- 
ment. — n. A drain to carry olf filthy water ; a 
shallow bos, connected with a drain, and used foi 
receiving filthy water, etc., as in a kitchen. 

Sinless, Sinner, etc. See under Sin. 

Sinto, etc. See Shinto. 

Sinus, si^'.nus, n.; L.pl. -nus; E. pi. -NUSES. An open' 
ing; hollow; a recess in the snore, or an opening 
into the land. (Anat.) A cavity in a bone or othef 
part, wider at the bottom than at the entrance ; a ve- 
nous canal; an elongated abscess. — 
S^'nate, sin'u-at, v. t. To bend in 
and out, turn. — Sin'uate, -ated, a. 
Winding ; sinuous ; having a wavy 
margin; bowed inward and outward. 

— Suiua''tion, n. A winding or bend- 
ing in and out. — Sinuos'ity, -os'I- 
tl, 71. Quality of being sinuous, or 
bending in and out; a bend, or series 
of bends and turns; a wave line. — 
Sin'uous, -u-us, a. Bending in and 
out; of a serpentine or undulating Sinuate Leaf, 
form; winding; crooked. 

Sip. sip, V. t. [sipped (sipt), sipping.] To drink or 
imbibe in small quantities; to take in with the lips in 
small quantities; to draw into the mouth, suck up; to 
drink out of. — v. i. To drink a small quantity. — n. 
The taking of a liquid with the lips; a small draught 
taken with the lips. 

Siphon, si''fun, n. A bent tube or pipe with arms of 
unequal length, for transfer- 
ring a liquid from one vessel to 
another, over an intermediate 
elevation, by atmospheric pres- 
sure. 

Sir, ser, n. A man of social au- 
thority and dignity; a master; 
gentleman, — used as a title of 
courtesy; a knight or baronet, 

— often applied as a prefix to 
the first or Christian name.-;- bipnons. 
Sire, sir, n. A father; progeni- o, common siphon; 6, 
tor; one who stands in the rela- improved siphon witb- 
tion of a father, as a king or em- exhausting tuhe. 
peror; an author; originator; the male parent of a. 
beast, — applied esp. to horses. — v. t. [sired (sird), 
SIRING.] To beget, procreate, — used esp. of stallions. 

Siren, si'ren, n. (Myth.) One of 3 damsels, said ta 
dwell on an island in the Mediterranean, and to sing 
with such sweetness that they who sailed by forgot 
their country and died in an ecstasy of delight. An 
enticing or alluring woman; something insidious- 
or deceptive; an eel-like, amphibious reptile of S. 
Carolina and Georgia; an instrument for producing' 
piercing musical sounds by forcing air or steam 
through perforated revolving disks; a steam fog- 
horn. — a. Pert, to a siren, or to the dangerous en- 
ticements of music; fascinating; alluring. 

SiriuB, sYr''Y-us, n. (Astron.) The large and bright 
star called the Dog-star, in the mouth of the con- 
stellation Canis Major. 

Sirloin, ser'loin, n. A loin of beef: see Beef. 

Sirname. See Surname. 

Sirocco. See under Saracen. 

Sirup, Ssmip, sTr'up, n. A saturated solution of sugar, 
simple, flavored, or medicated, — made with water, 
fruit juice, etc.; a kind of refined molasses; the flui(3 




sfin, cube, fijil ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, ehair, get. 



SISAL 



388 



SKELETON 



drained from loaf su^ar in process of manufacture; 

any sweetened liquid. 
Sisal, st-sal'. S.-grass, n. The fiber of the Amer. aloe, 

used for cordage, etc.; istle; ystle ; henequen, — 

shipped chiefly fr. Sisal, Yucatan. 
Sister, sis'ter, n. A female whose parents are the same 

as those of another person; a female closely allied to, 

or associated with, another per- 

son, as in the same faith, society, 

etc. — Sis''terhood, -h<56d, n. A 

society of sisters, or of women 

united in one faith or order ; 

state of being a sister. — Sis'ter- 

ly, o. Like a sister; becoming a 

sister; affectionate. — Sis'ter-in- 

law, n. ; pi. Sisteks-in-law. A 

husband's or wife's sister; also, 

a brother's wife. 
Sit, sit, V. i. [imp. sat; p. p. sat 

(SITTEN, Obs.) ; SITTING.] To 

rest upon the haunches; to re- 

Eose upon a seat; to perch, as 
irds; to remain in a state of re- 
pose, rest, abide; to be adjusted, 
fit; to lie, rest, or bear; to have 
a seat, abide; to incubate; to 
cover and warm eggs for hatch- 
ing, as a fowl; to be officially 
engaged in public business, as 
judges, legislators, or officers of 
any kind; to have position, as 
at the point blown from. — v. t. 
To keep one's seat upon ; to 
cause to be seated, — used re- 
flexively. — Sifting, ?i. Posture 
of being on a seat ; act of pla- 
cing one's self on a seat; a seat, 
or tne space occupied by a per- 
son in a church; act or time of 
resting in a posture for an artist 
to take one's likeness ; actual 
presence or meeting of any body 
of men in their seats, clothed 
with authority to transact busi- 
ness; a time during which one 
sits, as at play, on a visit, etc. 

Site, sit, n. Place where anything 
is fixed; situation; local posi- 
tion; a place for an edifice. — 
Sifuate, sTt'u-at, a. Perma- 
nently fixed; placed; residing. 
— Sit'^ua'ted, a. Having a situ- 
ation; seated, placed, or perma- 
nently fixed; residing.— Sit'u- 
a'tion, n. Location, esp. in re- 
spect to something else ; site; 
position with respect to society 
or circumstances; relative posi- 
tion; circumstances; temporary 
state; permanent employment; 
station; post; place; office: con- 
dition ; case ; plight ; predica- 
ment. 

Sitz-bath, sits'bath, n. A tub in 
which one may bathe in a sit- 
ting position; a bath taken in, 
etc. 

Sivan, siv'an, n. The ."d month 
in the Heb. ecclesiastical year, 
and 9th of the civU — portions 
of May and June. 

Six, siks, a. Twice 3; 1 more than 
5. — n. The sum of 3 and 3; a 
symbol representing six units, 
as 6, or vi. — Six'pence, n. An 
Eng. silver coin of the value of 
6 pennies; half a shilling or about 12 cents; the value 
of 6 pennies. — Sixth, a. Next in order after the .5th; 
being one of 6 equal parts into which anything is 
divided. — n. One of G equal parts; the next in or- 
der after the 5th. (3/ms.) The interval of 4 tones and 
a semitone, embracing six diatonic degrees of the 
scale.— Sixth'ly, adr. In the 6th place.— Six'teen, 
-ten, a. d and 10; consisting of 6 and 10. — n. The 
sum of 10 and 6; a symbol representing sixteen units. 




Skeleton of a Man. 

a, parietal bone ; 6, frontal bone ; c, orbit 



temporal bone ; e, lower jaw ; /, clavicle ; g, 
cervical vertebrae ; h, shoulder blade ; i, hu- 
merus ; J, lumbar vertebrae ; k, I, ilium ; m, 
ulna ; n, radius ; o. carpus ; p, metacarpus ; 
q, phalanges ; r, femur ; s, patella ; t, tibia ; 
u, fibula ; v, tarsus ; w, metatarsus ; x, pha- 
langes. 



as 16, or xvi. — Six'teenth, -tenth, a. 6th after the 
10th; next in order alter the 15th; being one of 16 
equal parts into which anything is divided.— n. One 
of 16 equal parts; the next in order after the 15th. 
(Mas.) An interval comprising 2 octaves and a sec- 
ond. — Sixteen^'mo, n. ; pi. -mos, -moz. Sextodeci- 
mo, q. v., under Sexagenary, — usually written 
16mo. — Six'ty, -tT, a. 6 times 
10 ; threescore. — n. The sum of 
6 times 10; a symbol represent- 
ing 60 units, as 60, or Ix., LX.— 
Six'tieth, -tT-eth, a. Next in 
order after the 59th; being one 
of 60 equal parts into which any- 
thing is divided.— n. One of 60 
equal parts; the next in order 
after the 59th. 
Size, sTz, n. Extent of superficies 
or volume; formerly a settled 
quantity or allowance. (Univ. 
of Cambridge, Eng.) An allow- 
ance of food and drink from the 
butter}', aside from the regular 
dinner at commons. A conven- 
tional relative measure of di- 
mension, applied to shoes, 
gloves, etc.; bigness; greatness; 
magnitude; bulk. — v. i. [sized 
(sTzd), SIZING.] To arrange ac- 
cording to size. (Mining^ To 
sift (pieces of ore or metal) 
through a wire sieve. — SiZ'^able, 
a. Of considerable size or bulk; 
being of reasonable or suitable 
size. — Si'zar, -zer, n. ( Univ. of 
CaivbHdge,Eng.) One of a body 
of students next below the pen- 
sioners, who eat at the public 
table, after the fellows, free of 
expense, — so called from being 
employed in distributing the 
size, or provisions. 
Size, siz, n. A kind of weak glue 
made from the clippings of 
parchment, glove-leather, fish- 
skin, etc.; any glutinous or vis- 
cid substance. — v. t. [sized 
(sizd), sizing.] To cover or pre- 
pare with size. — Siz'ing, n. A 
kind of weak glue used m man- 
ufactures, arts, etc.; size. 
Sizz, siz. Sizzle, siz'zl, v. i. To 
make a hissing sound, as a piece 
of hot metal when dipped into 
water. — n. A hissing sound. 
Skald. See Scald. 
Skate, skat, n. A frame for the 
foot like the sole of a shoe, fur- 
nished with a metallic runner or 
sometimes with small wheels, 
for moving rapidly on ice, or 
other smooth surface. — v. i. To 
sUde or_move on skates. 
Skate, skat, n. A voracious fish of 
several species, of the ray fam- 
ily, of rhomboid shape. 
Skedaddle, ske-dad'dl, v. i. To 
betake one's self to flight ; to 
run away with precipitation, as 
if in a panic. 
Skein, skan, n. A knot or a num- 
ber of knots, of thread, silk, or 
yarn ; a quantity of yarn, etc., 
after it is taken from the reel. 
Skeleton, skeKe-tun, n. (Phi/S' 
iol. ) The hard, firm framework 
which gives support and protection to the softer 
parts, in an organized body, as bones, shells, the 
woody tissue of leaves, etc.; esp., the bony frame- 
work of a vertebrate divested of the soft parts. A 
very thin or lean person; the general structure or 
frame of anything; the heads and outline of a liter- 
ary performance, esp, of a sermon. — SkeKeton key. 
A key made in skeleton form, or with wards cut 
away, so as to open many locks; master key. — S. 



d; 



am, fSme, far, piss or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, t5rm ; Tn, Tee ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



SKEPTIC 



389 



SKY 




Skew-back. 



proof. (Engraving.') An early proof of a print or en- 
graving, having the inscription outlined in hair 
strokes only. 

akeptic, Sceptic, skep'tik, n. One who is yet unde- 
cided as to what is true; an inquirer after facts or 
reasons. (Metaph.) A doubter as to whether any 
fact or truth can be certainly known. (.Theol.) One 
who disbelieves the divine origin of the Christian 
religion; infidel; unbeliever. — Skep''tic, -tical, a. 
Of, pert, to, or being, a skeptic; hesitating to admit 
the certainty of doctrines or principles; doubting or 
denving the truth of revelation. — Skep'ticism, -tt- 
sizn'i, 71. An undecided, inquiring state of mind: 
doubt; uncertainty. (Metaph.) The doctrine that 
no fact or principle can be certainly known; univer- 
sal doubt. (Theol.) A doubting of the truth of rev- 
elation, or a denial of the divine origin of the Chris- 
tian religion, or of the being, perfections, or truth of 
God. 

Sketch, skech, n. A first rough or incomplete draught 
or plan of anv design ; outline ; delineation. — v. t. 
[SKETCHED (skecht), SKETCHING.] To draw the 
outline or general figure of, make a rough draught 
of; to plan by giving the principal points or ideas of, 
design, draught, depict, portray, paint. — Sketch-'y, 
-t, (I. Containing only an outline or rough form, 
in the manner of a sketch: incomplete. 

Skew-back, sku'bak, n. (Ciml engin.) The course of 
masonry forming the 
abutment for the vous- 
soirs of a segmental 
arch, or in iron bridges, 
for the ribs. 

Skewer, sku'er, n. A 
pointed rod for fasten- 
ing meat to a spit, or 
for keeping it in form 
while roasting, — for- 
merly used instead of pins. — v. t. [skeweked 
(-erd), -EkiXG.] To fasten with skewers. 

Skid, skid, n. (jS'aut.) A piece of timber to protect the 
side of a vessel from injury by heavy bodies hoisted 
or lowered against it. A chain for fastening the 
wheel of a wagon, to prevent its turning when de- 
scending a steep hill; a piece of timber for support- 
ing anything, or along which something is rolled or 
caused to move. — v. t. To check (a wheel) with a 
skid; to support or roll on skids. 

Skiff, skit, n. A small, light boat. — v. t. [skiffed 
(skitt), SKIFFIXG.] To sail upon in a skiff. 

SKill, skil, n. Knowledge; understanding; familiar 
knowledge of any art or science, united with readi- 
ness and dexterity in execution or performance ; abil- 
ity to perceive and perform; dexterity; expertness. 

— Skilled, skild, a. Having familiar knowledge 
united with readiness and dexterity in its applica- 
tion; expert; skillful. — Skill^ful, -ful, a. Possessed 
of, or displaying skill ; expert ; adept ; masterly; 
adroit; clever. 

Skillet, skiKlet, n. A small vessel with a handle, for 
heating water, etc. 

Skim, skim, v, t. [skimmed (skimd), -ming.] To clear 
(a liquid) from cream, scum, or anything floating, 
by an instrument which passes just below the sur- 
face; to take off by skimming (cream, etc.); to pass 
near the surface of. — v. i. To pass lightly, glide 
along near the surface; to hasten along superficially. 

— Skini''ming, n. Act of taking off that which floats 
upon a liquid, as scum, cream, etc.; pi. that which 
is removed from the surface of a liquid by skimming. 

— Skim'mer, n. A utensil for skimming liquids. — 
Skim'-milk, n. Milk from which the cream has been 
taken; skimmed milk. 

Skimp, skimp, v. t. [skimped (skimt), skimping.] To 
slignt, do carelessly, make insufficient provision for. 

— V. i. To save, be niggardly. — a. Scanty. — Skinch, 
V. t. [skinched (skincht), skinch-ing.] To give 
short measure to. 

Skin, skin, M. (Physiol.) The external membranoiis 
envelope of animal bodies. Skin of an animal sepa- 
rated from the body; a hide; pelt; exterior coat of 
fruits and plants. — v. t. [skinned (skind), -ning.] 
To strip off the skin or hide of; to flay, peel; to cov- 
«?r with skin, or as with skin. — v. i. To be covered 
with skin. — Skin^ny, -nT, a. Consisting of skin, or 



of skin only; wanting flesh. — Skin'less, a. Having 
no skin or a very thin skin. — Skin'ner, n. One who 
skins; one who deals in skins, pelts, or hides. — Skin''- 
deep, ?i. Superficial; slight. — flint, m. A very penu- 
rious person; a miser; niggard. 

Skinch. See under Skimp. 

Skip, skip, V. i. [skipped (skint), -ping.] To leap, 
bound, spring as a goat or lamb; to pass without no- 
tice, make omissions. — v. t. To pass over or by, 
omit, miss, leap over. — n. A leap; bound; spring; 
act of passing over an interval from one thing to 
another; an omission of a part. — Skip'per, n. A 
dancer; the cheese maggot; a kind of fish. — Skip'- 
jack, 71. An upstart. {E7itom.) One of a family of 
coleopterous insects remarkable for leaping to a 
considerable height when placed upon their oacks. 
(Ichth.) The name of several kinds of fish, esp. 
the blue - fish. — Skip^ping-rope, n. A small rope 
used by children m skipping, " jumping rope," or 
leaping up and down. 

Skipper, skip'per, n. (Naut.) The master of a small 
trading or merchant vessel. 

Skirmish, sker''mish, n. A slight fight in war; a slight 
combat, esp. between detachments and small parties; 
a contest; contention. — ?'. i. [SKifeMiSHED (-misht), 
-MiSHiNG.] To fight slightly or in small parties; to 
engage in a skirmish. 

Skirret, skir'ret, n. A plant, cultivated in Europe for 
its esculent tuberous root, which resembles the par- 
snip in flavor. 

Skirrhus. See Scieehus. 

Skirt, skert, w. Th^ lower and loose part of a coat or 
other garment; part of a dress, etc., below the waist; 
the edge, or something running along the edge, of 
anything; bo~eler; margin; extreme part; the grind- 
ing surface on a millstone, between the circumfer- 
ence and a smaller concentric circle; a petticoat. — 
V. t. To border, form the border or edge of, run 
along the edge of. — v. i. To be on the border, live 
near the extremity. 

Skit, skit, ft. A reflection, jeer, or jibe; an oblique 
taunt. — V. t. To cast reflections on, asperse. — Skit'- 
tish, a. Easily frightened ; shunning familiarity ; 
timorous; shy; wanton; volatile; hasty. 

Skittles, skit'tlz, n. pi. A game in which wooden 
pins are shot down by a disk of heavy wood thrown 
by the player. 

Skiver, ski'^ver, n. An inferior quality of leather, made 
of split sheep-skin, tanned by immersion in sumac, 
and dyed. 

Skulk, Scnlk, skulk, i\ i. [skulked (skulkt), skulk- 
ing.] To get out of the way in a sneaking manner; 
to lurk. — Skulk, Skulk'^er, n. One who skulks or 
avoids duty; a shirk. 

Skull, skul, n. (Anaf.) The bony case which incloses 
the brain: see Skeleton. An empty, brainless head. 
— Skull'-cap, n. A close-fitting cap. (Bot.) An her- 
baceous plant, the calyx of whose flower, when in- 
verted, appears like a helmet with the vizor raised; 
Scutellaria. 

Skunk, skunk, m. An Amer. carnivorous animal, al- 
lied to the weasel ,,.t.., 
and badger, which 
ejects to a great 
distance, when ir- 
ritated or alarmed, 
an intensely fetid 
and offensive 
fluid.— Skunk'- 
bird, S.-black'- 
bird, n. The bob- 
olink, — so called 
from the resem- 
blance of the col- 
ors of the male, 
at certain sea- 
sons, to those of a 

skunk. caV- 

bage, n. An en- 
dogenous Amer. plant, named from its disagreeable 
odor. 

Sky, ski, n. The apparent arch or vault of heaven : the 
firmament; heavens; the weather; climate. ^ Sky '- 
ey, -t, a. Like the sky; ethereal. — Sky'-col'or, n. 
The color of the sky ; a particular species of blue 




Skunk. 



siin, cube, full ; moon, f66t ; cotv, oil ; linger or ink, liien, boNbou", chair, get. 



SLAB 



390 



SLEDGE 







Sky-lark. 



color ; azure.— 
-lark, n. A spe- 
cies of lark that 
mounts almost 
p e rpendicular- 
ly to a great 
height and 
sings as it flies, 
common in Eu- 
rope and some 
parts of Asia. — 
-lark'ing, n. 
{Naut.) Act of 
running about 
the rigging of a 
vessel in sport; 
frolicking ; ca- 
rousing. — 
-light, n. A win- 
dow in the roof of a building, or ceiling of a room, 
for the admission of light from ahove. — rock'et, 
n. A rocket that ascends high and burns as it flies; 
a species of fireworks. — saU, n. {Naut.) The sail 
set next above the royal: see Sail. 

$lab, slab, n. A thin piece of anything, esp. of mar- 
ble or other stone, having plane surfaces; an outside 
piece taken from a log in sawing it into boards or 
planks. — Slab'-sid'ed, a. Having flat sides; tall, or 
long and lank. 

Slabber, slab''- or slob'ber, v. i. [-beeed (-herd), 
-BERING.] To let the saliva or other liquid fall from 
the mouth carelessly; to drivel, slaver.— v. t. I'o wet 
and foul by liquids suffered to fall carelessly from 
the mouth, or by liquid spilled ; to shed, spill. — n. 
Moisture let fall from the mouth; slaver. 

Slack, slak, a. Not tense; not hard drawn; not hold- 
ing fast; not using due diligence; not earnest or 
eager; not violent; not rapid; loose; relaxed; remiss; 
inactive; slow; tardy. — adv. In a slack manner; 
partially. — n. The part of a rope, etc., that hangs 
loose, having no strain upon it; in Eng., small coal; 
coal broken into small pieces. — Slack water. The 
time when the tide runs slowly, or the water is at 
rest; or the interval between the flux and reflux of 
the tide.— Slack, Slack'en, -n, i-. i. [slacked (slakt) 
or SLACKENED (-nd); slacking, slackenins.] To 
become slack; to be made less tense, firm, or rigid; 
to be remiss or backward, neglect; to lose solidity by 
a chemical combination with water ; to abate, be- 
come less violent ; to languish, flag. — v. t. To ren- 
der slack, make less tense or tight; to render less ear- 
nest, violent, energetic, rapid, or decided ; to with- 
hold, use less liberally; to change from a solid form 
to a powder by supplying water, slake ; to repress, 
check. — Slack'ly, adv. in a slack manner; loosely; 
remissly. — Slack'nesB, w. — Slag, n. The dross or 
recrement of a metal; vijrified cinders; the scoria 
of a volcano. — Slake, slak, v. t. [slaked (; slakt), 
slaking.] To quench, extinguish, cool; to mix with 
water, so that a true chemical combination shall 
change the form ; to slack. — v. i. To go out, be- 
come extinct. 

Slam, slam, v. t. [slammed (slamd), -ming.] To shut 
with violence and noise ; to bang. — v. i. To strike 
violently and noisily. (Mach.) To strike hard, as a 
moving part upon its seat. — n. A violent driving 
ag-iinst; a violent shutting of a door, etc. 

Slander, slan'der, n. A false tale or report maliciously 
uttered, and tending to injure the reputation of an- 
other. — V. t. [-DEEED (-derd), -dering.] To injure 
by maliciously uttering a false report; to asperse, 
defame, calumniate, vilify, reproach. — Slan'^derous, 
-der-us, a. Given or disposed to slander; embody- 
ing or containing slander; calumnious. 

Slang, n. Low, vulgar, unauthorized language; a col- 
loquial mode of expression, — esp., such as is in 
vogue with some particular class in society. — v. t. 
To address with slang or ribaldry, insult with vul- 
gar language. 

Slijit, slant, a. Inclined from a direct line; sloping; 
oblique. — v. t. Tn turn from a direct line, give an 
oblique or sloping direction to. — v. i. To be turned 
or inclined from a right line, lie obliquely, slope. — 
n. A slanting direction or plane; slope. — Slanfly, 
-wise, adv. In an inclined direction; obliquely. 



Slap, slap, n. A blow given with the open hand, or 
with something broad. — v. t. [slapped (slapt), 
-PING.] To strike with the open hand, or with some- 
thing broad. — adv. With a sudden blow; quickly; 
instantly. — Slap^dash, adv. In a bold, careless 
manner; at random; with a slap; all at once; slap. 

— Slap^'jack, n. A flat cake baked upon a griddle; 
flapjack; griddle-cake. 

Slash, slash, v. t. [slashed (slasht), slashing.] To 
cut by striking violently and at random ; to cut with 
long cuts. — V. i. To strike violently and at random, 
esp. with an edged instrument. — n. A long cut; cut 
made at random; a large slit in the thighs and armf 
of old costumes, made to show a brilliant color 
through the openings. 

Slat, slat, n. A thin, narrow wooden strip or bar, aa 
in a bedstead, blind, etc. — v. t. To slap, strike, beat, 

. throw down violently. — Slate, slat, n. (Min.) A met- 
amorphic rock of several varieties, which readily 
splits into plates; any rock or stone having a slaty 
structure ; a prepared piece of such stone ; esp., a 
thin, flat piece, for roofing or covering houses, etc.; 
a tablet for writing upon. (Amer. Politics.) A list of 
candidates for nomination; a political programme. 

— V. t. To cover with slate, or plates of stone. — 
Slat'er, n. One who slates buildings. — Slat'ing, n. 
Act of covering with slates; covering thus put on; 
slates taken collectively ; material for slating. — 
Slat'y, -T, a. Resembling slate; having the nature 
or properties of slate ; composed of thin, parallel 
plates, capable of being separated by splitting. 

Slattern, slat'tern, n. A woman negligent of her 
dress or house. — Slat'ternly, a. Resembling a slat- 
tern; sluttish. — adv. Negligently; awkwardly. 

Slaughter, slaw'ter, n. Extensive and unnecessary de- 
struction of human life; carnage; massacre; butch- 
ery; murder; havoc; act of killing cattle, etc., for 
market, or for the hides; wanton and useless destruc- 
tion of great numbers of animals. — w. t. [slaugh- 
tered (-terd), -tering.] To kill, slay in battle, 
butcher. — Slaugh'terer, n. — Slaugh''terous, -us, a. 
Destructive; murderous. — Slaugh'ter-house, n. A 
house where beasts are butchered for the market. — 
-man. _One employed in killing. 

Slave, Slav, n. A person held in bondage to another; 
one wholly subject to the will of another; one who 
has lost power c^ resistance; a drudge; one who la- 
bors like a slave ; captive; vassal; dependent. — v.i. 
To drudge, toil, labor as a slave. — Slav'er, n. A ves- 
sel engaged in the slave-trade; a person engaged in 
the purchase and sale of slaves. — Slav'ery, -er-t, n. 
Condition of a slave; state of entire subjection of 
one person to the will of another ; the keeping or 
holding of slaves. — Slav'ish, a. Pert, to, or becom- 
ing slaves; servile; abject; consisting in drudgery. 

Slaver, slav'er, n. Saliva driveling from the mouth. 

— V. I. [slavered (-erd), -ertng.] To suffer the 
spittle to issue from the mouth; to be besmeared 
with saliva; to slabber. — v. t. To smear with saliva 
issuing from the mouth. 

Slaw, slaw, n. Sliced cabbage, served cooked or un- 
cooked, as a salad. _ 

Slay, sla, v. t. [imp. slew (sloo); p. p. slain (slan); 
slaying.] To put to death by a weapon, or by vio' 
lence; to kill, destroy, murder, slaughter, butcher. 

— Sledge, slej, n. A large, heavy hammer. 
Sleave, slev, w. The knotted or entangled part of silk 

or thread: floss, or unspun or refuse silk. — v. t. To 
separate (threads), — a term used by weavers. 

Sleazy, sle'zt or sla'zT, a. Wanting firmness of teX' 
ture or substance; thin; flimsy. 

Sled, sled, n. A vehicle on runners, used for convey- 
ing heavy loads over the snow, — in Eng. called 
sledge; a light seat mounted on runners, for slid- 
ing on snow and ice. — v. t. To convey on a sled. — 
Sledge, slei, n. A vehicle on runners, or on low 
wheels ; a hurdle on which, formerly, traitors were 
drawn to the place of execution ; a heavy or covered 
sleigh for riding upon snow. — Sleigh, sla, n. A ve- 
hicle on runners, for transporting persons or goods 
on snow or ice.— Sleigfing, n. State of the snow or 
ice which admits of running sleighs ; act of riding 
in a sleigh. 

Sledge, a nammer: see under Slay; a sleigh: under 
Sled. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, f Sre ; 5nd, eve, tSrm ; tn, Ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; 



SLEEK 



391 



SLOOP 



Sleek, slek, a. Having an even, smooth surface, 
smooth; glossy. — v. t. [sleeked (slekt), sleek- 
ing.] To make even and smooth; to render smooth, 
soft, and glossy. 

Sleep, slep, r. i. [slept, sleeping.] To take rest by 
a suspension of the voluntary exercise of the pow- 
ers of the body and mind, and an apathy of the 
organ:: jf sense; to be careless, inattentive, or un- 
concerned; to be dead; to be unused or unagitated; 
to rest; to slumber. — n. A natural and healthy, 
but temporary and periodical suspension of tlie 
functions of the organs of sense, as well as those of 
the voluntary and rational soul; slumber; repose; 
rest. — Sleep 'er, w. One who sleeps; a drone; lazy 
person. — Sleep'y, -t, a. [-iee; -iest.] Drowsy; 
inclined to, or overcome by, sleep; tending to in- 
duce sleep; soporiferous; somniferous. — Sleep'ily, 
adv. In a sleepy manner; drowsily. — Sleep'iness,' 
«. — Sleep^ing, p. a. Occupied with sleep, or for 
sleeping. — Sleeping partner. A silent or dormant 
partner. — Sleep^less, a. Having no sleep; wakeful; 
having no rest; perpetually agitated. — Sleep''-walk'- 
er, n. A somnambulist, or noctambulist ; one who 
walks in his sleep. 

Sleeper, slep'er, n. One of a set of timbers sup- 
porting a floor, a framework, a raUroad track, etc. 
IXaut.) One of the knees which connect the tran- 
soms to the after-timbers on the ship's quarter. 

Sleet, slet. n. A fall of hail or snow mingled with 
rain, usually in fine particles. — v. i. To snow or 
hail with a mixture of rain. — Sleefy, -t, a. Con- 
sisting of, or bringing, sleet. 

Sleeve, slev, n. The part of a garment fitted to cover 
the arm; anything resembling a sleeve. — v.t. To 
furnish with sleeves, put sleeves into. 

Sleid. See under Sley. 

Sleigh, etc_. See under Sled. 

Sleight, slit, n. An artful trick; a feat so dexterous- 
ly performed that the manner ef performance es- 
capes observation; dexterous practice; dexterity. 

Slender, slen''der; a. Thin or narrow in proportion 
to length; slim; i!ui thick; not small; weak; feeble; 
moderate ; trivial ; inconsiderable ; small ; inade- 
quate; meager; spare; abstemious; simple. 

Slept. See Sleep. 

Sleuth, sluth, n. The track of a man or beast as 
known by the scent. — Sleuth'' - hound, n. A dog 
that pursues by scent; bloodhound. 

Slew. See Slay. 

Sley, sla, n. A weaver's reed. — Sley, Sleid, slad, v. t. 
To part the threads of, and arrange them in a reed, 
— a term used by weavers. 

Slice, slis, V. t. [sliced (sllst), slicing.] To cut into 
thin pieces, or to cut ofiE a thin, broad piece from; 
to cut into parts. — r*. A thin, broad piece cut off; 
that which is thin and broad, like a slice ; a broad, 
short-handled fire-pan; a salver, platter, or tray; a 
broad, thin knife for taking up or serving fish; a 
spatula. (Ship-buUding.) A tapering piece of plank 
to be driven between the timbers before planking. 

Slick, slik, a. Sleek; smooth. — v.t. To make sleek 
or smooth. See Sleek. 

Slide, slid, v. i. [irrq). slid ; p. p. slid or slidden ; 
sliding.] To move along the surface of any body 
by slipping; to slip, glide; esp., to move over snow 
or ice with a glib, uninterrupted motion; to pass in- 
advertently; to move gently onward without fric- 
tion or hindrance; to slip, fall. — i;. t. To thrust 
along; to thrust by slipping; to pass or put imper- 
ceptibly, slip. — n. A smooth and easy passage; one 
who, or that which, slides; a slider; descent of a 
detached mass of earth or rock down a declivity ; 
a place for sliding; an inclined plane or chute for 
dogs, etc. ; a slip of glass for a microscope, etc. 
(J/«s.) A grace consisting of 2 small notes moving 
by conjoint degrees, and leading to a principal note 
either above or below. 

Slight, slit, a. Not decidedly marked; inconsiderable; 
unimportant; insignificant; not severe or dangerous; 
superficial; careless; weak ; gentle ; not stout or 
heavy ; slender. — n. A moderate degree of con- 
tempt, manifested by neglect or oversiM.t; disdain; 
scorn. — V. t. To disregard, as of little value and 
unworthy of notice. 

Silly, etc. See under Sly. 




Slim, slim, a. [slimmer; -mest.] Of small diameter 
or thickness in proportion to the height; slender; 
weak; slight; unsubstantial. 

Slime, slim, n. Any soft, glutinous, or viscous sub- 
stance; viscous mud; bitumen: a viscous mucus ex- 
uded by certain animals or worms; anything of a 
clinging and offensive nature. — Slim''y, -I, a. [-IEK; 
-iest.] Abounding with, consisting of, overspread 
with, or resembling slime; viscous; glutinous. 

Sling, sling, n. An instrument for throwing stones, 
consisting of a strap and 2 strings; a throw; stroke; 
a kind of hanging bandage put round the neck, in 
which a wounded arm or hand is sustained. (_Xaut.^ 
A rope, with hooks, by which a cask or 
bale is swung in or out of a sliip; a rope 
or iron band for securing the center of 
a yard to the mast. — v. t. [slung, 
SLINGING.] To throw with a sling; to 
Imirl, cast ; to hang so as to swing. 
{Naut.) To put in ropes, or suspend, 
as a cask, gun, etc. — Slung''-shot, n. 
A small metal ball attached to a short 
handle or string, for striking. 

Sling, sling, n. A drink composed of 
spirit (usually gin) and water -^weet- „,. , . 

ened. j b / gj^^g ^^^^ ^ 

Slink, slink, 1-. f. [slunk (slank, obs. or I'ov^xinei 
rare) ; slinking.] To creep away weights. 
meanly, steal away, sneak; to miscar- 
ry, as a beast. — v. t. To cast prematurely; to mis- 
carry of, as the female of a beast. 

Slip, slip, V. i. [SLIPPED (slipt), -ping.] To move 
along the surface of a thing without bounding, roll- 
ing, or stepping; to slide; glide; to move, start, or 
fly out of place ; to sneak, slink, depart or with- 
draw secretly ; to err, fall into error or fault ; to 
pass unexpectedly or imperceptibly ; to enter by 
oversight; to escape insensibly, be lost. — v.t. To 
convey secretly; to cut slips from (a plant); to take 
off; to let loose; to throw off, disengage one's self 
from; to suft"er abortion of. — n. Act of slipping; an 
unintentional error or fault ; a twig separated from 
the main stock; a scion; cutting; a leash by which a 
dog is held; an escape; a secret or unexpected deser- 
tion; a long, narrow piece. (Print.) A portion of 
the columns of a newspaper or other work struck of£ 
by itself. Anything easilj' slipped on ; a loose gar- 
ment worn by a female; a child's pinafore; an out- 
side covering or case; an opening or space left be- 
tween wharves or in a dock; a pew in churches. — 
Slip'-knot, n. A knot which slips along the rope 
or line around which it is made. — rope, Ji. A rope 
holding a cable before it is slipped. — Slip^per, n. 
One who, or that which, slips; a kind of light shoe, 
which may be slipped on with ease; a kind of iron 
slide or shoe for the wheel of a wagon.— Slip^pery, 
-per-t, a. Allowing or causing anj'thing to slip or 
move smoothly, rapidly, and easily upon the surface 
of; smooth; glib; not affording firm footing or con- 
fidence; liable or apt to slip away; liable to slip; not 
standing firm ; unstable ; changeable ; uncertain. — 
SUp'shod, a. Wearing shoes like slippers, without 
pulling up the heels; careless in manners, style, etc.; 
shuffling. — Slip'slop, n. Bad liquor. 

Slit, slit, V. t. limp, slit; p. j). slit or slitted; slit- 
ting.] To cut lengthwise, cut into long pieces or 
strips ; to cut or make a long fissure in or upon ; to 
rend, split, cut. — n. A long cut; narrow opening. 

— Slit'ter, n. — Slit''ting-mill, n. A mill where iron 
bars or plates are slit into strips, nail-rods, etc. 

Sliver, sliv'er or sli'ver, v. t. [-ered (-erd), -eking.] 
To cut or divide into long, thin, or very small pieces. 

— n. A long piece cut or rent off, or a piece cut or 
rent lengthwise ; a sharp, slender fragment ; a loose, 
untwisted strand of fiber, for slubbing or roving. 

Sloat, slot, n. A narrow piece of timber which holds 

together large pieces; a slat. 
Slobber. See Slabber. 
Sloe, slo, n. A British shrub of the plum family, — the 

blackthorn: its small, black, bitter fruit. 
Slogan, slo'gan, n. The war-cry, or gathering-word, 

of a Higliland clan in Scotland. 
Sloop, sloop, n. (Naut.) A vessel with 1 mast, the 

mainsail of which is attached to a gaff above, to a 

boom below, and to the mast on its foremost edge. 



sfiH, cube, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; ligger or ink, then, bcNboN. chair, get. 



SLOP 



392 



SMACK 




Sloop. 



and carrying a jib. — Sloop 
of war. A war vessel (ship, 
brijf, or scliooner) below the 
grade of irigate. 
Slop, slop, n. Liquid careless- 
ly spilled or thrown about; 
a puddle. 73Z. Dirty water; 
water in which anything has 
been washed or rinsed; poor 
or weak drink or liquid food. 

— V. t. To cause (a liquid) 
to overflow by the motion 
of the vessel containing it; 
to spill ; to spill liquid upon. 

— V. i. To overflow or be 
spilled, as a liquid, by the 
motion of the vessel con- 
taining it. — Slop-'py, -p^, a. 
Wet, so as to spatter easily; muddy; plashy. 

Slop, slop, n. A lower garment, as breeches, trowsers. 
etc., — chiefly in pi. pi- Ready-made clothes, bed- 
ding, etc. — Slop'-shop, n. A place where ready- 
made clothes are sold. 

Slope, slop, a. Inclined, or inclining, from a horizon- 
tal direction, — n. A line or direction inclining 
from a horizontal line; prop., a direction downward; 
any ground whose surface forms an angle with the 
plane of the horizon; a declivity or acclivity. — v. t. 
[SLOPED (slopt), SLOPING.] To form with a slope, 
direct obliquely, incline, —w. i. To take an oblique 
direction, be inclined. 

Slosh. Same as Slush. 

Slot, slot, n. A broad, flat, wooden bar; a slat; sloat. 

Slot, slot, n. The track of a deer. {Mach.) A depres- 
sion or mortise in a plate of metal, or a sUt or aper- 
ture through it, for the reception of some part of a 
machine, either fixed as a kej'-bolt, or movable as a 
sliding adjustment. — v. t. To slit or groove. 

Sloth, sloth, n. Slowness; tardiness; disinclination to 
action or la- 
bor; sluggish- ^ 
ness; lazi- -y^^ 
ness. (Zool.) ;r ' " 
An uncouth, 
herbivorous, 
edentates, s 
Amer. mam- 
mal of several 
species, 1 i v- 
ing on the un- 
der side of 
tree branches, 

and remarka- ci,^fv. 

bly slow in its *^<"^"- 

motions. — Sloth' ful, -ful, a. Addicted to sloth; in- 
active; sluggish ; lazy ;' indolent ; idle. 

Slouch, slowch, n. A depression of the head or some 
other part of the body; an awkward, heavy, clown- 
ish fellow; a hanging down, as of a hat brim. — v. i. 
[SLOUCHED Cslowcht), SLOUCHING.] To hang down; 
to have a downcast, clownish look, gait, or manner. 

— V. t. To depress; to cause to hang down. 
Slough, slow, n. A place of deep mud or mire. 
Slough, sluf, n. The cast skin of a serpent. {Med.) 

The part that separates from a foul sore or drops off 
in mortification. — v. i. [sloughed (sluft), slough- 
ing.] {Surg.) To separate from the sound flesh; to 
mortify and come off. — Slough'y, -t, a. Resem- 
bling, or of the nature of, a slough, or the dead mat- 
ter which separates from flesh. 

Slovac, slov'ak, n. One of a race of Hungarian Sclaves, 
akin to the Czecks, inhabiting N.-W. Hungary and 
neighboring parts of Moravia and Austria ; their 
language. — a. Of or pert, to, etc. — Slove''nian, 
-ve'nt-an, n. A dialect of Slavic used in Carinthia, 
Styria, and Carniola. 

Sloven, sluv'en or sluv'n, n. One careless of dress, or 
negligent of cleanliness. — Slov'enly, a. Negligent 
of dress or neatness; loose; disorderly; not neat. — 
adv. In a slovenly manner. — Slov'enlinesB, n. 

Slow, slo, a. Not swift; not quick in motion; deliber- 
ate; not happening in a short time; late; not ready; 
not prompt; acting with deliberation; indicating a 
time later than the true time; not advancing, grow- 
ing, or improving rapidly; heavy in wit; not alert. 





Slug. 



prompt, or spirited ; wearisome ; dilatory ; tardy ; 
sluggish; dull; inactive. — v. t. To render slow, re- 
tard, reduce the speed of (an engine, ship, etc.). 

Slow-worm, slo'werm, a. A harmless reptile, havina: 
a very brittle body; the blind- worm. 

Sloyd, sloid, w. Lit., skilled mechanical work, such 
as that required in wood carving ; trade work ; 
hence, a system (usually called the sloyd system) of 
manual training in trade work. 

Slub, slub, n. A roll of wool slightly twisted. 

Sludge, sluj, n. Mud ; mire ; soft mud ; slush. 

Slue, slu. V. t. [slued (slud), sluing.] {Maut.) To 
turn about a fixed point, usually, the center, as a 
spar or piece of timber. To turn about, twist. — v. i. 
To turn about; to slip or slide and turn from an ex- 
pected or desired course. 

Slug, slug, n. A drone ; a slow, heavy, lazy fellow. 
(Zool.) A kind of shell- 
less snail, very destruc- 
tive to plants. — Slug'- 
gard, n. A person habit- 
ually lazy, idle, and in- 
active; a drone.— Slug'- 
gish, a. Habitually idle 
and lazy ; having little 
motion; having no pow- 
er to move one s self or itself; stupid; tame.; inert ; 
slothful; slow; dull; inactive. 

Slug, slug, n. A cylindrical or oval piece of metal, used 
for the charge of a gun. 

Sluice, slus, n. An artificial passage for water fitted 
with a sliding valve or gate, 
for regulating the flow ; any 
opening ; that from or 
through which anything 
flows; a floodgate ; the 
stream which flows through 
a floodgate ; any stream, or 
anything regarded as flow- 
ing in a stream. — v. t. 

rSLUlCED (slust), -CING.] 

To wet copiously, as by 

opening a sluice ; to over- , 

whelm. — Slui'ey, -si, a. 

Falling in streams. Sluice. 

Slum, slum, n. A back street of a city, esp. one filled 
with a poor, dirty, and vicious population. 

Slumber, slum'ber, v. i. [-bered (-herd), -Bering.] 
To sleep, doze; to be in a state of negligence, sloth, 
supineness, or inactivity. — n. Light sleep : sleep 
that is not deep or sound ; repose. — Slum'berouB, 
-ber-us, a. Inviting slumber; soporiferous. 

Slump, slump, v. i. [slumped (slumpt), slumping.] 
To fall or sink suddenly through or in, as when 
walking on snow, ice, a bog, etc. 

Slung, etc. See under Sling. 

Sloi^. See Slink. 

Slur, slSr, V. t. [slurred (sl5rd), -king.] To soil, 
sully, contaminate, disgrace; to pass lightly, conceal. 
(Mus.) To sing or perform in a smooth, gliding 
style. — n. A mark or stain; slight reproach or dis- 
grace; a reproachful intimation; innuendo; a trick 
played upon a person. (Mus.) A mark [thus: ^^_^' 
or .''"^N ], connecting notes to be sung to the same 
syllable, or made in one continued breath; a tie. 

Slush, slush, n. Soft mud; sludge; slosh; a mixture 
of snow and water; a soft mixture of grease and 
other materials, for lubrication; refuse grease and 
fat, esp. fr. salt meat. {Mach.) A mixture of white 
lead and Hme, with which the bright parts of ma- 
chines are painted to be preserved from oxidation. — 
V. t. To smear with slush or grease. {Mach.) To 
paint with a mixture of white lead and lime. 

Slut, slut, n. An untidy woman; slattern; a female 
dog ; bitch. — Slut^tish, a. Like a slut ; untidy ; 
careless ; disorderly. 

Sly, sli, a. Dexterous in performing an action so as 
to escape notice; cautious; shrewd; knowing; art- 
fully cunning ; secretly mischievous ; insidious ; 
done with, and marked bv, artful and dexterous se- 
crecy; crafty; subtile; wily. — On tlie sly. In a sly or 
secret manner. — Sly'-boots, w. A sly, cunning, or 
waggish person. — Sly'ly, Sli'ly, adv. In a sly man- 
ner; craftily; insidiously. — Sly'nesB, Sli'nesB, n. 

Smack, smak, v. i. [smacked (smakt), smacking.] 




fim, fame, far, p&ss or opera, fare ; Sod, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, dr ; 



SMACK 



393 



SMOLDER 



To kiss with a loud sound; to make a noise by the 
separation of the lips, after tasting anything. — v. t. 
To make a noise with (the lips) in kissing, tasting, 
etc.; to make a sharp noise oy striking ; to crack. 

— n. A loud kiss; a buss; a quick, sharp noise, 
as of the lips when suddenly separated, or of a 
whip ; a quick, smart Wow ; a slap. 

Smack, smak, v. i. To be tinctured with any partic- 
ular taste; to have, or esliibit, natural indications 
of the influence. — n. Taste ; flavor ; savor. 

Smack, smak, n. A small coasting or fishing vessel, 
commonly rigged as a sloop. 

Small, smawl, a. Not large or extended in dimen- 
sions; little in quantity or degree; minute in bulk; 
diminutive; of slight consequence; feeble in influ- 
ence or importance; evincing little worth or ability; 
not prolonged in duration; weak; slender; gentle; 
not loud. — n. The small or slender part of a thing. 

— Small'-arms, n. j)l. Muskets, rifles, pistols, etc., 
disting. f r. cannon. — pi'ca, Ji. {Print-) Type of a 
size between long primer and pica. 

S" This line is in small pica. 

— poz,n. (Med.) A very contagious, loathsome, and 
fatal eruptive febrile disease, whose pustules very 
generally leave marks or pits upon those who re- 
cover; variola. 

Smalt, smawlt, n. Common glass tinged of a fine 

■ deep blue by the protoxide of cobalt, ground fine 
and used as a pigment in various arts. — Smal''to, 
n. A minute regular square of enameled glass, of 
all color^ used in modern Roman mosaic work ; a 
tessera. 

Smart, smart, n. Quick, pungent, lively pain ; se- 
vere pain of mind. — v. i. To feel a lively, pungent 
pain, esp. a local pain from some piercing or irrita- 
ting application; to feel pain of mind; to be pun- 
ished. — a. Causing a keen, local pain; severe; poig- 
nant; vigorous; sharp; accomplishiug, or able to ac- 
complish, results quickly; active; efficient; marked 
by acuteness or shrewdness ; quick in suggestion 
or reply ; vivacious ; wittj' ; showy ; dashy; spruce; 
brisk ; fresh. — Smart'ly, adv. In a smart manner; 
keenly ; sharply ; actively ; wittily ; showily. — 
Smart'-mon''ey, n. Money paid by a person to buy 
himself off from some unpleasant engagement or 
painful situation. 

Smash, smash, v. t. [smashed (smasht), smashing.] 
To break in pieces by violence, dash to pieces, 
crush. — n. A breaking to pieces; utter destruction. 

Smatter, smafter, v. i. To talk superficially or ig- 
norantly; to have a slight taste, or a slight, superfi- 
cial knowledge. — n. Slight, superficial knowledge. 

— Smafterer, n. One who has only a slight, superfi- 
cial knowledge ; a sciolist. — Smat'tering, n, A 
slight, superficial knowledge. 

Smear, smer, v. t. [smeared (smerd), smearing.] To 
overspread with anything unctuous, viscous, cr ad- 
hesive; to besmear, daub; to soil, pollute. — n. A 
spot made by an unctuous or adhesive substance, or 
as if by such a substance; blot; blotch; daub; stain. 

Smell, smel, v. t. [smelled (smeld) or smelt; smell- 
ing.] To perceive by the nose; to have a sensation 
excited of, by means of the nasal organs; to perceive 
as if by the smell, give heed to.—v.L To affect 
the olfactory nerves; to have an odor or particular 
scent; to have a particular tincture or smack of any 
quality; to exercise the sense of smell. — w. Sense 
by which certain qualities of bodies are perceived 
through the instrumentality of the olfactory nerves; 
quality of anything, or emanation therefrom, which 
affects the olfactory organs; scent; odor; perfume; 
fragrance. — SmelKer, n. One who smells ; organ 
of sense of smell ; nose. — Smell'lng, n. The sense i 
by which odors are perceived : sense of smell. 

Smelt, smelt, n. A small, slender, silvorv white food- 
fish, caught in large 
numbers at certain sea- 
sons In the salt water 
at the mouths of N. 
Eng. and European 
rivers. Smelt. 

Smelt, smelt, v. t. To melt (ore) for the purpose of 
separating the metal from extraneous substances. 




Smicker, smik'Sr, v. i. To look amorously or wan- 
tonly. 

Smilax, smilaks, n. An evergreen, climbing shrub, 
of many species, found in the warm and temperate 
parts 01 both hemispheres: the Amer. species fur- 
nish sarsaparilla. A delicate twining vine (MyrsiphiU 
lum) grown for its rich green foliage. 

Smile, smll, v. i. [smiled (smild), smiling.] To con- 
tract the features of the face in such a manner as to 
express pleasure, moderate joy, or love and kind- 
ness; to express slight contempt by a look implying 
sarcasm or pity; to look gay and joyous; to be pro- 
pitious, favor, countenance. — v. t. To express oy a 
smUe. — n. Act of smiling; a peculiar contraction 
of the features of the face, which expresses pleas- 
ure, moderate joy, approbation, or kindness; a some- 
what similar expression of countenance, indicative 
of satisfaction combined with malevolent feelings. 



of pleasure. 

Smirch, smerch, v. t. To soil, besmear, stain, smutch. 

Smirk, smerk, v. i. [smirked (smerkt), smirking.] 
To look affectedly soft or kind; to smile in an af- 
fected or conceited manner. — n. An affected, con- 
ceited, or silly smile ; a simper. 

Smite, smit, v. t. [imp. smote (smot) ; p. p. smitten 
rarely smit ; smiting.] To throw, drive, or force 
the fist or hand, or stone or weapon, against ; to 
strike ; to slay by a blow, kiU ; to beat or put to 
rout in battle ; to blast ; to afftict, chasten, punish ; 
to strike or affect with passion, as love or fear. — v. i. 
To strike, collide. — Smit'ten, -tn, p. p. of smite. 
Struck; killed; affected with some passion; esp. af- 
fected by the passion of love; enamored. 

Smith, smith, n. One who forges with the hammer ; 
one who works in metals. — Smith'y, -Y, n. The 
shop of a smith. — Smith'ery, -er-T, n. The work- 
shop of a smith; a smithy; work done by a smith. 

Smitt, smit, n. Fine clay or ocher made up into balls, 
used for marking sheep. 

Smock, smok, n. A woman's under garment; a shift; 
chemise ; a blouse. — Smock''-frock, n. A coarse linen 
frock or shirt worn bj' farm-laborers. 

Smoke, smok, n. The exhalation, visible vapor, or 
substance that escapes or is expelled from a burning 
substance; that which resembles smoke, as vapor or 
watery exhalations ;_idle talk; use of a pipe or cigar. 
— v.i. [smoked (smokt), smoking.] To emit smoke; 
to burn, be kindled, rage; to raise a dust or smoke 
by rapid motion ; to use tobacco in a pipe, cigar, 
etc. — v.t. To apply smoke to, fumigate; to scent, 
medicate, preserve, or dry by smoke; to bum and 
draw into the mouth and puff out the smoke of, as 
tobacco ; to burn or use in smoking ; to subject to 
the operation of smoke, for the purpose of annoying 
or driving out. — Smok'^er, n. One who dries by 
smoke ; one who uses tobacco by inhaling its smoke 
froni a pipe or 
cigar.— Smok'y, 
-T, a. 1- 1 E R ; 
-lEST.] Emitting 
smoke ; having 
the appearance 
or nature of 
smoke ; filled 
with smoke, or 
with a vapor re- 
sembling it; 
subject to be 
f iile d w i t h 
smoke from the 
chimneys or' 
fire-places ; tar- 
n i s n e d with 
smoke.— Smok'- 
i 1 y , adv. — 
Smok^^iness, n. 

- Smoke'-jack, ^ " -\x^n\wvx.nwnxws*:- 
n. Acontrivance bmoke-jack. 

for turning a spit by means of a fly or wheel turned 
by the current of ascending air in a chimney. 

Smolder, Smoulder, smoKder, v. i. To waste away 
by a slow and suppressed combustion. 




Biin, cube, full ; m66n, foot ; cow, oil ; liijger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



SMOOTH 



394 



SNIFF 



Smooth, smootii, a. Having an even surface ; not rough; 
gently flowing; not ruffled or obstructed; flowing or 
uttered without stops, obstruction, or hesitation ; 
bland; mild; soothing; level; flat; polished; glossy; 
voluble; flattering; deceptive. — v. t. [smoothed 
(smoothd), SMOOTHING.] To make smooth, make 
even on the surface by any means, to make easy ; 
make flowing. 

Smote. See Smite. 

Smother, smuth''er, v. t. [-eked (-erd), -bring.] To 
destroy the life of by suffocation ; to affect as by 
sufEocation, stifle; to repress the action of, cover fr. 
the view of the public, suppress. — v. i. To be suf- 
focated or stifled ; to be suppressed or concealed; to 
burn slowly, without sufficient air and smoke ; to 
smolder. 

Smoulder. See Smolder. 

Smudge. See under Smut. 

Smug, smug, a. Studiously neat or nice; spruce; af- 
fectedly nice. 

Smuggle, smug'gl, ?;. t. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To 
import or export secretly, contrary to the law, or 
without paying the duties imposed by law ; to con- 
vey, or introduce, clandestinely. — Smug'gler, n. 
One who imports and exports goods privately and 
contrary to law ; a vessel employed in smugghng. 

Svnut, smut, n. Foul matter, like soot or coal-dust, 
or the spot or soil which this makes. {Bot.) A par- 
asitic fungvis, which forms on grain, blasting it. 
Obscene or filthy language ; ribaldry; obscenity. — 
V. t. To stain or mark with smut; to taint with mil- 
dew, as grain; to blacken, tarnish. — v. i. To gather 
or be converted into sm^t; to give off smut; to crock. 

— Smufty, -tt, a. [-tier; -tiest.] Soiled with smut, 
coal, soot, etc. ; tainted with mildew ; obscene. — 

— Smutch, smuch, v. t. [smutched (smucht), 
smutching.] To blacken with smoke, soot, or coal. 

— n. Stain ; dirty spot. — Smudge, smuj, v. i. To 
smut, smutch. — n. A stain, blot, smear ; a suffoca- 
ting smoke, esp. to drive off mosquitoes, etc. 

Snack, snak, n. A share ; an equal part or portion ; 
a slight repast; lunch. 

Snafle, snaf ''fl, n. A bridle-bit having one or more 
joints in the mouth-piece, and at the ends rings 
for reins, without branches: a snaffle-bit. — i;. t. 
[snaffled (-fid), -fling.] To bridle ; to hold or 
manage with a bridle. — Snaffle-bit, n. A snaffle. 

Snag, snag, n. A short, sharp, or rough branch ; a 
sharp, irregular, broken, or partly decayed tooth; a 
trunk or large branch of a tree fixed to the bottom 
of a river at one end, and rising nearly or quite to 
the surface at the other end, b^' which vessels are 
often pierced and sunk. — v. t. [snagged (snagd), 
-GING.] To injure or destroy by or upon a snag. 

— Snag'ged, Snag''gy, -gt, «. Full of snags; rough 
branches or sharp points; abounding with knots. 

Snail, snal, n. {Zo'61.) A slimy, gasteropodous, air- 
breathing mollusk, of 
several species, which 
moves very slowly by 
creeping: its ej'es are 
in the ends of a pair ^i^ 
of horns which can be 
wholly retracted at 
pleasure: species with 
shells are usually'^ 
called snails, those 
without, s 1 u ^ s . A 
drone ; sluggard ; lazy, 
slow-moving person. ~=^- 

— SnaiKlike, ado. In Snail, 
the manner of a snail; slowly. 

Snake, snak, n. A serpent, ^sp. one of the smaller 
species.— V. t. [snaked (snakt), snaking.] To drag 
or draw, as a snake from a hole. {Naut.) To wind 
round spirally, as a large rope with a smaller one, or 
with cord. — Snake'root, n. One of several plants of 
different genera and species, reputed to be remedies 
for the bites of serpents. — Snak 'y, -T, a. Pert, to, 
or resemblino; a snake; serpentine: winding; sly; 
cunning; insinuating; deceitful; covered with ser- 
pents; having se-pents. 

Snap, snap, v. t. [snapted (snapt), -ping.] To break 
short, as substances tliat are brittle; to strike with a 
sharp sound, esp. with the end of a finger jerked 





from the thumb; to bite or seize suddenly, esp. with 
the teeth ; to crack, as, to S7iap a whip. — v. i. To 
break short; to part asunder suddenly; to make an 
effort to bite ; to make a sharp cracking sound ; to 
utter sharp, harsh, angry words. — n. A sudden 
breaking of any substance; a sudden seizing, or ef- 
fort to seize, with the teeth; a crack of a whip, or e 
similar sound; a sudden, sharp blow, esp. with the 
finger sprung from the thumb; a sudden and severe 
interval, as of cold weather; a small catch or fasten- 
ing, as of a bracelet ; a crisp kind of gingerbread, 
nut, or cake. — Snap''l)er, n. One who, or that which, 
. etc.: the end of a whip-lash; a kind of fish; a snap- 
ping-turtle. — Snap'pish, a. Eager to bite ; apt to 
snap; sharp in reply; apt to speak angrily or tartly. 

— Snap^'-dragon, n. (Bot.) A plant, the showv co- 
rollas of some species of which resemble the head 
of an animal or a mask. A play in which raisins or 
sweetmeats are snatched from burning brandy, and 
put into the mouth. — Snap''ping-tur''tle, n. An 
Amer. fresh-water tortoise which snaps at every- 
thing approaching it. 

Snare, snar, n. A contrivance by which a bird or 
other creature may be entangled ; a trap ; catch ; 
wile ; anything by which one is entangled and 
brought into trouble ; the gut or string stretched 
across the lower head of a drum. — r. t. [snared 
(snard), snaring.] To catch with a snare, entangle, 
bring into unexpected evil, perplexitj', or danger. 

— Snarl, snarl, v. t. To entangle, complicate, em- 
barrass, insnare; to form raised work upon the sur- 
face of (thin metallic ware) by the repercussion of 
an elastic tool upon the inner surface. — n. A knot 
or complication of hair, thread, etc., difficult to dis- 
entangle; embarrassing difHcultj'; a quarrel; conten- 
tion. — Snarl'ing-i'ron, -i'eni, n. 
A tool, one end of which is fixed , 
in a vise, and the other end or 
beak gives blows within a piece 
of metallic ware that produce 
raised work when the snank is c„„..i;^o. ,v^« 
struck with a hammer. Snarimg-iron . 

Snarl, snarl, v. i. [snarled (snarld), snarling.] To 
growl, as a surly dog; to gnarl; to speak roughly. 

Snarl, v. t. and n. See under Snare. 

Snatch, snach, v. t. [snatched (snacht), snatch- 
ing.] To seize hastily, abruptly, or without permis- 
sion or ceremony; to seize and transport away; to 
twitch, pluck, pull, catch, grasp, gripe. — n. A nasty 
catch or seizing; a catching at or attempt to seize 
suddenly; a short period of vigorous action; a small 
fragment or quantity. — Snatch-''- 
block, n. {Naut.) A kind of block 
used in ships, having an opening in 
one side to receive the bight of a rope. 

Snath, snath, n. The handle of a scythe. 

Sneak, snek, v. i. [sneaked (snekt), 
SNEAKING.] To creep or steal away 
privately ; to behave with meanness 
and servility. — ?«. A mean, sneaking 
fellow. — Sneak'-mg, p. a. Marked by 
cowardly concealment ; mean ; servile ; crouching; 
covetous; niggardly. 

Sneer, sner, v. i. [sneered (snerd), sneering.] To 
show contempt by turning up the nose, or by a par- 
ticular cast of countenance ; to insinuate contempt 
by a covert expression-; to scoff, jeer, jibe. — n. A 
look of contempt, disdain, derision, or ridicule; an 
expression of ludicrous scorn. 

Sneeze, snez, v. i. [sneezed (snezd), sneezing.] To 
emit air, chiefly through the nose, audibly and vio- 
lently, by a kind of involuntary convulsive force, 
occasioned by irritation of the inner membrane of 
the nose. — n. A sudden violent ejection of air, 
chiefly through the nose. 

Snicker, snik'er, Snig'ger, v. i. To laugh slyly; to 
laugh with small, audible catches of voice, as when 
persons attempt to suppress loud laughter. — ?*. A 
halt-suppressed broken laugh. 

Sniff, snif, v. i. To draw air audibly up the nose; to 
snuif. — r. t. To draw in with the breath through 
the nose; to perceive as by sniffing; to scent, smell, 
snuff. — n. Perception \>y sniffing; that which is 
taken by sniffing.— Snift, v. i. To sniff.— Sniv'el, -1, 
II. Mucus running from the nose; snot.— v.». [SNiv- 




b natch-block. 



am, fame, fiir, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; tn, Ice ; Qdd, tone, 6r ; 



SNIGGER 



395 



SOBER 




Snipe. 



ELED (-Id), -BLiNo.] To run at the nose; to cry or 
whine, as children. — Sniv'eler, n. One who cries 
with sniveling; one who weeps for slight causes. 

Snigger. Same as Snickek. 

Snip, snip, v. t. [snipped (snipt). -pixg.] To cut off, 
clip suddenly, or to cut off at once with shears or 
scissors; to nip. — n. A single cut, as with shears or 
scissors; a clip; a small shred; a bit cut ofi. — Snip'- 
snap, n. A lively', tart dialogue. — a. Quick; brisk; 
short. — Snip'pet, n. A small piece or shred. — , 
Snip^pety, -I, a. Ridiculously small; insignificant. 
— Snip'per-snap'per, n. A small, insignificant iellow. 

Snipe, s^nip, n. A game bird of several species which 
frequents marshes and 
moist places, and has a 
long, straight, slender bill. 

Snivel, etc. See under Sniff. 

Snob, snob, n. An affected 
and pretentious person ; 
esp., a vulgar person, who 
apes gentility, or affects 
the intimacy of distin- 
guished persons ; an u p- 
start ; parvenu. — Snob''- 
bish, a. Belonging to, or 
resembling, a snob. — 
Snob'bisliness, -bery, -ber- 
T, -ism, n. The quulitj'^ of 
being snobbish; the character or habits of a snob. 

Snooze, snooz, ?i. A short sleep; nap; slumber. — V. i. 
To .-leep, doze, drowse. 

Snore. >^nor, r. i. [snored (snord), snoring.] To 
breathe with a rough, hoarse, nasal noise in sleep. — 
n. A breathing with a harsh nasal noise in sleep. 

— Snort, sn6rt, v. i. To force the air with violence 
through the nose, so as to make a noise, as high-spir- 
ited horses; to laugh out loudly or contemptuously. 

— n. The act or noise of, etc. 

Snot, snot, 7?. Mucus secreted in, or discharged from, 
the nose. — Snot'ty, a. Foul with snot; mean; dirty. 

— Snout, snowtj n. The long, projecting nose of a 
beast, as of swine; nose of a man, — in contempt; 
nozzle or end of a hollow pipe. — v. t. To furnish 
with a nozzle or point. 

Snow, sno, n. Watery particles congealed into white 
or trans- .^ 

p a r e n t A>. , . if 

crystals, or i Y^^^ t^, J[ 

flakes, in L^_<^^ ^^- 
theair,and ' '^ -<^>^^ ^ ^ 
falling t o 
the earth. 

— V . i. 
f s X o_w E D 
( s n o d ) , 

S^NOWING.] 



To fall in /^ 
snow, — ^ 
chiefly n^ 





Snow Crystals. 



. . y 

used 1 m- 
personally. 
— r. t. To 

scatter like snow. — Snow'y, -1, a. White like snow; 
abounding with snow; pure; unblemished.— Snow'- 
ball, n. A round mass of snow, pressed or rolled to- 
gether.— y. t. [-BALLED (-bald), -BALLING.] To pelt 

with snow-balls. — bird, n. A bird which appears in 
the time of snow, — the popular name of various 
birds. — blind, a. Affected with snow-blindness. — 
-blind'ness, n. Blindness, or dimness of sight, caused 
by the light reflected from snow. — drift, n. A bank 
of snow driven together by the wind. — drop, n. A 
bulbous plant bearing white flowers, which often 
appear while the snow is on the ground. — shoe, n. 
A light shoe, or rack- 
et, for traveling on 
snow, to prevent the 
feet from sinking 
into it. — -white, a. 
White as snow ; very 
white. 

Snub, snub, n. A Snow «hnP 

check or rebuke.— hnow-shoe. 

V. t. [SNUBBED (snubd), -BiNG.] To clip or break off 

the end of ; to check, stop, or rebuke, with a tart, 




sarcastic reply or remark ; to slight designedly. — 
Snub'-aose, n. A short or flat nose. 

SnuS, snut, n. The part of a candle-wick charred by 
the flame, whether burning or not. — v. t. [snuffed 
(snutt), sxuFFiNG.J To snip off (the top of a can- 
dle - wick). — Snuffers, n. pi. An implement for 
snuffing candles. 

Snuff, snuf, n. Pulverized tobacco or other substance, 
snuffed up or prepared to be snuffed up into the 
nose. — V. t. [snuffed (snuft), snuffing.] To 
draw in with the breath; to inhale; to perceive by 
the nose, scent, smell. — v. i. To inhale air with vi- 
olence or with noise; to turn up the nose and inhale 
air, as an expression of contempt: to take offense. 

— Snuff'y, -T, a. Soiled with snuff. — SnufE'-box, n. 
A box for carrying snuff' about the person. — Snuf- 
fle, -fl, V. i. [-FLED (-fld), -FLING.] To speak through 
the nose ; to breathe hard through the nose, esp. 
when it is obstructed; to sniffle. — n. A sound made 
by the passage of air through the nostrils; an af- 
fected nasal twang; cant. — Snuf'fler, n. — Snuf'^fles, 
-flz, n. pi. Obstruction of the nose by mucus. 

Snug, snug, I'.i. To lie close, snuggle. — a. Closely 
pressed; concealed; compact, convenient, and com- 
fortable.— Snug'gle, -gl, V. i. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] 
To move one way and the other to get a close place; 
to lie close for convenience or warmth. 

So, so, orfi;. In that manner or degree; as indicated, 
implied, or supposed to be known; in like manner 
or degree, thus, with equal reason, — used correla- 
tively, following as ; in such manner, to such de- 
gree, — used correlatively with as or that coming 
after; very; in a high degree; in such a degree as 
cannot well be expressed: in the same manner, in 
this or that condition, under these circumstances, 
in this way, — with reflex reference to something 
iust asserted or implied, used also with the verb to 
oe, as a predicate; therefore; on this account; for 
this reason; it is well, let it be, be it so, — used to ex- 
press assent; well, the fact being so, — used as an ex- 
pletive. — con;. Provided that; on condition that; 
in case that. — So far forth. To such a degree; as 
far. - So forth. Further in the same or a similar 
manner. — So that. To the end that; in order that- 

— So-and-so. A certain person, not named. — So, so. 
Well, well. — So^-so. Passable; tolerable; indiffer- 
ent. — Soev'er. A word composed of so and ever, 
used generally in composition with who, what, where, 
when, lioiv, etc., to extend or emphasize their sense, 

— soinetimes used separate from the pronoun. 
Soak, sok, v. t. [soaked (sokt), .soaking.] To cause 

or suffer to lie in a fluid till the substance has im- 
bibed what it can contain: to steep; to drench, wet 
thoroughly; to penetrate by wetting thoroughly. — 
V. i. To lie steeped in water or other fluid; to enter 
into pores or interstices. — Soak^er, n. One who 
soaks_in a liquid; a hard drinker. 
Soap, sop, n. A compound of vegetable or animal oil 
or grease with an alkali, esp. with soda or potash: 
used in washing, cleansing, medicine, etc. — v. t. 
[soaped (sopt), SOAPING.] To rub over with soap. 

— Soap^y, -T, a. Resembling soap; having the qual- 
ities of soap; smeared with soap. — Soap'-boiFer, n. 
One whose occupation is to make soap. — stone, re. 
A soft magnesian mineral; steatite, — so called from 
its soapy or greasy feel. 

Soar, sor, v. i. [soared (sord), soaring.] To fly 
aloft, as a bird; to mount upward on wings; to rise 
or tower in thought or imagination. — n. A tower- 
ing flight. 

Sob, sob, V. i. [sobbed (sobd), -bing.] To sigh with 
a sudden heaving of the breast, or a kind of convul- 
sive motion. — n. A convulsive sigh or catching of 
the breath in sorrow ; any sorrowful cry or sound. 

Sober, so'ber, a. Habitua'lly temperate in the use of 
spirituous liquors: not intoxicated; exercising cool, 
dispassionate reason: self-controlled; not proceeding 
from, or attended with, passion; serious m demean- 
or, habit, or appearance; grave; abstinent; moder- 
ate; steady: calm; dispassionate; sedate; serious; 
solemn; somber. — v. t. [sobered (-berd), -BERING.] 
To make sober, cure of intoxication. — v. i. To be- 
come sober. — Sobri'ety, -e-tt, n. Habitual sober- 
ness or temperance as to the use of spirituous liq- 
uors; habitual freedom from enthusiasm, inordinate 



sfin, cube, full ; moon, f6t)t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tlien, boNboN, chair, get. 



SOBRIQUET 



396 



SOL 



passion, or over-heated imagination; gravity with- 
out sadness or melancholy. 

Sobriquet, so'bre-ka', 7i. An assumed name; nick- 
iiame. 

Sociable, so'sha-bl, a. Inclined to, or adapted for, 
society; disposed to company ; ready to converse; 
inclined to talk with others; affording opportunities 
for conversation; companionable; liiendly ; famil- 
iar; communicative; accessible. — n. An informal 
gathering of people for social purposes. — So'ciable- 
ness, -ciabil''ity, -t-tl, n. Quality of being sociable; 
inclination to company and converse. — So'cial, 
-shal, a. Pert, to society; relating to men living in 
society; ready or disposed to mix in friendly con- 
verse ; consisting in union or mutual converse ; fa- 
miliar; convivial; festive. {Bot.) Naturally growing 
in groups or masses. (Zool.) Living in communities; 
gregarious. — Social Science. Science of all that re- 
lates to man's social existence and well-being, in- 
cluding questions of public health, education, labor, 
crime, etc. — So'cially, -shal-lT, adv. — SocioKogy, 
-shi-or o-jf, n. That branch of philosophy which 
treats of human society; social science. — So^cialism, 
-izm, 71. A theory of society which advocates the 
substitution of cooperative action and common 
ownership for individual action and ownership; 
communism. — So'cialist, n. One who advocates 
socialism. — a. Socialistic. — Socialis^'tic, a. Relat- 
ing to, of the nature of, or like, .socialism. — Social''- 
ity, -sh1-aKT-tT, n. Quality of being social; socia- 
bleness.— So'cialize, r. t. [-ized (-izd), -izixg.] To 
render social; to subject to, or regulate by, the prin- 
ciples of socialism. — Soci'ety, -si'e-tl, ?i. A num- 
ber of persons associated for any temporary or per- 
manent objects; a partnership; Hie persons, collec- 
tively considered, who live in any region or at any 
period ; the more cultivated portion of any com- 
munity in its social relations and influences ; com- 
panionship; fellowship; company. 

Socinian, so-stn'T-an, a. Pert, to Socinus or his re- 
ligious creed. — n. One of the followers of Socinus; 
a Unitarian. — Socin''ianism, -izm, n. The tenets of 
Faustus and Lselius Socinus, Italian theologians of 
the 16th century, who denied the Trinity, the deit^' 
of Christ, the personality of the devil, the native 
and total depravity of man, the vicarious atonement, 
and the eternity of future punishment. 

Sock, sok, n. A covering for the foot; esp., the shoe 
worn by an ancient actor of comedy; comedy, in 
distinction from tragedy; a knit or woven covering 
for the foot, with a short leg; a short-legged stock- 
ing. — Sock'et, tu An opening into which anything 
is fitted; a hollow thinj^ or place which holds some- 
thing else; esp., the hollow tube or place in which a 
candle is fixed in the candlestick. — So'cle, so'kl 
or sok^'l, n. {Arch.) A plain block or plinth, form- 
ing a low pedestal to a statue, column, etc.; a plain 
face or plinth at the lower part of a wall. 

Socratic, so-krafik, -ical, a. Pert, to Socrates, the 
Grecian sage, or to his manner of teaching and 
philosophizing, i. e., by series of questions leading 
to the desired result. 

Sod, sod, n. Earth filled with the roots of grass; turf; 
sward. — v. t. To cover with sod; to turf. 

Soda, so'da, n. A caustic alkali; the protoxide of the 
metal sodium. — Carbonate of soda. The " soda " of 
commerce: it consists of carbonic acid and soda, and 
is chiefly obtained by treating common salt first with 
sulphuric acid and then with chalk.— So'da^wa'ter, 
n. Water highly charged with carbonic acid, used 
as an effervescing drink. — So'^diom, -dT-um, w. A 
vellowish white metallic element, soft like wax, and 
lighter than water; the metallic base of soda. 

Sodality, so-daKl-tt, n. A fellowship or fraternity. 

Sodden. See Seethe. 

Sodomite, sod'om-it, n. An inhabitant of Sodom; 
one guilty of sodomy. — Sod'^omy, -om-T, n. Carnal 
copiilation in an unnatural manner; copulation of a 
male with a male. 

Soever. See under So. 

Sofa, so'fa, n. ; pL -fas, -faz. A long ornamental seat, 
usually with a stuffed bottom. 

Sofi. so'fr, n. ; pi. -Fis, -fiz. One of a certain religious 
order in Persia; a dervish. — So'fism, -fizm, n. 
Doctrine or principles of the Sofis. 




Soffit, soffit, n. {Arch.) A ceiling; esp., the under 
side of the subordinate parts 
and members of buildings, such 
as staircases, archways, cornices, 
etc. 

Soft, soft, a. Easily yielding to 
pressure ; easily impressed or 
cut; not rough, rugged, or harsh 
to the touch; agreeable to per- 
ceive or feel; not harsh or often- Sonits. 

sive to the sight; pleasing to the eye; not harsh or 
rough in sound ; gentle and pleasing to the ear ; 
easily yielding; susceptible to influence; efteniinate; 
not courageous or manly; gentle in action or mo- 
tion; readily forming a lather with soap; not hard; 
easy; quiet; undisturbed. {Frori.) Not pronounced 
witli an abrupt or explosive utterance, — said of cer- 
tain consonants. —adi'. Softly; gently; quietly. — 
interj. Be soft; hold; stop; not so fast. — Soft'en, 
sofn, V. t. [-ENED (-nd), -enixg.] To make soft or 
more soft. — v. i. To become soft or more soft. — 
Soft'ener, ?i.— Soft'-heart'ed, a. Having softness 
or tenderness of heart; gentle; meek.— Soffly, adv 
— Soft'ness, n. Quality of being soft; impressibil- 
ity, smoothness, fineness, delicacy, etc., — said ot 
material objects; acceptableness to the senses, feel 
ing, si^ht, hearing, etc. arising from delicacy oi 
from the absence of harcaness, hardness, etc.; mild- 
ness; gentleness, — said of manners, language, tern, 
per, etc.; effeminacy; weakness; simplicity; suscep- 
tibility; tenderness; timorousness; pusillanimity. 

Soggy, sog'gT, a. ' [-giek; -giest.] Filled with water; 
soft with moisture ; wet. 

Soho, so-ho', interj. Ho! — a sportsman's halloo. 

Soidisant, swS-de-zawN'', a. Calling himself ; self- 
styled; pretended; would-be. [F.] 

Soil, soil, V. t. [SOILED (solid), soiling.] To make 
dirty on the surface; to cover or tinge with any- 
thing extraneous ; to cover with soil or dung ; to 
manure; to foul, begrime, bespatter, besmear, daub, 
stain, tarnish, sully, defile, pollute. — n. Any foul 
matter upon another substance; spot; stain; tarnish. 

Soil, soil, V. t. To feed (cattle or horses) in the barn 
or an mclosure, with fresh grass or green food cut 
for them; to purge by feeding upon green food. 

Soil, soil, n. The upper stratum of the earth; mold; 
land; country; dung; compost; manure. 

Soiree, swS-ra'^, n. An evening partv. 

SojoHm, so'jem, v.i. [-jouened (-jernd),-JOUEi«NG.] 
To dwell for a time; to live in a place as a tempo, 
rary resident, or as a stranger. — n. A temporary 
residence, as that of a traveler in a foreign land. 

Sol, sol, n. The sun. {Her.) The color of gold in 
the coats of sovereign princes. — So'lar, a. Pert, to, 
proceeding from, or produced by means of, the sun; 
measured oy the progress or revolution of the sun. — 
Sol^Btice, -stis, n. {Astron.) The point in the ecUp- 





VElRiNAL \ 
EQUliNOX ' 
MARCH 20 




Solstice. 

A and B. equal day and night; E, longest day, or sum- 
mer solstice; F, shortest day, or winter solstice. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; Qdd, tone, 5r ; 



SOL 



397 



SOLVE 



tic at which the sun is furthest from the equator, 
north or south, namely, the 1st point of Cancer and 
the 1st point of Capricorn, the former being called 
the summer solstice, the latter the winter solstice : 
the time of the sun's entering the solstices or sol- 
stitial points, — about June 21 and Dec. 21. — Sol- 
sti'^tial, -stish'al, a. Of, or pert, to, a solstice; happen- 
ing at a solstice; esp. (with reference to the northern 
hemisphere), happening at the summer solstice. 
Sol, sol, n. (Mtis.) A syllable applied in sohnization 
to the .jth tone of the diatonic scale; the tone itself. 

— Sol-fa', -fa', I', i. [-FAED (-fad'), -faixg, -fa'ing.] 
To pronounce the notes of the gamut, ascending or 
descending. — Solfeg'gio, sol-fed'jo, )t. {Jlus.) The 
system of arranging the scale by the names do, re, 
mi, fa, sol, la, si, by which singing is taught, in- 
stead of by the letters A, B, C, etc. Sol'miza'tion, 
-me-za'shun, ?«. The act of sol-faing. 

Solace, sol'es, v. t. [-aced (-est), -.\cixg.] To cheer 
in grief, or under calamity; to relieve in affliction, 
solitude, or discomfort; to assuage, alleviate, allay, 
console, soothe, comfort. — n. Comfort in griel; al- 
leviation of grief or anxiety; that which relieves in 
distress; relief; that which cheers, comforts, or con- 
soles. _ 

Solan goose, so'lan-goos. The gannet, a fish-eating, 
web-footed sea-fowl, found in great numbers upon 
islands on the coasts of Gr. Britain, Labrador, etc. 

Solar. See under Sol, the sun. 

Sold. See Sell. 

Solder, saw'der or soKder, v. t. [-ered (-erd), -er- 
IXG.] To unite the surfaces of (metals) by the inter- 
vention of a more fusible metal or metallic cement. 

— n. A metal or metallic composition for uniting 
the surface of metals; a metallic cement. 

Soldier, sol'jer, n. One who is engaged in military 
service, as an officer or private; esp., a private in 
military service as disting. fr. an officer; a brave war- 
rior. — Sol'dierly, -jer-n, a. Like or becoming a 
soldier; brave; martial; heroic; honorable. — SoK- 
diery, -jer-1, n. A body of soldiers collectively con- 
sidered; the military. 

Sole, sol, n. The bottom of the foot or of a shoe or 
boot, or the piece of leather which constitutes the 
bottom; the Dottom or lower part of anything, or 
that on which anything rests in standing. — v. t. 
[SOLED (sold), SOLING.] To fumish with a sole. 

Sole, sol, n. An oblong, rough-scaled marine fiat-fish 
of moderate size, much 
used for food in Great 
Britajn. 

Sole, sol, a. Being or acting 
without another ; single ; 
only ; alone ; solitary, 
(iatt).) Unmarried.— Sole'- c i 

V^, adv. Singly ; alone ; aoie. 

only. — So'lo, n. (Mm.) A tune, air, or strain, played 
by a single instrument, or sung by a single voice. 

— So'loist, -lo-ist, n. One who sings or plays, etc. — 
Sol'itary, s81'I-ta-rT, a. Inclined to be alone; desti- 
tute of associates ; living alone ; not much visited 
or frequented; retired; gloomy; still; dismal; single; 
individual. (Bot.) Being one only in a place; sep- 
arate. — n. One v.'ho lives alone or in solitude ; a 
hermit ; recluse. — SoFitaire', -tar', ?i. A game 
which one person can play alone; a single diamond 
in a setting ; a bird, now extinct, resembling the 
dodo, and whose remains are found in the island of 
Rodriguez. — Sol'itariness, n. — Sol'itude, -T-tud, 
n. A state of being alone ; a lonely life; remoteness 
from society; destitution of company; a lonely, un- 
frequented place; desert. — Solil'oquy, -o-kwl, n. A 
talking to one's self; a written composition, reciting 
what it is supposed a person speaks to himself. — 
Solil'oquize, -o-kwTz, v. i. [-quized (-kwizd), -quiz- 
ING.] To utter a soliloquy. 

Solecism, sol'e-sizm, n. Impropriety in language, or 
a gross deviation from the rules of syntax ; any 
unfitness, absurdity, or impropriety; barbarism. 

Solemn, sol'em, a. "Marked with religious rites and 
pomps; enioined by religion; fitted to awaken or 
express serious reflections; affectedly grave or seri- 
ous; formal; ritual; ceremonial; reverential; devo- 
tional; devout. (Law.) Made in legal form. — So'- 
lem'nity, -nt-tf, n. A rite or ceremony performed 




with religious reverence; a ceremony adapted to im- 
press awe; gravity; steady seriousness; affected se- 
riousness; appearance calculated to inspire with sol- 
emn feelings. (Law.) A proceeding according to 
due form. — Sol'emnize, -em-niz, v. t. [-nized 
(-nizd), -NIZXNG.] To perform with solemn or ritual 
ceremonies and respect, or according to legal forms; 
to dignify or honor by ceremonies, celebrate, make 
famous. — Sol'emniza'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; cele- 
bration. 

Sol-fa, Solfeggio. See under Sol, musical syllable. 

Solferino, s61-fer-e'no, n. A deep pink aniline color. 

Solicit, so-lis'it, v. t. To ask from with earnestness, 
make petition to ; to endeavor to obtain, seek ; to 
awake or excite to action, invite, ask, crave, suppli- 
cate, beg, importune. — Solic'ita'tion, n. Act of so- 
liciting ; earnest request ; excitement ; invitation. 
— Solic'itor, -it-er, n. One who asks with earnest- 
ness. (Law.) An attorney^ or advocate ; one ad- 
mitted to practice in a court of chancery or equity; 
a title sometimes given to the law officer of a city, 
town, or government. — Solic'itor-gen'eral, n. In 
Eng., an officer of the crown, associated with the 
attorney-general in managing the legal busii>ess of 
the crown and public offices. — Soiic'itous, -us, a. 
Disposed to solicit ; eager to obtain (something de- 
sirable) ; anxious to avoid (anything evil) ; con- 
cerned ; careful. — Solic'itude, -1-tud, n. State of 
being solicitous ; uneasiness of mind occasioned by 
the fear of evil or the desire of good; concern; anx- 
iety; trouble. 

Solid, sol'id, a. Having the constituent parts so firm- 
ly adhering as to resist the impression or penetration 
of other bodies ; not hollow ; full of matter ; not 
spongy; dense; having all the geometrical dimen- 
sions; cubic; firm; compact; strong; worthy of cred- 
it, trust, or esteem. — n. A substance held in a fixed 
form by cohesion among its particles. (Geom.) A 
magnitude which has length, breadth, and thick- 
ness. — Sol'idly, adv. In a solid manner ; densely ; 
compactly; firmly; truly.— Sol'idnesSj n. — Solid'- 
ify, -t-fi, V. t. [-FIED (-fid), -FYiNG.] To make solid 
or compact. — v. i. To become solid, harden. — So- 
lid'ity, -I-tt, n. The state of being solid; hardness; 
denseness ; strength ; massiveness ; fullness of mat- 
ter ; moral firmness or soundness. (Geom.) The 
solid contents of a body; volume. — Solid'ifica'tion, 
n. Act of making solid. — Solidar'ity, -dar'l-tT, n. 
An entire union or consolidation of interests and 
responsibilities; fellowship.— Sol'idun'gulate, -un'- 
gu-lat, n. One of a tribe of mammals having a single 
or solid hoof on each foot. — SoHdun'gtQous, -gu- 
lus, a. Having hoofs that are not cloven. — Sol'- 
iped, -T-ped, n. A solidungulate. 

Solifidian, sol-1-fid'T-an, n. (Eccl.) One who main- 
tains that faith alone, without works, is sufficient 
for justification. — a. Of, or pert, to, the Solifidians. 
— Solifid'ianism, -izm, n. The tenets of Solifidians. 

Soliloquy; Solitary,. Solitude, Solo, etc. See under 
Sole. 

Soliped. See under Solid. 

Solmization. See under Sol, musical note. 

Solstice, etc. See under Sol, the sun. 

Solve, solv, V. t. [solved (solvd), solving.] To loosen 
or separate the parts of; to dissipate; to clear up 
(what is obscure, or difficult to be understood); to 
obtain a required result by mathematical process- 
es, etc. ; to explain, unfold, remove. — Solvend', n. 
A substance to be dissolved.— Solv'ent, a. Having 
the power of dissolving; able,, or sufficient to pay all 
just debts. — n. A fluid that dissolves any substance; 
a menstruum.— Solv'ency, -en-st, n. State of being 
solvent ; ability to pay all debts or just claims. — 
Solv'er, n. One who solves, or explains.— Solv'able, 
a. Capable of being solved, resolved, or explained; 
capable of being paid. — Solv'ableness, n.— Sol'uble, 
-u-bl, a. Susceptible of being dissolved in a fluid; ca- 
pable of solution. — Solubil'ity, n. Quality of a body 
which renders it susceptible of solution. — Solu'tion, 
n. Act of separating the parts of any body ; disrup- 
tion; breach ; disentanglement of any intricate prob- 
lem or question, — used esp. in mathematics; state of 
being solved or disintegrated; disintegration; action 
of an attraction between one or more solids and a 
fluid when brought in contact, by which the former 



siin, cube, full ; moon, f66t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNbON, chair, get. 



SOMATIC S 



398 



SORT 



become themselves, fluid, and are diffused through 
the latter; state •!' a body as thus diffused; prepara- 
tion made by dissolving a solid in a liquid. {Law.) 
Release from au obli^«etion; esp., release from a debt 
by payment. {Med.) Termination of a disease; a 
crisis. — SoKu-tive, -u-tiv, a. Tending to dissolve. 

BomaticB, so-mafiks, n. Science of the general prop- 
erties of matter ; somatology. — So'matist, n. One 
who admits the existence of corporeul or material 
beings only. — SomatoKogy, -o-jT, n. Doctrine of 
the general properties of material substances. 

Somber, -bre, som''ber, a. Dull ; dusky ; cloudy ; 
gloomy; melancholy; sad ; grave. —Som'brous,-brus, 
a. Gloomy; somber. 

Some, sum, a. Consisting of a greater or less portion 
or sum; a certain, — indicating a person, thing, event, 
etc., as not known individually or more specifically; 
not much; a little; moderate; about; near; more or 
less; certain; this, not that; these, not those, — dis- 
ting. fr. otheis; a part; portion, — used pronominally. 

— Some'body, n. A person unknown, uncertain, or 
indeterminate; a person of consideration. — Some''- 
how, adv. In one way or another: in some way not 
yet known. — Soine''tliing, n. Anything unknown or 
undetermined; a part; a portion, more or less; in- 
definite quantity or degree. — adv. In some degree; 
somewhat. — Some'^time, adv. At a past time indefi- 
nitely referred to; once; formerlj'; at one time or 
other hereafter. — a. Having been formerly; former. 

— Some'times, arfy. At times; at intervals; not al- 
ways; now and then; at one time. — Some'' what, n. 
More or less; a certain quantity or degree, indeter- 
minate; something. — adv. In some degree or quan- 
tity. — Some^'where, adv. In some place unknown 
or not specified; in one place or another. 

Somersault, sum'er-sawlt, Som'erset, n. A leap in 
which a person turns with his heels over his head, 
and lights upon his feet. 

Somnairibulation, som-nam'bu-la''shun, n. Act of 
walking in sleep. — Somnam'bulic, a. Walking in 
sleep; pert, to somnambulism. — Somnam'bulism, 
-lizm, n. A state of sleep in which some of the senses 
and voluntary powers are partially awake. — Som- 
nam'^bulist, n. A sleep-walker. — Somniferous, -er- 
U8, a. Causing or inducing sleep ; soporific. — Som- 
nific, a. Causing sleep ; tending to induce sleep. 

— Somnil'oquence, -o-kwens, «. Act of talking in 
sleep. — Somnil'oquist, /(. One who, etc.— Somnip'- 
athy, -a-thi, n. Sleep from sympathy, or by the 

f)rocess of mesmerism. — Som'^nolence, -lency, -no- 
en-sT, n. Sleepiness ; drowsiness ; inclination to 
sleep. {Med.) A state intermediate between sleep- 
ing and waking.— Som^'nolent, a. Sleepy; drowsy; 
inclined to sleep. 

Son, sun, n. A male child; the male issue of a parent; 
a male desdendant, however distant; in pi., descend- 
ants in general; any young male person spoken of 
as a child; a native or inhabitant of some specified 
place; the produce of anything; Jesus Christ, the 
Savior. — Son'ship, n. State of being, etc. ; charac- 
ter of a son; filiation.— Son''-in-law, «. ; pi. Sons''- 
IN-LAW. A man married to one's daughter. 

Sonant, Jonata, Sonnet, etc. See under Sound. 

Soon, soon, adv. In a short time ; shortly after any 
time specified or supposed; without the usual delay; 
early; readily; willingly; easily; quickly. 

Soot, s(56t, n. A black substance formed by com- 
bustion, or disengaged from fuel in the process 
of combustion and adhering to the sides of the pipe 
or chimney. — v. t. To foul with soot.— Soofy, -T, a. 
[-IER; -lEST.J Producing, pert, to, or consisting of, or 
soiled by, soot; dusky; dark; dingy. — Soot'^iness, n. 

Sooth, sooth, w. Truth; reality. — Sooth'say, V. I. To 
foretell, predict. — Sooth'sayer, n. — Sooth'saying, 
n. The foretelling of events. — Soothe, sooth, v. t. 
[SOOTHED (soothd), SOOTHING.] To please with 
blandishments or soft words ; to flatter; to soften, 
assuage, calm; to gratify, please, tranquilize, pacify. 

Sop, sop, n. Anything steeped, or dipped and soft- 
ened, in any liquid, esp. in broth or liquid food, and 
intended to be eaten; anything given to pacify, — fr. 
the sop given to Cerberus, as related in mythology. 

— v.t. [SOPPED (sopt), -PING.] To steep or dip m 
liquid. — Sop'py, -pi, a. Sopped in liquid; wet. 

Sophist, sofist, n. One of a class of men who taught 



eloquence, philosophy, and politics in ancient 
Greece, and were noted for their fallacious but plau- 
sible mode of reasoning; a captious or fallacious rea- 
soner. — Soph'ister, n. In Eng. universities, a stu- 
dent who is advanced beyond the first year of his 
residence. — Soph'omore, -o-mor, n. One belonging 
to the 2d of the 4 classes in an Amer. college. — 
Sophomor'ic, -ical, -mSr^ik-al, a. Pert, to, or resem- 
bling, a sophomore ; inflated in style or manner. 
— Soph, n. Abbr. of sophister in Eng. universities, 
of ■■iophomore in Amer. colleges. — Soph'ism, -izni, n. 
The doctrine or avowed mode of reasoning practiced 
• by a sophist; any fallacydesigned to deceive. — Soph'- 
istry, -ist-rl, n. The practice of a sophist; fallacious 
reasoning. — SopMsfic, -ical, so-fisfik-al, a. Pert, 
to a sophist, or embodying sophistry; fallaciously 
subtle. — Sophisfically, adv. — Sophisficate, -T- 
kat, c. t. To render worthless by admixture; to per- 
vert, adulterate, debase, corrupt, vitiate. — Sophisf- 
icate, -cated, a. Adulterated; not pure; not genu- 
ine. — SophiBt'ica'tion, n. Act of adulterating ; a 
counterfeiting or debasing the purity of anythins' 
by a foreign admixture. 

Soporose, sop'o-ros', Sop'orous, -o-rus, a. Causing 
sleep ; sleepy. — Sop'orlf'^erous, -rif ''er-us, a. Caus- 
ing sleep, or tending to produce it; narcotic; opiate ; 
anodyne. — Soporif''ic, a. Causing sleep ; tending 
to cause sleep; soporiferous. — n. A medicine, drug, 
plant, or other thing that has the quality of indu- 
cing sleep. 

Soprano, so-pra'no, ?i. {Mus.) The treble ; the high- 
est female voice. 

Sorcery, s8r''ser-T, n. Divination by the assistance or 
supposed assistance of evil spirits; magic; enchant- 
ment; witchcraft.— Sor'cerer, n. A conjurer; en- 
chanter: magician. — Sor'ceress, n. A female sor- 
cerer. — Sor'cerous, -us, a. Pert, to sorcery. 

Sordid, sSr'did, a. Vile : base ; mean ; meanly avari- 
cious; covetous; niggardly. 

Sore, sor, n. A place where the skin and flesh are 
ruptured or bruised, so as to be tender or painful ; 
an ulcer; boil; inflamed spot; wound; grief; aflflic- 
tion; trouble; difficulty. — o. Tender; painful; in- 
flamed : easily pained, grieved, or vexed; violent 
with pain; severe: afflictive; distressing. — adv. In 
a sore manner; with pain; greatly; violently; deep- 
ly. — Sore'ly, adv. — Sore'ness, ri. — Sor'fy, sSr'- 
rt, a. [-RIER ; -riest.] Grieved for the loss of some 
good ; pained for some evil ; melancholy ; dismal ; 
afflicted; mortified; vexed; chagrined; poor; mean; 
vile; worthless. — Sor''rily, -rT-lT, adv. 

Sorel, sor^'el, n. A buck of the 3d year; a yellowish 
or reddish brown color; sorrel. 

Sorghum, sSr^gum, n. A tall cereal grass 'of several 
species, including Indian millet (Guinea corn), 
broom corn, and Chinese sugar-cane (specifically 
called sorghum in Amer. and cultivated tor its sug- 
ar-bearing jiiice). 

Sorites, so-ri-'tez, n. {Logic.) An abridged form of 
stating a series of syllogisms, in a series of proposi- 
tions so arranged that the predicate of each one that 
precedes forms the subject of each one that follows, 
and the conclusion from all atfirms the predicate ef 
the last of the subject of the first proposition. 

Sororicide, so-ror't-sid, n. The murder, or murderer, 
of a sister. 

Sorrel, sor'rel, a. Of a yellowish or reddish brown 
color.- n. A j'ellowish or reddish brown color. 

Sorrel, sor''rel, n. A plant of various species, having 
a sour juice, abounding in exhausted soils. 

Sorrow, sor^'ro, n. Uneasiness or pain of mind pro- 
duced by the loss of any good, or by disappointment 
in the expectation of good; regret; unhappiness; af 
fliction ; grief ; sadness ; mourning. — v. i. [sor. 
BOWED (-rod), -BOWING.] To feel pain of mind in 
consequence of evil experienced, feared, or done ; 
to grieve, be sad. — Sor-'rowful, -f ul, a. Full of, ept- 
hibiting, producing, or expressing sorrow ; sad ; dis- 
mal ; disconsolate ; dreary ; doleful ; distressing. — 
Sor^'rowfully, adv. — Sor'rowfulness, n. 

Sorry. See under Sore. 

Sort, s6rt, n. A kind or species ; any number or col- 
lection of individual persons or things characterized 
by the same or like quantities; manner; form of be- 
ing or acting ; degree of any quality, pi. (Print.) 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



SORTIE 



399 



SOUx-H 




Sorus iiiaguified. 



Letters, points, marks, spaces, or quadrats of partic- 
ular kinds. — r. t. To separate (things having like 
qualities) from other things, and place in distinct 
classes or divisions ; to reduce to order from a state 
of confusion; to conjoin, put together in distribu- 
tion; to select, cull. — v. i. To be joined virith others 
of the same species, agree; to consort, associate, con- 
join ; to suit, fit; to terminate, have success, fall out. 
— Out of sorts. {Print.) With some letters, or sorts 
of type, in the font, deficient or exhausted ; hence, in 
ill-humor; unwell. — To run upon sorts. (Print.) To 
use or require a greater number of some particular 
letters or marks than the regular proportion. — Sorf- 
able, a. Capable of being sorted. — Sort'er, n. — 
Sor'tUege. -tt-lej, n. Act or practice of drawing 
luts; divination by drawing lots. 

Sortie, sSr'te, n. (Mil.) The issuing of a body of 
troops from a besieged place to attacK the besiegers; 
a sally. 

Soms, so'rus, n. : pi. -ri. (Bot.) One of the fruit dots, 
or small clusters of minute 
capsules, on the back of the 
tioiids of ferns. 

So-so. See under So. 

Sot. sot, n. A person stupefied 
by excessive drinking : an 
habitual drunkard. — Sot'- 
tish, a. Doltish ; very fool- 
ish : dull or stupid with in- 
temperance; senseless; infat- 
uate. 

Sotto Voce, sot'to-vo'cha. 
(Mu.<.) In an undertone; with a restrained or mod- 
erate_ force. [It.] _ 

Sou, soo, n. ; pi. Sous, soo. A French money of ac- 
count, and a copper coin, = l-20th part of a livre, or 
of a franc, about 1 cent. 

Souchong, soo-shong', n. A kind of black tea. 

Sough, suf, V. i. To whistle or sigh, as the wind. — n. 
A hollow murmur or roaring ; a buzzing ; a rumor 
or fiying report. 

Sought^ See Seek. 

Soul, sol, n. The spiritual, rational, and immortal 
part in man, — sometimes, in distinc. f r. the mind ; 
the moral and emotional part of man's nature, in 
distinc. fr. intellect ; the intellect only ; the under- 
standing ; the seat of real life or vitality ; the ani- 
mating or essential part; the leader; inspirer of any 
action ; any noble manifestation of the heart or 
moral nature; a human being; person; man; a pure 
or disembodied spirit ; life ; courage : fire ; ardor. 

— Soulless, a. Without a soul, or without greatness 
or nobleness of mind; mean; spiritless. 

Sound, sownd, a. Entire ; unbroken ; free from im- 
perfection, defect, or decay ; healthy, not diseased, 

— said of body or mind ;' firm ; strong ; vigorous ; 
founded in truth ; supported by justice or law ; 
weighty; solid; heavy; laid on with force; profound; 
unbroken ; undisturbed ; free from error ; correct ; 
founded in right and law ; legal ; valid. — adi\ 
Soundly ; heartily. — Sounct'ly, adv. Healthily ; 
heartily ; severely ; smartly ; truly ; firmly ; fast ; 
closely. 

Sound, sownd, n. The air-bladder of a fish; a narrow 
passage of water; a strait between the main land 
and an isle, or connecting 2 seas, or connecting a sea 
or lake with the ocean. 

Sound, sownd, H. (Surg.) A probe of any kind; esp., 
a probe to be introduced into the bladder, in order 
to discover whether there is a stone in that organ.— 
V. t. To measure the depth of; €sp., to ascertain the 
depth of by means of a line and plummet; to seek 
to interpret or discern the intentions or secret wishes 
of: to examine, test. (Surg.) To introduce a sound 
into the bladder of (a patient) in order to ascertain 
whether a stone is there or not. — v. i. To use the 
line and lead in searching the depth of water. — 
Sonnd''iiig, n. Act of one who, or that which, 
sounds, pi. (Naut.) Any part of the ocean or other 
water where a sounding-line will reach the bottom. 

Sound, sownd, n. That which is heard; a sensation 
or perception received by means of the ear, and pro- 
duced by the impulse or vibration of the air or other 
medium with which the ear is in contact; noise; 
report; the impulse or vibration which would occa- 



sion sound to a percipient if present with unimpaired 
organs; noise without signification; noise and noth- 
ing else. — V. i. To make a noise, utter a voice; to be 
conveyed in sound, be spread or published. — v. t. 
To cause to make a noise, play on; to utter audibly; 
to give a signal for by a certain sound; to celebrate 
or honor by sounds, cause to be reported; to spread by 
sound or report. — Soand''ing, p. a. Sonorous; mak- 
ing a noise : having a magnificent sound. — Seund'-, 
Sound''ing-board, n. A thin board which propagates 
the sound in an organ, violin, etc.; a board, or struc- 
ture with a flat surface, suspended behind or over a 
pulpit or rostrum to give distinctness and effect to a 
speaker's voice. — So'^ant, a. Pert, to sound; sound- 
ing. (Pron.) Uttered with intonated or resonant 
breath; intonated; vocal, not surd. — said of certain 
articulations of alphabetic sounds. — Sonc'rous, -rus, 
a. Giving sound when struck: giving a clear or loud 
sound: yielding sound; characterized by sound: vo- 
cal: high-sounding; magnificent m respectof sound. 

— Sono'rously, adv. — Sono'^rouBness, n. Quality or 
state of being sonorous. — Sonif'^erous, -nifer-us, a. 
Sounding: producing sound. — Son''orlf''ic, a. Pro- 
ducing sound. — Son''net, n. A poem of 14 lines, the 
rhymes being adjusted by a particular rule. — v. i. 
To compose sonnets. — Son'neteer', -er'^, n. A com- 
poser of sonnets or small poems; a small poet, — usu- 
ally in contempt. — Sona^'ta, -na'ta, n. (Mus.) An 
extended composition for 1 or 2 instruments, con- 
sisting^ usually of 3 or 4 movements. 

Soup, soop, n. A liquid food made by boiling meat, 
etc., in water, often highly seasoned;" strong broth. 

Soupcon, soop'soN, n. A verj' little; a taste. 

Sour, sowr, a. Having an acid taste ; sharp to the 
taste; turned or coagulated, as milk; rancid; harsh 
of temper; disagreeable to the feelings; producing 
discontent; hard to bear; expressing discontent or 
peevishness; acid; tart; acrimonious; crabbed; cur- 
rish; peevish. — n. A sour or acid substance; an acid. 

— V. t. [SOURED (sowrd), souring.] To make acid; 
to make harsh, cold, or unkindly; to make cross, 
crabbed, peevish, or discontented; to make unhappy, 
uneasy, or less agreeable. — v. i: To become acid or 
tart, peevish or crabbed. — SouT'ly, adv. In a sour 
manner ; acidly ; peevishly ; acrimoniously ; dis- 
contentedly. — Sour'ness, n. — Sour'-crout, -krout, 
-krowt, n. Cabbage cut fine, and suffered to fer- 
ment till it becomes sour. 

Source, sors. n. That person or place from which any- 
thing proceeds; one who or that which originates or 
gives rise to anything; the spring or fountain from 
which a stream of water proceeds; any collection of 
water in which a stream originates ; origin ; rise; 
beginning. 

Souse, sows, n. Pickle made with salt ; something 
kept or steeped in pickle; esp., the ears, feet, etc., oi 
swine pickled: act of plunging suddenly into water. 

— V. t. [soused (sowst), SOUSING.] To plunge into 
water: to steep in pickle. — v. i. To plunge, as a bird 
upon its prey; to fall suddenly. 

South, sowth, n. The point of compass opposite to 
the north; any particular land considered as op- 
posed to the N.; the southern part of a country; the 
southeastern U. S.—a. Lying toward theS.; situated 
at the S., or in a southern direction from the point 
of observation or reckoning.— adv. Toward the S.; 
southward; from the S. —v. t. [southed (sowthd), 
SOUTHING (sowth'ing).] To turn or move toward 
the S. (Astron.) To come to the meridian; to cross 
the N. and S. line, — said chiefly of the moon. — 
South-east', n. The point of the compass equally 
distant from the S. and E. — South-easf, -easferly, 
-east'^em, a. Pert, to, or proceeding from, the S.-E. 

— South-south''-east, South-west', etc. See Com- 
pass.— South'erly, suth^er-lT, South'em, suth'ern, 
a. Pert, to, situated in, or proceeding from, the S.; 
situated, or proceeding, toward the S. — Soutb^erll- 
ness, n. State or quality of bein^ southern.— South'- 
ron, -run, n. An inhabitant of the more southern 
part of a country; a southerner. — South'erner, w. 
An inhabitant or native of the S. or Southern States. 

— South'emmost, a. Furthest towards the S. — 
South^em-wood, sutii'ern-wdtd, n. A composite 
fragrant plant, allied to wormwood. — South^ing, 
sowth'ing, w. Tendency or motion to the S.; time 



stin, cube, full ; moon, f 6bi ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, bozrboN, chair, get 



SOUVENIR 



400 



SPARK 



at which the moon passes the meridian. (.Naviga- 
tion.) Course or distance south. — Soath''ward, 
sowth'ward or suth'erd, adv. Toward the S. — n. 
The southern regions or countries. 

Souvenir, soov-ner'', n. A remembrancer; keepsake. 

Sovereign, Luv'er-in or sov^rin, a. Supreme in 
power; superior to all others; chief; po.ssessin^, or 
entitled to, original authority or jurisdiction; effica- 
cious in the highest degree; effectual; controlling; 
predominant. — n. One who exercises supreme con- 
trol; a gold coin of Eng., bearing an effigy of the 
head of the reigning king or queen = £1, about 
$4.84. — Sov'ereignty, -er-in- or -rin-tt, n. Exercise 
of, or right to exercise, supreme power; dominion. 

Sow, sow, n. The female of the nog kind; the large 
bar of metal cast from a smelting furnace, the small 
bars in the branch channels being called pigs. 

•Sow, so, V. t. \imp. SOWED (sod), p. p. sowed or sown 
(son); sowing.] To scatter (seed) upon the earth; 
to plant in any way; to supply or stock with seed, 
scatter seed upon; to spread abroad, propagate; to 
scatter over, besprinkle. — v. i. To scatter seed for 
growth. — Sow'er, n. One who sows or scatters ; a 
breeder; promoter. 

Sowce. Same as Souse. 

Soy, soi, n. A kind of sauce for fish, brought chiefly 
from Japan, said to be produced from a species of 
bean: the plant from which this sauce is obtained. 

Spa, spa, n. A spring of mineral water, — so called 
from a place of this name in Belgium. 

Space, spas, n. Extension, considered independently 
of anything which it may contain; room; interval 
between any 2 or more objects; quantity of time; 
interval between 2 points of time. {Print.) Distance 
or interval between lines, or between words in the 
lines, as in books; a small piece of metal cast lower 
than a letter, used to separate words or letters. — v. 
t. [SPACED (spast), spacing.] {Print.) To arrange 
the spaces and intervals in or between (words or 
lines). — Spa'^cions, -shus, a. Inclosing an extended 
space ; vast in extent ; having large or ample room ; 
roomy; ample; capacious. 

Spade, spad, n. An instrument with broad iron blade 
and wooden handle for digging or cutting the 
ground, pi. A suit of cards, each of which bears 
one or more figures resembling a spade. — v. t. To 
dig with a spade. — Spa'dix,??. (Bot.) A fleshy spike 
of flowers, usuallj' covered by a leaf 
called a spathe. — Spadille', -diK, 
n. The ace of spades at omber and 
quadrille.— Spathe,spatl:,H. {Bot.)h- 
A leaf-shaped bract wrapped about 
a spadix or other inflorescence. 
[Gr.] — Spath'ose, spath'os, -ous, 
-us, Spatha'ceouB, -tha'she-us, a. 
Having or resembling, etc. — Spat'- 
ula, -u-la, n. A thin, broad-bladed 
knife, used for spreading plasters, 
etc. — Spat'tdate, a. Shaped like 
a spatula, or like a battledoor ; 
roundish, with a long, narrow, 
linear base. 

Span, span, n. The space from the end of the thumb 
to the end of the little finger when extended : 9 
inches; a brief extent or portion of time. {Arch.) 
Extent of an arch between its abutments, {yaiit.) 
A rope secured at both ends to any object, the pur- 
chase being hooked to the bight. A pair of horses 
driven together. —i;. f. [spanned (spand), -ning.] 
To measure by the hand with the fingers extended, 
or with the fingers encompassing the object; to 
measure, or reach, from one side of to the other; to 
compass. — Span'ner, n. One who spans; a fireman's 
wrench for hose couplings. — Span'^drel, n. {Arch.) 
The irregular triangular 
space between the curve 
of an arch and the rect- 
angle inclosing it; or the 
space between the outer 
moldings of 2 contiguous 
arches and a horizontal 
line above them, or an- „ , , 

other arch above and in- * *' opanareis. 

closing them. — SpanMong, a. Of the length of a 

, span. — worm, n. A naked caterpillar (called also 




a, Spadix. 
6, Spathe. 





Spanish Fly. 



geometer and looper) of several genera, including 
the canker-worm, — so called from the way in which 
it spans or measures the distance over which it passes. 

Spangle, span'gl, n. A small plate or boss of shining 
metal, used as an ornament; anything small and 
brilliant. — v. t. [spangled (-gld), -GLING.] To set 
or sprinkle with spangles. 

Spanish, span'ish, a. Of, or pert, to, Spain. — n. The 
language of Spain. — Spanish bayonet. A plant of 
the southern U. S., having stiff, sharp-pointed leaves; 
yucca. — S. broivn. A species of earth used in paint- 
ing, having a dark reddish brown color, derived fr. 
the sesquioxide of iron.'— ,S. Jiij. A brilliant green 
leaf-eating beetle of S. 
Europe, used for raising 
blisters ; cantharides; an 
Amer. blistering beetle 
of less brilliant colors. 
— S. grass. Esparto, — a 
plant of Spain and N. 
Africa, from which pa- 
per is made.— Span'iard, 
-yard, n. A native or in- 
nabitant of Spain. — 
Span'iel, -yel, n. A dog 
of several breeds used in 
sports of the field, remarkable for sagacity and obe- 
dience; a cringing, fawning person. 

Spank, spank, v. t. [spanked (spankt), spanking.] 
To strike on the breech with the open hand; to slap. 

— Spank'^er, n. {Naut.) The after-sail of a ship or 
bark: see Sail. One who takes long strides in walk- 
ing; a stout person; something larger than common. 

— Spank'ing, p. a. Moving with a quick, lively 
pace. — Spanking breeze. A strong breeze. 

Span-new, span^'nu, a. Quite new; brand-new. 
Spar, spar, n. {Min.) Any earthy mineral that breaks 
with regular surfaces, and has some degree of luster. 

— Spar'ry, -rt, a. Resem'bling or consisting of spar; 
having a confused crystalline structure. — Spath'lc. 
-ose, -OS, -ons, -us, a. Having the characteristics of 
spar; foliated or lamellar. — Spath'ifonn, a. Resem- 
bling spar in form. 

Spar, spar, M. {Naut.) A long beam, — a general term 
for mast, yard, boom, etc. 

Spar, spar, v. i. [spaeeed (spard), -eing.] To con- 
tend with the fists for exercise or amusement; to 
box; to dispute, quarrel in words, wrangle. — n. A 
feigned blow; a contest at sparring or boxing. 

Sparable, spar'a-bl, n. A small nail used by shoe- 
makers. 

Spare, spar, v. t. [spared (spard), sparing.] To. 
hold as scarce or valuable; to use frugally, save; to 
part with reluctantly, allow to be taken away, give 
up; to do without, dispense with ; to omit, forbear; 
to save from danger or punishment; to treat ten- 
derly; to withhold from: to save or gain, as from 
some engrossing occupation or pressing necessity. 
— v.i. To be frugal; to live frugally, be parsirrio- 
nious; to forbear, be scrupulous; to use mcrcj' or 
forbearance, be tender. — a. Not abundant or plen- 
tiful; parsimonious; over and above what is neces- 
sary, or which maybe dispensed with: held in re- 
serve, to be used in an emergency: wanting fle:li; 
scanty; lean; meager; thin. — Spare'ly, ndv. In a 
spare manner; sparingly. — Sparging, a. Scarce : lit- 
tle ; scanty ; not plentiful : not abundant : saving ; 
parsimonious; chary. — Spare'rib, n. A piece of a 
hog taken from the side, consisting of ribs with little 
flesh on them. 

Spark, spark, n. A small particle of fire or ignited 
substance emitted from bodies in combustion ; a 
small, shining body, or transient light : that which 
may be kindled into a flame or action : a feeble 
germ; an elementarv principle. — Spark'le, -1, n. A 
little spark; scintillation. — v. i. [sparkled (-Id), 
-LING.] To emit sparks, appear like sparks, twinkle, 
flash as with sparks, emit little bubbles, as certain 
kinds of liquids, shine, glisten, scintillate, radiate, 
coruscate. — v. t. To shine with; to emit, as light or 
fire. — Spark'ler, n. One who, or that which, spar- 
kles.— Spark''ling, p. a. Emitting sparks; glitter- 
ing; brilliant; shining. 

Spark, spark, n. A brisk, showy, gay man ; lover ; 
gallant; beau. — v. i. To play the lover. — Spark'ish, 



ftm, fame, far, pftss or opera, fare ; 5nd, eve, tSnn ; Tn, Ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; 



SPARROW 



401 



SPECIES 




a. Like a spark; airy; gay; showy; ■well-dressed; 
fine. 

Sparrow, spar'ro, n. A small bird of many species, 
feeding on insects 
and seeds.— Spar'- 
row-hawk, n. A 
small species of 
she r t-w inged 
hawk. 

Sparrow-grass, 
spar'ro-gras, n. As- 
paragus. [Vulgar 
corrupt, of aspara- 
gus.'] 

Sparry, a. See un- 
der Spak, mineral. Sparrow. 

Sparse, spars, a. ^ 

Thinly scattered; set or planted here and there.— 
Sparse'ness, n. — Spar^'sim, adv. Sparsely ; scat- 
teredly; here and there. 

Spartan, spar'tan, a. Of, or pert, to, Sparta, esp. to 
ancient Sparta; hardy; undaunted. 

Spasm, spazm, n. (Med.) An involuntary and abnor- 
mal contraction of one or more muscles or muscular 
fibers. A sudden, violent, and perhaps fruitless ef- 
fort. — Spasmod'^ic, -icalj-mod'ik-al, a. Relating to, 
or consisting in, spasm; soon relaxed or exhausted; 
convulsive. — Spasmod'^ic, n. (Med.) A medicine 
good tor removing spasm ; an anti-spasmodic. — 
Spas''tic, a. Relating to spasm; spasmodic. 

Spat. See Spit. 

Spat, spat, n. The yotmg of shell-fish; a slight blow; 
a little quarrel or dissension. — Spat'ter, r. t. [-teeed 
(-terd). -TERING.] To sprinkle with a liquid or with 
any wet substance, as water, mud, etc.; to injure by 
aspersion, defame. — Spat^'terdash'ss, n. pi. Cover- 
ings to protect the legs from splashes of mud, etc. 

Spathe, Spathose, etc. See under Spade. 

Spathic, Spathose, etc. See under Spab. 

Spatula, etc. See under Spade. 

Spavin, spav'in, K. (Far.) A swelling in or near some 
of the joints of a horse, by which lameness is pro- 
duced.— Spav'ined, -ind, a. Affected with spavin. 

Spawn, spawn, n. The eggs of fish or frogs when 
ejected; any product or offspring, — in contempt; 
buds or branches produced from underground 
stems. The white fibrous matter forming the ma- 
trix from which fungi are produced. — v. t. [spawned 
(spawnd), spawning.] To produce or deposit, as 
fishes do their eggs; to bring forth, generate, — used 
contemptuously. — v. i. To deposit eggs, as fish or 
frogs; to issue, as offspring^ — used contemptuously. 

Spay, spa, v. t. [spated (spad), spaying.] To extir- 
pate the ovaries of; to castrate, — female animals. 

Speak, spek, v. i. \imp. spoke (spake nearly obsoL); 
p. p. spoken (spoke, colloq. or rare) ; speaking.] 
To utter words or articulate sounds, as human be- 
ings; to express thoughts by words; to express opin- 
ions; to utter a speech, discourse, or harangue; to 
make mention; to give sound; to say, tell, talk, ar- 
ticulate, pronounce. — v. t. To utter with the mouth, 
pronounce, declare, proclaim; to talk or converse in; 
to address, accost; to exhibit, make known; to ex- 
press silentlj', or by signs; to communicate. — To 
speak a ship. (N'a2it.) To hail and speak to her com- 
mander. — Speak'' able, a. Capable of being spoken. 

— Speak'er, n. One who speaks; esp., one who ut- 
ters or pronounces a discourse ; one who presides 
over, or speaks for, a deliberative assembly, pre- 
serving order and regulating the debates ; a chair- 
man. — Speak'ersliip, n. Office of speaker. — Speak'- 
ing, n. Act of uttering words ;_discourse ; public 
declamation. — SpokesMnan, spokz'man, n. ; pi. 
-MEN. One who speaks for another or others. — 
Speech, spech, n. The faculty of uttering articulate 
sounds or words, as in human beings ; power of 
speaking; that which is spoken; words, as expressing 
ideas; a particular language; tongue; dialect; talk; 
common saying; a formal discourse in public; any 
declaration of thoughts; harangue; address; oration. 

— Speech-'ily, -t-fi, v. i. [-fied (-fid), -eying.] To 
make a speech, harangue, — used derisively or hu- 
morously. — Speech'^less, a. Destitute or deprived 
of the faculty of speech ; dumb ; not speaking for a 
time; mute; silent. 



Spear, sper, n. A long, pointed weapon, used in war 
and hunting, by thrusting or throwing; a lance: a 
sharp-pointed instrument with barbs, used for stab- 
bing fish, etc_^; a shoot, as of grass; a spire. — v. t. 
[SPEAEED (sperd), 

SPEAEING.] T O 

pierce or kill with 
a spear. — v. i. 
To shoot into a 
long stem, as 
some plants. — 
Spear'man, n. ; 
pi. -MEN. One 
armed with a 
spear. — Spear '- 
mint. n. A plant: 
a species of mint. 
— Spear'head, n. 
The pointed end 
of a spear 




Spear-heads. 



Species, spe'shez, n.sing. Scpl. Orig., appearance; im- 
age. (Logic.) A conception subordinated to another 
conception, called a genus, or generic conception, 
from which it differs m containing or comprehend- 
ing more attributes, and extending to fewer individ- 
uals. (Nat. Hist.) A permanent class of existing 
things, or beings, associated according to attributes, 
or properties determined hy scientific observation. 
Sort; kind; variety. (Civil Law.) The form or shape 
given to materials; fashion; form; figure. — Spe'cial, 
spesh''-al, a. Pert, to, or constituting, a species or sort ; 
different from others; extraordinary; uncommon; 
designed for a particular purpose or person; limited 
in range; confined to a definite field of action or dis- 
cussion. — Ln special. Particularly. — S. pleading. The 
allegation of special or new matter as disting. fr. a 
direct denial of matter previously alleged on the 
other side; the popular denomination of the whole 
science of pleading. — Spe'cially, adv. In a special 
manner ; particularly ; especiallj^ ; for a particular 
purpose. — Spe'cialist, n. One who devotes himself 
to a specialty. — Spe'cial'ity, spesh'T-aKX-tT, Spe'- 
cialty, spesh'^al-tl, n. Particularity; a particular or 
peculiar case ; that for which a person is distin- 
guished, or which he makes an object of special at- 
tention. (Law.) A contract, or obligation, under 
seal; a contract by deed. — Spe^'cie, -sht, n. Copper, 
silver, or gold coin ; hard money. — Spec'ify, spes'- 
I-fi, V. t. [-FIED (-fid), -EYING.] To mention or name, 
as a particular thing. — Specific, -ical, spe-sif'^ik-al, 
a. Pert, to, characterizing, or constituting a specie-s; 
tending to specify or make particular; definite; lim- 
ited; precise, (lied.) Exerting a peculiar influence 
over any part of the body: dependent on contagion, 

— said of diseases.— Specific, w. (Med.) A remedy 
which exerts a special action in the prevention or 
cure of a disease ; a remedy supposed to be infalli- 
ble. — Specific gravity. (Phi/sics.)See Geavity, 
under Geave, a. — S. name. (Nat. Hist.) The name 
which, appended to the name of the genus, consti- 
tutes the distinctive name of the species. — Specif''- 
ically, adv. In a specific manner ; according to the 
nature of the species ; definitely ; particularly. — 
SpecificaJness, n. — Spec'Ifica'tion, n. Act of 
specifying, or determining, by a mark or limit ; des- 
ignation of particulars; particular mention; a writ- 
ten statement containing a minute description or 
enumeration of particulars ; any article or thing 
specified. — Spec'imen, n. A part, or small portion, 
of anything, or number of things, intended to exhib- 
it the kind and quality of the whole, or of what is 
not exhibited; sample: model; pattern. — Spe'cioQS, 
-shus, a. Obvious ; showy ; manifest ; apparently 
right; superficially fair, just, or correct ; appearing 
well at first view ; plausible ; ostensible ; colorable ; 
feasible.— Spe'ciously, adv. — Spe'ciousness, n. — 
Spec'tacle, -ta-kl, n. Something exhibited to view, 

— usually, as extraordinary, or as worthy of special 
notice; show; sight; pageant-, pi. An optical instru- 
ment, used to assist or correct some defect of vision. 

— Spec'tacled, -kid, a. Furnished with, or wearing 
spectacles. — Spectac'nlar, a. Pert, to shows; of the 
nature of a show; of, or pert, to, spectacles, or glasses 
for the eyes. — Specta'tor, n. One who sees or be- 
holds; one personally present at any exhibition; look- 



Biin, cube, full ; moon, f66t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tihen, boNboN, chair, get. 
26' 



SPECK 



402 



SPHINX 



eron; observer; -witness.— Specta'tress, -trix, n. A 
female looker-on. — Spec'ter, -tre, -ter, n. An ap- 
parition ; ghost ; something made preternaturally 
visible. — Spoc'tral, a. Pert, to a specter; ghostly; 
pert, to a spectrum. — Spec'tnun, n. pL; -tka, -tra. 
A visible form ; something seen ; an image of some- 
thing seen, continuing alter the eyes are closed or 
turned away. {Opt.) An oblong stripe on a screen 
formed by the colored and other rays of which a 
beam of light is composed, separated by the refrac- 
tion of a prisjn or other means: see Light. — Spec'- 
troscope, -skop, n. An optical instrument for analy- 
zing spectra, esp. those formed by flames in which 
different substances are volatilized, so as to deter- 
mine, from the nature and position of the spectral 
lines, the composition of the substance. — Spec'u- 
lum, n. ; 2jI. -ula, -la. A mirror or looking-glass ; a 
reflector of polished metal, esp. such as is used in 
reflecting telescopes. CSurg.) An instrument for 
dilating certain passages of the body, and throwing 
iight within them. — Spec^ular, a. Having the 
qualities of a speculum or mirror; having a smooth, 
reflecting surface. — Specular iron. {Min.) An ore 
of iron occurring frequently in crystals of a bril- 
liant metallic luster, — a variety of hematite. — 
Spie'geleisen, spe'gl-i-zn, n. Specular cast-iron, 
particularly rich in manganese and carbon, and used 
in the manufacture of steel by the Bessemer process. 

— Spec'ulate, -u-lat, v. i. To consider by turning an 
object in the mind, and viewing it in its different as- 
pects and relations; to meditate. (Com.) To pur- 
chase with the expectation of a contingent advance 
in value, and a consequent sale at a profit. — Spec'u- 
la'tion, «. The act of speculating ; mental view of 
anything in its various aspects and relations; con- 
templation. {Com.) Act or practice of buying land 
or goods, etc., in expectation of a rise of price and 
selling them at an advance, as disting. fr. a regular 
trade. Conclusion to which the mind comes by spec- 
ulating; mere theory; view; conjecture; act or result 
of scientific or abstract thinking. — Spec'ulatist, n. 
A speculator ; theorist. — Spec'iilative, -la-tiv, a. 
Given to, or concerning, speculation ; involving, or 
formed by, speculation; ideal; theoretical; pertain- 
ing to speculation in land, goods, etc. — Spec'ula'tor, 
n. One who speculates or forms theories. ( Com.) 
One who buys goods, lands, or other things, with 
the expectation of a rise of price, and of deriving 
profit from such advance. — Spec'ulatory, -la-to-rT, 
a. Exercising speculation ; speculative ; intended 
or adapted for viewing or espying. 

Speck, spek, n. A small place in anything that is dis- 
colored by foreign matter, or is of a color different 
from that of the main substance; a very small thin^; 
spot; stain; flaw; blemish. — ?;. t. [specked (spekt), 
SPECKING.] To stain in spots or drops ; to spot. -^ 
Speck'le, -1, n. A little spot in anything, of a dif- 
ferent substance or color from that of the thing it- 

. self ; a speck. — V. <. [speckled (-Id), -ling.] To 
mark with small spots of a different color; to vari- 
egate with spots. 

Spectacle. Speculate, etc. See under Species. 

Speech, Speecliify, etc. See under Speak. 

Speed, sped, y. i. [sped or speeded; speeding.] To 
make haste ; to attain what one seeks for, prosper, 
succeed; to have any condition, good or ill; to fare. 

— V. t. To cause to make haste ; to dispatch with 
celerity; to help forward, cause to succeed; to hasten 
to a conclusion, bring to a result ; to bring to de- 
struction, ruin. — n. The moving or causing to 
move forward with celerity; prosperity in an under- 
taking ; favorable issue ; success ; start ; advance. 

— Speed'y, -T, a. [-ier ; -iest.] Not dilatory or 
slow; quick; swift; nimble; hasty; rapid in motion. 

SpeisB, spis, n. {Mill.) Copper nickel, consisting of 
nickel and arsenic. 

Spell, spel, n. The relief of one person by another in 
any piece of work; a gratuitous helping forward of 
another's work; a single period of labor; a short pe- 
riod; brief time; a season. — v. t. [spelled (speld), 
spelling.] To supply the place of, relieve, help. 

Spell, spel, n. A verse or phrase supposed to be en- 
dowed with magical power; incantation; charm. — 
Spell'-bound, a. Arrested or bound, as by a spell or 
cnarm. 



Spell, spel, r. t. [spelled (speld) or spelt, spelij. 
ing.] To discover by characters or marks ; to read, 
esp. with labor or ditficulty, — with out ; to tell or 
name the letters of (a word); to write or print with 
the proper letters. — v. i. To form words with the 
proper letters, either in reading or writing. — Spell ■'- 
er, n. One skilled in spelling; a book containing ex- 
ercises in spelling ; spelling-book. — SpelKing, n. 
Act of naming the letters of a word, or of writing or 
printing words with their proper letters; manner of 
forming words with letters; orthography. — Spell''- 
ing-book, n. A book for teaching chUdren to spell 
and read; a speller. 

Spelt, spelt, n. An inferior species of wheat, cultivated 
for food in Germany and Switzerland. 

Spelter, spel'ter, n. Zinc. 

Spence, spens, n. A place where provisions are kept; 
a buttery ; larder ; pantry. 

Spencer, spen'ser, n. A short over-jacket worn by 
men or women. {Naut.) A fore-and-aft sail, abaft 
the fore and mam masts, set with a gaff and ;io 
boom; a trysail carried at the foremast or mainmast. 

Spend, spend, v. t. [spent, spending.] To weigh or 
lay out, dispose of, part with ; to bestow for any 
purpose ; to consume, waste, squander ; to pass 
(time) ; to suffer to pass away ; to exhaust of force 
or strength, waste. — v. i. To make expense, make 
disposition of money ; to be lost or wasted, be dissi- 
pated or consumed.— Spend'er, n.— Spend'thrift, n. 
One who spends money profusely or improvidently; 
a prodigal ; one who lavishes his estate. — Spend'- 
ing-mon'ey, n. A sum allowed or set apart for extra 
(not necessary) personal expenses ; pocket-money. 

Sperm, sperm, n. Animal seed; semen; spermaceti; 
spawn of fishes or frogs. — Sperra'ace'ti, -a-se'tt, n. 
A white, brittle, semi-transparent fatty matter ob- 
tained chiefly from the head of the cachalot, or 
spermaceti whale. — Sperm'-oil, n. Oil obtained 
from the cachalot.— Spermafic, -ical, -mafik-al, a. 
Pert, to, consisting of, conveying, or producing 
semen; seminal. — Spermafocele, -o-sel, m. {Med/) 
A swelling of the spermatic vessels. — Sperm'ator- 
rhe^a, -a-tor-re'a, n. {Pathol.) Involuntary emis- 
sion of semen without copulation. 

Spew, spu, V. t. [spewed (spud), spewing.] To eject 
from the stomach, vomit ; to cast -forth with abhor- 
rence. — V. i. To discharge the contents of the 
stoviach. vomit. 

Sphacelate, sfas'e-lat, v. i. To mortify, become gan- 
grenous, as flesh, decay or become carious, as a bone. 
— Sphac'ela'tion, w. {Med.) The process of becom- 
ing or making gangrenous; mortification. 

Sphene, sfen, n. {Min.) A mineral cmiiposed of silica, 
titanic acid, and lime : it is found usiriUy in thin, 
wedge-shaped crystals.— Sphc'uoid, -noid'al, a. Re- 
sembling a wedge. 

Sphere, ster, n. {Geom.) A body contained under a 
single surface, which, in every part, is equally dis- 
tant from a point within, called its center. Any orb 
or star. (Asfron.) The apparent surface of the neav- 
ens, which seems to the ej^e spherical and everywhere 
equally distant ; one of the concentric and eccen- 
tric revolving spherical transparent shells, in which 
the stars, sun, planets, and moon were once sup- 
posed to be set, and by which they were carried. 
Circuit of action, knowledge, or influence ; rank ; 
order of society : globe; circle; compass; province; 
employment. — v.t. [sphered (sferd)i sphering.] 
To place in a sphere, form into roundness. — Sphe'- 
roid, -roid, n. A body nearly spherical ; esp., a 
solid generated by the revolution of an ellipse about 
one of its axes. — Spheroid'' al, -roid-'ic, -roid'ical, 
a. Having the form i;' a spheroid: approaching the 
form of a sphere. — Spher'ic. -ical, sf er'ik-al, a. Hav- 
ing the form of a sphere; globular: pert, to a sphere; 
Relating to the heavenly orbs. — Spher^'ically, adv. 
In the form of a sphere. — Spher''icalneB8, Sphe- 
ric'lty, -ris''t-tT, n. State or quality of being spher- 
ical ; roundness. — Spher'ics, n. sing. The science 
of the properties and relations of the circles, figures, 
and other magnitudes of a sphere, produced by 
planes intersecting it. — Spher'ule, -ool, re. A little 
sphere or spherical body. 

Sphinx, sfinks, n. (Myth.) A monster usually repre- 
sented as having the winged body of a lion, aad 



seuieu us Having iiie wii)j;l'u uouy 

fim, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



SPHRAGISTICS 



403 



SPIRIT 



the face and breast of a 
woman : it proposed rid- 
dles and put to death all 
who were unable to solve 
them. 

SphragisticB, sfra-jis'tiks, n. 
The science of seals, their 
history, age, and distinc- 
tions. 

Spice, spTs, n. A vegetable 
production, fragrant or 




Sphinx. 



aromatic to the smell and pungent to the taste; that 
which resembles spice, or enriches or alters the 
quality of a thing in a small degree ; a small quan- 
tity.— v. t. [SPICED (spist), SPICING.]* To season 
with spice ; to fill or impregnate with the odor of 
spices.— Splicer, n. One who seasons with, or deals 
in spice. — Spi'cery, -ser-t, n. Spices in general ; a 
repository of spices.— Spi'cy, -st, a. [-cier; -ciest.] 
Producing, pert, to, or abounding with, spices ; 
Ijungent : racy ; aromatic ; fragrant ; smart. 
Spicole, spik^'til, 



A minute slender granule or 



7^ 


% 


i 


^^^^ 


fjhi 




jf^^ 


s^^/ 


"^^S 


& 


0- 



point. — Spic'ular, a. 
Resembling a dart ; 
having points. 

Spider, spi'der, n. An 
animal of" many gen- 
era of the class ji;'ac/i- 
nida, most of which 
spin webs for taking 
their prey or for hab- 
itation; a frying-pan, 
shaped somewhat like 
a spider. 

Spiegeleisen. See un- 
der Species. 

Spigot, spig''ut, n. Apeg L 

L^a'^etTrSK Geometric Net of Garden 
in a cask of liquid. bpiaer. 

Spike, spik, w. A large nail; a pointed pin or bar of 
iron or wood; an ear of corn or grain; a 
shoot. (Bot.) A species of inflorescence, in 
which the flowers are sessile on a common 
axis, as in plantain, salvia, etc. — v. t. 
[spiked (spikt), SPiKixG.] To fasten with 
spikes, or large nails; to set with spikes; to 
stop the vent of with a spike, nail, etc. — 

— SpiJked, splkt, p. a. Furnished with 
spikes, as corn; fastened or stopped with 
spikes. — Spik'^y, -Y, a. Having a sharp 
point or points; furnished or armed with 
spikes. — Spike'let, n. (Bot.) A small or 
partial spike, as in the flowers of some 
grasses. — Spike''nard, n. {Bot.) An aro- 
matic plant; the spikenard of the ancients is 
a species of valerian. A fragrant essential oil. 

Spile, spil, n. A small peg or wooden pin, used to 
stop a hole; a stake driven into the ground as a 
support for some superstructure ; a pile. — Spill, 
spil, n. A spile ; splinter; a roll of paper or strip of 
wood for lighting fires, etc. ; a little pin or bar of iron. 

Spill, spil, V. t. [spilled (spild) or spilt, spilling.] 
To suffer to fall or run out of a vessel; to lose or 
suffer to be scattered; to cause to flow out or lose; 
to shed (.in battle or in manslaughter). — v. i. To 
be shed; to run over; to fall out, be lost, or wasted. 

Spin, spin, v. t. [spun, spinning.] To draw out and 
twist into threads ; to form (a web, etc.) by drawing 
a viscid exudation into threads ; to draw out te- 
diously, extend to a great 
length, — with otit ; to pro- 
tract, spend by delays ; to 
turn or cause to whirl ; to 
twirl. (Much.) To shape 
(metal) by revolving as in a 
lathe, and pressing against 
it with a roller or hand-tool. 

— V. i. To practice spinning; 
to perform the act of draw- 
ing and twisting threads; to 
whirl, as atop or spindle; to 
stream or issue in a thread 
o r sm all current . — Spin'ner, 
n. — Spin^ner, -neret, n. An 




Spike. 




Spinneret of a Spicier 
highly magnified. 



organ with which spiders and some insects form 
their silk or webs. — Spin'ning-jen'ny, n. A ma 
chine for spinning a number of threads simulta- 
neously. [See Jenny.] — wheel, n. A machine for 
spinning yarn or thread, in which a wheel drives 
a single spindle. — Spin'dle, -dl, n. The long, slen- 
der rod in spinning-wheels by which the thread is 
twisted, and on which, when twisted, it is wound ; 
an axis in a spinning machine to hold a bobbin ; a 
tapering pin or shaft on which anything turns ; an 
axis; arDor; the fusee of a watch: see Fusee: a long, 
slender stalk. — v. i. [spindled (-did), -dling.] lo 
shoot or grow in a long, slender stalk or body.— Spin'- 
dle-legged, -legd, -shanked, -shankt, a. Having long 

slender legs. shanks, n. A tall, slender person, — 

used humorously or in contempt. — Spin'ster, -ster, 
n. A woman who spins. {Law.) An uniiianied 
woman; single woman. 

Spinach, Spinage, spin'ej, n. A plant whose leaves 
are used lor greens and other culinary purposes. 

Spine, spin, n. {Bot.) A sharp process from the 
woody part of a plant; a thorn. {Zo'ol.) A rigid, 
jointed spike upon any part of an animal. The 
back-bone or spinal column of an animal.— Spi''nal, 
a. Pert, to the back-bone. — Spin'y, -t, a. Full of 
spines ; thorny ; like a spine ; slender : perplexed ; 
difficult ; troublesome. — Spi'nous, -nus, -nose'', 
-nos', a. Armed with spines; thorn j'.— Spinos^ity, 
-nos'T-tY, n. State of being, etc. — Spinif' erous, -tr- 
ns, a. Producing spines. — Spi'nel, -nel', -nelle'', 
spT-neK, n. A mineral occurring in octohedrons 
of great hardness. — Spinet, 
spin^'et or spt-nef, n. An obso- 
lete instrument of music resem- 
bling a harpsichord ; a virginal. 

Spinner, Spinster, etc. See under 
Spin. 

Spiracle, Spirant, etc. See under 
Spirit. 

Spire, spir, n. A body that 
shoots up or out to a point in 
a conical or pyramidal form : 
a steeple ; a stalk or blade of 
grass or other plant; a sprout. 
— V, i. To shoot up in a taper- 
ing form; to sprout, as grain in 
malting.— Spir-'y, -Y, a. Of the 
form of a pyramid ; pyramid- 
ical ; furnished with spires. 

Spire, spir, n. A coil; a winding ^ 
line like the threads of a screw; ~ 
anj'thing wreathed orcontorted; 
a curl : twist; wreath.— Spi^ral, 
a. Winding round a cylinder, 
or in a circular form, and at the same time rising or 
advancing forward ; winding like a screw. — n. 
{ Geom.) A curve described by a point called the gen- 
eratrix. moy\T\s along a straight line according to a 
mathematical Taw, while the 
line is revolving about a fixed 
point called the pole. — Spiral 
wheel. (Mach.) A wheel having 
its teeth cut at an angle with 
its axis, or so that they form 
small portions of screws or 
spirals. — Spi'rally. adv. — 
Spir'y, -Y, a. Of a spiral 
form : wreathed ; curled. — o,^;„„i wv,ooi 
Spirae'a, -re'a, n. A shrub or Spiral Wheel, 
perennial herb of many species, including the mead- 
ow-sweet and ^ 

the hard-hack. 
[L.] — Spir'ula, 
spYr''oo-la, n. A 
cephal o p o d of 
several species, 
having a multi- 
locular shell in 
the form of a flat 
spiral, the coils 
of which do not 
touch one a n- 
other. 

Spirit, spYr-'it, n 




Spire. 





Spirula. 

a, Spirula australis (without the shell). 
6, Shell of Spirula australis. 

Air set^in motion by breathing; breath ; life itself; 



sun, ciibe, fijll; moon, fd&t; cow, oil; linger or ink, tlien, boNboN, chair, get. 



SPIRT 



404 



SPOIL 



life, or living substance, considered independent- 
ly of corporeal existence ; the intelligent, imma- 
terial, and immortal part of man; the soul; a. disem- 
bodied soul ; a supernatural apparition; specter ; 
ghost; sprite; fairy; any remarkable manifestation 
of life or energy; one who evinces great activity or 
peculiar characteristics of mind or temper; temper 
or disposition of mind; intellectual or moral state; 
in pi., animation ; cheerfulness ; ^jZ. a liquid produced 
by distillation, esp., alcohol; rum, whisky, brandy, 
and otherdistilled liquors havin^much alcohol; sing., 
intent; real meaning, — opp. to the letter, or to formal 
statement; characteristic quality. — v. t. To animate 
with vigor, excite, encourage, inspirit ; to convej' 
rapidly and secretly, or mysteriously, as if by the 
agency of a spirit ; to kidnap. — Holy Spirit, or The 
Spirit. ( Theol.) The Spirit of God, orthe third person 
of the Trinity; the Holy Ghost. — S. of wine. Pure 
alcohol, so called because formerly obtained only 
from wine. — Spir''ited, p. a. Animated; full of life; 
full of spirit or fire; lively; vivacious; ardent; ac- 
tive; bold; courageous. — Spir^itedly, adu. — Spir'- 
itless, a. Destitute of spirits; wanting animation; 
dejected; wanting life, courage, or fire. — Spir^it- 
lesBly, atii;. — SpiT'ltlessness, n. — Spir''itous, -us, a. 
Like spirit; reflued; pure; fine; ardent. — Spi''rant, 
n. (Pron.) A consonant sound uttered with per- 
ceptible expiration, or emission of breath, — said of 
/, i>, tk surd and sonant, and the German ch. — Spir''it- 
ism, -izm, n. Belief or doctrine of the spiritists; 
spiritualism. — SplT'ltist, n. One who believes in 
direct intercourse with departed spirits through 
persons called mediums ; a spiritualist. — Spir'^itual, 
-u-al, a. Consisting of spirits; incorporeal; pert, to 
the intellectual and higher endowments of the 
mind; mental; intellectual; pert, to the moral feel- 
ings or states of the soul; pert, to the soul or its affec- 
tions, as influenced by the Spirit; proceeding fr. the 
Holy Spirit; pure ; holy ; heavenly-minded ; divine ; 
relating to sacred things; ecclesiastical.— Spir'itual- 
ly, adv. In a spiritual manner ; with purity of spirit 
or heart. — Spir'itualism, -u-al-izm, n. State of being 
spiritual. (^Fhilos.) The doctrine in opposition to the 
materialists, that all which exists is spirit or soul. A 
belief in the reception of communications from dis- 
embodied spirits, by means of physical phenomena, 
commonlj' manifested through a person of special 
susceptibility, called a medium. — Spir'^itaalist, n. 
One who professes a regard for spiritual things only; 
one who maintains the doctrine of spiritualism; one 
who believes in direct intercourse with departed 
spirits, through the agencv of mediums. — Splr'itu- 
al'lty, -aKY-tt, w. State of being spiritual; that which 
belongs to the church, or to a person as an ecclesias- 
tic, or to religion, as distinct from temporalities. — 
Spir'itTxalize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izingO To refine 
intellectually or morally; to imbue with spirituality 
or life.— Spur^itualiza'tion, n. Act of, or state of be- 
ing, etc. — Spir'ituoUB, -u-us, a. Having the quality 
of spirit; tenuous in substance, and having active 
powers or properties; active; pure; consisting of, or 
containing, distilled spirit; ardent; alcoholic. — Spi- 
rom'eter, spi-rora'e-tlr, n. An instrument for meas- 
uring the vital capacity of the lungs. — Spiracle, 
spir'a-kl or spi'ra^kl, n. {Anat.) A small aperture 
in animal and vegetable bodies, by which air or 
other fluid is exhaled or inhaled. Any small aper- 
ture, hole, or vent. 

Spirt. Same as Spurt. 

Spiry. See under Spike, a tapering body, also under 
Spire, a coil. 

Spissitude, spis'sT-tud, n. Thickness of soft sub- 
stances; denseness or compactness belonging to sub- 
stances not perfectly liquid nor perfectly solid. 

Spit, spit, n. A long, pointed iron rod or bar on which 
meat is roasted; a small point of land or a long nar- 
row shoal running into the sea. — v. t. [spitted, 
SPITTING.] To thrust a spit through, put upon a spit; 
to thrust through, pierce. 

Spit, spit, V. t. [SPIT (SPAT, dbs.'), -TING.] To eject 
from the mouth (saliva or other matter) ; to eject or 
throw out with violence. — v. i. To throw out saliva 
from the mouth. — n. The secretion formed by the 
glands of the mouth; saliva. — Spit'fire, n. A vio- 
lent, irascible, or passionate person. — Spiftle, -tl. 



n. The thick, moist matter secreted by the salivary 
glands; saliva.— Spittoon'', -toon', n. A vessel to re- 
ceive spittle. 

Spital, spifal, n. A hospital. 

Spite, spit, n. Hatred; malice; malignity;- pique; ran- 
cor; malevolence; grudge; chagrin. — v. t. To be 
angry or vexed at; to hate; to treat maliciously, in- 
jure, thwart. — III spite of. In opposition to all ef- 
forts of; in defiance or contempt of. — To owe oyie a 
s. To entertain a mean hatred for him. — Spite'ful, 
-ful, a. Filled with spite; haviug a desire to vex, 
annoy, or injure; malignant; malicious. 

Spitz, S.-dog, spits'dog, n. A small va*-iety of the 
Pomeranian dog, with long silky hair, erect ears, 
and a sharp nose. 

Splash, splash, v. t. [splashed (splasht), splashing.] 
To spatter with water, or with water and mud. — 
V. i. To strike and dash about water. — n. Water, 
or water and dirt thrown upon anything, or thrown 
from a puddle, etc. — Splash-'y, -I. o. Full of dirty 
water; wet and muddy, so as to be easily splashed 
about. 

Splay, spla, a. Displayed; spread; turned outward. 

— n. A slanted or sloped surface; esp., the expan- 
sion given to doors, windows, etc., by slanting their 
sides. — Splay'-foot, n. A foot having the sole flat- 
tened instead of concave ; flat-foot. — foot, -foot'ed, 
a. Having the foot turned outward; having a wide 
foot. — mouth, n. ; pi. -mouths, mowthz. A wide 
mouth; ajnouth stretched in derision. 

Spleen, splen, n. {Anat.) A glandular organ, situ- 
ated in the upper portion of the abdominal cavity 
to the left of the stomach ; the milt : the ancients 
supposed it to be the seat of anger and melancholy. 
Anger; latent spite; ill humor; melancholy; hypo- 
chondriacal affections. — Spleen'ish, Spleen'y, -T, a. 
Angry; peevish; fretful; affected with nervous com- 
plaints; melanchol}'.— Splenetic, splen'' e-tik or sple- 
net'ik, a. Affected with spleen: morose ; gloomy; 
sullen; peevish; fretful. — n. One who is, etc. 

Splendor, splen''der, n. Great brightness ; brilliant 
luster; great show of richness and elegance; emi- 
nence ; brilliancy ; magnificence ; pomp ; parade. 

— Splen'dent, a. Shining; beaming with light; very 
conspicuous; illustrious. — Splen'' did, a. Possessing 
or displaying splendor; very bright; showy; magnif- 
icent; illustrious; heroic; brilliant; famou.s. 

Splenetic. See under Spleen. 

Splice, splis, V. t. [spliced (splist), splicing.] To 
unite (2 ropes or parts of a 
rope) by a particular manner 
of interweaving the strands ; 
to unite, by lapping 2 ends to- / 
gether, and binding, or in any 
way making fast. (Mach.) To 
scarf. — n. The union of ropes 
by interweaving the strands. 
(Mach.) A connection between ' 
pieces of wood or metal by 
means of overlapping parts ; 
a scarfing. 

Splint, splint, n. A piece split 
off ; splinter. (Surg.) A thin 
piece of wood, or other sub- 
stance, used to hold or protect a broken bone when 
set. — V. t. To fasten or confine with splints, as a 
broken limb. — Splin''ter, n. A slender fragment of 
wood, or other solid substance, rent longitudinally 
from the main body; a sliver. — v. t. [-tered (-terd), 
-tering.] To split or rend into long thin pieces; to 
shiver. — v. i. To be split or rent into long pieces. 

— Split, split, V. t. [split (splitted, rare); -ting.] 
To divide longitudinally or lengthwise ; to rive, 
cleave; to tear asunder by violence, burst, rend; to 
separate into parts or parties. — v. i. To part asun- 
der, burst; to burst with laughter; to be dashed to 
pieces; to break faith, betray a secret. — n. A crack, 
rent, or longitudinal fissure; a breach or separation, 
as in a political party. 

Splutter, splut'ter, w. A bustle; stir. — v. i. [splut- 
tered (-terd), -tering.] To speak hastily and con- 
fusedly; to sputter; to scatter drops of fluid with 
noise, as a bad pen, a hasty speaker, etc. 

Spoil, spoil, V. t. [spoiled (spoild), spoiling.] To 
plunder, strip by Adolence, roo; to seize by violence, 




a, E;e Splice. 

b, Short Splice. 



am, fame, far, piss or opera, fare ; £nd, eve. tSrm ; Tn, Ice ; 6dd, t6ne, 6r ; 



SPOKE 



405 



SPRAIN 




take by force ; to cause to decay and perish ; to 
vitiate, mar ; to render useless by injury, ruin, de- 
stroy. — V. I. To practice plunder or robbery ; to 
lose the valuable qualities, be corrupted, decay. — n. 
That which is taken from others by violence ; esp., 
the plunder taken from an enemy ; pillage ; booty ; 
that which is gained by strength or effort; act or 
practice of plundering; robbery; corruption; cause 
of corruption. — Spoil'er, n. One who spoils; a plun- 
derer; pillager; robber; one who corrupts, mars, or 
renders useless. — Spo'liate, -If-at, v. t. To plunder, 
pillage, destroy. — v. i- To practice plunder, com- 
mit robbery. — Spolia'tion, n. Act of plundering; 
robbery; destruction; despoliation; robbery in war; 
esp., the act or practice of plundering neutrals at 
sea, under authority. 

Spoke, Spokesman, etc. See Speak. 

Spoke, spok, n. One of the radial arms or bars inserted 
in the hub, or nave of a wheel, and connecting it 
with the rim or feUy; the round of a ladder; a con- 
trivance for fastening the wheel of a vehicle, to pre- 
vent it from turning in going down a hill. — v. t. 
[spoked (spokt), spokln'gT) To furnish with spokes. 

— Spoke'shave, n. A kind of drawing-knife for 
dressing spokes and other curved work. 

Spoliate, etc. See under Spoil. 

Spondee, spon^'de, n. {Pros.) A poetic foot of 2 long 
syllables. — Sponda''ic, -ical, -da'ik-al, a. Pert, to a 
spondee; consisting of spondees; composed of spon- 
dees in excess. 

Spondyl, -dyle, spon^dil, n. {Anat.) A joint of the 
Dack-bone ; a vertebra. 

Sponge, spunj, n. A compound gelatinous protozoan, 
of several species, hav- 
ing a horny, flinty, or 
bonv skeleton, found 
adnering to rocks, 
shells, etc., underwater: ^ 
its fiorous framework 
prepared for use in art, 
surgery, etc. : it is soft, 
porous, elastic, and 
readily imbibes or parts Soon^-e 

with large quantities of ispo j, • 

fluid; one who lives upon others; a sponger; any 
sponge - like substance ; esp., dough before it is 
kneaded and formed, and while being converted 
into a Light, spongy mass by the agency of the yeast 
or leaven. (Gun.) An instrument for cleaning can- 
non after a discharge. — v. t. [spojtged (spunjd), 
SPONGING.] To cleanse or wipe with a sponge; to 
wipe out with a sponge, efface, destroy all trace of. 
•—v. i. To suck in or imbibe, as a sponge; to gain 
by mean arts, by intrusion, or hanging on; to be 
converted, as dough, into a light, spongy mass by the 
agency of yeast or leaven. — Spong'er.'n. One who 
uses a sponge; a parasitical dependent; hanger-on. 

— Spon'gy, -jT, a. Soft and full of cavities ; wet ; 
drenched ; soaked and soft, like a sponge ; having 
the quality of imbibing fluids, like a sponge. — 
Spon'ging-houae, n. A bailiff's house to put debtors 
in before Deing taken to jail, or until they compro- 
mise with their creditors. 

Sjwnsal, spon'^sal, a. Relating to marriage, or to a 
spouse. — Spon'^sion, -shun, n. Act of becoming 
surety for another. — Spon'sor, n. A surety ; one 
who^ at the baptism of an infant, professes the 
Christian faith in its name, and guarantees its re- 
ligious education ; a godfather or godmother. — 
Spoose, spowz, n. A man or woman engaged or 
joined in wedlock ; a married person, husband or 
wife. — Spouseness, a. Destitute of a spouse; hav- 
ing no husband or wife; unmarried. — Spous'^al, a. 
Pert, to a spouse, or to a marriage ; nuptial ; matri- 
monial; conjugal; connubial; bridal. — n. Marriage, 

— generally in pi. 

Spontaneous, spon-ta^'ne-us, a. Proceeding from nat- 
ural feeling, temperament, or disposition, or from a 
native internal proneness, readiness, or tendency ; 
proceeding from internal impulse, energy, or natural 
law, without external force ; produced without be- 
ing planted, or without human labor ; voluntary ; 
uncompelled ; willing. — Sponta'^neously, adv. In a 
spontaneous manner; of one's own accord ; by its 
own force or energy. — Spon'tane'ity, -ne'T-tl, n. 




Spoonbill. 



Quality or state of being spontaneous, or acting 
from native feeling, proneness, or temperament, 
without constraint or external force. 

Spontoen, spon-toon', n. (Mil.) A kind of half pike, 
borne by inferior officers of infantry. 

Spool, spool, n. A piece of cane or reed with a knot 
at each end, or a hollow cylinder of wood with a 
ridge at each end, to wind thread upon. — v. t. 
[sPOOLED^Cspobld), SPOOLING.] To wind on spools. 

Spoom, spoom, V. i. (iVauf.) To be driven steadily 
and swiftly, as before a strong wind. 

Spoon, spoon, n. An instrument consisting of a small 
bowl (usually a shallow oval) with a handle, used in 
preparing or partaking of food. — v. t. To take up 
or out (food, etc.) with a spoon. — Spoon^'ey, -y, -I, 
a. Weak-minded; siUy; lovesick, — n. One who is, 
etc. — Spoon-bill, n. A migratory wading bird, of 
several species, allied to the heron, and frequenting 
seacoasts and the borders of rivers, — so named from 
the shape of the bill. The white spoonbill is a Euro- 
pean bird; the roseate 
spoonbill is found in S. 
Amer. — Spoon'fal,-f ul, 
7z.;pZ. -FULS. The quan- 
tity which a spoon con- 
tains, or is able to con- 
tain; a small quantity. 
— Spoon'-drift, n. 
{Naut.) A showery 
sprinkling of sea-wa- 
ter, swept from the 
tops of the waves, and 
driven upon the sur- 
face iu a tempest. — 
-meat, n. Food taken 
with a spoon ; liquid 
food. 

Spore, spor, n. {Bot.) One 
of tne minute grains in 
flowerless plants which perform the function of 
seeds.— Sporad'ic, -ical, -rad-'ik-al, a. Occurring 
singly or apart from other things of the same kind; 
separate; single. 

Sport, sport, 71. That which diverts and makes mirth; 
contemptuous mirth ; that with which one plays or 
which is driven about; a toy; pastime; jest; amuse- 
ment; play; game; diversion; exciting out-of-door 
recreation, as nunting, fishing, horse-racing, etc. ; an 
abnormal growth. — v. t. To divert, make merry, — 
used reflexively; to represent by any kind of play; 
to exhibit or bring out in public. — v. i. To play, 
frolic, wanton; to practice the diversions of the field; 
to trine. — Sport''fal, -ful, a. Full of sport; merry; 
done in jest or for mere play. — Sport'ive, -iv, a. 
Tending to, or provocative of, sport ; gay ; frolic- 
some ; playful. — Sport''ively, adv. — Sports''man, 
n. ; pi. -MEN. One who pursues or is skilled in the 
sports of the field; one who hunts, fishes, etc. 

Spot, spot, n. A mark on a substance made by foreign 
matter; a stain on character or reputation; a small 
extent of space; any particular place; a place of a 
different color from the ground upon which it is; 
flaw; speck; blot; disgrace; fault; blemish. — v. t. 
To make visible marks upon with some foreign mat- 
ter; to mark or note so as to insure recognition; to 
blemish, tarnish (reputation, etc.) — Spotted fever. 
(Med.) A form of malignant typhus characterized 
by purple or black spots on the skin, spontaneous 
hemorrhages, etc. — Spoflees, a. Without a spot; 
esp., free from reproach or impurity ; blameless; 
unblemished; pure; immaculate; irreproachable.— 
Spofty, -tT, a. Full of spots ; marked with dis- 
colorea places. 

Spouse, Spotisal, etc. See under Sponsal. 

Spout, spowt, n. A pipe or tube for conducting a fluid; 
a pipe, or a projecting mouth of a vessel, used in di- 
recting a stream of liquid poured out. — v. t. To 
throw out, as liquids tnrough a narrow orifice, or 
pipe; to throw out (words) .with affected gravity; to 
mouth. — V. i. To issue with violence, as a liquid 
through a narrow orifice or from a spout; to utter a 
speech, esp. in a pompous manner. — To put, or 
shove up the spout. To pledge at a_pawn-broker'B. 

Sprain, spran, v. t. [sprained (sprand), speaining.] 
To wesiken (a joint or muscle) by sudden and ex- 



siin, cube, fijll ; moon, f6&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN. chair, get. 



SPRANG 



406 



SPUNK 




cessive exertion; to overstrain. — n. An excessive 
strain of the muscles or liganie«ts of a joint, with- 
out dislocation. 

Sprang. See Spring. 

Sprat, sprat, n. A small fish, allied to the herring and 
pilchard. 

Sprawl, sprawl, v. i. [sprawled (sprawld), sprawl- 
ing.] To lie with the limbs stretched out or strug- 
gling; to spread irregularly, as vines, plants, or trees; 
to move, when lying down, with awkward extension 
and motions of the limbs. 

Spray, spra, n. A small shoot or branch; a twig; a col- 
lective body of small branches. 

Spray, spra, n. Water flying in small drops or parti- 
cles, as by the force of wind, dashing of waves, etc. 

Spread, spred, v. t. [spread, spreading.] To ex- 
tend in length and breadth, or in breadth only; to 
extend so as to cover something; to divulge; to pub- 
lish (news or fame); to cause to affect great num- 
bers; to emit, diffuse (emanations or effluvia); to 
scatter over a larger surface; toprepare, set and fur- 
nish with provisions. — v. i. To extend in length 
and breadth in all directions, or in breadth only; to 
be extended by drawing or beating ; to be made 
known more extensively; to be propagated from 
one to another. —n. Extent; compass; expansion 
of parts; a table, as spread or furnished with a meal; 
a cloth to cover a bed ; cover- 
let. — Spread'-ea'gle, w. {Her.) 
A figure of an eagle, with its 
wings elevated and legs extend- 
ed, — used as a device m herald- 
ry, on military ornaments, etc. 
— a. Pretentious, boastful, or 
bombastic in style. 

Spree, spre, n. A merry frolic; 
esp., a drinking frolic; carousal. 

Sprig, sprig, n. A small shoot or 
twig of a tree or other plant; a 0.^.^.^^^ p„„^p 
youth; lad, — used as a term of »Preaa-eagie. 
slight disparagement. — «. t. [sprigged (sprigd), 
-GiNG.] To mark or adorn with representations of 
small branches. 

Spright, sprit, n. A spirit; shade; soul; an incorporeal 
agent; an apparition. [Prop. spriie, q. v.] — Spright'- 
ly, -II, a. Spirit-like, or spright-like; lively; brisk; 
animated; vigorous; airy; gay. 

Spring, spring, v. i. [mp. sprung (sprang, obsoles- 
cent); p. ]}. sprvi^q; springing.] To leap, bound, 
jump; to issue with speed 
and violence; to start orlct} 
rise suddenly from acov-^ 
ert ; to fly back, start ; to 
bend or wind from a 
straight direction or plane 
surface ; to shoot up, out, 
or forth ; to come to the 
light, begin to appear; to 
• issue or proceed (from a 
parent or ancestor); to re- 
sult (from a cause, motive, 
reason, or principle) ; to 
grow, thrive. — v. t. To 
cause to spring up; to start 
or rouse (game); toproduce 
quickly or unexpectedly; 
to contrive, or to produce 
or propose on a sudden; 
to cause to explode ; to 
burst, cause to open ; to 
crack or split; to bend or 
strain so as to weaken; to 
cause to close suddenly, as 
the parts of a trap; to in- 
sert (a beam in a place too 
short for it) by bending it 
so as to bring the ends 
nearer together, and allow- 
ing it to straighten when 
in place. — n. A leap ; 
bound; jump, as of an ani- 
mal; a flying back; resili- 
e n c e ; elastic power or 
force; an elastic body, as a steel rod, plate, or coil, a 
mass or strip of India-rubber, etc., — used for va- 




Springs. 

a, spiral spring; 6, coiled or 
watch spring ; c, volute 
spring ; d, elliptic spring ; 
e, half-elliptic spring ; /, 
C spring; c/, strut spring ; 
/», India-rubber spring. 



rious mechanical purposes; any source of supply; 
esp., the source from which a stream proceeds; a 
natural fountain; place where water issues from the 
earth; that by which action, or motion, is produced 
oi- propagated ; cause; origin: the season of the year 
when plants begin to vegetate and rise; the months 
of March, April, and May. — Springier, n. One 
who springs; one who rouses game; a young plant. 
(Arch.) The impost, or point at which an arch 
unites with its support, and from which it seems 
to spring; the bottom stone of an arch, which lies on 
the impost; the rib of a groined roof . — Spring'y, 
-I, a. [-IER; -lEST.] Resembling, or pert, to, a spring; 
elastic; Ught; nimble ; abounding with springs or 
fountains; wet; spongy.— Spring'iness, «. State of 
being springy; elasticity; power of springing; state 
of abounding with springs; wetness or sponginess, 
as of land. — Spring'-halt, n. (Far.) A kind of 
lameness in which a horse suddenly twitches up a 
leg. — head, n. A fountain or source. — tide, 71. 
The tide which happens at, or soon after, the new 
and full moon, which rises higher than common 
tides: see Tide; the time of spring; spring time. — 
Springe, sprinj, n. A noose for catching a bird or 
other animal, which, being fastened to an elastic 
body, is drawn close with a sudden spring when 
touched. — Sprink'le, sprink'l, v. t. [-led (-Id), 
-LING.J To scatter, or disperse, in small drops or par- 
ticles, as water, seed, etc.; to scatter on, disperse over 
in small drops or particles; to baptize by the appli- 
cation of a small quantity of water; to cleanse, puri- 
fy. — V. i. To perform the act of scattering a liquid, 
or any fine substance; to rain moderately, or with 
drops falling now and then. — n. A small quantity 
scattered; a sprinkling; a utensil for sprinkling. — 
Sprink'Hng. n. Act of scattering in small drops or 
parcels; a small quantity falling in distinct drops or 
parts; a moderate number or quantity, distributed 
like separate drops. 

Sprit, &prit, n. (Naut.) A small boom, pole, or spar, 
crossing the sail of a boat diagonally from the mast 
to the upper aftmost corner, which it extends and 
elevates. — Sprit'-sail, -sal or -si, n. (Naut.) The 
sail extended by a sprit ; a sail attached to a yard 
which hangs under the bowsprit. 

Sprite, sprit, n. A spirit; soul; shade; apparition. 

Sprout, sprowt, V. i. To shoot, as the seed of a plant; 
to germinate, grow like shoots of plants; to shoot in- 
to ramifications. • — n. The shoot of a plant. 

Spruce, sproos, a. Neat, without elegance or dignity; 
finical; trim. — n. (Bot.) A 
large coniferous tree of sev- 
eral species, natives of the 
colder parts of N. Amer. 
and Europe, — much used 
f or tiniber.— w. *. [spruced 
(sproost), sprucing.] To 
dress with affected neat- 
ness. — v.i. To dress one's 
self with affected neatness. 
— Spruce'ly, -IT, adv. In 
a spruce manner; with af- 
fected neatness. — Spruce''- 
ness, n. — Spruce'-beer, n. 
A kind of beer tinctured 
or flavored with spruce. 

Sprung. See Spring. 

Spry, spri, a. Having great 
power of leaping or run- Norway Spruce, 
ning; nimble; vigorous. 

Spud, spud, n. A sharp, narrow spade, with a long han- 
dle, used for digging up large-rooted weeds; any short 
and thick thing. 

Spume, spum, n. Frothy matter raised on liquors or 
fluid substances by boiling, effervescence, or_agita- 
tion; froth; foam; scum. — v.i. [spumed (spumd), 
spuming.] To froth, foam. — Spum'ous, -us, -y, -I, 
a. Consisting of froth or scum; foamy. — Spumes'- 
cent, -mes'sent, a. Resembling froth or foam. 

Spun. See Spin. 

Spunge. See Spowge. 

Spunk, spunk, 71. Wood that readily takes fire; touch- 
wood; tinder made from a species of fungus; punk? 
amadou; an inflammable temper ; spirit; pluck. — 
Spunk'y, -I, a. [-ier; -iest.] Full of spunk; spirited. 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Xn, ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



SPUN 



407 



SQUAT 




Span. See Spin. 

Spur, sper, n. An instrument having a little wheel, 
with sharp points, worn on a horseman's heels, to 
prick ahorse in order to hasten his pace; incitement; 
instigation ; something that projects ; a snag ; the 
largest or principal root of a tree: the hard, pointed 
projection on a cock's leg. (G«ofj.) A mountain 
that shoots from any other mountain, and extends 
to some distance in a lateral direction. (Car}).) A 
brace; strut. (Bnt.) Any project- 
ing appendage of a flower looking 
like a spur; a seed of rye. and some 
other grasses, affected with a spe- 
cies of fungus: ergot. — v. t. 

[SPIRRED (sperd), SPURRING.] To 

prick with spurs, incite to a more 
hasty pace ; to urge to action, or to 
a more vigorous pursuit of an ob- 
i e c t ; to incite, instiirate, impel, „ 

drive.— i-.t. To travel with great »purs. 

expedition, hasten, press forward. — Spurred, sperd, 
p. a. Wearing spurs; having shoots like spurs; af- 
fected with spur or ergot. — Spur'rer, n. One who 
uses spurs. — Spur'rier, -rT-er, n. One who makes 
spurs. — Spur'-gaJl. v. t. To gall or wound with a 
spur. —n. A place galled or excoriated by the spur. 
— roy'al, n. A gold coin, first made in the reign of 
Edward IV., and' having a star on the reverse, resem- 
bling the rowel of a spu^. — wbeel, n. {Mach.) An 
ordiiiarj' cog-wheel, in which the teeth project out- 
ward from the peripherj-. 

Spurge, sperj, n. A plant of several species having an 
acrid, milky juice. 

Spurious, spii'rt-u*, a. Not proceeding from the true 
source, or from the source pretended; not genuine; 
counterfeit: false: not legitimate; adulterate; sup- 
posititious; bastard. 

Spurn, spern, v. t. [spuRXEn (spernd), spurning.] To 
drive back or away, as with the foot; to kick; to re- 
ject with disdain,' treat with contempt. — v. i. To 
kick or toss up the heels; to manifest disdain in re- 
jecting anything. — n. A kick; disdainful rejection; 
contemptuous treatment. 

Spurt, spert, V. t. To throw, drive, or force out, vio- 
lently, as a liquid in a stream, from a pipe or small 
orifice. — v. i. To gush or issue out in a stream, as 
liquor from a cask. — n. A sudden or violent gush- 
ing of a liquid substance from a tube, orifice, or 
other confined place; a jet. 

Spurt, spert, n. A violent exertion. — v. i. To make 
a sudden or violent effort, — said esp. of racing. 

Sputter, spufter, v. i. [-tered (-terd), -teeing.] To 
emit saliva from the mouth in small or scattered 
portions, as in rapid speaking; to throw out mois- 
ture in small, detached parts; to fly off in small par- 
ticles with some crackhng or noise; to utter words 
hastily and indistinctly. — v. t. To throw out with 
haste and noise; to utter with indistinctness. — n. 
Moist matter thrown out in small particles. 

Spy, spi, n. One who keeps a constant watch of the 
conduct of others. {Mil.) A person sent into an en- 
emy's camp to inspect their works, ascertain their 
strength or movements, and secretly communicate 
intelligence to the proper officer. — v. t. [spied 
(spTd), spying.] To gain sight of, discover at a dis- 
tance, or in a state of concealment; to espy, see; to 
discover by close search or examination; to view, 
inspect, and examine secretly. — v. i. To search nar- 
rowly, scrutinize. — Spy'-boat. n. A boat sent to 
make discoveries and brin^ intelligence. — glass, n. 
A small telescope for viewing distant terrestrial ob- 
jects. 

Souab, skwob, a. Fat ; thick ; plump ; bulky ; un- 
fledged; unfeathered. — n. A young pigeon or dove; 
a person of a short, fat figure; a thickly stuffed cush- 
ion for the seat of a sofa, couch, or chair. — Squab'- 
by, -bT, a. Short and thick. 

Squabble, skwob'bl, v. i. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To 
contend for superiority ; to debate peevishly, dis- 
pute, wrangle, quarrel, struggle. — v. t. {Print.) 
To disarrange or partially pie, so that the letters or 
lines need readjustment, — said of type that has been 
set up. — n. A seulfle; brawl. 

Squad, skwod, n. {Mil.) A small party of men as- 
sembled for drill, inspection, etc. ; any small party. 




Squamosa 
Flowers. 



— Squad''roii, -run, n. A square body of troops. 
{Mil.) A body of cavalry comprising 2 companies 
or troops, averaging from 15() to 200 men. {Naut.) A 
detachment of vessels under the command of the 
senior officer. 

Squalid, skwoKid, a. Dirty through neglect ; foul ; 
filthy. — Squal'idness, Squalid'ity, n. — Squalor, 
skwa'16r or skwoKer, n. loulness; filthiness; squa- 
lidity; squalidness. 

Squall, skwawl, v. i. [squalled (skwawld), squall- 
ing.] To scream or cry violently, as a woman fright- 
ened, or a child in anger or distress. — n. A loud 
scream ; harsh cry ; a sudden and violent gust of 
wind, often attended with rain or snow. — Squall^y, 
-t, a. Abounding with squalls ; 
disturbed often with sudden and 
violent gusts of wind. 

Squaloid, skwa'loid, a. Like, or re- 
sembling, a shark. 

Squalor. See under Squalid. 

Squamosa, skwa-mos', Squa''mous, 
-mus, a. Covered with, or con- 
sisting of, scales; scaly. 

Squander, skwon'der, v. t. [-dered 
(-derd), -deeing.] To spend lav- 
ishly or profusely, spend prodi- 
gally, waste, scatter, dissipate. 

Square, skwar, a. Having 4 equal 
sides and 4 right angles; forming 
a right angle ; having a shape 
broad for the height, with rectilineal and angular 
rather than curving outlines; exactly suitable or cor- 
respondent; true; ]ust; rendering equal justice; fair; 
honest; even; leaving no balance. {Naut.) At right 
angles with the mast or the keel, and 
parallel to the horizon; of greater 
length than usual, as, a square sail. — 

— n. {Geom.) A lectilineal figure hav- 
ing 4 equal sides and 4 right angles. 
That which is square, or nearly so, 
or is reckoned by squares or square 
measure ; an area o f 4 sides, with 
houses on each side; a solid block of 
houses; an open place formed by the meeting or in 
tersection of streets. {Carp. & Joinery.) An instru- 
ment used to lay out or test square 
work. The product of a number or 
quantity multiplied by itself. {Mil.) 
A square body of troops used to re- 
sist the charge of cavalry on critical 
occasions. Relation of harmony or 
exact agreement; equality; level. — 
V. t. [squared (skwSrd), squaring.] „ , - 
To form with 4 equal sides and 4 right '^^penter s 
angles; to reduce to a square, form oquare. 

to right angles; to turn squarely or completely, as 
in dislike, anger, etc.; to compare with, or reduce 
to, any given measure or standard; to adjust, regu- 
late, fit, accommodate; to make even, so as to leave 
no difference or balance. {Math.) To multiply by 
itself. {Naut.) To place at right angles with the 
mast or keel. — v. i. To accord or agree exactly, con- 
form, suit, fit; to take a boxing attitude. — Square-- 
rigged, -rigd, a. {Naut.) Having the chief sails ex- 
tended by yards, suspended by the middle, and not 
by stays,' ^affs, booms, or lateen yards. 

Squarro'se, skwor-ros'', a. {Nat. Hist.) Ragged, or full 
of loose scales or pro- 
jecting parts ; rough ; 
jagged. 

Squash, skwosh,t'. ?. To 
beat or press into pulp, 
or a flat mass; to crush. 

— n. Something soft 
and easily crushed, esp. 
an unripe pod of peas ; 
a sudden fall of a heavy, soft body. 

Squash, skwosh, n. A cucurbitaceous plant, of many 
species, allied to the pumpkin ; its edible fruit. 

Squat, skwot, v. i. To sit upon one's heels or with the 
buttocks near but not touching the ground, as a hu- 
man being; to stoop or lie close to escape observation, 
as a partridge or rabbit; to settle on another's land 
without title. — a. Sitting on one's heels; sitting close 
to the ground; cowering ; short and thick, like the 



Square. 





Squarrose Leaves. 



siin, cube, full; moon, fdbt; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boxboN, chair, get. 



SQUAW 



^J8 



STAGE 



figure of an animal squatting. — n. The posture of 
one that sits on his heels, or close to the ground. — 
Sqaat'ter, n. One who squats or sits close; one who 
settles on new land without a title. 

Squaw, skwaw, n. A wife; woman, — in the language 
of Indian tribes of the Algonquin family. 

Squeak, skwek, ?;. t. [squeaked (skwekt), squeaking.] 
To utter a snarp, shrill cry, usually of short dura- 
tion ; to make a sharp noise, as a pipe or^quill, a 
wheel, a door, etc. — n. A sharp, shrill sound sud- 
denly uttered, either of the human voice or of any 
animal or instrument. — Squawk, skwawk, v. i. 
[squawked (skwawkt), squawking.] To utter a 
shrill, abrupt scream or noise; to squeak harshly. 

Squeal, skwel, v. i. [squealed (skweld), squealing.] 
ro cry with a sharp, shrill, prolonged sound, as cer- 
tain animals do, indicating want, displeasure, or 
pain. — n. A shrill, sharp, and prolonged cry. 

Squeamish, skwem'ish, a. Having a stomach that is 
easily turned; nice to excess in taste; easily disgust- 
ed; fastidio_us; dainty; over-nice; scrupulous. 

Squeeze, skwez, v. t. [squeezed (skwezd), squeez- 
ing.] To press between 2 bodies, press closely ; to 
oppress with hardships, burdens, and taxes; to force 
between close bodies; to compel, or cause to pass; to 
compress, hug, pinch, gripe, crowd.— v. i. To urge 
one's way, pass by pressing, crowd. — n. Act of one 
who squeezes; compression; a fac-simile impression 
from an inscription, taken in pulp or some other 
soft substance. 

Squelch, skwelch, v. t. To crush, put down. 

Squib, skwib, n. A little pipe, or hollow cvlinder of 
paper, tilled with powder, or combustible matter, 
which, being ignited, flies through the air with a 
trail of sparks and bursts with a crack; a sarcastic 
speech; petty lampoon; brief , witty essay. 

Squid, skwid, n. A slender, cephalopodous moUusk, 
allied to the cuttle-fish, — often used as bait by fish- 
ermen. — called also Calamary. 

SquilU skwil, n. (Bot.) A lily-like plant, having a 
liulbous root, of acrid and emetic properties. {Zo'ol.) 
A crustaceous sea-animal, called also sea-onion. {En- 
toni.) An insect having a long body covered with a 
crust, the head broad and squat. 

Squinancy, skwin'an-sT, n. The quinsy. 

Squint, skwint, a. Looking obliquely or askance; not 
naving the optic axes coincident, — said of the eyes; 
looking with suspicion. — v. i. To look obliquely; 
to give a significant look ; to have the axes of the 
eyes not coincident; to run obliquely, sloi)e; to have 
an indirect reference or bearing. — V. t. To turn to 
an oblique position; to cause to look with non-coin- 
cident optic axes. — n. Act, or habit, of squinting; a 
want of coincidence of the axes of the eyes. (,Arch.) 
An oblique opening in the wall of a church. 

Squire, skwir, n. Same as Esquire, q. v. — v. t. 
[squired (skwird), squiring.] To attend as a 
squire, or as a beau, or gallant, for aid and protec- 
tion. — Squireen', -en'', n. One half squire and half 
farmer, — used humorously. 

Squirm, skwerm, v. i. or t. [squirjied (skwermd), 
squirming.] To move, or cause to move, with writh- 
ing and contortions, as a worm or eel when injured 
or alarmed ; to climb, by embracing and clinging 
with the hands and feet, 
as to a tree; to wriggle. 

Squirrel, skwe r^'rel or 
s k w T r''rel, n. (Zool.) A 
small rodent, having a 
bushy tail, and very nim- 
ble in running and leap- 
ing on trees. 

Squirt, skwert, v. t. To 
eject or drive out of a nar- 
row pipe or orifice, in a 
stream. — v. i. To throw 
out liquid from a narrow 
orifice, in a rapid stream. 
— n. An instrument with 
which a liquid is ejected 
in a stream with force; a small, quick stream. 

Stab, stab, v. t. [stabbed (s'tabdl -bing.] To pierce 
with a pointed weapon ; to kill by the thrust of 
a rjointed instrument ; to injure secretly or by ma- 
licious falsehood or slander. — v. i. To give ' a 




Squirrel. 




Stack- 
stand. 



wound with a pointed weapon ; to give a mortal 
wound. — n. The thrust of a pointed weapon ; a 
wound with a sharp-pointed weapon ; an injury 
given in the dark. 

Stable, sta'^bl, a. Firmly established ; not easily 
moved, shaken, or overthrown ; steady in purpose; 
firm in resolution ; not subject to be overthrown or 
changed; fixed; constant; abiding; strong.— Sta'bly, 
-bit, adv. In a stable manner ; firmly ; fixedly ; 
steadilv. — Sta'bleness, Stabil''ity, n. State of be- 
ing stable or firm ; strength to stand without being 
moved or overthrown; firmness of character, resolu- 
tion, or purpose. — Stab'lish, i'. t. To establish, q. v. 

Stable, sta'bl, n. A house, shed, or building, for 
beasts to lodge and feed in; esp. a building with 
stalls for horses. — v. i. [stabled (-bid), -bling.] To 
put or keep in a stable. — v. i. To dwell or lodge in 
a stable. — Sta''bling, n. Act or iiractice of keeping 
cattle in a stable; shelter for horses or cattle. 

Staccato, stak-ka^'to, a. (,Miis.) Disconnected ; sep- 
arated; distinct, — a direction to perform the notes 
of a passage in a short, distinct, and pointed man- 
ner, — often indicated by heavy accents written over 
or under the notes. 

Stack, stak, n. A large pile of hay, grain, straw, etc.; 
a number of funnels or chimneys stand- 
ing together; the chimney of a locomo- 
tive or steam-vessel. — v. t. [stacked 
(stakt), .stacking.] To lay (hay or grain) 
in a conical or other pile; to make into a 
large pile. — Stacks-stand, n. A founda- 
tion or frame, usually of timber on props, 
to support a stack of hay or grain; a stad- 
dle. 

Staddle, stad'dl, n. Anything which 
serves for support; esp., the frame or sup- 
port of a stack of hay or grain ; a small 
tree of any kind, esp. a forest tree. 

Stadium, sta'dl-um, n.; pi. -dia, -dT-a. A Greek 
measure of length = 606 ft. 9 in. Eng. ; a race-course. 
{Med.) A stage or period of a disease. 

Staff, staf, n.: pi. Staves (stavz) or Staffs (stafs)- 
A pole or stick ; a stick carried in the hand for sup- 
port or defense; a support. (Mus.) The 5 lines and 
the spaces on which music is written. A pole or 
stick borne as an ensign of authority; a pole erected 
in a ship, or elsewhere, to hoist and display a flag 
upon. (Mil.) An establishment of ofiicers in va- 
rious departments attached to an army, or to the, 
commander of an army ; a corps of executive of- 
ficers connected with some large establishment, 
who act in carrrying out its designs. [PI., in this 
sense, Staffs only.] — Stave, stav, ?i. A thin, nar- 
row piece of wood, of which casks, etc., are made; 
a stanza; verse; portion of a song or poem. — y. t. 
[staved (stavd) or stove (stov), staving.] To 
thrust through with a staff; to break a hole in, bursjt; 
cause the contents of to be lost; to push, as with a 
staff; to delay, put off, drive away, — with off; to 
pour out ; to render solid by compressing with a 
pointed or edged tool. 

Stag, stag, n. The 
red deer of Eu- 
rope and Asia, 
esp. the adult 
male ; male of 
the hind; a 
hart; a male of 
the bovine ge- 
n u s, castrated 
at such an age 
that he never 
gains the full 
size of an ox. 

Stage, staj, 7i. A 
platform slight- 
ly elevated, on 
which an orator 
may speak, a 
play be per- 
formed, etc. ; 
a scaffold ; sta- ^ 
ging ; floor for 
scenic perform- 
ances ; theater ; Staj; 




ftm, fame, far, piss or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, tSrm ; Yn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



STAGGER 



409 



STANCH 



dramatie profession; the drama, as acted or exhib- 
ited i place where anything la publicly exhibited ; 
scene of any noted action or career; place appointed 
for a relay of horses; distance between 2 places of rest 
on a road; a single step or degree of advancement in 
any pursuit, or of progress toward an end or result; 
a vehicle running from station to station for the 
accommodation of the public. — Sta''ger, n. One 
who has long acted on the stage of life; a person of 
skill derived from long experience; a horse used in 
drawing a stage. — Sta'ging, n. A structure of 
posts and boards to support workmen in building, 
etc.; the business of managing or traveling in stage- 
coaches. — Sta,ge''-coach, n. A coach that runs reg- 
ularly from one stage to another, for the conven- 
ience of passengers. — driver, n. One who drives 
a stage or stage-coach. — play, Ji. A dramatic or 
theatrical entertainment. — struck, a. Fascinated 
by the stage ; eager to become an actor. — whis'- 
per, n. A pretended whisper, like an actor's, meant 
to be heard by others than those to whom it is pro- 
fessedly addressed ; an aside. 

Stagger, stag'ger, v. i. [-gered (-gerd), -gering.] To 
move to one side and the other in standing or walk- 
ing; to reel, vacillate; to cease to stand firm, begin 
to give way; to begin to doubt and waver in pur- 
pose; to hesitate. — v. t. To cause to reel; to make 
less steady or confident. — Stag'gers, -gerz, n. pi. A 
disease of horses and other animals, attended by reel- 
ing or sudden falling. 

Staging. See under Stage. 

Stagnate, stag'nat, v. i. To cease to flow, be motion- 
less; to cease to be brisk or active. — Stag'nant, a. 
Inclined to stagnate; motionless; impure from want 
of motion; not active; dull; not brisk. — Stag'nan- 
cy, -nan-sY, n. State of being, etc. — Sta^a''tion, n. 
Condition of being stagnant; cessation o± flowing or 
circulation, as of a fluid; cessation of action, or of 
brisk action ; state of being dull. 

Staid, StaidnesB. See under Stay. 

Stain, Stan, v. t. [stained (stand), staining.] To 
discolor by the application of foreign matter; to 
color (wood, glass, etc.) by processes aifecting the 
material itself; to tinge with a different color; to im- 
press with figures, in colors different from the 
ground; to paint, dye, blot, soil, sully; to spot with 
guilt or infamy, bring reproach on, disgrace, taint. 

— n. A discoloration from foreign matter; a natural 
spot of a color different from the ground; taint of 
guilt; cause of reproach ; pollution ; blemish ; tar- 
nish; shame. — Stain'^less, a. Free from any stain, 
from the reproach of guilt, or from sin ; spotless ; 
faultless. 

Stair, star, n. One step of a series, for passing to a 
different level; a series of steps, as for passing from 
one story of a house to another, — commonly in pi. 

— Stair'^case, n. A flight of stairs with their sup- 
porting framework, casing, balusters, etc. — Stair''- 
way, n._ A flight of stairs or steps. 

Stake, stak, n. A stick, pointed at one end so as to 
be easily driven into the ground ; a piece of wood or 
timber set upright in the ground; esp., the piece of 
timber to whicn a martyr was affixed while he was 
burning; martyrdom, esp. by fire; that which is laid 
down as a wager. — v. t. [staked (stakt), staking.] 
To fasten, support, or defend with stakes; to mark 
the limits by stakes; to put at hazard upon the issue 
of competition, or upon a future contingency; to 
wager. — At stake. In danger; hazarded; pledged. 

Stalactite, sta-lak-'tit, n. (^Min.) A pendent cone or 
cylinder of carbonate 
of lime, resembling an 
icicle in form. — Stal- 
aCtic, -tical, Stal'- :^^, 
actit''ic, -tit'ical, a. ^ 
Having the form or 
characte ristics of a 
stalactite. — Stalag''- 
mite, -mit, n. A de- 
posit of earthy or cal- 
careous matter, made 
by calcareous w a t e r " „, , ,. 

dropping on the floors btaiactites. 

of caverps.— Stal'agmit'ic, -mit'ical, a. Having the 
form or characteristics of a stalagmite. 




Stale, stal, a. Vapid or tasteless from age; not new; 
not freshly made; having lost the Life or graces of 
youth; decayed; worn out by use; trite; common; 
having lost its novelty and power of pleasing. — ». 
Old vapid beer; urine, esp. of beasts. — v. i. To 
discharge urine, — said esp. of horses and cattle. 

Stale-mate, staKmat, n. (.Chess-plai/ing.) The posi- 
tion of tho king, when, being required to move, 
though not in check, he cannot move without being 
placed in check. 

Stalk, stawk, n. The stem or main axis of a plant; 
the petiole, pedicel, or peduncle of a plant; stem of 

aquill. — y. t. [STALKED (Stawkt), STALKING.] To 

walk with high and proud steps; to walk behind 
something as a screen, for the purpose of taking 
game. — v. t. To approach under cover of a screen, 
or by stealth. — Stalk'ing-horse, n. A horse, or fig- 
ure resembling a horse, behind which a fowler con- 
ceals himself from the sight of the game which he is 
aiming to kill; a pretense: a mere pretext. 

Stall, stawl, n. A stand; station; a narrow division 
of a stable, to accommodate a single horse, etc., 
having a manger, crib, or rack at one end; a stable; 
place for cattle; a small apartment or slight shed in 
which merchandise is exposed for sale; the seat of 
an ecclesiastical dignitary in the choir of a church; 
a reserved seat in a theater. — v. t. [stalled (stawld), 
STALLING.] To put into a stall or stable, keep in a 
stable; to plunge into mire so as not to be able to 
proceed. — Stall'-feed, v. t. [-fed, -feeding.] To 
feed and fatten in a stable, or on dry fodder. — 
Stall^'ion, staKvun, n. A horse not castrated, used 
for raising stock. 

Stalwart, stawKwert, a. Brave; bold; sturdy; stout; 
strong; redoubted; daring. 

Stamen, sta''men, n. A thread; esp., a warp thread. 
{Bot.) The male organ of flowers for secre-; 
ting and furnishing the pollen or fecundating! 
dust. — Stam''ina, -T-na, n. sing, and pi. The ' 
fixed, firm part of a body which supports it or 
gives it its strength and solidity ; whatever 
constitutes the principal strength or support 
of anything. — Stam''ina!, -T-nal, a. Pert, to g^^. 
or consisting in stamens or stamina. — Stam'i- men. 
nate, -T-nat, a. (Bot.) Furnished with, or pro- 
ducing stamens. — Stamin''eal, -eous, -e-us, a. Con- 
sisting of stamens or threads. {Bot.) Of, pert, to, or 
attached to, the stamens. 

Stammer, stam'mer, v. i. [-mered (-merd), -merino.] 
To hesitate or falter in speaking, speak with stops 
and difficulty, stutter. — v. t. To utter, or pronounce, 
with hesitation, or imperfectly. — ?i. Defective ut- 
terance; a stutter. 

Stamp, stamp, v. t. [stamped (stampt), stamping.] 
To strike, beat, or press forcibly with the bottom of 
the foot; to impress with some mark or figure; to 
impress, imprint, fix deeply; to coin, mint, form; to 
cut out into various forms with a stamp. {MetaZ.') 
To crush by the downward action of a kind of heavy 
hanimer. — v. i. To strike the foot forcibly down- 
ward. — n. Act of stamping ; any instrument for 
making impressions on other bodies; mark made by 
stamping; impression; that which is marked; thing 
stamped; an official mark set upon things chargea- 
ble with duty to government, as evidence that the 
duty is paid; a stamped or printed device, issued by 
the government, and required by law to be affixed 
to certain papers, as evidence that the government 
dues are paid; an instrument for cutting out mate- 
rials, as paper, leather, etc., into various forms ; a 
character or reputation, good or bad, fixed on any- 
thing; current value derived from suffrage or attes- 
tation ; authority ; make ; cast ; form ; character. 
(Metal.) A kind of hammer, or pestle, for beating 
ores to powder. — Stampede', -ped', n. A sudden 
fright seizing upon large bodies of cattle or horses, 
and leading them to run for many miles; any sudden 
flight in consequence of a panic. — v. t. To disperse 
by causing sudden fright, as a herd, troop, or teams 
of animals. 

Stanch, stanch, v. t. [stanched (stancht), stanch- 
ing.] To stop the flowing of (blood); to dry up. —v. 
i. To stop, cease to flow. — a. Strong and tight; 
sound; firm; firm in principle; constant and zealoue; 
hearty ; steady. — Stanc]i''er, n. One who, or that 



sQn, cilbe, full ; moon, fdtt ; cow, oil ; linger or isk, then, boNboN, chair, 



get. 



STAND 



410 



STARE 



m 



which, stanches or stops the flowing, as of blood. — 
Stanch'ness, Ji. The state of being stanch; sound- 
ness; lirmness in principle; closeness of adherence. 
— Stanchion, stan'shun, n. A prop or support; a 
small post; one of 2 upright bars oetween which the 
head of a cow, etc., is confined when in the stall. 

Stand, stand, v. i. [stood (stij6d), standixg.] To re- 
main at rest in an erect position; to rest on the feet, 
neither lying nor sitting; to continue upright, fixed 
by the roots or fastenings; to remain flrmT)n a foun- 
dation; to occupy (its place); to be situated or loca- 
ted; to cease from progress, stop, pause, halt; to re- 
main without ruin or injury, endure ; to find en- 
durance, strength, or resources; to maintaiii one's 
ground, be acquitted; to maintain an invincible or 
permanent attitude; to be fixed, steady, or firm; to 
adhere to fixed principles; maintain moral rectitude; 
to have or maintain a position, order, or rank; to be 
in some particular state; to be. {Naut.) To hold a 
course at sea. {Law.) To be or remain as it is, con- 
tinue in force; to appear in court. — v. t. To endure, 
sustain, bear; to resist, without yielding or receding; 
to withstand; to yield to, abide by, admit. — n. A 
place, or post, where one stands; a station in a city 
for carriages; a stop; halt; an erection for spectators; 
something on which a thin^ rests or is laid; any 
frame on which vessels and utensils may be laid; 
place where a witness stands to testify in court; act 
of opposing. — To stand by. To be near, maintain, 
defend, support. — To s.for. To offer one's self as a 
candidate; to side with, support, maintain, or pro- 
fess or attempt to maintain; to be in the place of. 
(Naut.) To direct the course toward. — To s. in 
hand. To be conducive to one's interest, be service- 
able or advantageous. — To s. out. To project, be 
prominent; to persist in opposition or resistance. — 
To s. to. To ply, urge, persevere in using; to remain 
fixed in a purpose or opinion; to adhere to (a con- 
tract, assertion, promise, etc.) ; to maintain the 
ground; to be consistent with. — To s. up for. To 
defend, iustify, support or attempt to support. — To 
s. fire. To receive the fire of arms from an enemy 
without giving way. — To s. it. Stoutly to endure; to 
maintain one's ground or state. — To$. one's ground. 
To maintain one's position. — To s. trial. To sus- 
tain the trial or examination of a cause. — To be at 
a s. To stop on account of some doubt or difficul- 
ty; to be perplexed, be embarrassed. — To make a s. 
'To halt for the purpose of offering resistance to a 
pursuing enemy. — Stand'^er, n. — Stand'ing, p. a. 
Established, by law, custom, etc. ; settled ; perma- 
nent ; not temporary ; not flowing ; stagnant ; not 
movable; fixed; remaining erect; not cut down. — 
n. Act of stopping or coming to a stand; state of be- 
ing erect upon the feet; stand; duration or exist- 
ence; continuance; possession of an office, cliarac- 
ter, or place; power to stand; condition in society; 
reputation; rank.— Stand'-point, n. A fixed point or 
station; a basis or fundamental principle; point of 
view. still, n. A standing without moving for- 
ward; a stop. 

Standard, stand'ard, n. A flag, ensign, or banner 
around which men rally or which they follow; a staff 
with a flag or colors; that which is established by 
authority as a rule for the measurement of weight, 
quantity, extent, value, quality, etc.; a specimen 
weight or me isure sanctioned by government; that 
which is established as a rule or model; criterion; 
test. (Coinage.) Proportion of weight of fine metal 
and alloy established by authority. A standing tree 
or stem; a tree not dwarfed by 
grafting upon a stock of a small- 
er species; an upright support. 
(Bot.) The upper petal or ban- 
nerol a papilionaceous corol. — a. 
Having a fixed or permanent val- 
ue; not of the dwarf kind. 

Standing, Stand -point, etc. See 
under Stand. 

Stanhope, stan'hop or stan'up, n. 

A light, 2-wheeIed, or sometimes 

4-wheeled, carriage, w i t h o u t a „•. j j ,t^^^ 
top. Standard. (Bot.) 

Stannary, stan'na-rY, n. Of, or pert, to, tin-mines or 
tin-works. — n. A tin-mine or tin- works ; in £ng.. 



certain royal rights or prerofratives in respect tc 
mines in a district. — Stan'nic. a. (Chem.) Of, 




to tin- 
, pert- 
to, or obtained from, tin. — Stanniferous, -5r-us, a. 
Containing or affording tin. — Stan'' nous, -nus, a. 
Of, pert, to, or containing, tin. 

Stanza, stan^'za, n. (.Poet.) A combination or arrange- 
ment of lines standing together as a division of a 
song or poem, and agreeing in meter, rhyme, and 
number of lines with other stanzas of the same 
poem; a verse. 

Staple, sta'pl, n. Orig., a settled mart or market; an 
emporium; a principal commodity or production of 
a country or district; the principal element; chief 
ingredient ; the thread or pile of wool, cotton, or 
flax; a loop of metal formed with 2 points, to be 
driven into wood, to hold a hook; unmanufactured 
material ; raw material. — a. Pert, to, or being a 
market or staple for, commodities ; established in 
commerce; settled; regularly produced or made for 
market; chief; principal. — Sta''pler, n. A dealer in 
staple commodities; one employed to assort wool ac- 
cording to its staple. 

Star, star, n. One of the innumerable luminous 
bodies seen in the heavens; that which resembles 
the figure of a star, as an ornament worn on the 
breast to indicate rank or honor; the figure of a star 
[thus *] used in writing or printing, as a reference 
to a note in the margin, and for other purposes, an 
asterisk; a person of brilliant and attractive quali- 
ties, esp. on public occasions; a distinguished theat- 
rical performer, etc. — v. t. [stakked (stard), 
-RING.] To set or adorn with stars, or bright, radi- 
ating bodies. — v. i. To be bright, or attract atten- 
tion, as a star; to shine like a star; to figure promi- 
nently, esp. as a theatrical performer. — Star''Iess, 
a. Having no stars visible, or no starlight. — Star'- 
light, n. The light from the stars. — a. Lighted by 
the stars, or by the stars only. — Star'ry, -rT, a. 
Abounding with, or adorned with, stars; consisting 
of, or proceeding from, the stars; stellar; shining 
like, or resembling, stars. — Star'-cham'ber, n. An 
ancient court of criminal jurisdiction in England, 
which sat without the intervention of a jury, and 
was abolished during the reign of Charles I., on ac- 
count of its tyr- 
anny and inius- 
tice, — so called 
fr. its being held 
in a chamber 
whose ceiling was 
decorated with 
stars. — Star''- 
fincb, n. A bird, 
the red - start. — 
-fish, n. A prickly 
radiate marine an- 
imal of many spe- 

c i e s. fort, n. 

(Fort.) A fort 
having projecting 
exterior angles. — 
-gaz'er, n. One 
who gazes at the stars; in 
contempt, an astronomer. 
— gaz'ing, w. Act or prac- 
tice of observing the stars 
with attention; astrology. 

Starboard, star'bord or 
-herd, n. (Xaut.) The 
right hand side of a ship Star-fort, 

or boat, to a person look- 
ing forward. — a. Pert, to the right hand side of ft 
ship; being or lying on the right side. 

Starch, starch, «. Stiff; precise; rigid. — n. A white 
granular substance, chiefly of vegetable origin, used 
for stiffening cloth, etc. — r. t. [starched (starcht), 
STARCHING.] To Stiffen with starch. — Starched, 
starcht, p. a. Stiffened with starch; stiff; precise; 
formal. — Starch'edness, n. State of being starched; 
stiffness in manners; formality. — Starch^ly, adv. 
In a .starch manner; formally. — Starch'y, -T, a. 
Consisting of, or resembling, starch; stiff. 

Stare, star, ;;. i. [stared (stSrd), staring.] To look 
with fixed eyes wide open; to fasten an earnest look 
on some object; to gaze, look earnestly. — v. t. To 




Star-fish 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



STARK 



411 



STAY 




Starling 



look earnestly at, gaze at. — n. Act of staring; a 
fixed look with eyes wide open. 

Stark, stark, a. Stiff; rugged; mere; sheer; pure; down- 
right; unmistakable. — adv. Wholly; absolutely. 

Starling, startling, n. A blackish omnivorous bird, 
about the size of a black- 
bird , common in Eu- 
rope: it is sociable, and 
builds about houses, old 
towers, etc. 

Starry. See under Star. 

Start, start, v. i. To move 
suddenly, or spasmodi- 
cally, from any sudden 
feeling or emotion; to 
shrink, wince; to set out, 
begin. — v. t. To cause 
to move suddenly, alarm, 
startle, rouse; to produce 
suddenly to view or no- 
tice ; to bring within pur- 
suit; to move suddenly 
from its place, dislocate. 
{Jfaut.) To quicken or give a start to by punishing 
with a rope's end. — n. A sudden spring, leap, or mo- 
tion, occasioned by surprise, fear, pain, etc.; a star- 
tle; shock; a convulsive motion, twitch, or spasm; a 
wanton or unexpected movement; a sally; act of set- 
ting out; projection; horn; tail. — Start'ing-post, h. 
A post, stake, barrier, or place, from which competi- 
tors in a race start, or begin the race. — Start'-up, n. 
An upstart; a kind of high rustic shoe. — Start'le, v. 
i. [-LED (-Id), -UNG.] To shrink; to move suddenly, 
or be excited, on feeling a sudden alarm. — v. t. To 
excite by sudden alarm, surprise, or apprehension; 
to start, shock, frighten, alarm, surprise. — n. A 
sudden motion or shock occasioned bj^ an unex- 
pected alarm, surprise, or apprehension of danger. 

Starve, starv, v. i. [starved (starvd), starvixg.] To 
perish or die with cold; to perish with hunger, suf- 
fer extreme hunger or want, be very indigent. — v. 
t. To kill with cold, or with hunger; to distress or 
subdue by famine; to destroy by waTit; to deprive of 
force or vigor. — Starva'tioh, n. Act of, or state of 
being, etc. — Starve'^ling, a. Hungry; lean; pining 
with want. — n. An animal or plant made thin, 
lean, and weak through want of nutriment. 

State, Stat, n. Circumstances or condition of a being 
or thing at any given time; rank; qualitj'; condition 
of prosperity or grandeur ; dignity ; appearance of 
greatness; pomp; anj body of men united by pro- 
fession, or constituting a community of a particu- 
lar character, having a direct or indirect representa- 
tion in the government; an estate; the civil power; 
a body politic; the whole body of people united un- 
der one government, whatever may be the form of 
the government; in the U. S., one of the jommon- 
w,palths or bodies politic, the people of winch make 
up the body of the nation, and which stand in cer- 
tain specified relations with the national govern- 
ment. — a. Pert, to the government or the public 
affairs of a state or nation. — v. t. To express the 
particulars of, represent fully in words, narrnte, re- 
cite. — Sta'^tos, n. State ; condition ; standing ; 
rank ; position of aif airs. — Sta'^tas in quo, Sta''- 
tus quo, -kwo. Condition in which things were 
at first, as in a treaty between belligerents, which 
leaves each party in statu quo ante helium, that is, in 
the state in which it was Before the war. — Stafed, 
a. Settled; established; regular: occurring at reg- 
ular times; fixed; e-vtablished. — Stat'edly, adv. At 
stated or appointed times. — 
State'-house, n. The building 
in which the legislature of a state 
holds its sessions; a state capitol. 
- — room, n. A magnificent room 
in a palace or great housp: a small 
apartment for sleeping in a ship, 
etc. — Sta''tant, a. (Her.) In a 
standing position. — State'ly, a. 
[-HEE ; -LIEST.] Evincing state 
or dignity; lofty; dignified; ma- 
jestic; magnificent ; grand ; au- 
gust. — adv. Majestically; loftily. 




— State'liness, n. — State'^ment, n. 



Lion Statant. 
Act of stating. 



reciting, or presenting, verbally or on paper; that 
which is stated; a narrative; recital. — States'' man, 
n. A man versed in public affairs and in the prin- 
ciples and art of government; esp., one eminent for 
political abilities; one employed in public affairs. — 
States'manly, adv. In a manner becoming a states- 
man. — StateB''manslup, n. The qualifications or 
employments of a statesman. — Sta'^tion, n. The 
spot or place where anything stands, esp., where a- 
person or thing habitually stands, or is appointed tc> 
remain for a time; a stopping-place where railroad, 
trains take in passengers, etc.; place where the po- 
lice force of any precinct is assembled when not on 
duty; post assigned; office; situation; position; em- 
ployment; occupation; business; character; state; 
social position ; condition of life. {Suj-v.) Tlie 
place at which an instrument is planted, and obser- 
vations are made. {Eccl.) The fast of the 4th and 
6th days of the week, Wednesday and Fridav, in 
memory of the council which condemned Christ ^ 
and of his passion; a church, among the Ronna 
Catholics, where indulgences are to be had on cer- 
tain days; one of the places at which ecclesiasticul 
processions pause for the performance of an act of 
devotion. — v. t. [stationed (-shund), -tioning.j 
To place, set, appoint to the occupation of a post, 
place, or office. — Sta'^tional, a. Of, or pert, to, a 
station. — Sta''tionary, -a-rl, a. Not moving, or nos, 
appearing to move; fixed; not improving; not grow- 
ing wiser, greater, or better. — Sta'^tioner, n. One 
who sells paper, pens, inkstands, pencils, and other 
furniture for writing. — Sta'tionery, -er-I, n. The 
articles sold by stationers. — a. Belonging to a sta- 
tioner. — Sta''tiBt, n. A statesman; politician; one 
skilled in government. — Stati3''tic, -tical, a. Pei t- 
to the condition of a people, their economy, property , 
and resources; pert, to statistics. —Statist 'ically, ar/V. 
In the way of statistics. — Stat'isti'cian, -tish^an, 
n. One familiar with the science of statistics. — Sta- 
tist'^ics, n. A collection of facts arranged and classi- 
fied, respecting the condition of the people in a state, 
or any particular class or interest; the science which 
has to do with the collection and classification of 
such facts. — Sta''tive, -tiv, a. Pert, to a fixed camp, 
or military posts or quarters. [L. stativus, fr. starci 
— Stafue, stat'^u, n. The likeness of a living being, 
formed from stone, metal, wax, etc., by carving, 
casting, or molding. — Stat'uary, -u-a-rY, n. Art of 
carving statues or images; one who practices the ?! t 
of carving images or making statues; a statue, or 
collection of statues. — Stat'uesque', -esk', a. Pn r- 
taking of, or exemplifying, the characteristics oi ^t 
statue.— Stat'uette'', -ef, n. A small statue.— Stat'- 
ure, -ur, n. The natural height of an animal bod v.. 
— generally used of the human body. — Stat'^ute, -ut, 
n. An act of the legislature of a state or country, 
declaring, commanding, or prohibiting something-; 
a positive law; the act of a corporation, or of its 
founder, intended as a permanent rule or law'. — 
Statute of limitations. (Law.) A statute assigniva 
a certain time, after which rights cannot be enf orc' 1 
by action. — Stafutory, -u-to-rt, a. Enacted 1 \' 
statute ; depending on statute for its authority. — 
Stat'ic, -icail, a. Pert, to bodies at rest, or in equi- 
librium; resting; acting by mere weight. — Stat'ic;, 
71. sing. That branch of mechanics which treats • f 
the equilibrium of forces, or relates to bodies as held 
at rest by the forces acting on them. 

Staunch. See Stanch. 

Stave. See under Staff. 

Stay, sta, v. i. [stayed or staid (stad), stating ) 
To remain, continue in a place, stop, stand still; t'> 
continue in a state; to wait, attend; to dwell, tarry; 
to rely, confide, trust. — v. t. To hold from proceed- 
ing, withhold, restrain, stop; to delay, obstruct; to 
stop from motion or falling; to prop, hold up, sup- 
port; to sustain with strength, satisfy in part. — n. 
Continuance in a place; abode for a time indefinite; 
sojourn; cessation of motign or progression ; stand: 
stop; that which serves as a prop or support; pi. :» 
bodice ; corset. — Stay^'er, n. One who, or that which . 
stays, stops, or restrains ; one ^/ho upholds or su p- 
ports. — Staid, stad, a. Sober, not wild, volatile, 
flighty, or fanciful ; grave ; composed ; sedate. 

Stay, sta, n. (Naut.) A large, strong rope, employed 



sQn, cube, full; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



STEAD 



412 



STEEVE 



to support a 
mast. — V. t. 
iNaut.) To 
tack, as a ves- 
sel, so that 
the wind, fr. 
being on one 
side, is caused 
to blow on 
the other. — 
Stay'sail, n. 
Any sail ex- 
tended on a 
stay. 
Stead, sted, n. 
Place or 
room which 
another had, 
or might 
have. — To 
stand in 
stead. To be 
of use or 
great advan- 




Stays and Staysails. 

a, foietopmast-sta; sail ; b, maiotopmast- 
stay sail ; c, maintop-gallant-stay sail ; 
d, main-royal-stay sail ; e, mizzen-stay 
sail ; /, mizzentopmast-stay sail ; g, h, 
fore, main, and mizzen-top-mast and top- 
gallant-mast back stays ; i, fore-stay ; j, 
main-stay ; k, mizzen-stay. 

tage. — Stead'^fast, a. Firmly fixed or established ; 
fast fixed; firm; constant; resolute. — Stead'y, -t, a. 
[-IEE; -lEST.] Firm in standing or position; fixed; 
constant in feeling, purpose, or pursuit ; not fickle, 
changeable, or wavering : uniform ; regular ; unde- 
viating; unremitted; stable. — r. t. [steadied (-id), 
-YiNG.] To hold or keep from shaking, reeling, or 
falling; to support. — r. i. To be firm; to maintain an 
upright position. — Stead 'iljr, adv. — Stead'iness, n. 

Steak, stj,k, n. A slice of beet, etc., for broiling. 

Steal, stel, v. t. \imp. STOLE;p. />. stolen; stealing.] 
To take without right or leave; to withdraw or con- 
vey without notice, or clandestinely; to gain or win 
by address or gradual and imperceptible means; to 
accomplish in a concealed or unobserved manner; 
to filch, pilfer, purloin. — v. i. To practice theft; 
to slip in, along, or away, unperceived. — Stealth, 
stelth, n. The bringing to pass anything in a secret 
or concealed manner; a secret or clandestine pro- 
cedure. — Stealth'y, -1, o. [-IER; -lEST.] Done by 
stealth; accomplished clandestinely; unperceived; 
secret; private: sly. 

Steam, stem, n. The elastic, aeriform fluid into which 




Condensing Beam-engine, 

1,, steam-cylinder ; 6, piston ; c, 
upper steam-port or passage ; d, 
lower steam-port ; e e, parallel 
motion ; //, beam ; g, connect- 
ing rod ; A, crank ; i i, fly-wheel; 
k k, eccentric and its rod for 
working the steam-valye ; I, 
Bteam-valve and valve-casing ; 
TO, throttle-valve ; n, condenser ; 



water is converted, when heated to the boiling point; 
mist formed by condensed vapor; visible vapor; any 
exhalation. — v. i. [steamed (stemd), steaming.] 
To rise or pass off in vapor, or like vapor; to rise in 
steam-like vapor; to move or travel by the agency 
of steam. — v. t. To exhale, evaporate; to apply 
steam to for softening, dressing, or preparing. — 
Steam'y, -I, a. Consisting of, resembling, or full of 
steam; vaporous; misty. — Steam'' er, n. A vessel 
propelled by steam ; a fire-engine, the pumps of 
which are worked by steam; a vessel in which arti- 
cles are subjected to the action of steam, as in wash- 
ing or cookery. — Steam''-boat, n. A boat, esp. one 
of large size, propelled through the water by steam- 
power. — boiler, n. A boiler for generating steam, 
or for subjecting objects to the operation of steam. — 
-en'gine, n. An engine moved by steam. — gauge, n. 
An instrument for indicating "the pressure of the 
steam in a boiler. — ^pack'et. n. A packet or vessel 
propelled by steam, and running periodically be- 
tween certain ports. — ship, ?<. A ship propelled 
by the power of steam. — tug. w. A steam-vessel 
used in towing ships. — ^ves'sel, n. A vessel pro- 
pelled by steam. 
Stearine, ste'a-rin, n. The harder ingredient of ani- 
mal fat, forming the principal part of tallow; super- 
heated steam separates it into glycerine and stearic 
acid (popularly called stearine and used for candles). 

— Ste'atite, -a-tit, n. {Min.} A sof t magnesian rock 
having a soapy feel ; soap-stone. 

Stedfast. See Steadfast. 

Steed, sted, n. A horse; esp., a spirited horse for state 
or war. 

Steel, stel, n. Iron combined with a small portion of 
carbon, used in making a great variety of instru- 
ments ; an instrument made of steel, as a sword, 
knife, etc.; an instrument of steel for sharpening 
table knives upon; hardness; sternness; rigor. — v. t. 
[steeled (steld), steeling.] To overlaj% point, or 
edge with steel; to make hard or extremely hard; to 
make insensible or obdurate; 
to cause to resemble steel, as 
in smoothness, polish, or oth- 
er qualities. — SteeKy, -1, a. ' 
Made, consisting oi, or re- 
sembling, steel ; Jiard ; firm. 

— Steer yard, steK- or stil'- 
yard, n. A form of balance 
m which the body to be 

weighed is suspended from the shorter arm of a 
lever and the poise upon the longer arm, which is 
marked with notches to indicate the weight. 

Steep, step, a. Ascending or descending with great 
inclination; precipitous. — n. A precipitous place, 
hill, mountain, rock, or ascent. — Stee^'ple, -pi, n. A 
tower or turret of a church, etc., ending in a 
point; a spire. — Stee-'ple-chase, n. A race be- 
tween a number of horsemen, to see which can 
first reach some distant object (as a church 
steeple)^ in a straight course. 
Steep, step, v. t. [steeped (stept), steeping.] 
To soak in a liquid, macerate ; to extract the 
essence of by soaking, esp. in a warm liquid. 
— Steep''er, n. A vessel, vat, or cistern, in 
which_things are steeped. 
Steer, ster, n. A young male of the bovine genus; 
esp., a castrated taurine male from 2 to 4 years 
old. — ^tirk, sterk. n. A young ox or heifer. 
Steer, ster, v. t. [steered (sterd), steering.] To 
control the career of, direct, guide, govern, — 
applied esp. to a vessel in the water. — v. i. To 
direct and govern a ship or other vessel in its 
course; to be directed and governed; to conduct 
one's self. — Steer'age, -ej, «. Act or practice 
of directing and governing in a course. {Naut.) 
The manner in which a ship is affected bv the 
helm ; an apartment in the space between decks 
forward of the great cabin ; an apartment in a 
ship for an inferior class of passengers. That 
by which a course is directed. — Steers'man, 
sterz'man, n. One who steers ; the helmsman 
of a ship. 



I 



Steelyard. 




o, injection-cock ; p, air pump ; 
q, hot-well ; r, shifting-valve, 
for creating a vacuum in the con- 
denser, previous to starting the 
engine ; s, feed-pump for supply- 
ing the boilers ; *, cold water x^- 

pump for supplying the condenser Steeve, stev, V. t. (^Ship-biiilding .) To make an 
cistern ; m, governor. angle with the horizon, or with the line of a 

vessel's keel, — said of the bowsprit. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, tSrm ; In, ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; 



STEGANOGRAPHY 



413 



STERTORIOUS 



Steganography, steg-a-nog''ra-fl, n. The art of writ- 
ing in ciphers, or characters 
not intelligible except to the 
persons who correspond with 
each other. 

Stellar, steKlar, -lary, -la-rT, a. 
Pert, to stars; astral; lull of 
stars; set with stars; starry. 
— SteKlate, -lated, a. Re- 
sembling a star ; radiated. 
(Bot.) Arranged in the form 
of a star. — Stellif 'erous, 
-lifer-US, a. H a v i n g, or 




abounding with stars. — 
Kli£orm,-lI-f6rm, a. Like 



Stellate Leaves. 




Stel' 

a star; radiated. — Stel'lular, a. Having the shape 
of little stars; radiated. 
Stem, stem, n. The principal body of a tree, shrub, 
or plant of any kind; a little branch which connects 
a fruit or flower with a main branch; the stock of a 
family; a descendant; progeny. {Naut.) A curved 
piece of timber to which the 2 sides of a ship are 
united at the fore end; the forward part of a vessel; 
the leadin" position; lookout. (Mus.) The short, 
perpendicular line added to the body of a note. 
( Gram.) That part of an inflected word which re- 
mains unchanged (except by euphonic variations) 
throughout a given inflection. — v. t. [stemmed 
(stemd), -MING.] To oppose, or cut, as with the 
stem of a vessel; to make progress against, -as a cur- 
rent: to oppose; to check (a stream or moving force.) 

— Stem'-wind'er, n. A watch which is wound up 
or regulated by a mechanism connected with the 
stem, and not by a key. 

Stench, stench, n.' A bad smell; offensive odor; stink. 

— Stench'-trap, n. A 
contrivance to p r e- 
vent stench from ris- 
ing from openings of 
sewers, etc. 

Stencil, sten'sil, n. A 
thin plate of metal, 
leather, or other ma- 
terial, used in paint- 
ing, marking, etc. ; 
the pattern is cut _. , . 

out of the plate. Stench-trap, 

which is then laid flat on the surface to be marked, 
and the color brushed over it. — v- t. [stenciled 
(-slid), -OILING.] To paint or color with stencils. 

Stenography, ste-nog'ra-ft, n. The art of writing in 
short-hand, by using abbreviations or characters for 
whole words. — Stenog'rapher, n. One skilled in 
stenography. — Sten''ograpli''ic, -ical, -graf-'ik-al, a. 
Of, or pert, to, etc. — Stenog^raphist, n. A stenog- 
rapher. 

Stentorian, sten-to'rt-an, a. Extremely loud; able to 
utter a very loud sound. 

Step, step, V. i. [stepped (stept), -ping.J To advance 
or recede by a movement of the feet; to walk a Ut^ 
tie distance; to walk gravely, slowly, or resolutely; 
to advance, come, or enter (with in ox into). — v. t. 
To set, as the foot; to fix the foot of (a mast) in its 
step; set erect. — n. An advance or movement made 
by one removal of the foot; apace; one remove in as- 
cending or descending; a stair; space passed by the 
foot in walking or running; a small space or dis- 
tance; gradation; degree; act of advancement; pro- 
gression; decisive gain or advantage; a print of the 
foot; footprint; track; trace; vestige; gait; manner 
of walking; proceeding; measure; action; the round 
or rundle of a ladder. (Mus.) A degree, — a name 
sometimes given to one of the larger diatonic de- 
grees or intervals of the scale, as between 1 and 2. 
pi. A portable frame-work of stairs. {Naut.) A 
block of wood, or a solid platform on the keelson, 
supporting the heel of the mast; a piece of wood 
in which another is fixed upright. {Mach.) A kind 
of bearing in which the lower extremity of a spin- 
dle or a vertical shaft revolves. — Step'ping-stone, 
n. A raised stone to keep the feet above the water or 
mud; a means of progress or further advancement. 

Step-child, step'child, n. Orig. a bereft or orphan 
child; the child of one's husband or wife by a for- 
mer marriage. — Step'-broth'er, n. A son of a step- 




Stereography. 

a, tetrahedron ; b. bez- 
ahedron or cu>c; c, oc- 
tahedron ; d, dodeca- 
hedron ; e, icosahe- 
dron. 



father or mother by a former marriage. daosh''- 

ter, «. — -fa'ther, n. A man married to one's motner 

after the death of one's own father. — moth'er, n. 

— sis'ter, n. — son, n. 
Steppe, step, n. One of the vast plains in S. E. Eu- 

roiie and Asia, elevated, and free from wood. 
Stercoraceous, ster-ko-ra'shus, a. Of, or pert, to, 

dung, ur partaking of its nature. 
Stere, star, n. The metric unit for solid measure, 

commonly used for bulky articles, being equal to 1 

cubic meter = 35.3106 Eng., or 31.31044 Anier. cubic 

feet. — Stereog'^raphy, -ra- 

fl, n. Art of delineating the 

forms of solid bodies on a 

plane; a branch of solid 

geometry which shows the 

construction of all solids 

which are regularly defined. 

— Ste'reograpfic, -ical, ste'- 
re-o-graf'ik-al, a. iNIade or 
done according to the rules of 
stereography; delineated on a 
plane. — Stereom'etry, -e-trl, 
n. Art of measuring solid 
bodies, and finding their solid 
contents. — Stereop'ticon, 
-tl-kon, n. A kind of magic 
lantern so arranged as'to 
throw greatly magnified pho- 
tographic views on a screen, 
with stereoscopic effect. 

— Ste'reoscope, -re-o-sk5p, «. An optical instrument 
for giving to pictures the appearance of solid forms, 
as seen in nature. — Ste'reoscop''ic, -ical, -skSp'ik-al, 
a. Pert, or adapted to, or produced by, the stereo- 
scope: having the appearance of solid forms.— Stere- 
ot'omy, -ot''o-mY, n. The science or art of cutting 
solids into certain figures or sections, as arches, etc. 

— Ste'reotjrpe, -re-o-tip, n. A plate of type-metal, 
presenting a facsimile of the surface of a page of 
tj-pe or an engraving; art of making plates of type- 
metal which shall be facsimiles of pages of tvpt. — 
r. t. [stereotyped (-tipt), -typing.] To malce ste- 
reotype plates for (a book, etc.) — Ste'^reotyp'er, n. 
One who makes stereotype plates or works in a ste- 
reotype foundry. — Ste'reotsrpog'raphy, -ti-pog'ra- 
fT, n. Art or practice of printing from stereotype 
plates. 

Sterile, ster-'il, a. Producing little or no crop; bar- 
ren; unfruitful; not fertile ; producin"^ no young; 
destitute of ideas or sentiment. (Bot.) Bearing only 
stamens. — Steril'lty, -riKT-tT, n. Quality or con- 
dition of being sterile; barrenness: unfniitf illness. 

Sterling, ster^'ling, a. Belonging to, or relating to, 
the British money of account, or to the British coin- 
age; genuine; pure; of excellent quality. 

Stern, stern, a. Fixed, with an aspect of severity and 
authority; severe of manner; rigidly steadfast; aus- 
tere; harsh; cruel: unrelenting; immovable- 
Stem, stern, n. (Naut.) The hind part of a ship or 
other vessel, or of a boat: see Ship. The hinder 
part of anything. — Stern'-board, n. (Nant.) The 
backward motion of a vessel; a loss of way in mak- 
ing a tack. — chase, n. A chase in which 2 vessels 
sail on the same course, one following in the wake 
of the other. — chase, -chas'er, n. A cannon placed 
in a ship's stern, pointing backward, and intended 

to annoy a ship in pursuit of her. post, n. A 

straight piece of timber, erected oh the extremity of 
the keel to support the rudder and terminate the 
ship behind. — sheets, n. pi. That part of a boat 
between the stern and the aftermost seat of the 
rowers. way, n. The movement of a ship back- 
ward, or with her stern foremost. 

Sternum, ster'num, n. (Anat.) A flat, symmetrical 
bone on tlie median line of the chest in front: the 
breast-bone. — Stern ''al, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Sternutation, ster-nu-ta'shun,' n. The act of sneez- 
ing. — Sternu'tative, -ta-tiv, -tatcHy, -ta-to-rT, a. 
Having the quality of exciting to sneeze. — Stemu'- 
tatory, n. A substance that provokes sneezing. 

Stertonous, ster-to^rY-us, Ster'torous, -to-rus, a. Char- 
acterized by a deep snoring, which accompanies in- 
spiration in some diseases, esp. apoplexy; hoarsely 
breathing; snoring. 



sQn, cube, full ; moon, fd&t; COW, oil; linger or ink, tben, boNboN, chair, get. 



STETHOSCOPE 



414 



STIMULATE 



Stethoscope, steth''o-skop, n. An instrument used to 
distinguish sounds in the human chest, so that the 
operator ma}' judge of the regular action or condi- 
tion of the heart, lungs, etc. 

Steve, stev, v. t. To stow (cotton or wool) in a ship's 
liold. — Ste'vedore', -ve-dor', n. One who loads and 
unloads vessels in port. 

Stew, stu, V. t. [STEWED (stud), stewing.] To cook 
by boiling slowly, in a moderate manneri'or with a 
simmering heat;' to seethe. — v. i. To boil in a slow, 
gentle manner; to be cooked in heat and moisture; 
to worrj', fret. — n. A house for bathing, sweating, 
cupping, etc. ; a house of prostitution ; brothel ; a 
dish that has been cooked by stewing; esp. a dish of 
meat cut in pieces and cooked in gravy with or with- 
out vegetables; a state of agitating excitement; con- 
fusion. 

Steward, stu-'ard, n. A man employed to manage do- 
mestic concerns, superintend other servants, collect 
rents, keep accounts, etc. {Nant.) A head waiter 
;ind storekeeper on board a ship or other vessel. A 
fiscal agent of certain bodies. — Stew'ardess, n. A 
female waiter in charge of the ladies' cabin on ship- 
board. — Stew'ardsMp, n. The office of a steward. 

Stibial, stib't-al, a. Like, or having the qualities of, 
antimony; antimonial. 

Sticli, stik, n. A verse, of whatever measure or num- 
ber of feet; a line in the Scriptures; a row of trees. 

Stick, stik, n. A small shoot, or branch, of a tree or 
shrub, cut off; a rod; staff; anj' stem or branch of a 
tree, of any size, cut for fuel or timber; apiece of 
wood, esp. a long, slender piece ; anything shaped 
like a stick. {P7-int.) An instrument ofadjusta- 
ble width in which type is arranged in words and 
lines: see Composing-stick. A thrust; siah. — v.t. 
(STUCK, STICKING.] To cause to enter, as a pointed 
instrument; to pierce, stab, kill bj' piercing; to fas- 
ten or cause to remain by piercing ; to set, fix in; to 
set with something pointed; to fix on a pointed in- 
strument ; to attach by causing to adhere to the 
surface. {Print.') To compose or arrange in a com- 
posing-stick. — V. i. To hold to, by cleaving to the 
surface, as by tenacity of attraction ; to adhere ; to 
remain where placed ; to cling, be united closely ; 
to be hindered from proceeding, stop; to be embar- 
rassed or puzzled, hesitate ; to cause difficulties or 
scruples; to adhere closely in friendship and affec- 
tion. — Stick'y, -1, «• [-IEE ; -iest.] Inclined to 
stick ; having the quality of adhering to a surface ; 
adhesive ; gluey; viscous ; viscid ; glutinous; tena- 
cious. — Stick'-lac, n. Lae in its natural state, in- 
crusting small twigs. — 
Stickle'back, -1-bak, n. A 
small nest-building fish, 
o f several species, — so 
called from the spines 
which arm its back^ ven- 
tral fins, and other parts. o^.- i i v ■, 

Stickle, stik'l, v. i. [-led Stickleback. 

(-Id), -LING.] To take part with one side or the other; 
to contend, contest, or altercate, in a pertinacious 
manner on insufficient grounds; to stand for one's 
rights. — Stick''ler, n. One who stickles ; one who 
arbitrates a duel; a second; an umpire; one who 
pertinaciously contends for some trifling thing. 

Stiff, stif , a. Not easily bent ; not flexible or pliant ; 
not liquid or fluid; thick and tenacious; inspissated; 
impetuous in motion; not easily subdued: firm in 
resistance or perseverance; rigid; inflexible; stub- 
born; obstinate; pertinacious; rigorous: not natural 
and easy; formal in manner. (Navt.) Bearing apress 
of canvas without careening much. — Stif[''en, stifn , 
V. t. [-ENED (-nd), -ENING.] To make stiff, make 
less pliant or flexible; to inspissate, make more thick 
or viscous.— ?'.z. To become stiff, become more rigid 
or less flexible; to become more thick, or less soft, 
be inspissated ; to become less susceptible of oppres- 
sion, grow more obstinate. — Stiff-necked, -nekt, a. 
Stubborn; inflexible; obstinate; contumacious. 

Stifle, sti'fl.r. t. [-FLED (-fld), -FLING.] To stop the 
breath, choke, oppress with foul air, etc., suffocate, 
smother; to extinguish, deaden, quench; to suppress 
the manifestation or report of, conceal, repress, de- 
stroy. — n. (Far.) The joint on the hind leg of a 
horse next to the flank, and corresponding to the 





Stigma. (Bot.) 



knee in man: see Hoese. A disease in the knee-pan 
of a horse or other animal. 
Stigma, stig'ma, n. ; E. pi. -mas, -maz, L. pi. -mata, 
-ma^ta. A mark with a burning iron; a brand; any 
mark of infamy. (Bot.) The 
upper vascular part of the pis- 
til, which receives the pollen. 
— Stigmat'ic,-ical, a. Marked 
with a stigma, or with some- ^ 
thing reproachful to charac- 
ter ; impressing with infamy 
or reproach. — Stig'matize. 

V.t. [-TIZED (-tizd), -TIZING.] 

To mark with a stigma or 
brand ; to set a mark of dis- 
grace on, characterize by a 
mark or term of reproach. 

Stile, stil, n. A pin set on the face of a dial to form a 
shadow : a style. 

Stile, stil, 71. A step, or set of steps, for passing a fence 
or wall. 

Stiletto, stt-let'to, n. ; pi. -tos, -toz. A small dagger 
with a round, pointed blade; a pointed instru- 
ment for making eyelet holes in working mus- 
lin. — V. t. [stilettoed (-tod), -toing.] To 
stab or pierce with a stiletto. 

Still, stil, I', t. [stilled (stild), stilling.] To 
stop (noise, motion, or agitation) ; to make 
quiet ; to quiet (tumult, agitation, or excite- 
ment) : to calm, allay, lull, pacify, appease, 
subdue, suppress, silence, check, restrain, —a. 
Uttering no sound ; silent ; not disturbed by 
noise or agitation ; motionless ; quiet ; calm; Sti- 
serene ; inert; stagnant. — n. Freedom from letto. 
noise; silence. — adv. To this time; until and during 
the time now present; habitually; always: uniform- 
ly; by an additional degree; with repeated and added 
efforts; notwithstanding what has been said or done ; 
in spite of what has occurred; nevertheless, — some- 
times used as a conjunction; after that. — Still^y, 
a. Still; quiet; calm.— arfi-. Silently; without noise; 
calmly ; quietly ; without tumult. — StUl'-birth., m. 

A thing born without life. bom, a. Dead at the 

birth ; abortive. burn, adv. To burn in the pro- 
cess of distillation. life, it. {Painting.) The class 

or style of painting which represents objects not hav- 
ing animate existence, as fruits, flowers, dead game 
or animals, etc. 

Still, stil, n. An apparatus used in the distillation of 
liquors, etc.; a dis- 
tillerv. — V. i. and t. To 
distill. — Stillati'^tious, 
-tish'^us, a. Falling in 
drops, drawn by a still. 

— Stil'latory, -to-rT, n. 
An alembic ; a vessel 
for distillation ; place 
where distillation is 
performed ; a labora- 
tory. 

Stilt, stilt, n. A piece of 
wood constructed to 

raise the foot above the o;„,„i„ *„ t a^■.^^ 

ground in walkin- ; a Simple form of Still, 
root which rises above 6, retort or boiler ; c, d, bead and 
the surface of the neck ; e, end of neck where it 
ground.— r. t. To raise Jo'^s tbe worm ; /, cock ; g, 
on stilts, elevate; to ^o™-'"^. 
raise by unnatural means. — Stilfed, a. Artificially 
elevated; pompous. 

Stimulate, stim'u-lat, v. t. To excite, rouse, or ani- 
mate to action or more vigorous exertion by some 
pungent motive, or by persuasion; to incite, impel, 
urge, instigate, irritate, exasperate, incense. {Med.) 
To produce a transient increase of vital activity in. 

— Stim''ulant, a. Serving to stimulate. {Med.) Pro- 
ducing increased vital action in the organism, or any 
of its parts. — n. That which stimulates, provokes, 
or excites. {Med.) An agent which produces a tran- 
sient increase of vital activity in the organism, or 
anv of its parts. — Stimnla'tion, n. Act of stimula- 
ting, or state of being stimulated. {Med.) An exalta- 
tion of organic action.— Stim'ula'tive, -tiv, a. Hav- 
ing the quality of stimulating. — n. That which 
stimulates or rouses into more vigorous action. — 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, t5rm ; Yn, ice ; 5dd, tOne, 6r ; 



STING 



415 



STOCK 



Stim'ula'tor, n. One who, etc. — Stlm'^ulus, n.; pi. 
-Li. A j,'oad; something that rouses the mind or spir- 
its: an incitement to action or exertion. {Med.) That 
•which produces a transient increase of vital action. 

Sting, sting, n. A sharp-pointed poison-bearing weap- 
on in the head or hinder part of the body of certain 
insects and animals; the thrust of a sting into the 
flesh: anything that gives acute pain; the point of 
an epigram, or other pointed, sarcastic saying. — v. t. 
[STUXG (STAXG is obsolete), stixgixg.] To pierce 
with a sting; to pain acutely. — Sting'aree'', -a-re'', 
Sting'-ray, n. A fish of the Vay family, whose long, 
flexible tail is armed with a serrated spine with which 
it inflicts ugly wounds. — Stin'go. stin'go, n. Old 
beer: sharp or strong liquor. — Sting'y, -T, a. Hav- 
ing power to sting or produce pain. 

Stingy, stin'jl, a. [-gier;-giest.] Extremely close and 
covetous: avaricious; niggardly. — Stin''giness, ti. 

Stink, stink, v. 2. [stank or stunk, stixkixg.] To 
emit a strong, offensive smell. — n. A strong smell; 
disgusting odor. — Stink'ard, jj. A mean, stinking, 
paltry fellow. (Zool.) A carnj^orous animal allied 
to the skunk, found in Java ana Sumatra. 

Stint, stint, v. t. To restrain within certain limits; to 
bound, confine, limit ; to assign a 
certain task in labor to. — n. Limit; 
bound: restraint: extent; quantity 
assigned; proportion allotted. 

Stipe, stip, n. {Bot.) The base of -a 
frond, as of a fern; stalk of a pistil; 
trunk of a tree; stem of a fungus or 
mushroom when any exists.— Stip'- 
ule, -ul, -ula, -u-la, n. An appendage 
at the base of petioles or leaves, usual- 
ly resembling a small leaf in texture 
a'nd appearance.— Stip^ulate, -u-lat, a. 
Furnished with stipules. 

Stipend, sti'pend, n. Settled paj' or com- 
pensation for services, whether dailv 
or monthly wages, or an annual sal- 
ary. — Stipend'iary, -t-a-rt, a. Receiv- 
ins wages or salary. — n. One who, etc. 

Stipple, stip^pl, V. t. [-FLED (-pld), 
-TLiXG.] To engrave bj' means of 
dots. — n. A mode of engraving in , 
imitation of chalk drawings, in which ^ ^ 
the effect is produced by dots instead 

Stipule, Stipulate,_a. See under Stipe. ® *' Stipules. 

Stipulate, stip'u-lat, v. i. To make an agreement or 
covenant with" any person or companj' to do or for- 
bear anj^thing; to bargain; to contract. — Stipula''- 
tion, n. Act of stipulating; a contracting or bargain- 
ing; that which is stipulated: covenant; agreement; 
centract: engagement. — Stip 'ula' tor, n. 

Stir, ster, V. f. [stikked (sterd),-R[XG.] To change the 
place of in any manner: to agitate; to cause the par- 
ticles (of a liquid, etc.) to change place (by motion 
of someching passing through); to bring into debate, 
agitate ; to incite to action, instigate, prompt ; to 
move, rouse, animate, stimulate, excite, provoke. — v. 
i. To move one's self, change one's position; to be in 
motion, be active; to become the object of notice or 
conversation ; to rise in the morning. — n. Agita- 
tion: tumult; bustle; public disturbance or commo- 
tion; seditious uproar; agitation of thoughts. 

Stirk. See under Steer, n. 

Stirrup, stur'rup or stTr'rup, n. A kind of ring, for 
receiving the foot of a rider, and attached to a strap 
fastened to the saddle. (Mach.) Any piece resem- 
bling the stirrup of a saddle. 

Stitch, stich, V. i. [stitched (sticht), stitch ix'G.] To 
form stitches in; esp., to sew in such a manner as to 
show on the surface a continuous line of stitches; 
to sew or unite together. — v. i. To practice stitch- 
ing. — n. A single pass of a needle in sewing; the 
loop or turn of the thread thus made: a single turn 
of the thread round a needle in knitting; a space 
between 2 double furrows in plowed ground; an 
acute lancinating pain, like the piercing of a needle. 

Stithy, stith'T, n. An anvil; a smith's shop; smithy. 

Stiver, sti'ver, n. A Dutch coin and money of ac- 
count =2 cents. 

Stoat, stot, n. The ermine, — so called when of a red- 
dish color, as in summer. 





Bit-stock. 



Stock, stok, n. The stem or main body of a tree or 
plant: the fixed, strong, firm part; the stem or firm 
branch in which a graft is inserted; something fixed, 
solid, and senseless; a post; one as dull and lifeless 
as a post; the principal supporting part ; part in 
which others are inserted, or to which the}' are at- 
tached; the wood to which the barrel, lock, etc., of 
afire-arm are secured; a long, rectangular piece of 
wood, which is an important 
part of several forms of gun- 
carriage; the wooden handle 
or contrivance by which bits • 
are held in boring; a brace; 
block of wood which consti- 
tutes the body of a plane; the cross-bar at the upper 
end of the shank of an anchor, which cants the 
anchor fluke down; block in which an anvil is fixed; 
an adjustable handle for holding dies for cutting 
screws ; the original progenitor, also, the race or 
line of a family ; lineage ; family ; money invested 
in business; capital of a bank or other companv : 
money funded in government securities; })l. prop- 
erty consisting of shares in joint-stock companits, 
or in tlie obligations of a government for its funu'-il 
debt. ( Rook-keeping.) The account which is debic- 
ed with all the sums contributed or added to the cap- 
ital of the concern, and credited with whatever is 
at anv time withdrawn. Supply provided; store; 
goodsVegularly on hand; whole amount of goods on 
hand; raw material. 
{Agric.) Domestic 
animals or beasts 
collected, used, or 
raised on a farm. A 
kind of stiff, wide 
baud or cravat for 
the neck. pi. A 
frame, with holes 
in which the feet or 
the feet and hands 
of criminals were 
confined, pi. The 
frame or timbers on 
which a ship rests 
while building. 
(Boi.) A flowering, 
cruciferous plant, 
several species of 
which are cultivated 




Stocks. 



for ornament. ( Cookery. y 
The essence extracted from meat ; broth. — v. t. 
[STOCKED (stokt), stocking.] To lay up for future 
use, as merchandise, etc. ; to provide with material 
requisites; to store, fill, supply; to put into a pack, as 
cards. — a. Used or available for constant service, as 
if constituting a portion of a stock or supply; perma- 
nent; standing.— X)earf stoc^-. {Agric.) The imple- 
ments of husbandry, and produce stored up for use, 

— disting. fr. live stock, or the domestic animals on a 
farm. — To take s. To make an inventory of stock 
or goods on hand. — To take s. in. To accept as 
truth, feel confidence in. — Stock'y, -Y, a. Thick 
and firm; stout; rather thick than tall or corpulent. 

— Stock^account', n. An account on a merchant's 
ledger, one side of which shows the original capital 
or stock and subsequent additions thereto, the other 
side showing the amounts withdrawn. — bro'ker, 
n. A broker who deals in the pvirchase and sale of 
shares or sto'cks. — dove, n. The wild pigeon ot 
Europe, so called because at one time believed to be 
the stock of the domestic pigeon, or else from its 
breeding in the stocks of trees. — exchange', «. 
The building or place where stocks are bought and 
sold; transactions of all kinds in stocks'; an associa- 
tion or body of stock-brokers. — fish, n. Fish dried 
in the sun without being salted, 

— so called from its hardness. — 
-holder, ?i. A proprietor of stock in 
the public funds, or in the funds 
of a bank or other company. — 
-ijob'ber, n. One who speculates 
in stocks for gain. — -job'bing, w. 
Act or art of dealing in stocks. — 
-still, a. Still as a fixed post; per- 
fectly still. — Stockade', -ad', n. 
(JUL) A line of posts or stakes Stockade. 




sQn, cube, full ; moon, f&bt ; cow, oil ; linger oi- ink, then, boxboN, chair, get. 



IL 



STOIC 



416 



STORE 




Stoloniferous Stem. 



set in the earth as a fence or barrier. An inclosure 
or pen made with posts and stakes. — v. t. To sur- 
round or fortify with sharpened posts fixed in the 
ground. — Stock'ing, n. A close-fitting covering for 
the foot and leg, usuaUv knit or woven. — Stock'- 
inet', -t-nef, n. An elastic knit fabric of which 
stockings are made. 

Stoic, sto'ik, n. A disciple of the philosopher Zeno, 
who taught that men should be unmoved by joy or 
grief, and submit without complaint to the unavoid- 
able necessity by which all things are governed; a 
person not easily excited ; an apathetic person. — 
Sto'ic, -ical, a. Of, pert, to, or resembling, the Sto- 
ics or their doctrines; unfeeling; "manifesting indif- 
ference to pleasure or pain. — Stc'icism, -t-sizm, n. 
The opinions and maxims of the Stoics; real or pre- 
tended ijidifference to pleasure or pain. 

Stoker, stok'er, n. One employed to tend a furnace 
and supply it with fuel, esp. tnat of a locomotive, or 
marine steam-engine. 

Stole. See Steal. 

Stole, stol, re. A long, loose garment reaching to the 
feet. {Rom. Cath. Ch.) A narrow band of silk or 
stuff, worn on the left shoulder of deacons, and 
across both shoulders of bishops and priests, pendent 
on each side nearly to the ground. 

Stole, stol, Sto'lon, n. {Bot.) A lax, trailing stem 
given off at the summit of the root, and taking root 
at intervals; a 
sucker. — Stol'on- 
if erous, -er-us, a. 
Producing or put- 
ting forth stoles. 

Stolid, stoKid, a. 
Hopelessly insen- 
sible or stupid; 
dull ; foolish. — 
Stolid^ity, 71. State 
or quality of being 
stolid; dullness of intellect; stupidity. 

Stomach, stum'ak, Ji. {Anat.) A simple, compound, 
or complex cavity or receptacle for food, with mus- 
cular membranous walls: it is one of the principal 
organs of digestion. Appetite; inclination ; liking; 
desire.— V. i. [stomached (-akt), -aching.] Tore- 
sent ; to receive or bear without repugnance, brook. 

— Stom'^BiCher, -a-cher, n. An ornament or support 
to the breast, worn by women. — Stomacta.'^ic, -ical, 
sto-mak''ik-al, a. Of, pert, to, strengthening to, or 
exciting the action of, the stomach. — Stomacli''ic, 
n. {Med.) A medicine that strengthens the stomach 
and excites its action. 

Stomp, stomp, v. i. To stamp with the foot. 

Stone, ston, re. A mass of concreted earthy or mineral 
matter; a fragment or small mass of rock; material 
for building, etc., obtained from rock; a precious 
stone ; gem ; a monument erected to preserve the 
memory of the dead. {Med.) A calculous con- 
cretion in the kidneys or oladder; the disease arising 
from a calculus. A testicle ; the nut of a drupe 
or stone fruit ; a weight which is legally 14 pounds, 
but in practice varies with the article weighed. [The 
stone of butchers' meat or fish is reckoned at 8 lbs. ; 
of cheese, 16 lbs. ; of hemp, 32 lbs. ; of glass, 5 
lbs.] Torpidness and insensibility.— w. i. [stoned 
(stond), STONING.] To pelt, beat, or kill with stones; 
to free from stones ; to wall or face with stones. 

— Stone age. A supposed age of the world, when 
stone and bone were used as materials for weapons 
and tools, — called also the flint age; succeeded by 
the bronze age. — Philosopher's s. A pretended sub- 
stance formerly supposed to have tne property of 
turning any omer substance into gold. — Rocking s. 
A large stone so balanced upon another stone that it 
can be set in motion, or made to oscillate, by a slight 
force. — To leave no s. unturned. To use all practi- 
cable means to effect an object. — Ston''y, -t, a. Re- 
lating to, made of, abounding in, or resembling, 
stone; converting into stone; petrifying; inflexible; 
hard ; cruel ; obdurate. — Ston'iness, re. — Ston'y- 
bearfed, a. Hard-hearted ; cruel ; unfeeling. — 
Ston'^er, re. One who beats or kills with stones; one 
who walls with stones. — Stone''-coaI, re. Hard coal; 
anthracite coal. cut'ter, n. One whose occupa- 
tion is to cut or hew stones. — fruit, re. Fruit whose 



seeds are covered with a hard shell enveloped in the 
pulp, as peaches, cherries, plums, etc.; a drupe. — 
-mar'ten, ji. The common European or beech mar- 
ten; its jEur. See Marten. — ware, n. A species of 
potter's ware of a coarse kind, glazed and baked. — 
-work, n. Mason's work of stone. — Stone's'^-cast, 
-throw, re. The distance which a stone may be 
thrown by the hand. 

Stood. See Stand. 

Stock, std&k, n. A small collection of sheaves set up 
in the field, — in Eng., 12 sheaves ; a shock. — v.t. 
[STOCKED (st(36kt), STOCKING.] To. set up (sheaves 
of grain) in stooks. 

Stool, stool, re. A seat without a back, intended for 
one person; the seat used in evacuating the contents 
of the bowels; a discharge from the bowels. — Stool'- 
pig'eon, n. A pigeon used as a decoy to draw others 
within_a net; a person used to decoy others. 

Stool, stool, n. The root or stem of a tree or plant, cut 
off near the ground, from which shoots spring up; 
also, the set of shoots thus produced. 

Stoom. See Stum. _ 

Stoop, stoop, V. i. [STOdPED (stoopt), STOOPING.] To 

bend the body downward and forward; to incline 
forward in standing or walking; to bend by com- 
pulsion; to descend from rank or dignitv; to come 
down on prey, as a hawk; esp., to come down from 
a height with closed wings; to swoop; to alight from 
the wing ; to sink. ^n. Act of stooping ; nabitual 
bend of back and shoulders ; descent from dignity 
or superiority; condescension; the fall of a bird on 
its preyj^ a swoop. 

Stoop, stoop, re. The steps of a door; often, a porch 
with a balustrade and seats on the sides. 

Stoop, stoop, re. A vessel of liquor; a flagon. 

Stop, stop, V. t. [STOPPED (stopt), -PING.] To close (an 
aperture) by filling or by obstructing; to obstruct, 
render impassable; to arrest the progress of; to hin- 
der from acting or moving; to regulate the sound of 
(musical strings) by pressing them against the finger- 
board; to punctuate. — v. i. To cease to go forward; 
to cease from any motion or course of action ; to 
spend a short time, stay, tarry. — re. Act of stopping 
or state of being stopped; hindrance of progress, of 
operation, or of action; that which stops or obstructs: 
any contrivance by which the sounds of a musical 
instrument are regulated; a mark of punctuation. 
— Stop'-cock, n. A faucet; 
a cock or valve for checking 
or regulating the flow of 
water, gas, etc., through or 
from a pipe. — gap, n. That i 
which closes or fills up an 
opening, gap, or chasm ; a 
temporary expedient. — 
Stop'page, -pej, n. Act of 
stopping or arresti»g prog- 
ress, motion, or action; state of being stopped. — 
Stop'per, re. One who, or that which, stops, closes, 
shuts, or hinders ; that which closes or fills a vent 
or hole in a vessel. {N^aut.) A short piece of rope 
having a knot at one or both ends, with a lanyard 
under the knot, used to secure something. — r. t. 
[STOPPERED (-perd), -pering.] To close or secure 
with a stopper. — Stop^ple, -pi, re. That which stops 
or closes the mouth of a vessel; a stopper. 

Storage. See under Store. 

Storax, sto''raks, ?i. A fragrant resin from the Orien- 
tal liquid-ambar and styrax, used in medicine and 
perfumery. 

Store, stor, re. A source from which supplies may he 
drawn; a great quantity; great number; a place of 
deposit for large quantities; store-house; magnzine; 
any place where goods are sold, whether by whole- 
sale or retail; pi. articles, esp. of food, accumulated 
for some specific object. — v. t. [stored (stord), 
STORING.] To collect as a reserved supph' ; to 
accumulate, furnish, supply ; to stock or furnish 
against a future time ; to deposit in a store, ware- 
house, or other building, for preservation.— In r-tore. 
In a state of accumulation or of readiness. — To ^et 
s. by. To value greatly. — Store'-house, n. A build- 
ing for keeping goods of any kind, esp. provisions; 
a magazine ; warehouse. — room, n. A room in 
which articles are stored. — Stor'age, -ej, re. Act of 




Stop-cock. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



% 



STORK 



417 



STRANGE 




depositing in a store or warehouse for safe keeping; 
the safe keeping of goods in a warehouse ; price for 
keeping goods in a store. 

Stork. stQrk, n. A large migratory wading bird, of 
several species, allied to the 
heron: it feeds upon fish, rep- 
tiles, etc., builds its nest upon 
tops of chimneys, etc., and is 
noted for affection to its 
young and its parents. 

Storm. st8rm, n. A violent dis- 
turbance of the atmosphere, 
producing wind, rain, snow, 
hail, or thunder and light- 
ning ; a fall of rain or snow ; 
a violent agitation of human 
society ; a civil, political, or 
domestic commotion; tumul- 
tuous force ; adversity ; dis- 
tress. (J/i7.) A violent assault 
on a fortified place. — v. t. 
[STORMED (st6rmd), stoem- Stork. 

INC.] (Mil.) To attack and attempt to take by scal- 
ing the walls, forcing gates or breaches, etc. — v. i. 
To raise a tempest ; to blow with violence ; to rain, 
hail, snow, etc., esp. in a violent manner, — used im- 
personally; to rage, f ume.— Storm'-beat, a. Beaten, 
injured, or impaired by storms. — Stonn''y, -T. a. 
[-IER: -lEST.] Characterized by, or proceeding from, 
storm: agitated with furious winds: boisterous; pro- 
ceeding from violent agitation or fury; violent; pas- 
sionate; rough. — Storm ''iness, n. 

Story, sto'rl, n. A narration or recital of that which 
has occurred ; history ; esp., the relation of an inci- 
dent or minor event:' a short narrative: tale; a ficti- 
tious narrative, less elaborate than a novel ; a false- 
hood.— r. t. [STORIED (-rid), STORYiXG.] To make 
the subject of a story or tale; to narrate or describe. 

— Sto'^ried, -rid, ]). a. Told in a story; having a his- 
tory; interesting from the stories pert, to it. 

Story, sto'rT, n. A set of rooms on the same floor or 
level; aloft; floor. 

Stoap, stoop, n. A flagon. {Eccl.) A basin for holy 
water at the entrance of Rom. 
Cath. churches. 

Stout, stowt, a. Strong : lusty; 
vigorous; robust; bold; intrepid; 
brave ; big in stature ; large. — 
n, A strong kind of beer. 

Stove, stov, n. Orig., a house or 
room artificially warmed; a hot- 
house for plants ; an apparatus 
in which fire is made for warm- 
ing a room or house, or for culi- 
nary or other purposes. 

Stove. See Stave. 

Stover, sto'ver, n. Fodder, provis- 
ion for cattle. 

Stow, sto, V. t. [stowed (stod), stowixg.] To place 
or arrange in a compact inass ; to fill, by packing 
closely. — Stow'age, -ej, n. Act or operation of 
placing in a suitable position, or the suitable disno- 
sition of several things together; room for the recep- 
tion of things to be reposited; state of being laid up. 

— Stow'away, n. One who conceals himself on a 
vessel about to sail, to obtain a free passage. 

Strabismus, stra-biz'nius, n. {Med.) An affection of 
one or both eyes, in which the optic axes cannot be 
directed to the same object: squinting. 

Straddle, strad'dl, v. i. [-dled (-did), -dlixg.] To 
stand or walk with the legs far apart. — v.t. To 
stand or sit astride of. — n. Act of standing, sitting, 
or walking with the feet further apart than usual ; 
position, or distance between the feet, of one who 
straddles. {Stock Exch.) A contract which gives 
the holder the privilege of calling for stock at a 
fixed price, or of delivering it at the same price to 
the party who signs the contract. 

Straggle, strag'^l, v. i. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To 
wander from tne direct course or way ; to rove ; to 
wnnder at large without any certain direction or ob- 
ject : to spread apart'; to escape or stretch beyond 
M-oner limits, as the branches of a plant; to occur 
■' intervals or apart from one another. 

Straight, strat, a. [straighter; straightest.] Pass- 




Stoup. 



ing from one point to another by the nearest course; 
direct; not deviating or crooked. {Bot.) Not much 
curved. According with justice and rectitude ; up- 
right ; even or uniform in quaUty ; without excep- 
tion or reservation. — adv. Immediately; directly; 
in the shortest time. — Straight'en. -n, v. t. [-exed 
(-nd), -EXiXG.] To make straight, reduce to a 
straight form. — Straighfforward, a. Proceeding in 
a straight course; not deviating. — Straight'ly, adv. 
In a right line ; not crookedly. — Straighfness, 
n. (Quality or state of being, etc. ; rectitude. — 
Straight 'way, adv. Immediately; without loss of 
time: without delay. • 

Straight, Straighten. Sometimes written for Strait 
Straiten. 

Strain, stran, v. t. [strained (strand), straiis-ing.] 
To draw with force, stretch ; to put to the utmost 
strength, exert to the utmost ; to harm by over-ex- 
ertion, injure by drawing or stretching, sprain; to 
make tighter ; to make uneasy or unnatural, force, 
constrain; to filter. — v. i. To make violent eiforts; 
to be filtered. — n. A violent effort ; esp., an inju- 
rious tension of the muscles, or hurtful over-exer- 
tion; a continued course of action; a particular por- 
tion of a tune ; esp., one with a peculiar interest or 
expression ; the subject or theme of a poem or dis- 
course ; style ; turn ; tendency : inborn disposition ; 
family ; familv blood. — Strain'er, n. One who 
strains ; that tnrough which any liquid passes for 
purificatjon. 

Slnrait, strat, a. Narrow; close; not broad; difficult; 
distressful. — n. ( Geog.) A narrow pass or passage, 
either in a mountain or in the ocean, — chiefly in pi. 
Distress; difficulty; distressing necessity. — Straif- 
ly, adv. In a straight manner; narrowly; closely; 
strictly ; rigorously ; intimately. — Strait''ness, n. 
State or quality of being strait"; narrowness; strict- 
ness ; rigor; distress; difficulty; want; scarcity.— 
Straifen, -n, v. t. [-exed (-nd), -exing.] To make 
strait, narrow, confine; to make tense or tight; to dis- 
tress, press with poverty or other necessity. — Strait'- 
jack'et, n. A strait-waistcoat. — laced, -last, a. Bound 
tightly with stays ; strict in manners or morals. — 
-waist'coat, n. A dress used for restraining maniacs, 
or those laboring under violent delirium, and having 
long sleeves which are tied behind the back, so that 
the arms cannot be extricated from them. 

Strake, strak, n. An iron band by which the fellies 
of a wheel are secured to each other. {Ship-build- 
ing.) A continuous ran^e of planks on the bottom 
or sides of a vessel, reaching from the stem to the 
stem; a streak. 

Stramineous, stra-min^'e-us, a. Consisting of straw ; 
chaffy; like straw; straw-colored. 

Stramonium, stra-mo''nT-um, Stramony, stram'o-nT, 
n. {Bot.) A poisonous 
plant having rank 
leaves, and large trum- 
pet-shaped flowers, — a 
species of Datura, — 
used in medicine as a 
narcotic; thorn-apple. 

Strand, strand, n. The 
shore or beach of the sea 
or ocean, or of a large < 
lake. — V. t. To drive or 
run aground on a shore 
or strand, as a ship. — 
V. i. To drift or be driv- 
en on shore; to run 
aground. 

Strand, strand, n. One of 
the twists of which a 
rope is composed. — v. t. 
To break one of the 
strands o±^(a rop^. 

Strange, stranj, a. Belong- 
ing to another country; 
not domestic ; belonging to other persons; not be- 
fore known, heard, or seen: not according to the 
common way; causing surprise: exciting curiosity; 
new; outlandish; wonderful; odd; queer; particular. 
— Stran'ger, n. One who is strange; a foreigner; 
one whose home is at a distance from the place 
where he is, but in the same country; one who is 




Stramonium. 
Leaf, Flower, and Fruit. 



sil'i. cuhp. full ; moon, fdSt ; cow, oil; linger or ink, ther;, boNboN, chair, get. 



STRANGLE 



418 



STRIA 



unknown or unacquainted, or not familiar; one not 
admitted to fellowship ; a guest ; visitor. (Law.) 
One not privy to an act, contract, or title. 
Strangle, stran-'gl, v. t. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To 
destroy the life of by ^.topping respiration, suffocate, 
choke; to suppress. — Stran'gleSi-glz, n. (Far.) A 
tumor or swelling in a horse's throat. — Stran'gnla''- 
ted, a. (Surg.) Having the circulation stopped in 
any part by compression. — Stran'gula'tion, n. Act 
of strangling; suffocation. (^Med.) Inordinate com- 
pression or constriction. — Stran'gury, -gu-rl, n. 
(Med.) A painful discharge of urine, drop Dy drop. 

— Strangu'^rious, stran-gu'xl-us, a. Laboring un- 
der strangury; of the nature of strangury. 

Strap, strap, n. A long, narrow slip of cloth, leather, 
or other material, of various forms and for various 
uses: an instrument for sharpening a razor; a strop. 
(Carp.) An iron plate for connecting 2 or more tim- 
bers, to which it is screwed by bolts. (Mach.) A 
band or strip of metal, usually curved, to clasp and 
hold other parts. (Naut.) A piece of rope formed 
into a circle, used to retain a block in its position. — 
V. t. [STRAPPED (strapt), -PING.] To beat or chas- 
tise with^a strap; to fasten or bind with a strap; to 
sharpen by rubbing on a strap, as a razor. — Strap- 
pa'do, n. A military punishment, which consisted 
m drawing an offender to the top of a beam, and 
letting him fall. — v. i. To punish or torture by the 
strappado. 

Strapping, strap'ping, a. Tall; lusty; bouncing. 

Strata, pi. of Stratum. 

Stratagem, strat'^a-jem, n. A plan or scheme for deceiv- 
ing an enemy; any artifice. — Strat'egefics, -jet''- 
iks, 71. (Mil.) Science of militarj^ movement ; gen- 
eralship. — Strate''glc, -gical, -tc'jik-al, a. Pert, to 
strategy; effected hv a,Ttmce. — Strategic point. Anj^ 
point or region in tne theater of warlike operations 
which affords to its possessor an advantage over his 
opponent. — Strategist, w. One skilled in strategy, 
or the science of directing great militarj' movements. 

— Strat''egy, n. Science of military command, or 
science of directing great military movements; gen- 
eralship. 

Stratam, stra'tiim, n. ; pi. -ta, -ta. (Geol.) A layer of 
earth or rock of any kind, formed by natural causes, 
esp. when it is one of a series of layers. A fjed or 
layer artificially made. — Strafify, strafTf-fi, v. t. 
[-EIED (-fid), -FYING.] To form or deposit in layers, 
as substances in the earth; to lay in strata. — Strat'- 
ifica'tion, n. State of being formed into layers in 
the earth; act of laying in strata; process of being 
arranged in strata or layers. — Strat'iform, a. Hav- 
in;? the form of strata. 

Straw, straw, n. The stalk or stem of certain species 
of grain, pulse, etc.; a mass of the stalks of certain 
species of grain when cut, and after being thrashed; 
anything proverbially worthless. — Man of straw. 
An image of straw, etc., resembling a man; an im- 
aginary person. — S. bail. Worthless bail, as being 
given by irresponsible persons. — S- bid. A bid for 
a contract, which the bidder is unable or unwilling 
to fulfill.— To be in 
the s. To be brought 
to bed, as a pregnant 
woman, beds having 
been formerly made 
of straw. — Straw'y, 
-T, a. Pert, to, made 
of, or like, straw. — 
Straw'-coFor, n. The 
color of dry straw; a 
delicate, yellowish 
color. — Strawberry, 
n. A plant and its 
fruit, of many varie- 
ties. 

Stray, s t r a , ir. i. 
[strayed (strad), 
STRAA'iNG.] To wan- 
der, as from a direct 
course, from compa- 
ny, or from the proper 
limits, or from the 
path of duty or recti- 
tude; to deviate, err. 




Strawberry. 

Leaf, Flower, and Fruit. 



swerve, depart; to go astray; to go at large, roam, 
rove. —a. Having gone astray; strayed; wandering. 
— n. Any domestic animal that wanders at large, or 
is lost; an estray. 

Streak, strek, n. A line or long mark, of a different 
color from the ground ; a stripe. (Ship-building. ) A 
uniform range of planks on the side or bottom, reach- 
ing from tiie stem to the stern. — v.t. [streaked 
(strekt), STREAKING.] To form streaks or stripes in ; 
to stripe. — Streaked, strekt or strek'ed, a. Marked 
or variegated with stripes of a different color. — 
Streak''y, -T, a. Having streaks; striped; variegated 
with lines of a different color. 

Stream, strem, n. A river, brook", or other course of 
running water; a current of fluid, as of water in the 
ocean, or of melted metal, or a flow of air or gas; an 
issuing in beams or rays, as of light; anything issu- 
ing from a source, and moving witli a continued suc- 
cession of parts; drift; tendency; current of affairs 
or events; a number of individuals nioving on with- 
out interval. — v.i. [streamed (stremd), stream- 
ing.] To issue in a stream, flow in a current, as a 
fluid or whatever resembles fluids ; to pour out or 
emit an abundant stream (of tears) ; to issue in 
streaks or rays, radiate ; to extend, stretch in a long 
line. — V. t. To send forth in a current or stream; to 
pour. — Stream^er, w. An ensign or flag; pennon; 
an auroral stream or column of light shooting up- 
ward from the horizon. — Stream'let, n. A small 
stream; rivulet; rill. — Stream'y. -T, a. Abounding 
with streams or running water; flowing with a cur- 
rent. 

Street, stret, n. A paved way or road; a city road; 
main way, disting. from a lane or alley. — Streef- 
walk'er, n. A common prostitute who offers herself 
to sale in the streets. 

Strength, Strengthen, etc. See under Strong. 

Strenuous, stren'u-us, a. Eagerly pressing or urgent; 
zealous; earnest; valiant; intrepid. 

Stress, stres, n. That which bears with force or 
weight, or the force or weight itself; that which con- 
strains; pressure; urgency; importance; violence. 
(Mech.) Force exerted iii any direction or manner 
between contiguous bodies or 'parte of bodies. 

Stretch, strech, v. t. [stretched (strecht), stretch- 
ing.] To draw out, extend, esp. in length; to extend 
in breadth, spread, expand; to reach out, put forth; 
to make tense, render tight: to strain: to exaggerate; 
to extend too far. — v. i. To be drawn out in length 
or in breadth, or both; to be extended; spread: to be 
extended, without breaking, as elastic substances; 
to strain beyond the truth, exaggerate. (Naut.) To 
direct a course, sail; to make violent efforts in run- 
ning. — n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; reach; ef- 
fort; struggle; strain; extent to which anything may 
be stretched ; any extended portion or division. 
(Naut.) Reach or extent of progress on one tack; a 
tack; course; direction. — Stretct'er, w. One who, 
orthat which, stretches. (^Masonry.) A brick or stone 
laid with its longer dimension in the line of direc- 
tion of the wall. A piece of timber in building. 
(Naut.) A narrow piece of plank for rowers to brace 




Stretcher, 
their feet against. A litter or frame for carrying 
sick, wounded, or dead persons. _ 

Strew, stroo or stro, v. t. [strewed (strood or strod); 
strewing.] To scatter, spread by scattering; to scat- 
ter loosely; to cover by scattering something over. 

Stria, stri'a, w..-?jZ. STRi''.«,-e. (Nat. Hist.) A small 
channel, or thread-like line, in the surface of a shell. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone. 



5r! 



STRICKEN 



419 



STRONG 



a crj'stal, or other object. — Stri'ate, -at, -ated, a. 
Forihed with small channels; tinely channeled. 

Stricken, Strickle. See under Stkike. 

Stnct, strikt, a. Strained; drawn close: tight; tense; 
not relaxed; exact; accurate; rigorously nice; gov- 
erned or governing by exact rules; observing exact 
rules; rigorous; rigidly interpreted; exactly limited; 
restricted ; severe. — Stricfure, strik'^chur, n. A 
touch of adverse criticism; critical remark;' censure. 
{Med.) A drawing ; a morbid contraction of any 
passage of the body. — Strin-'gent, -jent, a. Bind- 
ing strongly; urgent. — Strm''gency, -jen-sl, n. 
State or quality of being, etc.; severe pressure. 

Stride, strid, n. A step, esp. one that is long, meas- 
ured, or pompous; space covered by a long step. — 

V. i. limp. STRID, STRODE {stiod); p. p. STKID, STKID- 

DEX; STRIDING.] To Walk with long steps; to strad- 
dle. — V. t. To pass over at a step. 

Stridor, stri'dSr, n. A harsh, shrill, or creaking noise. 
[L., fr. stridere, to make any harsh, grating, or 
creaking sound.] — Stri'dent, a. Characterized by 
harshness; grating. — Strid^ulous, strld''u-lus, a. 
Making a small, harsh sound, or a creaking. 

Strife, strif, n. Exertion or contention for superior- 
ity, intellectual or physical; contention in battle; 
struggle for victory ; that which is contended against. 
— Strive, striv, v. i. [imp. strove (strov) ; p. p. 
STRIVEN' (striven); STRIVING.] To make efforts, use 
exertion, labor hard; to struggle in opposition; to 
contend reciprocally, vie, emulate, endeavor, aim. 

Strigose, stri-gos', Stri-'gous, -gus, a. (_£ot.) Set with 
stitf, lanceolate bristles; hispid. 

Strike, strik, v. t. \imp. struck; p. j9. struck, strick- 
en (.STEOOK, ohs.); STRIKING: strvck is more com- 
monly used, in the p. p., than stncken.'] To touch 
or hit with some force, give a blow to; to give (a 
blow); to impel with or as with a blow; to stamp 
with a stroke, coin; to cause to enter or penetrate; 
to graze in successive hits or touches; to punish, 
smite; to cause to sound by one or more beats; to 
lower, let or take down; to impress strongly ; to af- 
fect in some particular manner by a sudden impres- 
sion or impulse; to produce by a sudden action; to 
make and ratify; to level (a measure of grain, salt, 
etc.) by scraping off with a straight instrument what 
is above the level of the top. — v. i. To make a quick 
blow or thrust; to hit, dash, clash; to sound by per- 
cussion, with blows, or as if with blows; to make an 
attack; to touch; to be stranded; to pass with a quick 
or strong effect, penetrate; to quit work in order to 
compel an increase, or prevent a reduction, of wages, 
etc. ; to lower a flag or colors in token of respect, or 
to signify a surrender of the ship to an enemy; to 
break forth, commence suddenly. — n. An instru- 
ment with a straight edge for leveling a measure of 
grain, salt, etc.; act of combining and quitting work 
in order to compel an employer to pay a certain scale 
of wages, etc. {Gfeol.) The horizontal direction 
of the out-cropping edges of tilted rocks. In games 
of ball, a ball hit at and missed by the batsman; also 
a good ball not struck at. — To strike hands with. 
To make a compact or agreement with. — To s. off. 
To separate by a blow or any sudden action. 
(Print.) To impress, print. — To s. out. To produce 
by collision, force out; to blot out, efface, erase; to 
devise, invent, contrive. — To s. sail. To take in sail; 
to cease to advance. — To s. up. To cause to sound; 
to be^in to sing or play. — Strick'en, striken, p. a. 
Struck; smitten; brought under influence or con- 
trol; worn out; advanced; whole, entire, — said of 
the hour as marked by the striking of the clock. — 
Strick'^le, -1, n. An instrument to strike grain to a 
level with the measure ; an iustrumen'. err whetting 
scythes; a rifle. — Stroke, strok, n. A blow; the 
striking of one body against another; a hostile blow 
or attack; a sudden attack of disease or affliction; 
calamity; fatal attack; the sound of the clock; a 
dash in writing or printing; the touch of a pen or 
pencil; a masterly effort; an effort suddenly or un- 
expiectedly produced; series of operations. (Naut.) 
The sweep of an oar in rowing; the strokesman. 
(Steam Eng.) The entire movement of the piston 
from one end to the other of the cylinder. — v. t. 
fSTBOKED (strokt), STROKING.] To rub gently with 
the hand; esp., to rub gently in one direction, soothe; 



to make smooth. — Strokes'' man, n. The man who 
rows the attermos,t oar, and whose stroke is to be fol- 
lowed by the rest. 
String, string, n. A small or slender rope, line, or 
cord ; a ribbon ; thread on which anything is- 
tiled ; line of things ; cord of a nmsical instru- 
ment; nerve or tendon of an animal body; series of 
things connected or following in succession ; num- 
ber of points made in a game of billiards. (Ship- 
building.) The highest range of planks in a ship's- 
ceiling.— v. t. [imp. strung ; p. p. strung, rarely 
STRINGED (stringd); stringing.] To furnish with 
strings; to put in tune tlie strings of (a stringed in- 
strument) ; to put on a string or thread ; to make 
tense, strengthen ; to deprive of strings, strip the 
strings from.— Stringed, stringd, a. Having strings. 

— String'y, -T, a. Consisting of strings or small 
threads ; tibrous : filamentous ; capable of being 
drawn into a string, or strings ; ropy ; viscid. — 
String'iness, n. — String'^er, n. One who strings-, 
one who makes or provides strings, esp. for bows. 
(Railroad Engin.) A longitudinal sleeper. A streak 
of planking carried round the inside of a vessel on 
the under side of the beams; a long horizontal tiiu- 
ber in a frame, to tie uprights, support a floor, etc. — 
String'-halt, n. (Far.) A sudden and convulsive 
twitching of the hinder leg of a horse, — corruptly 
called spring-halt. 

Stringent, Stringency. See under Strict. 

Strip, strip, f. t. [STRIPPED (stript), stripping.] To 
pull or tear off (a covering) ; to deprive of a cover- 
ing, skin, peel; to deprive, bereave, make destitute; 
to uncover, unsheathe; to press out the last milk of, 
at a milking. — v. i. To take off clothes or co\ering, 
undress. — n. A narrow piece, comparatively long. 

— Strip'ling, 71. A youth just passing from boyhood 
to manhood; a lad. — Strip'pings, n. jil. Tlie last 
milk drawn from a cow at a milking.— Stripe, stilii, 
n. A line, or long, narrow division of anything, of 
a different color or appearance from the ground; a 
long, narrow piece attached to something of a differ- 
ent color; any linear variation of color, texture, or 
appearance; a stroke or blow, esp. one with a rod, 
strap, or scourge; a long, narrow discoloration of the 
skin made by the blow of a lash or rod. — v. t. 
[STRIPED (stript), striping.] To make stripes, forn-» 
with lines of different colm-s, variegate with stripes. 

— Striped, stript, a. Having stripes of different col- 
ors. 



A multiple fruit in tho 



Strive. See under Strife. 

Strobile, strob'il, K. (Bot.) 
form of a cone or head, 
as that of the hop or 
pine; a cone: see 
Pericarp. (Physiol.) 
An individual produ- 
cing, non-sexually, 
sexual individuals dif- 
fering from itself also 
in other respects, as 
the tape-worm. 

Stroke, etc. See under 
Strike. 

Stroll, s t r o 1, 7j. i. 

[STROLLED (strold), 

strolling.] To wan- 
der on foot, ramble 
idly or leisurely, rove, 
roam, range, stray. — 
n. A wandering on 
foot ; a walking idly 
and leisurely; a ram- 
ble. — StroU'er, n. One who strolls; a vagabond; 
vagrant. 
Strong, strong, a. [stronger («tron'ger), stron- 
gest.] Having physical active power, or great 
physical power to act ; vigorous ; having physical 
passive power ; having ability to bear or endure ; 
able to sustain attacks; not .easily subdued or taken; 
having great military or naval force ; having great 
wealth, means, or resources ; reaching a certain de- 
gree or limit, in respect to strength or numbers ; 
moving with rapidity ; violent; impetuous; naturally 
secure against the attacks of disease; sound; robust; 
adapted to make a deep or effectual impression on 




Strobile of Zainia. 



B&n, cube, fvdl ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiben, boNboN, chair, get. 



STRONTIA 



420 



STUFF 



the mind or imagination ; ardent; zealous; earnestly 
engaged; having virtues of great efficacy; or having 
a particular quality in a great degree; full of spirit; 
intoxicating ; affecting the sight forcibly ; bright ; 
vivid ; affecting the taste or smell powerf lilly ; not 
of easy digestion; solid; well established; not easily 
overthrown or altered; violent; vehement; earnest; 
having great force, vigor, power, etc., as the mind, 
intellect, or any faculty ; comprising much in few 
words ; energetic. (Stock Exchange.) Tending to 
higher prices. — Stroiiy verbs. {Oram.) VerT)s which 
form their past tenses and passive participles, not by 
adding -ed and -i, but by vowel changes, or ablaut, 
q. v.; as break, broke; get, got. — Strong'^hold, n. A 
fastness; fort.or fortress; fortified place; place of se- 
curity. — Strong^'ly, adv. In a strong manner; with 
strength; with great force or power; firmly; forcibly; 
eagerly. — Strength, n. Quality or state of being 
strong; capacity for exertion or endurance, whether 
physical, intellectual, or moral; quality of bodies by 
which they endure the application of force without 
breaking or yielding; power of resisting attacks; ef- 
fective power in an institution or enactment; legal 
or moral force; one who, or that which, is regarded 
as embodying: force, strength, or firmness; amount 
or numbers of any body, as of an army, navy, etc.; 
vigor of style, force of expression, — said of a literary 
work; intensity or degree of the distinguishing and 
essential element; vehemence; force. — Strength''en, 
V. t. [-ENED (-nd), -ENING.] To make strong or 
stronger, add strength to; to fix in resolution; to 
cause to increase in power or security; to invigorate, 
confirm, establish, fortify, animate, encourage. — v. 
i. To grow strong or stronger. 

Strontia, stron-'shl-a, -tian, -shT-an, n. {Min.) An in- 
fusible grayish-white earth, the oxide of strontium: 
the nitrate of strontia is used in red fireworks. 

Strop, strop, n. A strip of leather, or of wood covered 
with leather or other suitable material, for sharpen- 
ing razors, etc. (Raut.) A piece of rope spliced 
circularly, and put round a block for hanging it. — 
V. t. [STKOPPED (stropt), -PING.] -To draw over a 
strop with a view to sharpen. 

Strophe, stro'fe, n.; pi. -phes, -fez. {Anc. Poet.) 
That part of a choral ode which was sung in turning 
from the right to the left of the orchestra. 

Strove. See 'Strive. 

Strow. Same as Steew. 

Struck. See Steike. 

Structure, struk''chur, n. Act of building; manner 
of building ; form'; construction ; arrangement of 
parts, organs, or constituent particles; manner of or- 
ganization; a building of any kind; edifice. — Struc'- 
tural, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. 

Straggle, strug'gl, V. i. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To 
strive, or to make efforts with contortions of the 
body ; to use great efforts, labor hard ; to be in 
agony, labor in any kind of difficulty or distress; 
to contend, endeavor. — n. Great labor ; forcible 
effort to obtain an object, or to avoid an evil; con- 
tention ; strife ; contortions of extreme distress ; 
agony. — Strug'^gler, n. 

Strum, strum, v. i. and t. To tlirum; to play (on a 
piano, etcO in a coarse, noisy way. 

Struma, stroo-'ma, n. (Med.) Same as Sceoeula, q. 
v., — sometimes applied to bronchocele or goitre. 
(Bot.) The swelling or protuberance of any organ. 
— Strumose'', -mos', Stru'mous, -mus, a. Scrofu- 
lous ; having struma, or swellings in the glands. 

Strumpet, strum'pet, n. A prostitute; harlot. 

Strung. See Steing. 

Strut, strut, V. i. To walk affectedly with a lofty, 
proud gait and erect head. — n. Affectation of dig- 
nity in walking. (Arch.) A piece of timber oblique- 
ly placed from a king- or queen-post to strengthen a 
rafter or a horizontal piece ; a brace : see Frame 
or Queen-post. (Mach.) Any part of a machine or 
structure, of which the principal function is to hold 
things apart. 

Strychnia, strik^'nt-a, -nine, -nin, n. (Chem.) A white, 
crystalline vegetable alkaloid, having an intensely 
bitter taste; it is a very energetic and deadly tetanic 
poison, obtained from nux vomica, but in minute 
doses is a valuable medicine. 

Stab, stub, n. The stump of a tree, esp. of a small 




Stud-bolt. 



tree, or shrub; the part of a leaf left in a check- 
book, etc., after the check is removed, to preserve 
memoranda concerning the check; anything short 
and thick ; a short remnant, as of a cigar. — v. t. 
[stubbed (stubdX -bing.] To grub up by the roots, 
extirpate; to strike (the toes) against a fixed object. 

— Stub-'bed, a. Short and thick. — Stub-'bedness, n. 

— Stub'ble, -bl, n. The stumps of wheat, rye, bar- 
ley, oats, or buckwheat, left in the ground. — Stub'- 
born, a. Unreasonably obstinate; not to be moved 
or persuaded by reasons; persevering; steady; con- 
stant ; stiff' ; not flexible; enduring without com- 
plaint; hardy; firm; not easily melted or worked; ob- 
durate; headstrong; stiff; refractory; intractable; 
rugged; contumacious; heady. — Stub'by, -hi, a. 
Abounding with stubs; short and thick; short and 
strong. — Stub'-nail, w. A nail broken off ; a short, 
thick naQ. 

Stucco, stuk'ko, n. Plaster of any kind used as a 
coating for walls; esp., a fine plaster, used for inter- 
nal decorations and nice work; work made of stuc- 
co. —v. <. [stuccoed (-kod), stuccoing.] To over- 
lay with stucco or fine plaster. 

Stuck. See Stick. 

Stud, stud, n. (Arch.) An upright scantling, small 
timber, or joist between the main posts of a frame. 
A kind of ornamental nail with a large head; a kind 
of ornamental button or catch for a shirt. (Mach.) 
A short rod, fixed in and projecting from something ; 
a boss or protuberance. — v. t. To adorn with studs or 
knobs; to set thickly with studs, shining ornaments, 
etc. — Stud-'-bolt, n. A bolt 
with threads on both ends, to 
be screwed into a fixed part at 
one end and receive a nut up- 
on the other; a standing-bolt. , 

— Stud'ding, ?i. Material for ■ 
studs or joists; studs. — Stud'- 
ding-sail, n. (Naut.) A light 
sail set on a projecting spar 
outside of a principal or square sail in free winds to 
increase a vessel's speed: see Sail. 

Stud, stud, n. A collection of breeding horses and 
mares; or the place where they are kept. — Stud'- 
book, n. A register of pure-bred horses of any one 
breed. 

Study, stud'T, n. Application of the mind to books, 
arts, science, or any subject, to learn what is not be- 
fore known; thoughtful attention; meditation; con- 
trivance; any particular branch of learning that is 
studied; any object of attentive consideration; an 
apartment devoted to study or to literary employ- 
ment. (Fine Arts.) A work undertaken for improve- 
ment in an art, and often left incomplete; a sketch 
from nature, to be used in the composition of more 
finished works. — v. i. To fix the mind closely upon 
a subject; to muse; to apply the mind to books or 
learning ; to endeavor diligently. — v. t. [studied 
(-id), -ting.] To apply the mind to; to consider at- 
tentively; to con over, commit to memory. — StU''- 
dentt n. One engaged in study; one who studies or 
examines; a scholar; one devoted to books; a book- 
ish man. — Stud'ied, -id, p. a. (Closely examined; 
well considered; well versed in any branch of learn- 
ing; qualified by study; premeditated. — Stu'^dious, 
-dt-us, a. Given to study; given to thought, or to 
the examination of subjects by contemplation; con- 
templative; eager to discover something, or to effect 
some object; diligent; attentive to; careful; planned 
with study; favorable to study. — Stu'^dio, -dt-o, n.; 
pi. -os,,-oz. The workshop of an artist. 

Stufa, stoo'fa, n. A jet of steam issuing from a fis- 
sure in the earth. 

Stuff, stuf , n. Material to be worked up in anv pro- 
cess of manufacture ; woven material ; cloth not 
made into garments; a textile fabric made entirely 
of worsted; refuse or worthless matter; foolish or 
irrational language; nonsense. — v. t. [stuffed 
(stuff), stuffing.] To fill by crowding, load to ex- 
cess; to thrust, crowd, press; to fill by being put 
into; to fill with seasoning; to obstruct, as any of 
the organs; to fill the skin of (animals) for the pur- 
pose of preserving as a specimen; to form or fashion 
by stuffing; to crowd with facts, cram the mind of. 

— V. i. To feed gluttonously. — Stuffy, -Y, a. An. 



fim, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, 5ve, tSrm ; Xn. ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



STULTIFY 



421 



SUBCOMMITTEE 




fry and obstinate ; sulky ; ill-ventilated ; close. — 
tuE'ineBS, w. — Stuft'^ing, n. That whicli is used 
for tilling anything; seasoning lor meat. — Stuff 'ing- 
box, n. An arrangement for rendering 
a joint tight where a movable rod passes 
into a vessel of some kind, as the cylin- 
der of a steam-engine. 
Stultify-, stuKti-fi, V. t. [-FIED (-fid), -fy- 
IKU.J To make foolish; to make a fool 
of. {Law.) To allege or prove to be in- 
sane, for avoiding some act. 
Stun, stum, n. Unfermented grape-juice 
or wine; must; wine revived by_new 
fermentation, from admixture of must. 
— V. t. To renew (wine) by mixing must 
with it, and raising a new fermentation. 
Stumble, stum'bl, v. i. [-bled (-bid), -bliisu.] To 
trip in walking or moving in any way upon the 
legs; to walk in a bungling or unsteady manner; to 
elide into a crime or an error; to err; to fall or light 
bv chance. — n. A trip in walking or running ; 
blunder; failure. — StTim''bling-block, -stone, n. A 
block or stone that causes stumbling; any cause of 
stumbling or error. 
Stump, stump, n. The part of a tree or plant remain- 
ing in the earth after the stem or trunk is cutoff; 
part of a limb or other body remaining after a part 
IS amputated or destroyed; a fixed or rooted rem- 
nant of something; a stub; a rod, or frame of rods, 
used in the game of cricket; a short, thick roll of 
leather or paper, cut to a point, and used to' shade or 
color a crayon or pencil drawing, pi. Legs. — v. t. 
[STIIMPED (stumt), STUMPING.] To Strike (anything 
fixed and hard) with the toe ; to cut off a part of, re- 
duce to a stump; to challenge; to travel over, deliv- 
ering speeches for electioneering purposes; to knock 
down (the stump or wicket in cricket-playing). — 
Stump'y, -X, a. Full of stumps; short and thick ; 
stubby. 
Stan, stun, v. t. [STUircfED (stund), -ijing.] To make 
senseless or dizzy with a blow on the head; to over- 
come ; esp., to overpower the sense of hearing of; 
to surprise completely. — Sttm-'ner, n. One who, or 
that which, stuns, — often vulgarly applied to what- 
ever overpowers Dy astonishment. 
Stung. See Stixg. 
Stunk. See Stink. 

Stunt, stunt, v. t. To hinder frOm growth, prevent 
the growth of.— w. A check in growth, or that which 
has Been checked in its growth; a stunted thing. 
Stupe, stup, n. {Med.) Cloth or flax dipped in warm 

medicaments and applied to a sore; fomentation. 
Stupefy, stu'pe-ii, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To 
make stupid, blunt the faculty of perception or un- 
derstanding in, deprive of sensibility. — Stupefac''- 
tion, n. Act of stupefying ; a stupid or senseless 
state; insensibility; stupidity. — Stupefac'tive, -tiv, 
o. Causing insensibility; deadening or blunting the 
sense of feeling or understanding.— Stu'pefi'er, n.— 
Stupen'doua, -dus, a. Astonishing ; wonderful ; 
amazing; esp., of astonishing magnitude or eleva- 
tion. — Stu'pid, a. Very dull; wanting in under- 
standing; grossly foolish; in a state of stupor, — said 
of persons; resulting from, or evincing, stupidity,— 
sail of things; simple; insensible; sluggish; sense- 
less; doltish; sottish; dull; heavy.— Stupid'ity, -T-tt, 
II. State or quality of being stupid; exTtreme dull- 
ness of perception or understanding. — Stu'por, n. 
Great diminution or suspension of sensibility: numb- 
ness; intellectual insensibility; moral stupidity. 
Sfcupratlon, stu-pra''shun, n. Violation of chastity by 
to ce; rape. , ^ ,. , , , . 

Sturdy, ster'dT, a. [-dier ; -diest.] Foolishly obsti- 
nate; characterized by strength or fo-ce; stiff; stout; 
strong; robust; vigorous. — Stur'dily, «'''('. 
Sturgeon, ster'jun, n. A large cartilaginous fish, sev- 
eral species of 
which are 
found in N. 
Europe, in 
the Black and 
Caspian Seas 
and their trib- 




Sturgeon. 



ntaries, in the lakes of North America, etc. 
Stutter, Btufter, v. i. [-tered (-tSrd), -tering.] To 



hesitate in uttering words, stammer. — i.. The act 
of stuttering. » 

Sty, sti, n. Qled.) An inflamed tumor on the edge 
of the eyelid. A pen or inclosure for swine; a place 
of bestial debauchery. — v. t. To shut up in a sty. 

Stygian, stij't-an, a. Of, or pert, to, Styx, fabled by 
the ancients to be a nver of hell over which the 
shades of the dead passed, or the region of the dead; 
hellish; infernal. 

Style, stil, n. An instrument used by the ancients in 
writing on tablets covered with wax ; a sharp-pointed 
tool used in engraving ; a pointed surgical instru- 
ment ; mode of expressing thought in language, 
whether oral or written; choice of words; mode of 
presentation, esp. in music or any of the fine arts ; 
regard to what is deemed elegant and appropriate, 
esp. in literary composition or in social demean- 
or ; fashion; mode or phrase by which anything is 
formally designated ; the title ; official design£.tiou. 
(Chron.) A mode of reckoning time. — v.t. [styled 
(stild), STYLING.] To give a title to in addressing ; 
to call, name, designate, characterize. — [In chronol- 
ogy, the Old Style follows the manner of computing 
the months and days established by Julius Csesar, 
according to which every 4th year consists of 366 
dayS; and the other years of 365 days. This is about 
11 minutes in a year too much. Pope Gregory XIII. 
reformed the calendar by retrenching 10 daj-s in Oct., 
1582, in order to bring back the vernal equinox to the 
same day as at the time of the council of Nice, a. d. 
325. This reformation was adopted by act of Parlia- 
ment in G. Britain in 1751, by which act 11 days in 
Sept., 1752, were retrenched, and the 3d day was reck- 
oned the 14th. This mode of reckoning is called New 
Style, according to which every year divisible by 4 
(unless it is divisible by 100 without being divisible 
by 400), has 366 days, and any othej- year 365 days.] 

— StyKet, n. A small poniard or dagger; stiletto. — 
Styl'ish, o. Given to, or fond of, the display of 
style; highly fashionable ; modish; genteel. — StyK- 
ist, n. One attentive to style; a critic of style; a mas- 
ter or model of style. 

Style, stil, n. The pin or ^omon of a dial. (Bot.) The 
cylindrical and tapering portion of the pistil be- 
tween the ovary and the stigma: see Anther.^ 
Sty^ar, a. Of, or pert, to, the style of a dial. 

Styptic, stip'^tik, n. (Med.) A medicament which 
serves to arrest hemorrhage when applied to the 
bleeding part, — often used synonymously with as- 
tringent.— Styp'tic, -tical, a. Producing contraction ; 
having the quality of restraining hemorrhage: as- 
tringent. — St3T)tic'ity, -tis^'I-tt, n. Quality of be- 
ing styptic; astringency. 

Suasion, swa'^zhun, n. Act of persuading; persuasion. 

— Sua'sive, -siv, a. Having power to persuade ; in- 
fluencing the mind or passions; persuasive. — Sua'- 
gory, -so-rT, a. Tending to persuade. — Suave, swav, 
a. Pleasant; agreeable; gracious.— Suav'ity, swftv'- 
t-tt, n. That which is sweet or pleasing to the mind; 
agreeableness; softness; pleasantness; gentleness. 

Subacid, sub-as'ld, a. Moderately acid or sour. 

Subalpine, sub-aKpin, a. Approximately alpine ; be- 
longing to a region next below alpine. 

Subaltern, sub-awKtern, a. Ranked or ranged below; 
subordinate; inferior. — re. One holding a subor- 
dinate position ; a commissioned military- officei be- 
low the rank of a captain.— Sub'alter'nate, a. Suc- 
ceeding by turns; successive; subordinate: inferior. 

Subaqueous, sub-a'kwe-us, a. Being beneath the sur- 
face of water. {Geol.) Formed in or under water. 

Subastral, sub-as^'tral, a. Beneath the -stars or heav- 
j ens: terrestrial. 

Subastringent, sub-as-trin'jent, a. Astringent in a 
small degree; moderately astringent. 
1 Subaudition, sub-aw-dish'un, n. Act of understand- 
ing something not expressed. 
. Sub-base, -bass, sub'bas, n. {Mns.) The deepest pedal 
stop, or the lowest tones of an organ ; the funda- 
mental base. 

Subchanter, sub-chant'er, n. An underchanter ; a 
deputy of the precentor of a cathedral. 

Subcommittee, sub-kom-mit'te, a. An under com- 
mittee; a part or division of a committee; a small 
committee appointed from the members of a larger 
committee. 



eiin, cube, fijll ; moon, fdSt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxboN, chair, get. 



SUB-CONTRARY 



422 



SUBMIT 



Sub-contrary, sub-kon'tra-rt. a. Contrary in an in- 
ferior degree. {Geoin.) Having, or being, in a con- 
trary order — said of a section of an oblique cone with 
acircularbasecut by a plane not parallel to the base, 
but inclined to the axis, so that the section is a cir- 
cle, — applied also to 2 similar triangles when so 
placed as to have a common angle at the vertex, the 
opposite sides not being parallel. (Loyic.) Charac- 
terizing the relation of opposition between the par- 
ticular affirmative and particular negative; also, ap- 
plied to the relation between 2 attributes which 
coexist in the same substance, yet in such a way 
that the more there is of one, tne less there is of 
the other. — n. {Logic.) A sub-contrary proposi- 
tion ; a proposition inferior or contrary in a lower 
degree. 

Subcataneoris, sub-ku-taCne-us, a. Situated under 
tlie skin; pert, to or acting upon what is under the 
skin : hypodermic. 

Sub-deacon, sub-de'kn, n. {Rom. Cath. Ch.) One be- 
longing to a clerical order next below that of deacon. 

SubdeanT sub-den'', 'rt. An under dean; a dean's sub- 
stitute or vicegerent. — Subdean^'ery, -er-T, n. Office 
and rank of subdean. 

Subdivide, sub-dTf-vid', v. t. To divide the parts of 
into more parts ; to divide again (what has already 
been divided). — v. i. To be subdivided. — Subdi- 
vis'ion, -vizh'un, n. Act of subdividing, or separa- 
ting a part into smaller parts ; part of a thing made 
by subdividing. 

Subdominant, sub-dom^'t-nant, n. {Mm.) The 4th 
tone above the tonic, — so called as being under the 
dominant. 

Subduct, sub-dukt', v. t. To withdraw, take away ; 
to subtract by arithmetical operation. — Subduc'- 
tion, n. Act of, etc. ; arithmetical subtraction. — 
Subdue, -du', v. t. [-dued (-dud'), -duixg.] To 
bring under, conquer by force or the exertion of 
superior power, and bring into permanent subjec- 
tion; to overpower so as to disable from further re- 
sistance ; to overpower and destroy the force of ; to 
overcome by discipline, bring under, tame; to over- 
come by persuasion, or other mild means: to reduce 
to tenderness; to make mellow, break (land), de- 
stroy (weeds). 

Suberic, su-ber'ik, a. {Chem.) Of, pert, to, or ex- 
tracted from, cork. 

Subfamily, sub'tam'T-lT, n. {Nat. Hht.) A subordi- 
nate family ; a division of a family. 

Subgenus, sub''je'nus, n. {Nat. Hist.) A subdivision 
of a genus, comprehending one or more species. 

PjUbito, su'^bt-to, ac?z;. {JIus.) In haste; rapidly. 
lUbjacent, sub-ja'sent, a. Lving under or below ; 
being in a lower situation, tnough not directly be- 
neath. — Sub'ject, a. Placed or situate under ; 
placed under the power and dominion of another ; 
exposed; liable; obnoxious; tributary. — n. That 
"which is placed under the authority, dominion, or 
influence of something else; esp., one brought under 
the authority of a ruler; that which is brought under 
any physical operation or process, or under thought 
or exahiination, or is taken up for discussion ; per- 
son treated of. {Logic a.nd Gram.) That of which 
anythdng is affirmed or predicated ; that which is 
spoken of. That in which any quality, attribute, 
or relation, whether spiritual or material, inheres, 
or to which any of these appertain; substance; that 
substance or being which is conscious of its own op- 
erations; thethinking agent or principal. {Mus.)The 
principal melody or theme of a movement. {Anai.) 
A dead bod^"^ for the purposes of dissection. — Sub- 
ject'', V. t. To bring under the control, power, do- 
minion, or action of ; to subdue, enslave; to expose, 
make liable; to submit, make accountable ; to make 
subservient ; to cause to undergo. — Subjec'tion, n. 
Act of subjecting or bringing under the dominion of 
another ; state of being subject. — Subjecfive, -iv, 
a. Of, or pert, to, a subject; pert, to, or derived from, 
one's own consciousness, — disting. fr. external 
observation. — Subjectively, adv. In a subjective 
manner ; in relation to the subject. — Subjectiv''- 
ity, -iv'I-tr, n. State of being subjective; that which 
is treated in a subjective manner. — SulD'ject-niat'- 
ter, n. The matter or thought presented for con- 
sideration in some statement or discussion. 



Subjoin, sub-join', v. t. To add after something else 
has been said or written : to annex, unite, coalesce. 

— Subjimc'tion. -junk'shun, n. Act of subjoining, 
or state of being subjoined. — Subjunc'tive, -tiv, a. 
Subjoined or added to something before said or writ- 
ten. — «. {Grain.) The subjunctive mode. — Sub- 
junctive mode. ( Grain.) That form of a verb wliich 
expresses condition, hypothesis, contingency, and is 
subjoined or added as subordinate to some other 
verb, and often connected with it by if, that, though, 
lest. inile.<s, exa-'pt, until, etc. 

Subjugate, sub'ju-gat, v. t. To subdue and bring 
under the yoke of pofrer or dominion ; to compel to 
submit to the absolute control of another ; to con- 
quer, vanquish, overcome. — Subjuga'tion, v. Act 
of subjugating or bringing under the power or ab- 
solute control of another. " 

Subjunction, Subjunctive. See under Subjoin. 

Sublapsarian, sub-lap-sa'rT-an, a. Of, or pert, to, 
the Suljlapsarians, or their opinions. — n. One of 
that class of Calvinists who consider the decree of 
election as contemplating the apostasy as past, and 
the elect as chosen from beings already in a fallen 
and guilt}' state. 

Sublet, sublet', v. t. To underlet; to lease, as a lessee 
to another person. 

Sublime, sub-lim'', a. Lifted up high in place; distin- 
guished by loftj' or noble traits; eminent; awaken- 
ing or expressing the emotion of awe, adoration, 
veneration, heroic resolve, etc.; elevated by joy; 
elate. — n. A grand or lofty style. — v. t. [^sublimed 
(-llmd'), -LiMiXG.] To bring" to a state of vapor by 
heat, and condense again by cold; to sublimate; to 
exalt, heighten, improve; to'dignify, ennoble. — v. i. 
To be brought or changed into a state of vapor by 
heat, and then condensed by cold, as a solid sub- 
stance.— Sublim-'ity, -llni'i-ti, n. State of being sub- 
lime; elevation of place; lofty height; nobleness of 
nature or character; eminence; an elevated feeling 
of astonishment and awe, at the contemplation of 
great scenes and objects, or of exalted excellence; 
loftiness of sentiment or style; grandeur; magnifi- 
cence.— Sub'limate, -It-mat, V. t. To bring by heat 
into the state of vapor, which, on cooling", returns 
again to the solid state; to refine and exalt, heighten, 
elevate. — n. {Chem.) The product of a sublimation. 

— a. Brought into a state of vapor by heat, and again 
condensed, as solid substances. — 'Sublima''tion, n. 
Act of subUmating, or state of being sublimated; act 
of heightening or improving; exaltation; elevation. 

Sublunar, sub-lu'nar, Sub'lunary, -lu-na-rT, a. Situ- 
ated beneath the moon; earthly; pert, to this world. 

Submarine, sub-ma-ren', a. Being, acting, or grow- 
ing, under water in the sea. 

Submediant, sub-me'dl-ant, n. {Mus.) The 6th tone 
of the scale; the pre4.ominant. 

Submerge, sub-merj', v. t. [-merged (-merjd'), -mee- 
GiNG.J To put under water, plunge; to cover or over- 
flow with water, drown. — v. i. To plunge, as into 
water or other fluid; to be completely included or 
incorporated. — Submer'gence, -jens, n. Act of, or 
state of being, etc. — Submerse', -mersed', -mersf, 
a. {Bot.) Being or growing under water, as the leaves 
of aquatic plants. — Submer'sion, n. Act of sub- 
merging, or putting under water or other fluid, or of 
causing to be overflowed; state of being put under 
water or other fluid. 

Submit, sub-mit', v. t. To yield, resign, or surrender 
to power, will, or authority ; to leave or commit to 
the discretion or judgment of another or others; to 
refer. — v. i. To yitTd one's person to the power of 
another; to yield one's opinion to the opiTilon or au- 
thority of another: to acquiesce in the authority of 
another; to be submissive, yield without murmur- 
ing, surrender, acquiesce, comply. — Submis'sion, 
-mish'un, n. Act of submitting: act of yielding to 
power or authority: obedience; state of being sub- 
missive; acknowledgment of inferiority or depend- 
ence; meekness; resignation; acknowledgment of a 
fault; confession of error. {Law.) An agreement 
by which parties engage to submit any matter of 
controversy between them to the decision of arbitra- 
tors. — Submis'sive, -siv, a. Inclined or ready to 
submit; obedient; compliant; yielding; obsequious; 
subservient; humble; modest; passive. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; tn. Ice ; Odd, tone, Qr ; 



SUBMULTIPLE 



423 



SUBTERRANEAN 



Subnmltiple, sub-muKtl-pl, n. {Math.) A number 
or quautity which is coutaiued in another an exact 
number of times, or is an aliquot part of it. 

Sabnascent, sub-nas'sent^ a. Growing underneath. 

Subordinate, sub-Sr'dl-uat, a. Placed in a lower class i 
or rank; holding a lower position; inferior iu order, 
nature, disunity, power, importance, etc. — n. One I 
who stands iu order or rank below another. — v.t. \ 
To place in a lower order; to make, or consider as, ' 
of less value; to subject or subdue. — Subor'dina''- 
tion, n. Act of subordinatiug, placinjf iu a lower or- 
der, or subjecting; state of being bubordiuatt; in- 
feriority of rank or dignity: subjection ; place of 
rank among inferiors. — Subor''dinacy. -dl-nu-sT, «. 
State of beiug subordinate, or subject to control. { 

Suborn, sub-drn', v. t. [-orxel) (-ornd), -uk.nixg.] 
{Law.) To procure or cause to take a false oath > 
amounting to i)erjury. To procure privately, or by i 
collusion or bribery (false testimony, etc.). — Subof- ' 
na'tion, n. {Late.) Act of suborning; crime of pro- 
curing a person to take such a false oath as consti- 
tutes perjury. Crime of piucuring one to do a crim- j 
inal or bad action. — Suborn'er. n. 

Suboval, sub-o'val, a. Somewliat oval; nearlj' oval. 

Subpoena, -pena, sub-pe-'na., ?;. {Law.) A writ com- 
manding the attendance iu court of the person on 
whom it is served, as a witness, etc., under a penal- 
ty. — V. t. [-x.\ED (-nad), -naing.] {Law.) To 
serve with a writ of subpoena; to command attend- 
ance in court by a legal writ, under a penalty in 
case of disobedience. 

Subrector, sub-rek'ter, n. A rector's deputy or sub- 
stitute. 

Subreption, sub-rep'shun, n. Act of obtaining a fa- 
vor by surprise or unfair representation. 

Snbsalt, sub'sawlt, ?i. {Chem.) An oxysalt contain- 
ing a less number of equivalents of the acid than of 
the base, or in which the latter is a suboxide; a hal- 
oid salt, or analogous compound, in which the num- 
ber of equivalents of the electro-negative constitu- 
ent is less than that of the electro-positive constituent. 

Subscribe, sub-skrib', v. t. [-scribed (-skribdO, 
-SCRIBIXG.] To write underneath, sign with one's 
own hand, bind one's self by writing one's name 
beneath; to attest by writing one's name beneath; 
to promise to give, by writing one's- name. — v.i. 
To give consent to something written, by signing 
one's name; to assent, agree; to promise to give a 
certain sum by setting one's name to a paper; to en- 
ter ope's name for a newspaper, book, etc. — Sub'- 
script, -skript, w. Anything underwritten,— a. Writ- 
ten below or underneath. — Subscrip'tion, n. Act 
of subscribing; that which is subscribed; a paper to 
which a signature is attached; signature attached to 
a paper; consent or attestation given by underwrit- 
ing the name; sum subscribed; amount of sums sub- 
scribed. 

Subsellium, siib-seKlf-um, n. ; pi. -lY-a. {Eccl. Arch.) 
A small shelving seat in the 
stalls of churches or cathe- 
drals; a miserere. ^li' 

Subsequent, sub''se-kwent, a. 
Following in time; coming 
or being after something else 
at any time; following m or- 
der of place. — Sub'^sequent- 
ly, adv. — Sub'^sequence, 
-quency, -kwen-sf, n. State 
of being subsequent, or of 
coming after something. 

Subserve, sub-serY', r. t. 
[-SERVED (-servd'), -serv- 




Subsellium. 



ING.J To serve in subordination or instrumentally; 
to be subservient to, help forward, promote. — v. i. 
To be subservient or subordinate. — Subserv'ient, -T- 
-ent, a. Fitted or disposed to subserve; useful in an 
inferior capacity; subordinate; inferior; submissive. 
— Subserv'ience, -iency, -f-en-sT, n. Condition of be- 
ing subservient; use or operation that promotes some 
purpose. 
Subside, sub-sTd', i\ i. To sink or fall to the bottom; to 
become tranquil, abate: to tend downward, descend, 
sink. — Subsid'ence, -ency, -en-sT, n. Act or pro- 
cess of subsiding, settling, or falling; act of sinking 
or gradually descending;' act of becoming tranquil. 



— Sub'sidy, -sl-df , w. Support; aid; esp., extraordi- 
nary aid in money rendered to a sovereign, or to a 
friendly power; money paid by one prince or nation 
to another, to purchase the service of auxiliary 
troops; money paid by government to aid a private- 
enterprise (line of steamers, etc.) of advantage to the 
state. — Subsid'iary, -I-a-rT, a. Furnishing a subsi- 
dy; serving to help; assistant; auxiliary. — n. One 
w"ho, or that which, contributes aid ; an assistant : 
auxiliary. — Sub'sidize, -st-diz, v. t. [-dized (-dlzd j. 
-Dizixo.] To purchase the assistance of by the pay- 
ment of a subsidy. _ 

Subsist, sub-sist', v. i. To be, have existence, inhere; 
to continue; to be supported, live. — v.t. To suj)- 
port with provisions, feed, maintain. — Subsist- 
ence, -ens, n. Real being; state of being subsistent; 
inherency ; means of support ; provisions, or that 
which procures provisions. — Subsist^ent, a. Hav- 
ing real being; inherent. 

Subsoil, sub'soil, n. The bed or stratum of earth im- 
mediately beneath the surface soil. 

Sub-species, sub-spe'shez, n. A subordinate species: 
division of a species. 

Substance, sub'stans, n. That which underlies all out- 
ward manifestations; substratum: that which con- 
stitutes anything what it is; nature; real or existing 
essence ; the most important element in any exist- 
ence; the characteristics of anything; the matter as 
distiug. from the form of a tiling; essential or im- 
portant part; purport; anything which has a material 
form; body; matter; estate; property. — Substan''- 
tial, -stau'shal, a. Belonging to substance; actual- 
ly existing; not seeming or imaginary; real; true? 
corporeal; material; having good substance; strong: 
stout; solid; possessed of goods or estate; moderate- 
ly wealthy.— Substan'tiaKity, -she-aKl-tl, n. State 
of being substantial ; corporeity; materialitj'. — Sub- 
stan''tials,_-shalz, n. pi. Essential parts.— Substan'- 
tiate, -shf-at, v. t. To make to exist; to establish by 
proof or competent evidence, verify. — Sub'stantive, 
-stau-tiv, a. Betokening, or expressing existence. — 
n. {Oram.) A noun; the part of speech which desig- 
nates something that exists, or some object of 
thought, either material or immaterial. ^ Sub''stan- 
tively, adv. In a substantive manner; iu substance; 
essentially. {Gram.) As a substantive name, or 
noun. — Substantiv'al, -tiv'al, a. Of, pert, to, or in 
the nature of a substantive. 

Substitute, sub-'stT-tut, v. t. To put in the place of 
another, exchange. — n. One who, or that which, 
is substituted or put in place of another. — Sub- 
stitu'^tion, n. Act of substituting or putting one 
person or thing in the place of another; state of be 
ing siibstituted for another person or thing. ( Theol. 
The doctrine that Christ suffered vicariously. 

Substratum, sub-stra'tum, n. ; pi. -stra'ta, -ta. Thi>' 
which is laid or spread under; a layer of earth lyir . 
under another. {Agric.) The subsoil. {3Ietaph' 
The permanent subject or cause ofphenomena; sub 
stance — Sub''strate, -strat, a. Having very sligh ' 
furrows. 

Substruction, sub-struk'shun, n. Under-buildin<r • 
foundation. — Substructure, -chur, n. An under 
structure; a foundation. 

Subttyle, sub^'stil, n. A right line, on which the sty . .- 
or gnomon of a dial is erected. 

Subsultoiy, sub-sul'to-rt, a. Bounding; leaping; mo\^ 
ing by stidden leaps or starts. 

Subtangent, sub-tan''jent, n. {Geom.) The part of tli*- 
axis contained between the ordi- 
nate and tangent drawn to the 
same point in"a curve. 

Subtend, sub-tend'', r. i. To ex- 
tend under, or be opposite to. 
— Subtense, -tens'", rt. {Geom.) 
The line subtending or stretch- 
ing across; the chord. „„ „,,♦„* „„,.t,„i„ . 

Subterfluent, sub-ter'fiu-ent, -flu- '"'ci\%f ilifh 
ous, -us, a. Running under or tangent to curve at 
beneath. c; c d, ordinate to 

Subterfuge, sub'ter-fuj, ?(. That axis from c ; tZ «, sub- 
to which a person i-esorts for es- tangent. 
cape or concealment ; a shift ; evasion ; prevarica' 
tion: quibble; excuse. 

Subterranean, sub-ter-ra''ne-an, -neous, -ne-us, a. Be- 




sun, cube, full ; moon, f(56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



SUBTILE 



424 



SUET 



ing or lying under the surface of the earth; situated 
"writhin the earth, or under ground. 

3abtile, sub'' til, a. Thin; not dense or gross ; rare ; 
delicately constituted or constructed ; nice ; fine ; 
delicate ; acute ; piercing ; chai-acterized by acute- 
ness of mind ; refined ; sly ; crafty ; insinuating ; 
shrewd; artful; cunning. — Sub'^tileness, -til'lty, n. 
Quality of being subtile; subfilty. — Sub'tiliza'tion, 
n. Act of making subtile, fine, or thin. {Chem.) The 
operation of making so volatile as to rise in steam or 
vapor. Refinement; extreme acuteness. — Sub'til- 
ize, V. t. f-izED (-Tzd), -izisg.'] To make thin or 
fine, make less gross or coarse; to refine. — v. i. To 
refine in argument, make very nice distinctions. — 
Sub'tilty, n. State or quality of being subtile; thin- 
ness; fineness; refinement; extreme acuteness; sly- 
ness; cunning; artifice. — Subfle, sufl, a. [-lee; 
LEST.] Sly in design ; artful ; ciinning; insinuating; 
junningly devised. — Subt'^leness, Subt'lety, -1-tI, n. 
Quality of being subtle, or sly; cunning; craftiness; 
artfulness ; acuteness of intellect ; shrewdness. — 
Subt'ly, adv. In a subtle manner; slyly; artfully; 
nicely; delicately. 

Subtonic, sub-ton'ik, w. (Pron.) An elementary sound 
or element of speech having a partial vocaUty; a 
vocal or sonant consonant. 

Subtract, sub-trakt', v. t. To withdraw or take a 
part from the rest; to deduct.— Subtraction, ?i. Act 
or operation of subtracting or deducting. (Math.) 
The taking of a lesser number or quantity from a 
greater of the same kind or denomination. — Sub- 
trac'tive, -tiv, a. Tending or having power to sub- 
tract. (Math.) Preceded by the sign minus. — Sute''- 
trahend',^ -tra-hend', n. (Math.) The sum or num- 
ber to be subtracted or taken from another. 

Sub-treasury, sub-trezh'u-rt, n. A subordinate treas- 
ury or place of deposit, as for the income derived 
from various sources of revenue in a district remote 
from the capital of a state or nation. 

Suburb, sub'erb, n. An out-lying part of a city or 
town ; a smaller place immediately adjacent to a 
large city; pi. the region on the confines of any city 
or large town; outskirts. — Subur^ban, a. Pert, to, 
inhabiting, or being in, the suburbs of a city. — n. 
A dweller in the suburbs of a city. 

Sub-variety, sub-va^ri''e-tY, n. A subordinate variety 
or division of_a variety. 

Subvene, sub-ven'',r. i. [-vejSTeb (-vendQi -veking.] 
To come under or happen. — Subven-'tioii, -vSn''- 
shun, n. Act of coming under; a government aid or 
bounty. 

Subvert, sub-vert'', v. t. To overthrow from the 
foundation, ruin utterly; to pervert, as the mind, 
and turn it from the truth; to overturn, invert, re- 
verse, corrupt, confound. — Subvert''ible, a. Capa- 
ble of being subverted. — Subver'^sion, -shun, n. Act 
of subvertmg, or state of being subverted ; entire 
overthrow; utter ruin. — Subver-'sive, -siv, a. Tend- 
ing to subvert or overthrow and ruin. 

Succedaneous,_etc. See under Succeed. 

Succeed, suk-sed', v. t. To follow in order, take the 
place of ; to come after, be subsequent or conse- 
quent, follow, pursue. — v. i. To come next in 
order; to come in the place of another; to ascend 
the throne after the removal or death of the occu- 
pant; to obtain the object desired, have a prosper- 
ous termination; to be received with general favor. 

— Succeed''er, n. One who succeeds ; one who fol- 
lows or comes in the place of another; a successor. 

— Success'', n. Act of succeeding, or state of having 
succeeded ; favorable termination of anything at- 
tempted ; prosperous issue. — Success'^ful, -fm, a. 
Resulting in, assuring, or promotive of success'; ac- 
complishmg what was proposed; happy; prosperous; 
fortunate; auspicious; lucky. — Succes'sion, -sesh'- 
tm, n. Act of succeeding ; a following of things in 
order of time or place, or a series of things so fol- 
lowing; sequence; a series of persons or things ac- 
cording to some established rule of precedence; an 
order of descendants; lineage; race; power or right 
of acceding to the station or title of a father, or oth- 
er predecessor; the right to enter upon the possession 
«f the property of an ancestor, or one near of kin, or 
preceding in an established order. — Succes'sional, 
a. Pert, to, or existing in, a regular order or succes- 



sion ; consecutive. — Sncce8''sive, a. Following in 
order or uninterrupted course; coming after without 
interruption or interval. — Succes''Bively, adv. In a 
successive manner; in a series or order. — Succes'- 
sor, n. One who succeeds or follows; one who takes 
the place and part which another has left. — Suc'- 
ceda''neous, -ne-us, a. Pert, to, or acting as, a suc- 
cedaneum; supplying the place of something else. — 
Suc'ceda''neuin, ?i. ; pi. -nea, -ne-a. That which is 
used for something else; a substitute. 

Succinct, suk-sinkt'', a. Orig., girded or tucked up; 
bound; compressed into a narrow compass; short; 
brief; concise; compendious; terse. 

Succinic, suk-sin''ik, a. (Chera.) Of, pert, to, or 
drawn from, amber. 

Succor, suk'ker, v. t. [-coeed (-kerd), -coring.] To 
help or relieve when in difiiculty, want, or distress; 
to aid, assist, deliver, comfort. — n. Aid; help; as- 
sistance ; esp., assistance that delivers from diffi- 
culty, want, or distress; person or thing that brings 
relief. 

Succory, suk''ko-rT,n. A plant of several species, chic- 
ory : the bleached leaves are used as salad. 

Succotash, suk'ko-tash, n. Green corn (unripe maize) 
cut from the cob and beans boiled together. 

Succulent, suk'ku-lent, a. Full of juice; juicy.— Suc'- 
culence, -lency, -len-sl, ?i. The condition "of being 
succulent; juiciness. 

Succumb, suk-kum', v. i. [-cumbed (-kumd''), -cumb- 
iXG.] To yield, submit, sink unresistingly. 

Succussion, suk-kush-'un, n. Act of shaking; a shake. 
(Med.) A mode of ascertaining the existence of 
a liquid in the thorax, by shaking the body. 

Such, such, a. Of that kind, of the like kind, like, 
— followed by as before the thing to which it re- 
lates; of that' particular quality or character speci- 
fied; the same that, — with as. 

Suck, suk, V. t. [SUCKED (sukt), sucking.] To draw 
up, in, or out, as a liquid, by the action of the mouth 
and tongue ; to draw milk from, with the mouth ; to 
draw in or imbibe, by any process which resembles 
sucking ; to inhale, absorb ; to draw or drain ; to 
draw in, as a whirlpool ; to ingulf. — v. i. To draw 
by exhausting the air, as with the mouth, or with a 
tube ; to draw the breast ; to draw in, imbibe. — n. 
Act of drawijig with the mouth ; milk drawn from 
the breast by the mouth. — Suck''er, n. One who, 
or that which, sucks ; the piston of a pump ; a pipe 
through which anything is drawn ; a round piece of 
leather used by boys ; anything which adheres by 
atmospheric pressure. (Bot.) The shoot of a plant 
from the roots or lower part of the stem. (Ichth.) A 
N. Amer. fresh-water fish of several species, of the 
carp family, having a toothless, retractile, sucking 
mouth; the lump-sucker or lump-fish. — v. t. [sucK- 
ERED (-erd), -ERING.] To strip off the suckers or 
shoots from. — Suckle, -1, v. t. [-led (-Id), -lino.] 
To give suck to, nurse at the breast. — Suck''ling, n. 
A young child or animal nursed at the breast. — 
Suc'tion, -shun, n. Act of sucking or drawing (flu- 
ids) by exhausting the air. — Suctc'rial, -rl-al, a. 
Adapted for sucking; living by sucking; capable of 
adhering by suction. 

Sudatory, su''da-to-rT, n. A sweating-bath ; vapor 
bath. — a. Sweating ; perspiring. — Sudorif'^erous, 
-if''er-us, a. Producing or secreting perspiration. — 
Sudorif''ic, a. Causing sweat. — «. (Med.) A medi- 
cine that produces sweat. — Sudorip''a-rous, -ip''a- 
rus, a. (Phys.) Producing sweat. 

Sudden, sud-'den, a. Happening without previous 
notice ; coming unexpectedly ; hastily prepared or 
employed; quick ; rapid ; abrupt ; unlooked-for. — 
n. An unexpected occurrence; surprise, 

Sudoriferous, etc. See under Sudatory. 

Suds, sudz, 11. sing. Water impregnated with soap. 

Sue, su, V. t. [SUED (sud), suing.] To follow up, 
prosecute, endeavor to win. (Law.) To seek jus- 
tice or right from, by legal process ; to prosecute 
judicially; to proceed with (an action) and follow it 
up to its proper termination. (Naut.) To leave 
high and dry on shore. — v.i. To seek by request, 
make application, petition, plead ; to prosecute, 
make legal claim. (A^aut.) To be left hign and dry 
on the shore, as a ship. 

Suet, su-'et, n. The harder and less fusible fat of an 



am, fame, farj pass or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; 



SUFFER 



425 



SULPHUR 



animal about the kidneys and loins. — Surety, -et-l, 
a. Consisting of suet or resembling it. 

Suffer, suf fSr, v. t. [-feeed (-ferd), -feeing.] To 
feel or endure with pain, annoyance, etc.; to under- 
go; to endure without sinking; to be affected by; to 
allow ; not to forbid or hinder ; to permit, endure, 
support, sustain, tolerate. — v. i. To feel or un- 
dergo pain of body or mind ; to undergo punish- 
ment ; to be injured. — Sufferabls, a. Capable of 
being suffered or permitted ; allowable ; tolerable. 
— SiS^ferance, -ans, n. State of suffering ; pain en- 
dured ; submission under difficult or oppressive cir- 
cumstances ; negative consent by not forbidding or 
hindering. — Sufferer, n. One who suffers, or en- 
dures suffering ; one who permits or allows. — Suf- 
fering, n. The bearing of pain, inconvenience, or 
loss; pain endured; distress, loss, or injury incurred. 

Suffice, suf-fiz''or -fis', v. i. [-ficed (-f izd-' or -fisf), 
-FiciNG.] To be enough or sufficient. — v. t. To sat- 
isfy, content, be equal to the wants or demands of. 
— Suffi'cient, -fish^ent, a. Adequate to suffice; equal 
to the end proposed; possessing adequate talents or 
accomplishments ; of competent power or ability ; 
enough; full; ample; fit; responsible.— Suffi'ciency, 
-en-st, n. State of being sufficient, or adequate to the 
end proposed; quaUflcation for any purpose; ability; 
capacity; adequate substance or means; competence; 
ample stock or fund. 

Suffix, suf ''flks, n. A letter or syllable added to the 
end of a word ; an affix ; postfix. — Suffix'^, v. t. 
[-FIXED (-fiksf), -FIXING.] To add or annex to the 
end, as a letter or_syllable to a word. 

Suffocate, suf''fo-kat, r. t. To choke or kill by stop- 
ping respiration; to stifle, smother ; to destroy, ex- 
tinguish. — V. i. To become choked, stifled, or 
smothered. — Suffoca'tion, n. Act of suffocating, 
choking, or stifling; condition of being suffocated. — 
Suf'foca'tive, -tiv, a. Tending or able to suffocate. 

SufCossion, suf-fos'shun, n. A digging under; an un- 
dermining. 

Suffrage, suf'frej, n. A voice given in deciding a 
controverted question, or in the choice of a man jfor 
an office or trust ; vote ; testimonial ; attestation : 
united response or prayer. — Suffragan, -f ra-gan, a. 
Assisting. — n. (Eccl.) A bishop considered as an 
assistant, or as subject, to his metropolitan; an assist- 
ant bishop. 

Suffumigate, suf-fu'^mT-gat, v. t. To apply fumes or 
smoke to the parts of (the body, in medicine). — 
Suffu'miga'tion, n. Operation of smoking any- 
thing, esp. the parts of the body ; fumigation. 

Sxiffuse, suf-fuz', V. t. [-fused (-fuzd'), -fusing.] To 
overspread, as with a fluid or tincture. — Suffu'^sioQ, 
-zhun, w. Act or operation of suffusing, as with a 
fluid or color; state of being suffused; that which is 
-uffused. 

Cagar, shfi&g'Sr, n. A sweet, granular substance of 
several kinds and qualities, obtained from certain 
vegetable products, as the sugar-cane, maple, beet, 
sorghum, etc.; that which resembles sugar in taste, 
appearance, etc.; as sugar oi lead, that is, acetate of 




Sugar-mill. 



lead, which is like sugar in appearance, and tastes 
sweet; compliment or flattery employed to disguise 
or render acceptable something obnoxious. — v. t. 
[sugared (-erd), -aeing.] To impregnate, season, 
cover, sprinkle, or mix with su°;ar; to disguise by 
flattery or soft words ; to compliment, sweeten. — 
Sug'aiy, -€r-T, a. Resembling or containing sugar; 
sweet. — Sug'ar-can'dy, «. Sugar clarified and con- 
creted or crystallized. cane, n. A large jointed 

species of grass or cane whose juice yields sugar. — 
-loaf, n. A mass of refined sugar, usually in the form 
of a truncated cone. — ma'ple, n. A species of ma- 
ple from whose sap sugar is made by boiling ; rock- 
maple ; sugar-tree. mill, n. A machine for press- 
ing out the juice of the sugar-cane. — plum, n. A 
species of candy made up in small balls or disks. 

Suggest, sug-jest' or sud-jesf, v. t. To introduce indi- 
rectly to the thoughts, cause to be thought of; to pro- 
pose with diffidence or modesty; to hint, allude, refer 
to, insinuate. — Sugges'tion, -jes'chun, n. Act of 
suggesting; thing suggested; a diffident proposal or 
mention; nint; first intimation ; prompting; presen- 
tation of an idea; a secret incitement.— Suggesfive, 
-iv, a. Containing a suggestion, hint, or intimation. 

Suicide, su'i-sid, n. Act of designedly destroj'ing one's 
own life, committed by a person of years of discre- 
tion and of sound mind; self-murder; one guilty of 
self-murder. — Suicid''al, a. Partaking, or in the 
nature of, the crime of suicide. — Su''icldism, -T-si- 
dizrn, n. State of being suicidal, or self-murdering. 

Suit, sut, n. Act of suing; process by which one en- 
deavors to gain an end or object; endeavor; attempt 
to win a woman in marriage; courtship. (Law.) An 
action or process for the recovery of a right or claim; 
prosecution of right before any tribunal. A retinue; 
company of attendants or followers; the individuals 
collectivelv considered which constitute a series, as 
of rooms, buildings, cards, etc.; a number of things 
used together, and in a degree necessary to be united, 
in order to answer the purpose; a set. — v. t. To fit, 
adapt, make proper ; to be fitted to, become ; to 
please, make content. — v. i. To agree, accord, com- 
port, match, answer.— Suit'able, a. Capable of suit- 
ing; likely to suit; proper; fitting; becoming; corre- 
spondent.— Suite, swet, n. The retinue or attendants 
of a distinguished personage ; a connected series or 
succession (of objects) ; a set ; series ; collection. — 
Suit'or, n. One who sues ; a petitioner ; an appli- 
cant; one who solicits a woman in marriage; a woo- 
er; lover. {Law.) One who sues or prosecutes a de- 
mand in court; a party to a suit, whether plaintiff, 
defendant, petitioner, or appellant. 

Sulcate, sul'kat, Sul'^cated, a. {Na.t. Hist.) Scored with 
deep, broad channels longitudinally; grooved. 

Sulk, sulk, V. i. To be sulky. [Fr. sulky, q. v., follow- 
ing.] — Sulk'y, -Tf, a. 
[-IEK ; -lEST.] Sullen ; 
sour ; obstinate ; mo- 
rose; doggedly keeping 
up ill-feeling. — n. A 
light 2 - wheeled car- 
riage for a single rider. 
— Sulks, w. pZ. A sulky 

S^lTe^nT^s^JT'Ten, a. Koad or Skeleton Sulky. 
Gloomy; dismal; mischievous; malignant; gloomily 
angry and silent ; cross ; affected with ill humor ; 
obstinate; intractable; heavy; dull; sluggish. 

Sully, suKlT, V. t. [■-LIED (-lid), -lying.] To soil, dirt, 
spot, tarnish, darken; to stam, injure (purity of rep- 
utation).— y. t. To be tarnished. — n. Soil"; spot. 

Sulphur, suKfer, n. A simple mineral substance, of a 
j'ellow color, brittle, insoluble in water, burning with 
a blue flame and a peculiar suffocating odor. — Sul''- 
phate, -fat, n. (Chem.) A salt formed by sulphuric 
acidjn combination with any base. — Sul'phurate, 
-f u-rat, a. Belonging to, or resembling sulphur. — 
Sulphura'^tion, n. The subjecting a thing to the ac- 
tion of sulphur, esp. of sulphurous gas. — Sul''phu- 
rator, -fu-ra-ter, n. An apparatus for impregnating 
with, or exposing to the action of, sulphur, — esp. for 
fumigating or bleaching by the fumes of burning sul- 
phur.- Stilphu'reous, -re-us,a. Consisting of, having 
the qualities of, orirripregnaled with, sulpnur.— Sul'^- 
phuret, -fu-ret, n. A combination of sulphur with 




etin, cube, full ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



SULTAN 



426 



SUP 



another element, or with a body which may take the 
place of an element.— SuKphuret'ed, a. Having sul- 
phur in combination; containing, or combined with, 
sulphur. — Salphu'ric, a. Of, pert, to, or obtained 
from, sulphur. — Sulphuric acid. Avery powerful 
corrosive acid, the ordinary form beinjr a hydrated 
trioxide of sulphur ; oil of vitriol. — Stil''phurous, 
-fer-us, a. Of, pert, to, resembling, or containing 
sulphur. — Sulphurous acid. Hydrated dioxide of 
sulphur. — Sul'phury, -fer-t, a. Partaking of, or 
having the qualities of, sulphur. 

Sultan, suKtan or .sul-tan', n. The emperor of the 
Turks; the grand ' seignior. — Sulta'na, -ta'na, or 
-ta'na, Sul'taness, n. The wife of a sultan. 

Sultry suKtrT, a. [-tkier; -tkiest.] Very hot, burn- 
ing, and oppressive; close, stagnant, as air. 

Sum, sum, n. The aggregate of i! or more numbers, 
magnitudes, quantities, or particulars; a quantity of 
money or currency; any amount, iudeftuiteiy; the 
principal heads or thoughts, when viewed together; 
the amount; substance; compendium; height; com- 
pletion; a problem to be solved, or example to be 
wrought, in arithmetic. — v. t. [summed (sumd), 
-MIXG.] To bring together into one wjiole; to cast 
up (a column of figures); to bring or collect into a 
small compass; to comprise, condense, comprehen;!, 
compute. {Falconitj.) To supply or furnish with 
feathers full grown. — Sum''mary, -ma-rT, a. Formed 
into a sum ; summed up ; reduced into a narrow 
compass, or into few words ; rapidly performed ; 
quickly executed; brief; concise; compendious; suc- 
cinct. — n. An abridged account ; an abstract, or 
compendium, containing the sum or substance of a 
fuller account. — Surn'marily, -ma-rl-l r, adv. In a 
summary manner; briefly; concisely; in a short way 
or method; without delay. — Summa'tion, n. Act of 
summing, or forming a sum, or total amount ; an 
aggregate. — Sum'maiize, -riz, v. t. To reduce to a 
summary, present briefly. 

Sumac, -mach, soo'- or shoo-'mak, n. A plant or shrub 
of many species, used in tanning, dyeing, and med- 
icine. 

Summary, Summation, etc. See under Sum. 

Summer, sum'mer, n. The warmest period of the 
year; N. of the equator, the months of June, July, 
and August. — v. i. [summered (-merd), -meking.] 
To pass the summer. — Indian summer. In the U. S., 
a period of warm 
weather late in au- 
tumn. — S.-complaint. 
{Med.) Diarrhea oc- 
curring in summer, 
— often applied also 
to dysentery and to 
cholera infantum — 
Sum'mer-duck, n 
A handsome Amer 
species of wild duck, 
sometimes dome&ti- 
cated; the wood 

duck. — fe,]1ow, n. „ , , 

Land uncropped,and bummci-.luck. 

repeatedly plowed, etc., during the summer, to kill 
the weeds and pulverize the soil.- — house, n. A 
house, shelter, or apartment in a garden, to be used 
in summer; house for summer residence. 

Summer, surn'mer, n. {Arch.) A large stone or beam 
placed horizontally on columns, piers, posts, etc.; 
linti.l; girder. 

Summersault, -set. See Somersault. 

Summit, sum'mit, n. The top; highest point; highest 
degree; utmost elevation. 

Summon, sum'^mun, v. t. [-moned (-mund), -mon- 
IXG.] To call, cite, or notify to appear; to give no- 
tice to, or command to appear, as in court; to call 
up, excite into actioft or exertion. (1/(7.) To call 
upon to surrender. — Sum'mons, n. ; pi. -moxses, 
-munz-ez. The command of a superior, to appear 
at a place named, or to attend to some public duty. 
(Law.) A warning or citation to appear in court at 
a day specified. Olil.) A call or invitation to sur- 
render. 

Sumpter, sum-^ter, w. An animal, esp. a horse, that 
carries packs or burdens, — chiefly in composition. ■ 

Sumptuary, sum'^choo-Sr-T, a. Relating to expense; 





regulating expense or expenditure. — Sumpt'uous, 
-cnu-us, a. Involving large outlay or expense; cost- 
ly; splendid; magnificent; piiiictiy. 

Son, sun, 7i. The luminous orb, whose light consti. 
tutes day, and its absence night; the central body 
round which the earth and planets revolve; any 
heavenly body which forms the center of a systena 
of orbs; the sunshine; whatever resembles the sun 
in splendor or importance. — v. t. [sunned (sund), 
-NiNG.] To warm or dry in the light of the sun.— ^wn 
and planet wheels. 
{Mach.) A c o n - 
trivance for con- 
verting the recipro- 
cating motion of a 
beam into rotatory 
motion: it consists 
of a toothed wheel 
(the sun wheel) se- 
cured to the axis 
of the large wheel 
it is to drive, and 

the planet-wheel, at- o,,,, „„,! p].,,,pt Wheels 
tached to the end Jsun and 1 lanet wneeis. 
of the connecting- «. sun wheel ; h, planet wheel ; c, con. 
rod, and circling nectmg-rod. 

round the central wheel, imparting to the large wheel 
double its own velocity. — Stm'ny, -nT, a. [-nier; 
-NiEST.] Pert, to, proceeding from, or like, the sun; 
exposed to the rays of, or colored by, the sun. — 
Sun-'less, a. Destitute of the sun or its rays. — 
Sun'bum, v. t. [-burned or -burnt ; sunburn- 
ING.] To burn, discolor, or scorch by the sun. — ru 
The discoloration produced by the heat of the sun. 
— Sun'' day, w. The 1st day of the week; the Lord's 
day. — Sun'day-school, n. A school held on Sun- 
day for religious instruction. — Sun'' down, n. Sun- 
set. — Sun^'fish, n. A large, 
soft-flnued sea-fish, of nearly 
circular form and shining sur- 
face; also a small fresh-water 
fish of the perch family ; also 
a species of shark. — Sun''- 
flower, 71. A plant of several 
species whose flower is a lai-ge 
disk with yellow petals, and 
turns toward the sun ; heli- 
a n t h u s. — Sun''rise, -rising, 
n. First appearance of the 
sun above the horizon in the 
morning ; time of such ap- 
pearance; the east. — Sun ''set, 
-setting, n. Descent of the 
sun below the horizon ; time when the sun sets ; 
evening; the west. — Sun'''sliine, n. The light of the 
sun, or the place where it shines; state of being 
•warmed and illuminated by the rays of the sun, or 
as if by its raj-s ; anything having a warming or 
cheering influence. — Sun'shiny, a. Bright with 
the rays of the sun; clear, warm, or pleasant; bright 
like the sun. — Sun''-beam, n. A beam or ray of the 
sun. — bon'net, n. A bonnet projecting in front of 
the face, worn as a protection against the rays of 
the sun, esp. one made of thin cloth, starched.— 
-dew, n. A plant v^liose leaves have small, bristle- 
like glands, which exude clear drops, glittering like 

dew. di'al, n. An instrument to show the time 

of day by the shadow of a gnomon or style on a 
plate." — stroke, n. {Med.) Any affection produced 
by the action of the sun on some region of the body; 
esp., a sudden prostration of the physical powers, 
with symptoms resembling those of apoplexy, occa- 
sioned by exposure to excessive lieat. 

Sunder, sun''der, i\ t. [-dered (-derd), -dering.] To 
disunite by rending, cutting, breaking, etc.; to part, 
separate, divide, sever. — n. A separation into parts; 
a division or severance. — Sun'' dry. -drl, a. Several; 
divers; mm-e than one ortwo.— Sun'dries, -driz, n.pl. 
^lany different or small things; sundry things. 

Sung. See Sing. 

Sunk. See Sink. 

Sup, sup, V. t. [supped (supt), -PING.] To take into 
the mouth with the lips, as a liquid; to sip. — v.i. 
To eat the evening meal, take supper. — n. A small 
mouthful, as of liquor or broth; a little taken with 




Short Sun-fish. 



Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fEre ; Snd, eve, term ; Tn, Tee ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; 



SUPERABLE 



427 



SUPERSTRUCTION 



the lips; a sip. — Sup'per, n. Lit., that which is 
supped; a meal taken at the close of the day. — 
Siip^perless, a. Without supper. 

Saperable, su'p5r-a-bl, a. Capable of being overcome 
or conquered. 

Superabound, su'f)er-a-bownd', v. i. To be very abun- 
dant or exuberant. — Su'perabun'dance, n. State 
of being superabundant; more than enough. — Su'- 
perabun'dakt, a. Abounding to excess; more than 
is sufficient. 

Superadd, su-pSr-ad'', v. t. To add over and over; to 
add or annex (somethino; extrinsic). — Sa'peraddi'- 
tion, -dish'^un, n. Act of adding to something, or of 
adding something extraneous; that which is added. 

Superannuate, su-per-an'nu-at, v. t. To impair or dis- 
qualify by old age and infirmity. — Su'peran'nua''- 
tion, n. State of oeing superannuated, or too old for 
office or business, or of being disqualified by old age; 
decrepitude. 

Superb, su-perb'', a. Grand ; magnificent ; stately ; 
rich ; elegant ; showy ; pompous. 

Supercargo, su-per-kar'go, n. A person in a merchant 
ship, who manages the sales and superintends the 
commercial concerns of the voyage. 

Supercilious, su - per-siKt-us, a. Lofty with pride; 
haughty ; dictatorial ; manifesting haughtiness, or 
proceeding from it; overbearing. 

Superdominant, su-per-dom't-nant, n. (Mus.) The 
Gth tone of the scale; that which is next above the 
dominant; the sub-mediant. 

Supereminent, su-per-em'T-nent, a. Eminent in a 
.superior degree; surpassing others in excellence. — 
Superem'inence, -inency, -nen-st, n. State of being 
supereminent; distinguished eminence. 

Supererogate, su-per-gr'o-gat, v. i. To do more than 
duty requiies. — Superer'oga'tion, n. Act of super- 
erogating; performance of more than duty or neces- 
sity requires. — Supererog''atory, -e-rog^a-to-rt, a-. 
Performed to an extent not enjoined or not required 
by duty or necessity. 

Superfetation, su^per-fe-ta'shun, n. A second con- 
ception after a prior one, and before the birth of the 
first, by which two fetuses are growing at once in 
the same womb. 

Superficies, su-per-flsh'ez or -fish''T-ez, n. The sur- 
face; exterior part or face of a thing. {Civil Laio.) 
Everything on the surface of a piece of ground, or 
of a building, so closely connected by art or nature 
as to constitute a part of it. — Superficial, -fish'al, a. 
Lying on, or pert, to, the surface; shallow; not deep; 
reaching or comprehending only what is obvioti* or 
apparent; not profound; shallow. — Superfi'cially, 
adv. — Superfi^cialness, -fl'ciaKity, -I-aKl-tt, n. 
State of being superficial; shallowness; slight knowl- 
edge; sciolism. 

Superfine, su''per-fln, a. Very fine, or most fine; sur- 
Dissing others in fineness. 

Superfluous, su-per'flu-us, a. More than is wanted 
or sufficient ; unnecessary ; useless ; exuberant; re- 
dundant. — Super'fluousness, Superflu'ity, n. A 
}rre-iter quantity than is wanted; state of being su- 
pei-fluous; something beyond what is wanted; super- 
abundance; excess; redundancy. 

Superheat, su-per-het'', v. t. {Steam Eng.) To heat 
(steam) until it acquires the properties of a ms. 

Superhuman, su-per-hu-'man, a. Above or beyond 
what is human; divine. _ 

Superimpose, su'per-im-poz'^, u. t. To lay or impose 
iin something else. 

Superincumbent, su'per-in-kum'bent, a. Lying, or 
r^'sting, on something else. 

Superinduce, su'per-in-dtls'', v. t. To bring in, or 
upon, as an addition to something. — Su'perinduc'- 
tion, n. Act of, or state of beii.g, etc. 

Superintend, su'per-in-tend'', v. t. To have or exer- 
cise the charge and oversight of; to take care of 
with authority. — Su^perintend'ence, -ency, -en-st, 
V. Act of superintending, care and oversight for 
tlie purpose of direction ; inspection ; oversight ; 
care; direction; control; guidance. — Su'perintsnd''- 
ent, n. One who, etc.; inspector; overseer; man- 
ager; director; curator. 

Superior, su-pc'^rt-er, a. More elevated in place; 
higlier; upper; higher in rank or office; surpassing 
others in the greatness, goodness, or value of any 



quality; beyond the power or influence of. {Bot.) 
Belonging to the part of an axillary flower which 
is toward the main stem ; pointing toward the apex 
of the fruit, — said of the radicle. — n. One more 
advanced in age, more elevated in rank or office, or 
who surpasses others in dignity, excellence, or qual- 
ities of any kind; the chief of a monastery, convent, 
or abbey. {Print.) A small letter or figure used as 
an exponent, or as sf mark of reference, or for other 
purposes, — so called from its position, standing 
above or near the top of the line, as a or l. — Supe'- 
rior'ity, -fir'T-tt, n. State or quality of being supe- 
rior; preeminence; excellence; predominancy; prev- 
alence; ascendency; odds; advantage. 

Superlative, su-per''Ia-tiv, a. Most eminent; surpass- 
ing all other; supreme. {Gram.) Expressing, as a 
form of the adjective or adverb, the highest degree 
of the quality, as among the objects that are com- 
pared. — n. That which is highest or most eminent. 
{Gram.) The highest degree" of comparison of ad- 
jectives and adverbs; a word in the superlative de- 
gree. 

Supernal, su-per'nal, a. Being in a higher place or re- 
gion; relating to things above; celestial; heavenly. 

Supernatant, su-per-na'tant, a. Swimming above; 
floating on the surface. 

Supernatural, su-per-nach'ur-al, a. Being beyond, or 
exceeding, the powers or laws of nature ; caused by 
an agency or power above merely phj-sical laws; mi- 
raculous ; preternatural. — Supernat'uralism, -izm, 
n. State of being supernatural; doctrine of a divine 
and supernatural agency in the production of the 
miracles and revelations recorded in the Bible, and 
in the grace which renews and sanctifies men. — 
Supernat'^uralist, n. One who holds the principles 
of supernaturalism. 

Supernumerary, su-per-nu'mer-a-rf, a. Exceeding 
the number stated or prescribed; exceeding a neces- 
sary, usual, or required number or quantity. — n. 
A person or thing bej'ond what is necessary or usual; 
esp., a person employed to be in readiness to fill the 
place of another, as of an officer killed in battle, an 
actor upon the stage, etc. 

Superposition, su'per-po-zish''un, n. State of being 
placed or situated above or upon something ; that 
which is, etc. 

Superroyal, su-per-roi''al, a. Larger than royal, — 
denoting the largest species of printing paper. 

Supersalt, su'per-sawlt, ?i. {Chem.) A salt with a 
greater number of equivalents of acid than of the 
base. 

Supersaturate, su-per-safu-rat, v. t. To add to beyond 
saturation. 

Superscribe, su-per-skrib'', v. t. [-sckieed (-skribd"'), 
-SCRIBING.] To write or engrave on the top, out- 
side, or surface; to write the name or address of a 
person on the cover of . — Superscrip'tion, -skrlp'- 
shun, 11. Act of, etc.; matter superscribed. 

Supersede, su-per-sed', v. t. To come or be placed in 
the room of; to displace, replace; to set aside, ren- 
der unnecessary, suspend, overrule, succeed. — Su- 
perse'deas, -de-as, n. {Law.) A writ or command to 
suspend the powers of an officer in certain cases, or 
to stay proceedings under another writ. — Supersed''- 
ure, -se^'jur, n. The act of superseding. 

Superstition, su-per-stish''un, K. An excessive rever- 
ence or fear of that which is unknown or mysteri- 
ous ; belief in a false, irrational, or idolatrous relig- 
ious system or religious veneration for unworthy 
objects; an ignorant or irrational worship of the Su- 
preme Deity; excessive exactness or rigor in relig- 
ious opinions or practice; worshipof false gods; false 
religion; belief in the direct agency of superior pow- 
ers, in certain extraordinary or singular events, or in 
omens and prognostics; fanaticism. — Supersti'tious, 
-stish''us, a. Pert, to, or proceeding from, evincing, 
or addicted to, superstition; full of idle fancies and 
scruples in regard to religion; scrupulous beyond 
need. 

Superstratum, su-per-stra^'tum, n. ; pi. -stea'^ta, -ta. 
A stratum or layer above another, or resting on some- 
thing else. 

Superstruction, su-per-struk'^shun, n. Act of building 
upon; that which is built upon some foundation; a 
superstructure. — Superstructure, -struk^chur, n. 



siin, cube, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboK, chair, get. 



SUPERSUBSTANTIAL 



428 



SURE 



Any material structure or edifice built on something 
else; esp., the building raised on a foundation; any- 
thing erected on a foundation or basis. 

Super substantial, Bu'per-sub-stan''shal, a. Being more 
than substance. 

Supervene, su-per-ven'', v. i. [-vened (-vend'), -ven- 
IXG.] To come upon as something extraneous; to 
take place, iiappen. — Superven'ient, -yent, a. Com- 
ing upon as something additional or extraneous. — 
Superven'tion, -ven'shun, n. Act of, etc. 

Supervise, su-per-viz'', v. t. [-vised (-vizd'), -visixg.] 
To oversee for direction, superintend, inspect. — 
Supervis'lon, -vizh'^un, n. Act of overseeing ; in- 
spection ; superintendence. — Supervis''or, n. One 
■who supervises ; an overseer ; inspector ; superin- 
tendent. — Supervi''sory, a. Pert, to, or having, su- 
pervision. 

Supine, su-'pin, n. (Gram.) A verbal noun; or a sub- 
stantival modification of the infinitive mood, in Lat- 
in. — Supine', a. Lying on the back, or with the 
face upward; leaning backward, or inclining with 
exposure to the sun; negligent; heedless ; listless; 
careless; drowsy. — Supme'ly, adv. In a supine 
manner ; carelessly ; indolently ; drowsily ; in a 
heedless, thoughtless state. — Supina'tion, n. Act of 
lying, or state of being laid, with the face upward. 

Supper, etc. See under Sup. 

Supplant, sup-plant', v. t. To remove or displace by 
stratagem: to displace and take the place of; to over- 
throw, undermine. — Supplanta'tion, n. Act of, etc. 
— Supplant'er, n. 

Supple, sup'pl, a. Easily bent; pliant; flexible; com- 
pliant; not obstinate; bending to the humor of oth- 
ers ; obsequious ; flattering ; fawning ; soft. — v. t. 
[suppled (-pld), -PLiNG.] To make soft and pliant, 
render flexible, make compliant or submissive. — v. i. 
To become soft and pliant.— Sup'pliant, -pll-ant, a. 
Asking earnestly and submissively; manifesting en- 
treaty; expressive of humble supplication; beseech- 
ing; "begging; imploring. — n. A humble petitioner; 
one who entreats submissively. — Sup'plicant, n. 
One who supplicates; a petitioner who asks earnest- 
ly and submissively.— Sup'plicate, -plt-kat, v. t. To 
entreat for, seek by earnest prayer; to address in 
prayer, beseech, beg, implore, importune, solicit, 
crave. — v. i. To petition with earnestness and sub- 
mission, implore. — Supplica'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; 
humble petition; earnest request; prayer; solicita- 
tion; craving.— Sup'plicatory,-plI-ka-to-rT, a. Con- 
taining supplication; submissive. 

Supply, 8up-pli', V. t. [-PLIED (-plid'), -PLTiif g.] To fill 
up, as any deficiency happens; to furnish with what 
is wanted; to serve instead of; to fill; to bring or fur- 
nish, provide, administer, contribute, yield, accom- 
modate. — n. Sufficiency of things for use or want ; 
the food, etc., which meets the daily necessities of 
an army or other large body of men; store, — chiefly 
in pi. — Sup'plement, n. That which fills up, com- 
pletes, or perfects something to which it is added; 
something added to a book or paper to make good 
its deficiencies or correct its errors. — v. t. To fill 
up or supply by additions ; to add to. — Supple- 
ment'al, -ary, -a-rT, a. Added to supply what is 
wanted ; additional. — Sup'pletive, -ple-tiv, -tory, 
-to-rl, a. Supplying what is lacking; filling up de- 
ficiencies; supplemental. 

Support, sup-port', v. t. To keep from falling, sus- 
tain; uphold, prop up, bear the weight of; to endure 
without being overcome, exhausted, or changed 
in character ; to keep from fainting or sinking ; to 
assume and carry successfully (the part of an ac- 
tor) ; to furnish with the means of sustenance or 
livelihood; to carry on, enable to continue; to veri- 
fy, make good; to defend successfully; to uphold by 
aid or countenance; to attend as an nonorary assist- 
ant. — n. Act or operation of supporting, upholding, 
or sustaining; that which upholds, sustains, or keeps 
from falling ; that which maintains or preserves from 
being overcome, failing, yielding, sinking, giving 
way, etc.; stay; prop; assistance; favor; patronage; 
aid; help; succor; nutriment; sustenance; food. — 
Support'able, a. Capable of being supported, borne, 
or sustained; endurable; tolerable; capable of be- 
iT/g maintained. — Support'er, n. One who, or that 
V lich, supports. (Her.) A figure on eitker side of 




the escutcheon, and exterior to it. 
(Surg.) A band or truss for sup- 
porting the abdomen or some oth- 
er part or organ. 

Suppose, sup-poz', V. t. [-posed 
(-pozd'), -POSING.] To imagine" 
or admit to exist, for the sake of 
argument or illustration; to as- 
sume to be true; to be of opinion, 
think, conjecture ; to receive as i 
true ; to require to exist or be 
true ; to imply by the laws of 
thought or of nature. ^ v. i. To „ „ s,.„„„^f«,c 
make supposition ; to think, be- " '*' Supporters. 
lieve, imagine. — Suppos'able, a. Capable of being 
supposed, or imagined to exist. — Suppos'al, n. 
Position without proof; supposition. — Snppos'er, n. 

Supposition, sup-po-zish'un, «. Act of supposing; that 
which is supposed; hypothesis; surmise; conjecture. 
— Supposi'tional, -po-zish'un-al, a. Hypothetical. 
— Suppos'iti'tious, -poz'i-tish'us, a. Put by trick 
in the place or character belonging to another; spu- 
rious; counterfeit.— Suppos'itive, -I-tiv, a. Includ- 
ing or implying supposition. 

Suppress, sup-pres', v. t. [-pressed (-presf), -press- ' 
ING.] To overpower and crush, put down; to keep 
in, restrain from utterance or vent; to retain without 
disclosure or making public ; to conceal, hinder 
from circulation ; to restrain or stop by remedial 
means ; to repress, overwhelm, conceal, stifle, stop, 
smother. — Suppres'sion, -presh'un, n. Act of sup- 
pressing, or state of being suppressed; stoppage or 
obstruction of excretions or discharges, or of a cu- 
taneous eruption. (Gram.) Omission. — Suppress'- 
ive, -iv, a. Tending to suppress ; subduing ; con- 
cealing. — Suppress^or, n. One who suppresses. 

Suppurate, sup'pu-rat, v. i. To generate pus. — Sup- 
pura'tion, n. Process of suppurating, or forming 
pus, as in a wound or abscess; matter produced by 
suppuration. — Su^'purative, -tiv, a. Tending to 
suppurate; promoting suppuration. — n. (Med.) A 
medicine that promotes suppuration. 

Supralapsarian, su'pra-lap-sa'rl-an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) 
One of that class of Calvinists, who believed that 
God's decree of eleotioa determined that man should 
fall, in order that the opportunity might be furnished 
of securing the redemption of a part of the race. 

Supranaturalism. Same as Supernaturalism. 

Supreme, su-prem', a. Holding the highest place in 
government or power; highest, greatest, or most ex- 
cellent ; utmost ; greatest possiole. — Suprem'acy, 
-prem'a-sl, n. State of being supreme, or in the 
highest station of power; higher authority or power. 

Sura, su'ra, n. One of the 114 chapters of the Koran. 

Sura, su'ra, n. (Hind. Myth.) One of the good spirits 
who have drunk the soma — wine of immortality. 

Sural, su'ral, a. (Anat.) Being in, or pert, to, the 
calf of the leg. 

Surbase, ser'bas, n. (Ardi.) A cornice or series of 
moldings on the top of a pedestal, etc. ; a border or 
molding above the case. 

Surcease, ser-ses', v. i. To cease, stop, leave off. — v. t. 
To stop, cause to cease. — n. Cessation; stop. 

Surcharge, ser-charj', v. t. To overload, overburden, 
overcharge. (Law.) To overstock ; esp., to put 
more cattle into (a common) than the person has a 
right to do, or more than the herbage will sustain. 
(Equity.) To show an omission in for which credit 
ought to have been given. — n. An excessive load 
or Durden ; a load greater than can be well borne ; 
an extra or overcharge. 

Surcingle, ser'sin-gl, n. A belt, band, or girth, which 
passes over anything laid on a horse's back, to bind 
it fast. (Eccl.) The girdle of a cassock. 

Surcoat, ser'kot, n. A short coat worn over the other 

farments ; esp., the long and flowing drapery of 
nights, anterior to the introduction of plate armor; 
a short robe worn by females, at the close of the 11th 
century, over the tunic. 

Surd, serd, a. Deaf. (Math.) Not capable of being 
expressed in rational numbers; radical. (Pron.) Ut- 
tered with simple breath; not sonant; unintonated; 
toneless; atonic. — n. (Math.) A quantity which can- 
not be expressed by rational numbers. 

Suris, shoor, a. Certainly knowing and believing; con- 



am, fame, fiir, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



SURF 



429 



SURVEY 




fident beyond doubt ; certain to find or retain; cer- 
tain not to fail or disappoint expectation: iiitallible; 
safe ; firm ; steadv ; stable ; strong ; indisputable ; 
positive. — adi;. Certainly; without doubt; doubt- 
less; surely. — Sure'' ty, -tl, n. State of being sure; 
certainty; security; that which makes sure; ground 
of confidence or security; security against loss or 
damage. {Law.) One who engages to answer for 
another's appearance in court, or for his payment 
of a debt, or for the performance of some act ; a 
bondsman; bail. — Sure'tyship, n. State of being 
surety ; obligation of a person to answer for the 
debt, default, or miscarriage of another. 

Surf, serf, n. The swell of the sea which breaks upon 
the shore, or upon sand-banks or rocks.— Surf-boat, 
n. A boat so constructed as to pass safely through 
surf. — 
S.duck,n. 
A species 
of duck 
which 
frequents 
the North 
American 
sea-coast; 
sea coot ; 
butter- 
bill coot : 
it is an ex- 
pert diver. ^ 

Surface, SurfDuck. 

ser'fas, n. The exterior part of anything that has 
length and breadth; superficies; outside; outward 
or external appearance. (Geom.) A magnitude that 
has length and breadth without thickness ; super- 
ficies. 

Surfeit, ser'fit, v. t. To overfeed, and produce sick- 
ness or uneasiness; to fill to satiety and disgust; to 
cloy. — V. i. To be fed, or to feast, till the system is 
oppressed, and sickness or uneasiness ensues. — n. 
Excess in eating and drinking; fullness and oppres- 
sion of the system, occasioned by excessive eatinj, 
and drinking; disgust caused by excess; satiety. 

Surge, serj, n. A large wave or billow; a great, rolling 
swell of water. — v. i. [surged (serjd), surging.] 
{Naut.) To let go (a portion of a rope) suddenly ; 
to slack (a rope) suddenly from its hold round a pin, 
windlass, etc. — v. i. To swell, rise high and roll, as 
waves. {Naut.) To slip back. 

Surgeon, ser^'jun, n. One whose profession is to cure 
diseases or injuries of the body bv manual opera- 
tion. — Sur'geoncy, -jun - sT, n. Office or employ- 
ment of a surgeon. — Sur'gery, -jer-T, n. Art of 
healing by manual operation ; that branch of med- 
ical science which treats of manual operations for 
the healing of diseases or injuries of the body ; a 
place where surgical operations are performed, or 
medicines prepared. — Sur^gical, -jik-al, a. Of, or 
pert, to, surgeons or surgery. 

Surloin, ser^'loin, n. Aloin of beef, or the upper part 
of the loin: see Beef. 

Surly, ser'lT, a. [-liee ; -liest.] Gloomily morose; 
ill-natured; abrupt; rude; sour; crabbed; cross and 
rude; rough; dark; tempestuous. 

Surmise, ser-miz', v. t. [-mised (-mizd''), -Misr^G.] 
To imagine without certain knowledge, infer, sup- 
pose. — n. The thought or imagination that some- 
thing may be, on feeble or scanty evidence; conjec- 
ture; supposition; suspicion; doubt. 

Surmount, ser-mownf, v. t. To rise above, or higher 
than ; to overcome, conquer, vanquish, subdue ; to 
surpass, exceed. — Surmounfable, 
Capable of being surmounted. 



Surmount'^ed, a. {Arch.} 
Rising higher than a semicircle, 
as an arch or dome. {Her.) Hav- 
ing one figure laid over another ; 
placed over or upon, as one tinc- 
ture over another. 

Surmullet, ser-mullet, n. A fish 
allied to the perch. 

Surname, ser'nam, n. A name or 
appellation added to, or over and above, the bap- 
tismal or Christian name, as William Smith; an ap- 
pellation added to the original name. — Surname'', 



iiiniiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiH 



.•';i;t;i:S-.'i^ 

mm 

,v.».;.»;;:».<*i.*,;. 




r. t. [-XAMED (-namd'), -.vaming.] To name or call 
by an appellation added to the original name. 

SufpsLSB, ser-pas'', v. t. [-I'ASbEU (-past''), -I'assing.] 
To go beyond in anytning good or bad ; to exceed, 
excel, outdo, outstrip. — Surpass''uig, p. a. Excel- 
lent in an eminent de"cree; exceeding others. 

Surplice, ser'plis, n. {Eccl.) A white garment worn 
over another dress by the clergy of 
certain churches. 

Surplus, ser''plus, n. That which 
remains when use is satisfied ; ex- 
cess beyond what is prescribed or 
wanted" — S ur''plUBag e, -ej, n. 
Surplus ; excess. {Law.) Matter 
in pleading not necessary or rel- 
evant to the case, and which may 
be rejected. 

Surprise, ser-prTz', v. t. [-prised 
(-prizd'), -i-KisiXG.] To come or 
fall upon suddenly and unexpect- 
edly ; to strike with wonder or as- 
tonishment by something sudden, 
unexpected, or remarkable ; to 
throw the mind of into disorder , 
by something suddenly presented 
to the view or to the mind; to con- 
fuse.— ?i. Act of coming upon una- Surplice, 
wares, or of taking suddenly and without prepara- 
tion. {Law.) State of being surprised, or taken 
unt spectedl3'. A moderate degree of sudden won- 
der and astonishment ; amazement. — Surpris''ing, 
p. a. Exciting surprise; wonderful; extraordinary' ; 
astonishing. — Surpri8''al, n. Act of surprising, or 
coming upon suddenly and unexpectedly; or state 
of being surprised. 

Surrebut, ser-re-but'', v. i. {Laiv.) To reply, as a 
plaintiff to a defendant's rebutter. — Surrebut''ter, 
n. The plaintiff's reply in matters of fact to a de- 
fendant's rebutter. 

Surrejoin, ser-re-join'', v. i. {Law.) To reply, as a 
plaintiff to a defendant's rejoinder.— Surrejoin''der, 
71. The answer of a plaintiff, in matters of fact, to a 
defendant's rejoinder. 

Surrender, ser-ren''der, v. t. [-dered (-derd), -dek- 
ING.] "To give or deliver up possession of upon 
compulsion or demand; to yield to the possession of 
another, give up, resign. {Law.) To give up, as a 
principal oy his baU, a fugitive from justice by a 
foreign state, etc. To yield to any influence, pas- 
sion, or power, — used reflexively. — v. i. To give 
lip one's self into the power of another; to yield. — 
n. Act of surrendering ; the act of yielding or re- 
signing one's person, or the possession of something, 
into the power of another. 

Surreption, ser-rep''shun, n. Act or process of getting 
in a surreptitious manner. — Surrepti''tious, -tish''- 
us, a. Done, produced, or obtained by stealth, in 
an underhanded manner, fraudulently, or without 
proper authorit}'._ 

Surrogate, ser''ro-gat, n. A deputy ; delegate ; sub- 
stitute ; in Eng., the deputy of an ecclesiastical 
judge; in some of the U. S., .an officer who presides 
over the probate of wills and testaments. 

Surround, ser-rownd'', v. t. To inclose on all sides ; 
to lie or be on all sides of; to encompass, encircle, 
environ, invest, hem in, fence about. — Surround''ing, 
n. An encompassing, p/. Things or conditions 
which surround or environ; external or attending 
circumstances. 

Sursolid, ser-soKid, n. {Math.) The 5th power of a 
number. _ 

Surtout, s5r-toot', n. A man's coat worn -over his 
other garments ; an overcoat, esp. when long and 
fitting closely. 

Surveillance, ser-val'yoNs, n. Watch; insspection. 

Survey, ser-va'', v. t. [-veyed (-vad''), -veying.] To 
inspect or take a view of, as from a high place ; to 
view with a scrutinizing eye; to examine with ref- 
erence to condition, situation, and value ; to deter- 
mine the form, extent, position, etc. (of a tract of 
land, a coast, harbor, etc.), by means of linear and 
angular measurements. — Sur'^vey, n. ■ A general 
view, as from an elevated place ; a particular view ; 
examination; esp., an official examination of all the 
parts or particulars of a thing, with a design to as- 



stin, cube, full ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



SURVIVE 



430 



SWALLOW 



certain the condition, quantity, or qualitj' ; opera- 
tion of finding the contour, dimensions, position, or 
other particulars of any part of the earth's surface ; 
a measured plan and description of any line or por- 
tion of country ; a district for the collection of the 
customs. — Survey'ing, n. That branch of applied 
mathematics wiiich teaches the art of determining 
the area of any portion of the earth's surface, with 
an accurate delineation of the same on paper. — Sur- 
vey^or, -er, n. An overseer ; superintendent ; one 
who views and examines for the purpose'of ascer- 
taining the condition, quantity, or quality of any- 
thing: one who measures land, or practices the art 
of surveying. (Customs.) An oiRcer who ascertains 
the contents of casks, and the quantity of liquors 
subject to duty ; a ganger ; in the U. S., an officer 
who ascertains the weight and quantity of goods 
subject to duty. 

Survive, ser-viv', v. t. [survived (-vivd''), -viving.] 
To live beyond the life or existence of, or beyond 
some specified time, event, or catastrophe, outlive, 
live longer than. — v.i. To remain alive, continue 
to live. — Surviv^al, n. A living longer than, or be- 
yond the life of, another person, thing, or event. — 
Survival of the fittest. See Darwinism, also Natu- 
ral Selection, under Nation. — Surviv'or, -er, n. 
One who survives or outlives another person or thing, 
or a term, event, or catastrophe. — Surviv'orsMp, n. 
State of being a survivor. {Law.) Right of a joint 
tenant, or other person who has a joint interest in 
an estate, to take the whole estate upon the death of 
the other. 

Susceptible, sus-sep'tl-bl, a. Capable of admitting 
anything additional, or any change, affection, or in- 
fluence ; capable of impression ; impressible ; ten- 
der; having nice sensibility.— Suscep'tibil'ity, -T-tl, 
a. State or quality of being susceptible: cai>ability 
of receiving impressions, or of being affected ; ca- 
pacity for feeling or emotional excitement; sensibil- 
ity; feeling; emotion. — Suscep''tive, -tiv, a. Capable 
of admitting ; readily admitting. — Susceptiv'ity, 
-tiv't-tT, n. Capacity of admitting. — Suscip'ient, 
-sip'^I-ent, a. Receiving; admitting. — n. One who 
takes or admits. 

Suspect, sus-pekt'', v. t. To imagine to exist, often 
upon weak evidence, or no evidence at all; to im- 
agine to be guiltj^ upon slight evidence, or without 
proof; to hold to be uncertain; to mistrust, distrust, 
surmise, doubt. — v. i. To imagine guilt; to have a 
suspicion. — n. A suspected or doubtful person. — 
Suspi''cion, -pish'^un, n. Act of suspecting; imagi- 
nation of the existence of something without proof, 
or upon slight or no evidence; jealousy; mistrust; 
diffidence; doubt. — Suspicious, -pish-'us, a. In- 
clined to suspect; indicating suspicion or fear; liable 
to suspicion; adapted to raise suspicion; given to 
suspicion. 

Suspend, sus-pend'', v. t. To attach to something 
above; to make to depend; to cause to cease for a 
time, hinder from proceeding; to hold in a state 
undetermined; to debar from any privilege, from 
the execution of an office, or from the enjoyment of 
income; to cause to cease for a time from operation 
or effect ; to interrupt, intermit; stay. — v. i.- To 
cease from operation or activity; esp., to stop pay- 
ment, or be unable to meet obligations or engage- 
ments. — Suspend'er, n. One who, or that which, 
suspends. /<Z. Straps for holding up pantaloons ; 
braces; gallowses. — Suspense', -pens'', n. A state 
of uncertainty; indeterinination; indecision; cessa- 
tion for a time; stop. — Suspen'sion, -shun, n. Act 
of suspending, or state of being suspended; esp., 
temporary delay, interruption, or cessation, as of 
labor, judgment, payment, punishment, ecc; a con- 
ditional withholding, iiiteiTuption, or delay. — Sus- 
pension 
bridge.- A 
bridge 
support e d 
by chains, 
top e s , 
wires, etc., 

which usu- _ . _ . , 

ally pass Suspension Bridge, 

over high piers at each end, and are secured in the 




ground below. — Suspen'sory, -so-rT, a. Suspended; 
hanging; depending; fitted or serving to susjiend: 
suspending. — n. Tnat which suspends or holds up, 
as a truss; esp., a bag for suspending the scrotum. 

Suspicion, etc. See under Suspect. 

Suspire, sus-pir', v. i. To fetch a long, deep breath; 
to sigh. — Suspir''al, w. A breathing-hole; vent; vent- 
iduct; a spring of water passing underground tow- 
ard a cistern or conduit. — Suspira'^tion, n. Act of 
sighing; a sigh. 

Sustain, sus-tan', v. t. [-tained (-tand'), -tainixg.] 
To keep from falling; to bear; to keep from sink- 
ing in despondence; to maintain, keep alive, nour- 
ish; to aid, vindicate, comfort, or relieve; to endure 
without failing or yielding; to suffer, undergo; to 
allow the prosecution of, sanction; to prove, estab- 
lish by evidence, be conclusive of as evidence. 
(.Mus.) To continue, as the sound of notes through 
their whole length. — Sus'tenance, -te-nans, n. Act 
of sustaining; support ; maintenance; that which 
supports life; food; provisions. — Sustenta''tion, n. 
Preservation from falling; support; use of food or 
provisions: maintenance of life. 

Sutler, sufler, n. A person who follows an army, 
and sells to the troops provisions, liquors, etc. 

Suttee, sut-te', n. In India, a widow who immolates 
herself on the funeral pile of her husband; the sac- 
rifice of burning a widow on the funeral pile of her 
husband. 

Suttle, sut'tl, ?i. {Com.) The' weight when the tare 
has been deducted, and tret is yet to be allowed. 

Suture, su'chur, n. Act of sewing; the line along 
which 2 things or parts are sewed together, or are 
united so as to form a seam, or that which resem- 
bles one. {Surg.) A stitch to hold together the lips 
or edges of a wound. {Anat.) The seam or joint 
which unites the bones of the skull. — Su'tural, a. 
Of, or relating to, a suture or seam. 

Suzerain, su^ze-ran, n. A superior lord, to whom 
lealty is due. 

Swab, 'swob, ii. A mop for cleaning decks, etc.; a bit 
of sponge, cloth, etc., fastened to a handle for 
cleansing the mouth; a cleaner for the bore of a gun. 
— r. t. [SWABBED (swobd), -BiNG.] To clean with a 
mop or swub. — Swab'ber, n. One who, etc.; an in- 
ferior officer on ships of war, whose business it is to 
see that tlie >hip is kept clean. 

Swaddle, swod'dl, v. t. [-deed (-did), -dling.] To 
bind, as witii a bandage; to swathe (an infant). — 
V. Clothes bound tight round the body. — Swad'- 
dling-band, -cloth, n. A band or cloth wrapped round 
an infant. 

Swag, swag, v. i. [swagged (swagd), -ging.] To sink 
down by its weight; to lean. — n. A swaying, irreg- 
ular motion, as of a heavy body, or of one sagging 
or pendent from its weight; a burglar's booty. — 
Swag'gy, -gT, a. Inchned to swag; sinking, hang- 
ing, or leaning by its weight. — Swag'ger, v. i. 
[-GEEED (-gerdy.-GERiNG.] To boast or brag noisily, 
bluster, bully. — n. Boastfulness or insolence of man- 
ner. — Swag'gerer, n. A blusterer; bully; boaster. 

Swage, swaj or swej, ». A tool, variously shaped or 
grooved on the end or face, used by workers in met- 
als, for shaping their work. — v. t. To shnpe by 
means of a swage; to fashion, as a piece of iron, by 
drawing it into a groove or mold having the required 
shape. 

Swain, swan, n. A rustic; esp., 
a countrv gallant or lover. 

Swallow, s'woKlo, n. A small 
migratory swift-flying in- 
sectivorous bird of several 
species, with long wings and 
a Ions, forked and pointed 
tail.— SwaKlow-tailed, -tald, 
a. Like a swallow's taU in 
form, having narrow and 
tapering or pointed skirts. 

Swallow, swol'^lo, V. t. 

[-LOWED (-lod), -LOWING.] 

To take or appear to take 
through the esophagus into the stomach ; to draw 
into an abyss or gulf; to receive or embrace (opin- 
ions or belief) without examination or scruple; to 
appropriate; to occupy, employ; to seize and waste, 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; Odd, tone, Gr : 



SWAM 



431 



SWELL 




Swan. 



exhaust; to retract, recant. — n. The gullet or esoph- 
agus; the throat; as much as is, or can be, swallowed 
at once. 

Swam. See Swin. 

Swamp, swomp, n. Low ground filled with water ; 
land wet and spongy, but not usually covered with 
water, esp. soft, wet land covered with trees or 

bushes.— V. «. [SWAMPED (swompt), SWAMPI>'G.] To 

plunge, whelm, or sink in s. swamp, or as in a swamp. 
(N^aut.) To overset, sink, or cause to become filled, 
as a boat, in water. To plunge into inextricable diffi- 
culties.— Swamp'y, -t, a. Consisting of swamp; like 
a swamp. 

Swan, swon, n. A large migratory web-footed bird of 
several species, like the goose, 
but more graceful, havmg a 
longer neck and beak, and oe- 
ing generally larger and strong- 
er. — Swan's'down, n. The 
down of t h e swan, esp. the 
dressed skin of the swan with 
the down adhering; afine,soft, 
thick cloth of wool mixed with 
silk or cotton; a sort of twilled 
fustian, like moleskin. — 
Swan''skin, n. A species of 
flannel of a soft texture, thick and warm. 

Swap, swop, V. t. [SWAPPED (swopt), -ping.] To ex- 
change, barter. — n. An exchange; barter. 

Sward, swawrd, n. The grassy sunace of land; turf. 
— V. t. To cover with sward. 

Sware. See Swear. 

Swarm, swawrm, n. A large number of small animals 
or insects, esp. when in motion; a great number of 
honey bees which emigrate from a hive at once, un- 
der the direction of a queen; a like body of bees 
united and settled permanently in a hive ; any great 
number or multitude. — v. i. [swaemed (swawrmd), 
swarming.] To collect and depart from a hive by 
flight in a body, as bees; to appear or collect in a 
crowd ; to throng together ; to be crowded, be 
thronged; to abound, be filled, as with a number or 
crowd of objects; to climb (a tree") by embracing it 
with the arms and legs, and scrambling; to shin. 

Swart, swawrt, Swarth, swawrth, Swartfy, -I, a. Be- 
ing of a dark hue; moderately black; tawny. 

Swash, swosh, n. A swaggering fellow; impulse of 
water flowing with violence; a dashing of water; a 
narrow channel of water lying within a sand-bank, 
or between that and the shore. — v. i. To bluster, 
make a noise; to flow noisily, as water; to splash. 

Swath, swawth, n. A band or fillet; a line of grass or 
grain cut and thrown together by the scythe; the 
whole sweep of a scythe, or the whole breadth from 
which grass or grain is cut by it. 

Swathe, swath, v. t. [swathed (swathd), swathing.] 
To bind with a swathe, band, bandage, or rollers. — 
n. A bandage. 

Sway, swa, v. t. [swayed (swad), swaying.] To rnove 
or wield with the hand; to influence or direct by 
power and authority, or by moral force; to cause to 
incline to one side; to bias, direct, influence, swing, 
move, wave. (Naut.) To hoist, raise. — v. i. To 
bear rule, govern; to have weight or influence; to 
be drawn to one side by weight. — n. Power exerted 
in governing; influence, weight, or authority that 
incUnesto one side; rule; empire; control; influence: 
ascendency; swing or sweep of a weapon. 

oweal, swel, v. i. [swealed (sweld), swealing.] To 
melt and run down, as the tallow of a candle. 

Swear, swar, v_. i. [imp. swore, formerly sware; p. p. 
SWORN (sworn), swearing.] To affirm or utter a 
solemn declaration, with an appeal to God for the 
truth of what is affirmed; to promise upon oath. 
{Law.) To give evidence on oath. To use the name 
of God or sacred things profanely; to use profane 
language or oaths, curse. — v. t. To utter or affirm 
with a solemn appeal to God for the truth of the 
declaration. {Law.) To cause to take an oath; to ad- 
minister an oath to. To declare or charge upon oath. 

Sweat, swet, n. The fluid- or sensible moisture ex- 
creted from the skin of an animal ; perspiration ; state 
of one who sweats; labor; toil; drudgery; moisture 
issuing from or condensed upon the surface of any 
substance. — t). ». [sweat or sweated; sweating!] 



To excrete sensible moisture from the skin, perspire; 
to toil, labor, drudL'e; to emit or appear to emit 
moisture, as green plants in a heap. — v. t. To cause 
to excrete moisture from tlie skin; to emit from the 
pores; to exude. — Sweat'y, -■!,«. [-ier; -iest.] Jiloist 
witli, or consisting of, sweat; laborious; difficult. 

Swedish, swed'ish, a. Of, or pert, to, Sweden. — n. 
The language of the Swedes. 

Sweep, swep, v. t. [swept, sweeping.] To brush, 
or rub over with a brush, broom, or besom, for re- 
moving loose dirt; to drive or carry along or off by 
a long, brushing stroke, or force, or by flowing oh 
the earth ; to drive, destroy, or carry off many at a 
stroke, or with celerity and violence; to move over 
in strides or with a tram; to carry with a long, swing- 
ing, or dragging motion; to stritc with a loiur stroke. 
{Jyaut.) To draw or drag over: to pass rapidly over, 
as with, the eye or other instrument of obf^ervation. 
— V. i. To pass with swiftness and violence, as 
something broad, or brushing the surfiice of any- 
thing; to pass over or brush along with celerity and 
force ; to pass with pomp : to move witli a" long 
reach ; to include or comprehend nianj' individuals 
or i^articulars in a single act or assertion. — n. Act 
of sweeping ; compass of a stroke, of anv turning 
body or motion, or of anything flowing or brushing; 
violent and general destruction ; direction and ex- 
tent of any motion not rectilinear; one who sweeps; 
a sweeper ; the pole moved on a fulcrum or post, 
used to raise and lower a bucket in a well; in the 
game of casino, the combining and removing of all 
the cards on the table ; in whist, the winning of all 
the 13 tricks. — Sweep''ings, 71. pi. Things collected 
by sweeping; rubbish.— Sw6ep''stakes,?!..''ni5f. or j>?. 
The whole money or other things staked or won at 
a race; one who wins all. 

Sweet, swet, a. Having a taste or flavor resembling 
that of honey or sugar; pleasing to the smell, fra- 
grant ; pleasing to the ear, soft, melodious, harmo- 
nious ; pleasing to the eye , beautiful ; fresh ; not 
salt; not changed from a sound or wholesome state; 
mild; soft; gentle; sugarj'; saccharine; dulcet; lus- 
cious. — n. That which is sweet to the taste, — used 
chiefly in pi. ; that which is sweet or pleasant in 
odor, a perfume; that which i.s pleasing to the mind; 
a darling, — a term of endearment. — Sweefish, a. 
Somewhat sweet.— Sweefheart, n. A lover or mis- 
tress. — Sweet'ing, n. A sweet apple ; a darling, — 
a word of endearment.— Sweefmeat, n. Any article 
of confectionery made principally of sugar ; fruit 
preserved with sugar, as peaches, pears, melons, nuts, 
orange peel, etc. — Sweef-bread, n. The pancreas 
of an animal, used for food. — bri'er, n. A shrubby 
plant of the rose kind, cultivated for its fragrant 
smell. — fern, n. A small N. Amer. shrub, having 
sweet-scented or aromatic leaves resembling fern- 
leaves. — oU, n. Olive-oil. — pota'to, n. A trailing 
plant of the convolvulus family; its sweetish starchy 
tubers, used for to6d. — will'^iam, n. A species of 
pink of many varieties. — Sweefen, -n, v. t. [-ened 
(-nd), -ENING.] To make sweet to the taste; to make 
pleasing to the mind; to make mild or kind; to make 
less painful; to increase the agreeable qualities of ; 
to make delicate; to make pure and salubrious by 
destroying noxious matter; to make warm and fer- 
tile ; to restore to purity. — v.i. To become sweet. 

Swell, swel, V. i. [imp. swelled; p. p. swelled (swol- 
len or swoln is less usual); SWELLING.] To grow 
larger by matter added within, or by expansion of 
the inclosed substance; to increase in size or extent 
by any addition; to rise or be driven into waves or 
billows ; to be puffed up or bloated ; to be inflated ; 
to bell J'; to be turgid or bombastic ; to bulge out ; 
to be elated, rise into arrogance; to grow upon the 
view; to become larger in amount; to act in a pom- 
pous, ostentatious, or arrogant manner ; to strut. — 
V. t. To increase the size, bulk, or dimensions of; to 
aggravate, heighten; to raise to arrogance. (Mm.) 
To augment in force or loudtiess, as the sound of a 
note. — n. Act of swelling; grndual increase; aug- 
mentation in bulk; elevation, rise, — said of height; 
force, intensity, power, — said of sound; increase of 
power in style, or increase of rhetorical force ; a 
gradual ascent or elevation of land ; a wave or bil- 
low; esp., a succession of large waves; the fluctua- 



sQn, cube, full ; moon, f(36t ; cow, oil ,■ linger or ink, tiien, boNbON, chair, get. 



SWELTER 



432 



SYENITE 



tion of the sea after a storm. (31us.) A gradual 
increase and decrease of the volume of sound; — 
generally indicated thus -<^>»- . A showy, dash- 
ing, boastful person ; a person of high rank, fash- 
ion, or importance. — a. Stylish; fashionable; aris- 
tocratic. — Swell'ing, n. Protuberance; prominence; 
a tumor; a rising or enlargement bj^ passion. 

Swelter, swelfer, i\ i. J-eeed (-erd), -eeixg.] To be 
overcome and faint with heat; to be ready to perish 
with heat. — v. t. To oppress with heat. 

Swept. See Sweep. 

Swerve, swerv, v. i. [sweeved (swervd), swekvis'g.] 
To wander from any line prescribed, or from a rule 
of duty; to deviate; to climb or move forward by 
winding or turning. 

Swift, swift, a. Moving with celerity or velocity ; 
ready; prompt; coming without delav; quick; nim- 
ble ; rapid; expeditious.—?*. A reel, for winding 
yarn, thread, etc., — chiefly in pi. {Ornith.) A small 
insectivorous bird, of several species, like the swal- 
low, but having a shorter bill, longer sickle-shaped 
wings, and bolder and more rapid flight: the Amer. 
swift is popularly called " chimney swallow." 
(Zoo7.) The common newt or eft; a species of lizard. 

Swig, swig, V. t. & i. To drink bj' large draughts. — n. 
A large draught. 

Swill, swil, V. t. [SWILLED (swild). swillixg.] To 
drink grossly or greedily. — v. i. To drink greedily 
or to excess. — n. Large draughts of liquor; the wash, 
or mixture of liquid substances, given to swine. 

Swim, swim, v. i. limp. swAii ; p. p. swiisi ; swiii- 
MixG.] To be supported by water or other fluid; to 
float ; to move progressivelysin water by means of 
the hands and feet, or of fins ; to be borne along by 
a current ; to gUde along with a smooth motion, or 
with a waving motion; to be overflowed or drenched; 
to abound, have abundance. — v.t. To pass or move 
over, or on, by swimming; to immerse in water that 
the lighter parts may swim ; to cause or compel to 
swim, make to float. — n. Act of swimming; a glid- 
ing motion, like that of one swimming; the time or 
distance one swims, or can swim; the air-bladder of a 
fish; the sound. — Swim'^iningly, adv. In an easy, 
gliding manner, as if swimming; smoothly; success- 
fully; without obstruction. 

Swim, swim, v. i. To be dizzy or vertiginous.— Swin'- 
dle, -dl, 1-. t. [-DLED (-did), -dlixg.] To cheat and 
defraud grossly, or with deliberate artifice.— n. Act 
or process of defrauding by systematic imposition. 
— Swin'^dler, n. 

Swine, swin, n. sing. Szpl. A pachydermatous animal; 
the hog: the male is called boar, the female sow, and 
the young, pig. — Swin'ish, a. Befitting swine; like 
swine; gross; hoggish; brutal. — Swine'-herd, n. A 
keeper of swine. — pox, n. {Med.) A variety of the 
chicken-pox, with acuminated vesicles containing a 
watery fluid. 

Swing, swing, v. i. [swung; swixgixg.] To move to 
and fro, as a body suspended in the air; to wave, vi- 
brate; to practice swinging. {Naut.) To move or 
float; to turn round an anchor; to be hanged. — v. t. 
To cause to wave, or vibrate, as a body suspended 
in the air; to move to and fro, flourish, brandish. — 
n. Act of swinging; vibratory motion ; oscillation; 
motion from one side to the other; a line, cord, or 
other thing suspended and hanging loose, upon 
which anything may swing; a suspended loop of 
rope, etc., for persons to swing in; influence or pow- 
er of a body put in motion; unrestrained liberty or 
license; free course; tendency.— Swinge, swinj, V. t. 
To beat soundly, whip, chastise. — Swinge'ing, a. 
Huge; very large. — Swin^gel, swin'^gl, n. That part 
of a flail which falls on the grain in thrashing; 
svriple. — Swin'gle, swin''gl, v. t. To clean (flax) 
by beating it with a swingle ; to cut off the tops of 
(weeds) without pulling up the roots. — n. A wood- 
en instrument like a large knife, used for cleaning 
flax; swingle - staff ; swingling knife. — Swin''gle- 
tree, n. A whiffle-tree. — Swing'^-tree, n. Tlie bar 
of a carriage to which the traces are fastened; the 
whiflle-tree or whipple-tree; swingle-tree. — Swip'le, 
swip'l, n. Same as Swixgel. 

Swipe, swip, n. A sweep, q. v. 

Swirl, swerl, n. A whirling motion; an eddy, as of 
water, wind, or snow; a whirl; gyration. 




Swiss, swis, n. sing. & pi. A native or inhabitant of 
Switzerland; the people of Switzerland. — a. Of, or 
pert, to, Switzerland. 

Switch, swich, n. A small, flexible twig or rod; a cue 
of false hair, 
or of some 
subs t anc e 
(jute, etc.) 
made to re- 
semble hair. 
{Railroads.) 
A movable 
part of 2 op- 
posite rails, 
for transfer- o j? <. a ■* u 

ring a car Safety Switch. 

from one track to another. {Elec.) A mechanical 
device for shifting an electric current to another 
circuit; a shunt. — v. t. [switched (swicht), switch- 
ing.] To strike with a small twig or rod; to beat, 
lash. {Railroads S,,- Elec.) To shunt, transfer by 
a switch. — Switch-man, n. ; pi. -men. One who 
tends a switch on a railroad. 

Swivel, swiv'l, n. A fastening 
which allows the thing fas- ^ 
tened to turn freelv on its axis. „ . , , i ■ 
{Mech.) A ring, link, or staple. Swivel and chain. 
that turns round on a pin or neck. {Mil.) A small 
cannon fixed in a swivel, or in a socket, or turning 
on a pivot. — v. i. To turn on a staple, pin, or pivot. 

Swob, swob, n. & r._ Same as Swab. 

Swollen, Swoln, swoln. See Swell. 

Swoon, swoon, v. i. [swooned (swoond), swooning.] 
To sink into a fainting fit, faint. — n. A fainting fit; 
syncope. _ 

Swoop, swoop, V. t. [swooped (swoopt), swooping.] 
To fall on at once and seize; to catch while on the 
wing; to catch up with a sweep. — r. i. To descend 
with closed wings from a height upon prey, as a 
hawk; to stoop. — n. A. falling on and seizing, as of 
a rapacious fowl on his prej'. 

Swop. Same as Swap. 

Sword, sord, n. A weapon having a long, strong, and 
usually sharp-pointed blade, for cutting or thrust- 
ing; the emblem of judicial vengeance or punish- 
ment, or of authority and power; destruction in bat- 
tle; the military power of a country. — Swords'man, 
n. ,• 7:>Z. -men. "A soldier; fighting man; one skilled 
in the use of the sword. —Sword'-belt, n. A belt to 
suspend a sword by. — fish, n. A large edible fish, 
allied to the mackerel, and having the upper jaw 
elongated into a sword-shaped process: it is from 10 
to 20"feet in length. — knot, n. A ribbon tied to the 
hilt of a sword. — play'er, n. A fencer; gladiator. 

Swore, Sworn. See Swear. 

Swound, swownd, n. A swoon. 

Swum. See Swui. 

Swung. See SwixG. 

Sybarite, sib'a-rit. n. A person devoted to luxury 
and pleasure. — Sybarit-'ic, -ical, -rtt'ik-al, a. Pert. 
to, or resembling^ the Sybarites; wanton. 

Sycamine, sik'a-min, n. The mulberry-tree. 

Sycamore, sik'a-mor, n. A large tree allied to the 
common fig, found in Egypt 
and Syria : in America, t'h e 
plane tree, or buttonwood, is 
called by this name; in Eng. a 
large species of maple. 

Sycophant, sik'^o-fant, n. Orig., 
an informer in Athens, who 
sought favor by denouncing 
those who stole figs, or exporteo 
them contrary to law; a base . 
parasite; mean flatterer; esp., a ■ 
flatterer of princes and great 
men. — Syc'ophancy, -fan-sT, n. 
Character or characteristic of 
a sycophant ; obsequious flat- 
tery; servilitv. — Sycophanfic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or 
like, a sycophant; parasitic. 

Syenite, si'e-mt, n. {Min.) A crystalline rock com- 
posed of quartz, hornblende, and feldspa'-, taking 
its name from S>iene, in Upper Egypt, where it is 
found: it differs from granite only in containing 
hornblende in the place of mica. 




Svcamore. 



Sm, fame, Sr, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r ; 



SYLLABLE 



433 



SYNONYM 



Syllable, sil'la-bl, w. An elementary sound, or com- 
bination of elementary sounds, uttered together, or 
at a single effort or impulse of the voice, and consti- 
tuting a word or a part of a word: in writing and 
printing, a part of a word separated from the rest, 
and capable of being pronounced by a single im- 
pulse of the voice; a small part of a sentence or dis- 
course ; a particle. — SyUab'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or 
consisting of, a syllable or syllables.— Syllab^ically, | 
adv. — Syllab''icate. -T-kat, v. t. To form into syl- \ 
lables, syllabify.— Syllab^ica'tion, SyUaViflca'tion, > 
n. Act or method of dividing words into syllables. 

— SyUab'ify, -T-fi. v.t. [-fied (-fid), -fyi.vg.] To 
form or divide into syllables. — SyKlabus, n. ; E. pi. 
-BUSES ; L. pi. -Br. A compendium containing the 
heads of a discourse; an abstract. 

Syllabub. Same as Sillabub. 

Syllogism, sil'lo-jizm, 71. {Logic.) The regular logical 
form of every argument, consisting of 3 proposi- 
tions, of which the first 2 are called the premises, 
and the last the conclusion. — Syllogis''tic, -tical, 
-jis'tik-al, a. Of, or pert, to, a syllogism; consisting 
of a syllogism, or of the form of reasoning by syl- 
logisms. — Syllogis'tically, adv. In the form of a 
syllogism; by means of sj'llogisms. — SyKlogize, v. i. 
[-GIZED (-jlzd), -GiziNG.] To reason by syllogisms. 

Sylph, silf, n. An imaginary being inhabiting the 
air; a fairy; a slender, graceful woman. — Sylph'id, 
n. A little sylph; young sylph. 

Sylva, siKva, n. ; pi. -vm, -ve. The forest trees of any 
region or country. (Bot.) A work containing a 
botanical description of the forest trees of any re- 
gion or country. {Poet.) A collection of poetical 
pieces of various kinds. — Syl' van, a. Of, or pert, 
to, a sylva; forest-like; rural; rustic; abounding in 
forests or in trees; woody. — n. A fabled deity of 
the wood; a satyr; faun; a rustic. 

1S3rmbol, sim''bol, n. The sign or representation of 
something moral or intellectual by the images or 
properties of natural things ; a letter or character 
which is significant; emblem; figure; type. (Math.) 
Any character used to represent a quantity, an 
operation, a relation, or an abbreviation. — Symbol''- 
ic, w. {Theol.) That branch of historic theology 
which, treats of creeds. — Symbolic, -ical, a. Of, 
pert, to, or in the nature of, a sj'mbol; representa- 
tive.— Symbolically, adv. In a symbolical man- 
ner; by signs; typically. — SymboKics, w. Same as 
Symbolic, n. — Sym^'boUsm, -izm, n. A system of 
symbols or representations. {Chem.) A combining 
together of parts or ingredients. (Theol.) The science 
of creeds; symbolic. — S3?Tn'boliza''tion, n. Act of 
symbolizing; resemblance in properties. — Sym'bol- 
ize, V. i. [-IZED (-izd), -izing.] To have a resem- 
blance of qualities or properties. — v. t. To make 
to agree in properties or qualities; to make repre- 
sentative of something; to represent by a symbol. 

— SymboKogy, -o-jl, n. Art of expressing by sym- 
bols. 

Symmetry, sim'me-trY, n. A due proportion of the 
several parts of a body to each other ; union and 
conformity of the members of a work to the whole. 

— Symmefrical, a. Involving or exhibiting sym- 
metry; proportional in its parts. {Math.) Having 
corre'sponding parts or relations. — S3rmm6t''rically, 
adv. — Sym'metrize, -me-triz, v. t. [-trized (-trizd), 
-TRiziNG.] To reduce to symmetry. 

Sjmipathy, sim-'pa-thY, n. Feeling corresponding to 
that which another feels; fellow-feeling; agreement 
of affections or inclinations, or a conformity of nat- 
ural temperament, which makes 2 persons pleased 
with each other; pity; commiseration. {Med.) The 
reciprocal influence exercised by the various parts 
of the body on one another. — Sympathetic, -ical, 
a. Inclined to or exhibiting sympathy. {Med.) 
Produced b;^ sympathy. — Sympathet'^ically, adv. 

— Svm''pathize, v. i. T-thized (-thizd), -thizing.] 
To nave a common feeling, as of bodily pleasure or 
pain; to feel in consequence of what another feels. 

Sjrmphony, sim'fo-nT, n. A consonance or harmony 
of sounds, aCTeeable to the ear. {Mus.) An elaborate 
instrumental composition for a full orchestra, con- 
sisting usually of 3 or 4 contrasted yet inwardly re- 
lated movements; an instrumental passage at the 
beginning or end, or in the course of, a vocal com- 



position. —Sympho'nlouB, -nT-us, a. Agreeing in 
sound; accordant; harmonious. 

Symphysis, sim^fT-sis, n. {Anat.) Union of bones by 
cartilage; connection of bones without a movable 
joint; coalescence of parts previously separate; the 
point of union; attachment of parts, as tendons. 

Symposium, sim-po'zt-um, n.;pl. -sia, -zT-a. A 
drmking together; merry feast; convivial meeting. 

— S3rmi>0''siac, a. Of, or pert, to, drinking together 
and merry-making. — n. A conference or conversa- 
tion, as of philosophers at a banquet. 

Sjnnptom, simp'tum, n. {Med.) A perceptible change 
in the body or its functions, which indicates dis- 
ease; one of the phenomena which indicate the ex- 
istence and nature of a disease. That which indi- 
cates the existence of something else; mark; sign; 
token; indication. — Symptomafic, -ical, a. Of, or 
pert, to, symptoms ; indicating the existence of 
something; according to symptoms. 

Synaeresis, -eresis, sin-er'e-sis, n. {Gram.) A contrac- 
tion of 2 sj'Uables into one, or of 2 vowels into a 
diphthong. 

Ssmagogue, sin'a-gog, n. A congregation or assembly 
of Jews for worship ; a Jewish place of worship. 

— Synagog'^ical, -goj'ik-al, a. Of, or pert, to, a syn- 
agogue. 

Synalepha, -loepha, sin-a-le'^fa, n. {Gram.) A cutting 
off or suppression of a vowel or diphthong at the end 
of a word, when the next word begins with a vowel. 

Synarthrosis, sin-ar-thro''sis, n. {Anat.) Union of 
bones without motion ; close union. 

Syncarpous, sin-kar-'pus, a. Composed of several 
carpels consolidated into one. 

Synchronal, sin'kro-nal, -chrohical, 
-kron^ik-al, -chronous, sin''kro-nus, o. 
Happening at the same time; simulta- 
neous. — S3m''chronism, -kro-nizm, n. 
Concurrence of 2 or more events in 
time ; simultaneousness ; the tabular 
arrangement of historical events and 
personages, according to their dates. 

— Syn'chronize, -niz, v. i. |^-nized 
(-nizd), -NiziNG.] To agree in time, be 
simultaneous. 

Syncope, sin'ko-pe, n. (Mus.) Same as 
Syncopation, q. v., below. {Gram..) 
An elision or retrenchment of one or more letters, 
or a syllable, from the middle of a word. {Med.) A 
fainting or swooning. A sudden pause or cessation; 
suspension; temporary stop. — Syn'^copate, -pat, v. t. 
To contract, (a word) by taking one or more letters 
or syllables from the middle. {Mus.) To commence 
(a tone) on an unaccented part of a measure, and 
continue into the following unaccented part. — Syn- 
copa'tion, n. Contraction of a word by taking a 
letter, letters, or a syllable, from the middle. {Mus.) 
Performance of a passage by syncopating the notes. 

Syncretism, sin''kre-tizm, n. Attempted union of prin- 
ciples or parties irreconcilably at variance. 

Ssmdic, sin-'dik, n. An officer of government, invested 
with different powers in different countries ; one 
chosen to transact business for others. — Syn'dicate, 
-dT-kat, n. A council, or body of syndics; an asso- 
ciation of persons authorized to promote some ob- 
ject, discharge a trust, or transact a business. 

Syndrome, sin-'dro-me, n. {Med.) The concourse or 
combination of symptoms in a disease. 

Synecdoche, sin-ek-'do-ke, n. (Rhet.) A figure or trope 
by which the whole of a thing is put for a part, or a 
part for the whole. — Ssm'ecdoch'ical, -dok-'ik-al, a. 
Expressed by synecdoche; impljing a synecdoche. 

Ssmod, sin'od, n. {Eccl. Hist.) A council or meeting 
of ecclesiastics to consult on matters of religion. A 
meeting, convention, or council. — Sjmod'^c, -ical, 
a. Of, or pert, to, a synod; transacted in a synod. 
{Astron.) Pert, to conjunction, esp. to the period 
between 2 successive conjunctions. 

Synonsrai, sin''o-nim, n. One of 2 or more words in the 
same language which are the precise equivalents of 
each other, or which have vpry nearly the same sig- 
nification, and therefore are liable to be confounded 
together. — Syiionim''ic,7?. {Gram.) The science, or 
scientific treatment, of synonymous words. — Syn- 
on'^ymist, -t-mist, n. One who collects and explains 
synonymous words. — Synon^ymize, v. t. [-mized 




Syncarpous 
Fruit. 



sfin, cube, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 
28 



SYNOPSIS 



434 



TABLE 



(-mizd), -MiziXG.] To express in different words of 
the same ineanintj. — Synon''ymoU8, -t-mus, a. Ex- 
presiini^ the same thing: conveying the same idea; 
identical ; interchangeable ; pert, to synonyms. — 
— Synon'jnny, -l-mt, )i. Quality of being synon- 
ymous. {Rhet.) A figure by wnich synonymous 
words are used to amplify a discourse. 

Synopsis, sin-op'sis, n. ; pi. -ses, -sez. A general view, 
or a collection of heads or parts so arranged as to 
exhibit a general view of the whole; conspectus; 
abridgment; compendium; epitome; abstract. — Syn- 
op''tic, -tical, a. Affording a general view of the 
whole, or of the principal parts of a thing. — Ssmop'- 
tically, adv. In such a manner as to present a gen- 
eral view in a short compass. 

Synovia, sin-o^'vl-a, n. (Anat.) A fluid secreted within 
the synovial capsules of the joints, serving as a lubri- 
cating fluid to the latter. — Syno'vial, a. Of, or pert, 
to, the synovia, or lubricating fluid of the joints. 

Syntax, sin'taks, n. (Gram.) Ihe construction of sen- 
tences; due arrangement of words or members of 
sentences in their mutual relations, according to es- 
tablished usage.— Syntac'tic, -tical, a. Of, or pert, 
to, syntax; according to the rules of syntax. 

Synthesis, sin'the-sis, n. ; pi. -ses, -sez. Composition, 
or the putting of 2 or more things together. {Cltem.) 
The uniting of elements to form a compound. (Log- 
ic.) The combination of separate elements of thought 
into a whole. — Synthefic, -ical, a. Pert, to syn- 
thesis; consisting m synthesis or composition. 

Syphilis, sif-'I-lis, n. (Med.) A dangerous contagious 
and hereditary venereal disease. — Sypliilit''ic, a. 
Of, pert, to, or infected with syphilis. 

Syphon. Same as SiphOxV. 

Syren. Same as Sieen. 

Syriac, sTr'T-ak, n. The language of Syria; esp., the 
ancient language of that country. — a. Of, or pert, 
to, Syria, or its language. 

Sjnringe, sTr'^inj, n. A small hand-pump, squirt, or 
portable hydraulic instrument lor injecting fluid 
into animal bodies, etc.: usually a cylinder and pis- 



ton or an elastic tube and bulb with tubular metallic 
or glass nozzle. — v. t. [sykinued (-injd), syki.v- 
GiXG.] To inject by means of a syringe; to wash and 
cleanse by injections from a syringe. — Syringa, si- 
rin'ga, n. A large bushy shrub having a prmubion 
oi'white fragrant flowers; mock orange. (Bot.) The 
lilac, q. V. — Syr/ingofomy, -got'o-ml, n. (Surg.) 
The operation of cutting for the fistula. 

S3?Ttis, ser'tis, n. A quicksand. 

Syrup. Same as Sirup. 

System, sis'tem, n. An assemblage of objects arranged 
in regular subordination, or after some distinct meth- 
od, usually lo°:ical or scientific, or as parts of a com- 
plex whole; the whole scheme of created things re- 
garded as forming one complete plan or whole; the 
universe; regular method or order. (Mus.) An in- 
terval compounded, or supposed to be compounded, 
of several lesser intervals. (Fhysiol.) The totalitv 
of parts in the body, performing the same, or anal- 
ogous or connected functions ; the body as a func- 
tional unity or whole. — Systemat'^ic, -ical, a. Of, 
pert, to, or consisting in, system; methodical; pro- 
ceeding according to system v, • regular method. — 
Sys'tematifet, n. One who forms a system, or re- 
duces to system. — Sys''tematize, v. t. [-tized (-tizd), 
-TiziNG.] To reduce to system, arrange methodic- 
ally. — Sys'tematiz'er, n. — Sys'temize, v. t. [-ized 
(-Tzd), -iziNG.] To systematize. 

Systole, sis'to-le. n. (Gram.) The shortening of a 
long syllable. (Physiol.) The contraction of the heart 
and arteries for expelling the blood and carrying on 
the circulation. 

Systyle, sis'^til, n. (Arch.) The arrangement of col- 
umns in such a manner that they are 2 diameters 
apart; an edifice, having a row of columns set close 
together around it, as in the Parthenon at Athens. 

Syzygy, siz-'t-jT, n. (Asiron.) The point of an orbit, 
as of the moon or a planet, at which it is in conjunc- 
tion or opposition, — commonly used in pi. 

Szekler, zek''ler, n. One of a Uralo- Altaic race in Tran- 
sylvania, akin to the Magyars. 



T. 



T, te, the 20th letter of the Eng. alphabet, is a simple 
consonant, allied to both D and Jf, all 3 of these let- 
ters being dental elements. When t is followed by 
h, as in think and then, the combination reallj'' 
forms a distinct sound, for 
which we have no single 
character : this combination 
has 2 sounds, — surd or whis- 
pered, as in think, and sonant 
or vocal, as in then. — To suit 
or fit to a T. To suit exactly, 
answer perfectly, — perh. so 
used with reference to a car- 
penter's T-square. — T'-cloth. 
A cotton fabric made in Eng. 
f«r the China and India mar- 
ket, — >. T being stamped on 
each piece. 

Tabard, tab'erd, n. A sort of 
tunic or mantle formerly 
worn over the armor, cover- 
ing the body before and be- 
hind, and reaching below the 
loins, but open at the sides, 
from the shoulders down- 
ward; a herald's coat. — Tab''- 
arder, n. One who wears a m u j 

tabard. Tabard. 

Tabasheer, tab-a-sher', n. A concretion in the joints 
of the bamboo, etc., consisting chiefly of pure silex, 
used in the E. Indies as a medicine. 

Tabby, tab'bt, a. Having a wavy or watered appear- 
ance; brinded; brindled; diversified in color. — n. A 
kind of waved sUk, usually watered ; a mixture of 




lime with shells, gravel, or stones, and water, form- 
ing a kind of artificial rock; a cat of a tabby color; 
any cat. — v. t. [tabbied (-bid), tabbying.] To water, 
or cause to Iook wavy by the process of calendering. 

Tabefy, etc. See imder Tabes. 

Tabernacle, tab^'er-na-kl, n. A slightlj' built or tempo- 
rary habitation; a tent; the portable structure used 
by the Jews during the exodus and for more than 300 
years thereafter as a place of worship ; the Jewish tem- 
ple; a place of worship; any small cell, or like place, 
in which some holy or precious thing is deposited or 
kept; the human body. — ?;. i. [taberxacler (-kid), 
-CLING.] To dwell or reside for a time. — Feast of 
Tabernacles. A Jewish festival lasting 7 days, dur- 
ing which the people dwelt in booths formecl of the 
boughs of trees, in commemoration of the habitation 
of their ancestors in similar dwellings during their 
pilgrimage in the wilderness. — Tabernac'ular, a. 
Pert, to a tabernacle, or to the Jewish tabernacle. 

Tabes, ta'bez, n. (Med.) Progressive emaciation of 
the whole body, accompanied with hectic fever, and 
with no well-marked local symptoms. — Tab'id, a. 
Relating to, or wasted by, tabes. — Tab''idness, n. — 
Tab^'efy, -e-fi, v. i. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To waste 
gradually, lose flesh. — Tabefac'tion, n. A wasting 
away by disease. 

Table, ta^'bl, n. A smooth, flat surface like the side of 
a board ; a thin, flat, smooth piece of anything ; a 
slab, leaf, or flat superficies, of wood, stone, metal, or 
other material, on which anything is cut or written; 
a tablet ; memorandum book ; that which is cut, 
drawn, or written on a smooth, flat surface : an in- 
scription ; drawing ; painting ; a condensed state- 
ment which may be comprehended by the eye in a 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, tSrm 5 In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



TABOO 



435 



TAIL 



single view ; the presentation of many particulars 
in one connected group; a scheme; schedule; synop- 
sis; index; an article of household furniture to eat, 
work, or write upon ; food placed on a table to be 
partaken of; fare ; the company assembled round a 
table. — V. t. [TABLED (-bid), TABLING.] To form into 
a table or catalogue; to tabulate. {Car}).) To scarf. 
( Farliamentary Usage.) To lay on the table, that is, 
to postpone the consideration of, till called for, or 
iHdeflnitely,by a formal vote. (Presbyterian Church.) 
To enter upon the docket. — The Lord's Table. The 
communion of the Lord's Supper. — To lay on the t. 
(Parliamentary Usage.) To lay (a report, motion, 
etc.) on the table of the presiding otficer, — that is, 
to postpone, by a vote, the consideration of. — To 
turn the tables. To change the condition or fortune 
of contending parties, — a metaphorical expression 
taken from the vicissitudes of fortune in gaming. — 
Ta'^ble-beer, n. Beer for the table, or for common 
use. — book, n. A memorandum book ; tablet. — 
-cloth, 71. A cloth for covering a table. — land, n. 

Elevated flat land ; a plateau. spoon, n. One of 

the larger or largest spoons used at the table. — 
-spoon'ful, n. ; pi. -spoox'fuls. As much as a table- 
spoon will hold. talk, n. Conversation at table, 

or at meals. — tip'ping, -turn'ing, n. Certain move- 
ments of tables or other objects, attributed by some 
to the agency of departed spirits, by others to the 
development of latent vital or spiritual forces, but 
more commonly ascribed to the muscular force of 
persons in connection with the objects moved. — Ta'- 
bling, n. A forming into tables. (Carp.) The let- 
ting of one timber into another by alternate scores 
or projections. — Table-d'hote, ta'bl-dot, n. A com- 
mon table for quests at a hotel; an ordinary. — Tab''- 
let, n. A small table or flat surface ; a small, flat 
piece of anything on which to write, paint, draw, or 
engrave, pt. A pocket memorandum book. (Med.) 
A solid kind of coniection, commonly made of dry 
ingredients, usuallv witli sugar, and formed into 
little flat squares,— lozenge, troche. — Tableau'', -lo', 
n. ; pi. Tableaux', -loz'^ A striking and vivid rep- 
resentation ; esp., the representation of some scene 
by means of persons grouped in the proper manner, 
placed in appropriate postures, and remaining silent 
and perfectly still.— Tab'lature, -la-chur, n. (Paint.) 
A painting on a wall and ceiling ; a picture in gen- 
eral. (JIus.) An ancient mode of indicating music- 
al sounds by letters instead of notes. — Tab'ular, 
a. Having the form of, or pert, to, a table, in any 
of the uses of the word. — Tab''ulate, r. t. To reduce 
to tables 0£ synopses; to shape with a flat surface. 

Taboo, ta-boo', n. A political or reliaious interdict 
concerning something declared sacred or necursed, 
formerly of great force among the inhabitants of 
the islands of the Pacific: a total prohibition of in- 
tercourse with or approach to anything. — v. t. 
[tabooed (-bood'), -booixo.] To forbid, forbid the 
use of, interdict approach or use. 

labor, ta'ber, n. A small drum used as an accom- 
paniment to a pipe or fife. — Tab''oret, n. A small 
tabor. — Tab'orine, -o-ren, -orin, -o-rin, w. A small, 
shallow drum ; a tabor. — Tab^'otiret, -oo-ret, n. A 
seat without arms or back, cushioned and stuffed; a 
stool ; an embroidery frame. — Tab'ret, n. A small 
tabor; taboret. 

Tabu. See Taboo. 

Tabular, Tabulate. See under Table. 

Tacamahac, tak'a-ma-hak, Tac'ainaha''ca, -ha'ka, n. 
A tree of X. Amer., balsam poplar; a tree of ^lada- 
gascar, etc.: an aromatic yellowish resin from Mad- 
agascar and the W. Indies. 

Tachometer, ta-konT'c-ter, n. An instrument for 
measuring velocity, as of running water or of ma- 
chines. — Tachye'raphy, -kig'ra-fY, n. The art or 
practice of rapid writing ; stenography ; shorthand 
writing. 

Tacit, tas'it, a. Implied, but not expressed ; silent. 
— Tac'itly, adv. In a tacit manner ; silently ; by 
implication. — Tac'iturn, -T-tern, a. Habitually 
silent; not free to converse; not apt to talk or speak: 
reserved. — Tacitum''ity, -t-tt, n. Habitual silence 
or reserve in speaking. 

Tack, ta,k, n. A small, short, sharp-pointed nail, usu- 
ally having a broad head. (Naut.) A rope to con- 



fine the foremost lower corners of the courses and 
stay-sails, when the wind crosses the ship's course 
obliquely; also, a rope to pull the lower corner of a 
studding-sail to the boom; the part of a sail to which 
the tack is usually fastened; the course of a ship in 
regard to the position of her sails. — Tack, v. t. 
[tacked (takt), tacking.] To fasten or attach ; to 
attach, unite, or secure in a slight or hastv manner; 
to join as with stitches or tacks; to add, append. 
— V. t. and i. (Saut.) To change the course of a ship 
by shifting the tacks and position of the sails and 
rudder. Hard tack. A large kind of hard crackers, 
used for food by sailors and soldiers. 

Tackle, tak'I, n. An apparatus of ropes, pulleys, etc., 
for raising or lowering heavy weights ; apparatus 
by which a thing is grasped, moved, or operated; 
appurtenances for sport or work. (Naut.) The rig- 
ging and apparatus of a ship. — v. t. [tackled (-Id), 
-LiXG.] To harness, seize, laj' hold of. — Tack'ling, 
TO. Furniture of the masts and yards of a ship ; in- 
struments of action ; the straps and fixtures by 
which a horse draws a carriage; harness. 

Tact, takt, n. Peculiar skill or faculty ; nice percep- 
tion ; ready power of appreciating and doing what 
is required by circumstances. — Tac'tile, -til, a. Ca- 
pable of being touched ; pert, to the organs, or the 
sense, of touch. — Tactil^'ity, -t-tT, n. State of being 
tactile; perceptibility by touch. — Tac'tion, -shun, n. 
Act of touching ; touch ; contact. — Tact'^oal, -u-al, 
a. Pert, to the sense, or the organs, of touch ; con- 
sisting in, or derived from, touch. 

Tactics, tak^'tiks, n. The science and art of disposing 
military and naval forces in order for battle, and 
performing military and naval evolutions. — Tac'tic, 
-tical, a. Of, or pert, to, the art of military and 
naval dispositions for battle, evolutions, etc. — Tac- 
ti'cian, -tish''an, n. One versed in tactics; a maneu- 
verer; adroit manager. 

Tactile, Taction, etc. See under Tact. 

Tadpole, tad'^pol, n. The young of a frog or toad, in 
its first state from the spawn; a polliwog. 

Taedium^ te^'dt-um, n. Weariness ; tedium. 

Ta'en, tan. A contr. of taken. 

Tafferel. See Taffkail. 

Taffeta, taffe-ta, -ty, -tT, to. A fine, smooth stuff of 
silk, having_Lisually a remarkably wavy luster. 

Taffrail, taf'^ral, n. ('Naut.) The upper part of a ship's 
stern, which is flat like a table on the top, and 
sometimes ornamented with carved work; the rail 
around a ship's stern. 

Taffy, taf'fl, to. A kind of candy made of molasses 
boiled down and poured out in shallow pans. 

Tag, tag, TO. A metallic point at the end of a string; 
any slight appendage, as to an article of dress; a di- 
rection-card, or label; something mean and paltry; 
the rabble ; the catch-word at the end of an actor's 
speech; cue; a play in which one person runs after 
and touches another, and then in turn runs away to 
avoid being touched. — v. t. [tagged (tagd), -ging.] 
To fit with a point or points; to fit (one thing to an- 
other). — v.i. To follow closely, as it were an ap- 
pendage.— Tag'-rag, n. or a. 'The lowest class of 
people ; rabble, — also written tag-rag or 
rag-tag and bobtail. 

Taglia, taKya, n. (Mech.) A peculiar com- 
bination of pulleys. 

Tail, tal, to. Any long, flexible, terminal ap- 
pendage; the part of an animal which ter- 
minates its body behind; the back, lower, 
or inferior part of anything ; the side of a 
coin opposite to that which bears the head 
or effigy; whatever resembles, in shape or 
position, the tail, of an animal, as a catkin. 
(Bot.) A downy or feathery appendage to 
certain seeds, formed of "the permanent 
elongated style ; any elongated, flexible, 
terminal part, as a petiole or peduncle. — 
Tail'-piece, to. An appendage. (Print.) 
An ornament placed at the bottom of a M 

short page to fill up the space, or at the end *"' 

of a book. — race, to. The stream of water 
which runs from the mill after it has been 
applied to move the wheel. Seed, 

Tail, tal, re. (Law.) Limitation; abridgment, with its 
— a. Limited; abridged; reduced: curtailed. Ta.il. 



stin, cube, full ; moon, f(56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboif, chair, get. 



TAINT 



436 



TALLOW 




Nest of Tailor-bird. 



— Estate in tail. An estate limited to certain heirs, 
and from which the other heirs 
are precluded. — To t. in or on. 
{Arch.) To fasten by one of the 
ends into a wall or some other 
support.— Tail'age, -ej, ?i. A share ; 
a tax or toll ; tallage. — Tai''lor, 
-15r, n. One whose occupation is 
to cut out and make men's gar- 
ments. — V. i. [TAILORED (-lerd), 
TAILORING.] To practice making 
men's clothes. — Tai'loress, n. A 
woman who makes garments for 
men or boys. — Tai'lor-bird, n. 
A bird of several species and gen- 
era, found in the E. Indies and 
Italy, which constructs nests by 
stitching together leaves of plants. 

Taint, tant, v. t. To imbue or im- 
pregnate, as with some extraneous 
matter which alters the sensible 
qualities of the substance; to im- 
pregnate with something odious, 
noxious, or poisonous ; to stain, 
sully, tarnish, contaminate, pol- 
lute, infect, disease, vitiate, poi- 
son. — V. i. To be infected or cor- 
rupted; to be affected with incipi- 
ent putrefaction. — n. Tincture; 
stain : infection ; corruption ; a 
blemish on reputation. — Tainf- 
ure, tan'^chur, n. Taint ; tinge ; 
defilement; stain. 

Take, tak, r. t. [imp. took (t66k): ;). 
B.TAKEX (tak'n); taking.] To lay 
nold of, seize with the hands, or 
otherwise; to get into one's hold or possession; to 
obtain possession of by force or artifice, capture; to 
come upon or befall, attack, seize; to captivate, in- 
terest, charm; to make selection of, choose, have re- 
course to; to employ, use, demand, require; to form 
a likeness of, delineate; to assume, acquire (shape); 
to permit to one's self, enjoy or experience (rest, 
revenge, delight, shame) ; to form and adopt (a 
resolution); to accept (something offered); to par- 
take of, swallow; to undertake readily, surmount, 
leap; to submit to, tolerate, endure; to admit (some- 
thing presented to the mind); to receive in thought, 
understand, interpret, suppose; to admit, receive, 
bear, agree with; to convey, move, remove, conduct, 
transfer, recover, assume, etc. — v. i. To catch, fix, 
be fixed; to have the intended or natural effect; to 
please, gain reception; to move or direct the course, 
betake one's self, go.— n. The quantity of fish cap- 
tured at one haul or catch. (Print.) Tlie quantity 
of copy taken in hand by a compositor at one time. 
— To take advantage of. To catch by surprise, make 
use of a favorable state of things to the prejudice of. 

— To t. aim. To aim. — To t. down. To reduce, 
bring lower, depress ; to swallow ; to pull down, 
pull to pieces ; to record, write down ; to attack, 
make an attack upon. — To t. effect. To have the 
intended effect, be efficacious. — To t. heart. To 
gain confidence or courage. — To t. in. To inclose, 
fence ; to encompass or embrace, comprise ; to draw 
into a smaller compass, contract, furl ; to cheat, cir- 
cumvent, deceive; to admit, receive; to understand, 
comprehend. — To t. in hand. To undertake, at- 
tempt to execute. — To t. in vain. To use unneces- 
sarily, carelessly, or profanely. — To t. leave. To bid 
farewell. — To t. notice. To observe with particular 
attention ; to show by some act that observation is 
made. — To t. oath. To swear in a judicial manner. 

— To t. off. To remove (from the surface, top, or 
outside) ; to cut off ; to destroy ; to invalidate ; to 
withdraw, call or draw away ; to swallow ; to pur- 
chase, take in trade , to copy, reproduce, imitate, 
mimic. — To t. out. To remove from within a place, 
separate, deduct; to draw out, clear or cleanse from. 

— To t. place. To happen, come to pass. — To t. 
7-oot. To live and grow, as a plant; to be established, 
as principles. — To t. advantage of. To use any ad- 
v^mtage offered by, employ to advantage; to catch 
by cunning, use circumstances to the prejudice of. 

— To t. to heart. To be sensibly affected by; to feel 



sensibly. — To t. up. To lift, raise; to buy or borrow; 
to begin ; to engross, employ ; to seize, catch, arrest; 
to admit, believe ; to reprimand ; to begin where an- 
other left off: to occupy, fill; to assume, carry on or 
manage for another; to comprise, include; to' adopt, 
assume ; to receive, accept, or adopt for the purpose 
of assisting; to favor; to collect; to exact (a tax): to 
pay and receive. — To t. upon one's self. To assume, 
undertake ; to appropriate to one's self, allow to be 
imputed to one's self. — To t. after. To learn to fol- 
low, copy, imitate ; to resemble. — To t. on. To be 
violently' affected. — To t. to. To apply to, be fond 
of ; to resort to, betake to. — To t. up with. To be 
contented to receive; to receive without opposition. 

— Take'-off, n. ; pi. -offs. An imitation, esp. in the 
way of caricature. — Tak''er, n. One who takes, re- 
ceives, or apprehends. — Tak'ing, p. a. Alluring ; 
attracting.— n. Act of gaining possession; agitation; 
excitement; distress of mind. 

Talbot, tawl'but, n. A sort of dog, noted for quick 
scent and eager pursuit of game. 

Talbotsrpe, taKbo-tip, n. A process of taking pictures 
by the camera obscura on chemically prepared pa- 
per. 

Talc, talk, n. (Ilin.) A soft magnesian mineral, of a 
soapy feel, and usually of greenish, wJiitish, or '."-n v- 
ish colors. — Talck'y, -T, Talcose'', tal-kos', Talc'- 
ous, -us, a. Pert, to, composed of, or resembling, talc. 

Tale, tal, n. That which is told; an oral relation: a 
reckoning by count ; enumeration ; number reck- 
oned or stated ; a written rehearsal of what has oc- 
curred ; anecdote; story; fable; incident; legend; 
narrative. — Tale''-bear''er, n. One who officiously 
tells tales. bear'ing, n. Act of informing offi- 
ciously; communication of secrets maliciously. 

Talent, taKent, ?i. Among the ancient Greeks, a weight 
and denomination of money ■ the Attic talent = 
nearly 5" lbs. avoirdupois, or as silver money = 
about $1180; among the Hebrews, as a weight = 
about 93f lbs. avoirdupois ; as money, from about 
$1645 to -11916; intellectual ability, natural or ac- 
quired; a special gift, esp. in business, art, etc., — a 
metaphorical use of the word, prob. originating in 
the parable of the ta.\ents, Matt . xxv. — TaKented, 
a. Furnjshed with talents or skill. 

Tales, ta^'lez, n. pi. (Laiv.) A suppl}' of persons from 
those in or about the court-house, to make up any 
deficiency in the number of iurors regularlj' sum- 
moned, being like, or such, as the latter. — Talesman, 
talz'^man, n. ; pi. -men. A person called to make up 
the deficiency in the number of jurors when a tales 
is awarded. 

Talisman, taKiz-man, n. ; pi. -mans. A magical figure 
cut or engraved under certain superstitious observ- 
ances of the configuration of the heavens, to which 
wonderful effects are ascribed; something that pro- 
duces extraordinary effects, esp. in averting evil; a 
charm. — Talisman'^ic, -ical a. Pert, to, or having 
the properties ®f, a talisman; magical. 

Talk, tawk, v. i. [talked (tawkt), talking.] To 
converse familiarly ; to speak, as in familiar dis- 
course; to confer, reason; to prate, speak imperti- 
nently. — V. t. To speak freelj% use for conversing 
or communicating; to mention in talking, utter; to 
consume or spend in talking. — n. Familiar con- 
verse; mutual discourse; report; rumor; subject of 
discourse; conversation; colloquy: discourse; chat; 
conference ; communication. — "Talk'er, n. One 
who talks; esp., one noted for power of conversing 
agreeably; a loquacious person; a boaster; braggart. 

— Talk'ative, -a-tiv, a. Given to much talking; gar- 
rulous; loquacious; prating. — TaJk'ativeness. n. 

Tall, tawl, a. High in stature; long and comparatively 
slender, — said of upright objects; lofty. 

Tallage, taKlej, -liage, -iT-ej, 7i. {O. Eng. Laio.) A 
certain rate or tax, paid by barons, knights, and in- 
ferior tenants, toward the public expenses. 

Tallow, taKlo, n. The suet or fat of animals of the 
sheep and ox kinds; the fat of some other animals, 
or the fat obtained from certain plants, or from other 
sources, resembling that of animals of the sheep 
and ox kind. — v. t. [tallowed (-lod), -lowing?] 
To grease or smear with tallow ; to fatten. — .Tal'- 
low-chandler, n. One who makes or sells tallow 
candles. — Tal'lowish, a. Having the properties or 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, terra ; Tn, Ice ; 6dd, tone, or ; 



TALLY 



437 



TANTALIZE 



nature of tallow ; resembling tallow. — TaKlowy, 
-lo-I, a. Having the qualities of tallow; greasy. 

Tally, tal'lT, n. A piece of wood on which notches or 
scores are cut, as the marks of number; esp. one of 2 
pieces with notches exactly corresponding; one thing 
made to suit or correspond to another; a match; mate. 
— V. t. [tallied (-lid), -LYING.] To score with cor- 
respondent notches, make to correspond. iNciut.) To 
pull aft, as the sheets or lower corners of the main 
and foresail. — v^i. To be fitted, suit, correspond. 
— Tal'lyman, n. ; pi. -me.v. One who keeps the tally; 
one wlio keeps a tally-shop. — Tal'ly-shop, n. A shop 
at which articles are sold to customers on account, 
the account being kept in corresponding books, one 
called the talli/,' kept by the buyer, the other the 
counter-tally, kept by the seller. 

TaUyko, taKlt-ho, interj. & n. The huntsman's cry to 
urge on his hounds. 

Talmud, taKmud, ?i. The whole body of the Hebrew 
laws and traditions, with authoritative comments 
and explanations, as collected, in 2d cent, and since, 
in the Mishna and Gemara. — Talmud'ic, -leal, a. 
Of, pert, to, or contained in, the Talmud. — TaK- 
mudist, n. One versed in the Talmud.— Talmudisf- 
ic, a. Of, or pert, to, the Talmud ; Talmudic. 

Talon, taKun, n. The claw of a bird of prey. (Arch.) 
A kind of molding ; ogee : see Molding. --«jra''lus, n. 
(Anat.) That bone of the foot which articulates 
with the leg; astragalus. (Arch. & Fort.) The slope 
or inclination of a work. ( Geol.) A sloping heap of 
broken rocks at the foot of a precipice. 




Tamandua, or Little Ant-bear. 

Tamandua, ta-man''du-a, n. A species of ant-eater of 
tropical Amer., about the size of a full-grown cat, 
and having a prehensile tail ; the little ant-bear. 

Tamarack, tam^'a-rak, n. The black larch, a conifer- 
ous tree having deciduous leaves; hackmatack. 

Tamarind, tam-^-rind, n. A leguminous tree, culti- 
vated in tropical countries for its shade and fruit ; 
one of the preserved seed-pods of the tamarind, 
which abound with an acid pulp of refrigerant and 
laxative properties. 

Tamarisk, tam''a-risk, n. A tree or shrub of several 
species. 

Tambac, tam'bak, n. An alloy of copper, zinc, etc. ; 
tombac; aloes- wood. 

Tambour, tam^'boor, n. A kind of small flat drum ; 
tambourine ; a small circular frame, resembling a 
drum, for working embroidery upon; a species of 
embroidery in which threads of gold and silver are 
worked in leaves, flowers, etc. (Arch.) The vase on 
which the leaves of the Corinthian and Composite 
capitals are placed; the wall of 
a circular temple surrounded 
with columns; the circular ver- 
tical part above or below a cu- 
pola ; a lobby or vestibule, in- 
closed with folding doors. — 
Tam'bourine', -en''^, n. A shal- 
low drum, with only one skin, 
plaj^ed on with the hand, and 
having bells at the sides; a live- 
ly J^rench dance, formerly in 
vogue in operas. 

Tame, tarn, a. Having laid aside, or become changed 
from, native wildness and shyness; accustomed to 
man; crushed; subdued; spiritless; deficient in ani- 
mation; dull; flat. — r. t. [TAMED (tamd), taming.] 
To reduce from a wild to a domestic state ; to re- 




Tambourine. 



claim, domesticate; to subdue, conquer.— Tamo'ly, 
adv. In a tame manner; with unresisting submis- 
sion ; meanly ; servilely. 

Tamil, tii'mil, n. The language of the Carnatic and 
of most of Ceylon, — a member of the Dravidian 
family of languages. 

Tamis, tam'is, Tam'my, -niT, n. A kind of woolen 
Cloth highly glazed, often used for straining sauces. 

Tamp, tamp, "v. t. To fill up (a hole bored in a rock 
for blasting), esp. bj' driving in something with fre- 
quent strokes; to drive in or down by frequent gen- 
tle strokes.— Tam-'pon, Tam'^pion, -pt-un, Tom'pion, 
71. The stopper of a cannon or other piece of ord- 
nance; a plug to stop the upper end of an organ- 
pipe. (Surg.) A plug to stop hemorrhage. 

Tamper, tam^per, V. i. [-i'ered (-perd), -i-eeing.] To 
meddle, try little experiments, adulterate. 

Tan, tan, v. t. [tanned (taiid), -ning.] To impreg- 
nate with tannin by steeping in an infusion of bark, 
in order to convert into leather, as the skins of ani- 
mals; to make brown \yy exposure to the rays of the 
sun; to flog. — V. i. To become tanned. — n. The 
bark of the oak, and some other trees, bruised and 
broken by a mill, for tanning hides ; a yellowish- 
brown color, like that of tan: a browning of the skin 
by exposure to the sun. — Tan'-yard, n. A place 
where leather is tanned. — Tan'ner, >!. One whose 
occupation is to tan hides. — Tan'nery, -ner-T, n. 
The house and apparatus for tanning. — Tan''nic, a. 
( Chem.) Of, pert, to, or derived from, tan. — Tan'- 
nin, n. (Chem.) The astringent principle of oak 
bark, nut-galls, etc. — Taw'ny, -nt, a. [-nier ; 
-niest.] Of a dull yellowish-brown color, like things 
tanned or sunburnt persons. 

Tandem, taii'dem, adv. One after another, — said of 
horses harnessed and driven one before another, in- 
stead of side by side. 

Tang, tang, n. A strong or offensive taste; esp., a taste 
of something extraneous to the thing itself; relish; 
taste; something that leaves a sting or pain behind; 
a projecting part of an object by means of which it 
is secured to a handle, or to some other part; any- 
thing resembling a tongue in form or position. 

Tangent, tan'jent, n. (Geom.) A right line which 
touches a curve, but which, 
when produced, does not- 
cut it. — a. Touching. 
(Geom.) Touching at a sin- 
gle point.— Tan'gency, -jen- 
sT, n. State or quality of be- 
ing tangent ; a contact or 
touching. — Tangen' t i a 1 , 
-jen'shal, a. Of, or pert, to, 
a tangent; in the direction 
of a tangent. — Tan'gible, 
-jt-bl, a. Perceptible by the touch; palpable; capa- 
hle of being possessed or realized; readilj' apprehen- 
sible by the mind. — Tanglbil'lty, n. Quality of be- 
ing, etc. 

Tangle, tan''gl, v. t. [-gled (-gld). -gling.] To unite 
or knit together confusedly; to interweave or inter- 
lock, as threads; to insnare, entrap. — v.i. To be 
entangled or united confusedly. — n. A knot of 
threads, or other things, so interwoven as not to be 
easily disengaged. (Bot.) An edible seaweed, hav- 
ing long, ribbon-shaped fronds. 

Tank, tank, n. A large basin or cistern. 

Tankard, tank'ard, n. A large vessel for liquors, or a 
drinking vessel, with a cover. 

Tanner, Tannic, Tannin, etc. See under Tan. 

Tansy, tan-'zT, n. (Bot.) An extremely bitter plant 
of many species, used for medicinal and culinary 
purposes. 

Tant, tant, n. A small spider, with 2 eyes, and 8 long 
legs, and of an elegant scarlet color. 

Tantalize, tan'ta-lTz, v. t. [-ltzed (-iTzd), -lizing.] 
To tease or torment with a prospect of good that can 
not be realized; to disappoint, tease, irritate, pro- 
voke. — Tan'talism, -lizm, 11. The punishment of 
Tantalus ; a teasing with vain hopes. — Tan'taliza''- 
tion, n. Act of tantalizing. — Tan'taliz'er, n. — 
Tan'talus, n. A genus of wading birds, including 
the wood-pelican or ibis, a bird of the size of the 
stork, but more slender, inhabiting marshes, and 
feeding on reptiles. 




a c, tangent 
tial radius 



stin, cube, full ; moon, f(5&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



TANTAMOUNT 



438 



TARTAR 



Equivalent in value 
S'i.'iftly; speed- 




Tantamount, tan''ta-iiiownt', a 
or signilicatiou; equal. 

Tantivy, tan-tiv't or tan''t'i;-vT, adv. 
ily; rapidlj', — a hunting term. 

Tantrum, tan^'trum, n. A whim or burst of ill-humor; 
an aii'ected air. 

Tap, tap, V. t. [TAPPED (tapt), -ping.] To strike with 
something small, or with a very gentle blow; to put 
a new sole or heel on (a shoe or boot). — n. A slight 
blow with a small thing; the piece of leather fas- 
tened upon the bottom of a boot or shoe, in repairiug 
the sole or heel. — v. i. To strike a gentle blow. — 
Tap'^pet, n. {Macli.) A small lever or projection in- 
tended to tap or slightly touch something else, to 
change or regulate motion. 

Tap, tap, V. t. To pierce (a tree, cask, tumor, or any- 
thing containing a pent-up fluid) so as to let out a flu- 
id; to draw from in any analogous way. — n. A hole 
or pipe through which liquor is drawn ; a faucet ; a 
plug or spile for stopping a hole pierced in a cask; 
liquor measured out, as through a tap; a place where 
liquor is drawn for drinking; a bar. (Mech.) A con- 
ical screw grooved longitudinally, for cutting 
threads in nuts. — Tap''-bolt, ». A 
bolt, with a head on one end, to be 
screwed into some fixed part, instead 
of passing through it and receiving 
a nut. — root, n. (Bot.) The root 
of a plant which penetrates the earth 
dnectly downward. ^ Tap'ster, n. 
One who draws ale, etc. 

Tape, tap, n. A narrow piece of woven 
fabric used for strings, etc. — Tape'- 
worm, n. {Med.) A broad, flat, niany- 
iointed worm, often many feet in Tap-bolt, 
length, found in the intestines of man and other ver- 
tebrate animals; tania. 

Taper, ta''per, n. A small wax-candle, or a small light. 

Taper, ta''per, a. Regularly narrowed toward the 
point; conical; pyramidical."— i-. i. [t.vpeked (-perd), 
TAPERING.] To diminish or become gradually small- 
er toward one end. — v. t. To make or cause to ta- 
per. — n. A gradual diminution of thickness in an 
elongated object. 

Tapestry, tap'es-trY, n. A kind of woven hangings of 
wool and silk, often enriched with gold and silver, 
representing various figures. — v. t. To adorn with, 
or as if with, tapestrj'. — Tapestiij carpet. An elegant 
kind of two-ply or ingrain carpet, in which the Avarp 
or weft is printed before weaving, so as to produce 
the figure in the cloth. 

Tapeti, tap'e-tl, n. ; 'pi. -tis, -tiz. An animal of the 
hare kind, — the Lepus Braziliensis, a rodent mam- 
mal of S. Amer. 

Tapioca, tap-T-o^ka, n. A coarsely granular farina- 
ceous substance obtained by heating moistened cas- 
sava: when soaked in water it forms a jelly-like 
mass, used for puddings, etc. 

Tapir, ta-'per, 71. 



A hoofed, pach- 
ydermatous 
mammal of S. 
Amer. and Su- 
matra, allied to 
the hog and rhi- 
n c e r o s, and 
having a short 
proboscis. 

Tapis, ta''pis or 
ta-pc'^, n. Car- 
peting ; tapes- 
try ; formerly, 
the cover of a 
council-table. — Upon the 
under consideration. 

Tappet. See under Tap, to strike lightlv. 

Tapster. See under Tap, to draw liquors. 

Tar, tiir, 71. A thick, viscid, impure, resinous sub- 
stance, of a dark color, obtained by destructive dis- 
tillation of wood, coal, etc., or by burning resinous 
wood without flame in a close pit; a sailor, — so 
called from his tarred clothes. —r. t. [tarred 
(tard), -RiXG.] To smear with tar. — Tar'ry, -rT, a. 
Consisting of, covered with, or Hke, tar. — Tarpau'- 
lin, -paw'lin, -ling, n. Canvas covered with tar or a 





Tapir. 
tapiis. On the table, or 



composition to render it waterproof; a hat covered 
with painted or tarred cloth; a sailor. 

Tarantass, tar-an-tas', n. A low, springless, 4-wheeled 
Russian carriage, drawn by 3 horses, and trans- 
formed into a sledge by substituting runners for 
the wheels. 

Tarantula, ta-ran'tu-la, ra. A large brown spider: its 
bite produces an effect about 
equal to the stiiig of a wasp. 

Tarboosh, tar-boosh'', n. A red cap 
worn by Turks, etc.; a fez. 

Tardy, tar'dl, a. [-dier; -diest.] 
Moving with a slow pace or mo- 
tion ; not in season ; late ; slow 
dilatory; tedious; reluctant. 

Tare, tar, ?i. A weed growing among TaMntnin 
wheat and othergrain; the darnel. -i-araniuia. 
(Bot.) A plant of several species, which are trouble- 
some weeds; a leguminous plant of several species, 
cultivated in Europe for fodder; vetch. 

Tare, tar, n. {Com.) Allowance or abatement of a 
certain weight or quantity from the weight or quan- 
titj' of a commodity sold in a cask, chest, bag, etc., 
which the seller makes to the buyer. 

Target, tar''get, ?«. A kind of small shield or buck- 
ler: a mark for marksmen to fire at in their practice. 
— Targeteer, -ier, -er'', n. One armed with a target 
or shield. 

Targum, tar'gum, n. A Chaldee or Aramaic version 
(translation or x^araphrase) of a portion of the Old 
Testament Scriptures. 

Tariff, tar'if, 71. {Com.) Properly, a list or table of 
goods with the duties or customs to be paid for the 
same, either on importation or exportation; a list of 
duties on goods imported or exported. 

Tarlatan, tar'la-tan, n. A kind of thin, transparent 
muslin, used for ladies' dresses, etc. 

Tarn, tarn, n. A small lake among the mountains; a 
bog; marsh; fen. 

Tarnish, tar'nish, v. t. [-nished (-nisht), -nishing.] 
To diminish or destroy the luster or puritv of; to 
sully, stain, dim. — v. i. To lose luster, "become 
dull. — w. State of being soiled; soil; blemish. 

Tare, ta-'ro, n. A tropical plant haviiicr I'^^ves like a 
water -lilv and thick, ob- 
long roots, w li i c h are 
cooked and eaten. 

Tarpaulin. See under Tak. 

Tarragon, tar'ra-gon, n. A 
plant used in France for 
perfuming vinegar. 

Tarras. See Trass. 

Tarry, tar^'rr, r. i. [-eied 
(-rid), -rying.] To stay be- 
hind, remain in arrear; to 
delay, put off going or 
coming ; to stay, remain, 
abide, await, foiter. • — n. 
Stay; stop; delay.— Tar''ri- 
anc'e, -rl-ans, n. Act of tar- 
rying; delay; lateness. 

Tarry. See under Tar. 

Tarsus, tiir'sus, 71. {Anat.) 
That iiart of the foot be- 
tween the leg and metatar- 
sus: it contains 7 bones of 
heel, instep, and ankle: see rp 

Skeleton. iaro. 

Tart, tiirt, a. Sharp to the taste; acidulous; keen; 
severe. — Tarfly, adv. — In a tart manner ; sourly ; 
sharply. — Tart'ness, n. " 

Tart, tiirt, 71. A small open pie or fiat piece of pastry, 
containing jelly or conserve. 

Tartan, tar''tan,' 71. "Woolen cloth, checkered with 
threads of various colors, much worn in Scotland. 

Tartar, tar' tar, n. {Chem.) An acid concrete salt, 
deposited from wines completely fermented: when 
pure, it is called cream of tartar, and when crude, 
arr/al or argol. A concretion which often incrusts 
the teeth. — Tartar-emetic. {Chem.) A double salt, 
consisting of tartaric acid in combination with po- 
tassa and protoxide of antimony.— Tarta''reous, -re- 
us, a. Consisting of, or resembling, tartar, or partak- 
ing of its properties.— Tartar'^ic, -tar'ik, a. Of, pert. 
to, or obtained from tartar. — Tartaric acid. An acid 




fim, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice : 6dd, tone, 6r ; 



TARTAR 



439 



TEA 



obtained from tartar, soluble, white_, and crystalline. 

— Tar'tarize, -tar-iz, v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), -izing.] To 
impregnate with tartar, refine by means of the salt 
of tartar. — Tar'trate, -trat, n. A salt formed by 
the combination of tartaric acid with a base. 

Tartar, tiir'tar, n. A native or inhabitant of Tartary. 

— To catch a Tartar. To lay hold of or encounter 
a person who proves too strong for the assailant. 

Tartarus, tiir'ta-rus, n. ( Gr. Myth.') The infernal re- 
jiions ; the place of punishment for the spirits of 
the wicked.— Tarta'rean, -re-an, a. Of, or pert, to, 
Tartarus; hellish. 

Tartnffe, far - toof ', n. A hypocritical devotee, — a 
nickname derived from the name of the hero in a 
comedy of the same name, by Moliere. 

Task, task, n. Business or study imposed by another; 
undertaking; burdensome employment; a lesson; 
iixed portion of study imposed by a teacher; toil; 
drudgery. — u. t. [tasked (taskt), taskixg.] To 
impose a task upon; to oppress with severe or ex- 
cessive burdens. — To take to task. To reprove, rep- 
rimand. — Taslf'-mas'ter, n. One who imposes a 
task, or burdens with labor ; an overseer. 

Tassel, tas'^sel, n. A pendent ornament, attached to 
cushions, curtains, etc., ending in loose threads; the 
pendent flower or head of some plants. — v. i. [tas- 
SELED (-seld), -SELiNG.] To put forth a tassel or 
flower. — V. t. To adorn with tassels. 

Taste, tast, v. t. To try by the touch of the tongue ; 
t(j perceive the relisn or flavor of by taking a small 
quantit}' into the mouth; to eat a small quantity of; 
to become acquainted with by actual trial ; to expe- 
rience, undergo; to partake of, participate in, — usu- 
ally with an implied sense of relish or pleasure. — r. f. 
To'try food witnthe mouth; to eat or drink a little; 
to excite a particular sensation, by which the qual- 
ity or flavor is distinguished ; to nave a particular 
quality or cliaracter; to have perception, experience, 
or enjoyment ; to partake. -?;. Act of tasting; a 
particular sensation excited by the application of a 
substance to the tongue ; the sense- by which the 
savor of bodies is ascertained, having its principal 
sent in the tongue ; intellectual relish ; nice percep- 
tion, or the power of perceiving a,nd relishing ex- 
cellence in human performances; critical judgment; 
discernment; manner, with respect to what is pleas- 
ing ; style ; a small portion given as a specimen; a 
bit; a kind of narrow ribbon. — Tast'^able, a. Capa- 
ble or worthy of being tasted; savory; relishing. — 
Taste'ful, -ful, a. Having a high relish ; savory ; 
having, or exhibiting, good taste; tasty. — Taste'less, 
a. Having no taste ; insipid ; having no power of 
giving pleasure.— Tasfy, -T, a. [-IER ; -iest.] Hav- 
ing a good taste, or nice perception of excellence; be- 
ing in conformity to the principles of good taste ; 
elegant. — Tasfily, -T-lT, adv. In a tasty manner ; 
with good tfiste. 

Tatouay, tat'oo-i, n. A S. Amer. armadillo, having a 
round, pointed, naked tail. 




Tatouay. 

Tatter, tat'^ter, v. t. and i. To rend or tear into rags ; 
to be in tatters or ra^s. — n. A rag, or a part torn 
and hanging to the thing. — Tat'terdemal'ion, -de- 
maKyun, n. A ragged fellow; ragamuflin. 

Tatting, tat'^ting, n. A kind of lace edging woven or 
knit from sewing thread, with a peculiar stitch. 

Tattle, taftl, v. i. [-tled (-tld), -tling.] To prate, 
use many words with little meaning ; to tell tales, 
communicate secrets.— «. Idle talk or chat; trifling 
talk; prate: gossip. — Taftler, n. — Taftlery, -Igr-I, 
n. Idle talk or chat. 



Tattoo, tat-too', n. (Mil.) A beat of drum at night, 
giving notice to soldiers to repair to their quarters 
or tents. — BevU'ii tattoo. A drumming with the fin- 
gers, or foot, as from listle.'^sness^ fatigue, etc. 
Tattoo, tat-too'', v. t. [-tooeu (-tood'), -toging.] To 
color indelibly (the flesh) by pricking in fluids or 
dye-stuffs. — n. Indelible marks made by punctur- 
ing the skin and introducing a pigment. 
Taught, Taut, tawt, a. Tightly drawn or strained. 
Taught. See Teach. 

Taunt, tiint, a. {Jliaut.) Very tall, as masts of a ship. 
Taunt, tiint. v. t. To reproach with severe or insult- 
ing words; to revile, upbraid, deride, ridicule, mock, 
censure. — n. Upbraiding words; bitter or sarcastic 
reproach; insulting invective. — Taunfingly, adv. 
In a taunting manner; insultingly; scoffingly. 
Taurus, taw'rus, ». (Asfron.) The Bull, one of the 
12 signs of the zodiac: the 2d zodiacal constellation. 
— Tau'rine, -rlu, a. Relating to a bull; of, or rela- 
ting to, the common bull, ox, and cow. — Tau'rifonn, 
-rT-l6rm, a. Having the form of a bull. 
Taut. See Taught, a. 
Tautog, taw-tog'', n. A food fish found on the coast 

of IS'ew Eng.; the blackfish. 
Tautology, taw-toKo-jT, n. A repetition of the same 
meaning in different words. — Tautolog'ic, -ical, 
-loj'ik-al, a. Involving tautology, having the same 
signification.— TautoKogist, -o-jist, n. One who uses 
different words or phrases, in succession, to express 
the same sense. — TautoKogize, -o-jiz, v. i. [-gized 
(-jizd), -gizing.] To repeat the same thing in differ- 
ent words. — Tautoph-'ony, -tof 'o-nT, n. Repetition 
of the same sound. — Tautophon''ical, a. Repeating 
the same sound. 
Tavern, tav^'ern, n. A public house where entertain- 
ment and accommodation for travelers are provided; 
inn; hotel. 
Taw, taw, i>. t. [tawed (tawd), tawing.] To dress 
and prepare in white (the skins of sheep, lambs, 
goats, and kids, for gloves, etc.) by imbuing them 
with alum, salt, and other materials, —n. A large 
marble; a game at marbles. — Taw'er, -yer, n. One 
who taws; a dresser of white leather. 
Tawdry, taWdrT, a. [-drier ; -driest.] Very fine 
and showy in colors, without taste or elegance. — 
Taw'drily, -drT-lt, adv. — Taw'driness, n. 
Tawny. See under Tan. 

Tax, taks, n. A charge, esp. a pecuniary burden im- 
posed by authority ; a levy made upon propert^^ for 
the support of a government ; the sum laid upon a 
specific thing, as upon polls, lands, houses, income, 
etc.; a sum imposed on the members of a society, to 
defray its expenses; a task exacted from one under 
control ; a disagreeable or burdensome duty or 
charge. —I/-, t. [taxed (takst), taxing.] To sub- 
ject to pay a tax or taxes, lay a burden upon, ex- 
act money from for the support of government ; to 
assess, fix, or determine judicially, as the amount 
of cost on actions in court ; to charge, censure, ac- 
cuse. — Tax^able, a. Capable of being taxed; liable 
by law to the assessment of taxes. (Laio.) Capable 
01 being legally charged by a court against the 
plaintiff' or defendant m a suit. — Tax''ably, adv. — 
Taxa''tion, n. Act of lajing a tax, or of imposing 
taxes; act of assessing a bill of cost. — Tax'er, n. — 
Tax''pay'er, n. One who is assessed and pays taxes. 
Taxidermy, taks'l-der'niT, n. Art of preparing and 
preserving the skins of animals and stuffing and 
mounting them, so as to represent their natural ap- 
pearance. — Taxider'niic, a. Pert, to the art of pre 
paring and preserving skins of animals. — Tax''ider' 
mist, n. One skilled in taxidermy. 
Tea, te, n. The dried leaves of a snrub or small tit 
a native of China and Japan; a decoction or infusioi 
of tea leaves in boiling water, used as a beverage 
esp. when mixed with milk or cream and sugar; any 
infusion or decoction, esp. when made of the dry 
leaves of plants; an extract, as of beef; the evening 
meal, at which tea is usually served; supper. — Tea'- 
cup, n. A small cup for drinking tea from. — ket'tle, 
n. A covered kettle, with a nose or spout, in which 
water is boiled for making tea, etc. — pot, n. A ves- 
sel with a spout in which tea is made and from which 
it is poured into tea-cups. — spoon, n. A small spoon 
used in drinking tea and other beverages. ta'ble, 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boxboN, chair, get. 



TEACH 



440 



TELEGRAPH 




Teal. 



n. A table on which to set tea furniture. — nm, n. 
A vessel to hold hot water for tea. 
Teach, tech, V. ^ [taught (tawt), teaching.] To im- 
part the knowledge of, inculcate as true or impor- 
tant, exhibit impressively, tell ; to direct as an in- 
structor, guide the studies of; to admonish, counsel. 

— Teach'able, a. Capable of being taught; readily 
receiving instruction ; docile. — Teach'ableness, n. — 
Teach'er, n. One who teaches or instructs ; an in- 
structor; tutor; one who instructs others in religion; 
a preacher ; minister of the gospel. — Teach'^ing, n. 
Act or business of instructing; education; breeding. 

Teaguej^ teg, n. An Irishman^— in contempt. 

Teak, tek, n. A tree of the E. Indies and of Africa, 
which furnishes ship timber; timber of the tree. 

Teal, tel, n. A small, handsome, migratory, fresh-wa- 
ter duck of 
several spe- 
cies. 

Team, tem, n. 
A number 
of animals 
moving t o - 
gether ; two 
or more 
horses, ox- 
en, or other 
beasts har- 
nessed to- 
gether to the same vehicle for drawing; a number of 
persons associated for a game, contest, etc. — v. t. To 
haul with a team. — Team'^ster, n. One who drives 
a team. 

Tear, ter, n. A drop of the limpid fluid secreted by 
the lachrymal glands, and appearing in the eyes, or 
flowing from them; something in the form of atrans- 
parent drop of fluid matter ; a solid, transparent, 
tear-shaped drop, as of some balsams or resins. — 
Tear''ful, -ful, a. Abounding with tears ; weeping ; 
shedding tears. — Tear'less, a. Shedding no tears ; 
without tears. 

Tear, tai, v. t. [imp. toee (tare, obs.) ; p. p. torn ; 
TEARING.] To separate by violence, pull apart by 
force, make a rent in, lacerate, wound; to divide by 
violent measures, shatter, rend, disorganize; to pull 
with violence, drag, move violently. — v. i. To move 
and act with turbulent violence, rush with violence, 
rage, rave. — n. A rent, 
fissure. 

Tease, tez, v. t. [teased 
(tezd), teasing.] To 
comb or card (wool or 
flax) ; to scratch (cloth 
in dressing)for the pur- 
pose of raising a nap; 
to harass, annoy, dis- 
turb, or irritate, by pet- 
ty, importunate, or im- 
pertinent requests, or 
by jests and raillery. 

— T'ea'^sel, te'zl, w. 
(Bot.) A plant, of 
whicn one species 
(fuller's thistle) bears 
a large bur used for 
raising a nap on woolen 
cloth. The bur of the 
plant; any contrivance 
intended as a substi- 
tute for teasels in dres- 
sing cloth. — V. t. 
[teaseled (-zld), -see- 
ing.] To subject (wool- 
en cloth) to the action 
of teajels. 

Teat, tet, n. The small projecting organ, in female 
mammals, through which their young draw the milk 
from the breast or the udder; nipple; pap; dug. 

Teatotal. See Teetotal. 

Teasle. Same as Teasel, under Tease. 

Technic, tek'^nik, -nical, a. Of, or pert, to, the useful 
or mechanic arts, to any science, profession, busi- 
ness, etc.; specialty appropriate to or characteristic 
of any art, science, or business. — Tech'nic, -nique', 
-nek', n. Method of performance in any act; exe- 




Common Teasel. 



cution. — Tectonic, tek-ton'ik, a. Of, or pert, to, 
building or construction. — Tech'nicaKity, -nt-kal'- 
Y-tT, n. State or quality of being technical ; that 
which is technical, or peculiar to any trade, profes- 
sion, sect, etc. — Tech^nics, n. The doctrine of arte 
in general; such branches of learning as respect the 
arte; in pi., technical terms or objects. — Technol'- 
ogy, -noKo-jt, n. A description of, or treatise on. 
the useful arts; an explanation of technical terms i 
a collection and explanation of terms peculiar to ap 
art or science. — Technolog''ic, -ical, -no-loj'ik-al- 
a. Of, or pert, to, technology.— Tecbnol'ogist, -nol'- 
o-jist, n. One who discourses or treats of arts, or oi 
the terms of art. 

Techy, tech'I, a. Peevish; fretful. 

Ted, ted, v. t. To spread, or turn, as new-mowed grasp 
from the swath, and scatter it for drying. — Ted'der, 
n. A machine for stirring and spreading hay when 
drying. 

Tedder, ted'der, n. A tether. 

Te Denm, te-de''um. An ancient Christian hymn, 
sung in churches, — beginning with the words, " Tf 
Deimi laiidamus" — We praise thee, O God. 

Tedious, te'dT-us or ted-'yus, a. Involving tedium ; 
tiresome from continuance, prolixity, or slowness 
which causes prolixity; irksome; dilatory; tardy. — 
Te'ditun, -dT-um, ?t. Irksomeness; wearisomeness. 

Teem, tem, v. i. [teemed (temd), teeming.] To bring 
forth, as an animal ; to produce fruit, as a plant ; to 
bear; to be pregnant, conceive; to be full, be stocked 
to overflowing, be prolific. — v. t. To bring forth. 

Teens, tenz, n. pi. The years of one's age having 
the termination -teen, beginning with 13 and ending 
with 19. 

Teeth, TeethiM. See Tooth. 

Teetotal, te-to'lal, a. Entire; total. — Teeto'taler, «. 
One pledged to entire abstinence fronj all intoxica- 
ting drinks, — cant words formed in Eng. by Rich- 
ard Turner, a temperance orator, about 1833, by re- 
duplicating the initial letter of the adj. total. — Tee- 
tC'taUzm, -izra, 7i. Principle of total abstinence. 

Tegument, teg^u-nient, n. A cover or covering ; the 
covering of a living body, or of some part or organ 
of such a body. — Tegumenfary, -a-rT, a. Pert, to, 
or consisting of, teguments. — Teg'ular, a. Pert, to, 
or resembling, a tile, or arranged like tiles. 

Tell, tel, T.-tree, n. The lime-tree or linden. 

Telary, teKa-rt, a. Of, or pert, to, a web. 

Telegraph, teKe-graf , n. An apparatus, or a process, 
for communicating intelligence rapidly between dis- 
tant points by means of preconcerted visible or audi- 
ble signals representing words or ideas, or esp. by 
means of marks, sounds, or visible tokens produced 
byelectric- 
ity which 
has been 
trans- 
mitted 
through a 
wire; a 
telegraph- 
ic c o m- 
m u n i c a- 
tion ; tele- 
gram. — V. 
t. [tele- 
graphed 
(-g r a f t), 
-graph- 
ing.] To 
convey or 
a n nounce 
by t e 1 e - 

graph. — TeKegraph'er, n. A telegraphic operator ? 
telegraphist. — Tel'egraph'ic, -ical, a. Of, or pert, to, 
the telegraph : made, or communicated by, a tele- 
grapli. — Telegraphist, te-leg'ra-fist or tel'e-grafist, 
n. One who operates on a'telegraph; a telegraphic 
operator; telegrapher. — Teleg'raphy, -ra-ft, n. Sci- 
ence or art of constructing, or of communicating by 
means of, telegraphs.— TeKegram, n. A message sent 
by telegraph; a telegraphic dispatch. — TeKephone, 
-e-fon, n. An instrument for transmitting sounds, 
esp. articulate speech, to a distance, by means of elec- 
tricity and telegraphic wires.— Telephon'ic, -fon'ic. 




Morse's Telegraph. 



fim, fame, tar, p&ss or opera, f&ie ; ^nd, eve, term ; In, ice ; 8dd, tone, dr ; 



TELIO 



441 



TEN 



a. Conveying: sound to a sreat distance; far-soiinrt- 
ing ; of, or pert. to. the telephone. — Tel'escope, -e- 
ekop, n. An optical instrument for ■t'iewiiiz distant 

r 




Astronomical Telescope. 

A B, object-glass ; C D, converging eye-glass ; P G, distant 
object ; H K. image o£ the object; eye at E. 

objects, as the heavenly bodies. — v. i. To run into 
one another, like the slides of a pocket telescope, — 
said esp. of coUiding^ railroad cars. — Tel'escop''ic, 
-ical, -skSp'ik-al, a. Pert, to, or performed by, a tel- 
escope; seen or discoverable only by a telescope; able 
to discern objects at a distance; far-seeing; having 
the power of extension by joints sliding one within 
another, like the tube of a pocket telescope. 

Telle, tel'ik, a. {Gram.) Denoting the final end or 
purpose.— Teles'tich, te-les'tik, n. A poem in which 
the final letters of the lines make a name, — the re- 
verse of an acrostic. 

Tell, tel, V. t. [told (told), tellino.] To enumerate, 
number, count-; to express in words, say, communi- 
cate; to command; to utter or recite in detail, give 
an account of; to make known, publish, betray, di- 
vulge; to give instruction to, teach; to ascertain by 
ob.serving, find out, discover, discern, distinguish. — 
r. i. To give an account, make report; to produce a 
marked effect.— TeU'er, n. One who tells, relates, or 
communicates; a recounter; enumerator; a narrator 
or describer; in the Eng. Exchequer, one of 4 officers 
who receive and pay moneys due to the crown; an 
officer of a bank, who receives and pays out money 
over the counter; one appointed to count votes giv- 
en in a public meeting, assembly, etc. — Tell'-tale, 
a. Telling tales; babbling. — n. An officious inform- 
er; one who tells that which prudence should sup- 
press. {Much.) A machine or contrivance for indi- 
cating or recording something. 

Tellurik, tel-lu-'rik, a. Pert, to, or proceeding from, 
the earth ; pert, to, or containing, tellurium. — Tel- 
lu'rium, -rT-um, n. (Chem.) A metal of a silver- 
white color, and in its chemical properties closely re- 
sembling sulphur and selenium. 

Temerity, te-mer'T-tT, n. Unreasonable contempt of 
danger; extreme venturesomeness; rashness. 

Temper, tem'per, v. t. [-peked (-perd), -perixg.J To 
mingle in due proportion; to modify, as by adding 
some new element ; to soften, mollify, assuage ; to 
bring to a proper degree of hardness. (Founding.) 
To moisten to a proper consistency. (Mus.) To ad- 

■ just, as the mathematical scale to the actual scale, 
or that in actual use. — n. Due mixture of different 
qualities; just combination; constitution of body; 
temperament; disposition of mind; constitution of 

. the mind, esp. with regard to the Hussions and affec- 
tions; calmness or soundness of mind; moderation: 
heat of mind or passion; proneness to anger; state of 
a metal or other substance, esp. as to its hardness, 
produced by some process of heating or cooling. — 
Tem'perament, n. Internal constitution ; temper- 
ature; act of tempering or modifying; adjustment 
(of clashing rules, interests, passions, etc.). (Mus.) 
A system of compromises in the tuning of organs, 
piano fortes, etc., whereby the tones generated with 
the vibrations of a ground-tone are mutually modi- 
fied and in part canceled, until their number is re- 
duced to the actual practicable scale of 12 tones to 
the octave. {Med.) The peculiar physical and men- 
tal character of an individual; natural organization 
or constitution. — Tem''perance, -per-ans, n. Habit- 
ual moderation in regard to the indulgence of the 
natural appetites and passions; sedateness; sobriety; 
abstinence from violence, excess, or improper indul- 
gence; abstinence from, or moderation in, the use of 
intoxicating liquors. — Tera'perate, -per-et, a. Mod- 
erate; not excessive; moderate in the indulgence of 
theappetites and passions; not marked with passion; 



not violent; abstemious; sober; calm; cool: sedate.—* 
Temperate zone. {Geog.) The space on the earth's 
surface between the tropics and polar circles, where 
the heat is less than in the tropics, and the cold less 
. than in the polar circles: see Zone. — Tem'perature, 
-a-chur, n. Constitution; state; degree of anj' qual- 
ity. '{Physics.) Condition with respect to heut or 
cold; degree of heat or cold. 

Tempest, tem'pest, n. A storm of extreme violence; 
any violent tumult or commotion; agitation; pertur- 
bation. — TempeBt''aoa8, -u-us, a. Involving, resem- 
bling, or pert, to, a tempest ; turbulent ; violent ; 
stormy. 

Template. See Templet. 

Temple, tem^'pl, n. An edifice in honor of some deity, 
or for his worship. {Jewish Antiq.) The edifice erect- 
ed at Jerusalem for the worship of Jehovah. A place 
of public Christian worship; church; place in which 
the divine presence specially resides; in London, an 
edifice once occupied by the order of Knights Tem- 
plars, and now appropriated to the chambers of 2 
inns of court. — Tem'plar, 7i. One of a religious 
military order, first established at Jerusalem in 1118 
to protect pilgrims traveling to the Holy Land; a 
student of law, so called from having apartments in 
the Temple at London, which orig. belonged to the 
Knights Templars. 

Temple, tem-'pl, n. The flat portion of the head be- 
tween the forehead and ear: see Skeletox. — Tem'- 
poral, a. {Anat.) Of, or pert, to, the temples. 

Templet, tem'plet, n. A mold used by bricklayers 
and masons in cutting or setting out their work; a 
thin mold or pattern used by machinists, millwrights, 
etc. {Arch.) A short piece of timber or large stone 
in a wall to receive the impost of a girder, beam, 
etc., to distribute the weight or pressure; wall-plate. 

Temporal. See under Temple, part of the head. 

Temporal, tem''po-ral, a. Of, or pert, to, time, that is, 
to the present Ifte, or this world: secular; civil or po- 
litical; transient; fleeting; transitory. — n. Anything 
temporal or secular; a temporality. — TemporaKity, 
-i-tT, n. (Eng. Law.) State or quality of being tem- 
porary, pi. That which pertains to temporal wel- 
fare ; esp., revenues of an ecclesiastic proceeding 
from lands, tenements, or lay-fees, tithes, etc. — 
Tem'porary, -ra-rl, a. Lasting for a time only; ex- 
isting or continuing for a limited time. — Tem'pora- 
rlly, -ra-rl-ll, adv. In a temporary manner. — Tem'- 
porariness, n. — Tem'porize, v. i. [-rized (-rlzd), 
-RiziNG.]. To comply with the time or occasion: to 
humor or yield to the current of opinion or to cir- 
cumstances. — Tem'poriza''tion, n. 

Tempt, temt, v. t. To endeavor to accomplish or 
reach; to try; to endeavor to persuade, incite, insti- 
gate; to put to trial, test, prove; to lead, or endeavor 
to lead, into evil, entice, allure, decoy, seduce. — 
Tempta'tion, n. Act of tempting ; enticement to 
evil; state of being tempted; that which tempts; an 
allurement. — Tempt'er, n. One who tempts or en- 
tices; Satan or the Devil, regarded as the great en- 
ticer to evil. — Tempfress, n. A woman who entices. 

Ten, ten, a. Twice 5; 9 and 1. — n. The number con- 
sisting of 9 and 1; tlie sum of 5 and 5; a symbol rep- 
resenting ten units, as X or 10. — Ten'foid, a. Ten 
times more, or 10 times as many. — Ten'-pins, n. A 
game in which it is sought' to knock down 10 wooden 
pins with balls. — Tenth, a. Next in order after the 
9th: being one of ID equal parts into which anything 
is divided, — ;?. One of 10 equal parts; the 10th part 
of anything; tithe. {Min:.) The interval between 
any tone and the tone represented on the 10th de- 
gree of the staff above it. — Tenth'ly, -IT, adv. In 
the 10th place. — Tithe, titii, n. A 10th; the 10th part 
of anything, esp. of the increase or income accruing 
from real or personal estate, crops, stock, personal 
industry, etc.. devoted to religious or charitable uses 
or collected by law for support of an established 
church; a small part or proportion. — v. t. [tithed 
(tithd), TiTHixo.] To tax to the amount of a tenth. 
— Tith'ing, n. Act of levying or taking tithe : that 
which is taken as tithe; a tithe. {Anglo-Sax. Law.) 
A number or company of 10 householders dwelling 
near each other, and sureties for each other's good 
behavior; a decennary. — Tith''ing-man, n. ; pi. -mex. 
(Anglo-Sax. Law.) The chief man of a tithing. 



siin, cube, full ; mSbn, iSbi ; cow, oil ; liuger or igk, then, boNbox, chair, get. 



TENABLE 



442 



TENUOUS 



(Zaw.y A peace otScer; under constable. A parish 
officer annuallj^ elected to enforce observance of the 
Sabbath. 

Tenable, ten-'a-bl, a. Capable of being held, main- 
tained, or defended against an assailant. — Tena''- 
cions, -na'shus, a. Holding fast, or inclined to 
hold Jfast; apt to retain; retentive; apt to adhere to 
another substance ; adhesive ; holding stoutly to 
one's opinion or purpose ; obstinate ; stubborn. — 
Tenac'ity, -nas'T-tT, n. Quality of being. tenacious; 
retentiveness; adhesiveness; that (juality of bodies 
which keeps them from parting without considera- 
ble force; cohesiveness. — Ten-'aiit, w. (Law.) One 
who has the occupation or temporary possession of 
lands Of tenements, whose title is in another ; a 
dweller; occupant. — v. t. To hold or possess as a 
tenant. — Ten'ancy, -an-sT,n. {Law.) A holding, or 
a mode of holding, an estate; tenure; the temporary 
possession of what belongs to another. — Ten'ant- 
able, a. Fit for occupation. — Ten'antless. a. Hav- 
ing no tenants; unoccupied. — Ten'antry, -rT, n. 
The body of tenants. — Teu'ement, -e-ment, «. A 
house or lands depending on a manor; a dwelling 
house; a building for a habitation; a portion of a 
dwelling-house, used by one family; often, in mod- i 
ern usage, an inferior dwelKng house rented to poor 
persons. {Law. ■ Any species of permanent prop- 1 
erty that may be held, so as to create a tenancy, as 
lands, houses, rent, an office, a peerage, etc. — Tene- 1 
menfal, a. Of, or pert, to, a tenement ; capable of 
being held by tenants. — Ten'et, n. Any opinion, j 
principle, dogma, or doctrine, which a person holds '\ 
or maintains as true. — Ten^ure, -yer, n. Act or right i 
of holding (property, esp. real estate). {Eng. Law.) \ 
The manner of holding lands and tenements of a 
superior. Consideration, condition, or service which 
the occupier of land gives to his lord or superior for \ 
the use of his land ; manner of holding in general. I 

lench, tench, n. A European fresh-water fish, of the , 
carp family, very tenacious of life. i 

Tend, tend, v. t. To accompany as an assistant or pro- ' 
tector; to care for the wants of, watch, guard: to be i 
attentive to, note carefully, attend to. — Tend'aiLce, ' 
-ans, n. State of attending or waiting : attendance. '■ 
— Tend'er, n. One who tends or takes care of an- 
other. {Naut.) A small vessel employed to attend 
a larger one, for supplying her with provisions, etc. 
*A car attached to a locomotive, to carry fuel and ■ 
water. 

Tend, tend, v. i. To move in a certain direction; to be : 
directed, as to any end or purpose; to aim, exert ae- i 
tivity or influence ; to act as a means, contribute. — 
Tend'ency, -en-sT, n. Direction or course toward 
an}'- place, object, effect, or result; disposition; in- 
clination; proneness; drift; scope; aim. — Ten'der, 
n. {Law.) An offer, either of money to pay a debt, 
or of service to be performed, in order to save a pen- 
alty or forfeiture. Any offer for acceptance; a pro- 
posal for performing a service advertised for; thing 
offered. — v. t. [tendered ("-derd), -derixg.] To 
offer in payment or satisfaction of a demand, for ^ 
saving a penalty or forfeiture; to offer in words, ex- i 
hibitor present for acceptance. —Ten'don,n. {Anat.) 
A hard, insensible cord or bundle of fibers, by which 
a muscle is attached to a bone or other part which it ; 
is to move. — Ten'dinous, -dl-nus, a. Pert, to, or par- i 
taking of the nature of, a tendon ; full of tendons ; 1 
sinewy. — Tense, tens, a. Stretched; strained to stiff- ! 
ness; rigid; not lax. — Tense''ness, n. — Ten'sile, -sil, 
a. Of, or pert, to, tension or extension ; capable of 
extension. — Ten'sion, -shun, n. Act of stretching 
or straining; state of heino; stretched or strained to 
stiffness, or bent or strained; high intellectual effort; » 
strong excitement of feeling; the degree of stretch- 
ing to which a wire, cord, beam, etc., is strained bj^ 
drawing it in the direction of its length. {Mech.) The 
force by which a bow or string is pulled when form- 
ing part of any system in equilibrium or in motion. 
{Fhysics.) Expansive or elastic force. — Ten'sion-rod, 
n. An iron rod used to strengthen timber or metal 
frame-work, roofs, etc. — Ten'sity, -sT-tT, n. State of 
being iense, or strained to stiffness; tension. — Tent, 
n. A pavilion or portable lodge of canvas or other 
coarse cloth or of skins, stretched and sustained by 
poles. — Ten'ter, n. A machine or frame for stretch- 




Tendrils, 



Tene'brioas, te- 
Dark ; gloomy ; 



ing cloth, by means of hooks, so that it may dry even 
and square. — 1\ t. To hang or stretch on tenters. — 
To be on the tenters. To be on the stretch; to be in 
distress, uneasiness, or suspense. — Ten'ter-hook, w. 
A sharp hook used in stretching cloth on a tenter; 
anything that strains or tortures. 

Tender, ten'der, a. Easily impressed, broken, bruised, 
or injured; not firm or hard; sensible to impression 
and pain; easily pained ; not hardy, or able to endure 
hardship; not yet strong and mature; weak and fee- 
ble; susceptible of the softer passions, as love, com- 
passion, kindness; easily excited to pity, forgiveness, 
or favor; exciting kind concern; precious; careful to 
save inviolatCj or not to injure; unwilling to cause 
pain; apt to give pain; adapted to excite feeling or 
sympathy; expressive of the softer passions. — Ten'- 
der-heart'ed, a. Having great sensibility; suscepti- 
ble of impressions or influence. 
— loin, n. A tender part of flesh 
in the hind quarter of beef. — 
Ten'derly, odi;. In a tender man- 
ner ; with tenderness ; mildly ; 
gently ; softly ; kindly. — Ten'- 
derness, n. — Ten'dril, n. {Bat.) 
A filiform, spiral shoot of a plant 
that winds round another body 
for the purpose of support. 

Tenebrae, teu'e-bre, ?i. {Eom. Cath. 
Ch.) An office for the "Wednes- 
day, Thursday, and Friday of 
Holy Week, commemorating the 
sufEerings and death of Christ. - 
ne''brl-us, Ten'ebrous, -e-brus, a. 
dusky; obscure. 

Tenement, Tenet. See under Tenable. 

Tennis, ten'nis, n. A play in which a ball is driven 
continually, or kept in motion by striking it with 
rackets or with the open hand. 

Tenon, ten-'un, n. The end of a piece of wood cut 
into form, for insertion into a cavity in another 
piece called a mortise, in order to unite the 2 pieces: 
see Mortise. — v. t. To fit (the end of a piece of 
timber) for insertion into a mortise. — Ten'on-saw, n. 
A saw with a thin blade usually stiffened by a brass 
or steel back, for cutting tenons. 

Tenor, tender, n. Stamp; character; the general drift, 
course, or direction of thought ; general spirit or 
meaning: purport; intent. {Jlus.) The higher of the 
2 kinds,of voices usually belonging to adult males; 
the part of a tune adapted to this voice; one who sings 
the tenor, or the instrument that plays it. {Law.) An 
exact copy of a writing, set forth ip Ue words and 
figures of it. 

Tense, tens, ». {Gram.) One of the forms which a 
verb takes to indicate the time of the action or 
event signi.ied. 

Tense, n. Tensile, Tension, etc. See under Tend, r. i. 

Tent, Tenter, etc. See under Tend, v. i. 

Tent, tent, «. (Surg.) A roll of lint or linen, used to 
dilate an opening in the flesh, or to prevent the 
healing of a wound. — r. ;;. To probe; to search as 
with a tent. — Ten'tative, -ta-tiv, a. Trying; essay- 
ing; experimental.— Ten'tacle, -ta-kl, n. {Zo'ol.) A 
filiform process or organ, proceeding from the head 
of an invertebrate animal, as a polyp, snail, insect, 
crab, etc., being an organ of feeling, prehension, or 
motion. — Tentac'tilar, a. Pert, to tentacles; in the 
nature of a tentacle 
or tentacles. 

Tenth, etc. See under 
Tex. 

Tenuous, ten'u-us, a. 
Thin; slender; small; 
minute ; rare ; sub- 
til e ; not dense. — 
Tenu'ity, -nu't-tT, 
n. Sniallness in diam- 
e t e r ; thinness, ap- ' 
plied to a broad sub- 
stance, and slender- 
ness, applied to one 

that is long; rarity; . ,^^,,., ,v . i. 
rareness; thinn e s s, «.^ead of fork-tailed bee-eater ; 6, 
as of a fluid, t- Ten'l European nuthatch; c, kmgasher. 
uiros'ter, -u-i-ros'ter, n. One of a tribe of insessorial 




Tenuirosters. 



&in, fame, far, pass or opera, £are; end, eve, term} In. Vift fidd. tone, tet 



TENURE 



443 



TERTIAL 




a, b, TerebratulfB. 



or perching birds, including those which have a ! 

long, slender bill. 
Tenure. See under Tenable. 
Tepefy, tep'e-fl, v. t. [-fied (-fid"),-rYiXG.] To make I 

raoclerately warm. — v. i. To become moderately 

warm. — Tep'sfac'tion, 7j. Act or operation of, etc. 

— Tepid, tep'id, a. Moderately warm ; lukewarm. 

— Tepid'ity, Tep'idness, n. State or quality of be- 
ing tepid; moderate warmth; lukewarmness. 

TerapMm, ter''a-fim, n. pi. Household deities or im- 
ages; images for magical rites or houseliold oracles. 

Teratology, ter-a-toKo-jt, n. Science of malforma- 
tions and monstrosities. 

Terce. ters, n. Same as Tierce, q. v. — Terce'-ma'jor, 
n. (Carcl-plai/ing.) A sequence of the .3 best cards. 

— Ter'cet, -set, ?i. (Mus.) A third. {Poet.) A triplet; 
group of o lines. 

Terebinth, tGr'e-binth, n. The turpentine-tree. 

Terebration, tSr-e-bra'- 
shun, n. Act of terebi-a- 
ting or boring. — Tere- 
brafula, -u-la, 7i. ; pi. 
-L.E, -le. A deep sea bi- 
valve moUusk, of many 
species, chiefly fossils, 
having one of the valves 
perforated for the trans- 
mission of a tendinous 
ligament, by which the 
animal fixes itself to a 
submarine body. — 
Tere'do, n. A w o r m- 
like marine moUusk 
which bores into sub- 
merged wood; the ship- 
worm. [L.] — Terete', 
-ret', a. (Bot.) Cylin- 
drical and slightly taper- 
ing; columnar, as some 
stems of plants. 

Tergeminous, ter-iem'T-nus, a. Threefold. 

Tergiversation, tlr'jT-ver-sa'shun, 71. A shifting; 
shift ; subterfuge ; evasion ; fickleness of conduct. 

Term, term, n. A bound or boundary; the extremity 
of anything; a limit; the time for which anything 
lasts; any limited time; in colleges, etc., time dur- 
ing whicn instruction is given to students. (Law.) 
The whole duration of an estate, as for the term of 
a life, or for a term of years ; a space of time 
granted to a debtor for discharging his obligation; 
time in which a court is held or open for the trial 
of causes. (Logic.) One of the 3 component parts 
of a syllogism, each one of which is used twice. A 
word or expression ; one that denotes something 
peculiar to an art. (Alg.) A member of a compound 
quantity, pi. (Law.) In contracts, propositions 
stated or promises made; conditions. — v. t. [termed 
(tgrmd), TERMING.] To apply a term to, name, call, 
denommate. — Term^er, -or , n. (Laiv.) One who 
has an estate for a term of years or for life. — Ter'- 
minus, -mY-nus, n. ; pi. -mini. Lit., a boundary ; 
border ; any post or stone marking a boundary; the 
extreme point at either end of a piece of railroad; 
the station-house at either end. — Ter'minate, -mt- 
nat, V. t. To set a term or limit to ; to limit ; to put 
an end to, complete, finish, end, bound. —v. i. To 
be limited in space by a point, line, or surface ; to 
stop short, cease; to come to a limit in time; to end, 
close. — Ter'minable, a. Capable of being termi- 
nated; limitable. — Ter'minal, a. Pert, to, or form- 
ing, the end or extremity. (Bot.) Growing at the end 
of a branch or stem. — Tennina'tion, n. Act of ter- 
minating, ending, or concluding ; limit or end in 
space or extent ; bound ; end in time or existence ; 
effect ; consequence ; conclusion ; result. (Gram.) 
The end or ending of a word. — Termlna'tional, a. 
Of, pert, to, or forming, a termination. — Ter'mina- 
tive, -tiv, a. Tending or serving to terminate ; ter- 
minating; determining; absolute; definitive. — Ter'. 
miner, n. A determining, as, in oyer and terminer : 
see Oyer. — TerminoKogy, -noKo-jt, n. The doc- 
trine of terms ; a treatise on terms ; the terms actu- 
ally Hsed in any business, art, science, etc.; nomen- 
clature. 

Termagant, tSr'ma-gant, n. A boisterous, brawling. 




Termite. 



turbulent woman. [Orig. a fabled deity of the Mo- 
hammedans, extremely vociferous and tumultuous 
in the ancient moralities, farces, and puppet shows.] 
— Ter'magancy, gan-st, n. State or quality of being 
termagant; turbulence; tumultuoujness. 

Termes, tgr'mez, n., pi. -mites, -mi-tez, Ter'mite, jd. 
-MITES, -mitz. A voracious om- 
nivorous neuropterous insect, 
somewhat resembling the ant, 
mostly found within the tropics, 
and very destructive to trees and 
wood-work ; white ant . 

Terminal, Terminate, Terminus, 
etc. See under Term. 

Tern, tern, n. A long-winged 
aquatic fowl, allied to the gulls. ' 

Ternary, ter'na-rl, a. Proceeding 
by threes ; consisting of 3. — n. 
The number 3 ; 3 things taken 
together. 

Terra, tSr'ra, n. The earth ; earth. — Terra cotta. 
Baked clay ; a kind of pottery made from fine clay, 
sand, etc., hardened by heat, and used for statues, 
vases, etc. — Ter'race, -res, n. A raised level space 
or platform of earth, esp. on a hillside or slope, sup- 
ported on one or more sides by a wall or bank of 
turf, etc. ! the flat roof of a house. — Terra'queous, 
-ra'kwe-us, a. Consisting of _land apd water, as the 
globe or earth.— Terrene', -ren', a. Of, or pert, to, 
the earth ; earthy; earthly ; terrestrial. — Terres'- 
trial, -trt-al, a. Of, pert, to, existing on, represent- 
ing, or consisting of, the earth ; pert, to the present 
state ; sublunary ; consisting of, or belonging to, 
land, — disting. from water. — Torres 'trially, adv. 
After a terrestrial or 
earthly manner. — Ter'- 
rier, -rt-er, n. A dog, of 
several species, usually 
small, which goes into 
the ground after animals 
that burrow. — Ter'ri- 
tory, -rt-to-rT, n. The 
extent of land within 
the bounds, or belong- 
ing to the jurisdiction, 
of any state, city, or 
other body ; a tract of 
land belonging to, or under the dominion of, a prince 
or state, lymg at a distance from the parent country 
or from the seat of government; in the U. S., a nor- 
tion of the country not yet admitted as a State into 
the Union, but organized with a legislature, under 
a governor and officers appointed by the President 
and Senate of the U. S.— Territo'rial, -rT-al, a. Of, 
or pert, to, territory or land ; limited to a certain 
district. — Terre'-plein, tar'plan, n. (Fort.) The 
top, platform, or horizontal surface of a rampart, on 
which guns are placed : see Casemate. 

Terrapin, ter'ra-pin, n. A kind of turtle or tortoise, 
living in fresh or tidal water, delicious as food. 

Terror, tSr'rer, n. Extreme fear ; fear that agitates 
the body and mind; violent dread; the cause of ex- 
treme fear ; alarm ; fright ; consternation ; dread; 
dismay.— Ter'rorism, -izm, n. A state of being ter- 
rified, or a state impressing terror. — Ter'rorist, v. 
(Fr. JEtistf) An agent or partisan of the revolution- 
ary tribunal of 1793-94.— Ter'rible, -rt-bl, a. Adapt- 
ed to excite terror, awe, or dread; fearful; frightful; 
formidable ; dreadful ; horrible ; shocking ; awful ; 
excessive ; extreme ; severe. — Ter'ribly, -rl-blT, 
adv. In a manner to excite terror ; violently ; very 
greatly. — Terrific, a. Causing terror ; adapted to 
excite great'fear or dread. — Ter'rify, v. i. [-fied 
(-fid), -EYING.] To alarm or shock with fear ; to 
frighten, alarm. 

Terry, ter'rT, n. A heavy silk and worsted material 
used in upholstery ; heavy red poplin for ladies' 
dresses. 

Terse, ters, a. Elegantly concise ; compact, with 
smoothness, grace, or elegance. 

Tertial, ter'shal, n. (Ornith.) One of the quills or 
large feathers near the junction of the wing with 
the body. — Ter'tian, -shan, a. Occurring every 3d 
day. — n. (Med.) A disease or fever whose paroxysms 
return every 3d day. — Ter'tiary, -shTf-a-rt, a. Of 




Terrier D02 



sfin, cQbe, full ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



TESSELATE 



444 



TEXT 



the 3d formation, order, or rank : third. — Ter'tlate, 
-shT-at, V. t. To do or perform for the 3d time ; to 
examine the thickness of (ordnance) to ascertain its 
strength. — Ter^za-ri'ma, tert'za-re'ma, n. A com- 

flicated system of versification, copied by the early 
talian poets from_the troubadours. 

7es8ellate, tes'sel-lat, v. t. To form into squares or 
checkers ; to lay with checkered work. — Tea'sella'- 
ted, p. a. Formed in little squares or mosaic work; 
checkered. {Bot.) Spotted like a chessboard. — 
Tos'sella'tion, n. Mosaic work, or the operation of 
making it. 

Test, test, n. {Metal.) A cupel, in which metals are 
melted for trial and refinement. Examination by 
the cupel ; any critical trial ; means of trial ; that 
with which anything is compared for proof of its 
genuineness; a standard; ground of admission or ex- 
elusion ; judgment ; distinction ; discrimination ; 
criterion; experience; proof; experiment. {ChemJ) 
A substance employed to detect any unknown con- 
stituent of a compound, by causing it to exhibit 
some characteristic property ; a re-agent, — v. t. 
{Metal.') To separate (gold or silver) from lead, 
in a test. To put to the proof, prove the truth or 
genuineness of by experiment, or by some fljxed 
principle or standard. ( Chem.) To examine or try 
by the application of test-paper, or some re-agent. 

— Testa'cea, -ta'she-a, -ceans, -shans, n. pi. Marine 
animals covered with shells, esp. moUusks; shell- 
fish. — Testa'^ceoos, -shus, a. Consisting of a hard 
shell, or having a hard, continuous shell. — Testa- 
ceous animals. {Zo'ol.) Animals having a strong, 
thick, entire shell, as oysters and clams, disting. fr. 
crustaceous animals, whose shells are more thin and 
soft, and consist of several pieces jointed, as lob- 
sters. — Testu'do, w. (Zool.) The tortoise. Among 
the ancient Romans, a cover or screen which a body 
of troops formed with their shields or targets, by 
holding them over their heads when standing close 
to each other. {Med.) An encysted tumor, sup- 
posed to resemble a tortoise in form. — Testu'di-naJ, 
-dl-nal, a. Pert^^ to, or resembling, the tortoise. — 
Testu''dinate, -nat, -na'ted, a. Shaped like the back 
of a tortoise; roofed; arched; vaulted. — Tes'tudin'- 
eous, -din'^e-us, a. Resembling the shell of a tortoise. 

— Tes'ter, n. A flat canopy, over a pulpit, tomb, 
etc.; a square canopy over a bed, consisting of some 
species of cloth, supported by the bedposts; an old 
French silver coin, worth about 12 cents. — Testoon', 
-toon', n. An Italian silver coin : the testoou of 
Rome is worth about 30 cents. — Tes'ty, -tY, a. [-ier; 
-lEST.] Fretful; peevish; petulant; easily irritated. 

Testament, tes^'ta-ment, n. {Law.) A solemn, authen- 
tic instrument in writmg, by wluch a person declares 
his will as to the disposal of his estate and effects af- 
ter his death; a will. One of the 2 general divisions 
of the canonical books of the sacred Scriptures, — 
the Old and the New Testament, — often limited, in 
colloquial language, to the latter. — Test'^able, a. 
{Law.) Capable of being devised, or given by will. 

— Testament'al, a. Of, or pert, to, a testament; tes- 
tamentary. — Testamenfary, -a-rT, a. Of, or pert, 
to, a will or testament ; bequeathed by will ; given 
by testament ; done, appointed by, or founded on, 
a will. — Tes'tate, a. {Law.) Having made and left 
a will.— Testa'tor, n. A man who makes and leaves 
a will or testament at death. — Testa'' trix,.ra. A 
woman who, etc.— Tes'tiljr, -tT-fi, v. i. [-fied (-fid), 
-FYiNG.] To make a solemn declaration, verbal or 
written (and in law under oath or affirmation), to 
establish some fact; to give testimony, bear witness. 

— V. t. To bear witness to, support the truth of by 
testimony, affirm or declare solemnly, or under oath. 

— Tes'tifica''tion, n. Act of testifying, or giving tes- 
timony or evidence. — Tes'tifl'er, n. — Tes'timony, 

tT-mo-nT, n. A solemn declaration or affirmation 
made to establish or prove some fact ; affirmation ; 
declaration ; open attestation; profession ; witness ; 
proof ; manifestation. {Jewiah Antiq.) The 2 ta- 
bles of the law. The whole divine revelation; the 
Scriptures. — Testimo'^mal, -nT-al, n. A writing or 
certificate which bears testimony in favor of one's 
character or good conduct. — a. Relating to, or 
containing, testimony. — Tes'^ticle, -tl-kl, n. (Anut.) 
One of the glands which secrete the seminal fluid in 




Id 



jurtn. — xet' ragon, n. { Ueom.) ^ . r . 

L plane figure, having 4 angles ; \ \ \ 
quadrangle. {Astrol.) An \ \\ 

itant I 7 I 



males. — Testic'ulate, -u-lat, a. {Bot.) 
Shaped like a testicle ; ovate and solid; 
having 2 testicle-shaped tubers, as some 
orchids. 

Tester, Testoon, Testudo, Testy, etc. See 
under Test. 

Tetanus, tet'a-nus, n. {Med.) A painful 
and usually fatal disease, resulting gen- 
erally from a wound, of which the prin- 
cipal symptom is persistent spasm of the 
voluntary muscles; lockjaw. 

Tetchy^ See Techy. 

Tete, tat, n. False hair; a kind of wig of 
false hair. — Tete-a-tete, tat^a-tat', n. 
Private interview or friendly coaversa- 
tion ; a form of sofa for 2 persons, so curved that 
they are brought face to face while sitting on differ- 
ent sides of the sofa. 

Tether, tetti'er, n. A rope or chain by which a beast 
is confined for feeding within certain limits; a ted- 
der. — v.t. [tethered (-erd), -eeing.] To confine 
(a beast) witli a rope or chain, for feeding within 
certain limits. 

Tetrad, tefrad, w. The number 4; a collection of 4 
things. — Tet'rachord, -ra-k6rd, 
n. (Anc. Mus.) A series of 4 
sounds, of which the extremes, 
or first and last, constituted a 
fourth. — Tet'ragon, n. { Geom.) 
A ' 
a _ 

aspect of 2 planets with regard to 
the earth, when they are distant 
from each other 90°, or l-4th of 
circle. — Tetrag'onal, a. Of, ( 
pert, to, a tetragon; having 4 an- m ^ 
gles or sides {Bot.) ifaving Tetragons, 
prominent longitudinal angles, as a stem. — Tet'- 
rahe'dral, a. Having, or composed 
of, 4 sides. — Tefrahe'dron, n. { Ge- 
om.) A solid figure inclosed by 4 
triangles. — Tet'rahex'ahe'dron, n. 
{Crystallog.) A solid bounded by 24 
equal faces, 4 corresponding to each 
face of the cube. — Tetram'eter, n. ^n i. r. ^ 
{Anc. Poet.) A verse consisting of 4 -Letrahedron. 
measures, — that is, in iambic, trochaic, and anapes- 
tic verse, of 8 feet; in other kinds of verse, of 4 feet. — 
Tet^rapet'^alous, -al-us, a. {Bot.) 
Containing 4 distinct petals or flow- 
er leaves.— Tetraphyllous, te- 
traf'il- or tet'ra-fiKlus, a. {Bot.) 
Having 4 leaves; consisting of four 
distinct leafs or leaflets.— Tetrap- 1 
tote, tet'rap- or te-trap'tot, n. 
{ Gram.} A noun that has 4 cases 
only. — Te'trarch, te'trark, n. 
{Rom. Antiq.) A Roman governor 
of the fourth part of a province ; 
any petty king or sovereign. — Tetrarch'ate, -at, n. 
The fourth part of a province under a Roman te- 
trarch ; office or jurisdiction of a tetrarch. — Te- 
trarch^ical, a. Of, or pert, to, a tetrarchy. — Tet'- 
rarchy, -rark-T, n. A tetrarchate.— Tetras'tich, -tras'- 
tik, n. A stanza, epigram, or poem, consisting of 4 
verses. — Tet'rastyle, -ra-stll, n. {Anc. Arch.) A 
building with 4 columns in front. — Tet'rasyllable, 
-sil'la-bl, n. A word consisting of 4 syllables. — Tet'- 
rasyllab'ic, -leal, a. Consisting of, or having, 4 syl- 
lables. 

Tetter, tet^'ter, n. A vesicular disease of the skin ; 
herpes ; a cutaneous disease. — v. t. [tetteeed 
(-terd), -tering.] To affect with tetter. 

Teutonic, tu-ton'ik, a. Of, or pert, to, the Teutons, a 
people of ancient Germany; of, or pert, to, the peo- 
ples of German origin, or to their descendants. 

Tew, tu, V. t. [tewed (tud), tewing.] To work at, 
prepare by working; to work hard, fatigue; to beat 
or dress (leather, hemp, etc.); to taw. 

Text, tekst, n. A discourse or composition on which 
a note or commentary is written; body of a page or 
work, as disting. fr. footnotes, supplementary mat- 
ter, etc. ; the original words of an author, disting. 
f r. a paraphrase or commentary ; a verse or pas- 
sage of Scripture quoted as the subject of a diw 





fim, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Bdd, tone, 6r ; 



THAN 



445 



THEISM 



course, or in proof of a doctrine. — Texf-book, v. 
A volume, as of some classical autlior, on which 
a teaclier lectures or comments ; any manual of in- 
struction ; a school-book. — hand, n. A large hand 
in writing, — so called because it was the practice to 
write the text of a book in a large hand, and the 
notes in a smaller hand. — Text''aal, -u-al, a. Pert, 
to, or contained in, the text. — Tezt'^oarist, -uaxy, 
»». One well versed in the Scriptures. — Texfuary, i 
a. Contained in the text ; textual ; serving as a ; 
text; authoritative. — Text'ile, -il, a. Woven, or j 
capable of being woven ; formed by weaving. — Tex- 
to'rial, -rt-al, a. Of, or pert, to, weaving. — Text'- 
ure, teks'chur, n. Act of weaving ; that which is 
woven; a fabric formed by weaving ; the disposition 
or connection of threads, filaments, or other slender 
bodies interwoven ; the disposition of the several 
parts of any body in connection with each other. 
Tnan, than, conj. A particle expressing comparison, 
used after certain adjectives and adverbs which ex- 

Eress comparison or diversity: it is usually followed 
y the object compared in the nominative case : some- 
times, however, the object compared is placed in the 
objective ease, and than may then be considered as 
a preposition. 

TbajULtopsis, than-a-top'sis, n. A view of, or medi- 
tation on, death. 

Thane, than, n. A dignitary under the Anglo-Saxons 
and Danes in Eng. : after the Conquest, this title 
was disused, and baron took its place. 

Thank, thank, v. t. [thanked (thankt), thanking.] 
To express gratitude to for a favor or for kindness 
bestowed. — ?i. ; pi. Thanks, generally in pi. Ex- 
pression of gratitude; acknowledgment expressive 
of a sense of favor or kindness received. — Thank'- 
fol, -ful, a. Impressed with a sense of kindness re- 
ceived, and ready to acknowledge it ; grateful. — 
Tbank''less, a. Not acknowledging favors, or ex- 
pressing thankfulness for them ; unthankful ; un- 
grateful. — Thanksgiv'er, m. One who gives thanks, 
or acknowledges a kindness. — Thanks'giving, n. 
Act of rendering thanks, or expressing gratitude for 
favors or mercies ; a public celebration of divine 
goodness; a day set apart for such celebration. — 
Thank'-wor'thy, a. Deserving thanks ; worthy of 
gratitude; meritorious. 

ThAt, that, pron. or conj. ; — pi. Those (thoz), when 
used as a pron. A pronoun referring usually to 
something before mentioned or understood, or to 
something more remote, and used, as a demons, pron., 
pointing out a person or thing before mentioned, or 
supposed to-be understood; as a relative pron., 
equivalent to who or which, serving to make definite 
a person or thing alluded to before: in such cases it 
is used both in the singular and plural; also, refer- 
ring to an entire sentence or paragraph, and not 
merely to a word; as a conj., having much of the 
force of a demons, pron.; also, introducing a clause, 
as the object of the preceding verb ; introducing a 
reason or purpose, and sometimes a result. — //* that. 
For the reason that ; because, — a phrase denoting 
some particular attribute, cause, or reason. 

rhatch, thach, n. Straw, rushes, etc., used to cover 
the roofs of buildings, or stacks of hay or grain. — v. 
t. fTHATCHED(thacht), THATCHING.] To cover with 
straw, reeds, or some similar substance. 

Ihaumatargus. thaw-ma-tSr'gus. n. A miracle-work- 
er. — Thaumattir''gic, -gical, -ter'jik-al,^a. Of, or 
pert, to, thaumaturgy; exciting wonder. — Thau'ma- 
tur'gy, -jt, n. Act of performing something won- 
derful; rhagic; legerdemain. 

Thaw, thaw, v. i. [thawed (thawd), thawing.] To 
melt, dissolve, or become fluid, as ice or snow ; to 
become so warm as to melt ice and snow; to become 
warm or genial. — v. t. To cause to melt or soften, 
as ice, snow, hail, or frozen earth. — n. The melting 
of ice or snow; liquefaction by heat of anything con- 
gealed by frost. 

The, the, definite or definitive article. A word placed 
before nouns, and used to designate or specify a gen- 
eral conception, or to limit a meaning more or less 
definitely; also to personify or individualize a spe- 
cies. — Before adiectives in the compar. and superl. 
degree the is used to heighten or make more com- 
plete the contrast. 



Thearchy. See under Theism. 

Theater, -tre, the'a-ter, n. Among the ancients, an 
edifice in which spectacles or shows were exhibited; 
in modern times, a house for the exhibition of dra- 
matic performances; a playhouse; any room adapted 
to the exhibition of any performance before an as- 
sembly, as for public lectures, anatomical demon- 
strations before a class, etc.; that which resemble* a 
theater in form, use, etc. — Theat'ric, -rical. a. Of, 
or pert, to, a theater, or to scenic representations; 
resembling the manner of dramatic performers. 

Theban, thc'ban, n. A native or inhabitant of 
Thebes; a wise man. — a. Of, or pert, to, Thebes. — 
Theban year. (,Anc. Ghron.) The Egyptian year of 
365 days and 6 hours. — The'baine, -ba-in, n. 
(Chem.) One of the constituents of opium, — a va- 
riety of opium being named from Thebes, in Egypt. 
— The'baid, -ba-id,}). A Latin epic poem on Theoes, 
by Statins; the district about Thebes, in Egypt. 

Thebeth, te'beth, n. The 10th month of the Jewish 
sacred year, and ith of the civil,— parts of Dec. 
and Jan. 

Thee, the, pi-on. ; objective case of Thou. 

Theft. See under Thief. 

Theine, the-'in, n. (Chem.) A bitter, fusible, and 
volatile principle, oDtained from tea and coffee. 

Their, thar, a. pron. Of them,— employed in the 
sense of a pronominal adj., denoting o/ or belonging 
to, or the possession by 2 or more: when standing 
alone, it has the form theirs, and may be the nomi- 
native to a verb, or object of a verb or preposition. 

Theism, the'izm, n. Belief or acknowledgment of the 
existence of a God, as opp. to atheism. — The'ist, 
n. One who believes in the existence of a God; 
esp., one who believes in a personal God. — Theisf- 
ic, -ical, a. Of, or pert, to, theism, or to a theist; 
according to the doctrine of theists. — The'archy, 
-ar-kT, n. Government by God; theocracy. — Theoc'- 
racy, -ra-sT, n. Government of a state by the imme- 
diate direction or administration of God; the state 
thus governed. — Theocrat'lc, -ical, a. Of, or pert, 
to, a theocracy; administered by the immediate di- 
rection of God. — Theog'ony, -og'o-nT, n. The gen- 
eration of the gods; that branch of heathen theol- 
ogy which taught the genealogy of their deities. — 
Thed'ogy, -o-JT, n. Science of the existence, char- 
acter, and attributes of God, his laws and govern- 
ment, the plan of salvation, the doctrines we are to 
believe, and the duties we are to practice; divinity. 

— JVatural theology. The knowledge of God from 
his works, by the light of nature and reason. — 
Theolo''gian, -jT-an, w. One well versed in tlieology ; 
a professor of divinity; a divine. — Theolog'ic, -ical, 
-loj^ik-al, a. Of, or pert, to, divinity, or the science 
of God and of divine things. — The6log''ically, adv. 
According to the principles of theology. — TheoK- 
ogist, M. One versed in theology. — Theol'egize, v, 
t. [-G1ZED (-jTzd), -GiziNG.] Tb render theological. 

— V. i. To fiame a system of theology; to theorize 
or speculate upon theological subjects.— The'ologue, 
-log, n. . Same as Theologist.— Thoom''achy, -a-kl, 
n. A fighting against the gods; opposition to the 
divine will. — Theop'athy, -a-thT, v. Capacity for 
religious affections or worship. -Theoph'' any, -of- 
a-nt, n. A manifestation of God to man by actual 
appearance. — Theos'ophy, -os'o-fT, n. Supposed 
intercourse with God and superior spirits, and con- 
sequent attainment of superhuman knowledge by 
physical processes; also, a direct, asdisting. fr. a re- 
vealed, knowledge of God, supposed to lie attained 
by extraordinary illumination.— Theosoph''ic, -ical, 
o. Of, or pert, to, theosophy. — Theos^ophism. -o- 
flzm, H. Belief in theosopny ; pretensidn to direct 
divine illumination. — Theos''opMst, n. One addicted 
to theosophy.— The-'urgy, -er-jt, n. Among the Egyp- 
tian Platonists, <an imaginary science supposed to 
have been revealed to men by the gods themselves 
in very ancient times; also, the ability, by means of 
certain acts, words, and symbols, to move the gods 
to impart to us secrets which surpass the powers of 
reason, and to render themselves visible ; that spe- 
cies of magic in which effects are pioduced by su- 
pernatural agency. — TheuT'^gic, -gical. -er'jik-al, a. 
Of, or pert, to, theurgy. — The'urgist, -er-jist, n. 
One who pretends to, oris addicted to, theurgy. 



sQn, cube, full ; moou, fdt)t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



THELPHUSIAN 



446 



THICK 




TbelphUBian, thel-f u'st-an, n, {Zool.) A decapod crus- 
tacean resem- 
bling the land- 
crab, which lives 
in the earth near 
river banks, etc. 

Them, Siem, pron. ; 
ob). case of they. 
Those persons or 
things; those. 
— Themselves', 
-selvz'', pron. ;pl. 
of h imse/f, herself, 
or itself, q. v. 

Theme, them, w. A mi. i i. • 

subject or topic Thelphusian. 

on which a person writes or speaks; a short disserta- 
tion, usually on some assigned topic. (Gram.) A 
radical verb, or the verb in its primary, absolute 
state, not modiiied by inflections, as tlie inflnitive 
mode in Englisli. — The'sis, )(. ,■ pi- -ses, -sez. A 
position or proposition which a person advances and 
offers to maintain, or which is actually maintained 
by argument; a theme; esp., a subject or proposition 
for a school or university exercise, or the exercise 
itself ; an essay upon a specific theme. (3Ius.) The 
unaccented part of the measure. (Pros.) The de- 
pression of the voice in pronouncing the syllables 
of a word; the part of the foot upon which such a 
depression falls. 

Then, then, adv. At that time, referring to a time 
specified, either past or future; soon afterward, or 
immediately; afterward; therefore; for this reason; 
at another time. — conj. In that case; in conse- 
qmence; therefore. — By then. By the time that. — 
Till t. Until that time. 

Thence, thens, adv. From that place; from that time; 
for tliat reason. — Thence'forth, adv. From that 
time. — Thencefor''ward, «(iy. From that time on- 
ward. 

Theocracy, etc. See under Theism. 

Theodolite, the-od'o-lTt, n. An instrument, variouslj^ 
constructed, used, esp. in trigo- 
nometrical surveying, for the 
accurate measurement of hori- 
zontal angles, and also usually 
of vertical angles. 

Theogony, Theology, etc. See un- 
der Theism. 

Theorbo, the-6r''bo, n. (Mus.) A 
musical instrument made like a 
large lute, but with 2 heads, to 
each of which some of the 
strings were attached. 

Theorem, the'o-rem, ??. That 
which is considered and estab- 
lished as a principle ; a rule. 
{Math.) A statement of a prin- 
ciple to be demonstrated. — The'- 
oremat''ic, -ical, Theorem'ic, a. 
Of, pert, to, or comprised in, a 
theorem ; consisting of theo- 
rems. — The-'ory, -o-rt, n. A 
doctrine, ot scheme of things, which terminates in 
speculation or contemplation, without a view to 
practice; speculation; an exposition of the general 
principles of any science ; the science disting. fr. 
the art; the philosophical explanation of phenom- 
ena, either physical or moral. — Theoret'lc, -ical, a. 
Pert, to, depending on, or confined to, theory; spec- 
ulative; terminating in theory or speculation; un- 
practical.— The'orist, w. One' who forms theories; 
one given to theory; a theorizftr. — The'orize, r. i. 
[-KIZEU (-rizd), -RiziNG.J To form a theory or the- 
ories; to speculate. — The'oriz'er, n. 

Theosophy, etc. See under Theism. 

Therapeutic, thSr-a-pu'tik. -tical, a. Of, or pert, to, 
the healing art; curative. — Therapeu'tics, n. That 
part of medicine which respects the discovery and 
application of remedies for diseases. 

There, tMr, adv. In, at, or to that place ; thither ; 
therein; at that point. [There is used to begin 
sentences, or before a verb, without adding essen- 
tially to the meaning.]— There'about', -bouts', adv. 
Near that place; near that number, degree, or quan- 




Theodolite. 



tity: nearly. — Thereafter, adv. After that; after- 
ward. —Thereat', adv. At that place ; at that occur- 
rence or event; on that account. — Thereby', adv. 
By that; by that means; in consequence of that. — 
Therefor', adv. _For that, or this, or it. — There'fore, 
tlier'- or tiiar'for, conj. & adv. For that or this rea- 
son, referring to something previously stated ; for 
that; consequently; by consequence; in return or 
recompense for this or that. — Therefrom', tbar- 
from', adv. From this or that. — Therein', adv. In 
that or this place, time, or thing ; in that particular. 
— There'into', adi\ Into that, or that place. — There- 
of, -of or -8v', adv. Of that or this. — Thereon', 
adv. On that or this. —Thereout', ac/v. Out of that or 
this. — Thereto', adv. To that or this. — Thereun'to, 
adv. Unto that or this; thereto.— There'upon', adv. 
Upon that or this ; on account of that ; in conse- 
quence ot that; immediate!}'; without delay. — There- 
with', -witJi' or -with', adv. With that or this. 
Thermal, ther'mal, a. Of, or pert, to, heat; warm. 

— Thermal unit. {Physic.'-.) A unit chosen for the 
comparison or calculation of the quantity of heat, — 
usually the amount of heat necessary to raise the 
temperature of 1 lb. of water 1"" centigrade. - Ther'- 
mo-elec'tric, a. Of, or pert, to, thermo-electricity. — 
Ther'mo - e'lectric'ity, -tris'l - tt, n. 
Electricity developed by the action of 
heat. — Thermom'eter, n. An instru- 
ment for measuring temperature, 
founded on the principle that changes 
of temperature in bodies are accom- 
panied by proportional changes in 
their volume or dimensions, usually a 
glass bulb and graduated tube contain- 
ing mercury or alcohol: the Fahrenheit 
thermometer marks freezing 32", boil- 
ing 212° ; the Centigrade marks freez- 
ing 0°, boiling lOO*^; Reaumur, freezing 
0°, boiling SO".— Ther'momet'ric, -rical, 
a. Of, pert, to, or made by means of, 
a thermometer. — Ther'moscope, -mo- 
skop, n. Any instrument for indicating 
changes of temperature without indi- 
cating the degree of heat by which it is 
affected. 

Thesaurus, the-saw'rus, n. A treasury or 
storehouse, — often applied to a compre- 
hensive volume, like a dictionarj' or cy- 
clopedia. 

These, fiiez, pron. ; pi. of This. 

Thesis. See under Theme. 

Thespian, thes'pT-an, a. Of, r,r pert 
to, dramatic acting. 

Theurgy, etc. See under Theism. 

Thew, thu, n. [Chiefly used in pl.J Mus- 
cle; strength; nerve; brawn. 

They, tilia, pron. pi. ; poss. Theirs, obj. 
Them. The plural of he. she, or J<,-de- Fahrenheit's 
noting more than one person or thing, xhermometer. 
{They is sometimes used indefinitely, 
as our ancestors used man, and as the IVench use 
on.] 

Thick, thik, a. Dense ; not thin ; inspissated ; not 
transparent or clear ; turbid, muddy, or misty ; 
abundant, close, or crowded in space ; frequently 
recurriflig; measuring in the third dimension other 
than length and breadth, or in general dimension 
other than length, — said of a solid body ; having 
more deifth or extent from one surface to i's oppo- 
site than usual ; not having a good articulation ; 
somewhat deaf ; dull ; intimate ; very friendly ; fa- 
miliar. — n. The thickest part, or the time when 
anything is thickest.— arfi'. Frequently; fast; quick; 
closely ; to a great depth, or to a thiclier depth than 
usual. — Through thick and thin. Through whatever 
is in the way; through all obstacles or impediments. 

— Thick'ish, a. Somewhat thick.— Thick'set, a. 
Close planted; having a short, thick body; stout. — 
n. A close or thick hedge; a kind of stout, twilled 
cotton cloth. — Thick'-skinned, -skind, a. Having a 

thick skin; not sensitive; dull; obtuse. skull, ». 

Dullness, or a dull person; a blockhead.— Thick'en, 
thik'n, V. t. [-ENED (-nd), -ening.] To make thick, 
render dense, inspissate, make close; to fill up in- 
terstices in; to make more frequent. — v.i. To be- 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, f Sre ; gnd, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 5dd. tone, 8r ; 



THIEF 



447 



THORN 



come thick, become more dense, be inspissated, be- 
come consolidated, concrete; to become dark or ob- 
scure; to become close, or more close or numerous; 
to crowd, press; to become quick and animated. — 
Tbick'^eiung, -n-ing, n. Something put into a liquid 
or mass to make it thicker. — TMck'et, 7i. A wood 
or collection of trees or shrubs closely set. 

Thief, thef, n. ;pl. Thieves, thevz. One who secretly, 
unlawfully, and feloniously takes the goods or per- 
sonal property of another; robber; pilferer. — Thiave, 
thev, V. i. To practice theft, steal.— Thiev'ery, -er-I, 
n. The practice of stealing ; theft ; that which is 
stolen. — TMev'iah, a. Given to stealing; addicted 
to theft; like a thief; acting by stealth; sly; secret; 
partaking of the nature of theft. — Theft, n. Act of 
stealing. {Law.) The private, unlawful, felonious 
taking of another person's goods or movables, with 
intent to steal them. 

Thigh, thi, n. (Anat.) The thick, fleshy portion of 
the leg, between the knee and the trunk. 

Thill, thil, n. A shaft of a cart, gig, or other carriage. 

Thimble, thim'bl, n. A kind of indented metallic cap 
or cover, or sometimes a ring, for the iinger, used in 
sewiu^j to protect the finger from the needle. {Mech.) 
Any taimble-^ihaped appendage or fijcture. {Natit.) 
An iron ring with a groove round its circumference, 
to receive the rope which is spliced about it. — 
Thim'ble-ber'ry, n. A raspberry, esp. a species of 
black raspberry. — rig, h. A sleight-of-hand trick 
played with 3 cups, shaped like thimbles, and a 
small ball. — v. t. To cheat by means of small cups 
or thimbles, and a pea or small ball placed under 
one of the thimbles, and quickly shifted to another. 

Thin, thin, a. [thinnek; -nest.] Having little thick- 
ness or extent from one surface to the opposite; rare, 
not dense, — applied to fluids or soft mixtures; not 
close; not crowded; not flUing the space; not abim- 
dant; not full or well grown; slim; small; slender; 
lean; gaunt; fine; not full; slight; flimsy; not suf- 
ficient for a covering. — adv. Not thickly or close- 
ly; in a scattered state. — v. t. [thinxed (thind), 
-NI.VG.] To make thin in any oi its senses, make 
rare or less thick, attenuate, make less close, crowded, 
or numerous; to rarefy, make less dense. — v. i. To 
glow or become thin. — Thin'-skinned, a. Having a 
thin skin; sensitive; irritable. 

Thine, thin, pj-onominal a. Belonging or relating to 
tliee; thy, —formerly used for tA?/ before a vowel. 
[Thine is used when the substantive to which it be- 
longs is separated from the pronoun, or when the 
noun is not expressed.] — Thy, ttii, prow. Of or be- 
longing to thee ; the possessive of thee, — used in 
solemn style and in poetry. — Thyself'', jp^'on. An 
emphasized form of the personal pronoun of the 2d 
person, — used as a subject with thou, to express 
distinction with emphasis. 

Thing, thing, n. An inanimate object ; any lifeless 
material; whatever exists or is conceived to exist, as 
a separate being; a transaction or occurrence; event; 
deed; a portion or part; something; a diminutive or 
slighted object; any object viewed as merely exist- 
ing; ?jZ. clothes; furniture; appurtenances. — Thing, 
Ting, n. In ancient Scandinavia, a meeting to de- 
bate on public affairs; hustings. ' 

Think, thinki v. i. [thought (thawt), thijtkixg.] To 
employ any of the intellectual powers except sense 
and perception; to call anything to mind, remem- 
ber; to reflect upon anjsubjjct, consider, deliberate; 
to form an opinion, judge; to purpose, intend, de- 
sign; to ))resume, venture; to expect, guess, cogi- 
tate, ponder, meditate, imagine, suppose, believe. — 
V. t. To conceive, imasine; to plan or desijjn, plot, 
compass; to believe, consider, esteem. — Think'ing, 

• p. a. Having the faculty of thought; cogitative; ca- 
pable of a regular train of ideas. —?i. Irhagination; 
cogitation ; judgment. — Think'ingly, adv. By 
thought. — Thought, thawt, n. Act ©f thinking; ex- 
ercise of the mind in any way except sense and 
perception ; reflection ; meditation ; serious consid- 
eration ; that which is thought ; an opinion ; con- 
clusion; judgment; a conceit; a fancy; design; pur- 
pose ; intention ; a small degree or quantity. — 
Thonght'fal, -ful, a. Full of thought; employed in 
meditation; having the mind directed to an object; 
promoting serious thought; favorable to musing or 




Thistle. 



meditation. — Thought'less, a. Lacking or free 
from thought; careless; negligent. 

Third, etc. See under Thkee. 

Thirst, thgrst, n. The desire, uneasiness, or suffering, 
occasioned by want of drink; eager desire after any- 
thing. — V. i. To experience a painful sensation of 
the throat, or fauces, for want of drink ; to have a 
vehement desire. — Thirst'y, -t, a. [-ier ; -iest.] 
Feeling a distressing sensation from want of drink; 
deficient in moisture ; dry; parched; having a vehe- 
ment desire of anything. 

Thirteen, Thirty, etc. See under Three. 

This, this, pron.; pi. These, tiiez. A pronoun, used as 
a d emonstrative, 
denoting s o m e - 
thing that is pres- 
ent or near in place 
or time, or some- 
thing just men- 
tioned, or that is 
just about to be 
mentioned; also 
denoting the last 
part, as a period of 
time ; also as op- 
posed or correla- 
tive to that, and 
sometimes as o p- 
posed to other. 

Thistle, this' si, n. 
A prickly plant of 
many species and 
several genera, 
having winged 
seeds : most of the 
species are troublesome weeds, but some are cul- 
tivated as flowers. — This'tly, -II, a. Overgrown 
with thistles. 

Thither, thith'er, adv. To that place, — opp. to hith- 
er ; to that point, end, or result; there.— Thith''er- 
ward, adv. Toward that place. 

Thole, thol, T.'-pin, n. A pin in the gunwale of a 
boat, to keep the oar in place when used in rowing. 

Thomsonianism, tom-so'nT-an-izm, n. {Med.) A med- 
ical system, which maintains that the human body 
is composed of 4 elements, earth, air, fire, and water; 
and that metals and minerals, being extracted from 
the earth, tend to carry all down into the earth who 
use them ; that the tendency of vegetables is to 
spring up from the earth, and therefore to uphold 
man from the grave, — so called from the founder. 
Dr. Samuel Thomson, of Mass. 

Thong, thong, n. A strap of leather, used for fasten- 
ing anything. 

Thoral, thc'ral, a. Of, or 
pert, to, a bed. 

Thorax, tho^raks, ?«. (Anat.) 
The portion of the trunk 
between the neck and ab- 
domen ; the chest. {E7i- 
tom.) The 2d general seg- 
ment of insects. — Tho- 
rac'ic, -ras'^ik, a. Of, or 

Eert. to, the thorax or 
reast. 
Thorn, thorn, n. A sharp, 
ligneous, or woody shoot 
from the stem of a tree or 
shrub; a spine, — popular- 
ly, but incorrectly, a 
prickle ; a tree or shrub 
armed with spines, or 
sharp, ligneous shoots, — 
incorrectly applied to a 
bush with prickles; any- 
thing troublesome ;^ trou- ^ „, spine; a, a, a, intercostal 
ble ; care. — Thorn y, -I, muscles ; 6, chest muscles ; 
a. [-IEK; -IEST.] Full of 
thorns or spines ; sharp ; 
pricking; troublesome; 
vexatious; harassing.— 
Thom'back, n. A fish of 
the ray kind, which has 
prickles on its back. — Thorn''-hedge, n. A hedge or 
fence consisting of thorn. 




Thorax. 



d, thoracic muscles; e, clar- 
-icle ; /, third rib ; g, ster- 
num, or breast-bone; ft, dia- 
phragm ; i, J, ribs ; k. I, 
false ribs; m o, base of dia- 
phragm. 



Btin, cube, full ; moon, fdSt ; cow, oil ; linger oi- iQk, then, bosboN, chair, get. 



THOROUGH 



448 



THROB 



Tlioroagli, thur'o, a. 
complete ; perfect 



Passinj; 



through or to the end; 
Same as Thkough, — 



(obs.) [A later form of through, q. v.] — Thor'ough- 
ly, -o-ll, adv. In a thorough manner ; fully; en- 
tirely ; completely. — Thor'^ougluiess, n. — Thor'- 
oughfare, n. A passage through; a passage from 
one street or opening to another; an unobstructed 
way; a frequented street. — Thor'ough - base, n. 
(Jfiis.) Representation of chords by figures placed 
under the base, — sometimes used as synonymous 
■with harmony. — brace, n. A leather strap support- 
ing the body of a carriage, and serving the purpose 
of a spring. — bred, a. Of pure or unmixed breed; 
bred from the best blood, as horses; completely bred 
or accomplished. — go'ing, a. Going through, or 
to the end or bottom; very thorough; complete. — 
-paced, -p5st, a. Perfect in what is undertaken ; 
complete ; going all lengths. — ^wort, -wert, n. A 
N. Amer. plant found in low or wet grounds, and 
valued for its medicinal properties; bonesct. 

Those, thoz, 7>rcw. ; pi. of that. See This. 

Thou, tiiow, pron. [nom. thou; pass, thy or thike; 
obj. thee;^Z. nom. you or ye; 2>0!<s. your or youes; 
obj. YOU.] The second personal pronoun, in the 
sing, number, denoting the person addressed, — 
used in the solemn or j)oetical style. 

Though, tho, adv. & conj. Granting; admitting; not- 
withstanding; however, — used in familiar language 
at the end of a sentence. — As though. As if; of the 
same kind, or in the same manner, that it would 
be, if. 

Thought, Thoughtful, etc. See under Think. 

Thousand, thow^zand; a. Consisting of ten hundred; 
- being 10 times 100; consisting of a great number in- 
definitely. — n. The number of ten hundred; in- 
definitely, a great number; a symbol representing 
one thousand units, as, 1000, M, or CI3. — Thou- 
sandth, -zandth, a. Next in order after 899, — the 
ordinal of thousand; constituting one of 1,000 equal 
parts into which anything is divided. — n. The quo- 
tient of a unit divided by 1,000; one of 1,000 equal 
parts. S 

Thrall, thrawl, n. A slave; bondman; slavery; bond- 
age ; servitude. — v. t. To enslave, inthrall.— Thrall'- 
dom, -dum, n. Condition of a thrall; state of servi- 
tude. 

Thrash, thrash, v. t. [thbashed (thrasht), thkash- 
iJfG.J To beat out or separate the grain or seeds 
from with a flail, thrashing-machine, etc.; to beat 
soundly, drub. — v. i. To practice thrashing; to 
labor, drudge; to beat about. — Thrash-'er, n. One 
who or that which thrashes; the fox-shark or sea- 
fox, a large species of shark. --Thrash'ing-floM:, n. 
A floor or area on which grain is beaten out. 

Thread, thred, n. A very small twist of flax, wool, 
cotton, silk, or the like, drawn out to considerable 
length; a filament, as of a flower, or of any fibrous 
substance, as of bark; a line of gold or silver; some- 
thing continued in a long course or tenor; the prom- 
inent spiral part of a screw or nut. — v. t. To pass 
a thread through the eye of (a needle); to pass or 
pierce through, as a narrow wav or channel. — 
Thread'hare, -bar, a. Worn to the naked thread; 
having the nap worn off; worn out ; trite ; hack- 
neyed : used till it has lost novelty or interest. — 
Thiead'y, -T, a. Like thread or filaments; slender; 
containing or consisting of thread. 

Threat, thret, n. Declaration of an intention or de- 
termination to inflict punishment, loss, or pain on 
another; menace; denunciation. — Threafful, -ful, 
a. Full of threats; having a menacing appearance. 
^Threat''en. -n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -exixg.] To 
hold up to. as a terror, the expectation of evil; to 
menace; to exhibit the appearance of something evil 
or unpleasant as approaching to or toward. — v.i. 
To use threats or menaces. — Threat'ener, n. — 
Threafening, p. a. Indicating a threat or menace ; 
indicating something impending; imminent. 

Three, thre, a. Two and one. — n. The sum of 2 and 
1: the number next above 2; a symbol representing 
three units, as 3 or iii. — Three'fold, a. Consisting 
of 3, or thrice repeated. — Three'pence, thrip'ens, n. 
A small silver coin of 3 times the value of a penny. 
— Three'penny, thrip'en-nT, a. Worth 3 pence only ; 
worth but little : poor; mean. — Three'-cor'nered, a. 



Having 3 corners or angles. — -deck'er, n. {Naut.\ 
A vessel of war carrying guns on 3 decks. — ply, a. 
Consisting of 3 distinct webs inwrought together in 

weaving, as cloth or carpeting. sid'ed, a. Having 

3 sides, esp. 3 plane sides.— Thrice, thrls, adv. Three 
times; repeatedlv; earnestly; emphatically; very. -^ 
Third, therd, a. The next after the 2d; coming after 
2 of the same class; constituting or being one of 3 
equal parts into which anything is divided. — n. 
The quotient of a unit divided by 3; one of 3 equal 
parts; the COth part of a second of time. {Mus.) The 
interval of a tone and a semitone, embracing 3 dia- 
tonic degrees of the scale, — called also, third sound. 
— pi. {Law.) The Sdpart of the estate of a deceased 
husband, which, bj' some local laws, the widow is 
entitled to enjoy during her life. — Thh'd estate. In 
Eng. the commons, or tne commonalty, who are rep- 
resented in Parliament by the Commons; in France, 
the body of the people, exclusive of the nobility and 
titled classes; the commons, — so called previously 
to the Revolution of 1 780.— Third'ly, adv. In the 3d 
place. — Thir'teen, ther'ten, a. One more than 12; 
10 and 3. — n. The sum of 10 and 3; a symbol repre- 
sejiting thirteen units, as 13, or xiii. — Thir''teenth, 
-tenth, a. Next in order after the ■12th; being one 
of 13 equal parts into which anything is divided. — 
n. The quotient of a unit divided by 13; one of 13 
equal parts. {Mus.) The interval comprising an oc- 
tave and a sixth. — Thirsty, -tT, a. Three times 10; 
one more than 29. — n. The sum of 3 times 10, or 20 
and 10; a symbol representing thirty units, as 30, or 
XXX. — Thir'tieth, -tl-eth, a. Next in order after 
the 29th; being one of 30 equal parts into which any- 
thing is divided. — n. The quotient of a unit divided 
by 30; one of 30 equal parts. 

Threnody, thren'o-dT, n. A song of lamentation; a 
short funereal poem; dirge. 

Thresh, thresh^ v. t. To thrash. [See Theash.] — 
Thresh^old, -old, n. The door-sill; the plank, stone, 
or piece of timber which lies at the bottom or under 
a door; entrance; gate; door; the place or point of 
entering or beginning; outset. 

Threw. See Throw. 

Thrice. See under Theee. 

Thrid, thrid, v. t. To slide through, by a narrow pas- 
sage; to pass, as a thread through the eye of a needle; 
to thread. 

Thrift, etc. See under Theive. 

Thrill, thril, h. A drill; a warbling; trill; a breathing 
place or hole; a thrilling sensation. — v. t. [thrilled 
(thrild), THKiLLiXG.J To perforate by turning a 
pointed instrument; to bore, drill; to pierce, pene- 
trate, affect, as if by something that pierces or pricks, 
or that causes a tingling sensation.— v. i. To pierce, 
as something sharp: to penetrate; to cause a tingling 
sensation that runs through. the system with a slight 
shivering; to feel a sharp, shivering sensation, run- 
ning through the bodj% 

Thrive, thriv, v. i. [thrived (thrivd); p.p. theived 
or theiven; thriving.] To prosper by industry, 
economy, and good management of property ; to 
prosper in any business; to grow vigorously or lux- 
uriantly, as a plant; to flourish. — Ttoift, n. A thriv- 
ing state or condition ; economical management in 
regard to propertj'; success and advance in the ac- 
quisition of property ; vigorous growth, as of a 
plant. — Thriffy, -T, a. [-ier; -iest.] Given to, or 
evincing, thrift; using economy and good manage- 
ment of property ; thriving by industry and frugal- 
ity; increasing in wealth; growing rapidly or vigor- 
ously, as a plant; thriving. — Thriffless, a. Not 
thrifty ; not showing industry, frugality, or good 
management; extravagant; not thriving. 

Throat, throt, n. {Anat.) The portion of the neck 
anterior to the spinal column, with its cavities or 
passages and blood-vessels; the gullet or the wind- 
pipe; entrance; a passage from the external opening 
to the internal cavity of any thing or place; a neck. 
— Throt 'tie, throt ''tl,M. The windpipe or trachea; 
weasand. — v.i. To have the throat obstructed, so 
as to endanger suffocation; to choke, suffocate; to 
breathe hard, as when nearly suffocated. — v. t. To 

frasp or compress the throat of, so as to obstruct 
reathing; to choke, strangle. 
Throb, throb, v. i. [throbbed (throbd), -BING.] To 



5m. fame, far, pass or opera, fEre ; find, eve, tSrm ; Tn, Ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r ; 



THROE 



449 



THWART 



beat, as the heart or pulse, with more than usual 
force or rapidity; to palpitate. — n. A beat, or strong 
pulsation; a violent Deating of the heart and arter- 
ies; a palpitation. 

Tliroe, thro, n. Extreme pain; violenf pang; anguish; 
agony; esp., anguish of childbirth, or parturition. 

Throne, thron, n, A chair of state, commonly a royal 
seat; sovereign power and dignity; one investedwith 
power or authority. — v. t. [throned (thrond), 
THRONING.] To place on a royal seat, enthrone; to 
place in an elevated position, exalt. 

Throng, throng, n. A multitude of living beings press- 
ing or pressed into a close body or assemblage; 
crowd. — V. i. [thronged (throngd), thronging.] 
To crowd together; to press into a close body, as a 
multitude of persons.— v. t. To crowd, or press (per- 
sons). 

Throstle, thros'l, n. The song-thrush; mavis. 

Throstle, thros'l, n. A machine for spinning wool, cot- 
ton, etc., which makes a singing noise: its motion is 
continuous,— drawing, twisting, and winding at the 
same time, instead of the alternate action of the mule. 

Threttle. See under Throat. 

Through, throo, prep. From end to end of, or from 
side to side of; between the sides or walls of; with- 
in; by means of; by the agency of ; over the whole 
surface orextent of; among or in the midst of; from 
beginning to end; to the end or conclusion. — adv. 
From one end or side to the other; from beginning 
to end ; to the end ; to the ultimate purpose. — 
Miroughouf, prep. Quite through ; in every part 
of; from one extremity to the other of. — adv. In 
every part. _ 

Throw, thro, r. t. [imp. threw (throo); p. p. thrown 
(thron); THROWING.] To fling or cast in a winding 
direction; to hurl; to fling or cast in any manner; to 
propel, project, send; to wind or twist 2 or more fila^ 
ments of (silk, etc.) so as to form one thread. (Pot- 
tery.) To form or shape roughly on a potter's wheel. 
To venture at dice; to divest or strip one's self of; 
to put off; to put on, spread carelessly; to overturn, 
prostrate in wrestling. — v. i. To perform the act of 
Casting; to cast; esp. to cast dice. — n. Act of hurl- 
ing or flinging ; a driving or propelling from the 
hand, or from an engine; a cast of dice; manner in 
which dice fall when cast; the distance which a mis- 
sile is or may be thrown; a turner's lathe. — To throw 
away. To lose by neglect or folly; to spend in vain; 
to reject. — To t. back. To retort, cast back (a reply); 
to reject, refuse. — To t. by. To lay aside or neglect 
as useless. — To t. down. To subvert, overthrow, de- 
stroy; to bring down from a high station, degrade.— 
Tot. in. To inject (a fluid); to deposit with others; 
to add without enumeration or valuation; to give up 
or relinquish. — To t. off. To expel, clear from; to 
reject, discard. — To t. on. To cast on, load. — To t. 
one's self down. To lie down. — To t. one's self on or 
upon. To resign one's self to the favor, clemency, 
or sustaining power of. — To t. out. To cast out, re- 
ject or discard, expel; to utter, give utterance to, 
speak. — Tot. up. To resign, give up; to discharge 
from the stomach. — Throw'er, n. One who throws; 
one who throws or twists silk; a throwster; one who 
shapes vessels on a potter's wheel. — Throw'ster, n. 
One who throws, twists, or winds silk. 

thrum, thrum, n. C)ne of the ends of weavers' threads; 
a tuft; any coarse yarn. — v.t. [thrummed (thrumd), 
-MING.] To furnish with thrums; to insert tufts in. 
'hrum, thrum, v. i. To 
play rudely or monot- 
onously on an instru- 
ment with the Angers. 
— V. t. [thrummed 
(thrumd), -MING.] To 
play (an instrument) 
m a rude or monoto- 
nous manner. 

rhmsh, thrush, n. A 
small, plainly-colored 
migratory singing 
bird, of manv species, 
including the song 
thrush, robin, mock- 
ing-bird, etc. 

Thrush, thrush, n. (Far.) An inflammatory and sup- 




Thrush. 



purating affection in the feet of the horse and some 
other animals. (3Ied.) Small ulcers in the mouth, 
fauces, and esophagus, white, like curdled milk, or 
black, and ending in black or white sloughs. 

Thrust, thrust, r. t. [thrust, thrusting.] To push 
or drive with force; to impel. — v. i. To make a 
push, attack with a pointed weapon; to enter by 
pushing, squeeze in; to push forward, press on, in- 
trude. — n. A violent push or driving, as with a 
pointed weapon or with the hand or foot; attack; as- 
sault. (Arch.) A horizontal, outward pressure, as 
of an arch against its abutments. — To thrust one's 
self. To obtrude, intrude, enter where one is not 
in^^ted or not welcome. — To t. through. To pierce, 
stab. 

Thud, thud, n. A sound as of a heavy stroke upon 
the ground; a stroke, or blow, causing a blunt, dull, 
and nollow sound. 

Thug, thug, n. One of a Hindoo sect of robbers and 
assassins who practiced murder stealthily (esp. by 
strangling) and from religious motives. 

Thumb, thum, n. The short, thick finger of the hu- 
man hand, or the corresponding member of other 
animals. — v.t. [thumbed (thumd), thumbing.] To 
handle awkwardly; to play with tne fingers; to soil 
or wear with the thumb or the fingers. — v. i. To 
play with the thumbs, or with the thumbs and fin- 
gers; to thrum. — Thumb'-Bcrew, n. A screw having 
the head flattened in the direction of its length, so 
that it may be turned by the thumb and fore finger; 
an instrument of torture for crushing the thumb. — 
-stall, n. A kind of thimble or ferrule of iron, horn, 
or leather, for protecting the thumb. 

Thummim, thum'mim, n. pi. Perfections, — a Hebrew 
word. [The urim and thummim were worn as orna- 
ments in the breastplate of the high priest when he 
attended the altar, but what they were has never 
been ascertained.] 

Thump, thump, n. The sudden fall of a heavy weight; 
the sound made by the sudden fall of a heavy body, 
as of a hammer, etc.; a sudden blow with anything 
blunt or heavy, — v. t. [thumped (thumt), thump- 
ing.] To strike or beat with something thick or 
heavy, or so as to cause a dull sound. — v. i. To 
strike or fall with a heavy blow. 

Thunder, thun^'der, n. The sound following a flash of 
lightning; a thunder-bolt; any loud noise; an alarm- 
ing or startling threat or denunciation. — v. i. [thun- 
dered (-derd), -dering.] To sound, rattle, or roar, 
as an explosion of electricity; to make a loud noise, 
esp., a heavy sound, of some continuance. — v. t. To 
emit with noise and terror; to publish (a threat, de- 
nunciation, etc.). — Thun'derer, n. One who thun- 
ders, — an epithet applied bj' the ancients to Jupi- 
ter. — Thun'derous, -us, a. Producing thunder ; 
making a noise like thunder; sonorous. — Thun'der- 
struck, p. a. Astonished: amazed; struck dumb by 
something surprising or terrible suddenly presented 
to the mind or view. — Thursday, therz'da, n. The 
5th day of the week: the day after Wednesday and 
before "Friday. — Thun'der-bblt, n. A shaft of light- 
ning; a daring or irresistible hero; ecclesiastical de- 
nunciation ; fulmination. clap, n. A burst of 

thunder; sudden report of an explosion of electrici- 
ty. — show'er, n. A shower accompanied with thun- 
der. storm, n. A storm accompanied with ligbt- 

ning and thunder. — struck, a. Struck by lightning; 
greatly astonished. 

Thurible, thu-'rl-bl, n. A censer of metal, for burning 
incense, held in the hand or suspended by chains, 
used in solemn services of the Rom. Cath. Church. 
— Thuriferous, -rif''er-us, n. Producing or bearing 
frankincense. — Thu'riflca'tion, n. The act of fum- 
ing with incense, or of burning incense. 

Thursday. See under Thunder. 

Thus, ttius, adv. In this or that manner; on this wise; 
to this degree or extent; so. 

Thwack, thwak, v. i. [thwacked (thwakt), thwack- 
ing.] To strike with something flat or heavy ; to 
bang, beat, thrash, thump. — n. A heavy blow with 
something flat or heavy; a thump. 

Thwart, thwawrt, a. Across something else ; trans- 
verse.— v. t. To move across or counter to; to cross; 
to cross (a purpose), oppose, frustrate, defeat. — v. i. 
To move or go in an oblique or crosswise manner. — 



.11, 71. y^JL'ur.j .ail iiiiiauiiiiatuij' aiiu anjj- x*j iiiuvc ui ^u lu au. uuijq^ut: ur ciusfc 

sun, cQbe, full ; moon, fd6t ; COW, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boKboN, chair, get 
29 



THY 



450 



TIGER 




Tiara. 



n. (Naut.) A seat or bench placed athwart a boat, 
for the rowers to sit upon. — Thwart'-ships, adv. 
(Ifaut.) Across the ship. 

Thy. See under Thine. 

Thyine wood, thi''in-w(5&d. A precious wood, men- 
tioned Rev. xviii., thought to be from a tree which is 
a native of Barbary, and allied to the pines. — 
Thyme, tim. n. (Botr) A fragrant plant: the garden 
thyme is a warm, pungent aromatic, used to give a 
relish to seasoning, soups, etc. — Thym'^, -I, a. 
Abounding in thyme; fragrant. 

Thyroid, thi'roid, a. Resembling a shield. — Thyroid 
cartilage. (Anat.) A cartilage constituting the an- 
terior, superior, and largest part of the larynx, popu- 
larly called Adam's apple. 

Tiara, te-a''ra, n. A form of head-dress resembling a 
hat with a high crown, worn by 
the ancient Persians; the pope'^s 
triple crown. 

Tibia, tib'I-a, n. (Anat.) The 
shin-bone ; the larger of the 2 
bones which form the 2d seg- 
ment of the leg: see Skeleton. 

— Tib''ial, a. Pert, to the large 
bone of the leg; pert, to a pipe 
or flute. 

Tic, tik, n. (Med.) A local and 
habitual convulsive motion of 
certain muscles ; esp., such a 
motion of some of the muscles 
of the face; twitching; vellica^_ _ 
tion. — Tic'-douloureux, -doo - loo - roo'', n. (3Ied.) 
Neuralgia in the face; a painful affection of a nerve, 
coming on in sudden attacks, usually in the head or 
face. 

Tick, tik, n. Credit; trust. 

Tick, tik, n. (Entom.) A small parasitical blood-suck- 
ing insect, that infests sheep, dogs, goats, cows, etc. 

Tick, tik, n. The cover or case of a bed, etc., for con- 
taining feathers, wool, straw, etc. ; a bed-tick ; tick- 
ing. — Tick'ing, n. A strong, closely-woven cloth of 
linen or cotton used for making ticks for beds, mat- 
tresses, pillows, etc. 

Tick, f. I. [TICKED (tikt), TICKING.] To make a Small, 
sharp noise, as a watch or clock; to beat, click. — 7i. 
A distinct, quick beat, as of a watch or clock ; any 
small mark to direct attention to something else, or 
to serve as a check. 

Ticket, tik'et, n. A small piece of paper serving as a 
notice, certificate, or distinguishing token of some- 
thing ; a certificate of right of admission to a place 
of assembly, or to be carried in a public conveyance ; 
a label to show the character or price of goods in a 
parcel; a certificate or token of a share in a lottery, 
etc.; in U. S. politics, a list of candidates to be voted 
for at an election; a set of nominations. — v. t. To 
distinguish by a ticket ; to put a ticket on (goods, 
etc.); to furnish with a ticket. 

Tickle, tik^'l, v. t. [-led (-Id), -ling.] To touch lights 
ly, so as to cause a peculiar thrilling sensation, 
which commonly causes laughter; to please by slight 
gratification. — v.i. To feel'titillation; to excite the 
sensation of titillation. — Tick-'lish, a. Sensible to 
sight touches ; easily tickled ; standing so as to be 
liable to fall at the slightest touch; difficult; critical. 

Tidbit, tid'bit, Tifbit, n. A delicate or tender piece 
of anything eatable. 

Tide, tid, n. Orig., time, season; the alternate rising 
and falling, twice each lunar day, of the waters of 
the ocean, and of bays, rivers, etc., connected there- 
with. [The flow or rising of the water is called. //oof/- 
tide, and the reflux, ebb-tide: see also StkingJ-tide 
and Neap-tide.] Stream; current ; tendency or di- 
rection of causes, influences, or events; course; cur- 
rent; favorable concurrence of causes or influences. 

— v.t. To drive with the tide or stream. — v. i. To 
pour a tide or flood. {Naut.) To work in or out of 
a river or harbor by favor of the tide, and anchor 
when it becomes adverse. — Tid'al, a. Of, or pert. 
to, or resembling the tides ; periodically rising and 
falling, or flowing and ebbing. — Tidal wave. An 
unexpected tide-like wave, rising violently to an ex- 
traordinary height and sweeping over districts above 
high-water mark. — Tide'-lock, n. A lock situated 
between an entrance-basin, and a canal, harbor, or 



river, and forming a communication between them, 
being furnished with double gates, so that craft can 
pass either way at all times of the tide; — called also 




^ — V s-— ■ 



\&^i/ 

^•*.^*' 



Spring and Neap Tides. 

guard-lock. ^wait'er, n. An officer who watches 

the landing of goods, to secure the payment of du- 
ties. — Tides''-man, tidz'man, n. ; pi. -men. An officer 
who remains on board of a merchant ship till the 
goods are landed, to prevent evasion of the duties. 
— Ti'dings, n. pi. Account of what has taken 
place, and was not before known ; news ; advice ; 
information; intelligence. — Ti'dy, -dl, a. [-diee ; 
-DiEST.] Arranged in good order ; neat ; kept in 
proper and becoming neatness, or habitually keep- 
ing things so. — n. A cover for the back of a chair, 
arms of a sofa, etc. ; a child's pinafore. 

Tie, ti, V. t. [tied (tid), tying.] To fasten with a band 
or cord and knot ; to bind ; to fold and make fast, knit, 
complicate ; to knot ; to unite so as not to be easily 
parted; to fasten; to hold or constrain by authority 
ormoral influence; to restrain, confine. {Mus.) I'd 
unite (notes) by a cross line, or by a curve line drawn 
over them. — n. A knot; fastening; bond; obliga- 
tion, moral or legal; a knot of hair; an equality in 
numbers, as of votes, etc., which prevents either 
party from being victorious. (Arch. & Eng.) _ Any 
part, as a beam, rod, etc., for holding 2 bodies or 
parts together. (Mus.) A line 
drawn across the 
or a curved line 
under the notes, 
they are to be slurred, 
united in the _ 

Ti''er, n. One who, or that „: /;»- x 
which, ties; a child's apron with- ^'^^' C-^'"*-) 
out sleeves, and covering the upper part of the body; 
a pinafore; tire. 

Tier, ter, n. A row or rank, esp. when 2 or more rows 
are placed one above another. 

Tierce, ters or ters, n. A cask whose content is l-3d 
of a pipe, or 42 wine gallons; also, a liquid measure 
of 42 wine, or 35 imperial, gallons ; a cask for 
packing salt provisions for shipping, containing 836 
pounds. {Mus.) A third: see Third, under Three. 
XCard-playing-.) A sequence of 3 cards of the same 
suit. A particular sort of thrust in fencing. (Rom. 
Cath. Ch.) The 3d hour of the day, from 8 to 9 
A. M. ; the service appropriate to it. — Tiet'cel, 
Tierce''let, ters''letj_ w. A male hawk or falcon. — 
Tierceroon'', ters-roon'', n. The oifspring of a mu- 
latto and a white. — Tier'cet, ter'- or ter'set, n. 
(Poetry.) A triplet ; 3 lines rhyming together. — 
Tiers-itat, te-Srz'a'ta'', n. The 3d estate, or com- 
monalty, in France, answering to the commons in 
Great Britain, — disting. fr. the nobles and clergy. 

Tiff, tif, n. Liquor, or rather a small draught of liquor; 
a fit of anger or peevishness. — Tiffin, n. The 
Anglo-Indian word for lunch. 

Tiger, ti-^ggr, n. A fierce and rapacious carnivorous 
animal, of fawn color striped with black, found in 




Sm, fame, far, pass or oper&, fare ; Snd, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 8dd, tSne, dr ; 



TIGHT 



451 



TIME 



the warmer parts of Asia, 
chiefly in India, and the 
Indian islands ; a fierce, 
blood - thirsty person ; a 
servant in livery, who 
rides with his master or 
mistress ; a kind of growl 
or screech, after cheering. 
— American tiger. The 
jaguar. — Ti'ger-cat, n. 
A carnivorous animal re- 
sembling the tiger, but of 
smaller size, as the ocelot. 
-lil'y, n. A species of 




Bengal Tiger. 



lily havmg spotted flowers. — Ti'gress, n. The fe- 
male of the tiger.— Ti'grish, a. Resembling a tiger. 
right, tit, a. Firmly held together ; compact; close, 
so as not to admit the passage of fluid; not leaky; 
close so as not to admit the entrance of air ; fitting 
close to the body; not ragged ; whole; neat; not slack 
or loose; taut,— applied to a rope extended or stretched 
out ; somewhat intoxicated ; pressing or stringent. 

— Tights, n. pi. Tight-fitting flesh-colored clothes 
worn by actors, etc. — Tighfen, tit^'n, v. t. [-ejted 
(-nd), -ENiNG.] To draw tighter, straighten, make 
more close in any manner. 

Cike, tik, n. A countryman or clown ; a dog ; cur. 

tile, til, n. A plate or thin piece or arch of slate-stone 
or of baked clay, used for covering the roofs of build- 
ings, for floors, for drains, etc. — v. t. [tiled (tild), 
TILING.] To cover with tiles ; to cover, as tiles. — 

— Til-'er, n. A man who covers buildings with tiles; 
a doorkeeper at a lodge of freemasons. 

rill, til, n. A money-box in a shop; a drawer.— Till'- 

er, n. The lever used to turn a rudder ; a helm. 
nil, til, prep. To the time of ; until ; up to the time, 

— that is to the time specified in the sentence or 
clause following. — Till now. To the present time. 

— T. then. To that time. 

rill, til, V. t. [TILLED (tildX TILLING.] To plow and 
prepare for seed, and to dress crops of ; to cultivate. 

— Xill''able, a. Capable of being tUled ; fit for the 
plow; arable.— Till' age, -ej, n. The operation, prac- 
tice, or art of tilling; a place tilled or cultivated; cul- 
tivation ; culture; liusbandry; farming; agriculture. 

— TiU'er, n. One who tills ; a husbandman ; culti- 
vator. {Agric.) The shoot of a plant, springing from 
the root of the original stalk.— v. i. [tillered (-lerd), 
-LERiNG.] To put forth new shoots from the root, or 
r«und the bottom of the original stalk. — Tilth, n. 
State of being tilled or prepared for a crop ; culture. 

niler, a helm. See under Till, a money-box. 

lilt, tilt, n. A covering over head; a tent; cloth cover- 
ing of a wagon ; an awning over the stern-sheets of 
a boat. — V. t. To cover with a tilt, or awning. 

Kit, tilt, V. t. To raise one end (as of a cask) for dis- 
charging liquid from; to tip; to point or thrust, as a 
lance; to hammer or forge with a tilt-hammer, or tilt. 
— V. i. To run, or ride, and thrust with a lance ;' to 
fight with rapiers; to rush, as in combat; to play un- 
steadily ; to ride, float, and toss ; to lean ; to fall, as 
on one side. — n. A thrust, as with a lance ; a mili- 
tary exercise on horseback, in which the combatants 
attacked each other with lances ; a tournament ; a 
tilt-lrammer ; 
inclination 
forward. — 
Tilt'^er, n. 
One who prac- 
tices the ex- 
ercise of pu.sh- 
ing a lance on 
hor seb ack; 
one who ham- 
mers with a 
tilt, or tilt- 
hammer.— 
Tilt '-ha m'- 
m e r , n. A 
heavy ham- 
mer, used in 
iron-w o r k s , 
which is lift- 
ed or tilted 
by projec- 




Tilt-Hammer. 



a, wheel ; 5, upright shaft; c, fly-wheel; 
d e, frame-work ; / 1, lever ; g, cushion ; 
h, auTil. 



tions, cams, or wipers on the axis of a wheel; a trip- 
hammer. 

Tilth. See under Till, to plow. 

Timber, tim'ber, «. That sort of wood which is 
proper for buildings or for tools, utensils, furniture, 
carriages, fences, ships, etc. ; the body or trunk of a 
tree ; material for any structure ; a single piece or 
squared stick of wood for building, er already 
framed; wooded land; wood prepared for building 




Timbers in a Roof, 
a, a, wall-plate; b, b, tie-beam; c, e, king-post; d, d, struts ; 
e, e, principal rafters ; /, /, pole-plate ; g, g, purlin ; h, h, 
ridge-piece ; i, i, common rafters. 

purposes, as beams, boards, planks, etc.; growing 
trees which would furnish building material. (iViatM*.) 
A curving piece of wood, branching outward from 
the keel and bending upward in a vertical direction; 
a rib. — w. t. [timbered (-herd), -Bering.] To fur- 
nish with timber. — Tim^bered, -bSrd, p. a. Fur- 
nished with timber; covered with growing timber. 

Timbre, tim'ber, n. (Her.) A rank or row, as of 
ermine; also, the crest on a coat of arms. (J/Us.) 
The quality of tone distinguishing voices or instru- 
ments. A quantity of small skins, V'arying from 40 
to 120. 

Timbrel, tim'brel, n. An instrument of music ; a 
kind of drum, tabor, tambourine, or tabret. — Tim'- 
breled, -breld, a. Sung to the sound of the timbrel. 

Time, tim, n. The measure of duration, relative or 
absolute; the present measured, finite state of suc- 
cessive existence, opp. to eternity; the present life; 
a particular period or part of duration, whether past, 
present, or future; a specified moment, hour, day, 
etc.; a proper season; opportunity; leisure; hours 
and days one has at his disposal; the period at which 
any definite event occurred, or person lived; an age; 
period; allotted period; hour of death or of parturi- 
tion; performance or occurrence of an action or 
event, considered with reference to repetition ; pi. 
State of things at a particular period. 01us.) Meas- 
ure of sounds; relative duration of sound or rest; 
style or rate of movement. (Phren.) One of the 
perceptive faculties: see Phrenology. — v. t. [timed 
(timd), timing.] To adapt to the time or occasion; 
to regulate as to time; to ascertain the time, dura- 
tion, or rate of; to measure, as in music or harmony. 
— V. i. To keep or beat time; to proceed in time. — 
Apparent time. The time of day reckoned by the sun, 
or so that 12 o'clock at the place is the instant of the 
transit of the sun's center over the meridian. — At 
times. At distinct intervals of duration ; now and 
then. — Common time. (Mil.) The ordinary time of 
marching, in which 90 steps, each 28 inches in length, 
are taken in one minute. — Quick t. Time of march- 
ing in which 110 steps, of the same length as in com- 
mon time, are taken in one nlinute. —In t. In good 
season; sufficiently early; after a considerable space 
of duration; in the course of events; eventually; final- 
ly. — Mean solar t. or mean t. Time regulated by the 
average or mean motion of the sun; time as indica- 
ted by a uniformly-going clock once rightly adjusted. 



eQn, cube, full ; moon, fdtt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien.^ boNboN, chair, get. 



TIMID 



452 



TIT 



— T. of day. Greeting; salutation appropriate to the 
time of the day, as good-morning, good-evening, etc. 

— T. out of memoi-yy or t. immemorial. (Law.) Time 
beyond memory ; time to which memory does not ex- 
tend. — To kill t. To busy one's self with something 
which occupies the attention, so as to make the time 
pass without tediousness. — To lose t. To delay ; to 

fo too slow. — Ti-ue t. Mean time as kept by a uni- 
ormly-going clock. (Astron.) Apparent time as reck- 
oned from the transit of the sun's center over the 
meridian.— Time'ly, -II, a. [-liek; -liest.] Being in 

food time ; sufficiently early ; seasonable. — adv. 
larly ; soon; in good season. — Tiine''luiess, n. — Tim'- 
ist, n. (Mus.) A performer who keeps good time. — 
Time'-keep'er, n. A clock, watch, or chronometer; 
a person who marks, regulates, or keeps account of 
time. — lock, n. A lock having clock-work attached, 
■which, when wound up, prevents the bolt being 
withdrawn until a certain interval of time has 
elapsed. — piece, n. A clock, watch, or other in- 
strument, to measure the progress of time ; a chro- 
nometer. serv'er, n. One who adapts his opin- 
ions and manners to the times: one who obsequious- 
ly complies with the ruliHg power. — serv'ing, a. 
Obsequiously complying with the spirit of the times, 
or the humors of men in power. — n. An obsequious 
compliance with the spirit of the times, or the hu- 
mors of men in power, which implies a surrender of 
one's independence, sometimes of integrity; tempo- 
rizing. — ^ta'ble, n. A tabular statement of the time at 
which, or within which, something is to take place. 

Timid, tira'^id, a. Wanting courage to meet danger; 
fearful ; afraid _; cowardly ; pusillanimous ; faint- 
hearted ; shrinking ; retiring. — Timid'ity, -T-tT, n. 
Quality or state of being, etc.— Tlm'orous, -o-rus, a. 
Fearful of danger; timid; destitute of courage ; in- 
dicating fear; full of scruples. 

Timothy, tim'o-thi, T.-grass, n. A species of grass 
much valued for hay ; herds-grass. 

Tin, tin, n. iChem.) A white, soft, non-elastic metal, 
very malleable. Thin plates of iron covered with 
tin; money. — v.t. [tinned (tind),-NiNG.] To cover 
with tin or tinned iron, or to overlay with tin-foil. 

— Tiii'''ner, n. One who works in tin mines or in tin 
ware. — Tin'^man, n. A manufacturer of, or dealer 
in, tin ware. — Tin'ny, -nt, a. Pert, to, consisting 
of, abounding with, or like, tin. — Tin' type, -tip, n. 
A ferrotype, q. v., under Fereeous. — Kn'-foil, n. 
'JHn reduced to a thin leaf. 

Tlncal, tink^'al, n. Crude borax. 

Tiuet, Tincture, etc. See under Tinge. 

Tinder, tin''der, n. Something very inflammable, used 
for kindling fire from a spark. — Tui'der-box, n. A 
box in which tinder is kept. 

Tine, tin, n. The tooth or spike of a fork; prong; 
tooth of a harrow or drag. 

Ting, ting, Tink, tink, n. A sharp sound, as of a bell; a 
tinkling. [Onomat. ; same as Tingle and Tinkle.] — 
Tin'gle, ting'gl, v. i. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To feel 
a kind of thrilling sensation, as m hearing a shrill 
sound; to feel a sharp, thrilling pain ; to have a sharp, 
thrilling sensation, or a slight pricking sensation. — 
Tink'er, tink^'er, n. A mender of brasj kettles, pans, 
and other metal ware. — v. t. To mend or solder 
(^metal wares) ; to mend. — v. i. To busy one's self 
in mending old vessels ; to be occupied with small 
mechanic U works.— Tinlile, tink'l, r. i. To emit 
small, quick, sharp sounds, as Tittle bells, etc. ■; to 
clink; to resound with a small, sharp sound. — v. t. 
To cause to clink, or make sharp, quick sounds. — n. 
A small, sharp, quick sound, as that made by strik- 
ing metal. —Tin''tinnab''ulary, -u-la-rT, a. Having 
or making the sound of a bell.— Tin'tinnab'ula'tion, 
n. A tinkling sound, as of bells.— Tin'tinnab'ulouB, 
-u-lus, a. Of, pert, to, or resembling, the tinkling of 
a bell ; having a tinkling sound. 

Tinge, tinj, v. t. [tinged (tinjd), tingeing.] To im- 
bue or impregnate with something foreign ; esp., to 
color slightly, dye, stain. — n. A slight degree of 
some color, taste, or something foreign, infused into 
another substance or mixture, or added to it; color; 
dye ; taste. — Tin'ger, n. One who, or that which, 
tinges. — Tinct, tinkt, re. Stain; color; tinge; tincture. 

— Tincto'rial, -to'rl-al, a. Of, or relating to, color; 
serving to color. — Tinct'nre, tink'chur, n. A 



tinge or shade of color. (Her.) One of the metals, 
colors, or furs used in armory. The finer and more 
volatile parts of a substance, separated by a solvent. 
(Med.) A solution (usually with some color) of the 
active principles of a medicinal substance, esp. one 
made with alcohol. SKght taste or quality added to 
anything. — v. t. [tinctdeed (-churd), -Turing.] 
To tinge; to impregnate with some extraneous mat- 
ter; to imbue the mind of; to communicate a portion 
of anything foreign to. — Tint, n. A slight coloring 
distinct from the principal color; a feeble dye; an 
added or modified color; shade; hue. — v. t. To give 
a slight coloring to; to tinge. 

Tingle, Tinker, Tmkle, etc. See under Ting. 

Tinner, Tinny, etc. See under Tin. 

Tinsel, tin'sel, n. A shining material used for orna- 
mental purposes; something very shining and gaudy, 
or having a false luster, and more gay than valuable ; 
a kind of ornamental lace. — v. t. [tinseled (-seld), 
-SELING.] ,To adorn with tinsel, deck out with cheap 
but showy ornaments. 

Tint. See under Tinge, 

Tintinnabnlary, etc. See under Ting. 

Tiny, ti'nT, a. [-niee ; -niest.] Very small; puny. 

Tip, tip, w. The pointed end or extremity of anything; 
the end. — 1». t. [tipped (tipt), tipping.] To form a 
point upon ; to cover the tip, top, or end of. — Tip''- 
staff, n. An officer who bears a staff tipped with 
metal ; a constable; a staff tipped with metal. — Tip'- 
toe, n. The end of the toe. — Tip'top, n. The high- 
est or utmost degree; the best. — a. Very excellent; 
perfect. — Tip'pet, n. A narrow covering for the 
neck, made of fur or cloth. — Tip^'ple, -pi, v. i. 
[-pled (-pld), -PLiNG.] To • drink spirituous or 
strong liquors habitually; esp., to drink frequently, 
without absolute drunkenness. — v. t. To drink 
(strong liquors) in luxury or excess. — n. A drink 
composed of strong liquors. — Tip'pler, n. One who 
habitually indulges in the excessive use of spiritu- 
ous liquors; often one who does so without absolute 
drunkenness. — Tip'sy, -si, a. Affected with strong 
drink, but not absolutely or completely drunk; fud- 
dled; intoxicated; staggering, as if from intoxica- 
tion. " 

Tip, tip, V. t. To strike slightly, or with the end of 
anything small ; to tap ; to bestow a gift or douceur 
upon ; to give to ; to lower one end of, or to throw 
upon the end; to incline. — v. i. To faU on or toward 
one side ; to throw off, fall headlong, die. — To tip 
the wink. To direct a wink, or to wink to another 
for notice^ 

Tirade, tl-rad', n. A strain of censure or invective; a 
series of violent declamation. 

Tire, tir, n. A row or rank ; a head-dress; attire ; ap- 
parel ; a child's apron, covering the breast and hav- 
ing no sleeves; a tier. — Tire'-wom'an, w. A woman 
who makes head-dresses ; a dresser in a theater. — 
Tir'ing-room, n. The room or place where players 
dress for the stage. 

Tire, tir, n. A band or hoop of iron, used to bind the 
fellies of wheels. 

Tire, tir, v- *• [tired (tird), tiring.] To exhaust the 
strength of, by toil or labor; to exhaust the attention 
or patience of; to jade, weary, fatigue, harass, sati- 
ate. — V. i. To become weary, be fatigued, have the 
strength fail, have the patience exhausted. — Tired'- 
ness, tird^nes, n. State of being wearied; weariness. 
— Tire''some, -sum, a. Fitted or tending to tire, ex- 
hausting the strength or patience ; tedious. 

Tire, tir, v. i. To seize, pull, and tear prey, as a bird 
does ; to be fixed on. 

Tiro, ti'^ro, n. A beginner ; tyro, q. v. 

Tironian, ti-ro'nt-an, a. Of, or pert, to. Tiro, the 
learned freedman and amanuensis of Cicero. — Ti- 
ronian notes. The short-hand of Roman antiquity. 

Tisic, tiz'ik, 7).._Consumption; morbid waste; phthisis. 

Tissue, tish'shoo, n. A woven fabric; esp., cloth inter- 
woven with gold or silver, or with figured colors. 
(^Anat.) The texture of anatomical elements of 
which any part of the body is composed. A con- 
nected series. — v.t. [TISSUED (-Shood), -SUING.] To 
form tissue of, interweave. — Tissue-paper, very 
thin, gauze-like paper. 

Tit, tit, w. Same as Teat. 

Tit, tit, n. A small horse ; in contempt, a woman ; a 



Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fSre ; gnd, eve, tSrm ; Tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, dr ; 



TITAN 



453 



TOGGLE 



Bmallbird: titmouse; tomtit. 
migratory bird of the wag- 
tail family. — Tifmouse. 
pi. -MICE. A small 



■ Titlark, n. A small 




Titmouse. 



perching bird of many spe- 
cies; the tit, or tomtit: the 
black-cap titmouse is the 
chick-a-dee. — Tit for tat. 
An equivalent. 

Titan, Titanic, ti-tan'ik, a. 
Pert, to the Titans, giants 
of mythology; enormous in 
size or in strength. — Tita'- 
nium, -nT-um, »i. {Chem.) 
A metal of a deep-green 
color, found in various 
parts of the world. 

Titbit. See Tidbit. 

Tithe, etc. See under Ten. 

Titillate, tifil-lat, v. i. To tickle. — Titilla'^tion, n. Act 
of tickling, or state of being tickled; any pleasurable 
sensation. 

Title, ti'tl, n. An inscription put over anything as a 
name by which it is known; the inscription in the 
beginning of a book, containing the subject of the 
work, the author's, or publisher's, name, etc. ( Civil 
Sc. Canon Laws.) A chapter or division of a book. An 
appellation of dignity, distinction, or preeminence 
given to persons; a name; designation. {Law.) That 
which constitutes a just cause of exclusive posses- 
sion; right ; the instrument which is evidence of a 
right. — V. t. [titled (-tld), titling.] To call by a 
title, name, entitle. — Ti'' tie-page, n. The page of a 
book which contains its title. — Tit'ular, -u-lar, a. 
Existing in title or name onlv; nominal; having the 



title to an office or dignity without discharginj; its 
appropriate duties. — Tit'ularly, adv. Nominally. 

— Tit'ulary,- -u-la-rT, n. A person invested with a 
title, in virtue of which he holds an office or bene- 
fice, whether he performs the duties of it or not. — a. 
Consisting in a title; titular; of, or pert, to, a title. 

Titter, tit'tSr, v. i. [-teeed (-tgrd), -tering.] To 
laugh with the tongue striking against the root of 
the upper teeth. — n. A restrained laugh; giggle. 

Tittle, tit'tl, n. A small particle; jot; iota. 

Tittle-tattle, tit'tl-tat'tl, n. Idle, trifling talk; prattle. 

Titular, etc. See under Title. 

Tizri, tiz'^rt, n. The 1st month of the Jewish civil, 
and 7th of the sacred year, — parts of Sept. and Oct. 

Tmesis, me'sis, n. (Jihet.) A figure by which a com- 
pound word is separated, by the intervention of I or 
more words. 

To, too (jiolien emphasized, or standing alone, but td6 
when not emphatic), prep. It primarily indicates ap- 
proach and arrival, motion in the direction of a 
place or thing, access, — opp. to from ; also, motion, 
C9urse, or tendency toward a time, state, condition, 
aim, etc. : it connects transitive verbs with their in- 
direct object, and adjectives, nouns, and neuter 
or passive verbs with a following noun which lim- 
its their action : as sign of the infinitive, to orig. 
governed the infinitive as a verbal noun, and con- 
nected it as indirect object with a preceding verb or 
adjective, but it has come to be the almost constant 
prefix to the infinitive : in many phrases, to is used 
elliptically and denotes or implies extent, limit, de- 
gree of ■comprehension ; also, effect, end, conse- 
q^uence; also, apposition; connection; antithesis: op- 
position; also, accord, adaptation; comparison; ad- 
dition ; union ; also, accompaniment. — To-day, to- 
night, to-morrow, are pec:'iliar phrases derived from 
our ancestors: to, in the 2 first, has the force of this, 

— this day, this night : in the last, it is equivalent to 
in or on, — in or on the morrow. — To ana fro. Back- 
ward and forward. — To the face. In presence of; 
not in the absence of. — To ivit. To know; namely. 

— To is often used adverbially to modify the sense 
of verbs; as, to come to ; to heave to. 

Toad, tod, n. A small batrachian reptile, of many 
species, somewhat like a frog, but having a warty 
and thick body, and avoiding the water except at 
the breeding season: it is useful in gardens by feed- 
ing on noxious insects. — Toad'-eat'er, n. A fawn- 
in"^ parasite ; mean sycophant; a toady. — stone, n. 
(Min.) A variety of trap rock, of a brownish-gray 




Toad-stool. 



color. A precious 
stone formerly 
supposed to be 
contained in the 
head of a toad ; bu- 
fonite. — stool, n. 
A poisonous fun- 
gus of many spe- 
c i e s, some of 
which resemble 
mushrooms. — 
Toad'y, -T, n. A 
toad-eater: flat- 
terer ; sycophant. 
— V. t. [toadied 

(-id), TOADYING.] 

■To fawn upon 
with mean servili- 
ty or sycophancy. 

Toast, tost, V. t. To brown the surface of (a slice of 
bread, cheese, etc.; by the heat of a fire ; to warm 
thoroughly.— n. Bread sliced, heated, and browned 
by the fire, sometimes put into milk or melted but- 
ter, and, formerly, into liquor. 

Toast, tost, V. t. To name when a health isMrunk; to 
drink to the health of, or in honor of. — n. A lady 
in honor of whom persons are invited to drink; the 
name of any person, esp. a person of distinction, in 
honor of whom health is drunk: anything consid- 
ered worthy' to be commemorated in a similar way, 
a sentiment. — Toasf-mas'ter, n. One who, at pub- 
lic dinners, announces the toasts, and directs o*- times 
the cheering. 

Tobacco, to-bak'ko, n. A large-leaved Amer. plant, 
of several species, whose active principle is a dead- 
ly narcotic poison; the dried leaves of the plant, pre-_ 
pared for smoking, chewing, etc. — Tobac'conist, «.' 
A dealer in, or manufacturer of, tobacco. 

Toboggan, to- bog'gan, ti. A sled made of a board 
turned up at both ends, used for coasting down 
hills in Canada, also to be drawn by dogs over soft 
or deep snow. — v. i. To ride on, etc. 

Tocology, to-koKo-jT, n. {Med.) Science of obstetrics 
or miawifery. 

Tocsin, tok^sin, n. An alarm-bell, or the ringing of a 
bell for the purpose of alarm. 

Tod, tod, n. A bush; thick shrub; a quantity of 
wool, — 28 pounds; a fox. 

To-day, too-da'', ?j. The present day. — adv. On this 
day; on the present day. 

Toddle, tod'dl, v. i. To walk with short, unsteady 
steps, as a child. — Tod'dler,?*. One who toddles; an 
infant or young child. 

Toddy, tod'^dT, n. A juice drawn fr. various kinds of 
palm in the E. Indies; a spirituous liquor prepared 
from i^; a mixture of spirit and water sweetened. 

To-do, too-doo', n. Bustle: stir; commotion; ado. 

Toe, to, n. One of the 5 members which form the ex- 
tremity of the foot; the fore part of the hoof of a 
horse, and of other hoofed animals; the member of 
a beast's foot corresponding to the toe in man. 
{Steam Eng.) An arm arranged to raise a lifting- 
rod. —w. t. [TOED (tod), TOEING.] To toUCh 0/ 
reach with the toes; to come fully up to. 

Toffy. Same as Taffy. 

Toga, to'ga, n. The loose outer garment worn by the 
ancient Romans, consisting of a broad piece of 
cloth, wrapped around the body.— To'gated. -ga-ted, 
To'ged, -ged, a. Dressed in, or wearing, a gown. — 
Tog''gery, tog^gSr-T, n. Clothes; garments; article* 
of dress. , — 

Together, too-getJi^er, adv. In the same place; I , 
in the same time ; contemporaneously; in ' 
company ; unitedly; in or into union; in 
concert. — Together with. In union with ; 
in company or mixture with. 

Toggery. See under Toga. 

Toggle, tog'gl, n. {Naut.) A short wooden 
pin fixed in a loop or eye of 'a rope, bolt, 
etc., to hold it in place in another loop, etc.; 
2 rods or plates hinged together; a button.— 
Tog'gle-joint. n. An elbow or knee joint, Togget 
consisting of 2 bars so connected that they joint, 
may be brought into a straight line, and made to 
produce great end-wise pressure. 




sQn. cube, f uU : moon, f (56t : cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boJfboN, chair., get. 



TOIL 



454 



TONGUE 



Toil, toil, V. I. [TOILED (toild), toiling.] To exert 
strength with, pain and fat^ue of body or mind; to 
labor, work hard. — m. Labor with' pain and fa- 
tigue; labor that oppresses the body or mind: drudg- 
ery ; work ; exertion ; task ; travail. — ToU'er, n. — 
Toil^seme, -sum, a. Attended witb toil, or fatigue 
and pain; laborious; wearisome. 

Toil, toil, n. A net or snare; any thread, web, or 
string spread for taking prey.— Toi'let, -lette, -let, n. 
A covering spread over a table in a chamber or dress- 
ing-room; a dressing-table; mode of dressing, or that 
which, is arranged in dressing; attire; dress; a bag or 
case for night-clothes. — To make one's toilet. To ad- 
just one's dress with care. 

Toise, toiz, n. A fathom or long measure in France, 
containing 6 French feet, or about 6.39459 Eng. feet. 

Tokay, to-ka'', n. A kind of wine produced at Tokay, 
in Hungary, made of white grapes, and having a 
remarkable aroma. 

Token, to'^kn, n. Something intended or supposed to 
represent or indicate something else; a sign; mark; 
indication; a memorial of friendship ; souvenir ; a 
piece of metal intended for currency, and issued by 
a private party, redeemable by the issuer in lawful 
money. {Print,) Ten quires of paper. 

Told. See Teli^ 

Tolerate, toKer-at, v. t. To suffer to be or to be done 
without prohibition or hindrance; not to restrain. 
— ToKerable, a. Capable of being borne or endured; 
supportable; iit to be tolerated; suSerable; moder- 
ately good or agreeable; not contemptible; passable. 
— Tol'erably, adv. In a tolerable manner; support- 
ably; moderately well ; passably; not perfectly. —• 
ToKerance, -er-ans, n. The endurance of offensive 
persons or opinions; toleration. — ToKerant, a. In- 
clined to tolerate; forbearing; indulgent. — Tolera'- 
tion, n. Act of tolerating; allowance of that which 
is not wholly approved ; the allowance of religious 
opinions and modes of worship in a state, when con- 
trary to or different from those of the established 
church or belief; freedom from bigotry and severi- 
ty, esp. in respect to matters of religion. 

ToU, tot, «. A tax paid for some liberty or privilege, 
est), for the privilege of passing over a bridge or on 
a highway; a portion of grain taken by a miller as 
a compensation for grinding ; tax ; custom: duty: 
impost. — Toll''er, -man, n. A tax-gatherer. — Toll''- 
booth, n. Orig. a place where goods were weighed to 
ascertain the duties or toll; a prison. — Toll '-bridge, 
n. A bridge where toll is paid for passing it.— -gath'- 
erer, n. The man who takes or gathers toll. — house, 
n. A house for a receiver of tolls. 

Toll, tol, V. i. [TOLLED (told), TOLLING.] To sound 
or ring (a bell) with strokes uniformly repeated at 
intervals, as at funerals. — v. t. To cause (a bell) 
to sound, with strokes slowly and uniformly re- 
peated ; to strike, or to indicate by striking (the 
hour). — n. The sounding of a bell with strokes 
slowly and uniformly repeated. 

Tola, to-loo'', n. A sweetish resin, or oleo-resin, pro- 
duced by a tree of S. Amer.; balsam of Tolu. 

Tomahawk, tom''a-hawk, n. A war-hatchet used by 
the Amer. Indians, — orig. 
made of stone, but after- 
wards of iron. — v. t. [tom- 
ahawked (-hawkt), -HAWK- 
ING.] To cut or kill with a 
tomahawk. 
Tomato, to-ma'to, n. A plant 
of many varieties ; its acid, 
juicy fruit, eaten either raw 
or cooked ; love-apple. 
Tomb, toom, n. A chamber, 
vault, or structure with walls 
and roof, for reception of m v, i 

the dead; a pit in which th&- Tomahawks, 
dead body of a human being is deposited; a grave; a 
sepulchre ; monument. — v. t. [tombed (toomd), 
TOMBING.] To place in a tomb, bury, inter, entomb. 
— Tomb'^stone, n. A stone erected over a grave, to 
preserve the memory of the deceased; a monument. 
Tomoac, -bak, tom'bak, n. A red or yellow alloy of 
copper and zinc for cheap jewelry : white tonibac 
contains arsenic. 
Tomboy, tom^'boi, n. A rude, boisterous boy; also, and 




more commonly, a wild, romping girl ; hoyden. — 
Tom'cat, n. A male cat, esp. when full grown or of 
large size. — Tom''cod, n. A small fish, abundant on 
the Amer. coast soon after frost commences ; frost- 
fish.- Tom^'rlg, n. A rude, wild, wanton girl; a tom- 
boy.— Tom'tit, n. A little bird; the titmouse. 
Tome, torn, ?i._ A ponderous volume; a book. 
To-morrow, too-mor'ro, n. The day after the present; 
the next day. — adv. On the day after the present 
day; on the morrow, 
Tompion, tom'pT-un, n. The stopper of a cannon. 
Ton, toN or ton, n. The prevailing fashion or mode; 

vogue. 
Ton, tun, n. (Com.) The weight of 20 hundred gross, 
or 2,240 pounds: in the U. S. the ton is commonly es- 
timated at 2,000 pounds, this being sometimes called 
the short ton ; a certain weight or space (about 40 
cubic feet) by which the burden of a ship is esti- 
mated; a quantity of timber, consisting of 40 solid 
feet, if round, or 54 feet, if square.— Ton'nage, Tun'- 
najge, -nej, n. The weight of goods carried in a boat or 
ship; the cubical content or Burden of a ship in tons; 
amount of weight which one or several ships may car- 
ry; a duty or impost on ships, estimated per tori, or a 
duty, toU, or rate payable on goods per ton, transport- 
ed on canals ; the whole amount of shipping estimated 
by tons. — Tun, n. A large cask; acertam measure for 
liquids, as for wine, consisting of 2 pipes or 4 hogs- 
heads, or 252 gallons; a large quantity, — used pro- 
verbially. — V. t. [tunned (tund), -ning.] To put 
into tuns or casks.— Tun^'nel, ra. A vessel with a 
broad mouth at one end, and a pipe or tube at the 
other, for conveying liquor,etc.,into casks, bottles, or 
other vessels; a flue for the passage of smoke; an ar- 
tificial arch or passage under ground or through a 
hill, etc., for a railroad, etc. {Mining.) A level pas- 
sage driven across the measures, or at right angles to 
the veins which its object is to reach. — v. t. [tun- 
neled (-neld), -NELiNG.] To form into a tunnel, or 
like a tunnel; to catch in a tunnel net; to cut a tun- 
nel through (a hill, etc.) or under (a river, etc.). 
Tone, ton, n. A sound considered with relation to its 
pitch, timbre, strength, or volume. {RJiet.) Inflec- 
tion or modulation of the voice, esp. as expressing 
sentiment, emotion, or passion. A whining or af- 
fected style of speaking. (Mus.) A musical sound; 
the larger kind of interval between contiguous 
sounds an the diatonic scale, the smaller being called 
a semitone ; the peculiar quality of sound in any 
voice or instrument. {Med.) Healthy and vigor- 
ous state of the body, or of any of its organs or 
parts. State of mind; temper; mood; tenor; charac- 
ter; spirit; drift; general or prevailing character or 
style, as of morals, manners, or sentiment, in refer- 
ence to a scale of high and low. {Painty Prevail- 
ing color of a picture, or its general effect. — v. t. 
[toned (tond), TONING.] To utter with an affected 
tone; to tune. — To tone down. To give a lower tone 
or sound to; to diminish or weaken the striking char- 
acteristics of; to soften. {Paint.) To bring the col- 
ors of into harmonious relations as to light and shade. 

— Tone'less, a. Having no tone; unmusical. — Ton'- 
ic, tSn'ic, a. Of, or relating to, tones or sounds; in- 
creasing tension; hence, increasing strength. {Med.) 
Increasing strength, or the tone of the animal system. 

— n. {Med.) A medicine that increases the strength, 
and gives vigor of action to the system. {Mus.) The 
key-tone, or first tone of the scale. 

Tongs, tongz, n. pi. An instrument, consisting of 2 
long shafts joined at one end, used for handling fire 

Tongne, tung, n. (Anat.) A muscular organ, attached 
by one end to the floor of the mcutn, serving as 
the instrument of taste and deg;lutition, and in man 
of articulation also. Speech; discourse; fluency of 
speech ; manner of speaking ; power of articulate 
utterance; a language; words or declarations only; 
a nation, as disting. by language; that which is con- 
sidered as resembling an animal's tongue, in posi- 
tion or form, as, the tongue of a buckle, a tongue of 
land, etc. — v. t. [tongued (tungd), tonguing.] 
(Mus.) To modulate or modify (notes) with the 
tongue, in playing the flute, etc.; to join by means 
of a tongue and groove. — w. i. (Mus.) To use the 
tongue in forming the notes, as in playing the flute 



&m, fame, far, p&ss or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, t5rm ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



TONIC 



455 



TOREUTIO 



— To hold the tonuue To be silent. — Tongned, 
tungd,a. Having a tongue.— ToDgue'le88,<(. Hav- 
ing no tongue ; speechless. — Tongue'-tied, -tld, a. 
Having an impediment in the speech ; unable to 
speak freely. 

Tonic. See_under Tone. 

To-night, too-nit', n. The present night, night after 
the present day. — a>h\ On this night. 

Tonnage. See under Ton. 

Tomieau, ton-no', //. (Automobiles.) Orig., a form of 
afterbody with the entrance at the rear; now, an 
afterbody with sides closing in the seat or seats and 
entered by a door at the rear or on each side ; also, 
the entire body of an automobile having such an 
after part, or the automobile itself. 

Tonsil, ton'sil, n. {Anat.) One of 2 almond-shaped 
glandular bodies in the sides of the throat or fauces. 

— Tonso 'rial, -rT-al, a: Of, or pert, to, a barber, or 
to shaving. — Ton'sure, -shur, n. (Rom. Cath. 
Church.) The round bare place on the heads of 
priests and monks, as a mark of their order. 

Tontine, ton-ten', n. An annuity paid to subscribers 
to a loan, the share of each subscriber increasing as 
others die. [So called from its inventor, Tonti, an 
Italian, in the 17th century.] 

Too, too, adv. Over ; more than enough ; likewise ; 
also; in addition. 

Took, ^ee T.vke. 

Tool, tool, n. An instrument, used in the manual arts, 
to facilitate mechanical operations; any instrument 
used by a craftsman or laborer at his work;. an im- 
plement; an^ instrument of use or service; a person 
used as an instrument by another jjerson, — a term 
of opprobrium. — v. t. [tooled (toold), tooling.] 
To shape, form, or finish with a tool. — Tool'ing, v.. 
Ornamented work or finish, made with a tool. 

Toot, toot, V. i. To make a peculiar noise by contact 
of the tongue with the root of the upper teeth at the 
beginning and end of the sound; to sound a horn in a 
similar manner. ~v. t. To cause (a horn) to sound, 
the note being modified at the beginning and end as 
if by pronouncing the letter t ; to blow, sound. 

Tooth, tooth, n. ; pi. Teeth. (Anat.) One of the series 
of small enameled bones with 
which the jaws of vertebrate 
animals are armed for biting, 
chewing, tearing, etc. Taste ; 
palate ; any projection corre- 
sponding to the tooth of an 
animal, in shape, position, or 
office; a narrow projecting 
piece; a tine ; a cog. — v. t. 

[toothed (tootht), TOOTH- 

UfO.J To furnish with teeth; 
to indent, cut into teeth. — In 
the teeth. Directly ; in direct 
opposition; in front. — To cast 
in the teeth. To retort reproach- 
fully. — Tooth and nail. As it 
were by biting and scratching; 
with one's utmost power. — To 
show the teeth. To threaten. — a, a, incisors ; 6, canine, 
To the teeth. In open opposi- cuspid, or dog tootb ; 
tion; directly to one's face. — «> ",> bicuspids, or lesser 
To set the teeth on edge. To f °'"' '• <*' ''■' f ■ "^O" 
cause .a disagreeable tingUng ^"=' °^ ^^^^ -""l"^- 
sensation in the teeth, as by grating sounds, or by 
the touch of certain substances, as keen acids. — 
Tooth'ache, n. Pain in a tooth. — Toothed, tootht, 
p. a. Having teeth or jags. (£ot.) Having project- 
ing poiats, remote from each other, about the edge; 
dentate. — Tooth'less, a. Having no teeth. — TootS'- 
Bome, a. Grateful to the taste; palatable. — Tooth'- 
draw'er, n. One who extracts teeth with instru- 
ments. — pick, -pick'er, n. An instrument for clean- 
ing the teeth of substances lodged between them. — 
-pow'der, n. A powder for cleaning the_teeth; a den- 
tifrice.— Teeth, teth, V. i. [TEETHED (tethd), teeth- 
ing.] To breed or form teeth.— Teeth'ing, n. The 
process by which first teeth make their way through 
the gums; dentition. 
fop, top, n. The highest part of anything; the upper 
end, edge, or extremity; the upper side or surface; 
the utmost degree; the highest rank; the most hon- 
oraJale position ; the chief person ; the crown of the 




Teeth. 




T T, Top. (,A^aut.y 



head, or the liair upou it; the 
head. {JVaiit.) A tort of plut- 
form, surrounding the head 
of the lower niaiit, and pro- 
jecting on all sides- see Ship. 
A child's toy, commonly pear- 
shaped, made to spio on its 

point. — V. i. [TOPPED (topt), 
-piNG.] To rise aloit, be emi- 
nent; to predominate ; to ex- 
cel, rise above others. — v. t. 
To cover on the top ; to tip, 
cap; to rise above; to rise to 
the top of; to outgo, surpass; to take off the top or 
upper part of; to crop; to perform eminently.— Top'- 
mast, /(. (Naut.) The 2d mast, next above the lower 
mabt, and below the top-gallant mast: sec Ship. — 
Top'inost, a. Highest; uppermost.— Top'ping, ;). a. 
Easing above ; surpassing ; assuming superiority ; 
proud.— Top'-boots, n.2)l. Boots with tops of brigtt- 
colored leather, to be worn over the trowsers, as tor 
riding. — cloth, n. (,Naut.) A piece of canvas used 
to cover the hammocks which are lashed to the tops 
in action. — gal'lant, n. See Toi'mast. — ^heav^y, «. 
Having the top or upper part too heavy for the low- 
er. — knot, n, A crest of feathers on the head ol a 
bird; a knot or bow, etc., on the head, as of a woman. 
— sail, n. (Naut.) A sail extended across the top- 
mast, above which is the top-gallant sail: see Sail. — 
Top'ple, -pi, V. i. [-pled (-pld), -fling.] To fall for- 
ward, pitch or tumble down, be top-heavy. — Top'- 
sy-tur'vy, -sl-ter'vl, adv. In an inverted posture; 
upside down. 
Toparch, to'park, n. The ruler or principal man in a 
place or country; governor of a toparchy. — To' 
parchy, -J, n. A small state, consisting of a few cit- 
ies or towns; a petty country governea by a toparch. 

— Top'iary, a. Shaped by clipping or cutting. — 
Top'ic, 71. (Rhet. & Logic.) One of the various gen- 
eral forms of argument to be employed in probable 
as disting. fr. demonstrative reasoning ; also a pre- 
pared argument, or point of argument, of a sort ap- 
plicable to a great variety of cases ; an argument or 
reason ; the subject of any distinct portion of a dis- 
course, argument, or literary composition ; the main 
subject 01 the whole; a matter treated of; a point; 
head ; pi. a treatise on, or a sj'stem or scheme of, 
forms of argument or orator}'. (Med.) An external 
local remedy, applied as a plaster, poultice, etc. — 
Top'ic, -ical, a. Of, or pert, to, a place ; limited ; 
local; pert, to, proceeding from, or consisting of, a 
topic or topics; not demonstrative, but merely prob- 
able, — Top'ically, ac/v. In a topical manner; with 
application to, or limitation of, a particular place or 
topic. — Topog'raphy, -ra-f T, n. The description of 
a particular place, city, town, manor, parish, or tract 
of land; esp. the exact and scientific delineation and 
description in minute detail of any place or region. 

— Topog'rapher, -ra-fer, n. One skilled in the sci- 
ence of topography. —Top'ograph'ic, -ical, a. Of, 
or pert, to, topography; descriptive of a place. 

Topaz, to'paz, n. (Min.) A mineral occurring in 
rhombic prisms, generally yellowish and pellucid : 
it is highly valued as a gem. 

Tope, top, V. i, [toped (topt), toping.] To drink 
hard; to drink spirituous liquors to excess. — To'per, 
n. One who drinks to excess; a drunkard; sot. 

Tophet, to'f et, n. A place lying E. or S.-E. of Jeru- 
salem, in the valley of Hinnom, where fires were 
continually kept to burn dead carcasses, and where 
all the filth of the city was poured; hence, in sym- 
bol, hell. 

Topiary, Topic, Topography, etc. See under Toparch. 

Topple, Topsy-turvy. See under Top. 

Toque, tok, Toquet, to-ka', n. A kind of bonnet or 
head-dress. 

Torch, t8rch, n. A mass or stick of, or receptacle con- 
taining, some combustible substance to be carried in 
the hand or on a staff when ignited; a large candle 
or flambeau. — Torch'-bear'er, n. One who carries 
a torch. — light, n. The light of a torch. 

Tore. See Tear. 

Toreutic, to-ru'tik, a. ( Scnlp.) Highly finished or pol- 
ished, — applied prop, to figures in hard wood, ivory, 
and the like. 



61111, cube, f yli ; moon, f&bt ; cow, oil ; lingar or ink, taben, boNboN, chair, get. 



TORMENT 



456 



TOUR 




Xorment, tSr'ment, w. Extreme pain; anguish; the 
utmost degree of misery, either of body or mind ; 
that which gives pain, vexation, or misery. — Tor- 
ment', V. t. To put to extreme pain or anguish; to 
distress, afflict; to tease, vex, harass. 

Tom. See Teak. 

Tornado, tdr-na-^do, n. ,• pi. -does, -doz. A violent 
wind or tempest disting. by a ■whirling, progressive 
motion; a hurricane. 

Torpedo, t6r-pe'do, n. (_lchth.') A fish allied to the ray, 
wnich can give electric 
shocks; crami)-flsh. A ma- 
chine used for destroying 
ships by blowing them up; 
a small baU or pellet, which 
explodes when thrown up- 
on a hard object ; a shell 
which explodes when trod 
upon. — Tor'^pid, a. Hav- ^ , 

ing lost motion, or the pow- xorpeao. 

erof exertion and feeling; numb; dull; stupid; slug- 
gish; inactive. — Torpid'ity, -I-tl, n. — Tor'pidness, 
-pitude, -pl-tud, n. State of being torpid; numbness; 
dullness; inactivity; sluggishness; stupidity. — Tor'- 
por, n. State of being torpid; loss of motion, or of 
the power of motion; numbness; inactivity; dull- 
ness; laziness; sluggishness; stupidity. — Torporif'- 
ic, a. Tending to produce torpor. 

Torrent, tor''rent, ?i. A violent stream, as of water, 
lava, etc.; a violent or rapid flow; strong current. — 
Tor^rid, a. Parched; dried with heat; violently hot; 
burning or parcliing. — Torrid zone. {Geog.) That 
space or belt of the earth included between the trop- 
ics, where the heat is always great: see Zone. — 
Tor'refy, -re-ti, v. t. [-fied (-lid), -fyixo.] To dry 
by a fire, parch. {3Ietal.) To roast or scorch, as me- 
tallic ores. — Torrefac'tion, n. Operation of torrefy- 
ing, or state of being torrefied. 

Torsion, tdr'shun, n. Act of turning or twisting. 
iMech.) That force with which a thread, wire, or 
rod of any material, returns, or tends to return, to a 
state of rest after it has been twisted. — Tort, n. 
iLaw.) Any wrong or injury; a wrongful act, for 
which an action will He; a form of action, in some 
States, for a wrong or injury.— Tort'ile, -il, a. Twist- 
ed; wreathed; coiled. — Tor'^tiona, -shus, a. Injuri- 
ous ; done wrongfully. {Law.) Impljong tort, or 
inj ury for which the law gives damages. — Tort'ive, 
-iv, a. Twisted; wreathed. — Tort''ure,t6r''chur, re. 
Extreme pain; anguish of body or mind; pang;*ago- 
nv ; torment ; esp. severe pain inflicted judicially, 
either as a punishment for a crime, or for the pur- 
pose of extorting a confession. — v. t. To put to tor- 
ture, pain extremely, punish with torture. — Tort'- 
uous, -u-us, a. Bent 
in different directions; 
wreathed; twisted; 
winding'; deviating 
from rectitude; errone- 
ous; wrong; deceitful. 
— Tor-'toise, - 1 i s , n. 
(Zool.) A reptile in- 
closed in a case formed 




Tortoise. 



by 2 leathery or scaly shields, and having homy 
jaws in the place of teeth : the name is sometimes 
restricted to the land tortoises, the term turtle being 
applied to the marine species. (_Antiq.) A defense 
used by the ancients; a testudo. — Tor'toise-shell, n. 
The horny plates forming the shell of a tortoise, esp. 
of the hawk's-bill turtle, used for making combs, etc. 

Torso, tCr-'so, n. ; E. pi. -SOS; /it. pZ. -si, -se. (Sculp.) 
The trunk of a statue, mutilated of head and limbs. 

Torus, to'rus, n. (Arch.) A large semicircular mold- 
ing used in the bases of columns: see Molding. 

Tory, to^rT, n. {Eng. Politics.) A member of the con- 
servative party, as opposed to the Whig or progres- 
sive party. {Amer. Hist.) One who, in the time of 
the Revolution, favored the claims oJf Great Britain 
against the colonies. — a. Of, or pert, to, the tories. 
— To''r3rIsm, -izm, n. The principles of the tories. 

ToBB, tos. V. t. [tossed (tost, less prop, tost), toss- 
ing.] To throw with a jerk of the hand, esp. with 
the palm up, throw upward; to lift or throw up with 
a sudden or violent motion; to cause to rise and fall ; 
to agitate, make restless. — v. i. To roll and tumble; 




Toucan. 



to 
to 



to be in violent commotion; to be tossed. — n. A 
throwing upward, or with a jerk; a throwing up of 
the head with a ierk. — To toss off. To drink hasti- 
ly. — To t.for. To gamble tor. — To t. up. To throw 
a coin into the air, and wager on what side it will 
fall. — Toss'^pot, n. A toper; an habitual drunkard. 

Tot, tot, n. Anything small, — used as a term of en- 
dearment. 

Total, to'tal, a. FuU; complete; not divided; whole; 
entire; integral. — re. The whole; the whole sum or 
amount. — Total'lty, -T-tl. ji. The whole sum; whole 
quantity or amount. — To'tally, -II, adv. In a total 
manner; wholly; entirely; fully; completely. 

Tote, tot, V. t. To carry or bear. 

Totem, to^'tem, n. A picture of a bird, beast, etc., 
used among the N. Amer. Indians as a designation 
of a family. 

Totter, tot'ter, v. i. [-teeed (-terd), -teeing.] To 
shake so as to threaten a tall, appear as if about to 
fall when standing or walking; to shake, reel, lean, 
be unsteady. — Tot'tle, -tl, v. i. [-tled (-tld), -tling.] 
To walk_in a wavering, unsteady manner; to toddle. 

Toucan, too'kan, re. An omnivorous climbing bird of 
tropical Amer., of sev- 
ei-al species, remarka- 
ble for the enormous 
size of its light, cellu- 
lar biU. 

Touch, tuch, v..t. 

[TOUCHED (tucht), 

T0UCHI2«'G.] To come 
in contact with; to ex- 
tend the hand, foot, 
etc., so as to reach or 
rest on; to perceive by 
the fecnse of feeling ; to 

come to, reach, attain to; to relate to, concern; 
handle, speak of, or deal with gentlv or slightly; ._ 
meddle or iuterlere with; to afreet the senses or the 
sensibility of; to move; to mark or delineate slightly; 
to make an impression on; to strike (an instrument 
of music); to perform (a tune), plaj'; to influence by 
impulse; to afflict or distress. — r.i.'To be in contact; 
to treat anything slightly in discourse. — n. Act of 
touching, or state of being touched; contact; the 
sense of feeling or common sensation, one of the 5 
senses; power of exciting the affections; an emotion 
or affection; personal reference or application; a 
stroke; animadversion; censure; reproof; a single 
stroke on a drawing or picture; feature; lineament; 
act of the hand on a musical instrument; musical 
notes; a small quantity intermixed; a little; a hint; 
suggestion; slight notice; examination or trial by 
some decisive standard; test; proof. (Mus.) Particu- 
lar or characteristic mode of action; also, the man- 
ner of touching, striking, or pressing the keys of a 
pianoforte. — Touch'ing, p. a. Affecting; moving; 
pathetic. — prep. Concerning; relating to; with re- 
spect to. — Touch'-hole, re. The vent of a cannon or 
other species of fire-arms, by which fire is communi- 
cated to the powder. — T.-me-not, re. A plant of the 
genus Impatiens ; the squirting-cucumber. — stone, 
re. (Mre.) A variety of extremely compact silicioua 
schist, used for ascertaining the purity of gold and 
silver by the streak impressed on the stone. Hence, 
any test or criterion. — wood, re. A soft white sub- 
stance into which wood is changed by the action of 
certain fungi, used like tinder for taking, holding, 
and communicating fire; spunk. 

Touchy, touch^i:, a. Peevish; irritable; irascible; apt 
to take fire. 

Tough, tuf , a. Having the quality of flexibility with- 
out brittleness; not easily broken ; able to endure 
hardship; firm; strong; not easily separated; tena- 
cious; ropy; stiff; rigid; not flexible; stubborn; un- 
manageable; severe; violent. — Tough'en, -n, v. i. 
[-ENED (-nd), -ENiNG.] To grow tough, or tougher. 
— V. t. To make tough or tougher.— Tough-'ness, n. 
The quality of being tough; flexibility, with a firm 
adhesion of parts ; strength of constitution or tex- 
ture; viscosity; tenacity; clamminess. 

Toupee, to6-pe^, Toupet, -pa', n. A little tuft; a curl 
or artificial lock of hair; a small wig. 

Tour, toor, n. A going round; a journey in a circuit; & 
lengthy excursion ; a roving journey tor pleasure and 



fen, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, tSran ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



TOURMALINE 



457 



TRACHEA 



eight seeing; pilgrimage. (3IU.) Any tiling done suc- 
cessively, or by regular order; a turn. — v. i. [toukeu 
(toord), TOURING.] To make a tour. — Tonr'ist, u. 
One wno makes a tour, or travefs for pleasures or 
sight seeing.— Tournament, toor'na-ment, Tour'ney, 
-nl, 71. A mock-ii^dit or military sport, in which a 
number of coiiibatants were engaged; encounter; 
contest of skill. — Tour'ney, v. i. To engage in tour- 
naments; to tilt. — Toitr''niciuet, toor'nt-ket, n. A 
surgical instrument or bandage which is tightened 
or relaxed with a screw, and used to check the flow 
of blood, as from_w'ounds, by external pressure. — 
Tounmro', toor-noor'', 71. Turn; contour; figure; a 
part of the dress of a lady used for expanding the 
skirt; a bustle. 

Tourmaline, toor'ma-lin, n. A mineral occurring usu- 
ally in 3-sided or 6-sided prisms, terminated by 3- 
sided pyramids. 

Toose, towz, V. t. & i. To pull, haul, tear, dishevel. — 
Tous'er, n. One who touses. — Tow'ser, n. A name 
for a dog. — Tou''sle, -zl, v. t. To put into disorder, 
tumble. _ 

Tout-ensemble, too-tajf-sax'bl, n. Anything regarded 
as a whole. (Fine Arts.) The general effect of a 
work as a whole. 

Tow, to, V. t. [towed (tod), towing.] To drag (a 
boat or ship) through the water by means of a rope. 
— n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; that which is, 
etc. — Tow'age, -ej, n. Act of towmg; price paid for 
towing. — Tow'-boat, ?i. A boat which is towed; a 
steamer used for towing other vessels; steam-tug. — 
-Une, n. A small hawser, used to tow a sliip, etc. — 
-path, n. A path for men or horses that tow boats, 
as along a canal. 

Tow, to, n. The coarse and broken part of flax or hemp. 

Toward, to'ard, To'wardB, -ardz,^rew. In the direc- 
tion of; with direction to, in a moral sense; with re- 
spect to; regarding; nearly; about. — adv. Near; at 
hand; in a state of preparation. — To''ward, -ward, 
a. Ready to do or learn; not fro ward; apt. — To''- 
wardly, a. Ready to do or learn; apt; docile; tract- 
able; compliant withduty.— To''wa^dnes8,To''ward- 
liness, to'ward-, n. 

Towel, toWel, n. A cloth used for wiping the hands, 
etc., after washing; a wiper for dishes, etc. 

Tower, toWer, n. A lofty building much higher than 
broad, standing alone or forming part of another ed- 
ifice, as of a church, castle, etc.; a citadel; fortress; 
hence, a defender; a high head-dress formerly in 
Vogue. — V. I. [TOWERED (-erd), -ering.] To be 
lofty or very high; to soar. — Tow'ering, p. a. Very 
high; elevated; extreme; violent; surpassing. 

Town, town, n. Orig., a collection of houses inclosed 
by fences or walls; any collection of houses larger 
than a village, esp. when not incorporated as a city; 
in Eng., any number of houses to which belongs a 
regular market, and which is not a city or the see of 
a bishop; the body of inhabitants resident in a town; 
a township; the court end of London; the metropo- 
lis or its inhabitants; any city or large place in or 
near which one may be. — Town''sMp, n. The dis- 
trict or territory of a town; a territorial district with 
certain municipal powers. — Towns''man, townz''- 
man, n. An inhabitant of a town; one of the same 
town with another. — Town'-clerk, n. An officer 
who keeps the records of a town, and enters all its 
official proceedings. — cri'er, n. A public crier. — 
-hall, n. A public room or building for transacting 
the business of a town. — house, n. The house where 
the public business of the town is transacted by the 
inhabitants; a house in town, in opp. to a house in 
the country. — meet'ing, n. A legal meeting of the 
inhabitants of a town or township for the transaction 
of business. — talk, ?«. The common talk of a place, 
or the subject of common conversation. — Towns''- 
folk, -fok, n. The people of a town; esp., the inhabi- 
tants of a city. 

Towser. See under Touse. 

Toxicology, toks-T-koKo-jf, n. The department of 
medical science which treats of poisons, their effects, 
antidotes, and recognition. — Tox'icolog'ical, -loj'- 
ik-al, a. Of, or pert, to, toxicology. — ToxicoKogist, 
-jist, n. One versed in, etc. — Toxin, toks'in, n. 
A poisonous product formed by disease-producing 
bacteria, as a toxic proteid or poisonous ptomaine. 




Flowing Tracery. 



Toy, toi, n. A plaything lor children; a bawble; a 
tiling for amusement, out of no real value; trifle; 
matter of no importance; wild fancy; folly; trifling 
opinion or behavior ; amorous dalliance. — v. i. 
[TOYKD (toid), toying.] To dally amorously, trifle, 
play, wanton. 

Trace, tras, n. A mark left by anything passing; a 
footprint; track; a mark, iiiipression, or visible ap- 
pearance of anything lelt when the thing itself 
no longer exists; vestige; token; one of the 2 straps, 
chains, or ropes, by which a carriage or sleigh is 
drawn by horses. — v. t. [traced (trast), tracing.] 
To walk over, pass through; to draw or delineate 
with marks; esp., to copy'(a drawing) by following 
the lines and marking them on a sheef superimposed ; 
to follow by footsteps or tracks, or some mark that 
has been left by a person or tiling which has pre- 
ceded; to foUow'the trace or track of; to follow with 
exactne ss. — 
T r a'c e r , n.~ 
Trace^able. a. 
Capable of being 
traced.— Tra'^ 
eery, -ser-T, n. 
( Goth. Arch.) An 
ornamental d i - 
vergency of the 
m u 1 1 i o n s of a 
window, into 
arches, curves, 
etc. ; the subdi- 
visions of 
groined vaults, 
etc. —Tract , 
trakt, n. Some- 
thing drawn out 
or extended ; a 
region, or quantity of land or water, of indefinite 
extent; a written discourse or dissertation, generally 
not of great extent; esp., a short treatise on practical 
religion; continued or protracted duration; length; 
extent.— Tracfable, a. Capable of being easily Ted, 
taught, or managed; docile; manageable; capable of 
being handled; practicable; feasible. — Tract'ate, n. 
A treatise; a tract. — Tract'ile, -U, a. Capable of be- 
ing drawn out in length; ductile. — Tractil'ity, -T- 
tl, n. Quality of being tractile ; ductilitj". — Trac'- 
tion, n. Act of drawing, or state of being drawn; at- 
traction; a drawing toward. — Tract'ive,-iv, a. Serv- 
ing to draw; pulling; attracting.— Tract 'or, n. That 
which draws, or is 
used for drawing, pi. 
{Med.) Two small, 
pointed bars of brass 
and steel, which, be- 
ing drawn over dis- 
eased parts of the 
body, were, at one 
time, supposed to give 
relief through the 
agency of electricity 
or magnetism. — 
Tract'ory, -o-rY, 
Tracfrix, n. ( Geom.) 
The curve described 
on a plane by a heavy 
point attached to a 
string and drawn 
along by moving the 
other end of the string. 

Trachea, tra'ke-a, L. 
pron. -ke''a, n. ; pi. 
-CHE-^, -ke-e, L. pron. 
-ke'e. (Anat.) The 
windpipe, a cartilagin- 
ous and membranous 
pipe conveying air to , Trachea. 

the lungs ; the wea- a, larynx ; 6, trachea ; c, bron- 
sand: see Lung. The chial diTisions ; d, one of the 
air-tubes of the body lyngs ; e> bronchial ramifica- 
in insects and similar tions. 
animals. — Tra'cheofomy, -ke-ofo-niT, n. (Surg.) 
Operation of making an opening into the windpipe. 
— Tra'chyte, -kit, n. A nearly compact, f eldspathic, 
volcanic rock, breaking with a rough surface. 




siin, cube, fyll ; moon, f66t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



TRACK 



4o8 



TRAITOR 



Track, trak, n. A mark left by something that has 
passed along; impression left by the foot, either of 
man or beast; trace; vestige; footprint: a road; beat- 
en path; course followed; way. {Railroads.) The 
permanent way ; line of rails. — v. t. [teacked 
(trakt), -ING.] To follow when guided by a trace, or 
by footsteps; to draw or tow (a vessel, sledge, etc.) 
— Track'^age, -ej, n. A drawing or towing (of a 
boat, sledge, etc.) — Track''er, n. One who,-or that 
which, etc. (if«5.) In the organ, a light strip of 
wood, connecting (in part) a key and a pallet, to 
communicate motion by pulling. — Track'less, a. 
Having no track; marked by no footsteps. 

Tract, Tractable, Traction, etc. See under Trace. 

Trade, trad, n. Act or business of exchanging com- 
modities by barter; business of buying and selling 
for money; commerce; traffic; business which a per- 
son has learned, and which he carries on or at which 
he works ; esp., mechanical employment ; occupa- 
tion ; handicraft ; instruments of any occupation ; 
custom; habit; a company of men engaged in the 
same occupation, pi. The trade- winds. — v. i. To 
barter, or to buy and sell ; to traffic, bargain ; to 
buy and sell or exchange property, in a single in- 
stance. — w. «. To sell or exchange in commerce; to 
barter, exchange. — Trad'er, n. One engaged in trade 
or commerce; a trafficker; merchant.— Trade'-mark, 
n. A distinguishing mark or device used by a man- 
ufacturer on his goods or labels, the legal right in 
which is recognized by law. — sale, n. An auction 
by and for the trade, especially that of the booksel- 
lers. — wind, n. A wind in or near the torrid zone, 
which blows from the same quarter throughout the 
whole or half of the year, — so called because of 
great advantage to navigators, and hence to trade. — 
Trades'^man, n. One who tr'ades; a shop-keeper; any 
mechanic or artificer. — Trades'-un'ion, n. A com- 
bination among workmen for the purpose of main- 
taining their rights and privileges, with respect to 
wages, hours of labor, customs, etc. 

Tradition, tra-dish'un, n. Act of delivering into the 
hands of another; delivery; imwritten or oral hand- 
ing down of opinions, practices, rites, and customs, 
from father to son, or from ancestors to posterity; 
knowledge or belief transmitted without the aid of 
written memorials. — Tradi'tional, a. Of, pert, to, or 
derived from, tradition; communicated from ances- 
tors to descendants byword only.— Tradi'tionary, 
-a-rT, a. Of, pert, to, or derived from, tradition; 
traditional. — Tradi'tioner, -tionist, n. One who 
adheres to tradition. — Trad'ltive, trad'T-tiv, a. 
Transmitted or transmissible from father to son, or 
from age to age, by oral communication. 

Tradace, tra-dus', v. t. [-duced C-dusf), -ducing.] 
To represent as blamabie; willfully to misrepresent; 
to calumniate, vilify, defame, depreciate, decry, 
slander. — Traduc'tion, n. Derivation from one of 
the same kind; propagation; transmission from one 
to another ; tradition ; a translation into another 
language; act of transferring; conveyance; transpor- 
tation.— Tradu''cianism,-shan-izm, m. {Theol.) Doc- 
trine that human souls are produced by the act of 
generation, — opp. to creationism, q. v. 

Traffic, traf''flk, n. Commerce, either by barter or by 
buying and selling; trade; business of a given street, 
place, etc. ; passing to and fro of goods and passen- 
gers on a road, railroad, canal, etc. — v. i. [traf- 
ficked (-fikt), -FICKING.] To pass goods and com- 
modities from one person to another for an equiva- 
lent in goods or money; to barter, trade. — v. t. To 
exchange in traffic. 

Tragacanth, tra^'a-kanth, n. The concrete juice or 
gum of several species of shrubby or herbaceous 
plants, found in Asia Minor, Persia, etc. 

Tragedy, trai'e-dt, n. A dramatic poem representing 
some signal action performed by illustrious persons, 
and generally having a fatal issue ; a fatal and 
mournful event; any event in which human lives 
are lost by violence. — Trage'^dian, tra-je'dT-an, n. 
A writer of tragedy ; a tragic actor or actress. — 
Trag'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or of the nature of, trag- 
edy ; fatal to life ; calamitous ; mournful ; expres- 
sive of tragedy, loss of life, or of sorrow. — Trag'i- 
com^edy, -I-kom^e-dY, n. A composition partaking 
of the nature both of tragedy and comedy. — Trag'- 



i-com'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to tragi-comedy; partaking 
of a mixture of grave and comic scenes. 

Trail, tral, v. t. [trailed (trald), trailin^g.] To hunt 
bv the track; to draw along the ground; to drag. 
Qfil.) To carry (a fire-arm) with the breech near 
the ground and the upper part inclined forward, the 
piece being held by the right hand near the mid- 
dle ; to tread down (grass) by walking through. — 
V. i. To be drawn along behind a person or tiling; 
to be drawn out in length; to grow to great length, 
esp. when slender and creeping upon the ground, as 
a plant. — n. Scent left on the ground by an aninuil 
pursued; anything drawn to length; anything drawn 
behind in long undulations; a train; the entrails of 
a fowl, esp. of game. (Mil.) That part of the stock 
of a gun - carriage which rests on the ground when 
the piece is unlimbered. 

Train, tran, v. t. [trained (trand), training.] To 
draw along, trail; to draw by persuasion, artifice, 
etc., to entice, allure; to teach and form by prac- 
tice; to exercise, discipline; to break, tame, and ac- 
custom to draw, as oxen. (Hort.) To lead or direct, 
and form to a wall or espalier; to form by growth, 




Fan Training. 

and lopping, or pruning. — v. i. To do duty in a 
military company. — n. That which draws along; 
esp., persuasion, artifice, or enticement; that which 
is drawn along in the rear of or after something; 
that which is in the hinder part or rear; that part 
of a gown which trails behind the wearer; the after 
part Of a gun-carriage; the tail of a bird; a number 
of followers; a retinue; a succession of connected 
things; series; regular method; process; course; a 
line of gunpowder, laid to lead fire to a charge, or 
to a quantity intended for execution; a continuous 
or connected line of cars on a railroad. — Train^er, w. 
One who trains; esp., one who trains or prepares 
men, horses, etc., for athletic exercises; a militia- 
man when called out for exercise or discipline. — 
Train'-band, w. -V band or company of militia. — 
-bear'er, n. One who holds up a train, as of a robe. 

Train-oil, tran'oil, n. Oil from the fat of whales. 

Traipse, traps, v. i. To walk or run about sluttishly or 
thoughtlessly. 

Trait, trat, n. A stroke; touch; a distinguishing or 
marked feature or peculiarity. 

Traitor, tra'^ter, n. One who violates his allegiance 
and betrays his country; one guilty of treason; one 
who betrays his trust ; a betrayer. — Trai'^toress, 
-tress, n. A woman who betrays. — Trai'torons, -ter- 
ns, a. Guilty of treason ; treacherous ; perfidious ; 
faithless ; consisting in, or partaking of, treason. — 
Trea'^son, tre-'zn, n. The offense of attempting to 
overthrow or betray the sovereign or the government 
of the state to which the offender owes allegiance ; 



&va, fame, far, pass or opera, f Sre ; €ud, eve, t€rm ; Xn, Ice ; Odd, tone, dr ; 



TRAJECT 



459 



TRANSIENT 




the levying of war ap^ainst, or adhering to or aiding 
the enemiesof, one's country; disloyalty; treachery. 
— Trea''8onable, a. Pert, te; or consisting of, treason; 
involving the crime of treason, or partaking of its 
guilt; treacherous; traitorous; perfidious; insidious. 

Traject, tra-jekf, v. t. To throw or cast through. — 
Trajec'tion, n. Act of trajecting; a throwing or cast- 
ing through or across; also, emission. — Trsyect'ory, 
-o-rT, n. The curve which a moving body describes 
in space. 

Tram, tram, n. A coal wagon used in some parts of 
England, esp. at Newcastle ; one of the rails of 
a tram-road; in Eng., a car on a horse-railroad. — 
Tram''-road, -way, n. A road prepared for easv 
transit of trains or wagons, bv forming the wheel- 
tracks of beams of wood, blocks of stone, or plates 
of iron; in Eng., a horse-railroad. 

Trammel, tram'mel, n. A kind of long net for catch- 
ing birds or fishes; a kind of shackles for regulating 
the motions of a horse ; 
whatever impedes ac- 
tivity, progress, or free- 
dom ; an iron hook, 
used for hanging ket- 
tles and other vessels 
over the fire. Qlech.) 
An instrument for 
drawing ellipses ; also, 

another name for t'-o™ i /ir 7 \ 

beam-compasses. -t..<. Trammel. Qlech.) 

[TRAMMELED (-meld), -MELiXG.] To Confine, hamper, 
shackle.— Tram'meler, n. One who, or that which, 
restrains; one who uses a trammel-net. 

Tramontane, tra-mon''- or tram'on-tan, a. Lving or 
being beyond the mountain ; foreign ; barbarous. 

Tramp, tramp, v. t. [tramped (tramt), tramping.] 
To tread forcibly and repeatedly; to trample. — v. i. 
To travel, wander, stroll. —m." A f oot- journey ; a 
foot-traveler; a tramper; a sturdy homeless vagrant, 
living by begging and stealing. -^Tram-'ple, -pi, v. t. 
[-PLED (-pld), -PLING.] To tread under foot; esp., 
to tread upon with pride, contempt, triumph, or 
scorn; to prostrate by treading; to treat with pride, 
contempt, and insult. — v. i. To tread in contempt; 
to tread with force and rapidity. 

Tram-road, Tram-way. See under Tram. 

Trance, trans, n. A state in which the soul seems to 
have passed out of the body into another state of be- 
ing; an ecstasy. {Med.) Total suspension of mental 
power and voluntary motion, pulsation and breath- 
ing continuing; catalepsy. 

Tranquil, trank'wil, a. Quiet ; calm ; undisturbed ; 
peaceful: not agitated.— Tran'quilize, -quillize, -hz, 

V. t. [-IZED or -LIZED (-lizd), -IZING Or -LIZING.J To 

render tranquil, allay when agitated, quiet, com- 
pose, still, soothe, appease, calm, pacify. — Tran'- 
auiliz'er, -quilliz'er, n. — Tranqull'Iity, -lY-tT, n. 
State or quality of being tranquil; a calm state; free- 
dom from disturbance or agitation ; quietness. — 
Tran'quilly, adv. — Tran'^quilness, n. 

Trans-, tranz, inseparable prefix, signifying across, 
over, be3'ond, through, completely, from one to an- 
other, complete change. 

Transact, trans-akf, v. t. To do, perform, manage. — 
V. i. To conduct matters ; manage. — Transac''- 
tion, n. The doing or performing of any business; 
management of any affair; that which is done; an 
affair ; proceeding ; action ; process. 

Transalpine, trans-alp'in, a. Lying or being beyond 
the Alps in regard to Rome, that is, on the N. or W. 
of the Alps, — opp. to Cisalpine. 

Transatlantic, trans-at-lan'tik, a. Lying or being be- 
yond the Atlantic; crossing the Atlantic. 

Transcend, tran-send', v. t. To rise above, surmount; 
to pass over, go beyond, surpass, outgo, excel, ex- 
ceed.— Transcend'ence, -ency, -en-sl, n. State of 
being transcendent; superior excellence ; superemi- 
nence. — Transcend'ent, a. Very excellent; superior 
or supreme in excellence; surpassing others. (Kant- 
ian Philos.) Transcending or going beyond the 
bounds of human knowledge. — Transcend'ently, 
adv. — Transcend-'entness, n. — Tran'scendenfal, a. 
Supereminent; surpassing others; abstrusely specula- 
tive; vague and illusive. (Kantian Philos.) Of, or 
pert, to, that which can be determined a priori, in 



regard to the fundamental principles of all human 
knowledge. — Transcendental quantity . (Math.) A 
quantity which cannot be represented by an alge- 
braic expression of a finite number of terms.— Tran'- 
scendent'aliam, -izm, n. (Kantian Philos.) The 
transcending or going beyond empiricism, and as- 
certaining a priori the fundamental principles of 
human knowledge. [The word is also sometimes 
used for that which is vague and illusive in philoso- 
phy.] 

Transcribe, tran-skrib', v. t. [-scribed (-skribd'), 
-SCRIBING.] To write over again, or in the same 
words; to copj'. — Tran^'script, n. That which has 
been transcribed; a written copy; acopy of any kind: 
an imitation. — Transcrip'tion, n. Act of transcrib- 
ing or copying. (Mus.) A kind of free translation 
of a vocal into a piano-forte or an orchestral work. 

Transelementation, trans-el'e-men-ta'shun, n. (Keel.) 
Transubstantiation. 

Transept, tran''sept, n. (Arch.) Any part of a church 
that projects at right angles to tbe body (i. e., the 
high central portion of either nave or choir), and is 
of equal, or nearly equal, height to this; in a cruci- 
form church, one of tne arms of the cross. 

Transfer, trans-fer'', v. t. [-ferred (-ferd'), -fer- 
RING.] To convey from one place or person to an- 
other; to pass or hand over; to make over the posses- 
sion or control of; to remove from one surface to an- 
other; to convey (a right or title); to sell, give, alien- 
ate, estrange, sequester. — Trans'feT, n. Act of 
transferring, or of being transferred; conveyance of 
right, title, or property, either real or personal, from 
one person to another; that which is transferred. — 
Transfer'able, -fer'rible, 71. Capable of being trans- 
ferred or conveyed from one place or person to an- 
other; negotiable, as a note, bUl of exchange, etc. — 
Trans'feree', Ji. The person to whom a transfer is 
made.— Trans'ference, -fer'rence, -f Br'rens, n. Act 
of transferring ; transfer. — Transfer'rer, n. One 
who makes a transfer. 

Transfigure, trans-fig^ur, v. t. [-ured (-urd), -uking.] 
To change the outward form or appearance of; to 
transform; esp., to change to something very eleva- 
ted and glorious.— Transfig'ura'tion, ?i. Acliange 
of form ; esp., the supernatural change in the per- 
sonal appearance of our Savior on the mount ; a 
feast on August 6th, in commemoration of this mi- 
raculous change. 

Transfix, trans-fiks'', v. t. [-fixed (-fikst''), -fixing.] 
To pierce through, as with a pointed weapon. 

Transform, trans-lOrm'', v. t. [-formed (-fSrmd''), 
-FORMING.] To change the form of, metamorphose; 
to change into another substance, transmute. ( The- 
ol.) To change the disposition and temper of, from a 
state of enmity to God and his law into a disposition 
and temper conformed to the will of God. (Math.) 
To change into another form without altering the 
value, or changing the area or volume. — l^ans- 
forma'^tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; change 
of form or condition ; metamorphosis ; transmuta- 
tion. — Transform^ing, p. a. Effecting, or able to 
effect, a change of form or state. 

Transfuse, trans-fuz'', v. t. [-fused (-ftizd''), -fusing.] 
To pour (liquid) out of one vessel into another. 
(Med.) To transfer (blood) from the veins or arte- 
ries 01 one animal to those of another. To cause to 
pass from one to another. — Transfus'lble, a. Ca- 
pable of being transfused. — Transfu'sion, -zhun, n. 
Act of transfusing, or pouring (liquid) out of one 
vessel into another. (Med.) Act of transferring the 
blood of one animal into the vascular system of an- 
other by means of a tube. 

Transgress, trans- gres'', v. t. [-geessed (-grest''), 
-gressing.] To overpass (a rule prescribed as the 
limit of duty); to break or violate (a law, civil or 
moral). — v. i. To offend by violating a law; to sin. — 
Transgres'^sion, -gresh^'un, n. Act of transgressing; 
violation of a law or known principle of rectitude; 
fault; offense; crime; infringement; misdemeanor; 
misdeed ; affront.— Transgress'lve, -iv, a. Disposed 
to transgress; faulty; culpable. — Transgress'or, «. 
One who, etc. ; a sinner. 

Tranship. See Transship. 

Transient, tran'shent, a. Passing, as it were, over 
or across a space or scene viewed, and then disap* 



sQn, cube, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tlien, boNboN, chair, get. 



TRANSILIENCE 



460 



TRANSUBSTANTIATE 



pearing; of short duration; not permanent or sta- 
tionary; hasty; momentary; imperfect; transitory; 
fleeting; evanescent.— Tran'sientnesB, n.— Tran'sit, 
n. Act of passing; passage through or over; act or 
process of causing to pass ; conveyance; a line of 
passage or conveyance through a country. {Astrori.) 
The passage of a heavenly body over the meridian 
jf a place, or through the field of a telescope ; the 
passage of a smaller body across the disk of a 
' irger; a transit-in stru- 



.■nent. 



Tran-'sit-in' 



•^ruinent, n. A kind of 
velescope, used in con- 
nection with a clock 
ior observing the exact 
moment when a heav- 
enly body passes the 
meridian of the place 
of observation ; a kind 
of portable theodolite 
used by surveyors and 
engineers for measur- 
ing longitudinal and 
vertical angles. — 
Transi'^tion, -sizh'un 
or -zish'un, n. Pas- 
sage from one place or 
state to another; 
change. {litis.) A pass- 
ing directly from one 
key to another. (Rhet.) 
A passing from one 
subject to another. — 
— Transi'^tional, -sizh^'un 




Surveyor's or Engineer'a 
Transit Instrument. 



• or -zish'un-, a. Contain- 
ingjnvolving, or denoting transition. — Tran'sitive, 
a. Effected by transference of signification.— 2Vaw- 
sitive verb. {Gram.) A ver^ which is or may be 
followed by an object. — Tran'sitory, -sT-to-ri:, a. 
Continuing only for a short time ; speedily van- 
ishing or ceasing to be ; transient ; fleeting ; evanes- 
cent; shortlived. 

Transilience, tran-siKI-ens, -iency, -T-en-sT, n. A leap 
across or from thing to thing. 

Translate, trans-lat'', v. t. To remove from one place 
to another; to cause to remove from one part of the 
body to another; to change to another condition, 

Eosition, office, or form; to transform; to remove as 
y death ; to render into another language, inter- 
pret, explain, or recapitulate in other words. — Trans- 
la'' tion, n. Act of translating, removing, or transfer- 
ring; removal; state of being translated or removed; 
act of rendering into another language; interpreta- 
tion; that which is translated; a version. (Mech.) 
Motion in which all the points of the moving body 
have the same velocity or move in parallel straight 
lines. — Translafor, n. 

Transliterate, trans -lifer -at, v. t. To express by 
means of different, and usually simpler, alphabetic 
characters; to express a word, etc., of one language 
in the alphabetical characters of another language. 

TranBlocation, trans-lo-ka'shun, n. Removal of things 
reciprocally to each other's places; substitution; in- 
terchange of place. 

Translucent, trans-lu'sent, a. Transmitting rays of 
light without permitting objects to be distinctly 
seen; pellucid; clear. — Translu'cence, -sens, Trans- 
lucency, -sen-st, n. State of being translucent; clear- 
ness ; partial transparency. 

Transmarine, trans'ma-ren'', a. Lying or being be- 
yond the sea. 

Transmigrate; trans^'ml-grat, v. i. To pass from one 
country or ;]urisdiction to another for the purpose 
of residence; to migrate; to pass frosi one body or 
state into another. — Trans'migra''tion, n. Act of 
transmigrating ; esp., the passing of the soul into 
another body after death, esp. a Dody of one of the 
lower animals; metempsychosis.— Trans'migra'tor, 
n. One who transmigrates. — Trans^migrant, a. Mi- 
grating or passing from one place or state to another. 

Transmit, trans-mif, v. t. To cause to pass over or 
through; to send from one person or place to an- 
other; to suffer to pass through. — Transmit 'tible, 
-mis'' Bible, a. Capable of being transmitted or passed 
from one to another ; capable of being passed 
through any substance. — Transmis'sion, -mish'un, 




n. Act of, or state of being, etc. {Law.) The right 
possessed by an heir or legatee of transmitting to his 
successor or successors any inheritance, legacy, 
right, or privilege, to which he is entitled. — Trans- 
mis'sive, -siv, a. Capable of being transmitted. 

Transmute, trans-mut', v. t. To change from one na- 
ture, form, or substance, into another; to transform. 
— Transmufably, ac/v.— Transmuta'^tion, n. Act of, 

■ or state of being, etc. {Giom.) Change or reduc- 
tion of one figure or body into another of the same 
area or solidity, but of a different form. 

Transom, tran'sum, n. {Arch.) A horizontal bar 
across a muUioned window : see Mullion ; a lintel 
separating a door from a fan- 
light or transom window above 
it. {No.ut.) A beam or timber 
across the stern-post of a ship.^ 
{Gun.) The piece of wood or p 
iron connecting the cheeks of 
some gun-carriages. — Transom 
window. {Arch.) A window 
divided into 2 parts by a tran- 
som ; a window above the tran- a, a, a. Transoms, 
som of a door. 

Transparent, trans-par'^ent, a. Having the property 
of transmitting raj's of light, so that bodies can be 
distinctly seen through; clear; bright; lucid; diaph- 
anous. — Transpar''ency, -en-sT, n. Quality or con- 
dition of being transparent; that which is transpar- 
ent; esp., a picture on thin cloth, glass, porcelain^ 
etc., to be viewed by natural or artificial light, 
which shines through it. 

Transpicuous, tran-spik'u-us, a. Transparent ; per- 
vious to the sight. 

Transpierce, trans - pers'', v. t. [-pierced (-persf), 
-piEKCiNG.] To_ penetrate, permeate. 

Transpire, trans-pir'', v. t. [-piked (-pird'), -piring.I 
To emit through the excretories of the skin; to send 
off in vapor. — v. i. To pass off in insensible per- 
spiration; to escape from secreej', become public; 
to happen or come to pass. — Transpira'tion, n. Cu- 
taneous exhalation_^ 

Transplace, trans-plas', v. t. To remove, put in a 
new place. 

Transplant, trans-plant'', v. t. To remove and plant 
in another place ; to remove and settle or establish 
for residence in another place. 

Transport, trans-port'', v. t. To carry or convey from 
one place to another; to remove; to carry into ban- 
ishment, as a criminal; to carry away with vehe- 
ment emotion; to ravish with pleasure or ecstasy. 
— Trans'port, n. Transportation; carriage; convey- 
ance; a vessel employed for transporting, esp. for 
carrying soldiers, warlike stores, etc., from one 
place to another, or to convey convicts to the place 
of their destination ; vehement emotion ; passion; 
ecstasy; rapture; a convict transported or sentenced, 
to exile. — Transporta''tion, n. Act of transporting 
from one place to another; removal; conveyance; 
state of being transported. 

Transpose, trans-poz'', v. t. [-posed (-pozdO, -pos- 
ing.] To change the place or order of; to substitute 
one for the other of. {Alg.) To bring ("any term of 
an equation) from one side over to the otner, without 
destroying the equation. {Mus.) To change the key 
of. — Transpos''al, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

Transposition, trans-po-zish'un, n. Act of transpos- 
ing, or state of being transposed; esp., {Alg.) the 
bringing of any term of an equation from one side 
over to the other, without destroying the equation ; 
{Mus.) a change in the composition, by which the 
whole is removed into another key. — Transposi'- 
tional, -zish''un-al, a. Of, i pert, to, or involving, 
transposition. 

Transship, trans-ship'', v. t. To transfer from one 
ship or other conveyance to another. — Transship'- 
ment, n. Act of transshipping, or transferring^ 
(goods) jfrom one ship or conveyance to anotheiv- 

Transubstantiate, tran-sub-stan''sht-at, v. t. {Rom. 
Cath. Theol.) To change (the sacramental bread 
and wine) into the flesh and blood of Christ.— Tran-"- 
substan'tia'tion, n. A change into another sub- 
stance. {Rom. Cath. Theol.) The doctrine that the 
bread and wine in the eucharist is converted into the 
body and blood of Christ. 



^m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; 



TRANSUDE 



461 



TREAD 



Transude, tran-sud', v. i. To pass through the pores 
or interstices of a membrane or other substance, as 
perspiration or other fluid. — Transada'tion, n. Tlie 
act or process of transuding. 

Transvection, trans-vek'shun, n. Act of conveying 
or carrying over. 

Transverse, trans-v5rs'. a. Lying or being^across, or 
in a crosswise direction. — n. {Geoni.) The longer 
axis of an ellipse. — Transver'^sal, a. Running or 
lying across. — n. ( Geom.) A straight or curved line 
which intersects any system of other lines. — Trav'- 
erse, -ers, a. Lying "across; being in a direction 
across something else. — n. Anything that traverses 
or crosses; something that thwarts, crosses, or ob- 
structs; a barrier, movable screen, or curtain. {Arch.) 
A gallery or loft of communication in a church or 
other large building. (Fort.) A work thrown up to 
intercept an enfilade, or reverse fire, along any line 
of work or passage exposed to such a fire. (Law.) 
A formal denial of some matter of fact alleged by 
the opposite party in any stage of the pleadings. 
(yaut.) The series of zigzag" courses made by a 
ship in passing from one place to another. (^Geom.) 
A line lying across a figure or other lines. {Guti.) 
The turning a gun so as to make it point in any de- 
sired direction.— v. t. [tr.a.veksed (-erst), -ersixg.] 
To lay in a cross direction; to cross; to thwart, ob- 
struct; to wander over, cross in traveling; to pass 
overandview. (Gwi.) To turn to the one side or the 
other, in order to point in any direction. (Carp.) 
To plane in a direction across the grain of the wood. 
(Law Pleadi7igs.) To deny formally (what the op- 
posite party has alleged). — v. i. To use the posture 
or motions of opposition or counteraction, as in fen- 
cing; to turn, as on a pivot; to swivel. — Traverse 
jury. (Law.) A jury that tries cases; a petit jury.— 
To t. a yard. (Naut.) To brace it af t.— Trav'erser, 
n. One who, or that which, traverses or moves, as 
an index on a scale. (Law.) One who traverses or 
denies. (Railroach.) A platform for shifting cars, 
etc., from one track to another. — Trav'erse s^'ing. 
(Naut.) The method of finding the resulting course 
and distance from a series of zigzag or traverse 
courses and distances actually passed over by a ship. 

Trap, trap, n. A contrivance that shuts suddenly or 
with a spring, used for taking game; an ambush; 
stratagem; a wooden instrument shaped somewhat 
like a shoe, used in the game of trap ball; a bent pipe 
or other contrivance, near the upper end of a drain- 
pipe, arranged to allow the passage of water, while 
greventing the escape of offensive effluvia : see 
TEXCH-TEAP. — V. t. [TRAPPED ('trapt), TRAPPIXG.] 

To catch in a trap; to msnare, tase by stratagem. — 

Trap'-door, n. A door, as in a floor or roof, which 

shuts close, like a valve. — Trap-door spider. A 

spider which forms a habitation 

in the ground consisting of a 

cylindrical tube closed at the top 

by a circular door joined by a ,— 

hinge to the tube.— Ihapan', tra- f ^^ 

pan', V. t. [-PANXED (-pand'), K 

-PANXiXG.] To insnare, catch by (^ 
, stratagem. — n. A snare ; strat- j— 

agem. C:^ 

'frap, trap, v. t. To adorn.— Traps, t^j-, 

n. pi. Small or portable articles AU^ 

fordres8,furniture,or use; goods; j _^"^ 

furniture; luggage. — Trap'^pings, ^ 

n.pl. That which serves to trap -Vocf «f T^n 

or adorn ; ornaments ; external h„„^ c„,v/pr 

decorations; esp., ornaments put """"^ cjpiuci. 

on horses. 
Trap, trap, n. (Min.) A heavy, igneous rock, as ba- 
salt, less ancient than the granites and older than 

the recent volcanic rocks. — Trap'pean, -pe-an, a. 

Pert, to, or of the nature of, etc. 
Trapan. See under Trap, for taking 

game. 
Tnipezitun, tra-pe'zT-um, n.; E. pi. 

-ZilTMS ; L. pi. -ziA, -zT-a. (Geom.) 

A plane figure contained under 4 

right lines, of which no 2 are parallel. 

— Trapeze', -pez', n. A trapezium ; 

a rod, or frame of rods, suspended by cords, used in 

performing gymnastic exercises. [F.] — Trap'ezoid, 



dX 





Trapezium. 



-e-zoid, ti. (Geom.) A plane, 4-sided 

figure, having 2 of the opposite sides 

parallel to each other. 
Trappings. See under Trap, to adorn. _,__ . , 
Trash, trash, n. That which is worth- trapezoid. 

U'ss; stuff which is good for nothing; esp., loppings 

of trees, bruised canes, etc. — Trash'y, -I, a. [-ier; 

-lEST.] Like trash: waste; rejected; worthless: useless. 
Trass, tras, n. (Min.) A volcanic earth resembling 

Euzzolana, used as a cement; a sort of mortar, dura- 
le in water, and used to line cisterns, etc. 

Traumatic, traw-mat'ik, a. (Med.) Pert., or applied 
to, wounds ; adapted to the cure of wounds; vul- 
nerary ; produced by wounds. — n. A medicine 
useful in the cure of wounds. 

Travail, trav'il, v. i. [-ailed (-ild), -ailixg.] To 
labor with pain, toil; to suffer the pangs of child- 
birth. — n. Labor with pain; severe toil; parturition. 
— Trav'el, r. i. [-eled (-eld), -elixg.] To go or 
march on foot; to walk; to pass by riding, or in any 
manner, to a distant place; to journej'; to pass, go, 
move. — V. t. To journey over, pass. — n. Act of 
traveling from place to place; a journey, pi. An 
account, by one who travels, of occurrences and ob- 
servations made during a journey.— Trav'eled, -eld, 
p. a. Gained or made by travel ; having gained 
Knowledge or experience by traveling; knowing. — 
Trav'feler, n. One who, or that which, travels; a com- 
mercial agent who travels for the purpose of receiv- 
ing orders for merchants, making collections, etc. 
(ISaut.) An iron rin^ sliding on a rope or spar. 

Traverse, etc. See under Traxsverse. 

Travertine, trav'er-tin, n. (Min.) A white concre- 
tionary limestone, deposited from water, holding 
lime in solution. 

Travesty, trav'es-tT, n. A burlesque translation or 
imitation of a work; a parody. — v. t. [teavkstied 
(-tid), -TYiXG.] To translate or parody so as to ren- 
der ridiculous or ludicrous. 

Trawl, trawl, n. A trawl-net; along line, sometimes 
extending a mile or more, having short lines with 
baited hooks attached to it, used for catching cer- 
tain fish.— V. i. To take fish with a trawl.— TrawK- 
net, n. A kind of purse-shaped dra^-net for catch- 
ing fish that live near the bottom of tne water. 

Tray, tra, n. A small trough or wooden vessel, for va- 
rious domestic uses; a waiter or salver. 

Treachery, trech'er-T, n. Violation of allegiance, or 
of faith and confidence; treasonable or perfidious 
conduct.— Treach'erous, -5r-us, a. Like a traitor; 
involving treachery; traitorous to the state or sover- 
eign; betraying a trust; faithless; perfidious; false; 
insidious; plotting. 

Treacle, tre'kl, n. A medicinal compound formerly 
used as a preventive of, or cure for, the effects of 
poison or tne bites of venomous animals; a viscid, 
uncrystallizable sirup, which drains from the sugar- 
refiner's molds: word used in Eng. for mx>lasses. 

Tread, tred, v. i. [tw/>. trod; p.p. trod, trodden; 
treadixg.] To set the foot; to walk or go; to cop- 
ulate, as birds. — I'.t. To step or walk on; to beat 
or press with the feet; to crush under the foot; to 
trample; to copulate with, feather, cover, — said of 
the male bird. — n. A step or stepping; act of copu- 
lation in birds; manner of stepping; gait. (Arch.) 
Horizontal part of a step, on which the foot is 
placed. (Fort.) Top of the banquet on which sol- 
diers stand to nre. (Mach.) The part of a wheel 
that bears upon the road or rail; the part of a rail 
upon which car-wheels bear. — To tread on or upon. 
To follow closely. — To t. upon the heels of. To follow 
close upon. — 
Tread'le,-l,ra. The 
part of a loom, or 
other machine, 
which is moved by 
the foot. — Tread'- 1 
mill, n. A m i 1 1 
worked by persons 
treading on steps 
upon the periphery 
of a wide horizon- 
tal wheel : it is used 
chiefly as a means 
of prison discipline. 




Tread-mi 



stin, cube, full ; moon, f(56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tlien, boxbox, chair, get. 



TREASON 



462 



TRIAD 



Treason, etc. See under Traitok. 

Treasure, trezli^er, n. Wealth accumulated; esp., a 
stock or store of money in reserve ; a great quantity of 
anything collected for future use; that which is very 
much valued. — v. t. [tbeasured (-erd), -ukikg.] 
To collect and lay up (money or otner things) foi- 
future use; to hoard. — Treas^urer, n. One who has 
the care of a treasure or treasury ; one wholias charge 
of collected funds. — Treas'ure-trove, -trov, «. Any 
money, bullion, etc., found hidden, the owjier of 
which is not known. — Traas'iiry, -er-I, n. A place 
or building in which stores of wealth are reposited ; 
esp., a place where public revenues are deposited 
and kept; the place of deposit and disbursement of 
any collected funds; that department of a govern- 
ment which has charge of the finances; a repository 
of abundance. 

Treat, tret, v. t. To behave to, conduct one's self to- 
ward; to manage; to use; to handle in a particular 
manner, in writing or speaking ; to entertain with 
food or drink, esp. the latter, as a compliment or ex- 
pression of regard; to manage in the application of 
remedies; to subject to the action of. —v. i. To dis- 
course ; to handle a subject in writing or speaking ; 
to negotiate, come to terms of accommodation ; to 
give an entertainment of food or drink, esp. the lat- 
ter. — n. An entertainment giveji as an expression 
of regard; something given for entertainment; some- 
thing which affords much pleasure.— Treat'er, ii.— 
Trea'tise, -tis, w. A written composition on a particu- 
lar subject, in which the principles of it are discussed 
or explained. — Treatment, n. Manner in which a 
subject is treated; manner of mixing or combining, 
of decomposing, etc.; manner of using; behavior to- 
ward a person; usage; manner of applying remedies 
to cure; remedial course pursued. — Trea'ty, -tt, n. 
Act of treating for the adjustment of differences; ne- 
gotiation; aformal agreement, league, or contract be- 
tween 2 or more independent nations or sovereigns. 

Treble, etc. See under Teiad. 

Tree, tre, n. (Bot.) A plant which is woody, branched, 
and perennial, like a shrub, but of larger size, gen- 
erally exceeding 10 feet in height, and of a single 
stock instead of a cluster. Something constructed 
in the form of, or considered as resembling, a tree; a 
piece of timber, or something usually made of tim- 
ber, — used, in composition ; across. — v. t. [teeed 
(tred), TREEING.] To drive to a tree, cause to ascend 
a tree, place upon a tree, fit with a tree, stretch upon 
a tree. — Tree of a saddle. The frame of it. — Tree''- 
frog, -toad, ti. A frog having the extremities of its 
toes expanded into rounded, viscous surfaces, by 
means of which it climbs trees. — Tree'nail, com- 
monli/ pron. trun'^nel, n. (JVaitt.) A long wooden 
pin, used in fastening the planks of a ship to the 
timbers. 

Trefoil. See under Triad. 

Trellis, trel'lis, ti. A frame of cross-barred work or 
lattice-work, used for various purposes. — TreKlised, 
-list, a. Having a trellis or trellises. — Treillage, 
treKlej, 7i. {Hort.) A sort of rail-work, for support- 
ing espaliers, and sometime-s for wall-trees. 

Tremble, trem^'bl, v. i. [-bled (-bid), -blixg.] To shake 
involuntarily, as with fear, cold, or weakness ; to 
quake, quiver, shiver, shudder; to totter, shake, — 
said of a thing; to quaver, shake, as sound. — n. An 
involuntary shaking or quivering. — Tremen^dous, 
-men'dus, a. Fitted to excite fear or terror; such as 
mav astonish or terrify by its magnitude, iforce, or 
violence; terrible; dreadful; horrible; awful. — Tre- 
mor, tre'mer or trem^er, n. An involuntary trem- 
bling; a shivering or shaking; a quivering or viBra- 
tory motion. — Trem''uloas, -u-lus, a. Shafting; shiv- 
ering; quivering. 

Tremolite, trem'o-lit, n. (Min.) A white variety of 
hornblende. 

Trench, trench, v. t. [trenched (trencht), trench- 
ing.] To cut or dig (a ditch, channel for water, or 
a long hollow in the earth). — v. i. To encroach. — 
n. Along, narrow cut in the earth; a ditch. {FoH.) 
An excavation made during a siege, for the purpose 
of covering the troops as they advance toward the 
besieged place. — Trench'-plow, -plough, n. A plow 
for opening land to a greater depth than that of com- 
mon furrows. — v. t. To plow with deep furrows, for 



the purpose of loosening the land to a greater depth 
tlian usual.— Trench'ant, a. Fitted to trench or cut; 
cutting; sharp; unsparing; severe. — Trench'er, n. 
One who trenches, or digs ditches; a large wooden 
plate or platter; the table; pleasures of the table; 
f ood. — Trench^er-man, n. A feeder; great eater; 
gormandizer. 

Trend, trend, v, i. To have a particular direction ; to 
run, tend. — n. Inclination in a particular direc- 
tion; tendency; direction. — Tren'dle, -dl, n. A lit- 
tle wheel; hoop of a wheel; trundle. 

Trental. See under Triad. 

Trepan, tre-pan', n. {Surg.) A cylindrical saw for 
perforating the skull, turned, when used, like a 
gimlet. — V. t. [TREPANNED (-pand'), -pan'ning.] 
To perforate the skull with a trepan, and take out 
a piece. — Trephine, -tin' or -feu', n. {Surg.) An 
instrument for trepanning, more modern than the 
trepan. — v. t. [trephined (-tend'), -phining.] To 
perforate with a trephine; to trepan. 

Trepan, tre-pan', v. t. To trap. — ?i. A snare; trapan. 

Trepidation, trep-T-da'shun, n. An involuntary trem- 
bling, sometimes an effect of paralysis, but usually 
caused by terror or fear ; a state of terror ; tremor ; 
agitation; emotion; fear. 

Trespass, tres'pas, r. i. [-passed (-past), -passing.] 
To pass unlawfully over the boundary line of an- 
other's land ; to go too far, intrude ; to commit any 
offense, or to do anj- act that injures or annoys an- 
other; to violate any known rule of duty. — n. Any 
injury or offense done to another ; any voluntary 
transgression of the moral law ; any violation of a 
known rule of dutj'. {Law.) An unlawful act com- 
mitted with force and violence on the person, prop- 
erty, or relative rights of another ; an action for 
injuries accompanied with force. — Tresspasser, n. 
One who commits a trespass; a transgressor of the 
moral law; a sinner. 

Tress. See under Triad. 

Trestle, tres'l, n. A movable frame or support for 
anything, consisting of legs secured to a top-piece, 
and forming a sort of stool or horse ; a kind of frame- 
work of strong ])osts or piles, and cross-beams, for 
supporting a bridge, etc.; the frame of a table. 

Tret, tret, >i. (^Com.) An allowance to purchasers for 
waste or refuse matter, of 4 pounds on every 104 
pounds of weight, alter tare is deducted. 

Trevet, Trey. See under Triad. 

Triable. See under Try. 

Triad, tri'ad, 7i. A union of .3; 3 objects united; a trini- 
ty. {3Iiui.) The common chord, consisting of atone 
with its .3d and 3tli. {Cheni.) An atom, the equiva- 
lence of which is 3, or which can combine witli or be 
exchanged for 3 hydrogen atoms. — Treb'le, treb'l, 
a. Threefold; triple. {Miis.) Acute; sharp; playing 
or singing the highest part or most acute sounds. — 
n. {Mus.) Highest of the 4 principal parts in music; 
the part usually sung by women ; soprano. [This is 
sometimes called the fiist treble, to distinguish it 
from the second treble, or alto, which is sung by low- 
er female voices.] — v. t. [trebled (-Id), -ling.] To 
make thrice as much; to make threefold. — v. i. To 
become threefold. — Treb'ly, adv. With a threefold 
number or quantity. — Trip'le, trip'l, a. Consisting 
of Sunited; multiplied by3; 3 times repeated; treble. 
— V. t. [tripled (-Id), -ling.] To make thrice as 
much or as many; to treble. — Trip'let, n. Three of 
a kind, or 3 united. {Poet.) Three verses rhyming 
together. {Mus.) Three tones or notes sung or played 
in the time of 2.— Trip''licate,-lT-kat,a. Made thnce 
as much; threefold; tripled.— n. A 3d paper or thing 
corresponding to 2 others of the same kind. — Trip- 
lica'tion.w. The act of tripling or making threefold; 
state of being tripled. — Triplic'ity, -plis't-tT, n. 
State or quality of being triple, or threefold; trcble- 
ness. — Tress, n. A braid, knot, or curl of hair; a 
ringlet. — Trey, tra, n. A 3 at cards ; a card of 3 
spots. — Tri^o, tri'- or tre'o, n. Three persons in 
company or acting to- 
gether. {Mus.) A compo- , 
sition for 3 parts. — Tre'- I 
foil, n. {Bot.) A plant of 
many species, of the ge- 
nus Tr{folium, which in- 
cludes the white clover, Trefoils. 




am, fame, far, piss or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; 



TRIANGLE 



463 



TRIVIUM 



red clover, etc. (Arcfi.) An ornament of " cusps 
in a circle, resembling 3-leave<i clover. — Tri'^angle, 
^n-gl, n. (Geoiii.) A figure 
bounded by 3 lines, and con- 
taining 3 angles. [A triangle 
is plane, sphencal, or curvilin- 
ear, according as its sides are 
straight lines, or arcs of great 
circles of a sphere, or any 
curved lines whatever. A 
plane triangle is designated as 
scalene, isosceles, or equilateral, 
according as it has no 2 sides 
equal, 2 sides equal, or all sides 
equal; and also as nght-angled, 
or oblique-angled, according as 
it has 1 right angle, or none; 
and an oblique-angled triangle 
is either acute-angled or obtuse- 
angled, according as all the an- 
gles are acute, or 1 of them ob- 
tuse. The terms scalene, isos- 
celes, equilateral, right-angled. 




Triangles. 

1, equilateral triangle ; 

2, isosceles triangle ; 

3, right - angled trian- 
gle ; 4, obtuse-angled 
triangle ; 5, scalene tri- 
angle. 1, 2, and 5, are 
also acute-angled tri- 
angles. 

acute-dngled, and obtuse-angled, are applied to spher- 
ical in the same sense as to plane triangles.] (Mtis.) 
A bar of steel bent into the form of a triangle, and 
struck with a small rod. — Tri'' angled, -gld, a. Hav- 
ing 3 angles; triangular. — Trian'gular, a. Having 
Bangles. {Bot.) Flat or lamellar, and having 3 sides; 
oblong, and having 3 lateral faces.— Trian'^gTilate, v. 
t. To survey by means of a series of triangles prop- 
erly laid down and measured; to make triangular. — 
Tnan'gala''tion, n. {Sun-ey.) The series of triangles 
with which the face of a country is covered in a 
trigonometrical survey; the operation of measuring 
the elements necessary to determine the triangles 
into which the country to be surveyed is supposed 
to be divided. — Trfarcliy, -ark-T, n. Government 
by 3 persons.— Triba'sic, a. (^Chem.) Containing 3 
portions of base to 1 of acid, — said of oxysalts. — 
Tri'^brach, -brak, n. (Pros.) A poetic foot of 3 short 
syllables.— Trt'ceps, -seps, n. (Anat.) A muscle hav- 
ing 3 heads, esp. the great extensor muscle of the 
forearm, arising by 3 neads, 2 from the humerus 
and 1 from the scapula, and having its tendon in- 
serted into the olecranon process. — iSi^chord, -kord, 
n. (Mus.) An instrument having 3 strings. — Tri''- 
color, -kul-Sr, n. The national French banner, of 3 
colors, blue, white, and red, adopted at the first rev- 
olution; any 3-colored fla^. — Tncor''poral, -porate, 
kQr'po-rat, a. Having 3 bodies. — Tricus'pid, a. 
Having 3 cusps or points. — Tridac'tyl, -tylous, -til- 
us, a. Having 3 toes. — Tri'dent, n. (Anc. 
Myth.) A kind of scepter or spear with 3 
prongs, the common attribute of Neptune. 
A 3-pronged fish-spear. — a. Having 3 teeth 
or prongs. — Tridenfate, -ated, a. Having 
3 teeth or prongs ; trident. — Trien'nial, -nt- 
al, a. Continuing 3 years ; happening or ap- 
pearing once in 3 years. — Trien'nially, ac?l'. 
Once in 3 years. — Tri'' fallow, -tal-lo, v. t. 
[-LOWED (-lod), -LOWING.] To plow the 3d 
time before sowing, as land or a field. — Tri''- Trident. 
fid, a. (Bot.) Divided half way into 3 parts; 
S-cleft. — Triflo''ral, -roas, -rus, a. (Bot.)^ Bearing 3 
flowers. — Trifo'liate, -iT-at, -ated, a. (Bot.) Hav- 
ing 3 leaves, as clover.— Tri'form, a. Having a triple 
form or shape. — Trig'-amy, -a-mT, n. State of be- 
ing married 3 times, or state of having 3 husbands 
or wives at the same time, -r 
Tri'glyph, -glif, n. {Arch.) 
An ornament in the frieze of 
the Doric order, repeated at 
equal intervals.— Triglyph'ic, 
-ical, a. C o n s i s t i n g of , or 
pert, to, triglyphs. — Tri'gon, 
n. A triangle. (Astrol.) Trine, 
an aspect of 2 planets distant 120° from each other. 
— Trlg'^onal, a. Having 3 angles or corners ; trian- 
gular. (Bot.) Having 3 prominent longitudinal 
angles. — Trig'onom'etn''. -e-trT, n. That branch of 
mathematics which treats of the relations of the 
sides and angles of triangles, with the methods of 
deducing from certain parts given other parts re- 
quired. — Trig'onomet'ric, -rlcal, a. Of, pert, to. 




Triglyphs. 




Trilocular 
Capsule. 



performed by, or according to, the rules of trigonom- 
etry. — Tri'graph, -graf, n. Three letters united 
in pronunciation so as to have but one sound, or to 
form but one syllable, as ieu in adieu. — Trihe'dral, 
a. Having 3 equal sides or faces. — Trili6''dron, n. 
A figure having 3 equal sides. — TryugouB, trij'u- or 
tri-ju^gus, a. (Bot.) In 3 pairs. — Trilat'eral, a. 
Having 3 sides. — Triliferal, a. Con-^isting of 3 let- 
ters. — n. A word consisting of 3 letters. 

— Trilobate, tri-lo'- or tri'lo-bat, a. 
Having 3 lobes.— Tri'lobite, -bit, n. (Pa- 
leon.) One of an extinct family of crus- 
taceans. — Triloc'ular, a. (Bot.) Hav- 
ing 3 cells for seeds; 3-celled.— TrU'cgy, 
-o-jt, n. A series of 3 complete dramas, i 
which bear a mutual relation, and form 
parts of one historical and poetical pic- 
ture. — Trimes''ter, n. A term or period 
of 3 months.— Trim^eter, -e-ter, n. 
(Pros.) A poetical division of verse, 
consisting of 3 measures. — Trimefric- 
al, a. Consisting of 3 poetical measures. 

— Tri^nal, a. Threefold.— Trine, trln, n. (Astrol.) 
The aspect of planets distant from each other 120°, 
or l-3d of the zodiac. — Trin-'ity, trln'I-tt, n. 
(JTheol.) The union of 3 persons (the Father, the 
Son, and the Holy Spirit) in one Godhead, so that 
all the 3 are one God as to substance, but 3 persons 
as to individuality. — Trinity term. (Eng. Courts.) 
The sitting of the law courts between May 22 and 
June 12. — Trinita^rian, -ta-'rT-an, a. Of, or pert, 
to, the Trinity. — n. One who believes the doctrine 
of the Trinity. — Trinita'^rianism, n. The doctrine 
of Trinitarians. — Trino'mial, -ml-al, n. (Math.) A 
quantity consisting of 3 terms, connected by the 
sign -1- or — . — Tripartite, trip'ar-tit or tri-piirt'Tt, 
a. Divided into 3 parts ; having 3 corresponding 
parts or copies; made between 3 parties. — Trip'ar- 
ti'^tion, -tish'^un, ti. A division by 3s, or into 3 parts. 

— Trip'edal, -e-dal, a. Having 3 feet. — Triper'- 
sonal, a. Consisting of 3 persons. — Triper'sonal'- 
ity, n. The state of existing in 3 persons in on^ 
Godhead ; trinity. — Tripefalous, -al-us, a. (Bot.) 
Having 3 petals or flower leaves. — Triph't^ong, 
trif- or tnp'thong, n. (Pron.) A combination of 
3 vowels in a single syllable, forming*, simple or 
compound sound ; a union of 3 vowel characters, 
representing together a single sound, as ieu in adieu; 
a trigraph. — Triphthon-'gal, -thoa^gal, a. Of, or 
pert, to, a triphthong ; consisting of 3 letters pro- 
nounced together in a single syllable. — Tri'pod, n. 
Any utensil or vessel supported on 3 feet; a 3-legged 
seat, table, caldron, altar, etc. (Sut^\) A 3-legged 
frame or stand, for supporting a theodolite, com- 
pass, etc. — Trip'' tote, -tot, »i. (Gram.) A name or 
noun having 3 eases only.— Tri'reme, -rem, n. (Gr. 
Antiq.) A galley or vessel with 3 benches or ranks 
of oars on a side. — Trisag'^ion, tris-ag'I-on, n. An 
anthem or hymn in which the word " holy " is 
thrice repeated. — Trisect'', -sekt'', v. t. To cut or 
divide into 3 equal parts. — Trisec'tion, n. The di- 
vision of a thin_g, as an angle, into 3 equal parts. — 
Tri8ul''cate, -kat, a. Having 3 furrows, forks, or 
prongs.— Trisyllable, -siKla-bl, n. A word consist- 
ing of 3 syllables. — Tris'yllab'ic, -ical, -il-lab'ik-al, 
a. Of, or pert, to, a trisyllable; consisting of three 
syllables. —Tri''theism, -the-izm, n. (Theol.) The 
opinion that the Father, Son, and Holv Spirit are 3 
distinct Gods. — Tri'theist, n. (Eccl.) One who 
believes that the •'! persons in the Trinity are 3 dis- 
tinct Gods. — Tritheist'ic, -ical, a. Of, or pertain^ 
ing to, tritheism. — Tri'tone, ?i. (Miu^.) A superflu> 
ous or augmented fourth. — Tri'ain''vir, tri-um''v5r^ 
n. ; L. pi. -viRi ; E. pi. -virs. One of 3 men unitea 
in office. — Trium''virate, -vT-rat, n. Government 
by 3 in coalition or association ; a coalition or_as- 
sociation of 3 in office or authority. — Tri''une,-un, 
a. Being 3 in one, — an epithet used to express the 
unity of the Godhead in a trinity of persons. — 
Triv'et, Trev'et, n. A 3-legged frame or other sup- 
port for a kettle, etc.; a tripod. — Triv'ial, -1-al, a. 
Of little worth or importance ; inconsiderable ; trif- 
ling. — Triy'laKity, -T-tT, n. State or quality of be- 
ing trivial; trivialness; that which is trivial; a trifle. 

— Triv'ium, -T-um, n. The 3 arts of grammar, logic, 



siin, cabe, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or igk, then, bouboN, chair, get. 



TRIAL 



464 



TRIP 



and rhetoric, — so called because they constitute a 
triple way, as it were, to eloquence. — Tri''week'ly, 
a. Performed, occurring, or appearing 3 times a 
week ; thrice-weekly. — Tro'car, n. A surgical in- 
strument for evacuating fluids from cavities, as in 
dropsy. — Tren'tal, Tngin'tal, -jin'tal, n. {Bom. 
Cain. Ch.) An office for the dead, consisting of 30 
masses rehearsed for 30 days successively. A dirge; 
an elegy. — Tricen'mal, -sen^nT-al, a. Of, pert, to, 
or consisting of, .'iO years ; occurring once in every 
30 years. — Tricen''tenary, -sen''te-na-rl, »j. A period 
of 3 centuries ; 300 years. — Trill'ion, -yun, n. Ac- 
cording to Eng. notation, the product of a million 
involved to the 3d power, or with 18 ciphers an- 
nexed; according to the common or French nota- 
tion, the number expressed by 1 with 12 ciphers an- 
nexed: see Numeration, under Numbek. 

Trial. See under Try. 

Tribasic. See under Triad. 

Tribe, trib, n. A family, race, or series of generations, 
descending from the same progenitor; a nation of 
savages or uncivilized people, united under one 
leader or government; any division, class, or distinct 
portion of a people or nation. {Nat. Hist.) A num- 
ber of things having certain characters or resem- 
blances in common. — Tribu^nal, tri-bu''nal, n The 
bench on which a judge and his associates sit for ad- 
ministering justice; a court of justice ; in France, a 
gallery or eminence where musical performers are 
placed for a concert. — Trib'une, trlb'un, n. {Bom. 
lAntiq.) An officer or magistrate chosen by the peo- 
ple, to protect them from the oppression of the patri- 
cians or nobles. Anciently, a bench or elevated place, 
from which speeches were delivered; in France, a 
pulpit or elevated place in a legislative assembly, 
where a speaker stands while making an address. — 
Tribuiii''tial, -nish'al, a. Pert, to tribunes ; suiting 
a tribune. — Trib'^ute, -tit, n. An annual or stated 
sum paid by one prince or nation to another, either 
as an acknowledgment of submission, or as the price 
of peace and protection, or by virtue of some treaty; 

* a personal contribution in token of services ren- 
dered, or as that which is due or deserved. — Trib'- 
utary, -u-ta-rl, a. Paying tribute to another ; sub- 
ordinate ; Jnferior ; paid in tribute ; yielding sup- 
plies of anything; contributing. — n. One who pays 
tribute or a stated sum to a conquering power. 

Triblet, trib'let, Trib'olet, -o-let, n. A goldsmith's 
tool for making rings; a steel cylinder round which 
metal is bent in forming tubes. 

Tribometer, tri-bom'e-ter, n. An instrument to ascer- 
tain the degree of friction in rubbing surfaces. 

Tribrach. See under Triad. 

Tribolatioii, trib-u-la^'shun, n. That which occasions 
distress or vexation; severe affliction ; trouble. 

Tribunal, Tribune, Tribute, etc. See under Tribe. 

Trice, tris, v. t. {Naut.) To haul or tie up by means 
of a rope. 

Trice, tris, n. A very short time; an instant; moment. 

Tricentenary, Tricennial, Triceps. See under Triad. 

Trichina, trl-ki'na, n. ; pi. -x^, -ne. A minute para- 
sitic worm found in the voluntary muscles of ani- 
mals, esp. the hog, and sometimes in man, after eat- 
ing infected meat, often producing death by its pres- 
ence.— Trichini'asis, trik-T-ni''a-sis, Trichine'sis, w. 
The disease produced by trichina : it is marked by 
fever, muscular pains, and typhoid symptoms. 

Trick, trik, n. Artifice or stratagem;. a sly procedure, 
usually with a dishonest intent implied ; a sly, dex- 
terous, or ingenious procedure fitted to puzzle or 
amuse; mischievous or annoying behavior; a par- 
ticular habit or manner; a peculiarity. ( Card-play- 
ing.) The whole number of cards played in one 
round, and consisting of as many cards as there are 
players. —v. t. [tricked (trikt), tricking.] To 
deceive, impose on; to cheat ; to dress, decorate, set 
off, adorn fantastically. — v. i. To live by decep- 
tion and fraud. — Trick'ish, Trick'y, -T, a. Given 
to tricks ; full of deception asd cheating ; knavish. 
— Trick'ster, n. One who tricks; a deceiver ; trick- 
er ; cheat. 

Trickle, trik''!, «;. t. [-led (-Id), -ling.] Toflowina 
small, gentle stream ; to run down in drops. 

Trick-track, trik'trak, n. A game resembling back- 
-gammon. 



Tricolor, Tricuspid, Trident, etc. See under Triad. 

Tridentine, tri-deut'in, a. Pert, to Trent, or to the 
council held there. 

Trier. See under Try. 

Triennial, Trifallow, Trifid. See under Triad. 

Trifle, tri'fl, n. A thing of very little value or impor- 
tance ; a dish composed of sweetmeats and cake, 
with syllabub; a sort of cake. — v. i. [trifled (-fid), 
-FLING.] To act or talk with levity ; to indulge in 
light amusements. — v. t. To spend in vanity; waste 
to no good purpose, dissipate. — To trifle with. To 
treat without respect or seriousness ; to mock, make 
sport of. — Tii'fling, p. a. Being of small value or 
importance ; trivial ; inconsiderable. 

Trig, trig, v. t. To stop (a wheel) by placing some- 
thing under it; to scotch. — Trig'^ger, n. A catch 
to hold the wheel of a carriage on a declivity ; the 
catch or lever in the lock of a fire-arm, which, being 
pulled, liberates the hammer for striking fire. 

Trig, trig, a. Full ; trim ; neat. 

Trigamy, Trigonometry, etc. See under Triad. 

Trill, tril, n. {Mus.) A shake or quaver of the voice 
in singing, or of tne sound of an instrument. — v. t. 
[trilled (trild), trilling.] To utter with a quaver- 
ing or tremulousness of voice; to shake. — v. i. To 
shake or quaver. 

Trill, tril, V. i. To flow in a small stream ; to trickle. 

Trillion, Trilobate, Trilogy, etc. See under Triad. 

Trim, trim, a. [trimmer ; -mest.] Fitly adjusted ; 
being in good order, or made ready for service or 
use ; compact ; snug ; neat ; fair. —: v. t. [trimmed 
(trimd), -ming.] To make trim, put in order lor 
any purpose, adjust ; to dress, decorate, adorn : to 
make ready or right by cutting or shortening : to 
clip or lop, remove superfluous appendages or mat- 
ter. {Carjp.) To dress (timber); to make smooth. 
{Naut.) To adjust (a ship) by disposing the weiglit 
of persons or goods so that she shall sit well on the 
water and sail well; to arrange in due order for sail- 
ing. — V. i. To balance ; to fluctuate between parties, 
so as to appear to favor each. — n. Dress; gear; or- 
naments; disposition; state or condition; state of a 
ship or her cargo, ballast, masts, etc., by which she 
is well prepared for sailing. — Trim'ly, adv. In a 
trim manner; nicely; in good order. — Trim''mer, «. 
One who trims, arranges, fits, or ornaments ; one 
who fluctuates between parties, so as to appear to 
favor either; a time-server. — Trim'^ming, n. Act of 
one who trims ; that which serves to trim, adjust, 
ornament, etc. ; esp. necessary or ornamental ap- 
pendages, as of a garment ; the concomitants of a 
dish, a relish, — usually in pi. 

Trimester, Trimeter, Trine, etc. See under Triad. 

Tringle, trin'gl, n. {Arch.) A little square member 
or ornament, as a listel, reglet, etc.; esp., a little 
member fixed exactly over every triglypn. A lath 
or rod between the posts of a bed; a curtain rod. 

Trinity, Trinomial, Trio, etc. See under Triad. 

Trinket, trink'et, n. A small ornament, as a jewel, 
ring, etc.; a thing of little value; tackle; a toy. 

Trior. See under Try. 

Trip, trip, v. i. [tripped (tript), -ping.] To move 
with light, quick steps ; to skip, move nimbly ; to 
take a brief and sudden journey; to travel; to catch 
the foot against something, stumble, make a false 
step, lose footing, make a false movement; to offend 
against morality, propriety, or rule; to err. — v. t. 
To cause to take a false step; to cause to lose the 
footing, stumble, or fall, by catching the feet ; to 
overthrow by depriving of support, supplant; to de- 
tect in a misstep, catch, convict. {Kaut.) To loose 
(the anchor, from the bottom) by its cable or buoy- 
rope.— n. A quick, light step; a skip; a brief jour- 
ney or voyage; an excursion or jaunt; a false step; 
misstep; loss of footing or balance by striking the 
foot against an object; a slight error; failure; mis- 
take; a stroke, or catch, by which a wrestler over- 
throws his antagonist. — Trip-'per, n. One who 
trips or supplants; one who walks nimbly. — Trip'- 
ping, n. Act of one who trips; a light kind of dance. 
{Naut.) The loosing of an anchor from the ground 
by its cable or buoy-rope. — Trip'-harn'mer, n. A 
heavy hammer at the end of a beam, which is raised, 
tilted, or tripped, by projecting teeth on a revolving 
shaft; a tilt-hammer: see Tilt-hammek. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Bnd, eve, term ; \n. Ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r : 

•it. .•«^. f^'i 



TRIPARTITE 



465 



TROVER 




Mythological Triton. 



Tripartite, Triple, Tripod, etc. See under Teiad. 

Tripe, trip, n. The entrails; esp., the large stomach of 
ruminating animals, when prepared for food. 

Tripoli, trip'^ll, «. (Min.) An earthy substance (orig. 
brought fr. rripo^O, used to polish stones and metals. 

Triptote, Trireme, Trisect, etc. See under Tkiad. 

Trite, trit, a. Worn out; used until so common as to 
have lost its novelty and interest ; hackneyed. — 
Trit'^orate, trlfu-rat, r. t. To rub, grind, bruise, or 
thrash; to rub or grind to a very fine powder.— Trit- 
nra'^tioii, n. Act of triturating, or reducing to a fine 
powder by grinding. 

Tntbeist, Tritone, etc. See under Triad. 

Triton, tri'ton, n. {Myth.) A marine demi-god, one 
of the trumpeters of Js ep- 
tune, his trumpet being a 
wreathed univalve shell. 
(Zool.) A gasteropodous 
mollusK, having a 
wreathed shell; a batra- 
chian reptile of many 
species, including the 
newts. 

Triumph, tri'umf, n. 
{Kom. Antiq.) A mag- 
nificent ceremonial per- 
formed in honor of a gen- 
eral who had gained a 
decisive victory. Joy or 
exultation for success; success causing exultation; 
victory. — v.i. [TRiLMPHED(-umit), -umphing.] To 
celebrate victory with pomp; to exult in an advan- 
tage gained; to obtain victory, meet with success, pre- 
vail. — Triumph'al, a. Of, "pert, to, indicating, or in 
honor of, a triumph. — Triomph'ant, a. Rejoicing 
for victory. ; celebrating victory ; graced with con- 
(juest; victorious. — Church triumphant. The church 
in heaven, enjoying a state ef triumph, her warfare 
■with evil being over, — disting. fr. church militant. 

Triumvir, Trivet. Trivial, etc. See under Triad. 

Trocar. See under Triad. 

Troche, tro'ke, n. A medicine in form of a circular 
cake, lozenge, wafer, or tablet, intended to be grad- 
ually dissolved in the mouth, and slowly swallowed. 
— Tro'chee, n. {Pros.) A foot of 2 syllables, the 1st 
long and the 2d short, or the 1st accented and the 2d 
unaccented. — Trocha^ic, -ka-'ik, n. A trochaic verse 
or measure.— Troclia''ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or consist- 
ing of, trochees. — Troch'lea, trSk'le-a,?;. (Moch.) 
A pulley. {Anat.) A pulley-like cartilage. 

Trod, Trodden. See Tread. 

Troglodyte, trog'lo-dit, n. One dwelling in a cave. 

Troll, trol, V. t. [trolled (trold), trolling.] To 
move circularly or volubly; to roll, turn; to circu- 
late, as a vessel in drinking; to sing the parts of in 
succession, as of a round or catch; to sing loudly 
or freely; to angle for with a hook drawn along the 
surface of the water; to allure, entice; to fish in, 
seek to catch fish from. — v. i. To roll, run about ; 
to fish with a rod whose line runs on a wheel or 
pulley, or by drawing the hook through the water. — 
■n. {Scandinavian Myth.) A supernatural being of 
diminutive size, said to inhabit caves, hills, etc. — 
Trull, n. A trollop ; drab ; strumpet ; harlot. — 
TroKlop, -lup, 71. A woman loosely 
dressed ; a slattern ; slut. 

Trolley, trBKlt, n. (31ach.) A truck 
from which the load is suspended in 
some kinds of cranes ; a truck or 
wheel which travels along fixed elec- 
tric conductors, and C(jnnects them 
with a railway car ; a trolley car. — 
Trolley car. A motor car to which 
the current is conveyed by a trolley. 

Trombone, trom''bon (7<. ]>ron. trom- 
bo'na), n. (Mus.) A deep-toned brass 
instrument of the trumpet kind, con- 
sisting of 3 tubes, the 1st and .3d be- 
ing side by side, the middle tube being i 
doubled and sliding into the others \ 
like a telescope. — Tromp, n. A blow 
ing apparatus, used in furnaces. _ , 

Troop, troop, n. A collection of peo- Irombone. 
pie ; a company ; number ; multitude. 7)?. Soldiers 
taken collectively ; an army. sing. A small body or 




company of cavalry, commanded bv a captain.— v. i. 
fTKooPED (troopt), TROOi'iNu.] To move in num- 
bers ; to come or gather in crowds ; to march on, go 
forward in haste.— Troop'er, n. A soldier in a body 
of cavalry ; a horse-soldier. — Troupe, troop, n. A 
troop or company; esp., the company of performers 
in a theater or opera. 

Trope, trop, u. (Jihet.) Use of a word or expression 
in a different sense from that which properly be- 
longs to it; the expression so used. — Trop'ic, n. (As- 
tron.) One of the 2 circles of the celestial sphere, 
situated on each side oi the equator, at a distance of 
23" 28', and parallel to it, which the sun just reaches 
at its greatest decUnation north or south. {Geog.) 
One of the 2 corresponding parallels of terrestrial 
latitude; pi. the regions lying between the tropics, 
or near them on either side : see ZojfE. — Trop'ic, 
-ical. a. Of, or pert, to, the tropics; being within the 
tropics; incident to the tropics; rhetorically changed 
from its proper or original sense; figurative. — Trop'- 
ically. adv. In a tropical or figurative manner. — 
Tropolog'ic, -ical, -o-loj'ik-al, a. Characterized or 
varied by tropes; changed from the original import. 
— Tropor ogy, -o-jt, n. A rhetorical mode of speech, 
including tropes. — Tro^phy, tro'tt, n. {Antiq.) A 
pile of arms, taken from a vanquished enemy; the 
representation of such a pile in marble, on medals, 
etc. Anything taken from an enemy and preserved 
as a memorial of victory; something that is evidence 
of victory. 

Trot, trot, v. i. To move faster than in walking, as a 
horse or other quadruped, by lifting one lore foot 
and the hind foot of the opposite side at the same 
time; to walk or move fast: to run. — v. t. To cause 
to move (a horse, etc.) in the pace called a trot. — n. 
The pace of a horse, etc., more rapid than a walk, 
when he lifts one fore foot and the hind foot of the 
opposite side at the same time. — Trot'ter, n. A 
beast that trots; the foot of an animal, esp. that 
of a sheep, — applied humorously to the human 
foot. -Trot 'toir, -tw6r, ?2. A footpath; pavement. 

Troth, troth, «._ Belief^ fidelity ; truth; veracity. 

Troubadour, troo'ba-door, n. One of a school of poets 
who flourished from the 11th to the end of the 13th 
century, principally at Provence, in the south of 
France. — Trou'veur, -ver, n. One of a class of poets 
in N. France, at about the time of the troubadours, 
devoted more to lays of the epic type. 

Trouble, trub'!, v. t. [-led (-Id), -ling.] To put into 
confused motion, agitate ; to give disturbance or 
distress to; to give occasion for labor to; to perplex, 
afflict, grieve, annoy, tease, vex, molest. — n. The 
state of being troubled or disturbed ; that which 
gives disturbance, annoyance, or vexation. — To take 
the trouble. To be at the pains; to exert one's self. 
— Troub'^lesome, -1-sum, a. Giving trouble, disturb- 
ance, or inconvenience ; uneasy ; vexatious ; per- 
plexing ; annoying; irksome; biirdensome ; weari- 
some; importunate. — Troub'lous, -lus, a. Full of 
trouble, commotion, or disorder; agitated; tumultu- 
ous; troublesome; full of affliction. 

Trough, trawf, n. A long, hollow vessel, generally 
for holding water or other liquid; a wooden chan- 
nel for conveying water, as to a mill-wheel; a chan- 
nel, or depression, of a long and narrow shape. 

Trounce, trowns, v. t. [trounced (trownst), troun- 
cing.] To punish or beat severely; to castigate. 

Troupe. See under Troop. 

Trousers, Trowsers, trow'zerz, n. pi. A loose garment 
worn by males, extending from the waist to the 
knee or to the ankle, and covering the lower limbs 
separately; pantaloons. — Trousseau, tr(56-so', «. 
The collective clothes, trinkets, and lighter outfit of 
a bride. 

Trout, trowt, 
re. A f ood- 
f i s h of 
many spe- 
c i e s , in- 
cluding 
the spottec 

brook rr. X 

trout, the Trout. 

river trout, the lake trout, the salmon, etc. 
Trover, tro'^ver, n. (Law.) The gaining possession 




Biin, cabe, full ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; liQger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 
30 



TROW 



466 



TRUNK 



of any goods, whether by fiading or by other means; 
an action to recover damages against one who has 
converted to his own use goods or chattels of the 
plaintiff. 

Trow, tro, V. i. To believe, trust, think, suppose. 

Trowel, trow'el, n. A mason's tool, used in spreading 
and dressing mortar, and breaking bricks ; a gar- 
dener's tool, somewhat like a mason's trowel. 

Trowsers. Same as Tkousees. 

Troy, Troy-weight, troi^wat, h. The weight by which 
gold and silver, jewels, and the like, are weighed. 
[In this weight, the pound is divided into 12 ounces, 
the ounce into 20 pennyweights, and the penny- 
weight into 24 grains.] 

Truant, troo'ant, a. Wandering from business; loit- 
ering; idle, and shirking duty; willfully absent from 
one's proper place. — n. One who stays away from 
busLaess or duty; an idler; a shirk; esp., a pupil who 
stays away from school without leave. — Tru'ancy, 
-an-st, n. Act of playing, or state of being, truant. 

Truce, trobs, n. (Mil.) A temporary cessation of hos- 
tilities, for negotiation or other purpose; an armis- 
tice; intermission- of action, pain, or contest; short 
quiet. 

Truck, truk, v. i. [trucked (trukt), tkuching.] To 
exchange commodities, barter, deal. — v. t. To ex- 
change, give in exchange, barter. — n. Exchange of 
commodities ; barter; commodities appropriate to 
barter; fruit, vegetables, etc., for market ; small 
commodities; lu<rgage'.— Truck'^age, -ej,n. Practice 
of bartering goods; exchange; barter. 

Truck, truk, n. A small, wooden wheel, not bound 
with iron; a long, low 2- or 4- wheeled vehicle for 
carrying heavy articles; a 2- wheeled barrow. (Rail- 
road Mack.) A swiveling frame with wheels, springs, 
etc., to carry and guide one end of a locomotive or 
car. (Naut.) A small wooden cap at the summit of 
a flag-staff or mast-head. A small, solid wheel, as 
for a gun-carriage.— Truck''age,-ej,n. Money paid 
for conveyance on a truck. — Truck'man, n. ; 2'1- 
Truckmen. One who conveys goods on a truck. — 
Truck'le, n. A small wheel or caster. — v. i. To 
yield or bend obsequiously to the will of another; 
to submit, cringe, act in a servile manner.— Truck'- 
le-bed, n. A bed that runs on wheels, and may be 
pushed undjr another; a trundle-bed. 

Truculent, troo'ku-lent, a. Fierce; savage; barbarous; 
of ferocious aspect; cruel; destructive; ruthless. — 
Tru'^culence, -lency, -len-sl, n. Quality of being 
truculent ; ferociousness ; terribleness of counte- 
nance. 

Trudge, truj, v. i. [trudged (trujd\ trudging.] To 
go on foot; to travel or march witn labor, jog along. 

True, troo, a. Conformable to fact; in accordance 
with the actual state of things; conformable to a 
rule or pattern; exact; steady -in adhering to friends, 
to promises, to a prince, etc.; faithful; loyal; actual; 
not counterfeit, adulterated, or pretended; genuine; 
pure; real. — Tru'lsm, -izm, n. An undoubted or 
self-evident truth. — True'-blue, a. Of inflexible 
honesty and fidelity, — a term derived from the 
true or Coventry blue, formerly celebrated for its un- 
changing color. — n. A person of inflex- 
ible integrity and fidelity. — born, a. Of ^ 
genuine birth ; having a right by birth to 
any title. — bred, a. 
Of a genuine or right 
breed; being of real 
breeding or educa- 
tion. heart'ed, a. 

Of a faithful heart; 
honest; sincere. — 
True'love'-knot, n. A 
knot composed of 2 
bows interlaced; the 
emblem of interwo- 
ven affection or en- 
gagements. — Truth, trobth, n. The quality of being 
true; that which is true; conformity to fact or real- 
ity ; conformity to rule; exactness; fidelity; con- 
stancy; the practice of speaking truth ; veracity; 
honesty ; virtue; real state of things; verity; real- 
ity; a verified fact; an established principle; fixed 
law. — Trust, n. Reliance on the integrity, veraci- 
ty, justice, friendship, or other sound principle of 




Truelove-knots. 




another; reliance on a promise, law, or principle; ex- 
pectation; belief; hope; credit given; esp., delivery 
of property or merchandise in reliance upon future 
payment ; dependence upon something future or 
contingent, as if present or actual; that which is 
committed or intrusted to one; responsible charge 
or oflBce; that upon which confidence is reposed; 
ground of reliance. (Zaw.) An estate held for the 
use of another ; an organization formed mainly 
for the purpose of regulating the supply and price 
of commodities, etc. ; as, a sugar trust. [Cant.'\ — 
V. t. To place confidence in, rely on; to give cre- 
dence to, believe, credit; to show confidence by in- 
trusting ; to commit, as' to one's care ; to intrust ; 
to give credit to, sell to upon credit ; to ven- 
ture confidently. — v. i. To be credulous; to be con- 
fident, as of something present or future; to sell, ex- 
change, or alienate, in reliance upon a promise to 
pay. — Trustee', n. A person to whom property is 
legally committed in trust, to be applied either for 
the benefit of specified individuals or for public 
uses. — Ti-ustee process. (Lavj.) A process by which 
a creditor may attach his debtor's goods, feffects, 
and credits in the hands of a third person. — Trust'- 
er, n. One who trusts, or gives credit. — Trust'fnl, 
-ful, n. Full of trust ; trusting. — Trustworthy, 
-wer'thT, a. Worthy of trust or confidence: trusty. 
—Trusf worthiness, n.— Trusfy, -t, a. [-ier; -iest.I 
Admitting of being safely trusted; fit to be confided 
in; trustworthy; not" liable to fall; strong; firm. — 
Trust'ily, -I-II, adr. in a trusty manner ; honestly. 

Truffle, troo'fl, n. A roundish subterra^'Jan fungus, 
esteemed as food. 

Truism, Truly. See under True. 

Trull. See under Troll. 

Trump, trump, n. A wind instrument of music ; a 
trumpet. — To trump up. To devise; to 
collect with unfairness ; to fabricate. — 
Trump'et, n. A wind instrument of mu- 
sic, used in war and military exercises. 

— V. t. To publish by sound of trump- 
et; to fTocla.im.—Ear-trumiJet. An instru- 
ment used as an aid to hearing, by par- 
tially deaf persons. — Speaking-t. A 
trumpet-shaped instrument for convej-ing 
articulate sounds with increased force. — 
Trump'eter, n. One who sounds a trump- 
et ; one who proclaims, pubhshes, or de- 
nounces. {Urnith.) A variety of the do- 
mestic pigeon ; a bird of S. Amer., some- 
what resembling both the pheasants and the cranes, 

— so called from its uttering a noise resembling that 
of a trumpet. — Trump'ery, -e-rT, n. Something 
serving to deceive by false show or pretenses ; 
worthless but showy matter; things worn out and 
of no value; rubbish. — a. Worthless or deceptive 
in character. 

Trump, trump, n. One of the suit of cards which 
takes anv of the other suits; a good fellow. — r.i. 
[TRUMPED (trumt), trumping.] To play a trump 
card w'hen another suit has been led. — v. t. To 
take with a trump card. 

Truncate, Truncheon, etc. See under Trunk. 

Trundle, trun'dl, w". A little wheel; a kind of low ve- 
hicle with small wheels; 
a truck; a motion as of 
something moving uponj 
little wheels. (J/acA.) A' 
wheel or pinion having 
its teeth formed of cylin- 
ders or spindles, set be- 
tween 2 round disks ; 
trundle-wheel ; lantern- 
wheel; wallower; one of 
the bars of such a wheel. 

— V. t. [TRUNDLED (-did), 

-Dling.] To roll, as a thing on little wheels ; to 
cause to roll, as a hoop. — v. i. To roll, as on little 
wheels; to roll, as a hoop. — Trun'dle - bed, n. A 
low bed on little wheels, so that it can be pushed 
under a higher bed; a truckle-bed. 
Trunk, trunk, n. The stem or body of a tree, apart 
from its limbs and roots; stock; the body of an ani- 
mal, apart from the limbs; the main body of any- 
thing; the snout or proboscis of an elephant; a wood- 





Trundle, or Wallower. 



&m, fame, far, pass or opera, f&re ; &nd, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, dr ; 



TRUNNEL 



467 



TUG 



en, etc., tube, spout, trough, or boxed passage; a box 
or chest covered with leather or hide, for containing 



Truna'ate, v. t. To 
Appearing as if cut 




a, truncated angles ; 6, truncated cone; 
c, truncated cube. 




clothes, etc.; a portmanteau 
cut off, lop, maim. — a. {£ot.) 
off at the tip.— 
Trunc'ated, p. a. 
Cut oft' ; cut 
short; maimed. — 
Truncated cone or 
pyramid. ( Geom.) 
A cone or pyra- 
mid whose vertex 
is cut off by a 
plane parallel to its base. — Trunca'tion, n. Act of 
truncating, lopping, or cutting off'; state of being 
truncated. (Min.) Replacement ol an edge by a 
plane equally inclined to the adjoining faces. — 
Tran.''cheon, -shun, ra. A short staff; club; a baton, 
or staff of command; a stout stem, as of a tree, 
with the branches lopped off. — Tnum''ion, -yun, n. 
(Gun.) A knob projecting on 
each side of a piece, and serving 
to support it on the cheeks of 
the carriage : see C.vxxon. — 
Trunk'-hose, n. Short, wide 
breeches formerly worn, gath- 
ered in above the knees. 

Trannel, trun^nel, n. A wooden 
pin or plug ; a treenail. 

Trunnion. See under Trunk. 

Trass, trus, n. A bundle, as of hay 
or straw. {Surg.) A bandage or Trunk-hoSe. 
apparatus used in cases of ner- 
nia. {Naut.) The rope or iron used to keep the cen- 
ter of a yard to the mast. (Arch. Sc Engin.) A com- 
bination of timbers, etc., forming an unj'ielding 
frame, for supportin^: a roof, etc. — r. t. [trussed 
(trust), TRUSSIXG.] To bind or pack close; to skew- 
er, as a fowl for cooking it; to execute by hanging; 
to hang. 

Trust, Trustee, Truth, etc. See under True. 

Try, tri, V. 2. [tried (trid), trying.] To exert strength, 
endeavor, attempt. — v. t. To prove by experiment, 
make experiment of, test ; to experience, have 
knowledge of by experience ; to essay, attempt, so- 
licit, tempt, bring to a decision; to purify or refine, 
as metals; to melt out and procure in a pure state, as 
oil, tallow, lard, etc.; to subject to severe trial; to 
put to the test. {Law.) To subject (a person or 
cause) to trial and decision or sentence before a tri- 
bunal. — To try on. To put on (a garment) to ascer- 
tain whether it fits the person ; to attempt, undertake. 
— To t. out. To melt and separate (tallow, etc.) from 
the membranes. — To t. the eyes. To over-exert them; 
to strain. — Try'ing, p. a. Adapted to try, or put to 
severe trial; severe; afflictive. — Tri'^er, -or, w. One 
who tries; one who makes experiments ; one who 
tries judicially. {Law.) A person appointed to try 
challenges of jurors. — Tri'^able, a. Fit or possible 
to be tried; liable to be subjected to trial or test ; 
liable to undergo a judicial examination. — Tri''al, 
n. Act of trying or testing in any manner; any ex- 
ertion of strength for the purpose of ascertaining 
what it is capable of effecting; act of testing by ex- 
perience; experiment; examination by a test; that 
which tries or afflicts ; that which tries the charac- 
ter or principle ; that which tempts to evil ; state of 
being tried or tempted. {Law.) The formal exam- 
ination of the matter in issue in a cause before a 
competent tribunal. 

Tryst, trist, n. An appointmeht to meet ; place of 
meeting. 

Tsetse. See Tzetze. 

Tub, tub, n An open wooden vessel formed with 
staves, bottom, and hoops ; amount which a iTib con- 
tains, as a measure of quantity. — v. t. [tubbed 
(tubd), -BING.] To plant or set in a tub. 

Tube, tub, n. A hollow cylinder, of any material, 
used for various purposes; a pipe; conduit; a vessel 
of animal bodies or plants which conveys a fluid or 
other substance. — v. t. [tubed (tabd), tubing.] 
To furnish with a tube. — Tub''ing, n. Act of mak- 
ing tubes; a series of tubes; piece of a tube ; ma- 
terial for tubes. — Tu'bular, a. Having the form of 
a tube or pipe; consisting of a pipe; fistular. — Tubu- 



lar boiler. A steam-boiler in which the water ia 
heated in tubes exposed to the fire; also, one in 
which the products of combustion pass from the 
fire-box through a system of small flues, so as to 
heat the water by which they are surrounded. — T. 
bridge. A bridge in the form of a hollow trunk or 




Britannia Tubular Bridge. 

tube, made of iron plates riveted together. — T. 
girder. A plate - girder having 2 or more vertical 
webs with a space between them. — Tu'bulate, a. 
Tubular ; tubulated ; tubulous. — Tu'bula'ted, a. 
Made in the form of a small tube; furnished with a 
tube. — Tu-'bule, -bul, ??. A small pipe; little tube. 

— Tubu'liform, a. Having the form of a small tube. 

— Tu'bulous, -bu-lus, a. Resembling, or in the form 
of, a tube; containing small tubes; composed wholly 
of tubulous florets. 

Tuber, tu'^ber, n. {Bot.) A fleshy, rounded, under- 
ground body, or thickened portion of a stem or root, 
usually having "eyes" or buds and containing 
starchy matter, as the potato. — Tu''bercle, -ber-kl, n. 
(Anat.) A natural small rounded body or mass. 
{Med.) A small mass or aggregation of morbid mat- 
ter ; esp., the deposit whicn accompanies scrofula 
or phthisis. — Tu^ber^cular, a. Having little knobs 
or tubercles ; aft'ecjed with tubercles. — Tuberose, 
tub^roz or tu''ber-oz, n. A plant with a tuberous 
root much cultivated for the beauty and f ra^jrance 
of its flowers. — Tu'berouB, -us, a. Covered with, 
knobby or wart-like prominences. {Bot.) Consist- 
ing of, or containing, tubers ; like a tuber. — Tuber- 
os'lty, -os'^Y-tl, K. State of being tuberous. (Anat.) 
A knob-like prominence on a bone, to which mus- 
cles and ligaments are attached. 

Tuck, tuk, n. A long, narrow sword; a rapier. 

Tuck, tuk, n. (Naut.) The part of a ship where the 
ends of the bottom planks are collected under the 
stern ; a horizontal sewed fold in a garment, to 
shorten or ornament it. — v.t. [tucked (tukt), tuck- 
ing.] To thrust or press in or together ; to fold un- 
der; to gather up; to inclose by pushing the clothes 
closely around; to make a tuck in. — Tuck'^er, n. 
One who, or that which, tucks; a small, thin piece of 
the dress for covering the breast of women or chil- 
dren. 

Tuesday, tuz'dT, n. The third day of the week, fol- 
lowing Monday. 

Tufa, tu'- or too'fa, n. (Min.) A soft or porous stone 
formed by depositions from water; a volcanic sand- 
rock, rather friable, formed of agglutinated volcanic 
eartli ; a similar rock of trap or basaltic material. 

— Tuff. w. Tufa. 

Tuft, tuft, n. A collection of small, flexible, or soft 
things in a knot or bunch; a cluster; clump; a no- 
bleman or person of quality, esp. in the Eng. uni- 
versities, — so called from the tuft in the cap worn 
by them. — v. t. To separate into tufts ; ta adorn 
with tufts or with a tuft. — Tuft'ed, p. a. Adorned 
with a tuft ; growing in a tuft or clusters. — Tuft-'y, 
-T, a. Abounding with tufts ; growing in tufts or 
clusters. — Tuft'-hunt'er, n. A hanger-on to noble- 
men, esp. in Eng. universities. , 

Tag, tug, v.t. [TUGGED (tugd),-GiNG.] To pull Or draw 
with great effort, drag along with continued exer- 
tion, haul along. — v. i. To pull with great effort; to 
labor, strive, struggle. — n. A pull with the utmost 
effort; a steam-vessel used to tow ships; a trace, or 
drawing-strap, of a harness. 



bQm, cube, fijll ; md6n, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



TUITION 



468 



TURGID 




Tuition, tu-ish'un, n. Superintending care over a 
young person; guardianship; esp., the act or busi- 
ness of teaching the various branches of learning; 
instruction; money paid for instruction. — Ttu-Hion- 
ary, -6r-T, a. Of, or pert, to, tuition. 

TtUip, tu'lip, n. A bulbous plant, of many species, 
producing flowers of 
great beauty and of 
a variety of colors. 

Tulle, tool, n. A kind of 
silk open work or lace. 

Tumble, tum'bl, v. i. 

[-BLED (-bid), -BLING.] 

To roll about by turn- 
ing one way and the 
other ; to toss, pitch 
about ; to lose footing 
or support and fall ; to 
come down suddenly 
and violently, be pre- 
cipitated; to play 
mountebank tricks by 
movements of the 
body. — V. t. To turn „ ,. 

over, or throw about xuiip. 

for examination; to roll or move in a rough, coarse, 
or unceremonious manner; to precipitate; to disturb; 
to overturn, throw down, rumple, disorder. — n. 
Act of tumbling or rolling over ; a fall.— Tum^bler, 
n. One who tumbles ; one who plays the tricks of a 
mountebank; that part of a lock which detains the 
bolt in its place, until a key lifts it and leaves the 
bolt at liberty: see Padlock; a drinking glass orig. 
made without a foot or stem, with a pointed base, 
so that it could not be set down with any liquor 
in it ; a srnall variety of the domestic pigeon, — so 
called fr. its habit of tumbling or turning over in 
flight; a sort of dog used for inveigling game, — so 
called fr. his habitof tumbling before he attacks his 
prey. — Tum'^brel, -bril, n. A ducking-stool for the 
punishment of scolds; a rough cart; a cart with 2 
wheels, for conveying the tools of pioneers, car- 
tridges, etc.; a kind of cage of osiers, willows, etc., 
for keeping hay and other food for sheep. 

Tumid, tu'^mid, a. Swelled, enlarged, or distended; 
rising above the level ; protuberant ; swelling in 
sound or sense; pompous; bombastic; turgid. — Tu- 
mid'ity, -T-tt, n. State of being tumid; turgidity.— 
Tu''midiiess,w. — Tu''mefy, -me-ti, v. t. [-fied (-lid), 
-FYIXG.] To swell, cause to swell. — v.i. To rise in 
a tumor; to swell. — Tumefac'tion, n. Act or process 
of, etc.; a tumor; a swelling. — Tu''mor, n. {Med.) A 
morbid swelling, or growth, of or in any part of the 
body. — Tu'mulus, n. ; pi. -li. An artificial hillock, 
esp. one raised over the grave of a person buried in 
ancient times; a barrow. — Tu'mular, a. Consisting 
in a heap; formed or being in a heap or hillock.— 
Tu'mult, n. Commotion, disturbance, or agitation 
of a multitude, usually accompanied with great 
noise, uproar, andconfusion of voices; violent com- 
motion or agitation, with confusion of sounds; irreg- 
ular or con fused motion ; high excitement ; uproar ; 
hurlv-burly ; turbulence ; noise ; bluster ; hubbub; 
bustle ; stir ; brawl ; riot. — Tumulfuous, -u-us, a. 
Full of tumult; conducted with tumult; greatly agi- 
tated ; disturbed ; turbulent ; violent ; boisterous ; 
lawless ; riotous ; seditious. — Tumulfuary, -u-a-rt, 
a. Attended by or producing a tumult. 

Tump, tump, n. A little hillock ; a knoll. — v. t. 
[TUMPED (tumpt), TUMPING.] To form a mass of 
earth or a hillock round (a plant, etc.). 

Tumtdt, Tumulus, etc. See under Tumid. 

Tun. See under Ton, a weight. 

Tune, tun, n. (Mns.) A rythmical, melodious series of 
musical tones for 1 voice or instrument, or for any 
number of voices or instruments in unison, or 2 or 
more such series forming parts in harmony; a melo- 
dy; an air; stateof giving the proper sound or sounds; 
pitch of the voice or an instrument; order; harmo- 
ny; concord; fit disposition, temper, or humor. See 
Phrenology. — v. t. [tuned (tund), tuning.] To 
put into a state adapted to produce the proper 
Bounds; to harmonize; to put into a proper state or 
disposition; to give tone to, adapt in style of music; 
to sing with melody or harmony. — v. i. To form ac- 




cordant musical sounds. — Tun'able, a. Capable 
of being tuned, or made harmonious ; harmonious ; 
musical; tuneful. — Tune'ful, -ful, a. Harmonious ; 
melodious; musical. — Tune''les3, a. Without tune; 
unharmonious; unmusical; not employed in mak- 
ing music— Tun'^ing-fork, w. {Mus.) A steel instru- 
ment consisting of 2 prongs and a handle, which, 
being struck, gives a certain fixed tone, — used for 
tuning instruments, or for ascertaining the pitch of 
tunes. 

Tungsten, tung'^sten, n. A metal of a grayish-white 
color, and considerable luster: it is brittle, nearly as 
hard as steel, and is fused with extreme difficulty. 

Tunic, tu'nik, n. A loose, short, belted frock or dress. 
{Antiq.) An under-garment worn by both sexes in 
ancient Rome and the East. {Eccl.) A kind of long 
robe. {Anat.) A membrane that covers or composes 
some part or organ. (Bot.) A natural covering; an 
integument. — Tu'nicle, -nT-kl, n. A delicate nat- 
ural covering. 

Tunnage, Tunnel. See under Ton, a weight. 

Tunny, tun''nl, n. A 
very large food-fish, al- 
lied to the mackerel, 
esteemed for its solid 
veal-like flesh. 

Turanian, tu-ra-'nl-an, 
a. Altaic; Scythian; 
pert, to the languages 
other than Aryan 
and Semitic spoken in _, 

N. Europe and JST. and Tunny. 

Cent. Asia, including the Finno-Hungarian, Sam- 
oyed, Turkish, Mongolian, and Tungusian. 

Turban, ter'ban, n. A head-dress worn by some 
Orientals, consisting of a brimless cap, and a sash 
wound about the cap ; a head-dress worn by ladies. 

Turbid, ter'bid, a. Having the lees disturbed ; foul 
with extraneous matter ; roiled ; muddy ; thick. 

— Tur-'bulent, -bu-lent, a. In violent commotion ; 
disposed to insubordination and disorder; producing 
commotion ; agitated ; tumultuous ; riotous ; sedi- 
tious ; unquiet ; refractory. — TuT'^bulently, adv. — 
Tur'bulence, -bu-lens, n. State or quality of being 
turbulent ; a disturbed state. 

Turbine, ter^bin, n. A horizontal water-wheel, usu- 
ally constructed with a series of. curved floats upon 
the periphery, against which the water strikes with 
direct impulse, as it rushes from all sides of an 
inner flume, and after expending its force upon the 
floats, passes out at the circumference.— Tur^binate, 
-nat'ed, -bT-na'ted, a. Shaped like a top, or cone 
inverted; narrow at the base, and broad at the apex. 

— Turbina''tion, n. Act of spinning or whirling, as 
a top. — Tur''bit, n. A 
variety of the domes- 
tic pigeon, remarkable 
for its short beak ; the 
turbot. — Tur^bot, n. 
A short, broad flat-fish 
of large size, much 
esteemed for the table. 

Turbulent, etc. See un- 
der Turbid. 
Turcism. See under TuR- ^^^^^^ 

Tureen, tu-ren', n. A large, deep vessel for holding 
soup, or other liquid food, at the table. 

Turf, terf, n. The matted upper stratum or surface of 
grass-land, consisting of earth which is filled with 
roots; earth covered with grass; sward ; sod ; peat, 
esp. when prepared for fuel; race-ground; or horse- 
racing.— w. «. [TURFED (terft), turfing.] To cover 
with turf or sod. — Turf'y. -I, a. [-ier ; -iest.] 
Abounding with, made of, covered with, or having 
the appearance or qualities of, turf. 

Turgid, ter^jid, a. Distended beyond the natural 
state by some internal agent or expansive force ; 
swelled ; bloated ; swelling in style or language ; 
vainly ostentatious; tumid; pompous; bombastic.^- 
Turgid'ity, -T-tl, Tur'gidness, «. The quality of 
being turgid. — Tur''gent, -jent, a. Rising into_ a 
tumor, or puffy state; swelling; inflated; bombastic. 

— Turges'cence, -cency, -ies''en-st, n. Act of swell- 
ing, or state of being swelled. (lied.) Superabun* 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; 5dd. tone. 6r ; 



TURKEY 



4G9 



TURN 




Common Turkey-cock. 



dance of humors in any part. Empty magnificence 1 
or pompousness ; bombast.— Torgea'cent, a. Swell- i 
ing; growing big. j 

Turkey, ter'^kl, n. A large gallinaceous fowl, a native ! 
of Amer. : the flesh is valued for food. — Xor''key- 
buz'zard, n. A.com- 
mon Amer. species of 
carrion-eating vulture, 
having a distant resem- 
blance to a turkey. — 
Tur'ciam, -sizm, n. "The 
character, belief, relig- 
ion, manners, etc., of 
the Turks. — Turkois'', 
-quoifl', -koiz' or -kez', 
li. A precious stone 
from the mountains of 
Persia, of apeculiar 
bluish-green color : it 
takes a high polish, 
and is used in jewelry. 

Tormeric, ter'mer-ik, n. 
{Bot.) An E. Indian 
plant; its root or root- 
stock, used as a con- 
diment (in curry pow- 
der), a dye (yellow), a chemical test, and a medicine. 

— Turmeric pa-per. (Chem.) A kind of unsized 
paper stained yellow with a decoction of turmeric, 
used as a test for free alkali, which changes its color 
to brown. 

Tormoil, tSr'moil, n. Harassing labor; trouble; mol- 
estation by tumult; commotion; disturbance. 

Tom, tern, v. t. [turned (ternd), turning.] To 
form in a lathe; to give form to, shape, put in proper 
condition ; to cause to move upon, or as if upon, a 
center ; to give circular motion to, cause to revolve; 
to cause to present a different side uppermost or out- 
most ; to give another direction, tendency, or incli- 
nation to ; to incline differently ; to change from a 
given use or otfice; to divert (to another purpose or 
end); to use or employ: to change the form, quality, 
aspect, or effect of; to cause to become sour, curdle, 
or ferment (milk, ale, etc.); to alter, transform, trans- 
late. — V. i. To move round, have a circular mo- 
tion ; to revolve, entirely, repeatedly, or partially ; 
to change position, so as to face differently ; to re- 
volve as if upon a point of support ; to hmge, de- 
pend ; to result or terminate, issue; to be deflected, 
take a different direction or tendency, be differently 
applied; to be changed, altered, or transformed ; to 
become transmuted ; to become by changes ; to un- 
dergo the process of turning on a lathe ; to become 
acid, sour, — said of milk, ale, etc. ; to become giddy, 

— said of the head ; to be nauseated, — said of the 
stomach: to become inclined in the other direction, — 
said of scales ; to change from ebb to flow, or from 
flow to ebb, — said of the tide. — n. Act of turning; 
movement or motion about a center, or as if about a 
center; revolution: change of direction; different or- 
der, position, aspect of affairs, etc. ; change ; altera- 
tion ; vicissitude ; successive portion of a course ; reck- 
oning from change to change; a winding; bend; brief 
walk ; successive course ; time, occasion, or oppor- 
tunity for receiving or doing, coming m alterna^ 
tion to each of 2 or more persons; a nervous shock 
or sudden illness ; incidental or opportune deed or 
office ; convenience; occasion; purpose; form; cast; 
shape ; manner ; fashion ; form of expression ; one 
round of a rope or cord. pi. {Med.) Monthly 
courses ; menses, (ilus.) An embellishment or 
grace, marked thus, ^^, formed by grouping the 
principal note with the note above and the semi- 
tone below, the 3 being performed in the time of the 
principal note. — [turn, v. t.'] To he Uimed of. To 
be advanced beyond. — To turn a comer. To go 
round. n.corx\e.T. — To t. the enenvfs flank. (Mil.) To 
pass from his front and attack his troops upon the 
Bide or rear. — To t. aside. To avert. — To t. awatj. 
To disnjiss from service, discard; to avert. — To t. 
down. To fold or double down. — Tot. in. To fold 
or double under. — To t. in the mind. To revolve, 
ponder, or meditate upon. — To t. off. To dismiss 
contemptuously; to give over, reduce; to divert, de- 
flect; to accomplish^ perform (work). — To t. one's 



money or goods, to turn a penny, etc. To exchange 
in the course of trade; to keep in lively exchange 
or circulation. — To t. out. To drive out; to expel; 
to put to pasture (cattle or horses): to produce, as 
the result of labor, or any process of manufacture: 
to furnish in a completed state. — To t. over. To 
cause to change the sides of: to cause to roll over; 
to transfer; to open and examine one leaf of (a 
book) after another ; to overset, overturn. — To t. 
tail. To retreat ignominiously. — Tot. the back. To 
flee, retreat. — To t. the back on or upon. To treat 
with contempt; to reiect or refuse unceremoniously. 
—To t. the edge of. To make dull, deprive of sharp- 
ness. — To t. the head or brain of. To make giddy, 
wild, insane, etc. ; to infatuate.— 7b t. the scale. To 
change the preponderance, give superiority or suc- 
cess. — To t. the stomach of. To nauseate, sicken. — 
To t. the tables. To reverse success or superiority. — 
To t.to. To have recourse to, refer to. — To i. to 
profit, advantage, etc. To make profitable or ad- 
vantageous. — To t. upon. To retort, throw back. — 
[turn, v. ?.] To t. about. To move the face to an- 
other quarter.— To t. away. To deviate; to depart 
from, forsake: to avert one's looks, remove. — I'o t. 
in. To bend inward: to enter for lodgings or enter- 
tainment; to go to bed. — To t. off. To be diverted, 
deviate from a course. — To t. on or upon. To reply 
or retort; to show resentment toward, confront an- 
grily; to depend on. — To t. out. To move from its 
place, as a bone; to bend outward, project; to rise 
from bed; to come abroad, prove in the result, issue. 
— To t. over. To turn from side to side, roll, tumble. 
— To t. to account, profit, advantage, etc. To be made 
profitable, become worth the while. — To t. under. 
To bend or be folded downward or under. — To t. up. 
To bend or be doubled upward; to come to light, oc- 
cur, happen. — [turn, n.] By tui-ns. One after anoth- 
er; alternately; at intervals. — In turn. In due order 
of succession. — To at. Exactly; perfectly, — from 
the practice of cooking on a revolving spit. — To take 
turns. To alternate, succeed one another in due or- 
der. — Turn and t. about. An alternate share of duty. 
—T. of life {Med.). The time of the final cessation of 
the menses in women; menopause. — Tam''coat, n. 
One who forsakes his party or principle; a renegade; 
an apostate. — Tani''er, n. One who turns; esp., one 
whose occupation is to form articles with a lathe; a 
variety of pigeon; one who practices athletic or gym- 
nastic exercises, — so called among the Germans. — 
Tum''ery, -er-t, n. Art of fashioning solid bodies 
into various forms by means of a lathe ; things or 
forms made by a turner or in the lathe. — Turn''- 
ing, n. A winding ; bending course ; flexure ; a 
corner (of a street or road); deviation from the way 
or proper course ; act of forming solid substancea 
into various forms by means of a lathe, pi. Reces 
detached in the process of turnery. (Mu.) A ma- 
neuver by which an enemy, or position, is turned. 
— Tnm'^ing-point, n. The point upon which a 
question turns, and which decides a case. — Tnm'- 
key, n. One in charge of the keys of a prison ; a 
warden. — Tum'pike, n. Orig. a frame consisting 
of 2 bars (originally with sharpened ends), crossing 
each other af right angles, and turning on a post or 
pin, to hinder the passage of beasts, but admitting a 
person to pass between the arms ; a toll-gate, or gate 
set across a road; a turnpike-road. — v. t. [tuen- 
PIKEI> (-pikt), -PIKING.] To form (a road) in the 
manner of a turnpike-road. — Tiirn''pike-road, n. A 
road on which turnpikes, or toll-gates, are established 
by law. — Tum'^sole, w. (Bot.) A heliotrope, —be- 
cause its flower is supposed to 
turn toward the sun. A legumi- 
nous plant; a purple dye obtained 
from it. A blue dye obtained f r. 
certain lichens. — Tnrn'spit, n. 
One who turns aspit; one engaged 
in some menial office; a variety of 
dog,— formerly employed to turn „ ., 

a spit. — Tum'stile, n. A revolv- ••- urnstue. 
ing frame in a footpath: a turnpike. — Tum'-out, 
n.; pi. -outs. Act of coming forth; a short side track 
on a railroad; a shunt; an equipage. — -o^ver, n. Act 
or result of turning over ; a semi-circular pie made 
by turning one half a circular crust over the other. 




Btin, cQbe, full ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or igk, tiien, boirboN, ehair, get. 



TURNIP 



- 470 



TWO 




Turn-table 




— ta^le, n. 
A large re- 
volving plat- 
form, for 
turning raU- 
r o a d cars, 
locomotives, 
etc., in a dif- 
ferent direc- 
tion. 

Turnip, tSr'- 
nip, n. A cruciferous plant of many species ; its 
solid, bulbous root, which is valued as an article of 
food. . , . 

Turpentine, t5r'pen-tTn, n. An oleo -resinous sub- 
stance, exuding naturally or on incision from sev- 
eral species of trees, chiefly those of the coniferous 
kind. ^ , , 

Turpitude, ter''pT-tud, n. Inherent baseness or vile- 
ness of principle, words, or actions. 

Turquois. See under Turkey. 

Turrel, tur^'rel, n. A tool used by coopers. 

Turret, tur^'ret, n. A small tower or spire attached to 
a building, etc., and rising above it.— Tur'reted, ?:>. a. 
Formed like a tower; furnished with turrets.— Tur'- 
ret-sliip, n. An iron-clad war-vessel, with low sides, 
on which heavy guns are mounted within rotating 
turrets. 

Turtle, ter'tl, n. {Omith.) A gallinaceous bird,— 
called also turtle-dove and turtle-pigeon : its note is 
plaintive and tender, and it is celebrated for the con- 
stancy of its affection. 
iZo'dl.) A tortoise, — 
often restricted to the 
large sea-tortoise. — 
Tur'tler, n. One who 
catches turtles or tor- 
toises. 

Tuscan, tus'kan, a. Of, 
or pert, to, Tuscany, 
in Italy; —specifically 
applied to one of the Th^Ip 

orders of architecture, iunie. 

the most ancient and simple : see Capital. 

Tush, tush, interj. Pshawl — an exclamation indica- 
ting check, rebuke, or contempt. 

Tusk, tusk, n. A long, pointed, and often protruding 
tooth, as of the elepliant, wild boar, etc. 

Tussle, tus'sl, w. A struggle; conflict; scuffle. — v. i. 
To struggle, as in sport or wrestling ; to scuffle. 

Tut, tut, interj. Bestill, — an exclamation used for 
checking or rebuking. 

Tutelage, etc. ■ See under Tutor. 

Tutenag, tu'te-nag, n. An alloy of copper, zinc, and 
nickel ; zinc, or spelter, — so called in India. 

Tutor, tu'ter, n. One who protects, watches over, or 
has the care of, another. {Civil Law.) A guardian. 
A private or public teacher. (Eng. Univ. and Col- 
leges.) An officer or member of some hall, who has 
the cnarge of hearing the lessons of the students, 
and otherwise giving them instruction. {Amer. Col- 
leges.) An instructor of a lower rank than a pro- 
fessor. — t;. «. [tutored (-terd), -TORINO.] To have 
the guardianship or care of; to teach, instruct; to 
treat with authority or severity. — Tu'tor-age, -ej, n. 
Office or occupation of a tutor, tutorship; guardian- 
ship. —Tu'toress, n. A female tutor; instructress ; 
governess. — Tuto'rial, -to'rt - al, a. Belonging to, 
or exercised by, a tutor. — Tu'telage, -te-lej, n. 
Guardianship; protection, —applied to the person 
protecting; state of being under a guardian. — Tu'- 
telar, -lary, -te-la-rl, a. Having the charge of pro- 
tecting a person or a thing; guardian; protecting. 

Tutti, t(56t'te, n. pZ. (Mus.) All,— a direction for all 
the singers or players to perform together. 

Tutty, tuftt, n. An impure protoxide of zinc, col- 
lected from the chimneys of smelting furnaces. 

Twaddle, twod'dl, v. i. To talk in a weak and silly 
manner; to prate. — n. Silly talk; senseless verbi- 
age; gabble.— Twaftle, twot'tl, v. i. To twaddle. 

Twain, twan, a. or n. Two, — nearly obsolete. 

Twang, twang, v. i. [twanged ([twangd), twanging.] 
To make the sound of a string which is stretched 
and suddenly pulled. — v. t. To make to sound, as 
by puDing a tense string and letting it go suddenly. 



— n. A harsh, quick sound, like that made by a 
stretched string when pulled and suddenly let go; 
a kind of nasal sound of the voice. 

Tweak, twek, v. t. To pinch and pull with a sudden 
twist; to twitch.— n. A sharp pinch or jerk; distress. 

Tweed, twed, n. A light, twilled cotton or woolen 
stuff, used for summer clothing. 

Tweedle, twe'dl, v. t. To handle lightly, — said with 
reference to awkward fiddling; to influence as if 
by fiddling, coax, allure. — Twid'dle, -dl, v. t. To 
touch lightly, play with, twirl with the fingers, 
tweedle. 

Tweezers, twe'zerz, n.pl. Small pincers used to pluck 
out hairs, etc. 

Twelve, Twenty, Twibil, Twice, Twig, Twilight, Twill, 
Twin, Twine, Twist, etc. See under Two. 

Twiddle. See under Tweedle. 

Twig, twig, V. t. To understand the meaning of; to 
observe slyly. 

Twinge, twini, v. t. [twinged (twinjd), twingeing.] 
To pull witn a twitch, pinch, tweak; to torment with 
pinching or sharp pains. — v. i. To have a sudden, 
sharp, local pain, like a twitch. — n. A pinch; tweak; 
twitch; a darting, local pain of momentary contin- 
uance. — Twink^le, twink-'l, V. i. [twinkled C-ld), 
-LING.] To open and shut the eyes rapidly, bUnk, 
wink ; to sparkle, flash at intervals, scintillate. — n. 
A closing or opening, or a quick motion of the eye; 
a wink; the time of a wink; a twinkling. — Twink'- 
ling, n. Act of one who, or that which, twinkles ; a 
wink; a scintillation; sparkling; the time of a wink; 
a moment; instant. — Twitch, twich.v. t. [twitched 
(twicht), TWITCHING.] To pull with a sudden jerk; 
to pluck with a short, quick motion ; to snatch. — n. 
A pull with a jerk ; a short, sudden, quick pull or 
contraction. — Twitch'-grass, n. A species of grass 
which it is difficult to exterminate. 

Twirl, twerl, v. t. [twirled (twerld), twirling.] To 
move or whirl round; to move and turn rapidly with 
the fingers. — v. i. To revolve with velocity, be 
whirled round rapidly. — n. A rapid circular mo- 
tion; a whirling; quick rotation. 

Twit, twit, V. t. To vex by bringing to notice or re- 
minding of a fault, defect, misfortune, etc.; to revile, 
reproach, taunt. — Twit'ter, n. One who, etc. 

Twitch. See under Twinge. 

Twitter, twit-'tSr, v. t. [-tered (-terd), -teklng.] To 
make a succession of small, tremulous, intermitted 
noises; to have a slight trembling of the nerves; to 
titter, giggle. — n. A small, tremulous, intermitted 
noise, like that made by some birds, as the swallow; 
a slight trembling or agitation of the nerves; a half- 
suppressed laugh; titter; giggle. 

'Twixt, twikst. A contr. of betwixt. 

Two, too, a. One and one. — n. The sum of 1 and 1; 
a symbol representing two units, as 2, or ii. — Twain, 
twan, a. and n. Two. — Jn two. Asunder; into 2 
parts; in halves; in twain. — TwoTold, a. Double; 
duplicate; multiplied by2. — acZi'. In a double. de- 
gree; doubly.— Two'-edged, -ejd, a. Having 2 edges, 

or edges on both sides. hand'ed, a. Having 2 

hands ; stout ; strong ; powerful ; used with both 
hands. — pence, tup'pens, ?!. A small coin and mon- 
ey of account, in Eng. =2 pennies. — pen'ny, tup'- 
pen'nt, a. Of the value of two-pence; small; mean; 
of little value. — ply, a. Consisting of 2 thicknesses, 
as cloth; double; woven double, as cloth or carpeting, 
by incorporating 2 sets of threads of the warp and 2 
sets of the weft. — Twice, twis, adv. Two times: once 
and again ; doubly ; in twofold quantity. — Twi'bil, 
n. A kind of mattock or ax; a reaping-hook. — Twi'- 
fallow, -fal-lo, V. i. [-lowed (-lod), -lowing.] To 
plow a second time, — said of land that is fallowed. 
— Twig, n. A small shoot or branch of a tree or other 
plant, of no definite length or size. — v.t. To beat 
with twigs.— Twig'gy, -gT, a. Full of twigs; abound- 
ing with shoots. — Twi'iight, n. The faint light per- 
ceived before the rising and after the setting of the 
sun; any faint light; a dubious or uncertain view. — 
a. Imperfectly illuminated; shaded; obscure; seen 
or done by twilight. — Twill, twil, v. t. To weave 
(cloth) so as to produce the appearance of diagonal 
lines or ribs, on the surface of. — n. An appearance 
of diagonal lines or ribs produced in textile fabrics; 
a fabric woven with a twill.— Twin, twin, n. One of 



Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, f&re ; €nd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; 



TYKE 



471 



TYPICAL 



2 produced at a birth by an animal that ordinarily 
brings forth but one at a birth, — used chiefly in the 
pi. One very much resembling another, pi. {As- 
tron.) A constellation and sign of the zodiac; Gem- 
ini. — a. Being 1 of 2 born at a birth; being 1 of a 
pair much resembling one another. — Twin'ling, n. 
A twin lamb. —Twine, twin, v. t. [twij.'ed (twind), 
TWiJfiNG.] To twist together; to form by twisting or 
winding of threads ; to wind about, embrace, en- 
twine. — V. i. To unite closely, or by complication 
of parts; to wind, bend, make turns, meander. — n. 
A twist; convolution; act of twining or winding 
round; a strong thread composed of 2 or 3 smaller 
threads or strands twisted together; a small cord or 
string. — Twist, twist, v. t. To contort, complicate, 
convolve; to turn from the true form or meaning, 
pervert; to wreathie, wind, unite by intertexture of 
parts; to form, weave; to wind in, insinuate, — used 
reflexively; to unite by winding one thread, strand, 
or other flexible substance round another; to form 
into a thread from many fine filaments. — v. i. To be 
contorted or united by winding round each other.— 
n. A contortion ; flexure ; convolution ; bending ; 
form given in twisting; that which is formed by 
twisting, convoluting, or uniting the parts; a roll of 
twisted dough, baked.— Twist 'er, n. One who twists; 
the instrument used in twisting, or making twists. — 
Twelve, twelv, a. One more than 11; 2 and 10; twice 
6; a dozen. — n. The sum of 10 and 2, or of twice 6; 
a symbol representing twelve units, as 12, or xii. — 
Twelve'^month, n- A j'ear, which consists of 12 cal- 
endar montlis.— Twelve'score, a. & n. Twelve times 
20; 240.— Twelve'-pence, n. A shilling sterling, about 
24 cents in U. S. currency.— Twelfth, twelfth, a. The 
2d after the 10th; next succeeding the 11th, — the or- 
dinal of 12; constituting one of 12 equal parts into 
which anything is divided. — n. One of 12 equal 
parts. {Mus.) An interval comprising an" octave and 
a fifth. — Twelftli-'-night, n. The evening of the 12th 
day after Christmas, or Epiphany, observed as a fes- 
tival. — Twen'ty, -tt, a. One more than 19; twice 10; 
a score; an indefinite number, — used proverbially. 

— n. The number next following 19 ; twice 10; a 
symbol representing twenty units, as 20, or xx. — f 
Twen'tieth, -tl-eth, a. Next in order after the 19th, 

— the ordinal of 20; constituting 1 of 20 equal parts 
into which anything is divided. — n. One of 20 equal 
parts. {Mus.) An interval comprising 2 octaves and 
a sixth. 

Tyke, tik, n. A dog, or one as contemptible as a dog; 
a tike. 

Tympanum, tim'pa-num, n. {Anat.) The middle cav- 
ity of the ear, separated bj^ a membrane from the 
external passage ; also, this membrane itseU, on 
which atmospheric vibrations act directlv in pro- 
ducing sound, — the drum of the ear; in birds and 
reptiles, the flat scale or membrane which forms the 
external organ of hearing. (Arch.) The triangular 
face of a pediment; the die of a pedestal; the panel 
of a door. — Tym'pan, n. (Arch.) A panel; tympa- 
num. (Print.) A frame, ninged to the bed of a 
hand-press, and covered with parchment or cloth, 
on which the blank sheets are put, in 
order to be laid on the form to be im- 
pressed: see Printing-press.— Tym'- 
pany, -pa-nT, n. (Med.) A flatulent 
distention of the belly. Inflation; con- 
ceit; bombast; tumidity; turgidness,— 
f r. the belly being stretched tight, like 
a drum. — Tym'bal, n. A kind of ket- 
tle-drum. 

Tsrpe, tip, n. The mark or impression of 
something; stamp; emblem; impressed 
form ; kind ; sort; the aggregate of 
characteristic qualities; the represent- 
ative ; a figure or representation of 
something to come : a token ; sign ; 
symbol ; an example or specimen. 
(Nat. Hist.) The ideal representatira 
of a species or group, combining its 
essential characteristics. (Med.) The 
order in which the symptoms of a dis- 
ease exhibit themselves and succeed 
each other. (Typog.) . A rectangular 
block of metal, wood, etc., havmg a 




Metal Type. 

a, the body ; 
6, face ; 
c, shoulder; 
c2, nick ; 
e, grooYe. 



raised letter, figure, accent, or other character, on its 
upper surface; types in general, — spoken of collect- 
ively. — BS~ The type composing an ordinary book- 
font consist of Roman CAPITALS, small capitals, 
and lower-case letters, and Itcdic CAPITALS and 
lower-case letters, with accompanying figures, points, 
and reference-marks, — in all about 2(X) characters. 
Besides the ordinary Roman and Italic, the most im- 
portant varieties of face are 

®lb OFngUsI), or Black Cetter, 
©crman 2^ejt, 

Full-face, Antique, jQCm/, 

Old Style, gothic. 

The following alphabets show the different sizes of 
type cast in Amer. and Eng., up to great primer: — 

Brilliant. . • • abcdefphijklmnopqrstnTWxyi 
Diamond . . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstUTirxyi 

Pearl abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 

Agate abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 

Nonpareil . . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 
Emerald. . . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwx 
Minion ." . , . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw 
Brevier .... abcclefghijklmnopqrstuvw 
Bourgeois . . . abcdef ghijklmnopqrstuv 
Long primer . abcdefghijklmnopqrst 
Small pica . . abcdefghijklmiiopqr 

Pica abcdefghijklmnop 

English .... abcdefghijklmn 

abcdef ghijk 

Sizes larger than these are also cast, in the following 
order : Paragon, Double small pica, Double pica. 
Double English, Double great pnmer. Double para^ 
gon, and Canon, q. v. — Type'-found'er, n. One who 
casts or manufactures type. — met''al, n. A com- 
pound of lead and antimony, used for making type. 

writ'er, n. An instrument for writing by means 

of type, in which the operator uses a key-board to 
obtain the impressions of the type upon paper. — 
Typ''ic, -ical, ttp'ik-al, a. Of the nature of a type; 
representing something by a form, model, or resem- 
blance ; emblematic ; figurative. — Typ'ity, v. t. 
[-FIED (-fid), -FYiNG.] To represent by an image, 
form, model, or resemblance. — Typog'raphy, tY- or 
ti-pog-'ra-flf, n. The art of printing, or the operation 
of impressing type on paper. — Typog 'rapher, n. A 
printer. — Typograpli''ic, -ical, tip-o- or ti-po-graf '- 
ik-al, a. Of, or pert, to, typography or printing. — 
Typograph^lcaUy, adv. In a typographical manner; 
by means of type; after the manner of printers. 

Tjrpboid. See_under Typhus. 

Tjrphoon, ti-foon'^, n. A violent tornado or hurricane 
occurring in the Chinese seas ; sometimes, the si- 
moom. 

Typhos, ti'fus, n. (Med.) A contagious or infectious 
and often malignant continued fever attended with 
great prostration and cerebral disorder. — Ty'phonB, 
-fus, a. Of, or pert, to, etc.— Ty'phoid, -fold, a. Of, 
pert, to, or resembling, typhus. — Typhoid Fever. 
A dangerous continued fever, characterized by ul- 
cerations of the intestines ; often caused by use of 
impure water, etc.; enteric fever. — Ty'Dho-mala'- 
rial, -la'rT-al, a. Pert, to typhus and malarial, — aa 
typho-malarial fever, a form of fever having symp- 
toms both of malarial and of typhoid fever. 

Typical, Typiiy, Typography, etc. See under Ttpb. 



Great primer 



eiin, cube, f qII ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; ligger or ink, iiien, boKboN, chair, get. 



TYRANT 



472 



UMBRAGE 



Tyrant, ti^'rant, n. An absolute ruler, or one unre- 
strained by law or constitution; a monarch, or other 
ruler or master, who uses power to oppress his sub- 
jects; a despotic ruler; cruel master; oppressor. — 
Tyran'^nic, -nical, a. Of, or pert, to, a tyrant; un- 
justly severe in government; imperious; despotic; 
cruel ; arbitrary. — Tyran'nlcally, adv. — T3rran''iu- 
cide. n. Act of killing a tyrant ; one who kills a tyrant. 
— Tyr'annize, ttr'an-nlz, v. i. [-nized (-nizd), -niz- 
ING.] To act the tyrant, exercise arbitrary power. — 
V. t. To subject to arbitrary, oppressive, or tyran- 
nical treatment; to oppress. — Tyr'annous, -an-nus, 
a. Tyrannical; arbitrary; despotic— Tyr'anny, -an- 



nl, n. Government or authority of a tyrant; arbitra- 
ry or despotic exercise of power; cruel government 
or discipline; severity; rigor; inplemency. 

Tyrian, tlr't-an, a. Of, or pert, to. Tyre or its people; 
being of a purple color, like a celebrated dye former- 
ly prepared at Tyre from certain shell-fish, and 
called Tyrian purple. 

Tyro, ti'^ro, n. ; pi- -Ros, -roz. A beginner in learning; 
one in the rudiments of any branch of study ; a no- 
vitiate; one imperfectly acquainted with a subject. 

Tzar, zar, Tzarina, za-re''na, etc. Same as Czar, etc. 

Tzetze, zefze, n. An African fly which kills horses, 
dogs, and cattle by its bite. 



U. 



V, yoo,the 21st letter intheEng. alphabet, had, in An- 
glo-Saxon, the sound it still retains in most of the 
languages of Europe — that of oo in cool, tool : this 
Bound was changed to that heard in the words use, 
tube, etc., prob. tr. the attempt to introduce the Nor- 
man-French language into England: besides these 2 
sounds, M has also 2 other sounds, as exemplified in 
the words but, bull. The vowel fhas a close affinity 
to the consonant V. and these 2 letters were former- 
ly confounded in writing and printing. 

XJbiety, u-bi'e-tT, n. State of being in a place; local 
relation. — Ubiq'uity, -bik'wI-tY, n. Existence in all 
places at the same time; omnipresence. — XTbiq'nita- 
ry, -wT-ta-ri:, a. Existing everywhere, or in all places ; 
ubiquitous. — Trbia'tiitotis, -wt-tus, a. Omnipresent. 

TJdder, ud'der, n. The dependent gland of the cow 
and of certain other female quadrupeds, in which 
milk is secreted for the nourishment of the young: 
see Beef. 

tJdometer, u-dom'e-tSr, n. An instrument for meas- 
uring the quantity of rain which falls; a rain-gauge. 

Ugh, 66, interj. An exclamation of horror or recoil, 
— usually accompanied by a shudder. 

TJgly, ug'lt, a. [-LiER; -LiEST.] Offensive to the sight; 
of disagreeable or loathsome aspect ; ill - natured ; 
cross-grained; hateful. — Ug^liness, n. Quality of be- 
ing ugly; want of beauty; turpitude of mind; moral 
depravity; ill-nature; crossness. 

Ukase, u-kas'', n. In Russia, an imperial order hav- 
ing the force of law. 

Ulan, Uhlan, u'lan, n. One of a kind of militia among 
the modern Tartars; one of a light cavalry of Po- 
land, armed with lance, saber, etc. ; a light cavalry- 
man of the German army, employed in foraging, 
outpost duty, etc.; a lancer. 

Ulcer, uKser, n. (Med.) An open sore upon an ex- 
ternal or internal surface, caused by a wound, acute 
or chronic disease, etc., and discharging pus, etc. — 
Ul'cerate, v. i. To become ulcerous. — v. t. To af- 
fect with an ulcer or ulcers. — Ulcera'^tion, n. Pro- 
cess of forming into an ulcer; state of being ulcer- 
ated; an ulcer. — in''cered, -serd, a. Having become 
ulcerous; ulcerated.— Ul'ceroirs, -us, a. Having the 
nature or character of an ulcer; affected with an ul- 
cer or ulcers. 

Ulema, oo-le'ma, n. T he hierarchical corporation, in 
Turkey, composed <jf imams, or ministers of relig- 
ion, muftis, or doctors of law, and cadis, or admin- 
istrators of justice. 

Uliginous, u-lij'l-nus, a. Muddy; oozy; slimy. 

Ullage, uKlej, n. {Com.) "What a cask wants of being 
full. 

Ulna, uKna, n. (Anat.) The larger of the 2 bones of 
the fore-arm: see Skeleton. — Ul-'nar, a. Of, or 
pert, to, the ulna. 

U&ter, uKster, n. A kind of frieze cloth, orig. made 
in Ulster, Ireland; a long overcoat, for either sex, 
orig. made of this cloth. 

Ulterior, ul-te'rT-er, a. Situated beyond, or on the fur- 
ther side; not now in view; in tne future or in the 
background; further; rernoter; more distant; suc- 
ceeding.— Ul'^tiiiiate, -tT-mat, a. Furthest: most re- 



mote; last in a train of progression or consequences^ 
incapable of further analysis, division, or separa- 
tion ; constituent ; extreme ; conclusive. — v. t. & i. 
To come or bring to an end or issue; to end; to come 
or bring into use or practice. — Ul'timately, adv. Fi- 
nally ; at last; in the end. — Ultima 'tion, n. State of 
being ultimate; ultimatum. — Ultdma'tam, n. A fi- 
nal proposition or condition; esp., the final proposi- 
tions, conditions, or terms, offered as the basis of a 
treaty. — Ul'timo, n. The last month preceding the 
present, — contr. to ult. — Ul'tra, -tra, a. Disposed 
to go beyond others, or beyond due limit; radical; 
extreme. — n. One who advocates extreme measures; 
an ultraist. — prefix. Beyond. — Ul'traism, -izm, n. 
Principles of men who advocate extreme measures. 

— Ul'traist, n. One who pushes a principle or meas- 
ure to extremes; a radical or ultra. — Ul'tramarine'', 
-ren', a. Situated or being beyond the sea. — n. 
{Paint.) A blue pigment obtained originally by 
powdering the lapis lazuli, but now made artificially. 

— Ultramon'^tane, -tan, a. Being beyond the moun- 
tains, or Alps, in respect to the one who speaks; Ital- 
ian; pert, to the extreme views of the pope's suprem- 
acy maintained in Rome. — Ultramon'tanism, -ta- 
nizm, n. The principles of those who maintain ex- 
treme views as to the pope's supremacy. — Ultra- 
mun-'dane, -dan, a. Being beyond the world, or be- 
yond the limits of our system. 

Ululate, uKu-lat, v. i. To howl, as a dog or wolf. — 
TJlula'tion, n. A howl, as of the wolf or dog. 

Umbel, Umbelliferous, Umber, etc. See under Um- 
brage. 

Umbilicus, um-biKT-kus, n. {Anat.) A round cicatrix 
about the median line of the abdomen ; the navel. 
{Bot.) The scar left where the stalk of the seed 
separates from the base; hilum. — Umhil'^ic, -ical, a. 
Of, or pert, to, the navel. 

Umbles, um'blz, n.pl. The entrails of a deer; entrails 
in general. 

Umbrage, um^irej, n. Shade ; shadow; that which 
affords shade, as a screen of trees; the feeling of 
being overshadowed; jealousy of another, as stand- 
ing in one's light or way; suspicion of injury; of- 
fense ; resentment. — Umbra''geous, -bra'jus, a. 
rorming7or affording, 
a shade; shading ; 
shady; shaded. — Um- 
bra 'geousness, n.— 
Umbrel'la, -breKla, n. 
A folding shade, car- 
ried in the hand for 
sheltering the person 
from the rays of the 
sun, or from rain or 
snow. — Um'bel, n. 
{Bot.) A kind of flow- 
er cluster in which the 
flower-stalks spread 
moderately from a 
common point, and 
form a common plane 
or convex surface 




Umbel. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; In, ice ; Odd, tone, 6r i 



UMLAUT 



473 



UNCERTAIN 




Umber. 



above, as In the carrot.— Um'bellar, a. Of, pert, to, 
or having the form of, an umbel.— Um''bellate,Um'- 
b«lla^tea, a. Bearing umbels: pert, to an umbel; um- 
bel-like.— TJm'bellet, n. A little or partial umbel.— 
TTmbellif' eroua, -lifgr-us, a. Producing or bearing 
umbels. — Um''ber, n. A natural or artificial pigment, 
of various 
shades of 
brown. ( Or- 
nUh.) Agral- 
latorial Afri- 
can bird, al- 
1 i e d to the 
Btorks : it is 
of an umber 
color, crest- 
ed, and about 
tlie size of a 
crow. _ 
Umlaut, oom'- 
1 o w t , n . 
( Gram.) The 
modification 
of a vowel 
sound 
through the 
influence of 
the vowel in 
the succeed- 
in g syllable 

— peculiar to 

the Germanic languages: as G. mann (= E..ma«), pi. 
maenner (= E. men). 

Umpire, um'plr, n. A 3d person, to whose sole decis- 
ion a controversy or question between parties is re- 
ferred. (Law.) A 3d person, who is to decide a con- 
troversy or question submitted to arbitrators, in 
case of their disagreement. Judge; arbitrator; ref- 
eree. — Um'pireBhlp, n. Office or authority of an 
umpire. — Um'pirage, -pT-rej, n. Power, right, or 
authority to decide; decision of an umpire; arbitra- 
ment. 

Un-, un-, inseparable '/jrefix, (1) a negative prefix, used 
with nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and past partici- 
ples; (2) a verbal prefix, — the two being of distinct 
derivation and uses. (1) Un- may be prefixed to al- 
most any adjective or adverb, to form a meaning the 
negative of that of the simple word, as, unclean, not 
cleaxi, unwisely, not wisely : such compounds are usu- 
ally self-explanatory, and those only are inserted 
in this vocabulary which have acquired a sense dif- 
ferent from that of the simple word; which have the 
value of independent words, because the simple 
word is obsolete or rarely used, as imcouth ; or which 
are in so frequent use that they are hardly felt to be 
of negative origin, as uncertain, uneven, etc.— (2) Un-, 
verbal prefix, expresses the reversal of the action in- 
dicated by the simple word, as, unlock, to open that 
which has been closed by locking. — In the case of 
past participles, 2 words of like spellings, but differ- 
ent signification, are often formed by use of the 2 
prefixes, as, undone (fr. undo), unfastened, ruined, 
undone (fr. un & done), not done, unfinished. 

Unable, un-a'bl, a. Not able; not having sufiicient 
strength, means, knowledge, skill, etc.; impotent. — 
Unaccom'plished, -plisht, a. Not accomplished or 
performed; not refined or polished by culture. — Un- 
accoant''able, a. Not accountable or responsible; 
not to be accounted for; inexplicable; strange; mys- 
terious. — Unadvis'^able, -vlz''a-bl,a. Not advisable; 
not to be recommended ; inexpedient ; contrary to 
prudence or wisdom. — Unadvised'', -vizd', a. Not 
advised; not discreet; done without due considera- 
tion; imprudent; rash; inconsiderate. — Unaffecfed, 
a. Not affected or moved; destitute of affection or 
emotion; not affected, artificial, or formal; plain; 
simple; natural. — Unalloyed', -loid', a. Not alloyed; 
not reduced by foreign admixture ; unmixed; pure. 

— Unambis'uous, -big'u-us, a. Not ambiguous; not 
of doubtful meaning; plain; clear; certain. — Una'- 
miable, -a'mt-a-bl, a. Not amiable; not conciliating 
love ; not adapted to gain affection ; unlovely ; ilt 
natured. — Unaneled', -a-neld', a. Not having re- 
ceived extreme unction. — Unapt', a. Not apt; in- 
apt; dull; unskillful; not qualified or fit; unsuitable. 



— Unavall'ing, -val'ing, n. Of no avail; not having 
the effect desired; ineffectual; usele.ss; vain. — Una- 
void'able, a. Not avoidable ; incapable of being 
made null or void; not to be shunned; necessary; 
inevitable. — Unaware', -a-wSr', o. Not aware; not 
noticing; giving no heed; without thought; inatten- 
tive. — Unaware', -wares', -warz', adv. Without 
previous design or preparation ; suddenly ; unex- 
pectedly. 

— Unbal'anced, -bal'anst, a. Not balanced; not in 
equipoise; not in equipoise or equilibrium; unsteady; 
unsound; not sane. (Com.) Not adjusted; not 
brought to an equality of debit and credit.— Unbal'- 
lasted, p. a. Not furnished with ballast; not kept 
steady by ballast; unsteady; freed from ballast; hav- 
ing the ballast discharged or unloaded. -Unbar', v. 
t. To remove a bar or bars from, unfasten, open. — 
Unbecom'ing, a. Not becoming; improper for the 
person or character; unsuitable; indecent; indeco- 
rous. — Unbegot', -got'ten, a. Not begot; not gener- 
ated; esp., having never been generated; havijig al- 
ways been self-existent; eternal.— UnbeUef, -lef, n. 
The withholding of belief; incredulity; disbelief of 
the divine revelation, or in a divine providence or 
scheme of redemption; skepticism; infidelity. — Un- 
beUev'er, n. One who does not believe; an incred- 
ulous person; one who discredits revelation, or the 
mission, character, and doctrines of Christ; infidel; 
disbeliever; deist; skeptic — Unbeliev'ing, a. Not 
believing; incredulous; discrediting divine revela- 
tion, etc. — Unbend', v. t. To free from flexure, 
make straight; to remit from a strain or from exer- 
tion; to set at ease for a time, relax. (Naut.) To 
unfasten from the yards and stays (sails); to cast 
loose or untie (a rope, etc.) — Unbend'ing, p. a. Not 
suffering flexure; unyielding; resolute; rigid; inflex- 
ible. — Unbi'as, v. t. To free from bias or prejudice. 

— Unbind', v. t. To remove a band from, free from 
shackles, untie, unfasten, loose. — Unblem'ished, 
-blem'isnt, a. Not blemished; free from turpitude, 
reproach, or deformity; pure; spotless. — Unblessed', 
-blest', a. Not blest; excluded from benediction; 
wretched; unhappy. — Unbolt', r. t. To remove a 
bolt from; to unfasten, open. — Unborn', a. Not 
born; not brought into life; still to appear; future. 

— Unbo'som, v. t. To disclose freely; to reveal in 
confidence. — Unboond'ed, o. Having no bound or 
limit; unlimited in extent; infinite; interminable; 
very great ; having no check or control ; unre- 
strained. — Unbow'el, v. t. To deprive of the en- 
trails; to exenterate; to eviscerate. — Unbraid', v. t. 
To separate the strands of; to undo (a braid), disen- 
tangle. — Unbri'dled, p. a. Loosed from the bridle, 
or as from the bridle; unrestrained; violent. — Un- 
bur'den, v. t. To relieve from a burden or burdens; 
to throw off (a burden), unload; to free (the mind or 
heart) from a load, by disclosing something. 

— Uncer'tain, -ser'tin, a. Not certain; rot positive- 
ly known; not to be depended upon; not having cer- 
tain knowledge; not sure of the direction or the re- 
sult; precarious; doubtful; dubious; insecure. — Un- 
cer'tainty, -tin-tY, n. Quality or state of being un- 
certain; doubtfulness; dubiousness; contingency ; 
want of certainty; want of precision; something un- 
known or undetermined. — Unchain', v. t. To free 
from chains, confinement, or slavery. — Unchar'ita- 
blOj a. Not charitable; contrary to charitv; severe 
in judging; harsh; censorious. — Unchaste'', -chast', 
a. Not chaste; not continent; not pure; libidinous; 
lewd. — Unchas'tity, -chfis'tT-tt, n. Want of chas- 
tity; lewdness. — Unchris'tian, -kris'chun, a. Nut 
Christian; not converted to the Christian faith; infi- 
del; contrary to Christianity; unbecoming a Chris- 
tian. — Unchurch',?;, t. To expel from a church; 
to deprive of the character and rights of a church. — 
Uncir^comcis'ion, -ser'kum-sizh'un, n. Absence or 
want of circumcision; those who are not circum- 
cised. — Unciv'il, -siv'il, a. Not civilized; not civil; 
not complaisant; not courteous; impolite; discour- 
teous; uncourtly; rude; clownish; unmannered. — 
Unciv'ilized, -Tzd, a. Not civilized; not reclaimed 
from savage life; rude; barbarous. — Unci'vr'illy, -il- 
IT, adv. — Unclasp', v. t. To open (what is fas- 
tened with a clasp) or loose (the clasp or grasp of). 

— Unclean', a. Not clean ; foul ; dirty ; filthy. 



stin, cube, f yll ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, Hien. boNboN. chair, get. 



UNDAUNTED 



474 



UNGAINLY 



{Jewish Law.) Ceremonially impure. Morally im- 
pure; siniul. — XJnclincli'', v. t. To cause to be no 
longer clinched; to open, as the closed hand. — Un- 
close', -kloz', V. t. To open, disclose, lay open. — 
Uncom''fortable, a. Not comfortable; affording no 
comfort; gloomy; giving uneasiness. — UnGom''mon, 
a. Not common; not usual; remarkable; strange; 
rare; scarce; unwonted; unusual. — Uncom''moidy, 
adv. In an uncommon manner or degree; unusual- 
ly; rarely.— Uncom'promis'ing, -miz'ing, a. Not ad- 
mitting of compromise; not agreeing to terms; mak- 
ing no truce or concession; obstinate; unyielding; 
inflexible. — Unconcern'', a. Want of concern; ab- 
sence of anxiety; freedom from solicitude. — Uncon- 
cerned', -sernd', a. Not concerned; not anxious; 
feeling no solicitude ; easy in mind; carelessly se- 
cure. — Uncondi'tional, -dish'un-al, a. Not condi- 
tional, limited, or conditioned; absolute; unreserved. 

— Uncon'scionable, -sliun-a-bl, a. Not conscionable ; 
not conformed to reason; unreasonable; inordinate; 
enormous; vas-t. — Uncon'scious, -shus, a. Not con- 
scious; not having consciousness; not made the ob- 
ject of consciousness or of distinct perception ; imper- 
ceptible. —Uncon''stitu'tional, a. Not constitution- 
al; not according to or permitted by the constitution; 
contrary to the constitution.— Unconverted, a. Not 
converted; not changed, as in opinion, or from one 
faith to another; esp., not persuaded of the truth of 
the Cliristian religion, or to accept Christ as one's per- 
sonal Savior; unregenerate; sinful; impenitent. — 
Uncoup'le, -kup'l, v. t. To loose, as dogs from their 
couples; to set loose, disjoin. — Uncourt'eous, -kerf- 
yus, a. Not courteous; uncivil; impolite; not kind 
and complaisant ; rude. — Uncouth.'', -kooth', a. 
Having awkward manners; not pleasing in appear- 
ance; strange; odd; unseemly; awkward; boorish; 
cltHnsy. — Uncov'er, v. t. To take the cover from, 
divest of covering, lay open; to take off the hat or 
cap of, bare the head of. — v. i. To take off the hat, 
bare the head in token of respect. — Unculfure, 
-kul'cher, n. Want of culture or education. 

— Undaont'ed, a. Not daunted; not to be subdued or 
depressed by fear; bold; fearless; intrepid. — Unde- 
ceive', -sev', V. t. To cause to be no longer deceived; 
to free from deception, cheat, fallacy, or mistake. — 
Undeni'able, a. Not deniable; incapable of denial; 
palpably true; obvious. — Undeni'ably, adv. In an 
undeniable manner; so plainly as to admit no con- 
tradiction or denial. — Undesign'ing, -zm'ing, p. a. 
Sincere; upright; artless; having no artful or fraud- 
ulent purpose. — Undis'ciplined, -sT-plind, a. Not 
disciplined, exercised, or taught; raw. — Undo', -doo', 

V. t. [imp. UNDID ; p. p. UNDONE ; UNDOING.] To 

reverse (what has been done), annul; to loose, open, 
take to pieces, unfasten, untie; to bring to poverty, 
ruin, as in reputation, morals, etc. — Undo'er, n. 
One who undoes or brings destruction. — Undone', 
-dun', p. p. of undo. Annulled; destroyed; ruined. 

— a. Not performed or completed. — Undoubt'ed, a. 
Not doubted; not called in question ; indubitable ; 
indisputable.— Undoubt'edly, adv. In an undoubted 
manner; without doubt; without question ; indubit- 
ably. — Undress', v. t. To divest of clothes, strip; to 
deprive of ornaments, disrobe. {Med.) To take the 
dressing or covering from, as a wound. — Un'dress, 
n. A loose, negligent dress. {Mil. Sc J^aval.) Author- 
ized habitual dress of officers and soldiers, but not 
full uniform. — Undue', -du', a. Not due; not yet 
owing; not agreeable to a rule or standard, or to du- 
ty; disproportioned ; excessive ; immoderate ; inor- 
dinate. — Undu'ly, adv. In an undue manner; not 
according to duty or propriety; not in proper pro- 
portion; excessively. 

— Unearth', -erth', v. t. To drive or draw from the 
earth, uncover; to bring out from concealment, bring 
to light, disclose. — Unearth'ly, a. Not terrestrial ; 
supernatural ; preternatural. — Unea'sy, -e'zt, a. 
Not easy ; restless ; disturbed ; unquiet ; disturbed 
by pain, anxiety, etc. ; not easy in manner ; con- 
strained; stiff; awkward; occasioning want of ease; 
cramping ; disagreeable ; unpleasing. — Unea'sily, 
-zT-lT, adv. — Unea'siness, n. — Unend'ing, a. Not 
ending ; everlasting ; eternal. — Une'qual, -kwal, a. 
Not equal; not matched; not of the same size, length, 
breadth, quantity, strength, talents, acquirements 



age, station, etc.; not uniform; not regular. — Une'- 
qualed, -kwald, a. Not equaled or to be equaled ; 
unparalleled; unrivaled. — Une'qually, adv. In an 
unequal manner; not equally; in different degrees. 

— Unerr'ing, -er'ing, a. Committing no mistake; 
Incapable of error; incapable of failure; certain. — 
Une'ven, -e'vn, a. Not even; not level; not uniform; 
rough ; not equal ; not of equal length. — Uneven 
number. A number not divisible by 2 without a re- 
mainder ; an odd number. — Une'venness, n. — Un- 
exam'pled, -egz-am'pld, a. Having no example or 
similar case ; without precedent ; unprecedented ; 
unparalleled. — Unezcep'tionable, -eks-sep'shun-a- 
bl, a. Not liable to any exception or objection; un- 
objectionable; faultless; good; excellent. — Unexcep'- 
tidnably, adv. — Unexpect'ed, a. Not expected ; 
coming without warning; not provided against; sud- 
den. — Unexpect'edly, adv. 

— Unfail'ing, p. a. Not failing ; not liable to fail ; 
not capable of being exhausted. — Unfair', -fEr', a. 
Not fair ; not honest ; not impartial; disingenuous ; 
using or involving trick or artifice. — Unfair'ly, adv. 

— Unfair'ness, n. — Unfaith'ful, -ful, a. Not faith- 
ful; not observant of promises, vows, allegiance, or 
duty ; violating trust or confidence ; perfidious ; 
treacherous ; disloyal ; undutif ul. — Unfaith'fully, 
adv. — Unfaith'fulness, n. — Unfas'ten, -f as'n, v. t. 
To loose, unfix, unbind, untie. — Unfath'omable, 
-f a&'um - a - bl, a. Not fathomable ; not to be 
sounded with a line of ordinary length; too deep 
to be measured. — Unfa'vorable, a. Not favorable; 
not propitious; not disposed or adapted to counte- 
nance or support; adverse; contrary; discouraging. 

— Unfei'vorably, adv. — Unfeel'ing, a. Destitute of 
feeling ; void of sensibility ; insensible ; without 
kind feelings ; cruel ; hard-hearted. — Unfet'ter, v. 
t. To loose from fetters, unshackle ; to free from 
restraint, set at liberty;. — Unfll'ial, -fil'yal, a. Un- 
suitable to a son or child; undutif ul; not becoming 
a child. — Unfin'ished, -fin'isht, a. Not finished ; 
not brought to an end ; imperfect ; incomplete. — 
Unfit', a. Not fit; unqualified; improper; unsuit- 
able. — v. t. To make unsuitable, deprive of the 
strength, skill, or proper qualities for anything; to 
disqualify. — Unfit'ly, adv. In an unfit manner; 
not properly; unsuitably. — Unfit'ness, n. — Unfix', 
V. t. To loosen from a fastening, detach from any- 
thing that holds, unhinge. — Unfold', v. t. To opea 
the folds of, expand, spread out ; to open (anvthing 
covered or close), lay open to view or contemplation; 
to release from a fold or pen, display, disclose, re- 
veal, declare, tell. — Unformed', -f ormd', p. a. Hav- 
ing the form destroyed; not formed; not arranged 
into regular shape, order, or relations. — Unformed 
stars. (Astron.) Stars not grouped into any con- 
stellation. — Unfort'unate, -f5rt'u-nat, a. Not fortu- 
nate; not prosperous; unlucky; attended with mis- 
fortune ; unhappy. — Unfort'unately, adv. — Un- 
found'ed, a. Not founded; not built or established; 
having no foundation; baseless; vain; idle. — Un- 
fre'quent, -kwent, a. Not frequent; not happening 
often; infrequent. — Unfrequent'ed, a. Rarely vis- 
ited; seldom resorted.to by human beings. — Unfre'- 
quently, adv. — Unfriend'ed, -f rend'ed, a. Wanting 
friends; not countenanced or supported. — Unfriend'- 
ly, -ll, a. Not friendly ; not kind or benevolent ; 
hostile ; not favorable ; not adapted to promote or 
support^any object. — Unfriend'liness, n. — Unfruit'- 
fal, -froot'tul, a. Not producing fruit; barren; not 
producing olfspring; not prolific ; not producing 
good effects or works; unproductive; not fertile. — 
Unfruit'fulness, n. — Unfurl', -f erl', v. t. [-fueled 
(-ferld'), -FUELING.] To loose from a furled state, 
unfold, expand, open, spread. — Unfur'nish, v. t. To 
strip of furniture, divest, leave naked. 

— Ungain'ly, -gan'lt, a. Not expert or dexterous; 
clumsy; awkward; uncouth. — Ungen'er-ous.-jen'er- 
us, a. Not generous; illiberal; ignoble; unkind; dis- 
honorable. — Ungird', -gerd', v. t. [-girded or -gikx 
(-gerf), -GiEDiNG.] To loose from a girdle or band, 
unbind.— Unglue', -glu', v. t. To separate (anything 
gluedorcemented).— Ungod'ly,-n:,a. Not godly ; neg- 
lecting the fear and worship of God ; wicked ; impi- 
ous; sinful; polluted by sin or wickedness. — Ungod'- 
linesB, n. — Ungov'emable, -guv'5rn-a-bl, a. Not ca- 



£m, fame, far, p&ss or opera, fare ; 5nd, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 8dd, tone, 8r ; 



UNHALLOW 



475 



UNPACK 



pabie of being governed, ruled, or restrained; licen- 
tious; wild; unbridied.— Ungov'emably, cKiv. — Un- 
grace^fol, -ful, a. Not graceful ; not marked with 
ease and dignity ; wanting beauty and elegance ; 
awkward; clumsy. — Ungra^e'fally, adv. — Ungra'- 
cioas, -Khus, a. Not gracious; showing no grace or 
kindness of heart ; without good will ; offensive ; 
unpieasing; unacceptable; not favored. — Ungrate'- 
ful, a. Not grateful; not thankful for favors; un- 
pieasing; unacceptable; disagreeable.'— Ungrate 'ful- 
ly, adv. 

— Unhal'low, -lo, v. t. To profane, desecrate. — Un- 
hal'lowed, -lod, p. and a. Not hallowed, or con- 
secrated ; unholy ; profane ; impious. — Unhand'- 
some, -han'sum, a. Not handsome; not beautiful; 
ungraceful ; unbecoming ; unfair ; illiberal ; disiu- 

?enuous; not generous or decorous; uncivil; unpo- 
ite. — Unhand'somely, adv. — Unhand'y, -T, a. Not 
handy ; not dexterous; not ready in the use of the 
hands; awkward; not convenient. — Unhand'Hy, 
-T-lI, adv. — Unhap'py, -pT, a. Not happy or fortu- 
nate ; unfortunate; unlucky; in a degree miserable 
or wretched; marked bj'' infelicity; distressed; evil; 
afflicted; calamitous; miserable ; wretched. — Un- 
hap'pily, -pl-ll, ac/i.— Unhap'piness, n. — Unhar- 
mo'nious, -mo^nt-us, a. Not harmonious; inharmo- 
nious. — Unhar^'ness, v. t. To strip of harness; to 
disarm, divest of armor. — Unliealtk''fulness, -helth'- 
ful-nes, n. Qualitv of being unhealthy; unwhole- 
someness ; insalubriousness. — Unliealth''y, -\, a. 
Wanting health; habitually weak or indisposed; un- 
sound; wanting vigor; abounding with disease; un- 
favorable to the preservation of healtli ; insalubri- 
ous; unwholesome; not indicating health or result- 
ing from health; morbid. — Unhealth'ily, -T-lI, adv. 

— Unhealth'inesB, n. — Unheard', -herd', o. Not 
heard; not perceived by the ear; without having 
stated one's side of a question or made a defense ; 
not known by fame ; not illustrious ; obscure. — 
Unhinge', -hinj', v. t. To take from the hinges ; to 
displace, unfix bv violence; to render unstable or 
wavering. — UnMtch', -hich', v. t. To free from 
being hitched, or as if from being hitched. — Unho'- 
ly, a. Not holy; not hallowed; not consecrated; pro- 
fane; wicked; impious. — Unhorse', v. t. To throw 
from a horse, cause to dismount. — Unhouse', 
-howz', V. t. To drive from a house or habitation, 
dislodge ; to deprive of shelter. — Unhous'eled, 
-houz'ld, a. Not having received the sacrament. 

— Unhurt', a. Not hurt; not harmed; free from 
wound or injury; safe^nd sound. 

— Unimpeacn'able, -pech'a-bl, a. Not to be im- 
peached ; exempt from liability to accusation ; free 
from stain, guilt, or fault ; irreproachable ; blame- 
less. — Unin'terested, a. Not interested ; not hav- 
ing any interest or property in ; having nothing at 
stake; not having the mind or the passions engaged. 

— Unin'terrupt'ed, a. Not interrupted or broken ; 
continuous. 

— Unjoint', v. t.- To disjoint. — Unjoint'ed, p. a. 
Having no joint or articulation ; disjointed. — Un- 
just', a. Acting contrarj' to the standard of right 
established by the divine' law; not animated or con- 
trolled by justice ; contrary to justice and right ; 
wrongful. — Unjust'ly, adv. 

— Unkempt', -kemt', a. Not combed ; slovenly ; 
unpolished; rough. — Unkind', a. Wanting in kind- 
ness or benevolence; cruel; harsh. — Unkind'ly, -II, 
a. Not kind; unkind; unnatural; contrary to nature; 
unfavorable ; malignant. — adv. In an unkindly 
manner; without affection ; cruelly; unnaturally. — 
Unknit', -nit', v. t. [-knit or -knitted; -kxitting.] 
To separate (threads that are knit) ; to open, loose 
(work that is Jcnit or knotted); to smooth (a brow). 

— Unlace', -las', v. t. To loosen or remove the cord, 
lacing, or strings by which a thing is drawn to- 
gether or fastened; toloose the dress, etc., of. {Naiit.) 
To loose and take off, as a bonnet from a sail, or to 
cast off, as any lacing in any part of the rigging of a 
vessel. — Unlade', -lad', v.'t. [imp. -laped ; p. p. 
-LADED or -LADEN (-la'dn), -LADING.] To Unload, 
take out the cargo of; to remove (a load or burden), 
discharge. — Unlash', v. t. {Naut.') To loose (that 
which is lashed or tied down). — Unlatch', v. i. To 
open or unfasten by lifting the latch.— Unlaw'ful, a. 



Not! 
law. 
Tount 

ignorant; illiterate; not instructed; not gained by 
studv; not known; not suitable to a learned man. — 
Unlike', a. Not like; dissimilar; diverse; having no 
resemblance. — Unlike'ly, a. Not likely; improba- 
ble; not to be reasonably expected; likely to fail; un- 
promising. — adv. In an unlikely manner ; improb- 
ably.— Unlike'ness, 71. Want of resemblance; dis- 
similitude.— Unlim'feer, r. t. (J/j7.) To detach the 
limber from. —Unlim'ited, a. Not limited; having 
no bounds ; boundless ; undefined ; indefinite ; not 
bounded by proper exceptions ; unconfined ; not re- 
strained. —Unload', V. t. To take the load from, 
discharge of a load or cargo, disburden ; to relieve 
from anything onerous or troublesome. {Stock Ex- 
change.) To sell out (stock). — Unlock', v. t. To 
unfasten (what is locked) ; to open, in general ; to 
lay open. — Unloose', v. t. To loose, unfasten, let 
go, set free, — v. i. To fall in pieces, loose all con- 
nection or union. — Unloos'en, -loos'n, v. t. To 
loosen, unloose. [The words unloose and unloosen 
are not necessary, the idea being expressed by loose 
and loosen.'] —Unlovely, -luv'lT, a. Not lovely; des- 
titute of the qualities which attract love, or posses- 
sing q^ualities that excite dislike ; disagreeable; dis- 
pleasing. — Unluck'v, -T, a. Not lucky ; unfortu- 
nate; not successful; unhappy; ill-omened; inaus- 
picious ; slightly mischievous ; mischievously wag- 
gish. —Unluck'ily, -I-lI, adv. — Unluck'iness, n. 

— Unmake', -mak', r. «. [-made, -making.] To de- 
stroy or change the form and qualities of, deprive of 
being, uncreate. — Unmal'leable, -mal'le-a-bl, a. 
Not malle^le; not capable of being hammered into 
a plate, or of being extended by beating. — Unman', 
V. t. [-MANNED (-mand'), -manning.] To emascu- 
late, deprive of virility ; to deprive of the courage 
and fortitude of a man; to dishearten, deject; to de- 
prive of men. — Unmanly, a. Unsuitable to a man; 
effeminate ; not worthy of a noble mind ; ignoble ; 
base; ungenerous; cowardly. — Unman'nerly, -n6r- 
IT, a. Not mannerly; not having good manners; ill 
bred ; rude in behavior. — Unmask', v. t. To strip 
of a mask or of disguise; to lay open, expose. — Un- 
mean'ing, a. Not meaning ; destitute of meaning 
or signification ; inexpressive; not indicating intelli- 
gence.— Unmer'chantable, -mer'chant-a-bl, a. Not 
ht for market ; unsalable, — said of goods damaged 
or imperfect, or offered in too large a bulk or too 
small a quantity, or superseded by some other article, 
etc. — Unmer'ciiful, -st-ful, a. Not merciful ; indis- 
posed to mercy or grace ; cruel ; inhuman ; uncon- 
scionable; exorbitant.— Unmistak'able, -tak'a-bl, o. 
Incapable of being mistaken or misunderstood ; 
clear ; evident ; pronounced ; distinct. — Unmoor', 
-moor', V. t. (N'aut.) To cause to ride with a sin- 
gle anchor, after having been moored by 2 or more 
cables ; to loose from anchorage. — Unmuf' ne, -fi, 
V. t. To take a covering from (the face); to remove 
the muffling of (a drum). — Unmuz'zle, -zl, v. t. To 
loose from a muzzle; to remove a muzzle from. 

— Unnat'ural, -nach'u-ral, a. Not in conformity to 
nature; contrary to the laws of nature; contrary to 
the natural feelings ; acting without the natural af- 
fections. — Unnat'urally, adv. — Unnec'essary, 
-nes'es-sa-rY, a. Not necessary ; not required by 
the circumstances of the case; useless; needless. — 
Unneigh'borly, -na'ber-lT, a. Not neighborly; not 
suitable to the duties of a neighbor; unfriendly; un- 
kind. — Unnerve', -nerv', v. t. To deprive of nerve, 
force, or streno;th; to weaken, enfeeble. 

— Unos'tenta'tious, -os'ten-ta'shus, a. Not osten- 
tatious; not boastful; not making show and parade; 
modest; unassuming; not glaring; not showy. 

— Unpack', v.t. To open (things packed); to re- 
move the contents of (a trunk, case of goods, etc.). 

— Unpal'atable, a. Not palatable; offensive to the 
taste ; nauseous. — Unpar'alleled, a. Having no 
parallel or equal; unequaled ; unmatched. — Un- 
par'liament'ary, -iT-ment'a-rt, a. Contrary to the 
usages or rules of proceeding in Parliament or in 
legislative bodies ; not permissible in, etc. — Ua- 
pin', V. <. To loose from pins; to unfasten (what 
is held together by pins). — Unpleas'ant, -plez'ftBt, 



Biin, cQbe, full ; moon, fdbt ; cow, oil; ligger or ink, tiiCn, boirboK, chair, get. 



UNQUALIFIED 



476 



UNTANG-LE 



a. Not pleasant; displeasing. — Unpleas'antly, adv. 
— Unpleas''antness, n.— Unpop''ular, a. Not popular; 
not having the public favor; disliked by the people 
and community. — Unpop'ular''ity, -u-lSr-'I-tl, n. 
State of being unpopular. — Unprec'edented, -pres'- 
e-dent-ed, a. Having no precedent or example; not 
preceded by a like case ; not having the authority 
of prior example; novel ; new. — Unprec'edentedly, 
adv. — Unprej'udiced, -prej-'u-dist, a. Not preju- 
diced ; free from undue bias or prepossession ; im- 
partial; not warped by prejudice. — tjnpretend''ing, 
a. Not pretending; making no pretense; not claim- 
ing distinction ; modest. — Unpretend''ingly, adv. 

— Unprin'cipled, -sT-pld, a. Not having settled | 
principles ; having no good moral principles ; desti- 1 
tute of virtue ; profligate. — Unproduc'tive, -tiv. a. \ 
Not productive ; barren; not producing large crops; i 
not making profitable returns for labor; not profita- j 
ble ; not producing profit or interest, as capital ; not 
efficient; not producing any effect. — ■D'nprof''itable, 
«. Not profitable; bringing no profit; producing no 
gain, improvement, or advantage; useless. — TJn- 
prof-'itably, adv. — Uiiprom''ising, a. Not promis- 
ing ; not affording a prospect of success, excellence, 
profit, etc. — Unpros''peroiis, a. Not prosperous ; 
not attended with success ; unfortunate. 

— UnquaKified, -kwoKT-fid, a. Not qualified; not 
having the requisite talents, abilities, or accomplish- 
ments ; not having taken the requisite oaths ; not 
modified or restricted by conditions or exceptions ; 
absolute; unconditional' — 'D'nqaes''tionable, a. Not 
questionable ; not to be questioned ; not to be 
doubted: indubitable ; certain. — Unques'tionably, 
adv. — Unqui''et, a. Not quiet; not calm or tranquil; 
restless ; uneasy ; agitated ; disturbed. — IJiiqui''et- 
ness, n. 

— Unrav''el, -rav'l, v. t. To disentangle, disengage, 
or separate (threads that are knit) ; to clear from 
complication or difficulty ; to unfold, solve ; to sep- 
arate the connected or united parts of; to throw into 
disorder, confuse. — TJnread''y, -red'T, a. Not ready 
or prepared; not prompt or quick; slow; awkward; 
clumsy. — Unr6''al, a. Not real; unsubstantial: 
having appearance only. — Unreasonable, -re'zn-a- 
bl, a. Exceeding the bounds of reason ; claiming 
or insisting on more than is fit : immoderate ; exor- 
bitant; inordinate. — Unreli''able, a. Not reliable; 
not to be depended upon ; not trustworthy. — Unre- 
mifting, a. Not abating ; not relaxing for a time; 
incessant ; continued ; persevering. — Unreserved', 
-zervd', a. Not reserved; not retained when a part 
is granted ; not limited or restrained ; not withheld 
in part ; full ; entire ; concealing or withholding 
nothing: free; open; frank. — Unrest', «. Want of 
rest orrepose; unquietness; uneasiness. — Unrid'dle, 
-dl, V. t. To read the riddle of ; to solve or explain. 
— Unrighfeous, -ri'chus, a. Not righteous; not just; 
€vil; wicked; contrary to law and equity; unjust. — 
Unrighteousness, n. — Unrip', v. t. To rip. [The 
prefix in this word is superfluous, as unrip signifies 
simply to rip.] — Unripe', -rip', a. Not ripe; not 
mature ; not brought to a state of perfection ; not 
seasonable; not yet proper; not prepared ; not com- 
pleted. — Unroll', -rol', v. t. To open (what is 
rolled or convolved); to display, lay open. — Unruf- 
fled, -fid, a. Not ruffled; calm; tranquil ; peaceful ; 
quiet. — Unru'ly, -roo'lT, a Not submissive to rule; 
disregarding restraint ; disposed to violate law ; apt 
to break over fences and escape from inclosures; 
ungovernable; turbulent; refractory. 

— Unsad'dle, -dl, v. t. To strip of a saddle, take the 
saddle from; to throw from the saddle, unhorse. — 
Unsafe', a. Not safe; not free from danger; exposed 
to peril; dangerous; perilous; hazardous. — Unsa'- 
vory, -ver-T, a. Not savory; having no savor; taste- 
less; insipid; disagreeable to the taste or smell; of- 
fensive; disgusting. — Unsay', v. t. To recant or re- 
call (what has been said); to retract, take back again. 
—Unscrew',!), t. To draw the screws from; to loosen 
or withdra^v (a screw) by turning it. — Unscru'pu- 
lous, -skroo'pu-lus, a. Not scrupulous; having no 
scruples ; unprincipled ; unrestrained ; ruthless. — 
Unseal', v. t. To break or remove the seal of; to 
open (what is sealed) ; to disclose. — Unsearch'a- 
ble, a. Not searchable ; impenetrable by search- 



ing or exploring; inscrutable; hidden; mystenons. 

— Unsea'sonable, -se'zn-a-bl, a. Not seasonable ; 
not in the proper season or time ; iiyimed ; un- 
timely; beyond the usual time; late: not suited to 
the time or occasion; unfit; not suited to time of the 
year. — Unsea'sonably, adv. In an unseasonable 
manner; not seasonably; not in due time, or not in 
the usual time. — Unseat', v. t. To throw from the 
seat; to deprive of a seat. — Unsea'worthy, a. Not 
in a fit state, as to soundness of timbers, state of re- 
pairs, equipments, crew, and all respects, to encoun- 
ter the perils of a sea-voyage. — Unseem'ly, a. Not 
seemly: not fit or becoming; uncomely; unbecom- 
ing; indecent. — adv. In an unseemh' 'or unbecom- 
ing manner ; indecently. — Unseen', a. Not seen ; 
not discovered; invisible; not discoverable. — Un- 
set'tle, -set'tl. v. t. To move or loosen from a fixed 
state ; to unhinge, make uncertain or fluctuating, 
unfix, disconcert, displace, confuse, disorder.— v. t. 
To become unfixed. — Unshack'le, -shak'l, v. t. To 
loose from shackles or bonds, set free from restraint, 
unfetter. — Unsheathe', -shetii', v. t. To draw from 
the sheath or scabbard, as a sword ; hence, to un- 
sheathe the sword sometimes signifies to commence 
or make war. — Unship', v. t. To take out of a ship 
or other water-craft; to remove (any part or imple- 
ment) from the place in a ship, etc., where it is 
fixed or fitted. — Unsight'ly, a. Not sightly; disa- 
greeable to the eye; ugly; deformed. — Unskill'ful, 
a. Not skillful; wanting the knowledge and dex- 
terity acquired by observation, use, and experience; 
awkward ; bungling ; clumsy. — Unso'ciable, -so'- 
sha-bl, a. Not sociable ; not inclined to society ; 
averse to companionship or conversation; solitary; 
reserved. — Unso'ciabil'ity, -sha- bil'T-tl. n. — Un- 
sound', a. Not sound; wanting anything essential; 
deficient ; defective ; diseased ; decaj^ed ; infirm ; 
sickly ; not sound in character ; not honest ; not 
faithful ; not to be trusted; not .sincere; deceitful; 
not orthodox ; ill-founded ; erroneous ; wrong, so- 
phistical ; not close ; not compact ; not solid ; not 
strong ; not fast ; not calm ; not well established ; 
questionable. — Unspar'ing, -spar'ing, a. Not spar- 
ing; not parsimonious; liberal; profuse. — Unspeak'- 
able, a. Not speakable; incapable of being uttered 
or adequately described ; inexpressible ; unuttera- 
ble; ineffable. — Unspot 'ted, a. Not spotted; free 
fcom spot ; free from moral stain ; untainted with 
guilt ; unblemished ; immaculate. — Unstead'y, 
-sted'T, a. Not steady; not constant: mutable; va- 
riable; changeable. —Unstead'ily, -T-lt, adv.—Vn- 
stock', V. t. To deprive of a stock, remove the 
stock from; to remove from the stocks, as a ship. — 
Unstop', V. t. To free from a stopple, as a bottle or 
cask; to free from any obstruction, open. — Unstring', 
V. t. r-STRUNG', -String'ing.] To deprive of strings; 
to relax the tension of, loosen; to take from a string. 

— Unsuccess'fol, -ses'ful, a. Not successful; not 
producing the desired event; not fortunate: meeting 
with, or resulting in, failure; unhappy. — Unsuit'a- 
ble, -sut'a-bl, a. Not suitable; not a'dapted; unfit; 
unbecoming; improper. — Unsuit'ably, adv. — Un- 
swear', -sw£r, v. t. & i.[imp. -swore (-sw6r'); p.p. 
-SWORN; -SWEARING.] To recant or recall (an oath); 
to recall after having sworn. 

— Untan'gle, -tan'gT, v. t. To loose from tangles or 
intricacy, disentangle. — Unteach', v. t. [-taught 
(-tawf), -TEACHING.] To cause to forget, or lose 
from memory (what has been taught). — Unthink'- 
ing, a. Not thinking; not heedful; inconsiderate; 
not indicating thought or reflection; thoughtless. — 
Unthread', -tnred', v.t. To draw or take out a thread 
from; to deprive of ligaments, loose the ligaments or 
threads of. — Untie', v. i. [-tied (-tid'), -tying.] To 
loosen, disengage the parts of (a knot); to free from 
any fastening, let loose, unbind; to loosen from coils 
or convolution; to free from hindrance or obstruc- 
tion; to resolve, unfold, clear. — Untime'ly, a. Not 
timely; happening before the usual or natural time; 
premature: unseasonable. — adv. Before the natu- 
ral or usual time; prematurely; unseasonably. — Un- 
told', a. Not told; not related; not revealed; not 
numbered or counted.— Unto'ward, -to'ard, a. Fro- 
ward; perverse; refractory; awkward; ungraceful; 
inconvenient ; troublesome : unmanageable. — Ub- 



Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve. term ; Ttn, ice ; 8dd, tone, ftr ; 



UNUSUAL 



477 



UNDER 



to'waxdly, adi'. Perversely. — a. Perverse ; fro- 
ward; awkward; untoward. — Unto'' wardnesB, ji. — 
tJBtrav'eled, -eld, a. Not traveled; not trodden by 
passengers; having never seen foreign countries; not 
having gained experience by travel. — Untrue', 
-troo', a. Not true; false; contrary to the fact; not 
faithful; inconstant; not fullilling duties; false; dis- 
loyal. — Untru'ly, aju. In an untrue manner; not 
truly; falsely; not according to reality. — Untruth', 
n. The quality of being untrue; contrariety to truth; 
falsehood; want of veracity; treachery; want of fi- 
delity; that which is untrue; a false assertion; lie; 
falsenood. — Untwine', v. t. To untwist, disentan- 
gle, separate (that which winds or clasps). — Un- 
twist', r. t. or t. To separate and open (threads 
twisted); to turn back that which is twisted, or as 
that which is twisted ; to open, disentangle (intri- 
cacy). 

— Unu'sual, -u'zhu-al, a. Not usual; uncommon; 
rare. — Unu'sually, adv. — Unut'terable, a. Inca- 
pable of being uttered or expressed; ineffable; inex- 
pressible. 

— Unvail', -val', v. t. To remove a vail from ; un- 
veil. — Unval'ued, -ud, a. Not valued: without val- 
ue ; having no value ; invaluable. — Unvary'ing, n. 
Not altering ; not liable to change. — Unvar'nisned, 
-var'nisht, a. Not overlaid with varnish; not arti- 
ficially colored or adorned; not artfully embellished; 
plain. — Unveil',-val', v. t. To remoVe a veil from, 
divest of a veil, uncover, disclose to view. 

— Unwarped', -w6rpt', a. Not warped; not biased; 
not turned from the true direction; impartial. — Un- 
war'rantable, -wQr'rant-, a. Not warrantable; in- 
defensible; not vindicable; not justifiable; illegal; 
unjust ; improper. — Unwar'rantably, adv. — Un- 
wa'ry, -rT, a. Not vigilant against danger; not cau- 
tious; unguarded; precipitate. — Unwa'rily, ac/i'. — 
Unwa'riness, n. — Unwea'ried, -we'rid, a. Not wea- 
ried; not fatigued or tired: persistent; not tiring or 
wearying: indefatigable. — Unweave', -wev', v. t. To 
unfold, undo (what has been woven). — Unwell', a. 
Not well; indisposed; not in good health; somewhat 
ill; ailing; ill from menstruation; affected with, or 
having, catamejiial discharges; menstruant. — Un- 
whole'some, -hol'sum, o. Not wholesome; unfavor- 
able to liealth; insalubrious: pernicious: injudicious. 

— Unwhole'someness, n. — Unwield'y, -weld'l, a. 
Not wieldy ; movable with difficulty : unmanagea- 
ble; bulky; ponderous. — UnwUl'ing, a. Not will- 
ing; loath: disinclined; reluctant. — UnwiU'ingly, 
adv. In an unwilling manner ; not cheerfully : re- 
luctantly. — Unwill'ingness, n. — Unwind', v. t. 
[-WOUND, -WINDING.] To wind off; to loose or sep- 
arate (what is wound or convolved); to disentangle. 

— V. i. To be or become unwound; to be capable of 
being unwound. — Unwise', a. Not wise: defective 
in wisdom : injudicious ; indiscreet ; foolisli. — Un- 
wise'ly, ac/i-. — Unwit 'tangly, adv. Without knowl- 
edge or consciousness ; ignorantly. — Unwont'ed, 
-wunt'ed, a. Not wonted; unaccustomed; unused; 
not made familiar by practice; uncommon; unusu- 
al : infrequent ; rare. — Unwent'edly, adv. In an 
unwonted or unaccustomed manner. — Unwont'ed- 
ness, 71. — Unwor'thy, -wer'tlit, a. Not worthy; un- 
deservinff; wanting merit; having no worth or val- 
ue; worthless; ill; base; unbecoming; discreditable; 
not becoming or suiting. — Unwor'thily, adv. — Un- 
wor'thiness, n. — Unwrap', -rap', v. t. To open or 
undo (what is wrapped or folded). — Unwreathe', 
-redi', ):. t. To untwist or untwine; to untwist or 
undo (anj'thing wreathed). —Unwrit'ten, -fit'tn, a. 
Not written ; not reduced to writing ; verbal ; con- 
taining no writing; blank. 

— Unyield'ing, -yeld'ing, a. Not yielding; unbend- 
ing; unpliant; stiff; firm; obstinate. — Unyoke', v. t. 
To loose or free from a yoke; to part, disjoin, dis- 
connect. 

Unanimous, Unanimity; etc. See under Unit. 

Unapt, Unbar, Uncertain, etc. See under Unable. 

Uncial, un'shal, a. Of, containing, pert, to, or deno- 
ting, letters of a large size, compounded between 
the capital and smaller characters, some of the let- 
ters resembling the former, and others the latter, 
used in ancient Greek and Latin MSS. — n. An un- 
cial letter. 



Unciform, un'sT-f6rm. a. Having a curved form. 
Uncle, unk'l, a. The brother of one's father or 

mother. 
Unclean, Unconcern, Uncouth, etc. See under Un- 

.\BLE. 

Unction, unk'shun, n. Act of anointing, smearing, 
or rubbing with an unguent, oil, or ointment, esp. 
for medical purposes, or as a symbol of consecra- 
tion ; an unguent; ointment; that quality in lan- 
guage, address, etc., which excites emotion, esp. 
strong devotion ; religious fervor and tenderness. 

— Extreme unction. {Rom. Cath. Ch.) The appli- 
cation of sacred oil to the head, the hands, and the 
feet, of a dying person. — Unct'uous, -u-us, a. Fat; 
oily; greasy, — Un'guent, un'gwent, n. A soft com- 
position used as a topical remedy for sores, burns, 
etc.; ointment. 

Undated. See under Undulate. 

Undaunted, Undeniable. See under Unable. 

Undecagon. See under Unit. 

Under, un'der, prep. In a lower position with re- 
spect to; so as to be covered, overhung, or over- 
topped by ; beneath ; below ; in relation to some 
thing or person that is superior, weighs upon, op- 
presses, bows down, governs, directs, powerfully 
influences, etc.; in relation to something that ex- 
ceeds in rank or degree, in number, size, weight, 
etc.; in relation to something that comprehends or 
includes, that represents or designates, that fur- 
nishes a cover, pretext, pretense, etc.; in the rela- 
tion of being subject, of undergoing regard, treat- 
ment, etc. — adv. In a lower, subiect, oj subordinate 
condition; in subjection, — used chiefly in a few 
phrases. — a. Lower in rank : subordinate. — Un, 
der arms. {Mil.) Fully armed and equipped, so 
as to be ready for action ; drawn up in readiness 
to use arms. — U. fire. "With exposure to fire; ex- 
posed to an enemy's shot; taking part in an action. 

— U. sail. {Naut). Having the sails set; in motion. 

— U. sentence. Having had sentence pronounced 
against — U. the breath. With low voice ; very 
softly. — U. the lee. {A^aut.) To the leeward. — 
W. the rose. See Rose. — If. way. {Naut.) In a 
condition to make progress ; in progress ; having 
started. — Underbid', v. t. To bid or offer less 
than, as in auctions or contracts; to offer to do or 
furnish for a less price. — Un'derbrush, ?!. Shrubs 
and small trees in a wood or forest, growing be- 
neath large trees ; undergrowth. — XJnderclu5"ge', 
V. t. To charge below or under: to charge less than 
is usual or suitable. — Underdo', v. i. [imp. -did; 
p.p. -done; -DOING.] To act below one s abilities; 
to do less than is requisite.— 1-. «. To do less than 
is requisite; to cook insufficiently. — Undergo', v. t. 
[imp. -WENT; p. p. -gone; -going.] To be subjected 
to, bear, pass through, suffer, sustain. — Un'der- 
growth, n. That which grows under trees; shrubs 
or small trees growing among large ones. — Un'der- 
hand, adv. By secret means; in a clandestine man- 
ner: by fraud; by fraudulent means. — a. Secret; 
clandestine, — usually implyino^ meanness or fraud, 
or both. — Un'derhand'ed, a. Underhand; clandes- 
tine.— Underlay', V. t. [-laid, -laying.] To lay 
beneath, support by something laid under. — Under- 
let', v. t. To let below the value; to let or lease at 
second hand; to let under a lease. — Underlie', v. t. 
[imp. -LAY; -LAIN; p.p. -LYING.] To lie under, rest 
beneath, be situated under; to be at the basis of, form 
the foundation of, support. — v.i. To lie below or 
under. — Underline', v. t. To mark a line below 
(words); to underscore. —Un'derling, n. An infe- 
rior person or agent; a mean, sorry fellow. — Un- 
dermine', V. t. To excavate the earth beneath, esp. 
for the purpose of causing to fall or be overthrown; 
to sap; to remove the foundation or support of by 
clandestine means; to ruin in an underhand way. 

— Undermin'er, n. — Un'dermost, a. Lowest in 
place, rankj_ state, or condition. — Underneath', 
-neth' or -neth, adv. Beneath; below; in a lower 
place. — prep. Under: beneath. — Underpay', v. t. 
To pay too little. —Underpin', v. t. To lay stones 
under, as the sills of a building, on which it is to 
rest ; to place something underneath for support. 

— Un'derpin'ning, n. Act of one who underpins; 
the stones on which a building immediately rests. 



sfin, cube, full ; moon, f(56t ; cow. oil : linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



UNDERPLOT 



478 



UNIT 



1 



— ITn^derplot, n. A series of events in a play, pro- 
ceeding collaterally with the main story, and sub- 
servient to it; a clandestine scheme. — Underprop', 
V. t. To prop from beneath, support. — Umderrate'', 
V. t. To rate too low, rate below the value, under- 
yalue. — Undemm'', v. t. To run or pass under; 
esp., to pass along and under, as a cable, for the 
purpose of taking in, or of examining, the condi- 
tion of it. — Underscore'', v. t. To draw a mark 
or line under. — Undersell', v. t. [-sold, -selling.] 
To sell the same articles at a lower price than ; 
to sell cheaper than. — Un'dershot, a. Moved by 
water passing beneath, — said of a water - wheel, 
and opp. to overshot: see Water-wheel. — Under- 
sign', -sin', V. t. To write one's name at the foot or 
end of (a letter or any legal instrument). —Un'der- 
sized, -sizd, a. Of a size less than is common. — 
Understand', v. t. [-stood, -standing.] To have 
just and adequate ideas of; to apprehend the mean- 
ing or intention of; to know; to be apprised, have 
information of ; to hold or suppose to mean; to in- 
terpret, ascribe intention to; to mean without ex- 
pressing, imply. — v.i. To have the use of the in- 
tellectual faculties; to be informed by another; to 
learn. — Understand'ing, n. Act of a person who 
understands anything; an agreement of opinion or 
feeling ; adjustment of differences ; anything mu- 
tually understood or agreed upon; power to under- 
stand; the intellectual faculty; power to distinguish 
truth from falsehood, and to adapt means to ends; 
the discursive faculty; the faculty of knowing by 
the medium or use of general conceptions or rela- 
tions; knowledge; discernment; interpretation; ex- 
planation; belief; harmony; sense ; reason; intelli- 
gence; perception. — Understate', u. <• To state or 
represent less strongly than the truth will bear. — 
Un'derstrap'per, n. A petty fellow; inferior agent. 
— Undertake', v. t. [imp. -took; p. p. -taken; -tak- 
ing.] To take upon one's self, engage in, enter upon, 
set about, attempt; to lay one's self under obliga- 
tions, or enter into stipulations, or covenant or con- 
tract, to perform or execute. — v. i. To take upon or 
assume any business or province ; to promise, be 
bound. — Undertak'er, n. One who undertakes ; 
esp., one who takes the charge and management of 
funerals. — Undertak'ing, n. That which is under- 
taken; any business, work, or project which a per- 
son engages in, or attenipts to perform; enterprise; 
attempt; engagement. — Underval'ue, v. t. To value, 
rate, or estimate below the real worth ; to esteem 
lightly, treat as of little worth, despise. —Under- 
went. See Undergo. — Underwork', v. t. [-worked 
or -wrought, -working.] To do like work at a less 
price than; to undermine, destroy by clandestine 
measures. — v. i. To work or labor upon less, or for 
a less price than is sufficient or proper. — Under- 
write', V. t. [imp. -wrote; p. p. -written; -writ- 
ing.] To write under something else; to subscribe; 
to set one's name to (a policy of insurance) for the 
purpose of becoming answerable for loss or dam- 
age, for a certain premium per cent. — Un'derwrit'- 
er, n. An insurer, — so called because he under- 
writes his name to the conditions_ of the policy. — 
ITn'der-clothes, -kloftis, colloq. -kloz, n.pl. Clothes 
worn under others, or next the skin. — cnr'rent, n. 
A current below the surface of water, sometimes 
flowing in a contrary direction to that on the sur- 
face; an unseen influence, tendency, etc. — drain, n. 
A covered drain or trench below the surface of the 
ground, with joints or openings through which the 
water may percolate from the soil or ground above. 
— V. t. To drain by forming a covered channel be- 
low the surface. — grad'oate, n. A student or 
member of a university or college, who has not 
taken his first degree. — ground, a. Being below 
the surface of the ground. — lease, n. {Law.) A 
lease granted by a tenant or lessee. — ten'ant, n. 
The tenant of a tenant ; one who holds lands or 
tenements of a tenant. — tone, n. A low or sub- 
dued tone or utterance. — tow, n. A current of 
water below, in a diif erent direction from that on 
the surface ; backward flow of a wave. — wood, n. 
Small trees that grow among large trees; coppice. — 
-world, n. The lower or inferior world ; the antip- 
odes; Hades. 



Undesigning, Undo, Undue, etc. See under Unable. 

Undulate, un'du-lat, v. t. To move with a wave-like 
motion; to cause to vibrate. — v. i. To have a wave- 
like motion; to move with successive rise or swell 
and fall ; to wave, vibrate. — Undula'tion, n. A 
waving motion or vibration. {Med.) The move- 
ment of a fluid collected in any natural or artificial 
cavity, which is felt by pressure or by percussion. 
(Miis.) A rattling or jarring of sounds, as when dis- 
cordant tones are sounded together. (Physics.) A 
motion to and fro, up and down, or from side to 
side, in any fluid medium, propagated continuously 
among its particles, but with no translation of the 
particles themselves corresponding to the propaga- 
tion of the wave; a vibration. — Un'dulatory, -la-to- 
rt, a. Moving in the manner of waves; resembling 
the motion of waves, which successively rise or 
swell and fall; pert, to a propagated alternating mo- 
tion, as of waves. — Undulatoi-y theory. {Opt.) That 
theory of light which regards its various phenomena 
as due to undulations in an ethereal medium, prop- 
agated from the radiant with immense, but meas- 
urable, velocities, and producing different impres- 
sions on the retina according to their amplitude and 
frequency: the theory of ethereal undulations is ap- 
plicable not only to the phenomena of light, but 
also to those of heat, chemical power, etc.: the undv- 
latory theory is opp. to the corpuscular or emanation 
theory of light, according to which light is a mate- 
rial fluid or substance of extreme subtilty. — Un'- 
dated, -da-ted, a. {Bot.) Having a waved surf ace ; 
rising and falling in waves toward the margin, as a 
leaf . — Undine', -den', M. A female water-spirit. ' 

Unduly, Unearth, Unfair, etc. See under Unable. 

Ungual, un'gwal, a. Of, pert, to, or resembling a nail, 
claw, or hoof; having a nail, claw, or hoof attached, 
— said of certain bones of the feet. — Unguic'ular, 
-gwik'u-ler, a. Of, or pert, to, a claw or nail. — 
Unguic'ulate, -lated, a. Having claws ; clawed. 
{Bot.) Furnished with a claw, that is, a -narrow 
base, as the petal in some flowers. — Un'gulate, a. 
Shaped like a hoof; having hoofs. 

Unguent. See under Unction. 

Unicorn, Uniform, Union, etc. See under Unit. 

Unit, u'nit, n. A single thing or person; the least 
whole number ; one ; any definite length, weight, 
time, or other determinate quantity (considered as 1 
quantity) by comparison with wmch other quanti- 
ties are measured.— U'nity, -nt-tt, n. State of being 
one; singleness; oneness; union; conjunction; agree- 
ment ; uniformity ; concord ; harmony. {Miih.) 
Any definite quantity, or aggregate of quantities or 
magnitudes, taken as one, or for which 1 is made to 
stand in calculation. {Poet. & Khet.) One of the 
principles by which a uniform tenor of story and 
propriety of representation are preserved; conform- 
ity in a composition to these principles. [In the 
Greek drama, the three unities required were those 
of action, of time, and of place ; in other words, that 
there should be but one main plot; that the time 
supposed should not exceed 24 hours; and that the 
place of the action before the spectators should be 
one and the same throughout the piece.] {Fine Arts 
& Mus.) Such a combination of parts as to constitute 
a kind of symmetry of style and character. {Law.) 
The peculiar characteristics of an estate held in undi- 
vided shares b\' 2 or more; joint-tenancy. Union; one- 
ness; junction; concord; harmony. — Unite', -nit', 
V. t. To put together or join, as 2 or more constitu- 
ents, to form a whole; to cause to adhere; to join 
by a legal or moral bond, as families by marriage, 
nations by treaty, men by opinions; to associate, 
add, annex, coalesce, attach, continue, connect. — 
V. i. To become one, be cemented or consolidated, 
coalesce, grow together; to join in an act, act in con- 
cert. — Unit'edly, -nit'ed-lT, adv. With union or 
joint efforts. — Unit'er, n. — Unita'rian, -nt-ta'rt- 
an, n. One who denies the doctrine of the Trinity, 
believing that God exists only in one person ; one 
opposed to dualism, in philosophy, science, etc. — a. 
Of, or pert, to, Unitarians, or to their doctrines; of, 
or pert, to, a system of philosophy, science, etc., 
which is opposed to dualism. — Unita'rianigm, -izm, 
n. Doctrines of Unitarians. — U'nitary, -a-rt, a. Of 
the nature of a unit; not double. — Unique', -nek', 



&m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Qdd, tone, dr ; 



UNION 



479 



UP 




Unicom. 



a. Witnout a like or equal; unmatched: single in 
kind or excellence. — «. Something unequaled or 
unparalleled. — Un'ion, un'yun, n. Act of uniting 
or joining 2 or more things into one ; state of being i 
united or joined; agreement; conjunction of mind, '. 
spirit, will, affections, etc. ; harmony ; something 
formed by a combination or coalition of parts or 
members; a confederation; consolidated body ; the 
upper, inner corner of an ensign, in distinction from 
the rest of the flag, which is called the Jiy. — Un- ; 
'ion down. A signal of distress at sea made by re- 
versing the flag, or turning its union downward. — 
TJn'ionist, n. One who ad- 
vocates or promotes union ; 
esp., a loyal supporter of a 
federal union, as that of 
the U. S. — Un'ion-jack, n. 
(i\raM<.) A small flag con- 
taining only the union, 
without the fly. See Jack. 

— U'nicom, -uT-korn, n. A 
fabulous animal with one 
horn, — often represented 
in heraldry as a supporter. 
An animal of some un- 
known kind, so called in 
King James's translation 
(the A. V.) of the Old Tes- 
tament Scriptures : it was 
probably some species of 
wild ox. — U'niform, -nl- 
f8rm, a. Having always the same form, manner, 
or degree; of the same form with others; conform- 
ing to one rule or mode; consonant; consistent with 
itself at all times. — w. A dress of the same kind, 
by which persons are purposely assimilated who be- 
long to the same body, whether military, naval, or 
any other. — Uniform^ity, -T-tT, n. Quality of being 
uniform ; resemblance to itself at all times ; con- 
formity to a pattern or rule; resemblance, conso- 
nance, or agreement; consistency; sameness; simili- 
tude between the parts of a whole ; continued or 
unvaried sameness or likeness. — TJ''niform'ly, adu. 
In a uniform manner; without variation or diver- 
sity. — U-'nify, -nT-fi, v. t. [-fied (-lid), -fying.] 
To cause to be one, make into a unit, unite, view as 
one ; to reduce to unity or uniformity. — U'nifica'- 
tion, n. Act of so uniting with another as to make 
1 being; act of unifying, or state of being unified. 

— Unau'lmous, -T-mus, a. Of one mind; agreeinjr : 
in opinion or determination; harmonious; formed 
with, or indicating, unanimity; with the agreement 
of all. — 'D'nanlin''ity, -nim'I-tT, 71. State or quality 
of being unanimous; agreement in opinion or de- 
termination. — Unip''arous, -a-rus, a. Producing one 
at a birth. — U'liiped, -nl-ped, a. Having only 1 
foot. — Unira'dia'ted, a. Having 1 ray. — Unise''- 
rial, -se'ri-al, a. Having only 1 row or series. — ; 
U'^nison, -nt-zun, n. Harmony; agreement; con- | 
cord: union. (Mus.) An accordance or coincidence 
of sounds proceeding from an equality in the num- 
ber of vibrations made in a given time by a sono- 
rous body. — a. Sounding alone. (J/us.) "Sounded 
together. — TJnis''onance, -nis'- 
o-nans, n. Accordance of 
sounds. — Unis''onant, o. Being 
in unison; having the same de- 
gree of gravity or acuteness. — 
UniB'onotts, -o-nus, a. Being 
in unison. — U'liivalve, -nt- 
valv, n. (Zool.) A mollusk 
whose shell is composed of a 
single piece, as the snail. — 
U'liivalve, -valved, -valvd, a. 
Having 1 valve only, as a shell 
or pericarp. — Univalv'ular, -u- 
ler, a. Having 1 valve only. ^- 
TJmvers'al, -vers'al, a. Ex- 
tending to, or affecting, the 
whole number, quantity, or 
space; pert, to or pervading all; ^j Vnivo 
all-embracing; unlimited; con- univaive. 
stituting or considered as a whole ; total ; whole ; 
comprising particulars, or all the particulars; gen- 
eral; all. — n. {Logic.) A general abstract concep- 



tion, so called from being universally applicable 
to, or predicable of, each individual or species con- 
tained under it; a universal proposition, or one in 
wliich the subject is taken in its widest extent, 
and the predicate applies to everything which the 




subject can denote 
churchof Godin 
the world. — U. 
Joint, {ilach.) A 
contrivance for 
joining 2 shafts 
or parts of a ma- 
chine endwise, so 
that the one may 
give rotary mo- 
tion to the other 
when forming an 
angle with it, or 'rr' 
may move freely O 
in all directions, 
as by means of a 
cross connecting 
the forked ends 
of the 2 shafts. — 
Univers'a 11 s m, 
-izm, n. (Theol.) 
The doctrine or 



Universal church. The whole 




Single and Double Universal 
Joint. 

(1.) a, b, shafts ; 

(2.) a, 6, shafts 

necting link 



double joint. 

t, joints ; d, con- 



belief that aU men will be saved or made happy in 
a future life.— Univers''alist, n. One who holds the 
doctrine that all men will be saved. — JT'niversal''- 
ity, -T-tT, n. State or quality of JSeing universal; 
unlimited extension or application. — Univers'ally, 
-al-lt, adv. In a universal manner; with extension 
to the whole; without exception. — n'mverse, n. 
The entire mass or system of suns, worlds, etc., fill- 
ing all the regions of space; all created things viewed 
as constituting one sj'stem or whole; the world.— 
Univer'sity, -st-tl, ?i. A universal school, in which 
are taught all branches of learning, or the 4 faculties 
of theology, medicine, law, and the sciences and 
arts; an assemblage of colleges established in any 
place, with professors for instructing students ia 
the sciences and other branches of learning, and 
where degrees are conferred. — TJniv'ocal, -niv'o- 
kal, a. Btaving 1 meaning only; having unison of 
sound, as the octave in music, and its replicates. — 
n. (Aristotelian Logic.) A generic term applicable 
in the same sense to all the species it embraces. A 
word having but 1 meaning. — Univ'ocally, adv. In 
a univocal manner; in I term; in 1 sense. — TJndec'- 
agon, -dek'a-gon, n. {Geom.) A figure having 11 
sides and 11 angles. 

Unjust, Unkind, Unlace, etc. See under Unable. 

Unless, un-les', conj. Except; if not; supposing that 
not; at or for less. 

Unlike, Unsafe, Untie, etc. See under Unable. 

Until, un-til', prep. To; till; as far as, — in respect 
to time. — conj. So far as; to the point that ; to the 
place_or degree that; up to the time that; till. — Un'- 
to, -too, prep. To, — now used only in antiquated, 
formal, or Scriptural style. 

Untold, Unusual, Unwell, etc. See under Unable. 

Up, up, adv. Aloft; on high; toward a higher place; 
in a higher position ; above ; from a lower to a higher 
position; in a higher place or position; to or in a po- 
sition of equal advance or equality : not short of, 
back of, less advanced than, away from, — usually 
followed by to or with; to or in a state of completion; 
completely; wholly; quite. — n. The state of being 
up or above; state of elevation, prosperity, etc. — 
prep. From a lower to a higher place ; on or along ; 
at a higher situation upon; at the top of. — The time 
is up. The allotted time is past ; the appointed mo- 
ment is come. — To blow up. To inflate, distend ; to 
destroy by an explosion from beneath ; to reprove 
angrily, scold. — To come up with. To reach in fol- 
lowing, overtake. — To draw up. To arrange in 
due order, put in proper form. — To grow up. To 
grow to maturity. — Uptosnu^. Experienced; alert 
and knowing. — up and down. From one place, state, 
or position, to another; backward and forward. — 
Ups and downs. Alternate states of elevation and 
depression, or of prosperity and the contrary. — Up 
sound. {Ifaut.) From the sea. — Up stream. From 
the mouth toward the head of a stream; against the 



eiin. cube, full ; moon, f<J6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



UPAS 



480 



ITRSA 



stream. — Up the country. In a direction toward the 
head of a stream or river. — Up^per, a. Further up, 
higher in situation, position, rank, dignity, etc.; su- 
perior. — Upper case. The top one of a pair of com- 
positor's cases, used to hold capitals, small capitals, 
and references. — U. ten thousand. The ten thou- 
sand hishest in wealth or position; the upper class ; 
the aristocracy, — often abbreviated to upper ten. — 
Up^most, Up'permost, a. Highest; topmost ; su- 
preme. — Up'pish, a. Proud; arrogant ; assuming ; 
putting on airs of superiority. — Up'right, -rit, a. 
In an erect position or posture; pointing directly 
upward; perpendicular; adhering to rectitude in all 
social or business intercourse ; lionest ; just ; con- 
formable to moral rectitude. — n. Something stand- 
ing erect or perpendicular. —Up'rightly, adi\ In 
an upright manner: perpendicularly. — TJp''side, n. 
The upper side; the part that is uppermost. — Upside 
doivn. With the upper part undermost; in confu- 
sion; in complete disorder; topsj'-turvv. — Up'' ward, 
a. Directed to a higher place. — Up'ward, -wards, 
adv. In a direction from lower to higher ; toward 
a higher place; toward the source or origin; in the 
upper parts; above; yet more; indefinitely. 

Upas, u'pas, n. A tree common in the forests of Java 
and of the neighboring isles, the milky sap of which 
is poisonous: it was formerly believed, in Europe, to 
be a solitary tree of so deadly a nature that no plant 
or animal could live within miles of it. 

Upbear, up-bar', v. t. [imp. -bore ; p. p. -borne ; 
-BEARING.] To bear up, raise aloft, elevate, sustain. 

Upbraid, up-brad', v. t. To charge with something 
wrong or disgraceful; to reprove severely, bring re- 
proacn on, chide, blame, censure, condemn. 

Upheave, up-hev', v. t. To heave or lift up from be- 
neath. — Upheav'al, n. Act of upheaving; a heav- 
ing or lifting up, esp. of the earth's crust. 

Uphill, up'hil, a. Ascending; going up; attended with 
labor; difficult. 

Uphold, up-hold', V. t. [-HELD (-HOLDEN, obs.); -HOLD- 
ING.] To hold up, lift on high, elevate ; to support, 
sustain, keep from falling, maintain; to give moral 
support_to, countenance. — Uphold'er, n. — UphoK- 
ster, -hoKster, v. t. To supply (houses, rooms, etc.) 
with beds, furniture, curtains, etc.; to fit (furniture, 
etc.) with cushions, coverings, or hangings of cloth. 
— Uphol'sterer, n. One who upholsters furniture, 
rooms, etc. — UphoKstery, -ster-T, n. Articles sup- 
plied or work done by upholsterers. 

Upland, up'land, n. High land; ground elevated above 
the meadows and intervals which lie on banks of 
rivers, near the sea, or between hills. — a. High in 
situation; being on upland; of, or pert, to, uplands. 

Uplift, up-lift', V. t. To lift or raise aloft, raise, ele- 
vate. — Up'- 

lift,W. (GeoZ.) ^^K^^^fiS?!S^^IS[^^::?^^Srrft 

An upheaval ^'^^^^^^ '"'='"'-"""' '^'- *'■'—'*' "* ^^^--= 
of strata, so 
as to disturb 
their regular- 
itj' and uni- 
formity, and 
occasion 
folds, dislo- 
cations, etc. 

Upmost. See 
under Up. 

Upon, up-on-', 
prep. On, — used in all the senses of that word, with 
which it is interchanseable. 

Upper, Uppermost, Uppish. See under Up. 

Upper-hand, up''per-hand', M. Ascendency; superior- 
ity. 

Upper-leather, up'per-leth'er, n. The leather for the 
vamps and quarters of shoes. 

Uprear, up-rer-', v. t. To raise, rear. 

Upright, etc. See under Up. 

Uprise, up-riz'', v. i. [imp. -rose; p. p. -risen; -ris- 
ing.] To rise up, get up, rise. 

Uproar, up'ror, n. Great tumult; violent disturbance 
and noise; bustle and clamor. — Uproar ''ious, -T-us, 
n. Making, or accompanied by, a great uproar, or 
noise and tumult. 

Uproot, up-root', v. t. To root up, tear up by the roots, 
or as if by the roots; to eradicate. 




Uplift Dislocation in Strata of Rock 
or Slate. 



Uprouse, up-rowz', v. t. To rouse up, rouse from sleep, 
awake. 

Upset, up-set', v. t. [-set, -setting.] To set up, put 
upright; to overturn, overthrow, overset. — n. An 
overturn ; overthrow, as of a carriage. — a. Set up ; 
fixed; determined. — Upset price. Price for which 
goods offered at auction are started by the auction- 
eer, or the lowest price at which they can be sold. 

Upshot, up'shot, w. Final issue; conclusion; end. 

Upside, etc. See under Up. 

Upstart, up-starf, V. i. To start or spring up sudden- 
ly. — Up'start, n. Something that starts or springs 
up suddenly; one suddenly arisen from low life to 
wealth, power, or honor; a parvenu. 

Upturn, up-tern'', v. t. To turn up, direct upward, 
throw up. 

Upward. See under Up. 

Uranium, u-ra'nTf-um, n. (lEn.) A metal of a reddish- 
brown color, commonly obtained in a crystalline 
form. — Uranog'raphy, -nog'ra-f T, n. A description 
of the heavens, and the heavenly bodies; uranology. 
— Uranol'ogy, -o-il, n. A discourse or treatise on 
the heavens and the heavenly bodies. — U'ranns, n. 
iAstron.} One of the primary planets: it is about 
1,800,000,000 miles from the 
sun. — Ura'nia, -nT-a, n. 
{Myth.) The muse of astron- 
omy, daughter of Zeus by 
Mnemosyne. See Muse. 

Urban, er'Dan, a. Of, or belong- 
ing to, a city.— Urbane' , 
-ban', a. Courteous in man- 
ners ; polite ; courteous ; re- 
fined. — Urban'ity, -bSn't-tl, 
n. Quality of being urbane ; 
civility or courtesy of man- 
ners; politeness; suavity; affa- 
bility; courtesy. 

Urchin, er'chin, n. A hedge- 
hog ; a mischievous elf sup- j 
posed sometimes to take tfie 
form of a hedgehog; a child; 
a pert or rough little fellow; 
an echinus. 

Ureter, Urethra. See under 
Urine. 

Urge, erj, v. t. [urged (erjd), 
urging.] To press, push, drive, impel, force on- 
ward; to ply with motives, arguments, persuasion, 
or importunity ; to press hard upon, follow closely; 
to present in an urgent manner, press upon atten- 
tion; to treat with forcible means; to take severe or 
violent measures with; to animate, incite, instigate, 
stimulate, encourage. — Ur'gent, -jent, a. Urging; 
pressing ; besetting ; plj'ing with importunity ; in- 
stantly important ; requiring haste ; forcing itself 
upon notice. — Ur'gency, -jen-sT, n. Quality of being 
urgent; importunity; earnest solicitation; pressure 
of necessity. 

Urlm, u'rim, n. A part of the breastplate of the high, 
priest among the ancient Jews, in connection with 
which Jehovah revealed his will on certain occasions. 
See Thummim. 

Urine, u'rin, n. A brackish, amber-colored fluid secre- 
ted by the kidneys, whence it is conveyed into the 
bladder by the ureters, and through the urethra dis- 
charged. — U'rinal, -rin-al, n. A vessel for contain- 
ing urine; a convenience for urinating purposes. — 
U'rinary, a. Of, or pert, to, urine; resembling, or of 
the nature of, urine. — U'rinate, v. i. To discharge 
urine, make water. — U'rina'tive, -tiv, a. Provok- 
ing the flow of urine; diuretic. — U'rinose', -rin-os', 
U'rinous, -us, a. Pert, to urine, or partaking of its 
qualities; having the character of urine. — Ure'ter, 
n. (Anat.) One of the excretory ducts of the kid- 
ney, a tube conveying the urine from the kidney 
to the bladder. — Ure'thra, -thra, n. The canal by 
which the urine is conducted from the bladder and 
discharged. — Ure'thral, a. Of, or pert, to, the ure- 
thra. 

Urn, em, n. A vessel of various forms, usually largest 
in the middle, and furnished with a foot or ped- 
estal. — V. t. To inclose in, or as if in, an urn. 

Ursa, er'sa, n. A bear. — Ursa Major. (Astron.) 
The Great Bear, one of the most conspicuous of the 




Urania. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; 5dd, tone, 5r i 



us 



481 



VACANT 



northern constella- 
tions, situated near 
the pole. — U. Minor. 
The Little Bear, the 
constellation nearest 
the north pole : it 
contains the pole- 
star. — Ur'sifonn, 
-sT-f8rm, a. In the 
shape of a bear. — 
Ur'sinc-sin, a. Of, 
pert, to, or resemb- 
ling, a bear. — Ur'su- 
line, -su-lin, w. {Rom. 
Cath. Church.) One 
of an order of nuns, 




Ursa Major. 



BO called from St. Ursula, under whose protectiori it 
was placed. 

tJs, us, pron. pi. The objective case of we. 

Use, us, n. Act of employing anything, or of apply- 
ing it to one's service ; application ; eniplo^'ment; 
conversion to an act or purpose; occasion or need to 
employ; necessity; advantage derived; usefulness; 
utility; continued or repeated practice; customary 
employment; usage; custom. (Latv.) The benefit 
or profit of lands and tenements. — Use, uz, v. t. 
[USED (uzd), usiXG.] To make use of, convert to 
one's service, put to a purpose; to behave toward, 
act with rerard to, treat; to practice customarily; to 
accustom, habituate. — v.i. To be wont or accus- 
tomed; to practice customarily. — Us'' able, a.- Capa- 
ble of being used. — Us'age, -ej, n. Act of using; 
mode of using or treating; treatment; conduct with 
respect to a person or thing: long-continued prac- 
tice; habitual use; method; customary use, as of a 
word in a particular sense or signification, or the 
signification itself. — Us'ance, -ans, ?i. {Com.) The 
time which, by usage or custom, is allowed in cer- 
tain countries for the payment of a bill of ex- 
change. — Use'ful, us'f ul, a. Full of use, advantage, 
or profit ; producing, or having power to produce, 
good; beneficial; profitable. — Use'less, a. Having 
no use; unserviceable; producing no good end j_ an- 
swering no valuable purpose. — Us'ual, u'zhoo-al, 
a. In use; such as occurs in ordinary practice, or 
in the ordinary course of events ; customary ; or- 
dinary; frequent. — Us'ually, adv. — Usucap'tion, 
-kap'shun, n. {Civil Law.) Acquisition of the title 
or right to property by the uninterrupted and un- 
disputed possession of it for a certain term pre- 
scribed by law ; prescription. — U'sufruct, -zhoo- 
frukt, n. ^Law.) The right of using and enjoying 
lands and tenements or receiving the fruits and 
profits of a thing or estate without the right to alien- 
ate or impair the property itself. — Usiuract''uary, 
-u-a-rT, n. One who has the use of property and 
reaps the profits of it. — a. Of, pert, to, or in the na- 
ture of, a usufruct. — Usurp', -zerp'', v. t. j^usurped 
(-zSrpt'), USURPING.] To seize and hold in posses- 
sion by force or without right; to arrogate, assume, 
appropriate. — Usurpa'tion, «. Act of usurping, or 
of seizing, or occupying and enjoying, the power or 
property of another without nght. — Usurp'er, n. 

— U'sury, -zhoo-rT, ?i._ Orig. interest ; practice of 
taking interest;_illegal interest; exorbitant interest. 

— U'surer, -zhoo-rer, n. One who lends money at 
a rate of interest beyond that established by law. — 
Usu^'rious, -zhoo'rT-us, a. Practicing usury; taking 
exorbitant interest for the use of money ; partak- 
ing of , or containing, usury. — Uten''sil, n. An in- 
strument; implement; esp., an instrument or vessel 
used in a kitchen, or in domestic and farming busi- 



ness. — Util'ity, -T-tT, 71. State or quality of being 
useful ; production of good ; usefulness"; advanta- 
geousness; benefit; profit; avail; service. — Util'lta'- 
rian, -I-ta^rl-an, a. Consisting in, or pert, to, util- 
ity ; pertaining to utilitarianism. — n. One who 
holds the doctrine of utilitarianism.— Util'ita'riaii- 
ism, -izm, n. The doctrine that the greatest happi- 
ness of the greatest number sliould be the end and 
aim of all social and political institutions; doctrine 
that virtue is founded m utility; doctrine that util- 
ity is the sole standard of virtue, so that virtue is 
indicated and tested by its apparent usefulness. — 
U'tilize, -til-iz, v. t. [-iz'ed (-Tzd), -izing.] To make 
useful, turn to profitable account or use. — U'tiliza'- 
tion, n- Ace of, or state of being, etc. 
Usher, ush-'er, n. One in charge of the door of a court, 
hall, or chamber; one who seats persons in a church 
or other place of assembly; an officer who introduces 
strangers, or walks before a person of rank; an un- 
der teacher or assistant to the preceptor of a school. 

— v.t. [USHERED (-erd), -BEING.] To introduce, as an 
usher, forerunner, or harbinger; to forerun. 

Usquebaugh, us'kwe-baw, n. A kind of whisky made 
in Ireland and Scotland; a liquor compounded of 
brandy, raisins, cinnamon, and other spices. 

Ustion, ust'yun, n. Act of burning ; state of being 
burned. 

Usual, Usurp, Usury, Utensil, etc. See under Use. 

Uterus, u'te-rus, J). (Anat.) The womb. [L.] — U'ter- 
ine, -ter-in, a. Of, or pert, to, the womb ; born of 
the same mother, but by a different father. 

Utility, Utilize, etc. See under Use. 

Utmost, ufmost, a. Situated at the furthest point or 
extremity ; furthest out ; most distant ; extreme ; 
last; being in the greatest or highest degree. — n. 
The most that can be; the greatest power, degree, or 
effort. — Ufter, a. [Positive ivanting ; superl. ut- 
termost or UTMOST.] Situated on the outside, or 
remote from the center; outer; complete ; perfect; 
total; final; peremptory; absolute: mere; entire; 
quite. — V. t. [uttered (-terd), -tering.] To put 
in circulation, as money; to put off, as currency; to 
cause to pass in trade; to give expression to, disclose, 
publish, speak, deliver, give forth, discharge, pro- 
nounce. — Ut'terable, a. Capable of being uttered, 
pronounced, or expressed. — Ufterance, -ans, n. 
Act of uttering; sale; circulation; expression; pro- 
nunciation; manner of speaking; vocal expression. 

— Ut'^terer, n. — Utiterly, adv. In an utter man- 
ner; to the full extent; fully; perfectiv; totally. — 
Tlftermost, a. Extreme; utmost.— n. Utmost; high- 
est degree or measure; extremest thing or degree 
possible; utmost power or extent. 

Utopia, u-to'pt-a, n. An imaginary island, represented 
by Sir Thoiiias More, in a work called Utopia, as en- 
joying the greatest perfection in politics, laws, etc.; 
a place or state of ideal perfection. — Uto^pian, a. 
Of, pert, to, or resembling, Utopia ; ideal ; chimer- 
ical ; fanciful. — Uto''pianism, -izm, n. Quality or 
practice of any utjopian person or scheme ; a chi- 
merical scheme. 

Utricle, u'trl-kl, n. A little bag or bladder ; a little 
cell, as the air-cell of a fucus or seaweed. {Physiol.) 
A microscopic cell in the structure of an egg, ani- 
mal, or plant. 

Utter, Utterance, etc. See under Utmost. 

Uveous, u^'ve-us, a. Resembling a grape. — U'vula, 
-vu-la, n. {Anat.) The fleshy conical body sus- 
pended from the lower border of the soft palate. 

Uxorious, ugz-o''rt-us, a. Submissively or excessively 
fond of a wife. — Uxor'icide, -er''sTd, )i. Murder of 
a wife by her husband; one who murders his wife. 



V. 



V, ve, the 22d letter of the Eng. alphabet, represents 
a uniform consonant sound, as heard in vain, eve: 
its form is onlj' a variety of the character by which 
the vowel U is denoted, the latter being in its origin 
the cursive character employed with soft materials, 



while V is brtter adapted for engraving on stone: 
the 2 letters were formerly used indiscriminately, 
the one for the other. 
Vacant, va^'kant, a. Deprived of contents ; empty: 
not filled; unengaged with business or care; ,unen> 



efin, cube, full ,- moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 
SI 



VACCINATE 



482 



VALIANT 



ployed; unoccupied; not occupied with an incum- 
bent, possessor, or officer ; not occupied with study 
or reflection; thoughtless. (Law.) Abandoned; hav- 
ing no heir, possessor, claimant, or occupier. — Va'- 
cancy, -sT, n. Quality of being vacant; emptiness; 
freedom from employment; leisure ; idleness ; that 
which is vacant ; empty space; vacuity ; a space be- 
tween bodies or things ; chasm ; gap ; unemployed 
time; interval of leisure; a place or post unfilled; an ' 
unoccupied office.— Va''cate, -kat, v. t. To make va- 
cant, leave empty; to annul, make void, make of no 
authority or validity. — Vaca'tion, n. The act of va- 
cating, riiaking void, or of no force; intermission of a 
stated employment, procedure, or office; stated inter- 
val in a round of duties, busiiiess, or study ; rest. 
{Law.) Intermission of judicial proceedings ; the 
space of time between the end of one term and the be- 
ginning of the next; non-term. The intermission of 
the regular studies and exercises of a college or 
other seminary, when the students have a recess; 
the time when a see or other spiritual dignity is va- 
cant. — Vac'uuin, -u-um, n. Space empty or devoid 
of all matter or body; space from which the air has 
been exhausted. — Vac'iiist, n. One who holds to 
the doctrine of a' vacuum in nature. — Vacu^ity, -ku''- 
Y-tt, n. Quality or condition of being vacuous ; a 
state of being unfilled; emptiness; space unfilled or 
unoccupied, or occupied with an invisible fluid only; 
emptiness ; void ; vacuum. — Vac'uous, -u-us, a. 
Empty ; void. 

Vaccinate, vak'st-nat, v. t. To inoculate with the cow- 
pox or kine-pox, by means of a virus or lymph, taken 
either directly or indirectly from cows. — Vaccina''- 
tion, n. Act, art, or practice of vaccinating, or of 
inoculating persons with the cow-pox: or kine-pox, 
for protection against small-pox. — Vac'cine, -sin, 
o?- -sin, a. Pert, to cows, or to vaccination. — Vac'- 
cinist, -sT-nist, n. A vaccinator ; one skilled in vac- 
cination. 

Vacillate, vas'il-lat, v. i. To move one way and the 
other; to reel; to fluctuate in mind or opinion; to 
be unsteady or inconstant; to waver, stagger. — Vac- 
ilia'' tion, n. Act of vacillating; a wavering; reeling; 
staggering; fluctuation of mind ; unsteadiness : in- 
constancy. —Vac'illant, o. Vacillating; wavering; 
fluctuating; unsteady. 

Vacuum, Vacuity, etc. See under Vacaxt. 

Vade-mecum, va'de-me'kum, n. A book or other thing 
that one carries always with him; a manual. 

Vagabond, Vagary, Vagrant, etc. See under Vague. 

Vagina, va-ji'na, n. ; pi. -n^e, -ne. {Anat.) The cylin- 
drical canal which leads from the vulva to the uterus 
or womb; any part which serves as a sheath or en- 
velope to another. — Vag'inal, vaj''I-nal, a. Of, or 
pert, to, a vagina or sheath ; resembling a sheath. 
(Anat.) Of, or pert, to, the vagina. — Vag'inaitt, a. 
Serving to invest or sheathe. 

Vague, vag, a. Unsettled ; unfixed ; undetermined ; 
proceeding from no known authority ; indefinite ; 
loose ; lax. — Va'grant, a. Moving without certain 
direction ; wandering, unsettled ; wandering from 
place to place without any settled habitation. — n. 
One who strolls from place to place ; an idle wan- 
derer ; sturdy beggar ; vagabond. — Va'grancy, -sY, 
n. State of a Vagrant; a wandering without a settled 
home. — Vag'abond, -a- bond, o. Tloating about 
without any certain direction; driven to and fro; 
moving from place to place without any settled 
habitation; wandering. — n. One who wanders from 
town to town or place to place, having no certain 
dwelling, or not abiding in it, and usually without 
the means of honest livelihood ; a vagrant. — Vag/"- 
abond'age, -ej, -ism, -izm, -ry, -rT, ti. Condition of a 
vagabond ; a state or habit of wandering about in 
idleness. — Vaga''ry, -rT, n. A wandeHng of the 
thoughts; a wild freak; whim; whimsical purpose. 

Vail, veil, val, n. A concealing screen or envelope; 
cover. [See Veil.] 

Vail, val, v. t. To lower in token of inferiority, rev- 
erence, submission, etc. 

Vail,val^n. A gratuity or perquisites given to a servant. 

Vain, van, a. Having no real substance, value, or 
importance; destitute of force or efficiency; to no 
purpose; elated with a high opinion of one's own 
accomplishments, or with things more showy than 



valuable ; showy ; ostemtatious ; empty; worthless ; 
ineffectual ; shadowv ; unsatisfying ; light ; incon- 
stant; false; deceitful; trifling. — In vain. To no pur- 
pose; without effect; ineffectual. — To take the name 
of God in v. To use the name of God with levity 
or profaneness.— n. — Van'ity, van'T-tT, n. State or 
quality of being vain ; want of substance to satisfy 
desire; an inflation ojE mind upon slight grounds; 
empty pride ; that which is vain; anything empty, 
visionary, or unsubstantial ; fruitless desire or ef- 
fort ; one of the established characters in the old 
moralities and puppet-shows: egotism ; pride ; self- 
sufficiency ; ostentation. — Van''ish, v. i. [-ished 
(-isht), -ISHING.] To pass from a visible to an in- 
visible state; to be lost to view, disappear gradually: 
to be annihilated or lost, pass away, disappear. — n. 
(Elocution.) The final or closing portion of a sylla- 
ble, or of a vocal element. — Vaunt, vant, v. i.~ To 
boast, talk with vain ostentation, brag. — v. t. To 
boast of, make a vain display of. — n. A vain display 
of what one is, or has, or has done; boast.— Vainglo'- 
ry, -rt, n. Excessive vanity excited by one's own 
performances; empty pride; undue elation of mind. 
— Vainglc'rious, a. Feeling or indicating vainglory ; 
vain to excess of one's own achievements; boastful; 
vaunting. 

Valance, vaKans, n. Hanging drapery for a bed, 
couch, window, etc.; esp., that which hangs around 
a bedstead, from the bed to the floor. — v. t. To 
furnish with a valance. 

Vale, val, n. A tract of low ground, or of land between 
hills; valley; dingle; dell; dale; a little trough or 
canal. — Val'ley, vaKlT, n. The space inclosed be- 
tween ranges of hills or mountains. {Arch.) The 
gutter or internal angle formed by 2 inclined sides of 
a roof. 

Valediction, val-e-dik''shun, n. A farewell, a bidding 
farewell.— Valedic'tory, -to-rT, a. Bidding farewell; 
taking leave ; suitable, or designed, for an occasion 
of leave-taking. — n. A farewell oration or address 
spoken at commencement in Amer. colleges, usually 
by one of the graduating class. — Val'edicto'rian, n. 
One who pronounces a valedictory address. 

Valenciennes, va-len'sT-enz'', n. A rich kind of lace 
made at Valenciennes, in France. 

Valentine, vaKen-tin, n. A sweetheart chosen on St. 
Valentine's day; a letter containing professions of 
love, or a printed sentimental or satirical missive, 
sent on St. Valentine's day. — St. Valentine's day. 
A day sacred to St. Valentine; the 14th of February, 
— when birds were supposed to pair. 

Valerian, va-le'rl-an, n. A plant of many species: the 
root of the officinal valerian has a strong smell, and 
is much used in medicine as an antispasmodic. 

Valet, vaKet or vaKa, n. A servant who attends on a 
gentleman's person. Valet de ckambre, val'a de 
shom^'br. A body servant, or personal attendant. 

Valetudinary, val-e-tu'dt-na-rT, a. Infirm; sickly. — 
n. An infirm person ; a valetudinarian. — Val'etu'- 
dina''rian, -rT-an, a. Of infirm health; seeking to re- 
cover health; sickly; weakly; infirm. — n. A person 
of a weak, infirm, or sickly constitution ; one seek- 
ing to recover health. 

Valiant, vaKyant, a. Intrepid in danger ; heroic : 
courageous ; brave ; performed with valor ; bravely 
conducted ; heroic. — VaKid, a. Having sufficient 
stren|;th or force ; founded in truth; capable of being 
iustifaed, defended, or supported. (Law.) Having 
legal strength or force ; executed with the proper 
formalities.— Valid'ity, -T-tt, n. State or quality of 
being valid; strength; force; esp., power to convince; 
justness; soundness. (Law.) Legal strength or force; 
that quaUty of a thing which renders it supportable 
in law or equity.— Val'or, -er, n. Strength of mind 
in regard to danger; personal bravery; warlike cour- 
age.— Val''orous, -er-us, a. Possessing or exhibiting 
valor ; intrepid ; stout ; bold ; brave ; courageous. — 
Valine, -u, ?«. 'The property or properties of a thing 
which render it useful ; or the degree of such prop- 
erty or properties; utUity; precise signification; rate 
or estimated worth; amount obtainable in exchange 
for a thing; price ; rate ; importance ; import. — v. t. 
[VALUED (-lid), -uiNG.] To estimate the worth of, rate 
at a certain price, appraise, reckon with respect to 
number, power, importance, etc. ; to rate at a high. 



im, S&me, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, tgrm ; Ttn, ice ; Odd, tone, $r ; 



VALISE 



483 



VARY 




price, have in high esteem, hold in respect and admi- 
ration. — Val'' liable, a. Having value or worth; pos- 
seseing qualities which are useful and esteemed; wor- 
thy; deserving esteem; precious; costly; estimable. — 
n. A thing of value ; a precious possession. — Valua'- 
tion, n. The act of valuing, or of estimating the 
value or worth; act of setting a price ; estimation ; 
appraisement ; value set upon a thing ; estimated 
worth. — Val'ua'tor, n. One who sets a value on 
anything ; an appraiser. — Val'^aeless, a. Of no 
value; having no worth. 

Valise, va-les'', n. A small sack or case, for contain- 
ing the clothes, etc., of a traveler; a portmanteau. 

Vallation, val-la'shun, n. A rampart or intrenchment. 

Valley. See under Vale. 

Valor, Valae, etc. See under Valiant. 

Valve, valv, n. A door; esp., a folding door, or one of 
the leaves of such a door; a lid, cover, plate, disk, 
plug, ball, membrane, etc., lifting, turning, sliding, 
oscillating, etc., automatically or otherwise, in a pipe 
or in connection with a port or aperture, to permit or 
prevent the passage of a fluid, esp. to permit passage 
m one direction and prevent return (see Pump); one 
of the separable parts of a capsule, pod, or pericarp, 
or of the shell of a mollusk. — 
Valved, valvd, a. Having valves ; 
composed of valves. — Valv'ular, -u- 
ler, o. Of, or pert, to, valves; con- 
taining valves; serving as a valve; 
opening by means of valves. — Valv'- 
nle, -ul, n. A little valve. — Valv'- 
ate, -at, a. Resembling or serving 
as a valve; consisting of, or opening 
by, a valve or valves. 

Vamp, vamp, n. The upper leather 
of a boot or shoe; a paten or added Valvular Capsule. 
piece. — V. t. [vamped (vampt), vam- 
ping.] To provide (a shoel with new upperleather; 
to piece (an old thing) with a new part; to repair. 

Vampire, vam'pir, n. A dead person superstitiously 
believed to rise 
from the grave 
b y night, and 
maintain a spec- 
tral life by suck- 
ing the blood of 
living persons 
while they are 
asleep; one who 
lives Dy preying 
on others; an ex- 
tortioner. (Zool.) 
A large species 

of blood-sucking „ . ,«»••. v 

bat found in Vampire. (Zool.) 

tropical Amer., which stealthily attacks animals, and 
sometimes men, in their sleep. — Vam'pirism, -plr- 
izm, n. Belief in the existence of vampires; the prac- 
tice of blood-sucking; practice of extortion. 

Van, van, n. The front of an army; or the front line 
or foremost division of a fleet, either in sailing or in 
battle.— Van'-guard, n. (i/j7.) The troops who march 
in front of an arm^; advance guard; the 1st line. — 
Van'-cou'rier, -koo'rt-er, n. One sent in advance; 
a precursor ; avant courier ; esp., one of a body of 
light-armed soldiers sent before armies to beat the 
road upon the approach of an enemj'. 

Van, van, n. A fan for cleansing i;rain,etc.; a win- 
nowing machine; a wing with which the air is beat- 
en; a shovel used in sifting ore. 

Van, van, n. A large covered wagon, for the transpor- 
tation of goods, etc.; in Eng., a close railroad car for 
goods, baggage, etc. 

Vandal, van'dal, n. (Anc. Hist.) One of the most 
barbarous of the northern nations that invaded 
- Rome in the 5th century, notorious for destroying 
the monuments of art and literature. One hostile to 
the arts and literature; one ignorant and barbarous. 
— Van'^dal, -daKic, a. Of, pert, to, or resembling, 
the Vandals; ferocious; rude; barbarous; hostile to 
arts and literature. — Van'^dalism, -izm, n. Spirit or 
conduct of Vandals; hostility to arts and literature. 

Vandyke, van-dlk', n. A lace or needle-work collar, 
as seen in portraits painted by Vandyke in the reign 
of Charles I. 




Vane, van, n. A weathercock, arrow, etc., att»ched to 
some elevated object, to show which way the wind 
blows; a similar aevice moved in or by water; the 
sail of a windmill or blade of a propeller, etc.; the 
broad part or web of a feather, on tne side of the shaft. 

Van-guard. See under Van, front of an armj'. 

Vanilla, va-nil'la, n. A climbing orchidaceous plant 
of many species, natives of tropical Amer. ; the fleshy 
seeid-pod of several species, remarkable for its deli- 
cate and agreeable odor, and for the volatUe, odorif- 
erous oil extracted from it. 

Vanish, Vanity. See under Vain. 

Vanquish, vank'wish, v. t. [-quished (-wisht), -quish- 
ING.] To subdue in battle, as an enemy; to defeat 
in an J' contest, get the better of, put down, refute in 
argument, overcome, confute, silence. 

Vantage, van'tej, n. Superior or more favorable state, 
situation, or opportunity ; advantage. — Vantage- 
ground. Superiority of state or place; place or con- 
dition which gives one an advantage over another. 

Vapid, vap'^id, a. Having lost its life and spirit; dead; 
spiritless; insipid; flat; dull; unanimated. — Vai)'id- 
ness, Vapid'ity, -TC-tT, n. State or quality of being 
vapid ; deadness ; dullness ; want of life or spirit. 

Vapor, va'per, n. {Physics.) Any substance in the 
gaseous or aeriform state, the condition of which is 
ordinarily that of a liquid or soUd. Any visible dif- 
fused substance floating in the atmosphere and im- 
pairing its transparency, as smoke, fog, etc.; some- 
thing unsubstantial, fleeting, or transitory, pi. A dis' 
ease of nervous debility, in which a variety of strange 
images float in the brain, or appear as if visible; hyp- 
ochondriacal affections; dejection; spleen; the blues. 
— V. i. [vapored (-perd), -poring.] To pass off m 
fumes, or a moist, floating substance; to steam, be 
exhaled, evaporate; to boast or vaunt with a vain, os- 
tentatious display of worth ; to brag.— Va'por-bath, n. 
Application of vapor or steam to the body in a close 
place ; the place itself. — Va'porer, n. A braggart ; 
boaster. — Va-'poringly, adv. In a vaporing or coast- 
ing manner. — Va'ponsh, «. Full of vapors; affected 
by hysterics; splenetic; peevish; humorsome; hypo- 
cnondriacal. — Va ''porous, -per-us, a. Full of vapors 
or exhalations; v.andy; flatulent; proceeding from 
the vapors; unreal; vain. — Va'pory, -per-Y, a. Full 
of vapors ; hypochondriacal ; splenetic ; peevish. — 
Vap'orable, vap'o-ra-bl, a. Capable of being con- 
verted into vapor by the agency of heat. — Vap'ora- 
bU'ity, n. Quality of being vaporable. — Vap'ora'- 
tion, n. Act or process of converting into vapor, or 
of passing off in vapor; evaporation.— Vap'orif'ic, a. 
Forming into vapor; converting into steam. — Vap'- 
orize, -er-iz, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To convert 
into vapor by the application of heat.— v. i. To pass 
off in vapor.— Vap'oriza'tion, n. Act of vaporizing, 
or state of being converted into vapor; the artificial 
formation of vapor. 

Vaquero, va-ka'ro, n. In Mexico and West. U. S., a 
man in charge of cattle, horses, or mules; a herds- 
irian. 

Variable, Variance, Variety, Varioloid, Various, etc. 
See under Vary. 

Varicose, var'T-kos, -icons, -Y-kus, a. Preternatu rally 
enlarged, or permanently dilated, — said of veins. — 
Var''icocele, -t-ko-sel, a. {Surg.) A varicose enlarge- 
ment of the veins of the spermatic cord or the scro- 
tum. 

Varlet, var'let, n. Orig. a servant ; valet ; a low fel- 
low ; scoundrel ; rascal. 

Varnish, var^'nish, n. A solution of gum, resin, etc., in 
oil or spirit, which gives a hard shining coat to any 
surface to which it is applied; glossy appearance; an 
artificial coverinf^ to give a fair appearance to anj' act 
or conduct; outside show. — v. t. [varnished (-nisht;, 
-NisiiiNG.] To lay varflish on ; to cover with some- 
thing that gives a fair external appearance ; to give 
a fair coloring to. 

Vary, va'rY, v. t. [vaeijed (-rid), varying.] To 
change the aspect of ; to alter in form, appearance, 
substance, or position; to change to something else, 
exchange, alternate ; to diversify, variegate. — v.t. 
To alter or be altered in any manner; to suffer a 

■ partial change; to differ or be different; to alternate; 
to disagree, be at variance. — Va'riable, -rT-a-bl, a. 
Having the capacity of varying or changing; c»- 



•On, cube, full ; m(3oD, f06t ; cow, oil ; liQger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



VASE 



484 



VEGETABLE 



pable of alteration in any manner; over-susceptible I 
of change; liable to change; changeable; mutable; j 
fickle; wavering; unsteady; versatile; inconstant. — 
n. {Math.) A quantity which may increase or de- 
crease; a quantity which admits of an infinite num- 
ber of values in the same expression. (Naut.) A shift- 
ing wind (opp. to trade-wind), esp. in the belt be- 
tween the N. E. and S. E. trade-winds. — Va^'riable- 
ness, -abil'ity, n. State or quality of beingjvariable ; 
susceptibility of change ; liableness or aptness to alter. 
— Va'riance, -rl-ans, n. Act or state of being variant; 
change of condition. {Law.} A disagreement or 
difference between 2 parts of the same legal pro- 
ceeding, which, to be effectual, ought to agree to- 
gether. Difference that produces controversy; dis- 
agreement; dissension; discord. — At variance. In 
disagreement ; in a state of dissension or controver- 
sy ; at enmity. — Va^riate, -rt-at, v. t. To alter, 
make different, vary. — Varia'^tion, n. Act of vary- 
ing; a partial change in the form, position, state, or 
qualities of the same thing ; the extent to which a 
thing varies; amount or rate of change; vicissitude; 
variety; mutation; deviation; alteration; diversity. 
{Mus.) Repetition of a tune or melody with various 
embellishments and fanciful changes. — Va'^iious, 
-rt-us, a. Different ; diverse ; several ; manifold ; 
changeable; uncertain; unfixed; variegated; diversi- 
fied.— Va'piously, adw.— Vari'ety, -J3.^e-tx, n. Qual- 
ity of being various ; intermixture or succession of 
different things; that which is various; a number or 
collection of dilferent things; something varying or 
differing from others of the same general kind ; di- 
versity; difference; kind. — Va'riegate, -ri-e-gat,w. t. 
To diversify in external appearance; to mark with 
different colors; to vary, streak, stripe, checker, dap- 
ple. — Va'riega'tion, n. Act of variegating or diversi- 
fying, or state of being diversified, by different colors; 
diversity of colors. — Varioloid, va''ri- or var''Y-o-loid, 
a. {Med.) Resembling small-pox ; pert, to the dis- 
ease called varioloid. — n. {Med.) The small-pox as 
modified by previous inoculation or vaccination. — 
— Vari''olou8, -o-lus, a. Of, pert, to, or designating, 
the small-pox.— Varic'rtiHi, va^rl-o'rum. Of various 
persons or things ; esp. (used as aii adjective), con- 
tainin_g notes by different persons. 

Vase, vas {Eng. pron. vaz or vaz), n. A vessel, of va- 
rious forms and materials, for 
domestic use or ornament and 
anciently for sacrificial uses. 
{Arch- ) An ornament of 
sculpture, placed on a pedestal, 
representip.g one of the vessels 
of the ancients ; the body or 
naked ground of the Corinthi- 
an and Composite capital. — 
Vas'ciilar, -ku-ler, a. Consist- 
ing of vessels, or containing 
them, as an essential part of a 
structure ; operating by means 
of, or made up of, an arrange- 
ment of vessels ; pert, to, con- 
sisting of, or containing the ves- 
sels of animal or vegetable bodies, esp. the veins, 
blood-vessels, etc., of the circulatory system. — Vas'- 
cular''ity, -lar'I-tl, n. State or quality of being vas- 
cular. 

Vassal, vas'sal, n. One who holds land of a superior, 
and who vows fidelity and homage to him; a feuda- 
tory; a dependent; servant; bondman; slave. — Vas'- 
salage, -ej, n. State of being a vassal ; slavery. 

Vast, vast, a. Orig. waste, desert ; being of great ex- 
tent; very spacious or large; very great in numbers 
or amount ; very great in force, or in importance ; 
enormous; huge; immense; mighty. — n. A waste 
region; boundless space. — Vasfly, adv. To a vast 
extent or degree ; very greatly. — Vast''ness, n. — 
Vast'y, _ -t, a. Very spacious ; immense ; vast. — 
Vasta'tion, w. A laying waste; devastation; depop- 
ulation. 

Vat, vat, n. A large vessel, tub, tank, or cistern ; esp. 
one for holding liquors in process of manufacture, 
or liquid for tanning; a measure for liquids; a dry 
measure of varying capacity. 

Vatican, vat'Y-kan, ?i. An assemblage of buildings in 
Rome, forming the largest palace in the world, with 




Vase. 



a famous chapel,' muaeum, library, etc., and being 
the principal residence of the popes; hence, the papu 
authority. — Vat'^icanism, -izm, n. The doctrine of 
papal supremacy; adhesion to the pope's authority. 

Vaticide, vafl-sid, n. The murder of a prophet; one 
who murders a prophet. — Vaticinate, va-tis'I-nat, 
V. t. and i. To prophesy, foretell. — Vatic'inal, a. 
Pert, to, or containing, prophecy. — Vatic^ina'tion, 
n. Prediction; prophecy. — Vatic'ina'tor, n. One 
who vaticinates ; a prophet. 

Vaudeville, vod'vil, n. A kind of song of a lively 
character, sung to a familiar air in couplets with a 
refrain; a theatrical piece, whose dialogue is inter- 
mingled with light or satirical songs, sung in famil- 
iar airs. 

Vault, vawlt, n. A continued arch, or an arched roof or 
ceiling; an arched apartment or passage; esp., a sub- 




Vault. 

terranean room, for storing articles, for a prison, for 
interment, etc. ; any subterranean apartment, tank, 
or receptacle ; a leap or bound ; esp., the bound or 
leap of a horse. — v. t. To form or cover with a vault 
or arched roof; to give the shape of an arch to ; to arch; 
to leap on, mount by leaping. — v. i. To leap, bound, 
jump, spring; to exhibit feats of tumbling or leaping. 
— Vault'ed, a. Arched; concave; covered with an 
arch or vault. 

Vaunt,^tc. See under Vjiiir. 

Veal, vel, n. The flesh of a calf killed for the table. — 
Vifuline, -u-lTn, a. Of, or pert, to, a calf, or to veal. 

Vector, vek'ter, n. Same as Radius Vectoe, q. v., 
under Radfus. 

Veda, va'- or ve'da, n. The ancient sacred literature 
of the Hindoos; also, one of 4 collections (the Rig- 
Veda, Yajur-Veda, Scima-Veda, and AtJiarva-Veda) 
constituting the most ancient portions and members 
of that literature. — Ve'dic, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. 

Vedette, ve-det'', n. A sentinel, usually on horseback; 
a vidette. 

Veer, ver, v. i. [veeeed (verd), veeeing.] To change 
direction, turn. — v. t. To direct to a different 
course: to turn. 

Vegetable, vej''e-ta-bl, n. A plant; an organized living 
body destitute of intelligence and voluntary motion, 
deriving its nourishment from inorganic or disorgan- 
ized matter, and in general, propagating itself by 
seeds; specifically, in common parlance, a plant used 
jEor culinary purposes. — a. Be- 
longing or relating to, consist- 
ing of, or comprising, or having 
the nature of, plants. — Vegeta- 
ble ivory. A close-grained and 
very hard vegetable substance j 
obtained from a species of palm \ 
tree ; ivory nut. — V. kingdom. 
{Nat. Hist.) That portion of the 
department of life in nature in- 
cluding plants. — Veg'etal, -e- 
tal, a. Pert, to, or in the nature 
of, a vegetable ; vegetable. 
{Physiol.) Of, or pert, to, a 
class of vital phenomena com- 
mon to plants and animals. — 




Vegetable Ivory 
Nut. 



fim, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; to, Ice : 5dd. tone, 6r ; 



VEHEMENT 



485 



VENT 



Vegeta'^rian, -rl-an, ?j. One who holds that vegeta- 
bles constitute the only proper food for man.— a. Of, 
or pert, to, vegetarianism. — Vegeta'rianism, -izm, n. 
The theory and practice of living solely on vegeta- 
bles. — Veg'etate, -e-tat, v. i. To grow, as plants; to 
sprout, germinate; to lead a life too low for an ani- 
mate creature; to do nothing but eat and grow. — 
Vegeta'tdon, n. Act or process of vegetating ; vege- 
table growth; the sum of vegetable life; vegetables 
or plants in general. {Med.) A morbid excrescence 
on the valves of the heart, in syphilis ; a fleshy 
granulation at the surface of a wound or ulcer. — 
Veg^eta'tive, -tiv, a. Growing, or having the power 
of growing, as plants ; having power to produce 
growth in plants. {Zool.) Partaking of simple growth 
and enlargement of the systems of nutrition and 
generation, apart from the sensorial or distinctively 
animal functions. 

Vehement, ve'he-ment, a. Acting with great force; 
forcible; mighty; very ardent; very eager, urgent, 
or fervent; furious; violent; impetuous; passionate; 
ardent; hot. — Ve^hemence, -mens, -mency, -men-sT, 
n. Quality of being vehement ; impetuous force ; 
impetuosity; violence, — applied also to any kind of 
forcible action ; violent ardor; animated fervor. 

Vehicle, vc'hT-kl, n. That in which anything is or 
may be carried, as a coach, wagon, cart, carriage, 
etc.; a conveyance; that which is used as the instru- 
ment of conveyance or communication. (Phar- 
maci/.) A substance in which medicine is taken. 
(Faint.) A liquid with which the various pigments 
are applied. — Vehic'ular, -ulary, -u-la-rT, a. Of, 
pert, to, or serving as, a vehicle. 

Veil, val, n. Sometliing to intercept the view, and 
hide an object; esp., a screen, usually of thin gauze 
or similar material, to hide or protect the fac^; a 
curtain ; cover ; disguise. — v. t. [veiled (vald), 
VEILING.] To throw a veil over, cover with a veil ; 
to invest, cover, hide, conceal. — To take the veil. To 
receive, or be covered with, a veil, as a nun, in token 
of retirement from the world. — Veliferoos, ve-lif- 
er-us,_a. Bearing, or carrj'in^, sails. 

Vein, van, ?i. (Anat.) One of the membranous canals 
or tubes in animal bodies, which convey toward the 
heart the impure blood returned from the capillaries; 
a blood-vessel. {Bot.) A small rib or branch of the 
frame-work of leaves, etc. ( Geol. or Jlining.) A seam 
or layer of any substance, more or les. wide, inter- 
secting a rock or stratum, and not corresponding 
with the stratification. A fissure, cleft, or cavity, as 
in the earth or other substance ; a streak or wave 
of different color, appearing in wood, in marble, 
and other stones ; a train of valuable associations, 
thoughts, etc.; a current; course; peculiar temper; 
tendency or turn of mind; humor; strain; quality. — 
V. t. To form or mark with veins; to fill or cover with 
veins. — Veined, vand, a. Full of veins ; streakeJ. ; 
variegated. {Bot.) Having vessels branching over 
the surface, as a leaf. — Vein^'y, -T, a. Full of veins; 
veined. — Ve'nal, a. Venous. — Ve'nous, -nus, a. 
Of, pert, to, or contained in, a vein or the veins, — 
opp. to arterial. — Ve'nesec'tion, n. Act or opera- 
tion of opening a vein, to let blood; blood-letting. 

Veliferous. See under Veil. 

Velleity, vel-le'T-tt, ?t. The lowest degree of desire; 
imperfect or incomplete volition. 

Vellicate, vel'lt-kat, r. t. & i. To move spasmodically, 
twitch. —Vellica'tion, n. Act of twitching, or of 
causing to twitch. (Med.) A local twitching or con- 
vulsive motion of a muscular fiber, esp., of the face. 

Vellum, veKlum, n. A fine kind of parchment. 

Velocity, ve-los't-tt, n. Quickness of motion. (Mech.) 
Rate of motion; relation of motion to time, meas- 
ured by the number of units of space passed over 
by the moving body in a unit of time. Swiftness; 
celerity; speed. — Vel'ocim''eter, -sim-'e-ter, n. An 
apparatus for measuring the speed of machinery. — 
Veloc'ipede, -los'T-ped, n. A light vehicle or car- 
riage propelled by the rider. 

Velvet, veKvet, n. A rich fabric of silk, or of silk and 
cotton mixed, having on one side a close, short, fine, 
soft shag or nap, or uncut pile; the hairy integument 
covering a growing antler. — VeKveting, n. The fine 
: of velvet ; velvet goods. — 
, or like, velvet; soft; smooth: 



shag of velvet ; a piece of velvet ; velvet goods. — 
Vervety,-Y,a. Made of, '■ - - 



delicate. — Velveteen', -en'', n. A kind of cloth made 
of cotton, in imitation of velvet; cotton velvet. 

Venal. See under Vein. 

Venal, ve'nal, a. To be bought or obtained for money 
or other valuable consideration; held for sale; mer- 
cenary; hireling; vendible. — Venal'ity, -T-tT, n. 
State or quality of being venal or purchasable; mer- 
cenariness. — vend, v. t. To dispose of by sale, sell. 

— Vendee', -e', n. The person to whom a thing is 
vended. — Vend'er, -or, n. One who vends; a seller. 

— Vend'ible, a. Capable of being disposed of us an 
object of trade; salable.— Vend'ibleness, -ibil'ity, 
n. State or quality of being vendible. — Vend'ibly, 
adv. In a vendible or salable manner. — Vendi'tion, 
-dish'un, n. Act of vending or selling; sale. — Ven- 
due', -du', n. A public sale of anything, by outcry, 
to the highest bidder; an auction. 

Venary. Sec under Venery, hunting. 

Veneer, ve-ner', f. i. [-xeered (-nerd'), -nekei.ng.J 
To overlay or plate with a thin laj'er of wood or 
other material for outer finish or decoration. — ti. A 
thin leaf or layer of a more valuable or beautiful 
material for overlaying an inferior one. — Veneer'- 
ing, n. Act or art of overlaying a coarse or inlei ior 
wood with thin leaves of a superior material, or the 
coverinir thus laid on. 

Venenation. See under Venom. 

Venerate, ven'er-at, v. t. To regard with respect and 
reverence; to reverence, revere, adore. — Ven'era- 
ble, a. Capable of being venerated; worthy of ven- 
eration or reverence ; rendered sacred by religious 
or other associations, esp. by age. — Ven'erably, af/y. 

— Venera'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; re- 
spect mingled with awe; reverence; dread. — Ven'- 
era'tor, n. One who, etc. 

Venereal, Venery. See under Venus. 

Venery, ven'er-T,w. Act or exercise of hunting; sports 
of the chase. — Ven'ary, -a-rt, a. Of, or pert, to, 
hunting. — Ven'ison, -1-zn or -zn, n. The flesh of 
edible beasts of chase; game. [In Eng., the word is 
applied to the flesh of deer, hares, and certain birds 
called game; in theU. S., exclusively to the flesh of 
the deer, or cervine genus of animals.] 

Venesection. See under Vein. 

Venetian, ve-ne'shan, a. Of, or pert, to, Venice. — 
Venetian blind. A blind for windows, doors, etc., 
made of thin slats set in a frame, and so disposed as 
to overlap each other. 

Vengeance, venj'ans, n. Pu-nishment inflicted in re- 
turn for an injury or offense; retribution; passion- 
ate or unrestrained revenge. — Venge'ful, -ful, a. 
Vindictive ; retributive ; revengeful. 

Venial, ve'nt-al, a. Capable of being forgiven; not 
heinous; excusable; pardonable; allowed; permit- 
ted. — Ve'nially, adv. In a venial manner; pardon- 
ably.— Ve'nialness, -al'ity, n. State or quality of 
being venial. 

Venire, ve-ni're, or V. Facias, -fa'shi-as. n. (Law.) A 
judicial writ directed to the sheriff, requiring him to 
cause a certain number of qualified persons to ap- 
pear in court at a specified time, to serve as jurors in 
said court; a writ in the nature of a summons to 
cause the party indicted on a penal statute to appear. 

Venison. See under Venery. 

Venom, ven'um, n. Matter fatal or injurious to life; 
poison; spite; malice; malignity'.- Ven'omous, -us, 
a. Full of venom ; noxious to animal life ; poison- 
ous ; noxious; mischievous; malignant; spiteful. — 
Venena'tion, n. Act of poisoning; poison; venom. 

Venous. See under Vein. 

Vent, vent, n. A small aperture; a hole, or passage for 
air or any fluid to escape; the opening at which the 
excrements are discharged; opportunity of escape 
from confinement or privacy ; emission ; escape. 
(Mil.) The opening at the "breech of a fire-T-m; 
touch-hole. (Arch.) A loop-hole. (Steam-hoi/ r ) 
The sectional area of the passage for gases divided 
by the length of the same passage in feet. — r. t. To 
let out at a vent, or small aperture; to suffer to es- 
cape from confinement; to let out, emit: to pour 
forth (what has been pent up in the mind, as pas- 
sion, etc.); to utter, report. — Vent'-hole, w. A small 
hole forthe passage of air, as in a cask; a vent. (Ca.it- 
ing.) A hole pierced through a mold for the escape 
of air and gas. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxboN, chair, get. 



VENTILATE 



486 



VERDANT 




Ventricose 
Corolla. 



Ventilate, ven'tWat, v. t. To fan with wind; to open 
aad expose to the free passage of air or wind; to 
air; to winnow, fan; to sift and examine; to expose 
to examination and discussion. — Ventila'tion, n. 
Act of ventilating, or state of being ventilated; free 
exposure to air; act of fanning or winnowing, for the 
purpose of separating chaff and dust from grain ; act 
of sifting and bringing out to view or examination; 
public exposure. — Ven'tila'tor, -ter, n. ^A contriv- 
ance for drawing off or expelling foul or stagnant air 
from any close place or apartment, and introducing 
that which is fresh and pure. — Ventos''ity, -tos''I-tI, 
n. Windiness; flatulence; vainglorj'; pride. — Ven.''- 
tiduct, -tT-dukt, n. A passage or pipe for ventilating 
apartments. 

Ventral, ven'tral, a. Belonging to the belly; pert, to 
thesurfaceopposite the back; abdominal. (Bot.) Of, 
or pert, to, the front side of a carpel, etc. — Ven''tri- 
cle, -trl-kl, ?i. {Anat.) A cavity of the animal bodjr, 
as of the brain, or larynx; esp., either of the 2 cavi- 
ties of the heart which communicate with the auri- 
cles : see Heart, Lung. — Ven'tricose', -trt-kos', 
-cous, -kus, a. (Nat. Hist.) Swelling 
out in the middle; bellied; distended. 

— Ventril''oquism, -o-kwizm, n. Act, 
art, or practice of speaking in such 
a manner that the voice appears to 
eome, not from the person, but from 
some distant or different place.— Ven- 
teil'oquist, -kwist, w. One who, etc. 
— Ventril'oquize.-kwiz,?;. i. [-quized 
(-kwlzd), -QuiziNG.] To practice ven- 
triloquism. — Ventril^equons, -kwus, 
a. Speaking in such a manner as to 
make the sound appear to come from 
a place remote from the speaker. 

Venture, ven'^chur, n. An undertaking 
of chance or danger ; a hazard ; an 
event that is not, or cannot be, foreseen : chance ; 
contingency; luck; the thing put to hazard ; a risk; 
esp., something sent to sea m trade. — v. i. [ven- 
tured (-churd), -TURING.] To have the courage or 
presumption to do, undertake, or say something; to 
dare ; to run a hazard or risk. — v. t. To expose to 
hazard, risk; to put or send on a venture or chance. 

— Venturesome, -sum, a. Inclined to venture; not 
loath to run risk or danger; bold; daring; intrepid. 

— Vent'nresomely, adv. — Vent'urona, -us, a. Dar- 
ing; bold; hardy; fearless; adventurous. 

Venue, ven'u, «. {Law.) A neighborhood or near 
place; place or county in which an act or fact is 
alleged to have happened; county or jurisdiction in 
which a cause is to be tried; place where an action is 
laid. 

Venus, ve^'nus, n. {Myth.) The goddess of female 
beauty and of love. {Astron.) One of the planets, 

- the 2(1 in order from the sun : as the morning-star, 
it was called by the ancients ZuciTer; as the even- 
ing-star, Hesperus. — Vene'real, -re-al, a. Of, or pert, 
to venery, or sexual love; arising from sexual inter- 
course; adapted to the cure of venereal diseases; 
adapted to excite venereal desire ; aphrodisiac. — 
Ven''ery, ven'gr-T, n. Sexual love or intercourse. 

Veracious, ve-ra'shus, a. Observant of truth; habit- 
ually disposed to speak truth; truthful; character- 
ized by truth ; true. — Vera''ciously, adv. — Verac'- 
ity, -ras'Y-tl, n. State or quality of being vera- 
cious; habitual observance of truth ; truthfulness; 
truth. — Ver'y, vSr''t, a. True; real; actual. — oofv. 
In a high degree ; to no small extent ; exceedingly; 
excessively. — Ver^'Uy, -T-lt, adv. In a true manner; 
in truth ; in fact ; with great confidence ; really ; 
truly. — Ver''ity, -T-tT, n. Quality of being very true 
or real ; consonance of a statement, proposition, or 
other thing to fact; a true assertion or tenet; truth; 
certainty; reality; assurance. — Ver'itable, a. Agree- 
able to truth or to fact; actual; real; true. — Ver'- 
Itably, adw. — Ver'dict, ver'dikt, n. {Lavj.) The 
answer of a jury given to the court, concerning any 
matter of fact in any cause, civil or criminal, corni- 
mitted to their examination and determination. De- 
cision ; judgment ; opinion pronounced. — Ver'ify, 
vSr''T-fl, V. t. [-FIED (-ftd), -FYiNG.] To prove to be 
true «r correct; to confirm ; to confirm or establish 
the authenticity of; to authenticate. — Ver'iflable, 




a. Capable of being verified.— Ver'ifica'tion, n. Ac^ 
of verifying or proving to be true or correct, or state 
of being verified ; confirmation ; authentication. — 
Ver''ifler, n. — Verisim''ilar, a. Having the appear- 
ance of truth; probable; likely. —Ver'isiinil''itude, 
-T-tud, n. Appearance of trutii; probability. 

Veranda, ve-ran-'da, n. (Arch.) A" kind of open por- 
tico, formed 
by extending a 
sloping roof be- 
vond the main 
building; a 
light, open por- 
tico or outer 
gallery, with a 
sloping roof. 

Veratria, ve-ra''- 
trT-a, -trine, 
-trin, Ver'a- 
t r i n a, n. 
(C'/iem.) A veg- 
etable alkaloid, 
obtained from 
several species 
of hellebore in 
form of a crys- 
talline powder, _. 
nearly white. Veranda, 
very acrid and poisonous, — used in medicine. 

Ve^, verb, ?i. (Gram.) A jrnrrI which affirms or 

""predicates something ofsome person* or thing; a 
part of speech expressingbeing, action, or the suf- 
fering of actionr^=^VePMlT^.~ "fepresSM^TrvordsT 
addressed'to the ear; spoken; oral; not written; con- 
sisting in, or relating to, words only ; dealing with 
words rather than things ; having word answering 
to word ; literal. (Gram.) Derived directly from a 
verb. — Ver'balism, -izm, ?i. Something expressed 
verbally or orally. — Ver''balist, n. A literal adher- 
ent to, or a minute critic of, words. — Ver'balize, v. t. 
[-IZED (-Tzd), -iziNG.] To convert into a verb, make 
verbal. — Ver''bally, adv. In a verbal manner ; bj' 
words spoken; orally; word for word. — Ver'biage, 
-bt-ej, n. The use of many words without necessity; 
superabundance of words; verbosity; wordiness. — 
Verbose', -bos', a. Abounding in words ; using or 
containing more words than are necessary ; tedious 
by a multiplicity of words; prolix; wordv. — Verbos'- 
ity, -bOs'T-tT, n. Quality of being verbose; use of 
more words than are necessary; prolixity. — Verba'- 
tim, adv. Word for word ; in the same words. 

Verbena, vSr-be'na, Ver'vain, -van, n. A plant of 
many species, cultivated for the beauty of its flow- 
ers: the lemon verbena is a shrubby species of Aloy- 
sia, with fragrant leaves; the "oil of verbena" of 
the perfumers is obtained from lemon grass (Andro- 
jpogon). — Verbera'tioU: n. A.ctof beating, or strik- 
ing blows; impulse of a body, which causes sound. 

Verbiage, Verbose, etc. See under Verb. 

Verdant, ver'dant, a. Covered with growing plants 
or grass; green; fresh; green in knowledge; ignorant 
of the ways of the world. — Ver'dancy, -sT, n. Qual- 
ity or condition of being verdant; greenness; raw- 
ness; inexperience; foolishness. — Ver'dantly, ac/v. 
— Verd'ure, ver'jur, n. Green ; greenness ; fresh- 
ness of vegetation." — Verd'urous, -jur-us, a. Cov- 
ered with verdure. — Vert, w. (Eng.^ -y 
Forest Law.) Everything that grows ^ 
and bears a green leaf within the 
forest. (Her.) A green color, rep- 
resented in a drawing or engraving 
by parallel lines sloping downward 
toward the right. — Ver'derer, -der- 
or, -der-er, n. (Eng. Laiv.) An offi- y J 
cer who has the charge of the king's ^— «^,^=^ 
forests to preserve the vert and ven- Vert. (Her.) 
ison, etc. — Verd'-antique', -an-tek', 
n. A green incrustation on ancient coins, brass or 
copper, produced by the action of time. (Min.) A 
mottled-green serpentine marble; a green porphyry, 
used as marble. — Ver'digris, -d6-gres, n. (Chem.) 
A poisonous blue or green acetate of copper, used as 
a pigment, mordant, etc. : it is often seen on brass or 
copper kettles, etc. — Ver'diter, -dt-tgr, n. (Chem.) 
An azure blue substance made by the deeoniposi- 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term t In, ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



VERDICT 



487 



VERSE 



tion of nitrate of copper by chalk. — Ver'j'oice, -jus, 
n. The sour juice of crab-apples, of green or unripe 

f rapes, apples, etc. : also, a kind oi vinegar made 
rem such juice. — Virid''ity, vT-rid'T-ti, Vir'idnesa, 
n. Greenness: verdure. — Vire8''cent, Vir'ides'cent, 
-sent, a. Sli|?htly srreen ; beginning to be green ; 
greenish. —Vir'ides'cence, -sens, n. tstate or quality 
of being viridescent. 

Verdict. See under Veracious. 

Verge, verj, n. A kind of rod carried as an emblem 
of authority; the mace of a dean. (Arch.) The 
shaft of a column; or a small ornamental shaft. 
The spindle of a watch-balance. {JEng. Law.) The 
compass or extent of the king's court. — Ver 'ger, -jer, 
«. in £ng., one who carries a verge or emblem of 
office; an attendant upon a dignitary, as on a bishop, 
dean, iustice, etc.; the beadle of a cathedral church. 
— Vir'gate, -gat, a. (Bot.) Having the shape of a 
rod or wand. 

Verge, verj, v. i. [verged (verjd), verging.] To 
tend downward, bend, slope; to border upon, tend, 
approach. — n. The extreme side or end of any- 
thing which has some extent of length; border; 
edge; rim; brim; margin; brink. 

Verify, Verily, Verity, etc. See under Veracious. 

Verjuice. See under Verdant. 

Vermes, ver'mez, n. pi. Worms. — Vennicel'li, -me- 
chel'IT or -seKll, n. A kind of wheat paste, made 
into a slender, worm-like form. — Vermic'ulaj:, 
-mik'u-lSr, a. Pert, to, or resembling, a worm ; 
shaped like a worm ; esp., resembling the motion of 
a worm : peristaltic. — Vermic'ulate, -u-lat, v. t. To 
inlay; to form (work) by inlaying which resembles 
the tracks of worms, or ai> 
pears as if formed by the mo- 
tion of worms. — Venniculated 
tvork. (Arch.) Rustic work so 
wrought as to seem as if eaten 
into or tracked by worms, or 
having the form of convoluted 
worms. — Vennic'ula''tion, n. 
Act or operation of moving in 
the manner of a worm ; continu- 
ation of motion from one part to 
another, as in the peristaltic 
motion of the intestines; act of Venniculated 
forming vermiculated work; act Work 

of boring through or state of be- 
ing worm-eaten. — Vermic'ulose', -u-l5s', -uloos, -u- 
-lus, a. Containing worms: full of worms or'grubs; 
resembling worms.— Ver'mifonn, -mT-form. a. Hav- 
ing the form or shape of a worm.— Ver-'mifiige, -mT- 
fu], n. (Med.) A medicine or substance that expels 
■worms from animal bodies. — Vermil'ion, -iniKyun, 
n. A brilliant red pigment made from the natural 
(cinnabar) or artificial sulphide of mercury; the pe- 
culiar shade of red produced by this pigment. — Ver'- 
min, n. aing. & pi. Orig., an animal in general; a nox- 
ious or mischievous animal; esp., collectively, petty 
noxious little animals or insects, as squirrels, rats, 
mice, worms, fleas, flies, lice, etc. ; noxious Jiuman 
beings, — in contempt. — Ver'minate, -mT-nat, v. i. 
To breed vermin. — Vermina'tion, n. Generation or 
breeding of vermin; a griping of tlie bowels. — Ver'- 
minous, -min-us, a. Tending to breed vermin; full 
of, or infested by, vermin ; caused by, or arising 
from the presence of, vermin. — Vermip'arous, -a- 
rus, a. Producing worms.— Vermiv'orous, -o-rus, a. 
Feeding on worms. 

Vernacular, ver-nak^u-lSr, a. Belonging to the coun- 
try of one's birth; native. — n. The vernacular lan- 
guage; one's mother tongue. 

Vernal, ver-'nal, a. Belonging to, or appearing in, 
spring ; belonging to youth, the spring of life. — 
Vernal equinox. (Astron.) The equinox m spring or 
March. 

Vernier, ver'nl-Sr, n. A short graduated scale made 





Vernier. 



to slide along the divisions of a sextant or other 
graduated instrument, for measuring parts of it« 
smallest spaces. 
Veree, vgrs, n. A line consisting of a certain number 
of long and short syllables, disposed according to 
metrical rules; metrical arrangement and language; 
poetrj'; commonly but improp., a short division of 
poetical composition, a stanza, stave; a short divis- 
ion of any composition, esp. of the chapters in the 
Old and New Testaments: a piece of poetry. — Blank 
verse. Poetry in which the lines do not end in rhymes. 
— Heroic v. (Pros.) A kind of verse usually consist- 
ting of 10 syllables, or in Eng., of 5 accented syllables, 
constituting 5 f eet.— Ver'sus, p7-ej). Against,— chiefly 
in lejjal language.— Ver'BO, H. (Print.) The reverse 
or left-hand page of a book or folded sheet of paper. 

— Versed, verst, j/. a. Acquainted or familiar, as 
the result of experience, study, practice, etc.; skilled; 
practiced. -Ver'sion, -shun, n. Act of translating : 
a translation ; that which is rendered from another 
language; a statement or account of something from 
some special point of view. — Ver'sicle, -sT-kl, n. A 
little verse. — Ver'sicoror, -col'ored, -kul'grd, a. 
Having various colors; changeable in color. — Ver'- 
sify, -sT-fl,r. i. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To make 
verses. — v. t. «To relate or describe in verse; to turn 
into verse. — Ver'sifica'tion, n. Act, art, or practice 
of versifying ; metrical composition. — Ver'sifi'er, 
n. One who makes verses ; one who expresses in 
verse the ideas of another written in ])rose. — Ver'sa- 
tile, -sa-til, a. Liable to be turned in opinion; turn- 
ing with ease from one thing to another; readily ap- 
plied to a new task, or to va- 
rious subiects ; variable; 
changeable; unsteady; fickle. 
(iVai. Hist.) Capable of re- 
volving ; freely movable. — 
as a versatile anther, whicli is 
fixed at one p oint, but freely 
movable. — Ver''sati)eness, 
Versatil'ity. n. S t a t e or 
quality of being versatile ; 
aptness to change ; variable- 
ness ; faculty of easily turn- _ ., , 
ing one's mind to new tasks Versatile Authers. 
or subjects. -Ver'tebra, -te-bra, n. ; pi. -br^, -bre. 
(Anat.) A joint ^ ^ 

or s e g m e n t of 
the back-bone or 
spinal column in 
a fish, reptile, 
bird, or quadru- 
ped, and in man: 
see Skeleton. 

— Ver'tebral, a. 
Of. or pertaining 
to, the joints of 
the spine or 
back-bone; hav- 
ing a back-bone. 

— Ver'tebrate, 
-bra^, n. An ani- "> 
m a 1 having an 
internal jointed 
skeleton, the back-bone in which is called the ver- 
tebral or spinal column. — Ver'tebrate, -bra'ted, a. 
(Anat.) Having a back-bone, or vertebral column, 
containing the spinal marrow. — Ver'tex, n. ; E. 
pi. -TEXES; L. pi. -tices, -tY-sez. Principal or high- 
est point; top ; summit ; crown ; esp., the crown of 
the head ; the zenith, or point of the heavens directly 
overhead. (Math.) The point in an\' figure opposite 
to, and furthest from, the base: the top or point op- 
posite the base. — Ver'tical, -tik-al, a. Situated at 
the vertex or highest point; directly overhead, or in 
the zenith; perpendicularly above one; perpendicu- 
lar to the plane of the horizon; upright; plumb. — 
Ver'tically, adv. In a vertical manner; from above 
downward. — Ver'ticalness', n. — Vertic'illate, -las- 
ted, -tis'il-la'ted, a. (Hot.) Arranged in a ring or 
whorl ; arranged around a stem or pedicel, like the 
rays of a wheel.— Ver'tigo, -tT-go, n. Dizziness or 
swimming of the head ; giddiness. (Zool.) A gas- 
teropodous mollusk (land or marsh snail) of several 
species, with cylindrically fusiform shell. — Vertijf'- 





Vertebra in Man. 



atlas, or vertebra supporting the head ; 
b, neutral arch ; c, spinous process ; 
d, dorsal vertebra. 



6ttn, cube, full ; m5on, i&A ; cow, oil ; liijger or ink, iiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



VERST 



488 



VIAMETEE 




Vertigo. 




inoos, -tij't-iius, a. Turning round ; 
whirling; rotary; affected with ver- 
tigo ; giddy ; dizzy.— Vertig'inoiis- 
ly, adv. With a whirling or giddi- 
ness.— Vertig'inousness, n. — Vor'^ 
tex, V 8 r't e k s , 7u; E. pi. -texes: 
L. pi. -TiCES, -tl-sez. A whirling 
orcircular motion of anyfluid,form- 
ing a kind of cavity in the center 
of the circle ; a whirlpool; a whirl- 
ing of the air ; a whirlwind. — Vor''- 
tical, -tt-kal, a. Pert, to or resembling a vortex in 
form or motion ; whirling. — Vor'ticel, -tl-sel, ?i. 
(Zool.) One of certain wheel-animalcules, which, bj' 
the rapid rotary raotioii of the organs round the 
mouth, create a vortex in the water, and thus obtain 
their food. 

"Verst, vgrst, n. A Russian measure of length = 3301 
feet. 

Versus, Vertebra, Vertex, Vertigo, etc. See under 
Vekse. 

Vervain. See Verbena. 

Verve, verv or varv, n. Heat of imagination, as in a 
poet, artist, musician, etc.; fervor; spirit. 

Very. See under Veracious. 

Vesicle, ves't-kl, n. A bladder-like vessel ; a mem- 
branous cavity; cyst; cell. {Bot.) A 
small bladder-like body in the sub- 
stance of a vegetable, or upon the sur- 
face of a leaf. {Med.) A small orbicu- 
lar elevation of the cuticle containing 
lymph; any small cavit3' or sac in the 
human body. -^ Vesic'rilar, ■\;e-sik''u- 
-ler, a. Of, pert, to, or consisting of, 
vesicles ; full of interstices ; hollow : 
having little bladders or glands on the 
surface, as the leaf of a plant. — Vesic'- 
Tilate, a. Bladdery; full of bladders ; 
vesicular. — Ves'^icant, -l-kant, n. 
{Med.) A blistering application. — 
Ve3''icate, v. t. To raise little blad- 
ders or blisters upon ; to blister. — 
Vesica'tion, n. Process of vesicating, 
or of raisin<j blisters on the skin. — Ves'ioatory, -Y-ka- 
to-rT, n. A blistering application or plaster.— a. Hav- 
ing a power to blister. 

Vesper, ves''per, n. The evening star; Hesper; Venus; 
hence, the evening. — Ves'pers, -perz, n. jA. The even- 
ing service or the time for evening service (one of the 
canonical hours) in the Rom. Cath. church. — Ves'- 
pertine, -tin, a. Pert, to the evening; happening, or 
being, in the evening. 

Vessel, ves'sel, n. A utensil proper for holding any- 
thing; a hollow dish of any kind; any ship or struc- 
ture made to float upon the water, for purposes of 
commerce or war; something receiving or contain- 
ing; one into whom, or that into which, anything is 
conceived as poured. (Anat.) Any tube or canal in 
which the blood and other fluids are contained, se- 
creted, or circulated. {Bot.) A canal or tube, of very 
small bore, in which the sap is contained and con- 
veyed ; an elongated tubular cell, with spiral deposits. 

Vest, vest, n. An article of clothing covering the per- 
son; an outer garment; any outer covering; a waist- 
coat or body garment for men, without sleeves, and 
worn under the coat. — v. t. To clothe with a gar- 
ment, or as if with a garment ; to cover, surround, 
or encompass closely ; to put in possession, furnish, 
endow, invest. (Law.) To give an immediate fixed 
right of present or future possession or enjoj'ment; 
to place at the disposal of. — v. i. To come or de- 
scend: to be fixed; to take effect, as a title or right.— 
Vesfed, p. a. Not in a state of contingency or sus- 
pension ; fixed. —Vesfing, n. Cloth for vests; a 
vest pattern. — Vest'ment, n. A covering or gar- 
ment ; some part of clothing or dress ; a dress ; 
robe. — Vesfure, ves'chur, n. A garment; robe; 
clothing; dress; apparel; vestment; habit; covering; 
envelope. (Law.) The corn with which land was 
covered. — Ves'try, -trT, 7i. A room appendant to a 
church, in which the sacerdotal vestments and sa- 
cred utensils are usually kept, and where parochial 
meetings are held; a room or chapel connected with 
a church, for prayer-meetings, Sunday-school, etc. 
CCk. of Eng.) An assembly of persons' who manage 



Vesicles. 
(Bot.) 



parochial affairs, — so called because held in a ves- 
try. (Epis. Ch. Amer.) A committee chosen annually 
by the parish, who, in conjunction with the church- 
wardens, manage its temporal concerns. — Ves'try- 
man, n. ; pi. -mex. (Epis. Ch.) One belonging to a 
select number of persons in each parish, who manage 
its temporal concerns. 

Vestal, ves'tal, a. Of, or pert, to, Vesta, the goddess of 
fire among the Romans, and a virgin; pure; chaste. 
— n. (Rom. Antiq.) A virgin consecrated to Vesta, 
and to the service of watching the sacred fire, which 
was to be perpetually kept burning upon her altar. 

Vestibule, ves'tt-bul, n. A covered porch or entrance 
into a house; a passage, hall, or antechamber next 
the outer doors; a lobby; porch; hall. 

Vestige, ves'tii, n. The" mark of the foot left on the 
earth; a track or footstep; trace ; sign ; faint mark 
of something which is no longer present or in exist- 
ence; fragnient or remains of something lost, per- 
ished, or iiassed away. 

Vestment, Vestry, Vesture, etc. See under Vest. 

Vetch, vech, n. A leguminous plant, some species of 
which are valuable for fodder. — Vetdi'ling, a. A 
small, leguminous plant; everlasting pea. — Vetch'y, 
-1, a. Consisting of vetches or of pea straw ; a- 
bounding with vetches. 

Veteran, vet'er-an, a. Long exercised in anything, 
esp. in military life and the duties of a soldier, '—n. 
One who has been long exercised, etc. — Vet'erinary, 
-er-T-na-rT, a. Pert, to the art of healing or treating 
the diseases of domestic animals, as oxen, horses, 
sheep, etc. — Vet'erina''rian, -na'rT-an, n. One 
skilled i'.i the diseases of cattle or domestic animals. 

Veto, ve'to, n.; pi. -toes, -toz. Any authoritative 
prohibition ; esp. the power possessed by the execu- 
tive branch of a government, as a king, president, 
governor, etc., to negative a bUl which has been 
passed by the legislative branch of the government; 
act of exercising this power; a message conveying a 
negative, with reasons. — v. t. [vetoed (-tod) -to- 
ING.] To withhold assent to, esp. to a bill for a law, 
and thus prevent its enactment; to forbid. 

Vetturino, vet'too-rc'no, n. In Italy, one who carries 
travelers from one place to another in a vettura, or 
4-wheeled carriage, at a price agreed on. 

Vex, veks, v. t. [vexed (vekst), vexing.] To make 
angry by little provocations ; to irritate, plague, 
torment, harass, trouble ; to disturb, disquiet, agi- 
tate, tease, provoke, afflict. — Vexa'tion, n. ' Act of 
vexing, or state of being vexed; cause of trouble or 
disquiet; a harassing by law; a vexing or troubling, 
as by a malicious suit; irritation; chagrin; mortifica- 
tion; uneasiness; affliction. — Vexa-'fious, a. Caus- 
ing vexation; disturbing or agitating to the mind; 
causing disquiet; distressing; harassing; full of vex- 
ation, trouble, or disquiet ; unsteady ; provoking ; 
troublesome ; teasing • irritating ; annoying. 

Via, vi'a, adv. By the way of. as, rki Boston. — Vi'- 
a d u c t , J*. A 
structure of con- 
siderable magni- 
tude, and usu- 
ally of masonry, 
for carrying a 
road or railroad 
across a vallej' 
or river. — Viam'- 
eter, -e-ter, n. 

An instrument \ • i 

for measuring laauct. 

distances traveled over ; an odometer. — Viat'ic, a. 
Of, or pert, to, a journey, or to traveling. — Viat'i- 
cum, -T-kum, n. Provisions for a journey. (Rom. 
Cath. Ch.) The communion or eucharist, given to 
persons in their last moments.— Vi'able, vi-^-ble, a. 
Capable of living; born alive in such a state of for. 
mation as to be capable of living, as a new-born in. 
f ant or premature child.— Viabil^'ity, -T-tT, n. Qual. 
ity of being viable ; capacity of living after birth ; 
capacity of living or being distributed over wide geo- 
graphical limits. 

Vial, vi'al, n. A small bottle, usually of glass ; a 
phial. — V. t. [viALED (-aid), -aling.J To put in a 
vial or vials. 

Viameter. See under Via. 




Sm, ffime, far, pass or opera, fare ; end. eve, term ; Tn. Ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; 



VIAND 



489 



VIGESIMAL 



Viand, vi'and, n. An article of food : provision for 
eating ; food ; victuals, — chiefly in pi. 

Viatic, viaticiun. See under Via. 

Vibrate, vi'biat, v. i. To move to and fro, or from 
side to side, as a pendulum, an elastic rod, or a 
stretched string, when disturbed from its position of 
rest; to have the constituent particles move to and 
fro, with alternate compression and dilation of parts, 
as tho air, or any elastic body ; to produce a vibra- 
tory effect ; to pass from one state to another ; to 
swing, oscillate, quiver, move rapidly to and fro, re- 
sound, sound. — V. t. To brandish, move to and fro, 
swing; to mark or measure by moving to and fro; to 
affect with vibratory motion; to oscillate, cause to 
quiver or move rapidly to and fro. — Vibra'tion, n. 
Act of vibrating, or state of being vibrated, or in a 
vibratory motion; quick motion to and fro; oscilla- 
tion. — Vi'bratory, -to-rT, a. Consisting in vibra- 
tion or oscillation; vibrating ; causing to vibrate. 

Vicar, vik'er, n. One who performs the functions of . 
another; a substitute. (.Eric/. Eccl. Laiv.) The priest \ 
of a parish where the predial tithes have been impro- 
priated.— Vic'arage, -er-ej, n. Benefice, or residence, 
of a vicar. — Vica^rial, vi-ka'rT-al, «. Of, or pert, 
to, a vicar; small. — Vica'riate, a. Having delega- 
ted power, as a vicar; vicarious. — n. Delegated oiiice 
or power; vicarship; office or oversight of a vicar. -^ 
Vica'rious, -rt-us, a. Of, or pert, to, a vicar, substi- 
tute, or deputy; deputed; delegated; acting or suffer- 
ing for another; performed or suffered in the place 
of another ; substituted. — Vica'riously, adv. In a 
vicarious manner; in the place of another; by sub- 
stitution. — Vicissitude, vt-sis'sT-tud, n. Regular 
change or succession from one thing to another ; al- 
ternation; mutual succession; change; mutation, as 
in human affairs. 

Vice, vis, »!. A defect; fault; blemish; imperfection; 
a moral fault or failing ; esp., immoral conduct or 
habit ; unworthy or undesirable custom ; crime ; 
sin ; iniquity; wickedness ; a character or personage 
in the old Eng. moralities, or moral dramas. — Vi''- 
cious, vish'^us, a. Characterized by vice or defects; 
addicted to vice ; corrupt in principles or conduct'; 
lacking purity; not genuine or pure: not well tamed 
or broken ; given to bad tricks ; wicked ; depraved ; 
defective : imperfect ; foul ; bad ; unruly ; refrac- 
tory. — Vi'^ciously, wlv. — Vi'ciousness, /;. — Vi'ti- 
ate, vish't-at, w. ^ To make vicious, faulty, or im- 
perfect; to render defective; to cause to fail of effect, 
wholly or in part ; to destroy, as the binding force 
of an instrument or transaction; to corrupt, deprave, 
defile, pollute, taint, contaminate. — Vitia''tion, n. 
Act of, or state of being, etc.; depravation; corrup- 
tion ; invalidation. — Vitios'ity, -os''T-tt, n. Qual- 
ity of being vicious ; corrupt state ; depravation. — 
Vi'tiotis, a., Vi'tiously, adv., Vi'tiousness, n. Same 
as Vicious, Viciously, Viciousness. 

Vice, Vise, vis, n. An instrument consisting of 2 jaws, 
closing by a screw, etc., for hold- 
ing work, as in filing, etc. — v. t. 
[viCEU (vist), VICING.] To press 
closely or squeeze with a vice, or as 
if with a vice. - 

Vice, VIS. A prefix used in composi- 
tion, chiefly in words signifying 
persons, and denoting one who acts 
in the place of another, or who is 
second in rank or authority. — 
Vi''ce, vi'se, prep. In the place of; 
instead of. — Vicege'rent, vis-je''- 
rent, n. An officer deputed by a 
superior, or by proper authority, to 
exercise the powers of another; a lieutenant ; vicar. 
— a. Having, or exercising, delegated powers. — 
Vicege'rency, -ren-sT, n. Office of a vicegerent ; 
deputed power ; lieutenancy. — Vice''roy, n. The 

fovernor of a kingdom or country who rules as the 
ing's substitute. — Viceroy'alty, -roi'al-tT, Vice'- 
royship, n. Dignity, office, or jurisdiction of a vice- 
roy. — Vice'-ad^miral, n. {Navy.) The 2d officer 
in command, in Gr. Britain ; a naval officer of the 
highest rank in U. S. A civil officer, in Gr. Britain, 
appointed by the lords commissioners of the admi- 
ralty for exercising admiralty jurisdiction within 
their respective districts. — ad'miralty, n. Office 




Vice. 



of a vice-admiral. chan'cellor, n. (Law.) An 

officer next in rank to a chancellor. An officer in 
a university, in Eng., annually elected to manage 

the affairs in the absence of the chancellor. con'- 

Bul, n. A subordinate officer, authorized to exer- 
cise consular functions in some particular part of a 

district, controlled by a consul. leg'' ate, n. A 

legate second in rank to, or acting in place of, an- 
other legate. — pres'idency, «. Office of vice-pres- 
ident. — pres''ident, n. An officer next in rank be- 
low a president. — re'gal, a. Of, or pert, to, a vice- 



roy or viceroyalty. 
'icihage, vis't-nej, n. 



Vicinage, vis't-nej^ n. The place or places adjoining 
or near ; neighborhood ; vicinitj'. — Vic'inal, Vic'- 
ine, -in, a. Near; neighboring. — Vicin'ity, vT-sin'- 
T-tT, 11. Quality of being near, or not remote ; near- 
ness ; propinquity ; proximity ; that which is near, 
or not remote ; that which is adjacent to anything ; 
neighborhood; region immediately adjacent. 

Vicious, etc. See under Vice. 

Vicissitude. See under Vicar. 

Victim, vik''tim, n. A living being sacrificed to some 
deitj^ or in the performance of a religious rite ; a 
person or thing destroyed or sacrificed in the pur- 
suit of an object, or gratification of a passion ; a 
person or living creature destroyed by, or suffering, 
grievous injury; one who is caught or cheated; a 
dupe; gull. — Vic'timize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izixg.] 
To make a victim of; to swindle. 

Victor, vik'ter, n. One who gets the better of another 
in any struggle; esp., one who conquers in war, or 
defeats an enemy in battle ; conqueror ; winner ; 
gainer. — a. Gaining the victory ; victorious. — Vic- 
te'rious, -rT-us, a. Belonging or relating to victo- 
ry, or a victor; having conquered in battle or con- 
test ; having overcome an enemy ; producing con- 
quest; emblematic of conquest; indicating victory; 
triumphant; successful. — Vic'tory, -to-rl, n. The 
defeat of an enemy in battle, o r of an antagonist in 
contest; advantage, su- 
periority, or success 
gained in any contest, 
trial, struggle, or com- 
petition; conquest; tri- 
umph. — Victo'ria, -rt- 
ix, 11. A kind of 4- 
wheeled carriage, for 2 
persons, with a driver's 
seat. (Bot.) A gigantic _,. . . 

S. Amer. water-lily. - Victoria. 

Vic'torine', -en'', n. A lady's fur tippet; a fruit al- 
lied to the peach. 

Victuals, vit'lz, ??. pi. Food for human beings, pre- 
pared for eating ; that which supports human life ; 
provisions; meat; sustenance. — Vict'ual, vit'l, v. t. 
[-UALED (-Id), -UALiNG.] To supply with provisions 
for sustenance, provide with food. — Vicfualer, vif- 
I5r, w. One who furnishes provisions; one who keeps 
a house of entertainment. 

Vide, vi'de, v. imper. See, — used to direct attention 
to something. [L., imper. of videre, to see; see Vis- 
ion.] — VideKicet, -deKl-set, arfy. To wit; namely, 
— abbr. to viz. 

Vidette, vT-def, n. Same as Vedette. 

Vidual, vid''u-al, a. Of, or pert, to, the state of a wid- 
ow; widowed. 

Vie, vi, II. I. [vied (vTd), VYING.] To strive for supe- 
riority, contend; endeavor to be equal or superior, 
rival; to use emulous effort, as in a race, contest, 
competition, rivalship, or strife. 

View, vu, r. t. [viewed (vud), viewing.] To look at 
with attention, or for the purpose of examining; to 
behold, inspect, explore; to survey intellectually, ex- 
amine with the mental e3^e, consider, behold, eye, 
survey. — ?/. Act of seeing or beholding; sight; sur- 
vey; mental survey; intellectual examination; reach 
of "the sight; power of seeing; that which is beheld; 
scene; display as apprehended by one who looks; 
representation of a scene; a sketch; mode of looking 
at or receiving anything; manner of apprehension; 
that which is'looked toward or kept in sight, as ob- 
ject, aim, intention, purpose, design ; appearance ; 
show. 

Vigesimal, vi-jes'T-mal.^i. Twentieth ; divided into, 
or consisting of, 20s or 20 parts. — Viges'lmo-quar'to, 




sfia, ci'be. fuli ; moon, fcibt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then. boNboN, chair, get. 



VIGIL 



490 



VIOLATE 



-kwawr'to, a. Composed of sheets so folded as to 
make 24 leaves each, — said of books; written 24ino. 
— n. The size of a book thus made up; a book of 
this size. 

Vigil, vij'il, n. Abstinence from sleep; sleeplessness; 
watch; watching or waking for religious exercises; 
the evening before any feast; a religious service 
performed in the evening preceding a holiday; a 
fast observed on the day preceding a Jioliday; a 
wake. — Vig'ilance, -l-lans, n. State or quality of 
being vigilant; forbearance of sleep; watchfulness; 
caution ; guard ; watch. — Vig^ilant, a. Attentive 
to discover and avoid danger, or to provide for safe- 
ty; circumspect; ever on the alert; watchful. 

Vignette, vin-yet'', n. {Arch.) A running ornament 
of vine-leaves and tendrils, used in Gothic architec- 
ture. A capital letter in ancient manuscripts, sur- 
rounded with vine-like flourishes. {Print.) Former- 
ly, any kind of printers' ornaments, as heads, flow- 
ers, and tail-pieces; more recently, any wood-cut, 
engraving, etc., not inclosed within a definite bor- 
der, esp. when small and with rounded corners. 

Vigor, vi^-'er, n. Active strength or force of body; 
physical force; strength of mind; intellectual force; 
strength or force in animal or vegetable nature; en- 
ergy ; efficacy. — Vig^orous, -er-us, a. Possessing 
vigor; full of physical strength or active force; ex- 
hibiting strength, either of body or mind; powerful; 
strong. 

Viking, vi'king, n. A freebooter or sea-robber in one 
of the pirate bands of Northmen, who plundered 
the coasts of Europe in the 8th and 9th centuries. 

Vile, vil, a. Humble; low; despicable; morally base 
or impure; depraved by sin; hateful in the sight of 
God and men; mean; bad; sinful; wicked. — VHe'- 
\y,adv. In a vile manner; basely; meanly; shame- 
fuUv; in a cowardly manner. — Vile'ness, n. — Vil'- 
ify.'-T-fi, V. t. [-FiED (-fid), -FYiNG.] To attempt to 
degrade by slander; to debase, defame, revile, abuse, 
traduce. — Vil'lfica'tion, n. Act of vilifying or de- 
faming. 

Villa, viVla, n. ; pi. -las, -laz. A country-seat; coun- 
try residence, usually of a wealthy person. — Vil- 
lage, -lej, n. A small inhabited place; an assemblage 
of houses in the country, less than a town or city, 
and inhabited chiefly by farmers and laboring peo- 
ple; hamlet. — Vil'lager, n. An inhabitant of a vil- 
lage. — Villafic, a. Of, or pert, to, a village.— Vil''- 
lain, -lin, 71. {Feudal Law.) A feudal tenant of the 
lowest class; a bondman or servant. A vile, wicked 
person; deliberate scoundrel; designing rascal; 
knave; scamp; profligate.— ViKlainous, -lin-us, -lan- 
OUB, a. Suited to, or like a villain; proceeding from 
extreme depravity ; sorry ; mean ; mischievous ; 
wicked; base; depraved; rascally; vile; infamous. — 
Vil'lainy, -lany, -lin-T, n. Quality of being a villain, 
or villainous; extreme depravity; atrocious wicked- 
ness; depraved or infamous talk; the act of a vil- 
lain; deed of deep depravity; crime. — Vil'lanage, 
-lenage, -lan-ej, n. State of a villain; tenure ( n con- 
dition of doing the meanest services for the lord. 

Villi, viKli, n. pi. {Anat.) Minute papillary elevations 
on animal membranes, giving them 
a velvety appearance. {Bot.) Fine 
hairs on plants. — ViKliform, -IT- 
f6rm, a. Having the form or appear- 
ance of villi; like close-set fibers, 
either hard or soft. — Villos«, -los', 
Vil''l0UB, -lus, a. {Bot.) Abounding 
or covered with fine hairs, or woolly 
substance ; nappy. {Anat.) Fur- 
nished with fine, fibril-like projec- 
tions over a surface ; downy, — as, 
the villous coat of the stomach. 

Viminal, vim't-nal, a. Pert, to, con- 
sisting of, or producing, twigs. — 
Vimin'eous, -e-us, a. Made of, or 
producing, twigs or shoots. 

Vinaceous. See under Vine. 

Vinaigrette. See Vinegar, under Vine. 

Vincible, vin'sT-bl, a. Capable of being overcome or 
subdued ; conquerable. — Vin'cibleness, -cibil'ity, 
n. State or quality of being, etc. 

VlDCulmn, vigk^'u-lum, n. ,• pi. -la. A bond of union. 
{Math.) A straight, horizontal mark placed over sev- 




Villous Mem- 
brane. 



eral members of a compound quantity, which are to 
be subjected to the same operation. 

Vindemial. See under Vine. 

Vindicate, vin'dT-kat, v. t. To defend with success, 
prove to be just or valid; to support or maintain as 
true or correct, against denial, censure, or objections; 
to maintain (a law or a cause) by overthrowing ene. 
mies ; to assert, defend, justify. — Vindica'tion, n. 
Act of vindicating, or state of being vindicated ; 
claim; defense; support, as by proof , legal process, 
etc. — Vin'dica'tive, -tiv, a. Tending to vindicate ; 
vindicating. — Vin'dica'tor, n. One who, etc.— Vin'- 
dicatory, -to-rT, a. Tending to vindicate; justifica- 
tory; inflicting punishment; avenging; punitory. — 
Vindicative, -dik''tiv, a. Given to revenge; revenge- 
ful. 

Vine, vin, n. The plant from which wine is made; 
the woody, climbing plant, that produces grapes; 
a climbing or trailing plant with a long slender 
stem ; a creeper. — Vin'y, vin't, a. Pert, to, or 
abounding_in, vines; producing grapes. — Vi'nous, 
-nus, a. Having the qualities of wine ; pert, to 
wine. [L. riwosrw.] — Vina''ceous, -shus, a. Pert, to 
wine or grapes ; wine-colored. — Vine'-dress'er, n. 
One who dresses, prunes, or cultivates vines. — 
-fret'ter, n. A small insect that injures vines; an 
aphis. — saw'fly, n. An insect which destroys grape- 
vines. — Vin'ery, -er-T, n. A structure, usually in- 
closed with glass, for rearing vines. — Vine'yard, 
vln'j'ard, n. An mclosure or yard for grape-vines; 
a plantation of vines producing grapes. — Vint'age, 
-ej, n. The produce, in grapes or in wine, of the 
vine for the season; time of gathering the crop of 
grapes. — Vint'^ager, n. One who gathers the vint- 
age. — Vinde'mial, -mT-al, a. Pert, to a vintage.- 
Vint'ner, n. One who deals in wine. — Vin'egar, 
-e-ger, n. An acid liquid obtained from wine, cider, 
beer, etc., by the acetous fermentation, and used as 
a condiment ; dilute acetic acid ; anj^thing sour, — 
used also metaphorically. — Vin'aigrette'', vin'a- 
gret', n. A sauce, of which vinegar, oil, etc., are in- 
gredients; a small box, or bottle, used as a smelling- 
bottle, for holding aromatic vinegar, or smelling- 
salts. — Vin-ordinaire, vaN'Sr-de-nar', n. A cheap 
claret, commonly used in France as a table wine. 

Vingt-et-nn, vaNfa-aN'', n. A game at cards, for any 
number of players, each of whom seeks to obtain 
cards that make up, when added together, 21, or a 
number near to it. 

Viol, vi'd, n. {3hut.) A stringed musical instrumer' 
formerly in use, of the same 
form as the violin, but larger. 
[The name is now applied as a 
general term to designate in- 
struments of the violin kind, . 
as tenor viol, base-viol, etc.] 
{Naut) A large rope some- 
times used in weighing an- 
chor. — Vi'^ola, -o-la, n. An 
instrument resembling the 
violin, but somewhat larger, 
and l-5th lower in compass. 

— Vi'Dlin', -o-lin', ?i. An in- 
strument with 4 strings, 
played with a bow ; a fiddle. 

— Vi'olin'ist, «. A player on 
a violin. — Vi''olist, n. A play- 
er on the viol; a violinist. — 
Vi'doncel'lo, ve'o-lon-chel'^o 
or -seKlo, n. A bass-viol of 4 
strings, or a bass-violin with 
long, large strings, giving 
sounds an octave lower than 
the tenor violin. — Vi'doncel'- 
list, n. One who plays or the violoncello.— Violo'ne, 
ve'o-lo'na, n. The largest instrument of the bass- 
viol kind, having strings tuned an octave belovr 
those of the violoncello. 

Violaceous. See under Violet. 

Vielate, vi'o-lat, v. t. To treat in a violent manner, 
abuse, injure ; to do violence to (anything that 
should beheld sacred or respected); to commit rape 
on, ravish ; to disturb, interrupt, infringe, trans- 
gress, break, profane, desecrate, dishonor, outrage, 
deflour, debauch. —Vi'olable, a. Capable of being 




Violin. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, tSrm ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone, dr ; 



VIOLET 



491 



VISION 




violated. — Viola'tion, n. Act of violating, or state 
of being violated; interruption, as of sleep or peac*; 
infringement; transgression; non-observance; prof- 
anation or coutemptuous treatment of sacred things; 
ravishment ; rape. — Vfola'tive, a. Violating, or 
tending to violate. — Vi'ola'tor, n. One who vio- 
lates, injures, interrupts, or disturbs; one who in- 
fringes or transgresses; one who profanes, or treats 
with irreverence; one who debauches; a ravisher. 

— Vi-'olence, -lens, ii. Quality of being violent ; 
highly excited action, whether physical or moral; 
venemence; injury donQ to that which is entitledto 
respect, reverence or observance ; unjust force ; in- 
fraction; infringement; transgression ; oppression ; 
ravishment; rape. — Vi'olent, a. Moving or acting 
with physical strength; excited by strong feeling or 
passion; committing outrage; breaking law or right; 
produced or effected by force; fierce; vehement; out- 
rageous; boisterous; turbulent; furious; impetuous; 
passionate; severe; extreme; unnatural; abnormal. 

— Vi'dently, adv. 

Violet, vi'o-let, n. (Bot.) A plant and flower of 
many species : they are generally low, herbaceous 
plants, and the flowers of many of the species are of 
some shade of blue. A bluish purple color, as seen 
in the violet, being one of the 7 primary colors of the 
solar spectrum: see Light. — a. Bluish purple or 
dark blue, inclining to red; red and blue combined. 

— Viola'ceous, -shus, a. 
Of the color of violet!<. 

Violin, Violoncello, Vio- 
lone, etc. See under 
Viol. 

Viper, vi'per, n. A poison- 
ous serpent of several 
species; any venomous 
snake; a malignant per- 
son. —Vi^perine, -in, a. ^. 
Of, or pert, to, etc.— Viper. 
Vi^perous, -us, a. Having the qualities of a viper; 
malignant; venomous. 

Virago, vi-ra'go, n. ; pi. -goes, -goz. A woman of ex- 
traordinary stature, strength, and courage; a female 
warrior ; a bold, impudent, turbulent woman ; a 
termagant; vixen. 

Virelay, vYr''e-la, n. An ancient French song, or short 
poem, wholly in 2 rhymes, and composed in short 
lines, with a refrain. 

Virescent. See under Verdant. 

Virgate. Sec under Verge, n. 

Virgin, ver''jin, n. A female of unspotted purity; a 
female who has had no sexual connection with a 
male; one (male or female) of inviolable chastity; a 
maiden. — a. Chaste; pure; undefiled; fresh; new; 
becoming a virgin; maidenly; modest; indicating 
modesty. — Virgin^ity, -T-tl, n. The state or quality 
of a virgin; maidenhood. —Virago, n. (Astron.) A 
sign of the zodiac which the sun enters about Au- 
gust 21st; a constellation of the zodiac, now occupj'- 
ing chiefly the sign Libra. — Vir^ginal, -jin-al, ?j. 
iJaus.) An instrument formerly in use, somewhat 
resembling the spinet, but having a rectangular 
form, like the small piano-forte. 

Viridescence, Viridity, Viridness, etc. See under Ver- 

DAM. 

Virile, vi'ril or vTr'il, a. Of, or pert, to, a man. in the 
sense of the male sex; masculine; manly.— Virility, 
VI- or vI-rTKt-tT, ?i. Quality of being virile; man- 
hood; manly_character; power of procreation. 

Virtue, vgr'choo, n. Active quality or power ; strength ; 
force; efficacy; natural excellence; worth; morafex- 
cellence; morality; uprightness ; a particular moral 
excellence; female chastity ; virginity; purity; one 
of the orders of the celestial hierarchy.— Cardinal 
virtues. See under Cardinal. — In or hi/ v. of. 
Through the force of; by authority of. — Virfuous, 
-choo-us, a. Possessing or exhibiting virtues; show- 
ing moral virtue or excellence; excellent; good; 
blameless; morally right; righteous; chaste; pure, 
— applied to women.— Virt''ual, a. Being in essence 
or effect, not in fact. — Virtually, adv. In a vir 
trial manner ; in efficacy or effect only. — Virtu 



-too' 



A love of the fine arts; a taste for curiosi- 



ties; objects of art or antiquity, taken collectively. 
— Vlrtao''BO, -too-o'so, n. ; E. pi. -o'sos, -soz. It. pi. 



-o'si, -o'se. One devoted to virtu, or skilled in the 
fine arts, antiquities, curiosities, etc. 

ViruB, vi'rus, n. (Med.) Contagious or poisonous 
matter, as of specific ulcers, the oite of snakes, etc.; 
the special contagion of a disease ; the spirit, aim, 
or drift of anything injurious, esp. anytning of a 
moral nature.— Vir'ulent, vTr'oo-lent, a. Extremely 
poisonous or venomous; very active in doing injury; 
very bitter in enmity; malignant; rancorous; bitter; 
spiteful. — Vir'ulence, -lency, -len-sl, n. Quality of 
being virulent ; injurious activity ; poisonousness ? 
acrimony of temper ; extreme bitterness or malig- 
nity. 

Vis, vis, n. Force; power. [L.] — Vis inertias. The 
resistance of matter, as when a bodj' at rest is set in 
niotion, or body in motion is brought to rest, or has 
its motion changed either in direction or in velocity; 
inertness ; inactivity. — V. mortua. {Mech.) Dead 
force; force doing no work, but only producing pres- 
sure. — V. viva. {Mech.) Living 'force ; the force 
of a body moving against resistance, or doing work, 
disting. from v£s mortua, or dead force. 

Visa. See Vise under Vision. 

Visage, riz'ej, re. The face, countenance, or look of 
a person, or of other animals, — chieflj'' applied to 
human beings. -Vis-'aged, -ejd, a. Having a visage 
or countenance. — Vis-a-vis, ve'za-ve', n. One who 
or that which, is opposite, or face to face with, an- 
other; a carriage in which 2 persons sit face to face. 

Viscera, vis'er-a, n. (Anat.) The contents of the 
great cavities of the body, as of the head, tlio- 
rax, and esp. of the abdomen ; bowels. — Vis'ceral, 
a. Of, or pert, to, the viscera. — Vis-'cus, n.: pi. 
-CERA. (Anat.) One of the organs contained in the 
great cavities of the body; anyone of the contents 
of the cranium, thorax,_or abdomen ; — chiefly in 
the pi. — Vis^cerate, -er-at, v. t. To deprive of the 
entrails or viscera, eviscerate, embowel. — Vis'cid, 
-sid, a. Sticking or adhering, and having a ropy or 
glutinous consistency ; semi-fluid and sticky ; "glu- 
tinous ; adhesive; sticky; tenacious. — Viscidity, 
-sid'Y-tt, re. Quality of being viscid; glutinousness; 
tenacity; stickiness; that which is viscid; glutinous 
concretion. — ViB'cous, -kus, a. Adhesive or sticky, 
and having a ropy or glutinous consistency: clam- 
my; sticky; adhesive; tenacious.— Viscos'ity, -kos'- 
t-tl, re. Quality of being viscous; viscidity. 

Viscount, vi'kownt, re. (O. Eng. Law.) An officer 
who formerly supplied the place of the count or earl. 
In Eng., a nobleman next in rank below an earl; his 
degree or title of nobility. — Vis^countess, n. The 
lady of a viscount; a peeress of the 4th order. — Vis'- 
county, re. The quality and office of a viscount. 

Viscous, Viscus. See under Viscera. 

Vise, VIS, n. A smith's instrument. See Vice. 

Vise, Visible, etc. See under Vision. 

Vision, vizh'un, re. Act of seeing external objects; 
actual sight; faculty of seeing; that which is seen; 
an object of sight; esp., that which is seen otherwise 
than "by the rational eye; an apparition: phantom; 
something imaginary; a creation of fancy. — v. t. 
[yisiONED (-una), -ioning.] To see in vision ; to 
dream. — Vis'lonary, -a-rT, a. Affected by phan- 
toms; disposed to receive impressions on the imagi- 
nation ; given to reverie ; existing in imagination 
only ; having no solid foundation ; fanciful ; fan- 
tastic; unreal.- re. One whose imagination is dis- 
turbed; one who forms impracticaole schemes. — 
Vis'it, viz'it, v. t. To go or come to see for pur 
poses of friendship, business, curiosity, etc.; to call 
upon ; to attend ; to go or come to see for inspec- 
tion, examination, correction of abuses, etc. ; to ex- 
amine; to come to for the purpose of chastising, re- 
warding, comforting, etc.; to appear before or judge. 
— V. i. To keep up the interchange of civilities and 
salutations. — n. Act of visiting, or going to see a 
person or thing; a brief stay (usually longer than a 
call) of business, friendship, ceremony, or curiosity; 
act of going to view or inspect; official or formal in- 
spection; examination ; visitation. — Vis'itable, a. 
Liable or subject to be visited or inspected. — Vis'- 
itant, re. One who visits ; one who goes or comes to 
see another. — Visita'tion, re. Act of, or state of be- 
ing, etc.; access for inspection or examination; com- 
munication of divine favor and goodness, or, more 



siin* cube, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; liggecor ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



VISNE 



492 



VOCAL 



visually, of divine wrath and vengeance; retribution' 
a church festival in honor of the visit of the Virgin 
Mary to Elizabeth, celebrated Julj^ 2d. — Visite, ve- 
zet', n. A light cape or short cloak of silk or lace 
■worn by ladies in summer. — Vis'itor, -it-er, n. One 
■who visits, or who comes or goes to see another; 
a superior, or person authorized to visit a corpora- 
tion, or any institution, for the purpose of seeing that 
the laws, regulations, etc., are observed.— Visito'rial, 
-o'rT-al, a. Belonging to a judicial visitor or super- 
intendent. — Vi«^, ve-za'', Vi'sa, ve^'za, n. An in- 
dorsement made by the police officers of certain 
countries in Europe, on a passport, denoting that it 
has been examined, and that the person who bears it 
is p_ermitted to proceed on his journey.— v. t. [visaed 
(-zadO or -saed (-zad'); visfeiNG or -saixg.] To ex- 
amine and indorse (a passport). — Vis'ible, -t-bl, a. 
Perceivable by the eye; to be seen; perceptible; in 
view; noticeable; apparent; open; conspicuous. — 
Vis^ibleness, -ibil'liy, -T-tT, n. State or quality of 
being visible. — Vis^ibly, adv. — Visor, viz-'er or vi'- 
zer, n. A pai't of a helmet, perforated for the pur- 
pose of seeing through; a mask used to disfigure and 
disguise; the fore piece of a cap, projecting over and 
protecting the eyes. — Vis^ored, -erd, a. Wearing a 
visor; masked; disguised. —Vis'' ta, -ta, n. ; pi. -tas, 
-taz. A view, esp. a distant view, through or between 
intervening objects, as trees ; trees or other things 
that form an avenue. — Vis^ual, vizh''u-al, a. Be- 
longing or relating to, sight: vised in sight. — Visual 
angle. {Opt.) The angle formed at the eye by the 
raj's of light coming from the extremities of the ob- 
ject. — V. iJoint. A point in the horizontal line in 
which the visual rays unite. — V. ray. A line of light 
supposed to come to the eye from a point of the ob- 
ject seen. 

Visne, ven or ve^'ne, n. Neighborhood; venue, q. v. 

Visor, Vista, Visual. See under Vision. 

Vital, vi'tal, a. Belonging or relating to life, either 
animal or vegetable; contributing or necessary to 
life; containing life; living; being the seat of life, 
or that on which life depends; very necessary; high- 
ly important; essential; immediate; absolute. — Vi'- 
fells, -talz, n. pi. Parts of animal bodies essential to 
life, such as the viscera dependent upon the great 
sympathetic nerve; the part essential to life, or to a 
sound state. — Vi'tally, adv. In a vital manner; so 
as to give life; essQjitially. — Vitality, -taKI-tl, n. 
State or quality of being vital; the principle of life; 
animation. — Vi'talize, w. <. [-ized (-izd), -iziXG.] 
To make vital or alive; to give life to. 

Vitellary, vifel-la-rl, n. The place where the yolk 
of an egg swims in the white. 

Vitiate, Vitiosity, etc. See under Vice, a defect. 

Vitreous, vit're-us, a. Of, pert, to, derived from, con- 
sisting of, or resembling, glass. — Vitreous electricity. 
The kind of electricity excited by rubbing glass with 
certain substances, as disting. fr. that developed by 
the friction of resinous substances, — called alsopos- 
itive electricity. — ViVveoM&ness, n. — Vitres'cence, 
n. State or quality of being vitreous; quality of be- 
ing capable of conversion into glass. — Vitres^cent, 
-sent, a. Capable of being formed into glass; tend- 
ing to become glass. — Vifrify, -rY-fi, v. t. [-fied 
(-fid), -EYING.] To convert into glass by fusion, or 
the action of heat. — v. i. To become glass; to be 
converted into glass. — Vitrifac^tion, -rl-fak'shun, 
n. Act, process, or operation of vitrifying, or of con- 
verting into glass by heat. — Vitrifacfure, -fak''chur, 
n. The manufacture of glass and pottery. — Vit'ri- 
fi'able, a. Capable of being, etc.— VitTifica'tion, ji. 
Vitrifaction. — Vit'rifonn, -fSrm, a. Having the 
form or appearance of glass ; resembling glass. — 
Vit'riol, -rt-ol, n. (Cfieni.) A soluble sulphate of 
any of the metals; sulphuric acid. — Oil of vitriol. 
Concentrated sulphuric or vitriolic acid, — popularly 
so called, because, like oil, when poured from one 
vessel into another, it makes no noise. —Blue vitriol. 
Sulphate of copper. — Green v. Copperas; sulphate 
of iron. — White v. Sulphate of zinc. — Vifriolate, 
-rT-o-lat, -rioUze, -rT-ol-iz, v. t. To convert into a vit- 
riol. — VitrioKic, a. Pert, to vitriol; having the qual- 
ities of vitriol, or obtained from it. — Vitriolic acid. 
{Chem.) Sulphuric acid; oil of vitriol. 

Vituline. See under Veal. 



Vituperate, vi-tu'per-at, v. t. To find fault with, 
overwhelm with abuse, censure. — Vitu'pera'tioii, 
n. Act of vituperation ; abuse ; severe censure ; 
blame. — Vitu'perative, -per-a-tiv, a. Uttering or 
writing censure; abusive. 

Vivacious, Vivandiere, Vivary, etc. See under Vivid, 

Vivid, viv'id, a. True to the life; exhibiting the ap- 
pearance of life or freshness ; animated ; forming 
brilliant images, or painting in lively colors; lively; 
clear; lucid; bright; intense; quick; sprightly; spir- 
ited; active. — Viv'idly, adv. In a vivid manner; 
with life; with brightness; in bright colors; with an- 
imated exhibition to the mind. — Viv'idn.ess, n. — 
Viva'cious, vi-va-'shus, n. Sprightly in temper or 
conduct; active; animated; sportive; gay; merry; jo- 
cund ; light-hearted. — Viva'ciousness, Vivac'ity, 
-vas'l-tT, n. Life; spiritedness; sprightliness of tem- 
per or behavior; air of life and activity. — Viv'ify, 
-I-fl, V. t. [-FIED (-tid), -EYING.] To endue with life, 
quicken, animate. — Vivif ic, Vivif-'ical, vi-vifik-al, 
a. Giving life; reviving; enlivening. — Vivif'icate, 
-t-kat, v. t. To vivify. — Viv^ifica'tion, w. Act of, 
or state of being, etc.; restoration of life; revival. — 
Viv'ifica'tive, -tiv, a. Able to vivify, animate, or 
give life. — Vivip^'arous, vi-vip'a-rus, a. Producing 
young in a living state, as all mammals. — Viv'isec^ 
tion, n. The dissection or experimental cutting, etc., 
of an animal while alive, for the purpose of making 
physiological investigations. — Vivandi6re, ve-voif- 
de-ar-', n. A female sutler. — Viva'rium, -va''rl-um, 
Vi'vary, -va-rT, n. A place artificially arranged for 
keeping or raising living animals. 

Vixen, vik'sn, n. A she-fox; a cross, ill-temperefi 
woman. — Vix'^enly, a. Having the qualities of a 
vixen. 

Viz, for vY-del't-set, but usually spoken namely. To 
wit; that is; namely^ [See Videlicet under Vide.] 

Vizier, yiz^yer or vT-zer'', n. A councilor of state ; a 
high executive officer in Turkey and other Oriental 
countries. — Grand Vizier. The chief minister of the 
Turkish empire. 

Vocal, vo'kal, a. Having a voice; uttered or modula- 
ted by the voice ; of, or pert, to, a vowel or voice- 
sound; also, spoken with tone, intonation, and reso- 
nance; sonant, — said of certain articulate sounds. — 
Vocal chords or cords. {Anat.) Two thick and strong 
fibrous bands in the larynx, covered externally by a 
thin and delicate mucous membrane, and specially 
concerned with the formation of sound : see Larynx. 
— V. music. Music made by the voice, disting. fr. in- 
strrumental music. — Vo'cally, adv. In a vocal man- 
ner; with voice; orally; in words; verbally. — Vocal'- 
ic, a. Consisting of the voice, or vowel sounds. — 
Vo^'ealist, n. A singer, or vocal musician, as opp. to 
an instrumental performer. — VocaKity, -t-tT, n. 
Quality of being vocal; utterableness; resonance. — 
Vo'caiize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To form into 
voice, make vocal or sonant; to practice singing on 
the vowel sounds. — Vo'caliza'tion, n. Act of vocal- 
izing; formation and utterance of vocal sounds. — 
Voc'ule, vok'^ul, n. A faint or feeble sound, as that 
heard on separating the lips in pronouncing p, t, or 
k. — Vo'cable, -ka-bl, n. A word; term; name"; esp., 
a word considered as composed of certain sounds or 
letters, without regard to its meaning. — Vocab'ulary, 
-u-la-rt, n. A list or collection of words arranged in 
alphabetical order and explained; sum or stock of 
words employed. — Voca''tion, n. Call; summons; 
citation; esp., designation to a particular state or pro- 
fession; destined or appropriate employment; call- 
ing; trade; profession; occupation; designation; des- 
tination. (Theol.) The bestownient of God's distin- 
guishing grace upon a person or nation, by which 
that person or nation is put in the way of salvation. 
— Voc'ative, -a-tiv, a. Relating to, or used in, call- 
ing or address, — said of that case of the noun, pro- 
noun, or adjective, in which a person or thing is ad- 
dressed. — n. {Gram.) The case in which a word is 
put when the person or thing is addressed. — Vocif- 
erate, -sif'er-at, v. i. To cry out with vehemence, 
exclaim, shout, clamor. — v. t. To utter with a loud 
voice, bellow, bawl, roar, hoot, clamor. — Vocif'era'- 
tion, n. Act of vociferating; a violent outcry; excla- 
mation; clamor; bawling; Dellowing. — Vociferous, 
-er-us, a. Making a loud outcry; clamorous; noisy. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, Tee ; Odd, tone, or i 



VODKA 



493 



VOLTAIC 



— Voice, vols, n. Sound or audible noise uttered by 
the mouth; utterance; the tone or sound emitted by 
anything; intonated quality of utterance, as disting. 
fr.'mere breath sound; mode of speaking, singing, 
or otherwise producing sound: distinctive' character 
or quality of tone; language; words; expression; sig- 
nification of feeling or opinion; opinion or choice 
expressed; a vote; command, precept, — chiefly in 
Scriptural language. {Gram.) A group of inflec- ! 
tions constituting that form of a verb, by means of 
which the relation of tlie subject of the affirmation 
to the actioH expressed by the verb is indicated, —r. 
t. [VOICED (voist), VOICING.] To fit for producing the 
proper sounds; to regulate the tone of. — Active voice. 
(Gram.) That form of the verb by which its subject 
is represented as the agent or doer of the action ex- 
pressed by it. — Middle v. That form of the verb by 
which its subject is represented as both the agent, or 
doer, and the object of the action, that is, as per- 
forming some act to or upon himself. — Passive v. 
That form of the verb by which its subject is repre- 
sented as the object, or person aiiected by the action. 

— Voiced, voist, p. a. Furnished with a voice. — 
Voice'less, a. Having no voice; dumb. 

Vodka, vod'^ka, n. A Russian intoxicating drink, dis- 
tilled from rye. 

7ogTxe, vog, n. Temporary mode, custom, or practice; 
popular reception, — used now exclusively as part of 
the phrase in vogue. 

Voice, etc. See under Vocal. 

Void, void, a. Vacant; empty; not occupied; being 
without; destitute; free; having no incumbent; un- 
occupied; having no legal or binding force; null; not 
sufficient to produce its effect; unsubstantial; vain. 

— M. An empty space; a vacuum; emptiness. — v. t. 
To make or leave vacant or empty; to quit, leave; to 
throw, emit, or send out; to evacuate; to render of 
no validity or effect; to vacate, annul. — Void'able, 
a. Capable of being voided or evacuated. (Law.) 
Capable of being adjudged void, invalid, and of no 
force ; capable of being avoided. — Void'ance, -ans, 
n. Act of voiding or emptying; ejection; esp., ejec- 
tion from a benefice; state of being void; vacancy, 
as of an incumbent in a benefice. — Void'er, n. One 
who, or that which, voids, or empties, vacates, or an- 
nuls; a tray, or basket, used to receive or convey that 
which is voided or cleared away from a given place. 

— Void''ness, n. State or quality of being void; emp- 
tiness; vacuity; destitution; nullity; inefficacy. 

Volant, vo'lant, a. Passing through the air upon 
wings, or as if upon wings ; flying ; passing from 
place to place ; current; nimble ; light and quiik; 
active; rapid. — VoKatile, -a-til, a. Capable of wast- 
ing away, or of easily passing into the aeriform state ; 
lively; gay; full of spirit; airy; fickle; apt to change. 
— VoVatileness, -til'ity, -tiKt-tT, n. Quality of being 
volatile; disposition to exhale or evaporate; great 
sprightliness: mutability; lightness; giddiness; lev- 
ity; fickleness. —VoKatilize, w. t. [-IZED (-izd), -iz- 
ING.] To render volatile, cause to exhale or evapo- 
rate. — Vd'atil'lza'tion, n. Act or process of volatil- 
izing, or rendering volatile. —Vole, vol, n. A deal at 
cards that draws 
all the tricks. 
(Zool.) A rodent 
animal of many 
terrestrial and 
aquatic species, 
of or allied to the 
rat and mouse 
families, and in- 
cluding the water 
rat and meadow 
mouse. — Volee, -rr ,„ 

vo-la', n. (i¥u5.) ^ "'®- 

A rapid flight oi notes. — Vol- or Vole-au-vent, vol-o- 
von', n. {Cooke)'!/.) A light puffed paste, which is 
filled, after baking, with a ragout of minced sweet- 
breads, chicken, gume, or fish. — Volley, voKlI, w.; 
2jI. -leys, -liz. A flight of missiles; the discharge of 
many small arms at once ; an explosive burst or emis- 
sion of many things at once. — v. t. [volleyed (-lid), 
-LEYiNG.] To dfischarge with a volley. — v. i. To be 
thrown out or discharged at once; to be discharged 
in a volley, or as if in a volley. 




Volcano, vol-ka'no, n. ;pl. -noes, -noz. A conical hill 
or mountain having a crater from which lava, steam, 
sulphureous gases, etc., are ejected. — Volcan'ic, a. 
Of, or pert, to, a volcano, or to volcanoes; produced 
bj' a volcano; changed or affected by the heat of a 
volcano.— Vol'canist, Vul'caniat, n. One versed in 
the history and phenomena of volcanoes; one who 
believes in the eftects of eruptions of fire in the for- 
mation of mountains. — Vulca'nian, -nT-an, a. Of, 
or pert, to, Vulcan, or to works in iron or other met- 
als. — Vul'caniza'tion, n. Art or process of impart- 
ing new properties to caoutchouc by causing it to 
combine with sulphur, — as invented by C. Good- 
year, of New York.— Vol^'canize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), 
-iziNG.] To change the properties of (caoutchouc, 
or India-rubbef), bj- vulcanization.— Vul'canite, -It, 
V. Same as Ebonite, q. v. under Eeony. 

Vole, Vol^e. See under Volant. 

Volition, vo-lish''un, n. Act of willing or choosing ; 
exercise of the will; power of willing or determin- 
ing; choice; preference; determination; purpose. — 
VoKuntary, -un-ta-rT, a. Proceeding from the will; 

Eroduced in or by an act of choice; unconstrained 
y the interference of another: of his or its own ac- 
cord; spontaneous; done by design or intention; pur- 
posed ; intended ; subject to, or regulated by, the 
will; endowed with the power of willing. {Law.) 
Free; without compulsion; without consideration ; 
gratuitous. — n. {Mus.) A piece played by a musi- 
cian often exteniporarih', according to his fancy ; 
now generally used to iti'dicate the organ-playing at 
the opening of church service.— Vol '■untarily,-ta-rY- 
IT, adv. Vol'untariness, n. — Vol'unteer'', -ter', n. 
One who enters into any service of his own free will. 
{Mil.) One who enters into service voluntarily, but 
when in service is subject to discipline and regula- 
tions like other soldiers. {Law.) One to whom a 
conveyance is made without valuable consideration. 
— a. Entering into service of free will; composed of 
volunteers. — v. t. [volunteered (-terd''), -teee- 
ING.] To offer or bestow voluntarily, or without so- 
licitation or compulsion. — v. i. To enter into any 
service of one's free will, without solicitation or com- 
pulsion.— Volupfuous, vo-lKp'choo-us, a. Full of 
delight or pleasure; minister ng to sensual gratifica- 
tion; exciting sensual desire; sensual; given to the 
enjoyments of luxury and pleasure. — Volupt'nary, 
-cho6-a-rt, n. A voluptuous person ; one who makes 
his own bodily enjoyment his chief object or care; 
sensualist; epicure. — a. Addicted to, or affording, 
pleasure. 

Volley. See under Volant. 

Voltaic, vol-ta'ik, a. Pert, to, originated by, or named 
after Alessandro Volta, an Italian philosopher, who 
first devised apparatus for developing electric cur- 
rents by chemical action and esta blished this branch 
of electric science; pert, to voltaism, or voltaic elec- 
tricity. — Voltaic battery. An ap- 
paratus, consisting of a series of 
plates or pieces of dissimilar met- 
als, as copper and zinc, arranged 
in pairs, and subjected to the ac- 
tion of a sahne or acid solution, 
by which a current of electricity 
is generated whenever the 2 poles, 
or ends of the series, are connect- 
ed by a conductor; a galvanic bat- 
tery. See Galvanic Battery.— 
V'. electricity. That form of elec- 
tricity which is developed by 
chemical action, as in a voltaic 
pile or battery; galvanism. — V- 
pile. The form of battery devised 
by Volta, consisting of a column 
of successive pairs of metallic 
disks, as silver and zinc, with 
moistened cloth between the 2 
contiguous pairs. — Vol''taism,-ta- 
izm, n. That form of electricity 
developed by chemical action be- 
tween metals and liquids ; the 
branch of science which treats of 
this form of electricity, — called 
also galvanism.^- Voltam'^eter, -e- 
ter, n. An instrument for meas- 




VoUameter. 

a, a, graduated glass 
tubes ; b, b, bind- 
ifig screws ; c, c, 
brass bar; d, d, 
platina wires. 



Btin, cube, full ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, ttien, boNboN, chair, get. 



VOLTIGEUR 



494 



VULNERABLE 



uring the voltaic electricity passing through it, hj its 
effect in decomposing water. — volt, volt, n. The 
standard unit of electrical tension, or electro-motive 
force. 

Voltigeur, voKte-zher''j n. A leaper; vaulter. (Mil.) 
A light mfantry soldier, disting. fr. a grenadier. 

Voluble, voKu-bl, a. Easily rolling or turning; rota- 
ting; apt to roll; moving with ease and smoothness 
in uttering words; of rapid speech; fluent. —Vol''u- 
bil'lty, n. State or quality of oeing voluble; aptness 
to roll; act of rolling; fluency of speech. — VoKubly, 
adv. In a voluble, rolling, or fluent manner. — VoK- 
nme, -um, n. Orig. a roll; scroll; a book; tome; esp., 
that part of an extended work which is bound up 
together in one cover; anything of a rounded or 
swelling form; a contortion; whirl; dimensions; 
compass ; space occupied, as measured by cubic 
inches, feet, yards, etc. {Miis.) Power, fullness, 
quantity, or caliber of voice or tone.— Volu'ininous, 
-ml-nus, a. Consisting of many coils or complica- 
tions; of great volume or bulk; large; extensive; 
bulky ; having written much, or made many or bulky 
volumes; copious; diffuse. — Volu'minously, adv. In 
a voluminous manner; in many volumes; very co- 
piously. — Volu'minousness, n. —Volute'', -luf, n. 




Corinthian. 



Ionic. 



Volutes of Ionian and Corinthian Capitals. 

(Arch.) A kind of spiral scroll used in the Ionic, 
Corinthian, and Composite capitals. — Vol'umet''ric, 
a. {Analytical Chem.) Of, pert, to, or performed by 
measured volumes of standard solutions of re-agents. 
Voluntary, Volunteer, Voluptuous, etc. See under 

VOLTTION. 

Volute. See under Voluble. 

Vomit, vom'^it, v. i. To eject the contents of the stom- 
ach by the mouth; to puke, spew. — v. t. To throw 
up, disgorge, puke; to eject from any hollow place; 
to belch forth, emit. — n. The matter ejected from 
the stomach. (Med.) An emetic. — Black vomit. (Med.) 
A copious vomiting of dark-colored matter, resem- 
bling coffee grounds, — one of the most fatal symp- 
toms of yellow fever. — Vomi'tion, -mish'un, ?i. Act 
or power of vomiting. — Vom^itive, -l-tiv, a. Caus- 
ing the ejection of matter from the stomach; emetic. 
— Vom'itory, -T-to-rt, a. Procuring vomiting; caus- 
ing to eject from the stomach; emetic; vomitive. — n. 
An emetic; a vomit; a principal door or entrance of 
a large building, as of an amphitheater. — Vom^ica, 
-T-ka, n. (Med.) An abscess in the lungs; an abscess 
in other soft, spongy organs. — Vom''ic-nut, n. Same 
as Nux VOMICA, q. v.— Vomi'to, vo-me''to, n. (Med.) 
The yellow fever in its worst form, when it is usu- 
ally attended with the black vomit. 

Voracious, vo-ra'shus, a. Greedy for eating; very 
hungry ; eager to devour or swallow ; ravenous ; 
rapacious ; greedy. — Vora'ciously, adv. — Vora'- 
ciousness, Vorac'ity, -ras'I-tt, n. Quality of being 
voracious.— Vorag''iiious,-raj''T-nus, a. Full of gulfs. 

Vortex, Vortical, etc. See under Verse. 

Votary, Vote, Votive, etc. See under Vow. 

Vouch, vowch, V, t. [touched (vowcht), vouching.] 
To call upon to witness ; to warrant, maintain by 
affirmation ; to back, support, establish ; to obtest, 
attest, confirm, asseverate, aver, protest, assure. 
(Law.) To call into court to warrant and defend, 
or to make good a warranty of title. — v. i. To bear 
witness ; to give testimony or full attestation. — 
Vouchee'', -e', n. (Law.) One who is called into 
court to make good his warranty of title in the pro- 
cess of common recovery. ^ Vouch'er, n. One who 
vouches, or gives witness or full attestation to any- 
thing; a book, paper, or document which serves to 
Toucn the truth of accounts, or to confirm and estab- 



lish facts of any kind. (Law.) Act of calling in a 
person to make good his warranty of title. — Vouch'- 
er, -or, n. (Law.) One who calls in another to es- 
tablish his warrantv of title. — VouchBafe', v. t. 
[VOUCHSAFED (-saft'*'), -SAFiNG.] To permit to be 
done without danger; to condescend to grant. — v. i. 
To condescend, deign, yield; to descend or stoop. 

Voudoo, voo'^doo, n. The object worshiped by the 
professors of Voudooism; a votary of Voudooism. — 
Vou'dooism, -izm, n. An African superstition, in- 
volving witchcraft, prevalent among the negroes of 
the W. Indies and some of the southern U. S. 

Voussoir, voos-swar'', n. (Arch.) One of the wedge- 
like stones forming the arch of a bridge, vault, etc. 

Vow, vow, n. A solemn promise made to God, or to 
some deity ; a devotion of one's self ; a promise of 
fidelity; pledge of love or affection. — v. t. [vowed 
(vowd), vowing.] To give, consecrate, or dedicate 
to God by a solemn promise ; to assert solemnly, as- 
severate. — V. i. To make a vow, or solemn promise. 

— Vow'er, n. — Vote, vot, n. Wish, choice, or opin- 
ion, of a person or body of persons, expressed in 
some received and authorized way ; suffrage ; that 
by which will or preference is expressed in elec- 
tions, or in deciding propositions; a ballot; ticket; 
expression of will by a majority; result of voting. — 
V. i. To give a vote, cast a ballot; to express or signi- 
fy the mmd, will, or preference. — v. t. To choose by 
suffrage, elect ; to enact, establish, grant, etc., by 
a vote; to determine. — Vot'er, n. One who votes, or 
has a legal right to vote. — Vo'^tive, -tiv, a. Given by 
vow; devoted. — Vo-'tively, adv. In a votive manner; 
by vow.— Vo'tary, -ta-rt, a. Consecrated by a vow 
or promise; consequent on a vow; devoted; promised. 
—n. One devoted, consecrated, or engaged by vow 
or promise. — Vo'taress, n. A female devoted to any 
service, worship, or state of life; a female votary. 

Vowel, vow'''el, n. ( Gram.) An utterance of the hu- 
man voice made through a more open position of 
the organs than that with which a consonant is ut- 
tered; a letter which can be pronounced by itself; a 
letter or character which represents such a sound.^ 
a. Of, or pert, to, a vowel; vocal. — Vow'eled, -eld, 
a. Furnished with vowels. 

Voyage, voi'ej, colloq. voij, n. Orig. a passage on the 
way ; a journey in general ; but now chiefly con- 
fined to a passage by sea or water from one place, 
port, or country, to another ; esp., a passing or jour- 
ney by water to a distant place or country. — v. i. 
[voyaged (voi'ejd or voijd), voyaging.] To take 
a voyage or journey ; esp.', to sail or pass by water. 

— V. t. To travel, pass over. — Voyageur, vwS'ya'- 
zher', n. A traveler, — the Canadian name of a class 
of men employed by the fur companies, etc., in 
transporting goods on the waters and across the por- 
tages, to and from the remote stations at the north- 
west. 

Vraisemblance, vra-soN-blaNs', n. Appearance of 
truth; probability. 

Vulcanize, Vulcanite, etc. See under Volcano. 

Vulgar, vul'ger, a. Of, or pert, to, the mass or mul- 
titude of people; common; general; ordinary; pub- 
lic ; in general use ; vernacular ; belonging or re- 
lating to the common people; pert, to common life; 
plebeian; of little or no value; lacking cultivation or 
refinement; rustic; boorish; off ensive to good taste, 
refined feelings, or delicacy. — n. The common 
people. — Vulgar fraction. (Arith.) A fraction ex- 
pressed by a numerator and denominator; a common 
fraction: thus, |. — Vul''garism, -ger-izm, re. Gross- 
ness of manners; vulgarity; a vulgar phrase or ex- 
pression. — Vulgar''ity, -gar'T-tl', n. Quality of be- 
ing vulgar; the state of the lower classes of society; 
grossness orclownishness of manners or language.— 
Vul'garize, v. t. [-ized (-ger-izd), -izing.] To make 
vulgar. — Vul'garly, -ger-ll, adv. In a vulgar man- 
ner; in the ordinary manner among the common peo- 
ple; commonly; rudely; clownishly. — Vul'f ate, -gat, 
n. Orig. a very ancient Greek or Latin version of the 
Scriptures, afterwards Jerome's Latin version. — a. 
Of, or pert, to, the old Latin version of the Scriptures. 

Vulnerable, vul'ner-a-bl, a. Capable of being wound- 
ed ; susceptible of external injuries ; liable to in- 
jury; subject to be affected injuriously ; assailable. 
— Vul^nerableness, -abil'^ity, n. State of being, ete. 



Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Sud, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 8dd, tone, dr ; 



VULPINE 



495 



WAGON 



— Vnl'nerary, -a-rT, a. Useful in healing wounds; 

adapted to the cure of external injuries. — n. (Med.) 

Any plant, drug, or composition, useful in the cure 

of wounds. 
Volpine, vuKpin, a. Of, pert, to, or resembling, the 

fox; cunning; crafty; artful. 
Vulture, vuKchur, n. (Oniith.) A rapacious carrion- 
• eating bird of' large size and many species, having 



more or less of the head and neck naked.— Vult'urin*, 
-chur-in, n. Of, or pert, to, the vulture; having the 
qualities of, or resembling, the vulture ; rapacious. 
— Vulfurous, -us, a. Like a vulture; rapacious. 

Vulva, vuKva, n. (Anat.) The fissure in the external 
parts of generation in the female; sometimes all the 
external parts of the female genital organs. 

Vying. See Vie. 



W. 



W, dubl-u, the 23d letter of the Eng. alphabet, takes ] 
its written form and its name from the repetition of 
a V, this being the form of the Roman capital letter 
which we call U: in En^. it performs the double 
office of a consonant and a vowel, being a conso- ! 
nant at the beginning of words and syllables, as in i 
wail,foi~ward, and a vowel at the end of syllables, 
as in new, now ; but it never occurs at the end of a 
syllable except when united to another vowel. 

Wabble, wob^'bl, v. i. [-bled (-bid), -blingJ To 
move staggeringly from one side to the other, in- 
cline alternately to one side and the other; to rock, 
vacillatCj — saia of a turning or whirling body. — 
n. A hobbUng, unequal motion, as of a wheel un- 
evenly hung. 

Wacke, Wacky, wak'T, n. [Geol.) A rock nearly al- 
lied to basalt, of which it may be regarded as a 
more soft and earthy variety. — Gray wacke. A kind 
of conglomerate grit-rock, composed of rounded peb- 
bles and sand. 

Wad, wod, n. A little mass, tuft, or bundle, as of 
hay or tow; a little mass of some soft or flexible 
material for stopping the charge of powder in a 
gun and pressing it close to the snot, or for keeping 
the powder and shot close ; a soft mass of some 
loose fibrous substance for stopping an aperture. — 
V. t. [WADDED, -Dixo.] To form into a mass or wad, 
or into wadding; to insert or crowd a wad into. — 
Wad, Wadd, n. (3fin.) An earthy oxide of manga- 
nese, — sometimes applied also to plumbago or black 
lead. — Wad'ding, n. A wad, or materials for mak- 
ing wads; a soft stuif of loose texture, for stuffing 
garments, etc. ; sheets of carded cotton prepared for 
the sam^ purpose. 

Wade, wad, v. i. To walk through any substance 
that yields to the feet, as water, mud, sand, etc.; to 
move or pass with difficulty or labor. — v. t. To 
pass or cross by walking in or through a yielding 
substance. — Wad'er, n. One who, or that which, 
wades. (Omith.) One of an order of long-legged 
birds that wade in the water in search of fooa. — 
Wad'dle, wod'dl, v. i. [-dled (-did), -dling.] To 
walk with short steps, throwing the body to one 
side and the other, like a duck, or a very fat person. 

Wady, wod-'T, n. The channel of a water-course, 
which is dry, except in the rainy season. 

Wafer, wa'fgr, n. A thin cake or leaf of flour and 
other ingredients; a thin leaf-like bread, used by 
the Rom. Catholics in the Eucharist; a thin disk of 
dry paste, usually colored, used in sealing letters, 
etc. — v.t. [WAFEEED(-ferd), -FEKiNG.] To seal Or 
close with a wafer.— Waffle, wof'fl, n. A thin cake 
baked hard and rolled, or a soft indented cake baked 
in an iron utensil on coals. 

Waft, waft, V. t. To bear through a fluid or buoyant 
medium; to convey through water or air; to float, 
swim, fly. — v. i. to be moved or to pass in a buoy- 
ant medium; to float. — n. A signal made by mov- 
ing something, as a flag, in the air. — Waft'age, -ej, 
n. Conveyance through a buoyant medium, as air 
or water; transportation; carriage. 

Wag, wag, V. t. [WAGGED (wagd), wagging.] To 
move one way and the other with quick turns; to 
cause to vibrate, as a part of the body. — v.i. To 
move one way and the other, be shaken to and fro, 
vibrate; to be inaction or motion, move, stir. — n. 
A man full of sport and humor; a ludicrous fellow; 



humorist ; wit. — Wag'gery, -gSr-Y, n. Manner or 
action of a wag; sarcasm in good humor; pleasantry. 
— Wag'gish, a. Like a wag; roguish in merriment 
or good humor; done, made, or laid in waggery or for 
sport; sportive; roguish; droll; frolicsome. — Wag'- 
gle, -gl, V. i. r-GLED (-gld), -GLiNG.] To reel, sway, 
move from side to side, waddle; to move with a wag- 
ging motion. — v. t. To move frequently one way 
and the other, wag.— Wag'tail, n. A sm^ insectiv- 
orous running bird, of several species, — noted for 
brisk and lively motions and for incessantly jerking 
its long tail up and down. 




Wagtail. 

Wage, waj, V. t. [WAGED (wajd), waging.] To pledge, 
hazard on the event of a contest, stake, bet, lay, 
wager; to expose one's self to (a risk), venture ; to 
carry on (a war). — ?i. That for which one labors; 
hire; stipend; salary; pay; compensation; remunera- 
tion ; fruit ; stipulated payment for service per- 
formed, — almost solely in pi. — Wa'ges, -jez, ?i. A 
compensation given to a hired person for services; 
price paid for labor; hire; stipend; salary; par; rec- 
ompense. — Wa'ger, -jer, n. Something deposited or 
hazarded, on the event of a contest or some unset- 
tled question; a bet; stake; pledge; that on which 
bets are laid. — v. t. [wagered (-jerd), wagering.] 
To hazard on the issue of a contest, or on some 
question that is to be decided, or on some casualty; 
to lay, bet. — v.i. To make a bet, lay a wager."— 
Wager of battle. (Anc. Law.) The giving of gage or 
pledge for trjdng a cause by single combat, formerly 
allowed in military, criminal, and civil causes. 

Waggery, Waggle, Wagtail, etc. See under Wag. 

Wagon, wag'un, n. A 4-wheeled vehicle; esp., one 
used for carrying freight. — Wag-'onage, -un-ej, n. 
Money paid for carriage in a wagon. — Waggoner, 
n. One who conducts a wagon ; a wagon-driver. 
(Astron.) A constellation ; Ursa Major ; Charles's 
Wain. — Wae'cnette', 
-un-ef, n. A kind of 
carriage to contain 6 
or_8 persons. — Wain, 
wan, n. A 4-wheelecl 
vehicle for the trans- 
portation of goods ; a 
wagon. (^Astron.) A 
constellation ; U r s i 
Major. — Wain'-rope, 
n. A rope for binding a load on a wagon; a cart- 
rope. — Wain'scot, -skot, w. {Arch.) A wooden lin- 
ing or boarding of the walls of apartments, made in 
panels.— v.#. [wainscoted, -scoting.] To line- with 
boards or panel-work, or as if with panel-work. — 




Wagonette. 



aOn, cQbe, fuU ; moon, idbt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, sret. 



WAGTAIL 



496 



WALLOW 



— Wain'scoting, n. Act of covering or lining -writh 
boards in panel; material used to wainscot a Rouse, 
or the wainscot as a whole. 

Wagtail. See under Wag. 

Waif, waf, n. A thing blown by the wind, drifted 
by the waters, or preserved or coming by cnance; a' 
stray: a wanderer; a homeless, unclamied child. 
{Law.) Goods found of which the owner is not 
known ; anything found, or without an owner ; 
stolen goods thrown away by_a thief in flight. — 
Waive, wav, v. t. [waived (wavd), ■WAIVI^'G.] To 
relinquish, give up claim to; not to insist on or claim; 
to refuse, forego; to throw away, cast off, reject, de- 
sert. — Waiv'er, n. {Law.) The act of waiving, or 
not insisting on, some right,_claini, or privilege. 

Wail, wal, v. t. [wailed (wald), wailing.] To la- 
ment, moan, bewail, grieve over. — v. i. To express 
sorrow audibly, lament, weep. 

Wain, Wainscot, etc. See under Wagon. 

Waist, wast, n. That part of the human body imme- 
diately below the ribs or thorax; small part of the 
body between thorax and hips; the middle part of 
other bodies; esp. (Naut.), that part of a ship be- 
tween the quarter-deck and forecastle : see Ship. — 
Waisfband, n. The band or upper part of breeches, 
trousers, pantaloons, etc., which encompasses the 
waist; a sash worn by ladies around the waist. — 
Waist'^cloth, n. A cloth or wrapper worn about the 
waist. {Naut.) A covering of canvas or tarpaulin 
for the hammocks, stowed on the gangways, between 
the quarter-deck and forecastle.— Waist'coat, colloq. 
wes'kut, n. A short coat or garment, without sleeves, 
worn under the coat, extending no lower than the 
hips, and covering the waist; a vest. 

Wait, wat, i'. i. To stay or rest in expectation; to stop 
or remain stationary till the arrival of some person 
or event; to rest in patience, expect, watch, stay; 
to lie in ambush, as an enemy. — r. t. To stay for, 
await. — n. Ambush, pi. Musicians who perform 
at night or in the early morning; serenaders. — Wait'- 
er, n. One who waits; an attendant, esp. at table; a 
salver; a vessel on which something is carried, as tea- 
furniture, etc. — Waifing-maid, -wom'an, n. A fe- 
male servant who attends a lady. 

Waive, Waiver. See under Waif. 

Wake, wak, v. i. [waked (wakt), waking.] To be 
or to continue awake; to watch ; not to sleep; to 
hold a night revel; to awake, be awakened, cease to 
sleep; to be stirred up from a dormant, torpid, or 
inactive state. — v. t. To rouse from sleep; to put 
in motion or action, arouse, excite; to bring to life 
again, re-animate; revive ; to sit up, or watch at 
night with (a dead body). — n. Act of waking, or 
being awaked; state of forbearing sleep; vigils; an 
annual parish festival in commemoration of the 
dedication of a church; the sitting up of persons 
with a dead body, chiefly among the Irish. — Wake'- 
fal, -ful, a. Indisposed to sleep; watchful; vigilant. 
—Wat ''en, wak'n, v. i. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To 
wake, cease to sleep, be awakened. — v. t. To excite 
or rouse from sleep, awaken; to excite to action or 
motion; to rouse into action, stir up. 

Wake, wj;k, n. The track left by a vessel in the water. 

Wale, wal, n. The mark of a rod or whip on animal 
flesh; a ridge or streak rising above the surface of 
cloth, etc. (Naut.) One of the strong planks ex- 
tending alon^ a ship's sides, throughout the whole 
length, at different heights. — v. t. To mark with 
wales or stripes. 

Walk, wawk, v. i. [walked (wawkt), walking.] To 
move along on foot, advance by steps, go on at a 
slower or faster rate, but without running; to move 
or go on the feet for exercise or amusement; to be 
stirring, be abroad, go restlessly about, — said of 
things or persons expected to remain quiet, as a 
sleeping or dead person; to behave, conduct one's 
self. — V. t. To pass through or upon, perambulate; 
to cause to walk or step slowly; to lead, drive, or 
ride with a slow pace. — 71. Act of walking ; ad- 
vance without running or leaping; act of walking 
for air or exercise; manner of walking; gait; step; 
that in or through which one walks; place or dis- 
tance walked over; a place or region in which ani- 
mals may graze; frequented track; habitual place 
of action; sphere; conduct; course of action; behav- 




Walking-leaf. 



ior.— 7b walk the plank. To walk off the plank into 
the water and be drowned, — fr. the practice of pirates 
who extended a plank from the side of a ship, and 
compelled captives to walk off into the water; to va- 
cate an office by compulsion.— Walk'ing-gen'tleman, 
-la'dy, H. {Theater.) One who plays a subordinate 
part, requiring a good appearance, but few words. — 
-leaf, -lef, w. {Bot.) An Amer. 
fern, whose fronds taper into 
slender prolongations, which oft- 
en root at the apex, giving rise to 
new fronds. {Entom.) A flat- 
tened orthopterous insect of sev- 
eral species, found in E. Indies, 
Australia, and S. Amer.: it is al- 
lied to the mantis, and in general 
appearance it closely resembles a 
leaf. — staff, n. A staff' carried in 
the hand for support or amuse- 
ment in walking; a cane. — stick, 
n. A cane. {Entom.) An insect 
having a long, slender, wingless 
body, resembling a piece of stick. 

Wall, wawl, n. A solid and per- 
manent inclosing fence, as around a field, park, 
town, etc. ; one of the upright inclosing parts of a 
building or room. pi. Fortifications in general ; 
works for defense. — v. t. [walled (wawld), -ling.] 
To inclose with, or defend by, walls, or as if by 
walls; to close or fill with a wall. — To drive to the 
ivall. To bring to extremities, push to extremes. — 
To go to the w. To 
be hard pressed or 
driven ; to be the 
weaker party. — To 
take the w. To take 
the inner side of a 
walk, that is, the side 
next the wall ; to 
take the precedence. 
— Wall'-creep'er, n. 
A small insectivo- 
rous bird, which 
climbs over the ver- 
tical surfaces of 
rocks and walls; the 
spider -catcher. — 
-flow'er, n. {Bot.) 
A cruciferous Euro- 
pean evergreen plant, 
of several species, 
which grows wild in'j 
old walls, stony j 
places, etc., and is 
cultivated in gardens 
for its fragrant flow- 
ers. A lady who lacks invitations to dance at a ball, 
and is left unoccupied at the side of the room. — 
-finut, n. Fruit which, to be ripened, must be planted 
against a wall. — plate, n. {Arch.) A timber placed 
horizontally upon a wall, on which rest joists, etc. 
[See QuEEN-posTor Timber.]— -'tent, M. Atent with 
upright cloth sides. 

Wallachian, wawl-la'kt-an, a. Of, or pert, to, Walla^ 
chia, or to its inhabitants. — n. A native or inhab- 
itant of Wallachia, in Roumania; a Wallach; a Ro- 
mance tongue or dialect spoken in Wallachia, etc. 

Wallet, wol'let, n. A bag or sack for carrying about 
the person, as for carrying the necessaries for a jour- 
ney ; a peddler's pack; bag-like purse ; pocket-book 
for keeping money about the person; anything pro- 
tuberant and swagging. 

Wall-eye, wawKi, n. An eye in which the iris is of a 
very light gray or whitish color, — said usually of 
horses; an eye in which the white is very large and 
distorted. — Wall ''-eyed, -Id, a. Having a wall-eye. 

Wall-flower, -fruit, -tent. See under Wall. 

Walloon, wal-luon', n. One of the descendants of the 
ancient Gallic Belga who live in Belgium and Rhen- 
ish Prussia and speak a dialect of French; their lan- 
guage. — a. Of, or pert, to, etc. 

Wallop, woKlup, V. i. [-loped (-lupt), -loping.J To 
boil with a continued bubbling; to waddle; to gal- 
lop; to be slatternly. — ?', t. To beat, flog, whip. 

Wallow, woKlo, V. i. [-lowed (-lod), -lowlng.] To 




Wall-creeper. 



&m, fSme, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; tn, Tee ; 5dd, tone, dr ; 



WALNUT 



497 



WARD 



roll one's self about, as in mire or on other sub- 
stances; to flounder; to live in filth or gross vice. — 
Wal'lower, h. One who wallows. {Much.) A lan- 
tern-wheel, or trundle. See Trundle. 

Walnut, woKnut, n. A tree of several species, of which 
some are natives of the U. S.; its edible nut; its fine- 
grained wood, used for furniture, etc. 

Walrus, woKrus, n. A large, gregarious, marine mam- 
mal, of high northern latitudes, resembling the seal, 
and allied to it; the morse: it is hunted for its oil and 
hide and for the coarse-grained ivory of its tusks. 




Walrus. 

Waltz, wawlts, n. A dance performed by 2 persons in 
circular figures with a whirling motion; a piece of 
music composed for this dance. — ?'. i. ■ [waltzed 
(wawltst), WALTZING.] To dance a waltz. 

Wamble, wom'bl, v. i. To be disturbed with nausea; 
to move irregularly to and fro; to roll. 

Wampum, wom'pum, n. Small beads made of shells, 
used by the N. Amer. Indians as money, and also 
wrought into belts, etc., as an ornament. 

Wan, won, a. Having a pale or sickly hue ; pale. — r. 
i. To grow wan; to become pale or sickly in looks. 

Wand, wond, n. A small stick; rod; a staff of author- 
ity; a rod used by conjurers and diviners. 

Wander, won'dgr, f. t. [-deked (-derd), -deking.] To 
ramble here and there, range about ; to go away, 
stray off, go asti-ay, roam, rove, gad, straggle, devi- 
ate; to be delirious. — Wan'derer, n. 

Wanderoo, won-der-oo', n. A baboon of Ceylon and 
Malabar, having a 
grayish beard sur- 
rounding i^s face. 

Wane, wan, v. i. 
[w AXED (wand), 
WANING.] To be di- 
minished, decrease, 

— esp. applied to the 
illuminated part of 
the moon; to decline, 
fail, sink. — n. De- 
crease of the illumi- 
nated part of the 
moon to the eye of a 
spectator; decline; 
failure; decrease; de- 
clension. 

Want, wawnt, n. State 
of not having ; ab- 
sence or scarcity of 
what is needed or 
desired; destitution; 
poverty ; need ; that 
which "is needed or 
desired ; a thing of 
which the loss is felt; 
indigence; defect; failure; dearth; scarcity; scarce- 
ness.— ?;.«. To be without, be destitute of, lack; to 
have occasion for, as useful, proper, or requisite; to 
require, need; to feel need of, wish or long for, de- 
sire ; to be lacking in respect'of , or to the amount of . — 
v.i. To be deficient or lacking; to fail, fall short; to 
be missed ; not to be present ; to omit, neglect, fail. 

— Want'^ing, p. a. Absent; deficient; slack; remiss. 

— Wan'ton, won'tun, a. Moving or flying loosely; 
wandering or roving in gayety or sport; running to 
excess; loose; unrestrained; luxuriant; overgrown; 
not turned or formed with regularity; wandering 
from moral rectitude; licentious; dissolute; devia- 




Wanderoo. 




Wapiti. 



-^iti." 



ting from the rules of chastity; lecherous; lascivi- 
ous; libidinous. — n. A lewd person; a lascivious 
man or woman. — r.t. [wantoned (-tund), -ton- 
ing.] To rove and ramble without restraint, rule, 
or limit; to revel, frolic; to sport in lewdness or las- 
civiously. 

Wapentake, wap'en-tak, n. In some northern coun- 
ties of Kng., a division or district, answering to the 
Hundred in other counties. 

Wapiti, wap'T-tT, n. 
The Amer. elk, — 
a large polvgamous 
N. Amer. deer with 
branching antlers, 
congener of the 
European red deer. 

War, wawr, w. A state 
of oppo s i t i o n or 
contest ; enmity ; 
hostility; a contest 
between nations or 
states, carried o n 
by force; armed 
conflict of sovereign 
powers; the profes- 
sion of arms; art of 
war.— I'.i. [warred 
(w a w r d), w a r- 
RiNG.] To contend, 
strive violently, 
fight; to make war, 
carrj' on hostilities, be in a state of contest by vio- 
lence. —War'fare, ?i. Military service; war; hostil- 
ities ; contest ; struggle. -Wartlike, a. Fit, or dis- 
posed, for war; pert, or relating to war; martial; 
hostile ; soldierly ; soldier-like. — War-'-cry, n. A 
cry or signal used in war. — -dance, n. A dance 
among savages 
prelim i n a r j' to 
going to war. — 
-horse, n. A 
horse used in 
war; esp., a 
strong, power- 
ful, spirited 
horse for milita- 
ry service; a 
c h a r g e_r . — 
-whoop, -hoop, n. 
The shout ut- 
tered by N. 
Amer. Indians in 
war.— War''rior, 
wSr'yer or wgr'- 
rT-er, n. One en- 
gaged in or ac- , • . ^ o ■ 3 
customed to or Ancient War Horse, caparisoned. 

who makes a business of, war; a soldier; champion. 

Warble, wor^'bl, v. t. [warbled (-bid), -bling.] To 
sing in a trilling, quavering, or vibratory manner; 
to trill; to uttermusically, carol; to cause to quaver 
or vibrate. — v. i. To be quavered or modulated; to 
be uttered melodiously; to sing in a trilling manner, 
or with many turns and variations.— ?i. A quavering 
modulation of the voice : a song. — War'bler, n. One 
who, or that which, warbles ; a singer; songster, — 
applied chiefly to birds. 

Ward, w6rd, v. t. To keep in safety, watch, guard; 
to defend, protect; to fend off, repel, turn aside (as 
anything mischievous). — n. Act of guarding ; 
watch; guard; guardianship; one whose business is 
to giiard, watch, and defend; state of being under 
guard or guardianship; custody; the condition of a 
child under a guardian; means of guarding; one 
who, or that which, guards; defense; protection; de- 
fender; protector; a guarding or defensive motion 
or position in fencing; one who, or that which, is 
guarded, — as a minor or person under the care of a 
guardian; a certain division or quarter of a town or 
city, under the charge of an alderman; or a division 
of a hospital; a projecting ridge of metal in the inte- 
rior of a lock. — Ward'en, w8r(i''n, n. A keeper; 
guardian. — Ward''enry, -n-rt, -enship, n. Office or 
jurisdiction of a warden. — Ward'er, n. One who 
wards or keeps ; a keeper ; guard ; a truncheon or 




sQn, cube, full; moon, i&bi; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN. chair, get. 
32 



WARE 



498 



WASH 



staff of command, the throwiM down of which was 
a solemn act of prohibition fc stay proceedings. — 
Waxd'robe, n. A room, apartment, or portable closet, 
where clothes are kept, or wearing apparel is stored; 
wearing apparel in general. — Ward'room, n. (^Naut.) 
A room occupied as a messroom by the commissioned 
officers of a war-vessel. — Ward'^ship, n. Office of 
a ward or keeper; guardianship ; right of guardian- 
ship ; state of being under a guardian ; pupilage. — 
Ware, Wa^ry, -rT, a. [-eier ; -kiest.] Cautious of 
danger; carefully guarding against deception, arti- 
fices, and dangers ; scrupulous ; prudent ; cii-cum- 
spect. — Wa'rily, -rl-lt, adv. In a wary manner ; 
cautiously. — Wa'riiiess, n. State or quality of 
being wary ; prudent care to foresee and guard 
against evil; watchfulness; circumspection ; fore- 
sight; care; vigilance; scrupulousness. 

Ware, w^r, v. t. {JSfaut.) To wear, veer. 

Ware, war, n. Article of merchandise; the sum of ar- 
ticles of a particular kind or class; esp., in the plu- 
ral, goods; commodities; merchandise. — Ware'- 
faottse, n. ; pi. -houses. A storehouse for goods. 
— I-', t. [wAKEiiousED, -HOUSING.] To deposit or 
secure in a warehouse ; to place in the warehouse of 
the government or custom-house stores, to be kept 
until duties are paid. — Ware'house-man, n. ; pi. 
-MEN. One who keeps a warehouse ; in Eng., one 
who keeps a wholesale shop or store for Manchester 
or woolen goods. 

Ware, adj. See under Ward. 

Warfare, War-horse, Warlike. See under War. 

Warily, Wariness. See alter Wary, under Ward. 

Warlock, wor^lok, n. A male witch; wizard; imp. 

Warm, w6rm, a. Having heat in a moderate degree; 
not cold ; having the sensation of heat ; glowing ; 
flushed; having a high temperature; subject to heat; 
not cool, indifferent, lukewarm, etc., in spirit or 
temper ; vehement ; excited ; passionate ; ardent ; 
zealous. (.Paint.) Having yellow or yellow - red 
for a basis. — v. t. [warmed (w6rmd), warming.] 
To communicate a moderate degree of heat to; to 
make engaged or earnest; to excite interest, ardor, 
or zeal in. — v. i. To become moderately heated, 
ardent, or animated. —Wann''ly, adv. In a warm 
manner; eagerly; earnestly; ardently. — Warm'- 
blood'ed, a. Having warm blood ; — applied esp. to 
birds and mammals. — hearVed, a. Possessing live- 
ly interest or affection; cordial; sincere; hearty. — 
Warm'ing-pan, n. A pan for warming a bed. — 
Warmth, a. State or quality of being warm; gentle 
heat; a state of lively and excited interest; earnest- 
ness; eagerness; enthusiasm. (Faint.) The glowing 
effect which arises from the use of warm colors, and 
also from the use of transparent colors, in the process 
of glazing. 

Warn, w6rn, v. t. [warned (wSrnd), warning.] To 
make ware or aware, give notice of probable danger 
or evil, admonish, notify or summon by author- 
ity; to caution against anything that may prove in- 
jurious. — Warn'^er, w. One who warns; an admon- 
isher. — Wam'^ing, h. Caution against danger, or 
against faults or practices which incur danger, ad- 
monition; previous notice. 

Warp, w6rp, v. i. [warped (wSrpt), warping.] To 
turn, twist, or be twisted out of a straight direction, 
as a board in seasoning or by shrinking; to turn or 
incline from a straight, true, or proper course; to 
deviate, swerve; to ily with a bending or waving 
motion. — v. t. To turn or twist out of shape, or out 
of a straight direction ; to turn aside from the true 
direction, pervert. (Naut.) To tow or move (a ves- 
sel) with a line or warp attached to buoys, anchors, 
etc. (^Rope-making.) To run (yarns) off the reel 
into hauls to be tarred.— ?i. ( Weaving.) The threads 
extended lengthwise in the loom, and crossed by the 
woof. (Naut.) A towing-line ; warping-hawser. — 
n. State of being warped or twisted. — Warp'ing, n. 
Act or operation of one who, or that which, warps ; 
art or occupation of preparing the warp for weaving. 

Warrant, wor'rant, v. t. To make secure, guaranty 
against harm; to give authority to do or forbear; to 
support by authority or proof, justify; to declare 
with assurance. (Law.) To secure to (a grantee) 
an estate granted; to assure; to indemnify against 
loss; to secure to (a purchaser) the quality or quan- 



tity of the goods sold, as represented; to assure (a 
thing sold) to the purchaser, — that is, to engage 
that the thing is what it appears or is represented to 
be. — n. That which warrants or authorizes ; an 
instrument giving authority, or justifying the do- 
ing of anything. (Law.) A precept authorizing 
an officer to arrest, commit to prison, or execute a 
specified person, to search suspected premises, etc. 
That which vouches or insures for anything; guar- 
anty; security; that which attests or proves; a 
voucher; a writing which authorizes a person to re- 
ceive money or other thing. — War'rantable, a. Au- 
thorized by commission, precept, or right; justifia- 
ble; defensible. —War'rantee', -te', n. The person 
to whom land or other thing is warranted. — War'- 
ranter, -or, n. One who warrants, gives authority, 
or legally empowers; one who assures, or covenants 
to assure; one who contracts to secure another in a 
right, or to make good any defect of title or quality. 
— War'ranty, -tl, n. (^Modern Law & Law of Can- 
tracts.) An engagement, express or implied, that a 
certain fact regarding the subject of a contract is, 
or shall be, as it is expressly or impliedly declared or 
promised to be. (Insurance Law.) A stipulation by 
a party insured, that certain things, relating to the 
subject of insurance, or affecting the risk, exist, or 

. shall exist, or have been, or shall be done. Security; 
warrant ; guarantee. — ?;. t. To warrant, guaranty. 
— War^'ren, n. (Eng. Law.') A place privileged, by 
prescription or grant from the king, for keeping cer- 
tain beasts and fowls; a privilege which one has in 
his lands, by royal grant or prescription, of hunting 
and taking wUd beasts and birds of warren, to the 
exclusion of any other person not entering by his 
permission. A piece of ground for the breeding and 
preservation of rabbits; a place for keeping fish, in 
a river. — Waf'rener, n. The keeper of a warren. 

Warrior. See under War. 

Wart, w5rt, n. A small, hard, rough excrescence on 
the skin; anything resembling such an excrescence. 
(Bot.) A glandular excrescence or hardened pro- 
tuberance 
on plants. — 
Warf-hog, 
n. A pach- 
yderm hav- 
ing a large 
head, tusks 
of remark- 
able size, 
and a thick 
fleshy lobe 
on each 
cheek, re- 
sembling a 
large wart. 

^, a. ^Hav- Wart-hog. 

ing warts; full of, overgrown with, or of the nature 

of, warts. 

War-whoop. See under War. 

Wary. See under Ward. 

Was, woz. The past tense of the substantive verb to 
be, — 1st and 8a pers. sing. — Wast, wost. Id piers, 
sing. — Were, wer, pi. of was, and imp. subj. sing, 
and pi. — Wert, wert, 2d jjers. sing, o/weee, used as 
subj. imperf. 

Wash, wosh, v. t. [washed (wosht), washing.] To 
cleanse by ablution, or by dipping or rubbing in wa- 
ter ; to scrub with water, etc. ; to cover with water, 
wet ; to overflow or dash against ; to waste or abrade 
by the force of water in motion; to remove by wash- 
ing, take away by the action of water; to tint lightly 
and thinly; to overlay with a.thincoatof metal. — v. 
i. To perform the act of ablution ; to perform the bus- 
iness of cleansing clothes in water; to bear the opera- 
tion of being washed; to be wasted or worn away by 
the action of water. — n. Act of washing, or ablution ; 
a cleansing, wetting, or dashing with water; flow or 
sweep of a body of water; a dashing against, as of 
tide or waves ; the quantity of clothes washed at 
once; a piece of ground washed by the action of a 
sea or river, or sometimes covered and sometimes 
left dry; the shallowest part of a river or arm of the 
sea; a bog; marsh; fen; substances collected and de- 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, f^re ; end, eve, term ; Tfn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, or ; 



WASP 



499 



WATER 




Washer. 

Watery; damp; 
watery; weak; 



posited by the action of water; waste liquor, the ref- 
use of food, etc., from a kitchen. {DUtHliny.) The 
fermented wort from which tlie spirit is ex..,racted. 
That with which anything is washed, or wetted, 
smeared, tinted, coated, etc., upon the surface ; a 
cosmetic for the complexion; a liquid dentifrice ; a 
preparation for the hair; a lotion; a thin coat of 
color, spread over spaces of a picture ; a thin coat 
of metal, laid on anything for beauty or preserva- 
tion. {Nant.) The blade of an oar. — Wash'er, n. One 
who, or that which, washes; a 
ring of metal, leather, or 
other material, used to relieve 
friction, to secure tightness of 
joints, or for. other purposes. 
— Wash'ing, n. Act of one 
who washes; ablution; clothes 
washed, esp. those washed at 
one time; wash. — Wash.'y, -Y, a, 
soft; lacking substance or solidity 
thin. — Wash'-ball, w. A ball of soap, to be used in 
washing the hands or face. — board, n. A board 
with a fluted or ribbed surface on which clothes are 
rubbed in being washed ; a board running round 
the walls of a room, next to the floor ; mop-board. 
(^Naut.) A broad, thin plank, fixed on the top of a 
boat or other small vessel's side, to prevent the sea 
from breaking over; a piece of plank on the sill of a 
lower deck port, for the same purpose. — leath'er, 
n. Split sheep-skin dressed with oil, in imitation of 
chamois; buff leather for regimental belts. — pot, Ji. 
A pot or vessel in which anything is washed. — 
Wash'er - wom'an, n.; pi. -wom'en, -wim'en. A 
woman who washes clothes for others, or for hire. 

Wasp, wosp, n. A slender hj-menopterous insect, of 
manj' species, building nests of 
paper (as the hornet), mud, etc. : 
the female is armed with a ven- 
omous sting.— Wasp'ish, a. Hav- 
ing a slender waist, like a wasp ; 
quick to resent a trifling affront ; 
snappish ; petulant ; irascible ; 
captious. 

Wassail, wos'sil, n. An ancient 
expression of good wishes on a 
festive occasion, esp. in drinking 
to one; a festive season ; roister- _, 

ing festivity; intemperate indul- Wasp, 

gence ; a liquor composed of wine or ale, sugar, nut- 
meg, toast, and roasted apple; a song or glee sung at 
a festive gathering. — v. i. [wassailed (-sild), -sail- 
I^'G.] To hold a festivity ; esp., one with much 
drinking of healths; to caroiise. — a. Of, pert, to, 
or used for, wassail.— Was'sailer, -sil-er, n. One who 
drinks wassail; a reveler. 

Wast. Se^ under Was. 

Waste, wast, v. t. To bring to ruin, devastate, de- 
stroy ; to wear away by degrees, impair gradually ; 
to spread unnecessarily or carelessly, employ prod- 
igally, lavish vainly. (Law.) To damage, "impair, 
or iniure (an estate) voluntarily, or by suffering the 
buildings, fences, etc., to go to decay; to squander, 
dissipate, lavish, desolate. — v. i. To be diminished, 
grow less, be consumed by any cause, dwindle. — a. 
Desolate; devastated; stripped : bare ; dreary; dis- 
mal; lying unused; of no worth; valueless; lost for 
want of occupiers; worthless; unproductive; wild; 
uncultivated. — n. Act of wasting, devastating, des- 
olating, squandering, lavishing, expending unneces- 
saril}', carelessly, etc. ; that wnich is wasted or des- 
olate ; devastated, uncultivated, or wild country ; 
unoccupied or unemployed space ; desert ; that 
which IS of no value; worthless remnant; refuse. 
(Laiv.) Spoil, destruction, or injury, done to houses, 
woods, fences, lands, etc., by a tenant. — Wasfer, 
n. One who wastes, lays waste, or devastates ; one 
who squanders property; one who consumes extrav- 
agantly or without use. — Waste^ful, -f ul, a. Full of 
waste; destructive to property; expending property, 
or that which is valuable, without necessity or use; 
lavish; profuse; prodigal; extravagant..— Waste''- 
book, n. (Com.) A book in which rough entries of 
transactions are made, previous to their being car- 
ried into the journal. — pipe, n. A pipe for convey- 
ing off waste' water, etc. 




Watch, woch, n. Act of watching ; forbearance of 
sleep; vigil; close observation; guard; preservative 
or preventive vigilance ; formerly, a watching or 
guarding by night; opp. to "ward" (watching or 
guarding by day); one who watches, or those who 
watch; a sentry; guard; post or office of a watch- 
man; place where he is posted; the period of the 
night in which one person, or one set of persons, 
stand as sentinels ; a division of the night ; a small 
timepiece or clironometer, to be carried in the pocket. 
(Naiit.) An allotted portion of time, usually 4 hours, 
for watching, or being on dutv; that part of the offi- 
cers and crew of a vessel who together attend to 
working her for an allotted time. — v. i. To be 
awake, be or continue without sleep, keep vigil ; 
to be attentive or vigilant, be on the lookout, keep 
guard; to be expectant, wait, seek opportunity; to 
remain awake with any one as nurse or attendant. 
(Naiit.) To float on the surface of the water, as a 
buoy. — )•■ t. [watched (wocht), watching.] To 
give heed to, keep in view, not lose from sight and 
observation; to tend, guard, have in keeping.— fFa/c^ 
and icatrh. An arrangement by which the watches 
are alternated every 4 hours. — Dog' -watch. {Nant.) 
A watch of 2 hours, of which there are 2, one fr. 4 to 
(), the other fr. 6 to 8 p. m, — Watch'er, n. One who 
watches; esp., one who attends upon the sick dur- 
ing the night. — Watch'ful, -tul, a. Full of watch; 
careful to observe ; vigilant ; 'cautious ; observant; 
circumspect ; wakeful ; heedful. — Watch'folness, 
n. State or quality of being watchful ; indisposi- 
tion to sleep; careful and diligent observation for 
the purpose of preventing or escaping danger, or 
of avoiding mistakes and misconduct. — Watch'- 
mau, n. ; pi. -men. One set to watch ; a sentinel; 
one who guards the streets of a city or a building by 

night. dog, n. A dog kept to guard premises or 

property, and to give notice of the approach of in- 
truders. — house, n. A house in which a watch or 
guard is placed; a police station; a place where per- 
sons under temporary arrest bj' the police of a city 
are kept; a lock-up.— -light, -lit, n. A light used for 
watching or sitting up in the night; esp., a candle 
formerly used for this pu'pose, having a rush wick. 
— night, n. The last niuht of the year, — observed 
by Wesleyans, Moravians, and others, who observe 
it bv holding religious meetings to watch till the end 
of the old year. — tow'er, ti. A tower on which a sen- 
tinel is placed to 
watch for enemies 
or the approach of 
danger. — word, n. 
The word given to 
sentinels, and to 
such as have occa- 
sion to visit the 
guards, used as a 
signal by which a 
friend is known 
from an enemy ; a 
countersign; pass- 
word. 

Water, waw'ter, »i. 
The fluid which de- 
scends from the 
clouds in rain, and 
which forms rivers, 
lakes, seas, etc. ; a 
body of water, 
standing or flowing; one of various liquid secretions, 
humors, etc.,— so named from their resemblance to 
water; esp., urine; the color or luster of a diamond. 
— V. t. [watered (-terd),-TERiNG.l Towetorover- 
flow with water, irrigate; to supplj' with water for 
drink; to wet and calender (clotn), so as to impart to 
it a lustrous appearance in wavy lines; to increase in 
apparent bulk, without adding to the real value, — 
as, to water stock, to issu6 new stock on pretense that 
the profits warrant such increase. — v. i. To fill with 
or shed water or liquid matter; to get or take in wa- 
ter; to grow moist when something excites the appe- 
tite — said of the mouth. — To make umter. To pass 
urine. (Navt.) To admit water, leak. — To make the 
month water. A phrase denoting that something 
produces a longing desire, the sight or odor of food 




Watch-tower. 



sun. cube, full ; moon, fd&t ; cow. oil ; ligger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get- 



WATER 



500 



WATTLE 



often causing an increased flow of saliva. — Wa'- 
terer, h. One who waters. —Wa'terman, n. ; pi. 
-HEX. One who manages water-craft; a boatman; 
ferryman. — Wa'tery, -ter-T, a. Resembling water; 
thin or transparent, as a liquid; abounding in thin, 
tasteless, or insipid fluid; abounding with water, 
wet; of, pert, to, or consisting of, water; aqueous; 
humid; damp. — Wa'terish, a. Resembling water; 
thin ; watery; somewhat watery; moist. — Wa'ter- 
back, n. An iron chamber or a coil of pipes at the 
back of a cooking store or range, through which 
water, when heated, is passed into the reservoir. 
— bail'ifC, -ba'lif, n. An officer of the customs, in 
Eng. for searching ships. — bear'er, n. (Astron.) 
A sign of the zodiac, and the constellation from 

which it is named; Aquarius. brash, n. {Pathol.) 

A disease characterized by burning pain in the stom- 
ach, with eructations of an acrid fluid; pyrosis. — 
-cart, w. A cart bearing water; esp., one by means 
of which water is sprinkled, as in the streets, etc. — 
-cement, -sem-'ent or -se-ment'', n. Hydraulic ce- 
ment. — clos'et, n. A privy; esp., a privy furnished 
with a contrivance for introducing a stream of water 
to cleanse it. — col'or, n. (Paint.) A color ground 
with water and gum or size; a color the vehicle of 
which is water. — course, n. A stream of water; a 
river or brook; a channel or canal for the conveyance 
of water, esp. in draining lands. cress, n. A har- 
dy, pungent, aquatic perennial plant of the nastur- 
tium family, of several species, growing in running 
streams, etc., and used as a salad plant and an an- 
tiscorbutic. — cure, n. (3Ied.) Mode 
or system of treating diseases with 
water; hydropathy, — applied also to 
an establishment where such treat- 
ment is employed. — dog, n. A dog 
accustomed to the water; esp., a vari- 
ety of the common dog, generally of 
a black color, with some white, re- 
markable for its aquatic habits, which 
render it valuable to sportsmen ; a 
small floating cloud, supposed to in- 
dicate rain ; a sailor. — fall, re. A fall 
or perpendicular descent of the water 
of a river or stream; a cascade; cata- 
ract; a kind of female head-dress or 
arrangement of the long hair at the 
back of the head. — fowl, re. A bird 
that frequents the water, or lives 
about rivers, lakes, etc., or on or near 

the sea ; _an aquatic fowl. gauge, 

-gage, -gaj, n. An instrument for 
measuring or ascertaining the depth 
or quantity of water, as in the boiler 
of a steam-engine. — gild'ing, re. The 
gilding of metallic surfaces by cover- 
ing them with a thin coating of amal- 
gam of gold, and then volatilizing the .^ 
mercury by heat. — gru'el, n. A thin >» ater-gauge. 
liqnid food, composed of water and meal, or other 
farinaceous sub 
stance boiled. — 
-hog, n. A large, 
rodent, fish and 
vegetable e a t - 
ing, aquatic 
quadruped of S. 
Amer., allied to 
the guinea pig; 
the cabiai; capy- 
b a r a. — ice, re. 
A preparation of 
water and sugar, 
flavored and fro- 
z e n, like ice- 
c ream; a sher- 
bet.— -lev'el, w * u 
re. The level Water-hog. 
formed by the surface of still water ; a leveling 
instrument in which water is employed for deter- 
mining the liorizontal line. — lil'y, n. An aquatic 
plant, of several genera and species, most of which 
nave beautiful, and usually very fragrant, flowers, 
and lar^e, floating leaves. — line, re. Cj^avt.) A hor- 
izontal line supposed to be drawn about a ship's bot- 





tom at the surface of the water. — logged, -logd, a. 
{JS'^aut.) Rendered log-like, heavy, or clumsy in 
movement, in consequence of being filled with wa- 
ter. mark, n. A mark indicating the height to 

which water has risen, or at which it has stood; the 
usual limit of high or low water; a letter, device, etc., 
wrought into paper during the process of manufac- 
ture. — -meKon, re. A cucurbitaceous plant of many 
varieties, and its pulpj" fruit, which abounds with a 
sweetish watery juice. — mill, re. A mill whose ma- 
chinery is moved by water. — ©u'sel, -oo'zl, n. (Or- 
nith.) An aquatic bird; the dipper. See Ousel. — 
-pot, re. A vessel for holding or conveying water, or 
for sprinkling water on cloth in bleaching, or on 
plants, etc. pow'er, re. The power" of water em- 
ployed to move machinery, etc. ; a fall of water 
which may be used to drive machinery ; a source 
of power from water; a place where water may be 
readily used to drive machinery. — priv'ilege, n. 
The right to use water for mills, or to drive ma- 
chinery ; a stream of water capable of being em- 
ployed to drive machinery, as for a mill. proof, a. 

Impervious to water; so firm and compact as not to 
admit water. — proofing, re. A substance or prepa- 
ration for rendering anything, as cloth, leather, etc., 
impervious to water. — proof, n. Cloth rendered 
water-proof; an outer garment made of rubber or 
water-proof cloth. — ram, n. A machine by means of 
which water is raised by the 
momentum of a larger stream 
than the one which is raised; 
a hydraulic ram. See Hy- 
draulic Ram. — rot, v. t. To 
rot by steeping in water. — 
-shed, re. A crest of land be- 
tween 2 river-basins, etc., 
marking the limit from which 
water flows in opposite direc- ; 
tions ; the country or basin ■ 
drained by any stream of wa- 
ter and its tributaries. — soak, 
I', t. To soak m water ; to fill 
the interstices of with water. 

spout, re. A meteorological 

phenomenon, of the nature of 
a tornado or whirhvind, usu- 
ally observed over the sea. — 
-tight, n. So tight as not to 
admit water or to suffer it to escape; not leaky. — 
-wheel, re. Any wheel for pro- 
pelling machinery or other pur- 
poses, that is made to rotate by 
the direct action of water ; — 
called an oveiv/iot-icTieel when 
the water is applied at the top, 
an vnrlershot-icheel when at the 
bottom, a breast-wheel when at 
an intermediate point, and a tur- 
bine-ivheel, when its axis is ver- 
tical, and the water acts upon 
different sides of the wheel at 
the same 




Water-spout. 





Undershot-wheel. Breast-wheel, 

tion of works, by which a supply of water is fur- 
nished, — chiefly in pi. — Wa'tering -place, re. .A 
place where water may be obtained, as tor a ship ; 
a place to which people resort lor mineral water, or 
for bathing, boating, etc. 

Watt, Wot, -Ji. (Elcc.) The electrical unit of power. 
One horse power is nearly equal to 716 watts. 

Wattle, wot''tl, n. A twig or flexible rod; a hurdle 
made of such rods; a rod laid on a roof to support 
the thatch: the fleshy excrescence that grows under 
the throat of a cock or turkey, or a like substance on 
a fish. — V. t. [WATTLED C-tld), -TLiNG.J To bind 
with twigs; to twist or interweave, to plat. 



5m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; 



WAUL 



501 



WEAR 



Waul, wawl, r. t. To cry as a cat; to squall. 

Wave, wav, n. An advancing rid^e or swell on the 
surface of a liquid; an undulation; billow; surge; 
breaker. (Physics.) A state of vibration propa£;ated 
from particle to particle through a body or elastic 
medium, as in the transmission of sound. Water; 
anything resembling a wave in character, action, or 
appearance: iiiequality of surface; the undulating 
line or streak of luster on clotli watered and calen- 
dered; a waving or undulating motion: inequality; 
unevenness. — r. •«. [waved (Vavd), waving.] To 
move loosely one way and the other; to undulate, 
fluctuate, flutter; to 'be moved, as a signal. — v.t. 
To raise into inequalities of surface: to move one 
■way and the othei. brandish; to sijcnal by a waving 
motion, beckon. — Wav'y, -T, a. Rising or swelhng 
in waves; playing to and fro: undulating. — Wave'- 
less, a. Free from waves; imagitated. — Wave'let, 
n. A little wave; ripple. — Wave' -offering, ». An 
offering in the Jewish services by waving tlie ob- 
ject toward the 4 cardinal points. — Wa'ver, v. i. 
[^-VEKED (-verd), -verixg.] To pla)^ or move to and 
fro; to be unsettled in opinion; to fluctuate, reel, 
vacillatj. 

Wave, wav, v. t. To put off, cast off, cast away, re- 
ject, relinquish (a right, claim, or privilege). 

Wax, waks, n. A solid, tenacious, easily molded sub- 
stance, produced by bees for making the cells of their 
"comb; " any substance resembling wax in consist- 
ency or appearance; as, a thick, tenacious substance, 
secreted in the ear; a wax-like composition used for 
imiting surfaces, or for excluding air, etc.; a com- 
position used by shoemakers for rubbing their 
thread. (Bot.^ A wax-like product secreted by cer- 
tain plants. (Min.) A substance, found in connec- 
tion with certain deposits of rock-salt and coal. — ?■. 
t. [imp. WAXED (wakst); p.p. waxed or waxen; 
WAXING.] To smear, rub, or treat with wax. — 
Wax'en, waks'n, a. Made of, or like, wax; soft; 
yielding; covered with wax. — Wax'iness, n. — 
Wax'y, -T, a. Re- 
sembling wax in 
appearance or con- 
sistency ; viscid ; 
adhesive ; soft; 
yielding ; pliable. 
— Wax'-can'dle, n. 
A candle made of 
wax. — wing, n. 
A bird, about G or 
Sinches long: there 
are several species, 
most of which have 
small, oval, homy 
appendagres on the 
secondaries of the 
wings, of the color 
of red sealing-wax. 
— work, n. "Work 
made of wax; esp., 
a figure or figures 
formed of wax, in 
imitation of real beings. — Waxed'-end. n. A thread 
pointed with a bristle and covered with shoemaker's 
wax, used in sewing leather, as for boots, shoes, etc. 

Wax, waks, ?'. i. To increase in size, grow, become 
larger or fuller; to pass from one state to another, 
become. 

Way. wa, n. A moving; passage; progression; that by 
which one passes or progresses; road or path of any 
kind; length of space; distance; interval; course, or 
direction of motion or progress; means by which 
anything is reached or accomplished; scheme; de- 
vice ; manner ; method : mode ; fashion ; regular 
course; habitual method of life or action: determined 
course ; resolved mode of action or conduct. (Ifaut.) 
Progress ; motion, pi. The timbers on which a 
ship is launched. — By Ihe way. In passing; apro- 
pos; aside, as a thinz apart from, though connected 
with, the main object or subject. — By w. of. As for 
the purpose of; as being< in character of . — In the 
family w. Pregnant; with child. — In thew. In a 
position, or of a character to obstruct, hinder, etc. — 
In the w. of. In a favorable position for doing, 
getting, meeting, etc. — Out of the w. So as not to 




Wax-wing. 



fall in with, obstruct, or hinder; apart: asi(ie: astrav; 
not in the proper place or course ; away from tnp 
usual or regular course or beaten track; odd; unu- 
sual; wrong. — Bight of m. (Law.) A right of pri- 
vate passage over another's ground. — To be un- 
der w., to har-e w. (Xaut.) To be in motion, as 
when a ship begins to movd^ To give w. To re- 
cede, make room, yield, concede the place or opin- 
ion to another. (Naut.) To row or ply the oars 
vigorously. — To make one's nj. To advance in life 
by efforts, advance successfully. — To makew. To 
give room for passing, or to make a vacancy. — 
Way'-bill, 71. A list of passengers in a public vehi- 
cle, or of the baggage or amount of goods trans- 
ported by it. — mark, n. A mark to guide in trav- 
eling. — side, n. The edge or border of a road or 
path. — sta'tion, n. An intermediate station on a 
line of travel, esp. on a railroad. — Way'farer, 
-far-er, n. A traveler; passenger. — Way'faring, a. 
Traveling: passing: being on a journey. — Way'lay, 
v.t. [-LAID (-lad), -LAYING.] To lie in wait lor; to 
watch insidiously in the way of, with a view to 
seize, rob, or slay. — Way'ward, a. Liking one's 
own way; full of humors; froward; perverse; will- 
ful. 

Wa3rwode, wa'wod, n. A military commander in va- 
rious Slavonic countries, — afterward applied to gov- 
ernors of towns or provinces; in Russia a high mili- 
tary title. 

We, we, pron. ; pi. of I. [pos.-<. our or ours: obj. us.] I 
and others; a number in whom I am included. 

Weak, wek, a. Wanting physical strength: as, feeble, 
infirm, sickly, exhausted; not able to sustain a great 
weight; easily broken or sepai^ted into pieces; not 
compact; not stiff'; pliant; frail; soft; easily subdued 
or overcome; lacking force of utterance or soundj 
low; small; feeble; of less than the usual strength or 
spirit; or, lacking ability for an appropriate function 
or office; not possessing or manifesting intellectual, 
logical, moral, or political strength, vigor, etc., as, 
feeble of mind; spiritless; unwise; injudicious; fool- 
ish; not having full confidence or conviction; not 
able to withstand temptation, urgencj', persuasion, 
etc.; not having power to convince; not supported 
by force of reason or truth; wanting in point or vig- 
or of expression; not prevalent or effective, or not 
felt to be prevalent; feeble; not wielding or having 
authority or energy; deficient in the resources es- 
sential to a ruler or nation. (Stock Exchange.) Tend- 
ing towards lower prices, — as, a weak market.— 
Weakling, n. A weak or feeble creature.— Weak'- 
ly, -IT, arfi'. In a weak manner; feebly; with little 
strength. — a. [-lier; -liest.] Not strong of con- 
stitution; infirm. — Weak'ness, n. State or quality 
of being weak; want of physical strength; want of 
sprightliness or force, of steadiness or resolution, 
of moral force or effect upon the mind, or of judg- 
ment; weak trait or characteristic; defect; failing; 
fault; feebleness; debility: languor; imbecility: in- 
firmity; decrepitude; frailty; faintness. — Weak'en, 
wek'n, V. t. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To make weak, 
lessen the strength of, debilitate, enfeeble, enervate; 
to reduce in strength or spirit. 

Weal, wel, v. A sound, healthy, or prosperous state 
of a persoji or thing; prosperity; happiness. 

Wealden, weWn, a. (Geol.) Of, or pert, to, the up- 
per part of the oolitic series. 

Wealth, welth, n. Large possession of money, goods, 
or land : riches ; affluence ; opulence ; abundance. 
— Wealth'y, -T, a. [-ier ; -iest.] Having wealth, 
or large possessions in lands, goods, money, or se- 
curities, or larger than the generality of men; opu- 
lent: affluent; rich. — The wealthy. Persons of the 
richer class. 

Wean, wen, v. t. [weaned (wend), weaning.] To 
accustom and reconcile to a want or deprivation of 
the breast or the mother's milk: to detach or alien- 
ate (the affections) from' any object of desire. 

Weapon, wep'un, n. An instrument of offensive or 
defensive combat ; something to fight with ; that 
with which one contends against another. 

Wear, war, v. t. [imp. wore ; p. p. worn ; wear- 
ing.] To carry or bear upon the person, as an arti- 
cle of clothing, decoration, warfare, etc. ; to have 
on ; to have or exhibit an appearance of ; to con- 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiicn, boNboN, chair, get. 



WEAR 



502 



WEEK 



Bume by use, use up ; to impair, waste, or diminish, j 
hy continual attrition, scraping, percussion, etc.; to I 
cause or occasion by friction or wastinj?; to affect by 
degrees. — v. i. To endure or suffer use ; to bear the 
consequences of use, as waste, consumption, or at- 
trition ; to suffer injury by use or time ; to be con- 
sumed by slow degrees. — w. Act of wearing, or state 
of being worn ; consumption by use ; thing wornj 
style of dress; the fashion. — Wear and tearr The 
loss by wearing, as of machinery in use; injury to 
which" anything is subject by use, accident, etc. — 
Wtar'able, a. Capable of being, or suitable to be. 
Worn. — Wear'er, n. One who wears or carries as 
appendant to the body; that which wastes or dimin- 
islies. 

Wear, war, v. t. {Naut.) To put (a ship) on another 
tack by turning her round, with the stern toward 
the wind; to veer. 

Wear, wer, n. A dam in a river to stop and raise the 
water, for conducting it to a mill, for taking fish, 
etc. ; a fence set in a stream for catching fish. 

Weary, we'rl, a: [-rier ; -riest.] Having the 
strength exhausted by toil or exertion ; tired ; fa- 
tigued ; causing weariness ; tiresome ; irksome ; 
wearisome. — V. t. [wearied (-rid), -ryixg.] To 
reduce or exhaust the phj^sical strength or endur- 
ance of; to make impatient by continuance; to har- 
ass by anything irksome ; to jade, tire, fatigue, dis- 
pirit. — V. i. To grow tired, become exhausted or 
impatient. — Wea'riless, a. Incapable of being wea- 
ried. — Wea'rily, -rl-ll, adv. In a weary manner. — 
— Wea'^rlsome, -rT-sum, a. Causing weariness; irk- 
some; tiresome; tedious; fatiguing; annoying; vex- 
atious. 

Weasand, wc'zand, n. The windpipe; canal through 
which air passes to and from the lungs ; throttle. 

Weasel, we'zl, n. A small carnivorous quadruped, 
about 6 inches in 
length, with a tail 
about 2 inches long: it 
is remarkable for its 
slender form and agile 
movements. 

Weather, weth^er, n. 
The state or condition 
of the atmosphere 
with respect to heat 
or cold, wetness or dry- 
ness, calm or storm, 
clearness or cloudiness, or other meteorological con- 
ditions. — V. t. [weathered (-erd), -erixg.] To 
expose to the air; to air, season by exposure to air. 
(Naut.) To sail to the windward of; to pass be- 
tween the wind and. To sustain the trying effect 
of; to endure, resist. — Weath''ered, -erd, a. (Arch.) 
Made sloping, so as to throw off water. (Geol.) 
Having the surface altered in color, texture, or 
composition, or the edsres rounded off by expos- 
ure to the elements. — Weath^er-beat'en, -bet'n, a. 
Beaten or harassed by, or worn by exposure to, the 
weather. — board, ?i. (Naut.) That side of a ship 
which is toward the wind. {Arch.) A board used 
in weather-boarding houses, etc. — v. t. (Arch.) To 
nail boards upon so as to lap one over another, in 
order to exclude rain, snow, etc. — bound, a. De- 
layed by bad weather. — breed'er, n. A fine day 
which is supposed to presage foul weather. — cock, 
n. A vane, or weather-vane, — orig. often in the 
figure of a cock; any thing or person that turns eas- 
ily and frequently. — gage, n. Position of a ship to 
the ^\^ndward of another; a position of advantage or 

superiority. glass, n. An instrument to indicate 

the stateof the atmosphere, esp. changes of atmos- 
pheric pressure, and of the weather. mold'ing, 

-mould'ing, n. (Arch.) A canopy or cornice over 
doors or windows, to throw off the" rain. — proof, a. 

Proof against rough weather. report', n. In the 

U. S., the daily report of meteorological observations, 
and of probable changes in the weather, published 
by the government. — strip, n. A strip of wood, 
rubber, etc., covering the crack between an outer 
door or window and the threshold or casing, to ex- 
clude cold air, rain, snow, etc. — wise. a. Skillful 
in foreseeing the changes or state of the weather. 
RTeave, wev, v. t. [imp. wove (wov); p.p. woven or 




Weasel. 




"Weaver, 
Bird and Nest. 



WOVE; WEAVING.] To unite (threads of anj^ kind) 
in such a manner as to form a texture; to unite in- 
timately, or by close connection or intermixture; to 
form (cloth) by interlacing threads; to form into a 
fabric, compose. — v. i. To practice weaving, work 
with a loom ; to become woven or interwoven. — 
Weav'er, n. One who 
weaves. (Ornith.) A 
passerine birdof Airi- 
ca and the E. Indies, 
which constructs 
nests, often pensile, 
by inter -weaving 
twigs and fibers. (En- 
tom.) An aquatic in- 
sect, the whirligig, 
q. V. 

Weazen, we'zn, a. 
Thin ; sharp : with- 
ered; wizened. 

Web, web, n. That 
which is woven ; a 
whole piece or bolt of cloth ; 
the warp in a loom; texture; 
textile fabric ; a network 
very fine thread spun bj 
spider; a cobweb; anything re- 
sembling a web of cloth or a 
cobweb; an opaque film cover- 
ing the cornea of the eye. (Or- 
nith.) The membrane which unites the toes of many 
water-fowls. — v.t. [webbed (webd),WEBBiXG.] To 
unite or surround with a web, or as if with a web: to 
envelop, entangle. — Webbed, webd, o. Having the^ 
toes united by a membrane, or web. — Web'^bing, n.* 
A strong and narrow fabric of hemp, used for sus- 
penders, straps, etc., and for supporting the seats of 
stuffed chairs, sofas, etc. — Web'-fcot, n. ; pi. -feet. 
A foot the toes of which are connected by a mem- 
brane. — foot'ed, a. Having webbed feet; palmiped. 

Wed, wed, v. t. To take for husband or for wife ; to 
marry ; to join in marriage, give in wedlock ; to 
unite closely in affection, connect indissolublj^ or 
stronglj^. — r. i. To contract matrimony, marry. 
— Wed'ded, a. Of, or pert, to, wediock or marriage. 
— Wed'dlng, n. Nuptial ceremony ; nuptial festivi- 
ties; marriage; nuptials. — Diamond iiedding. The 
60th anniversary of a marriage, when husband and 
wife are both living, when presents of diamonds are 
made. — Golden w. The .50th anniversary. — Silver iv. 
The 25th anniversary. — China w. The 20th anni- 
versarj'. — Crystal to. The loth anniversary. — Tin 
w. The 10th anniversarj'. — Wooden iv. The 5th an- 
niversar}'. — Wed'lock, w. Marriage : matrimony. 

Wedge, wej, ?;. A piece of metal, or other hard mate- 
rial, thick at one end and sloping to a thin edge at 
the other, used in splitting wood, rocks, 
etc., — one of the mechanical poivers,q. v.; 
anything in the form of a wedge, as a body 
of troops drawn up in such a form. — v. t. 
[wedged (wejd), wedging.] To cleave or 
separate with a wedge: to rive; to force or 
drive as a wedge is driven : to force, as a 
wedge forces its way ; to fix in the man- 
ner of a wedge; to fasten with a wedge, 
■ or with wedges. 

Wedlock. See under Wed. 

Wednesday, wenz-'dT, n. The 4th day of the week. 

Weed, wed, n. Any plant that is useless, troublesome, 
noxious, or grows where it is not wanted; whatever 
is unprofitable or troublesome; anything^useless: to- 
bacco (with the definite article). — v. t. To free from 
weeds or noxious plants ; to take away (noxious 
plants); to free from anything hurtful or offensive. 
— Weed'y, -t, a. [-ier; -iest.] Relating to, consisting 
of, or abounding with, weeds ; scraggy, ill-shaped, 
ungainjy — said of horses, also of persons. 

Weed, wed, n. A garment; clothing; esp., an upper 
or outer garment; an article of dress worn in token 
of grief ; esp., in pi., mourning garb. 

Week, wek, n. A period of 7 days, usually that reck- 
oned from one Sunday to the next. — Week'-day, n. 
Any day of the week except Sunday. — Week'ly, a. 
Pert, to a week, or to week days ; happening, or 
done, once a week; hebdomadary. — n. A publiea- 




Wedge. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



WEEN 



503 



WELTER 



tion issued once a week. — adi;. Once a week ; by 
hebdomadal periods. 

Ween, wen, i\ t. To think, imagine, fancy. 

Weep, wep, r. i. [wept, weeping.] To snow grief or 
other passions bv shedding tears; to shed tears, cry; 
to lament, comijlain; to flow or run in drops; to drop 
water, drip, be very wet; to hang the branches, as if 
in sorrow; to droop. — v. t. To lament, bewail, be- 
moan; to shed or pour forth (tears); to shed drop 
by drop, as if tears ; to snend or consume in tears or 
weeping. — Weep'er. n. One wlio weeps: a white cuff 
on a black dress. —Weep'ing wil'low, n. A species 
of willow whose 
branches grow 
very long and 
slender, and 
hang down 
nearly in a per- 
pendicular di- 
rection. 

Weevil, we'vl, n. 
A small coleop- 
t e r o u s snout- 
bearing in s e c t 
of Sod genera 
and nearly 4,000 
species; these lit- 
tle beetles are 
very injurious 
to V e g e t a tion 
and vege table 
products. 

Weft, weft, n. The 
woof of cloth : 




Weeping- willow. 



the threads that cross the warp from selvage to sel- 
vage ; a thing woven. 

Weigh, wa, r. t. [weighed (wad), weighixg.] To 
bear up, raise, lift (esp. an anchor) so that it hangs 
in the air; to examine by the balance, ascertain the 
weight of; to be equivalent to in weight; to coun- 
terbalance; to pay, allot, or take by weight; to pon- 
der in the ntind, estimate deliberately and mature- 
ly. — V. i. To have weight, be heavy; to be consid- 
ered as important; to bear heavily, press hard. — n. 
A certain quantity estimated bv weight; an Eng. 
measure of weight. —Weigh'able, a. Capable of 
being weighed. — Weigh'er, n. One who weighs; 
an officer whose dutv it is to weigh commodities. 
— Weight, wat, n. The quality of being heavy ; 
that property of bodies by which they tend toward 
the center of the earth ; measure of the force of 
gravity for a substance or body; quantity of matter 
as estimated by the balance ; amount wliich any- 
thing weighs; pressure; burden; importance; influ- 
ence ; consequence ; a scale or graduated standard 
of heaviness; a ponderous mass: something heavy; 
a definite mass of iron, lead, brass, or other metal, to 
be used for ascertaining the weight of other bodies, 
moving machinery, etc. {Mech.) The resistance 
against which a machine acts, as opposed to the 
power which moves it. — v. t. To load with a 
weight or weights, load down, attach weights to. 
— Weighfy, -f, a. [-ier ; -iest.] Having weight ; 
heavy; important; adapted to turn the balance in 
the mind, or to convince ; ponderous ; burden- 
some; onerous; forcible; momentous; efficacious. — 
Weighfily, -T-lT, adv. In a weighty manner; pon- 
derousl}'; with force or impressiveness. — Weighf- 
iness, n. State or quality of being weighty; ponder- 
ousness ; heaviness : solidity ; impressiveness ; im- 
portance. — Weight'less, a. Having no weight; im- 
ponderable; light. 

Weir, wer, n. A dam in a river to stop and raise the 
water, for conducting it to a mill, for taking flsh, 
etc.; a fence of stakes or twigs set in a stream for 
taking fish; a wear. 

Weird, werd, a. Skilled in witchcraft; caused by, or 
suggesting, magical influence ; supernatural ; un- 
earthly; suggesting the unearthly; wild. 

Welcome, wer kum, a. Received" with gladness; ad- 
mitted willingly ; producing gladness in its re- 
ception ; grateful ; pleasing ; free to have or enjoy 
gratuitously. — n. Salutation of a new comer; kind 
reception of a guest or new comer. — v. t. [wel- 
comed (-kumd), -COMIXG.] To salute with kindness. 




Modes of Welding. 

a, butt-weld, or jump- 
weld ; b, scarf-weld ; 
c, V-weld. 



as a new comer; to receive and entertain hospitably 
and cheerfully. 

Weld, weld, n. A plant of the mignonette family 
crowing in Eng. and various European countries ; 
oyer's weed: also called wild woad, — used by dyers 
to give a yellow color; the color or coloring matter 
extracted from this plant. 

Weld, weld, r. t. To press or beat into intimate and 
permanent union, as 2 pieces 
of iron when heated almost to 
fusion. — n. State of being 
welded; joint made by weld- 
ing. 

Welfare. Sec under Well, a. 

Welkin, weKkin, n. The vault ^ 
of heaven; the sky. / 

Well, wel, n. An issue of water 
from the earth ; a spring ; 
fountain; a source; a. cylin- 
drical hole sunk into the earth 
to such a depth as to reach a;- 
supply of water ; any deep) 
hollow space, as for w'inding»_ 
stairs. {Naut.') Aninclosure' 
in the middle of a ship's hold, 
around the pumps, from the 
bottom to the lower deck, to 
preserve them from damage, 
etc. ; an apartment in the hold 
of a fishing-vessel, having holes in the bottom to ad- 
mit water for the preser^'ation of fish. (Mil.) A 
hole or excavation in the earth, in mining, from 
which run branches or galleries. — v. i. [welled 
(weld), WELLING.] To issue forth, as water from the 
earth ; to flow, spring. — Well'^-head, n. A source, 
spring, or fountain. — hole, 72. {Arch.) The open 
space in the middle of a staircase, beyond the ends 

of the stairs. spring, n. A fountain ; spring ; 

source of continual supply. — sweep, n. A long 
pole balanced upon a high post and used in drawing 
water by means of a bucket from a well. 

Well, wel, a. [compar. and superl. wanting, but suj)- 
plied by better and best, q. v.] Good in condition or 
circumstances; desirable, either in a natural or mor- 
al sense; being in health; sound in body; not ailing, 
diseased, or sick; being in favor; favored; fortunate: 
convenient ; advantageous ; happy. — adv. In a 
good or proper manner; justly; rightly; suitabl}' to 
one's condition, to the occasion, or to a proposed 
end or use ; abundantly: fully; adequately; thor- 
oughly; in such manner as is desirable; favorably; 
advantageously: conveniently; considerably; not a 
little ; far.— Well off. In good condition, esp., as to 
property or any advantages; thriving ; prosperous. 
— IF. to do. Well off; prosperous, — used also adjec- 
tively.— Wel Tare, -far, n. Well-doing or well-being 
in any respect ; enjoyment of health and the com- 
mon blessin^sof life; prosperity; happiness. — Well''- 
be'ing, «. Welfare; happiness; prosperity. — born, 
a. Born of a noble or respectable family. — -bred, «. 
Educated to polished manners; polite"; cultivated; 
refined. — do'ing, n. A doing well; performance of 

duties. fa'vored, -verd, a. Handsome ; well 

formed; pleasing to the eye. — man'nered, -nSrd, a. 
Polite; well-bred; complaisant. — mean'ing, a. Hav- 
ing a good intention. — meant, -ment, a. Rightly 
intended: kind; friendly. — nigh, -nl, adv. Almost; 
nearly. — -spoken, -spoken, a. Speaking well; speak- 
ing with fitness or grace; or speaking kindly; sjwken 
with propriety. — wish'er, ?i. One who wishes an- 
other well; a person benevolently inclined. 

Welladay, wer a-da, interj. Alas! 

Welsh, welsh, a. Pert, or relating to Wales, or its in- 
habitants. — n. sv)(f. or pi. sing. The language of 
Wales, or of the Welsh, pi. ( Geog.) The natives 
or inhabitants of Wales. 

Welt, welt, n. That which, being folded or brought 
round, serves to guard, strengthen, or adorn some- 
thing; a small cord covered with cloth and sewed on 
a seam or border to strengthen it; an edge of cloth 
folded on itself and sewed down; a narrow strip of 
leather around a shoe, between the upper leather 
and sole. — i'. t. To sew a welt on. 

Welter, weKtgr, v. i. [-teeed (-tSrd), -tekino.] To 
roll, as the body of an animal; to wallow, tumble 



biin, cube, full ; moon, tSbt ; cow, oil ; Linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



VEN 



504 



WHEEL 



about, esp. in anything foul or defiling; to rise and 
fall, as waves; to tumble over, as billows. 

Wen, wen, n. {Med.) A circumscribed, indolent tu- 
mor, without inflammation or change of color of the 
skin. Also, goitre. 

Wench, wench, n. A young woman ; esp. a low. vicious, 
coarse young woman; a drab; strumpet; {Southei~n 
U. S.) a black woman ; colored female servant ; ne- 
gress. — w. t. [wenched (weucht), WENCHING.] Ts 
frequent the company of women of ill fame. 

Wend, wend, n. One of a Sclavic race of Prussia and 
Saxony. — Wend''ic, n. The language of, etc. ; Sor- 
bian; Lusatian. 

Wend, wend, v. i. To go, pass, betake one's self. — v. 
t To direct, betake. —Went, wip. of wenc/, — now 
used as the preterit of go. 

Wept. See Weep. 

Were, Wert. See under Was. 

Werst, werst, n. A Kussian measure of length; a verst. 
See Verst. 

Wesand. See Weasand. 

West, west, n. The direction or quarter of the heav- 
ens where the sun sets ; the point, direction, or re- 
gion opposed to east: see Compass; a country situ- 
ated in a region toward the sunsetting, with respect 
to another. — a. Situated toward the west, or in the 
direction of the setting sun; relating to the west; 
coming or moving from the west, or western region. 
— adv. To the western region ; at the westward ; 
more westward. — West'ering, a. Passing to the 
west. — West-'erly, a. Being toward the west; situ- 
ated in the western region; nioving from the west- 
ward. — adv. Tending, going, or moving, toward 
the west. — Wesfem, a. Situated in the west; be- 
ing in that quarter where the sun sets ; moving to- 
ward the west. — Wesfward, adv. Toward the 
west. — Wesfwaxdly, acZy. In a direction toward 
the west. 

Wet, wet, a. [wettek; wettest.] Containing, consist- 
ing of, soaked or drenched with, or having the sur- 
face moistened with water or other liquid ; full of 
moisture; very damp; rainy; nasty; humid: moist. — 
n. Water or wetness ; moisture or humidity in con- 
siderable degree; rainy, foggy, or misty weather. — 
v.t. [wiip. &/>.j3. WET (rarely weT'^ted); wetting.] 
To fill or moisten with water or other liquid ; to dip 
or soak in liquid. — Wet'ness, n. State of being 
wet ; moisture ; humidity ; a watery or moist state 
of the atmosphere. —Wet 'nurse, n. A nurse who 
suckles a child, esp. the child of another woman. — 
-shod, a. Having the feet wet with the shoes or 
boots on. 

Wether, wetii'''er, w. A castrated ram. 

Whack, liwak, v. t. To strike, give a heavy or resound- 
ing blow to. — V. i. To strike anything with a smart 
blow. — n. A resounding blow. 




Greenland or Right Whale. 

Whale, hwal, n. A very large fish-shaped air-bi;eathing 
marine cet:iceous mammal of several species : the 
Greenland or right whale, the fin-backed whale, and 
some other species feed upon minute mollusks, etc., 




Sperm Whale. 



live principally in northern seas, and yield train oil 
and whalebone; the right whale, when fully grown, 
is fr. 50 to 65 or 70 feet in length, and fr. .80 to 40 in 
circumference: t\iQ fin-backed vjhale, caW&d also ?'a- 
zor-hacked whale and great northern rorqual, is prob. 
the longest animal in creation, sometimes exceeding 
100 ft. in length : the spemi whale or cachalot, found 
esp. in the southern seas, feeds upon cuttlefish, etc., 
yields spermaceti and sperm oil (but not whalebone), 
and is about 80 feet long, — Whale'bone, n. A firm, 
elastic substance resembling horn, taken from the 
upper jaw of the right whale, etc., used as a stiffen- 
ing in stays, fans, screens, etc. ; baleen. — Whale''- 
man, n. ; pi. -men. A man employed in the whale- 
fishery. — Whal'er, n. A ship or person employed in 
the whale-fishery. 

Whap, hwop, n. A blow, or quick, smart stroke. 

Whapper, hwop^er, n. Something uncommonlj' large 
of the kind, — applied esp. to a bold lie. 

Wharf, hw6rf, n. ; pi. prop. Wharfs (hwSrfs), but 
Wharves (hw6rvz) is often used, esp. in the U. S. 
A pier, mole, quay, or other structure of wood or 
masonry, beside or extending into the water of a har- 
bor, river, etc., forming a landing-place where vessels 
may discharge or receive passengers or freight, etc. 

— Wharfage, -ej, n. The fee paid for the privilege 
of using a wharf ; a wharf, or wharves in general ; 
wharfing. — Wharfinger, -in-jer, n. One who has 
the care of a wharf; proprietor of a wharf. 

What, hwot, pr-on. An interrogative pronoun, used 
(both substantively and adjectively) in asking ques- 
tions as to things, events, ideas, circumstances, rela- 
tions, etc., as who is used for persons ; also, used as 
an exclamatory word, meaning how remarkable, or 
how great, or w it possible that? also, used inde- 
pendently, and meaning generally, hoiv strange a 
thing.' a compound relative, equivalent, substan- 
tively, to that ichich; adjectively, to the . . . which; 
the sort or kind of the . . . which; and, rarely, to 
the ... on or at ivhich ; whatever, whatsoever, — 
used indefinitely ; in part ; partly, — with repeti- 
tion, and followed by 
with. [Neut. of who, q. 
V.]— Whatev'er, -soev''- 
er, pron. Anything so- 
ever which-; being this 
or that; all that; no mat- 
ter what. — What'not, 
n. A piece of house- 
hold furniture, having 
shelves for books, orna- 
m e n t s, etc. \Yr. the 
abbr. phrase what not, 
often used at the close of 
an enumeration of par- 
ticulars, used substan- 
tively, to denote a mis- 
cellany, avariety.] 

Wheal, liwel, n. A mark 
raised by a stroke ; a 
wale, q. v. 

Wheat, hwet, 7). An an- 
nual herbaceous cereal grass, of many species ; iti 
seed, which furnishes 
a white flour for 
bread. — Wheat'en, 
a. JNIade of wheat. — 

— Wheaf-ear, ?i. An 
ear of w h e a t . ( Or- 
nith.\ A small migra^ 
tory insectivor ous 
bird common in Eu- 
rope, and found in 
Greenland ; the fal- 
1 o w-c hat; fallow- 
finch. 

Wheedle, hwe'dl, v. t. 

f-DLED (-dld),-DLING.] 

To entice by soft 
words: to gain or get 
away bv flattery ; to coax, cnjole. 
Wheel, liwel, n. A circular frame turning on an axis; 
esp. lino with hub or nave, spokes, fellies, and tire, 
for Kiiiniiivting a vehicle, etc. ; a rotating disk ; any. 
instrument nt a similar form, or chiefly consisting 




Common Wheat. 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; Xv, I^e ; t>dd, tone, 6r j 



WHEEZE 



505 



WHIG 




Ship's Wheel. 



of a wheel, as a spinning-wheel; an instrument for 
punishing criminals; a rolling or revolving body; a 
disk; orb; a turn or revolution; rotation; compass. 
(N^aut.) a circular 
frame having han- 
dles on the rim, used 
in steering a ship ; 
{Pottery.) a round, 
wooden disk revolv- 
ing horizontally at 
the top of a vertical 
shaft or spindle, on 
which the clay is 
• shaped. — v . t . 
[WHEELED (hweld), 

WHEELING.] ToCOn- 

vev on wheels, in a 
vehicle with wheels, 
or in a wheelbarrow; 
to put into a rotatory 
motion; to cause to 
turn or revolve. — 
t'. t. To turn on, or 
as on, an axis ; to re- 
volve, rotate ; to go 
round in a circuit ; make a spiral flight ; to roll 
forward. — Wheeling, n. Act of conveying on 
wheels; condition of a road with regard to passage of 
wheel-carriages; convenience for passing on wheels. 

— WheeKwright, -rit, n. A man who makes wheels 
and wheel-carriages. —WheeKbarrow, n. A light 
frame or box with 2 handles, supported by one wheel, 
and rolled by a single person. — Wheei''-car'riage, 
-kar'rej, n. A carriage moved on wheels. — house, 
n. ; pi. -HOUSES. (JS^'aut.') A small house or shelter 
on deck, which contains the steering-wheel; the pad- 
dle-box of steam-vessels. — work, 7i. A combination 
of wheels, and their connection in_a machine. 

Wheeze, hwez, v. i. [wheezed (hwezd), wheezing.] 
To breathe hard, and with an audible sound, as per- 
sons aftected with asthma. 

Whelk, hwelk, n. A wrinkle; inequality on the sur- 
face; protuberance; a stripe or mark; streak. (Zool.) 
A mollusk having a one-valved, spiral, and gibbous 
shell, with an oval aperture ending in a short canal 
or gutter. 

Whelm, hwelm, v. t. [whelmed (hwelmd), whelm- 
ing.] To cover with water or other fluid; to cover 
completely, immerse deeply, overburden. 

Whelp, hwelp, n. The young of the canine species, 
and of beasts of prey ; a puppy ; cub ; a child ; 
youth, — jocosely or contemptuously so called. — 
V. i. [whelped (hwelpt), whelpixg.] To bring 
forth j'oung, as the female of the canine species 
and some beasts of prey. — Whelps of a windlass, ca'p- 
stan, etc. (Ifaut.) Short, upright pieces of wood, etc., 
placed round the barrel, to prevent its being chafed. 

When, hwen, adv. At what time, — used interroga- 
tively; at what time; at the time that, — used rela- 
tively; while, whereas, — used in the manner of a 
conjunction; which time, then, — elliptically and 
inaccurately used as a substantive. — Whenev'er, 
When'soev'er, -so-ev'er, relative adv. or conj. At 
what time soever; at whatever time; whenever. — 
Whence, hwens, adv. From what place; from what 
or which source, origin, antecedent, premise, etc.; 
how, — used interrogatively; from what or which 
place, source, etc. ; the place, source, etc., from which, 

— used relatively. -^ Whence'soev^er, relative adv. 
or coiij. From what place, cause, or source soever. 

Where, hwar, adv. At what place; in what situation, 
position, or circumstances, — used interrogativelv; 
at which place ; at the place in which, — used refa- 
tively; to what or which place; whither, — used in- 
terrog. and rel.— Where'about'', -abouts'', -a-bowts'', 
adv. About where; near what orwhich place, — used 
interrogatively and relatively; concerning which; 
about which. [ Whereabout, or ifjhereabouts, is often 
used coUociuially as a noun.]— Whereas'', -az', conj. 
Considering that, since, — used to introduce a pre- 
amble; when in fact, the case being in truth that, — 
implying opposition to somethingthat precedes, or 
implying a recognition of facts.— Whereat', adv. At 
which, — used relatively; at what, — interrogatively. 

— Whereby', adv. By which, — used relatively ; hy 



what, — interrogatively.— Where'fore, -for, ad v. For 
which reason, — relatively: tor what reason, why, — 
interrogatively. — Wherein', adv. In which ; in 
which thing, "time, respect, book, etc., — used rela- 
tively ; in what, — interrogatively. — Where'into', 
adv. into which, —used relatively; into wliat, — 
interrogatively. — Whereof, -of or -ov', adv. Of 
which, — used relatively; of what, — indeflnitelv ; 
of what, ~ interrogatively. — Whereon', adv. On 
which, — relatively. — Where'soev'er, adi\ In what 
place soever; in whatever place, or in any place in- 
definitely; wherever. — Whereto', a</i-. 'To which, 
— used relatively; to what, to what end, — interrog- 
atively. — Where'upon', aiv. Upon which; in con- 
sequence of which.— Wherev'er, adv. [From ivhere 
and ever.] At whatever place. — Wherewith, -with' 
or-witti', adv. With which, — used relatively; with 
what, — interrogatively. — Where'withal'," -wirii- 
awl', adr. Same as Wherewith. — n. Means where- 
with to accomplish any purpose. 
WheiTy, hwgr'rY, n. A shallow, light boat, built long 
and narrow, and sharp at both ends, for fast rowing 
or sailing. 
Whet, hwet, v. t. To rub with a stone, etc., for the 
purpose of sharpening, as an edge-tool ; to make 
sharp, keen, or eager: to stimulate; to stir up, excite, 
provoke. — n. Act of sharpening by. friction: some- 
thing that provokes or stimulates the appetite. — 
Whet'stone, -ston, n. A stone used for sharpening 
edged instruments by friction. 
Whether, hweth'er, i^ron. Which of 2; which one of 2, 
— used interrogatively and relatively. — conj. Used to 
introduce the first of 2 or more alternative clauses, the 
other or others being connected by or, or by or icheth- 
er ; it also frequently introduces each one, except 
the last, of several alternatives; sometiuies, when the 
2d of 2 objective alternatives is the simple negative 
of the 1st, the 2d is omitted, and whether stands sin- 
gh', with no correlative. 
Whew, hwu, n. ovinterj. A sound like that of a half- 
formed whistle, expressing astonishment, increduli- 
ty, scorn, or dislike. 
Whey, hwa, n. The serum or watery part of milk, sep- 
arated from the more tliick or coagulable part, esp. 
in the process of making cheese. — Whey'ey, -f, 
Whey'ish, a. Having the qualities of, or resembling, 
whey. 
Which, hwich, pron. An interrogative pronoun, used 
both substantively and adjectively, to ask for an in- 
dividual person or thin^ among several of a class, — 
in this use signifying icho, or ichat one of a number, 
sort, kind, etc.; a relative, used generallv substan- 
tively, but sometimes adjectively, in all numbers 
and genders, and for all oDjects exceptino: persons; 
a compound relative, standing for that u-lnch, those 
which, the . . . ichich, eic. — Whichev'er, Which'so- 
ev'er, pron. Whether one or the other; which; that 
one (ol 2 or more) which. 
Whiff, hwif , n. A sudden expulsion of air, smoke, etc., 
from the mouth; a puif; a gust of air, esp. when 
conveying some smell. — v. t. [whiffed (hwift), 
wuiFFiXG.] To throw ont in whiffs, consume in 
whiffs, puff; to convey by a puff; to blow.— r.i. To 
emit whiffs, as of smoke; to puff, smoke. —Whiffle, 
-fl, v. i. [-FLED (-fld), -FLING.] To waver or shake, 
as if moved by gusts of wind; to change from one 
opinion or course to another; to be fickle and un- 
steady; to shift, evade, shutfle, prevaricate. — Whif - 
fler, n. One who whiffles, or frequently changes his 
opinion or course. — Whif fletree, n. The swinging 
bar of a vehicle, etc., to which the traces of a harness 
are fastened for draught; a whippletree; swingletree. 
Whig, hwig, n. (Eng. Hist.) One of a political party 
which originated in Eng. in the 17th century, advo- 
cated popular rights, and opposed the tories: those 
who supported "the king; in his high claims were 
called Tories, and the advocates of popular rights 
were called Whigs. {Amer. Hist.) A friend and sup- 
porter of the Amer. Revolution and the war ensu- 
ing, — opp. to tory and royalist; one of a political 
party in the U. S. from about 1829 to 1853, opp. in 
politics to the so-called Democrats. — a. Pert, to, or 
composed of, Whigs; adhering to the principles of 
the Whigs. — Whig'gery. -ger-t, n. The principles 
of a Whig.— Whig'gish, a. Pert, to, or partaking of 



stin, cube, full ; moon, fd^t ; cow, oil ; ligger or ink, &en, boif boirj rhair, get. 



WHILE 



506 



WHISK 




Whimbrel. 



the principles of, Whigs.— Whig'gism, -gizm, n. The 
principles of a Whig. 

WMle, hwil, n. Space of time, or continued duration; 
time.— adv. During the time that; as long as; at the 
same time that ; under which circumstances ; in 
which case. — Worthwhile. Worth the time which 
It requires ; worth the time and pains,jor the ex- 
pense.— v. t. [WHILED (hwild), WHiLiKG.] To cause 
to pass away without irksomeness or disgust ; to 
spend or pass.— Whiles, hwllz, adv. While. — Whi'- 
lom. -lum, adi-. Formerly; once; of old. — Whilst, 
hwilst, adv. Same as While. 

Whim, hwim, n. A sudden turn or start of the mind; 
a fancy; capricious notion; humor; freak. — Whim''- 
sey. -zT, n. A whim; freak; capricious notion. — 
Whlm'sical, a. Full of whims or whimseys; having 
odd fancies; curious; odd; freakish; Capricious; fan- 
tastical. — Whim'sical'ity, -kaKT-tT, -sicalness, n. 
State or quality of being, etc.— Whim'sically, adv.— 
Whim''wham. «. A whim or whitn- 
sey; a freak. 

Whimper, whim'per, v. i. [-pered 
(-perd), -PERiXG.] To cry with a low. 
wh i n i n jf, 
b r o k e n 
voice. — 
r. t. To ut- 
t e r in a 
low, whin- 
ing tone.— 
W h i m ' - 
perer, n. — 
Whim'- 
brel,ii. A 
graliato ri- 
al bird al- 
lied to the 
curlew, 
but much 
smaller in 
size. 

Whin, hwin, n. Gorse ; furze 
plant, having yellow flowers. 
Abounding in, etc. 

Whine, hwln, v. i. [whixed (hwind), ■whinixg.] To 
utter a plaintive cry, complain in a shrill, long-drawn 
tone, complain in a mean, unmanly way. — n. A 
plaintive tone; the nasal puerile tone of mean com- 
plaint; mean or affected complaint. 

Whinny, hwin-'nT, v. i. [-xied (-nid), -xtixg.] To 
-utter the cry of a horse; to neigh. — n. The cry of 
' a horse ; a neigh. 

Whinny, a. See under Whix. 

'VP'liin-stone, hwin''ston, n. {Geol.) Trap or green- 
stone, — a provincial name given to basaltic rocks, 
and applied by miners to any kind of dark-colored 
and hard, unstratified rock. 

Whip, hwip, V. <. [whipped (hwipt),-PiXG.] To strike 
with a lash, cord, rod, or anything litlie ; to lash, 
beat; to drive with lashes; to "punisTi with the whip, 
flog; to lash (with sarcasm, abuse, etc.); to strike, 
thrash, beat out (grain) by striking; to beat (cream, 
etc.) into froth; to sew lightly, form into gathers bj' 
overcasting a rolled edge anddrawing up the thread; 
to overlay (a cord, rope, etc.) with other cords: to 
wrap, inwrap; to take or move by a sudden motion, 
jerk, snatch. (Xmd.) To hoist or'purchase by means 
of a whip; to secure the end of from untwisting by 
overcasting it with yarn. — v. i. To move nimbly, 
start suddenly and do anything. — n. An instru- 
ment (as a thing or lash attached to a handle) for 
driving horses or other animals, or for correction ; a 
coachman, or driver of a carriage. (Mach.) One 
of the arms or frames of a windmill, on which the 
sails are spread. (i\^aid.) A small tackle with a single 
rope, used to hoist light bodies. (Eng. politics.) A 
member of Parliament who acts as executive secreta- 
ry for his political party, in effecting the attendance 
of its members when their votes are needed; a whip- 
per-in.- Whip'graft, V. t. To graft by cutting the 
cion and stock in a sloping direction, so as to fit each 
other, and by inserting a tongue on the cion into a 
slit in the stock. — Whip'per, n. One who whips; 
esp., an officer who inflicts the penalty of legal whip- 
ping; one who raises coal with a tackle from a ship's 



also a leguminous 
-Whin'ny, -nl, a. 




hold. — Whip'saw, n. A saw usually set in a frame, 
for dividing timber lei^hwise, and commonly 
worked by 2 persons. —■whip''ster, n. A nimbfe 
little fellow. — Whip'-cord, n. A kind of hard-twist- 
ed or braided cord, sometimes used for making lash- 
es. — lash, n. The lash of a whip. — staff, n. ; pi. 
-STAFFS. (Ndut.) A bar by which the rudder is 
turned ; a tiller. — stock, n. The rod or staff to 
which the lash of a whip is fastened; sometimes, the 
whole whip. — Whip^per-in', n. A huntsman who 
keeps the hounds from wandering, and whips them 
in, if necessary, to the line of chase; one who en- 
forces the discipline of a party, and urges the attend- 
ance of the members on all necessary occasions. — 
-snap'per, ?i. A diminutive, insignificant person. — 
Whip'ping-post, n. A post to which offenders are 
tied to be whipped. — Whip'pletree, hwip''pl-tre, «. 
The bar to which the traces or tugs of a harness are 
fastened; whiffletree; swingletree. 

Whip'-poor- 
will, hwip'- 
poor-wil, n. 
An Amer. 
nocturnal 
insectivo- 
rous bird of , 
the g o a t - 
sucker fam- 
ily, allied to 
the night- 
hawk, so Whip-poor-will, 
called from its note. 

Whir, hwer, v. i. To whirl round with noise ; to fly 
with a buzzing or whizzing sound. — n. A buzzing 
or whizzing sound produced bv the rapid or whirling 
motion of anything.— Whirl, nwerl, v. t. [whirled 
(hwerld), whirlixg.] To turn round rapidly ; to 
cause to rotate with velocity; to remove quickly with 
a revolving motion. — i;. i. To be turned round rap- 
idly, move round with velocity, gyrate; to move has- 
tily. — n. A turning with rapidity or velocity; rapid 
rotation; anything that moves or is turned with ve- 
locity, esp. on an axis or pivot; a revolving hook used 
in twisting. (Bat. & Conch.) A whorl. — WUrK- 
pool, n. An eddy of water; a vortex or gulf in 
which the water rnoves round in a circle. — WhirK- 
wind, n. A violent wind moving in a circle round 
its axis, and having a progressive motion. — WhirK- 
bat, n. Anything moved with a whirl as preparatory 
for a blow, or to augment the 
force of it: the cestus of ancient 
boxers. — bone, n. The patella; 
cap of the knee; knee-pan. — 
WhirKigig, -T-gig, n. A child's 
toy, spun or whirled around like 
a wheel upon an axis, or liKe a 
top. (Entom.) An aquatic beetle 
having ametallic luster, which lives on the surface of 
water, and 
moves rap- 
idly in a gy- 
rating man- 
ner; whirl- 
wig; water 
flea. — 
WhirKing- 
ta'ble, n. 
An appara- 
tus consist- 
ing of re- 
volving 
disks, with 
weights, 
pulleys, 
etc., to illustrate the laws of centrifugal forces, etc. 

Whisk, hwisk, n. Act of whisking; a rapid, sweeping 
motion, as of something light ; a smaU bunch of 
grass, straw, hair, etc., used for a brush ; a brush; a 
small culinary instrument for whisking or beating 
eggs, etc. ; part of a woman's dress; a kind of tippet. 
— v.t. [whisked (hwiskt), WHISKIXG.] To sweep, 
brush, or agitate with a light, rapid motion, as the 
dust from a table, or the white of eggs into a froth; 
to move with a quick, sweeping motion. — v. i. To 
move nimbly and with velocity. — Whisk' er, n. He 




Whirligig. 




Whirling-table. 

a, foot-board ; 6, wheel ; c, pulley ; 
d, arm ; e, f, uprights. 



ftm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; £nd, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; Odd, tSue, 6r ; 



WHISKY 



507 



WHO 



who. or that which, whisk*, or moves with a quick, 
sweeping motion ; that part of the beard which 
grows upon the sides of the face, or the cheeks; for- 
merly, tne hair of the upper lip, or mustache; the 
long, projecting hairs "-rowing at the sides of the 
mouth of a cat, etc. — Whi8k''ered, -5rd, a. Formed 
into, furnished with, or having, wliiskers. 

Whisky, .-key, hwis'kT, n. An intoxicating spirit dis- 
tillea from barley, wheat, rye, or maize. 

Whisper, hwis'per, v. i. [-pered (-perd). -peeing.] 
To speak softly, or under the breath; to utter words 
without sonant breath; to make a low, sibilant sound 
or noise; to speak with suspicion, or timorous cau- 
tion ; to plot secretly, devise mischief. — v. t. To 
utter in a low, and not vocal, tone ; to address in a 
whisper, or low voice. — n. A low, soft, sibilant 
voice ; words uttered with such a voice; a cautious 
or timorous speech; something communicated in se- 
cret. — Whis'perer, n. One who whispers; one who 
tells secrets; one who slanders secretlj'; a tattler; 
backbiter; slanderer. 

Whist, hwist, a. Not speaking; not making a noise ; 
silent; mute; still. — n. A game at cards, — so called 
because it requires silence or close attention.— interj. 
Be silent; be still; hush. 

Whistle, hwis'sl, v. i. [whistled (-sld), whistling.] 
To utter a kind of musical sound, by pressing the 
breath through a small orifice formed by contracting 
the lips; to make a shrill sound with a wind instru- 
ment, or with a steam whistle; to blow a sharp, shrill 
tone; to sound shrill, or like a pipe. — r. t. . To form, 
utter, or modulate by whistling ; to send, direct, sig- 
nal, or call by a whistle. — 71. A sharp, shrill sound, 
made by pressing the breath through a small orifice 
of the lips, or through an instrument which gives a 
similar sound; the sound used by a sportsman in call- 
ing his dogs; the shrill note of a bird; the shrill sound 
made by wind passing among trees or through crev- 
ices ; shrill noise of steam or gas escaping through a 
small orifice or impinging against the edge of a brass 
cup; an instrument producing a sound like that made 
by the passage of breath through the compressed lips; 
the mouth, as the organ of whistling. 

Whit, hwit, n. The smallest part or particle imagina- 
ble: a bit; jot, — used adverbially. 

White, hwit, a. Having the color of pure snow ; re- 
flecting to the eye all the rays of the spectrum com- 
bined ; destitute of color, as in the cheeks ; pale ; 
pure; clean; free from spot or blemish; gray, as the 
effect of age ; having colorless hair; free from that 
which defiles, disturbs, etc. ; innocent ; fortunate ; 
happy ; favorable. — n. The color of pure snow ; 
one of the natural colors of bodies, yet not strictly a 
color, but a composition of all the colors; something 
having the color of snow, or reflecting to the eye the 
rays of light unseparated ; the center of a mark at 
which an arrow or other missile is shot, — formerly 
painted white; one of the white race of men. — v. t. 
To make white, whiten, whitewash. — White feather. 
A mark of cowardice. — W. friar. A mendicant 
monk of the Carmelite Order, — so called from the 
white cloaks worn by members of the order ; any 
monk dressed in white. — W. heat. The tempera- 
ture at which bodies become incandescent, and ap- 
pear white from the bright light which they emit. — 
W. lead. A carbonate of lead, used in painting and 
for other purposes; ceruse. (Min.) A native carbon- 
ate of lead. — fV. lie. A comparatively venial false- 
hood. — W. squall. (Naut.) A sudden gust of wind 
which comes up without being marked in its ap- 
proach by the clouds, and is attended with white, 
broken water, on the surface of the sea. — W. svjell- 
ing. {Med.) A scrofulous or rheumatic swelling of 
the knee, ir of the ankle, wrist, or elbow, with acute 
or chronic disease of the synovial membrane, carti- 
lage, and bone; a lingering, chronic tumor, of almost 
any kind. — W- wine. Any wine of a clear, transpar- 
ent color, bordering on white, as Madeira, Sherry, 
etc., — opp. to wine of a deep-red color, as Port. — 
Whites, hwltz, n. pi. (Med.) A discharge of a white, 
yellowish, or greenish mucus, from the vagina; leu- 
corrhea; fluor albus.— Whifen, hwTfn, v. t. I-ened 
(-nd), -ENING.] To make white, bleach, blanch. — v. 
t. To grow white, turn or become white, or whiter. 
— Whifener, n. One who bleaches or makes white. 



— White'ness, X. State or quality of being white; 
paleness; freedom from stain or blemish; purity; 
cleanness.— Whifish, a. Somewhat white; white in 
a moderate degree. {Hot.) Having a color like white 
somewhat soiled; covered with an opaque white pow- 
der.— Whit'ishness, n.— Whit'ing, n. {Ichlh.) A sea- 
fish, allied to the cod, valued on account of its del- 





Whiting. 

icacy and lightness as an article of food. Ground, 
chalk, carefully cleaned from all stony matter, used 
for polishing metal, etc. — White'wash, -wosh, n. 
A wash or hquid composition for whitening some- 
thing, making the skin fair, etc. : a composition of 
lime and water, or of whiting, size, and water, used 
for whitening the plaster of walls, etc. — v. t. 
[whitewashed (-wosht), -washing.] To cover 
with a white liquid composition, as with lime and 
water, etc. ; to make white, give a fair external ap- 
pearance ; to clear (an insolvent or bankrupt) of 
debts he owes; to clear an accused person of charges 
brought against him, — esp. bv suppression of facts. 
— White'-bait, n. 
A very small, deli- 
cate fish of the her- 
ring kind. — liv'- 
ered, -erd, a. Hav- 
ing a pale look ; 
feeble ; cowardly. 
— meat, ». Food White-bait. 

made of milk, but- 
ter, cheese, eggs, etc. ; young or delicate flesh or food, 
as veal, poultry, rabbits, etc. ; breast, etc., of chick- 
ens and turkeys. — smith, n. One who works in 
tinned iron, or white iron ; a worker in iron who 
finishes or polishes the work, disting. from one who 
forges it. — weed, n. A plant of the genus Chry- 
santhemum ; the ox-eye daisy, — so called from the 
color of its flowers. — Whit'leather, hwlt'letber, 
n. Leather dressed with alum, salt, etc., remark- 
able for its pliability and toughness; a broad, tough, 
white ligament on the neck of quadrupeds, which 
supports the weight of the head; paxwax. — Whif- 
sun, a. Of, pert, to, or observed at "Whitsuntide. — 
Whit''sunday, -sn-dT, -santide, -sn-tid, n. (Eccl.) 
The 7th Sunday after Easter, a festival commemo- 
rative of the descent of the Holy Spirit on the day 
of Pentecost, — so called, because, in the primitive 
church, those newly baptized appeared at church 
between Easter and Pentecost in white garments. 

Whither, hwith'er, adv. To what place, — used in- 
terrogatively ; to what or which place, — relatively, 
to what; to what point or degree; whereunto; where- 
to. — Whith'ersoev'er, af/r. To whatever place. — 
Whlth''erward, adv. In what direction ; toward 
what place. 

Whiting, Whitleather, Whitsunday, etc. See White. 

Whitlow, hwiflo, n. {Med.) An inflammation of a 
finger or toe, terminating usually in suppuration ; a 
felon; paronychia. 

Whittle, hwiftl, n. A knife : a pocket, sheath, or 
clasp-knife. — ?', t. [whittled (-tld), -tling.] To 
pare or cut oflf the surface of with a small knife. —r. i. 
To cut or shape a piece of wood with a small knife. 

Whiz, hwiz, V. r. [whizzed (hwizd), -zing.] To make 
a humming or hissing sound, like an arrow or ball 
flyingjhrough the air. — n. A hissing sound. 

Who, boo, pron. [possess, whose ; object, whom.] A 
relative or interrogative pronoun, used always sub- 
stantively, and either as sing, or pi.; what or which 
person or persons. [ Who and whom, as relative pro- 
nouns, are used of persons only, corresponding to 
which, as applied to things. Who, whose, and whom, 
as compound relatives, are also used of persons 
only, meaning the person that; the persons that- the 
one that.] — Whoev'er, pron. Whatever person; 
any one without exception; any person whatever.— 



son, Cube, fijiU ; moon, fdt)t ; cow, oil ; lioger or igk, Hierx, boNboif, chair, get. 



WHOA 



508 



WIELD 




Whole Notes. 



Whom, hoom, pron. Objective of Wtio.— Whom;^o- 
ev'er, m-ort. Obi. of Whosokver. — Whose, hooz, 
pron. Poss. of Who or Which. — Who'soev'er, 
pron. Whatever person ; any person whatever that. 

— Whose''soever, pron. Possess, of Whosoevek. 
Whoa, hwo, intea'. See Ho. 

Whole, hoi, a. Containing the total amount, number, 
etc.; not defective or imperfect; unimpaired; unin- 
jured ; possessing, or being in a state of, health and 
soundness ; all ; complete ; entire ; integral ; undi- 
vided ; unbroken ; sound ; well. — n. The entire 
thing; entire assemblage of parts; totality; a regular 
combination of parts; a system; amount; aggregate; 
gross. — whole blood. (Law of Descent.) Blood com- 
pounded wholly of the same ingredients ; blood de- 
rived from the same couple of ancestors. — W. Notes. 
iJIu$.) The 
note which rep- 
resents a tone 
of longest dura- 
tion in common 
use ; a s e m i- 
breve. — Upon 
the IV. Considering all things, or the whole ; in view 
of all the circumstances or conditions. — Whole'iiess, 
71. — Whole'sale, -sal, n. Sale of goods by the piece or 
large quantity, as disting. from retail. — a. Buying 
and selling by the piece or quantity; of, or pert, to, 
the trade hy the piece or quantity; in great quanti- 
ties ; extensive and indiscriminate. — By ivholesale. 
In the mass; in large quantities without distinction 
or discrimination. — Whole^'some, -sum, a. Tending 
to promote health; favoring health ; contributing to 
the health of the mind; favorable to morals, religion 
or prosperity; salubrious; sound; salutary; useful; 
kindly. — WhoKly, -IT, adv. In a whole or complete 
manner; entirely ; completely; perfectly; to the ex- 
clusion of other "things; totally. 

Whom, Whomsoever. See under Who. 

Whoop, Hoop, hoop, n. A shout of pursuit or of war; 
a halloo ; a sonorous inspiration ; a hoot, as of an owl. 

— ?•. i. [WHOOPED (hoopt), WHOOPING.] To Utter a 

loud cry of eagerness, enthusiasm, or enjoyment; to 
utter a loud, shrill, prolonged sound, cough with a 
sonorous inspiration ; to cry out, shout, hoot, as an 
owl. — Whoop'ing- 
coagh, kawf,». (il/erf.) 
A violent, convulsive 
cough, consisting of 
several expirations, fol- 
lowed by a sonorous in- 
spiration or whoop; 
chin -cough; hooping- 
cough. — crane, n. A 
crane having a long 
neck and bill, — named 
fr. its note. — Whop'- 
per, n. Anything un- 
commonly large, ap- 
plied esp. to a mon- 
strous lie. 

Whop, hwop, r. t. To 
beat severely; to turn 
over suddenly. — n. A 
sudden fall, or the sud- 
denness of striking in a 
fall. — Whop^per, n. 

Whore, hor, n. A woman 
who practices unlawful 
sexual commerce with 
men, esp. one who does it for hire ; harlot ; courte- 
san; prostitute; strumpet; wench; concubine. — v.i. 
To have unlawful sexual conmierce. — Whor^'ish, 
a. Resembling a whore in character or conduct ; 
incontinent; lewd; unchaste. — Whore'dom, -dum, 
w. Practice of unlawful commerce with the other 
sex; fornication ; lewdness. (Script.) Idolatry. — 
Whore''master, n. A man who practices lewdness ; 
a lecher ; one who keeps or procures whores for 
others ; a pimp ; procurer. — Whore'monger, -mun- 
ger, n. A whoremaster ; lecher ; a man who fre- 
quents the society of whores. 

Whorl, hwSrl or hw8rl, n. (Bot.) An arrangement 
of a number of leaves, flowers, or other organs, 
around a stem, in the same plane with each other. 




Whooping-crane. 




(Conch.) A wreath or 
turn of the spire of a 
univalve. 

Whortleberry, hwerfl- 
ber'rl, n. (Bot.) A plant 
or shrub, and its small, 
round, edible berry; the 
huckleberry. 

Whose, Whosoever, etc. 
See under Who. 

Whur, hwer, i'. i.. To 
make a rough humming 
sound, like one who 

pronounces the letter r __, , , _ , 

with too much force ; Whorls. (Bot.) 

to snarl or growl, as a dog. — n. A humming sound 
like that of a body moving through the air with ve- 
locity; whir. 

Why, hwi, adv. For what cause, reason, or purpose; on 
what account, — used interrogatively; for which rea- 
son or cause, on what account, for what, — relative- 
ly; the reason or cause for which, — used as a com- 
pound relative. [ Why is used sometimes emphati- 
cally, or as an expletive.] 

Wick, wik, n. A loosely twisted or woven cord or nar- 
row fabric which by capillary attraction draws up 
a steady supply of oil, melted tallow, etc., to feed the 
flame of a lamp or candle. — Wick'ing, n. The ma- 
terial of which wicks are made. 

Wicked, wik ''ed, a. Evil in principle or practice; con- 
trary to the moral law; addicted to vice; iniquitous; 
sinful; criminal; guilty; immoral; unrighteous; tin- 
holy; irreligious; ungodly; profane; atrocious; ne- 
farious ; heinous : flagrant ; profligate ; flagitious ; 
abandoned.— Wick'edness, n. Stat* or quality of be- 
ing wicked; a wicked thing or act; sin; sinfulness; 
guilt; iniquity; immorality; vice; baseness; villainy; 
irreligion; impiety; ungodliness; atrocity; flagitious- 
ness. 

Wicker, wik^'er, a. Made of, or covered with, twi^s or 
osiers. — n. A small twig or osier; a rod for making 
basket-work, etc. 

Wicket, wik'^et, n. A small gate or door, esp. one 
forming part of a larger door or gate: a small frame- 
work of rods, used in playing cricket, orig. formed 
like a gate. 

Wide, wid, a. Having a great extent every way; spa- 
cious; vast; having considerable distance or extent 
between the sides; not narrow; of a certain measure 
between the sides ; remote ; distant ; broad ; exten- 
sive; large; liberal; comprehensive.— adi\ To a dis- 
tance; far; far from; widely.— Wide'ly, -IT, adv. In 
a wide manner; to a wide degree: far; extensively; 
very much; to a great degree. — Wid'en, wid'n, v.'t. 
[-EXED (-nd), -ENIXG.] To make wide or wider. — v. 
I. To grow wide or wider; to enlarge. — Wide'ness, 
n. Quality or state of being wide; breadth; width; 
large extent in all directions. — Width, n. Quality 
of heing wide ; extent from side to side ; breadth; 
wideness. 

Wide'-a-wake', a. On the 
alert; read}'; knowing; 
earnest. — n. A broad- 
brimmed, low-crowned, 
felt hat. 

Widgeon, wij'un, n. A 
hand some migratory 
herbivorous aquatic 
bird, allied to the 
ducks. 

Widow, wid'o, n. A wom- 
an who has lost her 
husband by death, and 
has not married again. 
— r. t. [w I D o w E D Widgeon, 

(-od), -owixG.] To be- 
reave of a husband; to deprive of one who is loved, 
make desolate or bare, bereave.— Wid'ower, -o-Er, n. 
A man who has lost his wife by death, and has not 
married again. — Wid''owhood, n. State of being a 
widow; also, rarelv, state of being a widower. 

Width. See under Wide. 

Wield, weld, v. t. To use with full command or pow 
ei-, as a thing not too heavy for the holder; to use or 
employ, control ; to swing, sway, manage, handlCk 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; Odd, tone, Sr j 



WIFE 



509 



WINCH 




Wife, wlf, n. ; jd. Wives, wivz. A woman, adult fe- 
male, — used only in certain compounds and phrases ; 
the lawful consort of a man; a woman united to a, 
man in wedlock. — Wife'hood, -h66d, n. State and 
character of a wife. — Wife'ly, -II, a. Becoming or 
like, pert, or suitable to, a wife. — Wive, wiv, v. i. 
[wived (wivd), WIVING.] To marry, — said of a 
man. — r. t. To match to, provide with, or take for, 
a wife; to wed (a wife). 

Wig, wig, n. An artificial covering of hair for the 
head.— Wigged, wigd, a. Wearing a wig. 

Wigan, wig-'an, n. A canvas-like cotton fabric, used 
to stiffen and protect the lower part of pantaloons 
and of the skirts of ladies' dresses, etc. 

Wiggle, wig''gl, V. t. or i. To move to and fro with a 
quick, jerking motion; to squirm, wriggle. 

Wight, wit, n. A being; person, — used chiefly in 
irony or burlesque, or in humorous language. 

Wigwam, wig' worn, n. An Indian Cabin or nut of a 
conical shape, made o f 
bark or mats. 

Wild, wild, a. Living in a 
state of nature; not tamed 
or domesticated; growing 
or produced without cul- 
ture; native; desert: not 
inhabited; not refined by 
culture; ferocious; rude; 
not submitted to restraint, 
training, or regulation ; 
turbulent ; violent ; in- 
ordinate ; fanciful ; vis- 
ionary ; crazy ; exposed 
to wind and sea ; unshel- 
tered ; indicating strong ■w'cr 
emotion, intense excite- wigwam, 
ment, or bewilderment. — n. An uninhabited and 
uncultivated tract or region ; a forest or sandy des- 
ert ; wilderness. — Wild is prefixed to the names 
of many plants, to distinguish them fr. such afi are 
cultivated in gardens. — Jr. boar. An animal of the 
hog kind 
from which 
the domesti- 
cated swine 
is descended. 
— W. cat. An 
animal of 
the cat fam- 
ily, stronger 
and fiercer 
than the do- 
mestic cat, yTrr., , „ . 

destructive Wildcat, 

to small domestic animals. — W. goose chase. The 
pursuit of something as unlikely to be caught as a 
wild goose. — To sow one's w. oats. To pass through 
a season of wild and thou;j;htless dissipation, as in 
youth. — Wild''ing, n. A wild crab-apple; a young 
tree growing without cultivation. — Wild'ly, adv. 
In a wild condition or manner; heedlessly; irration- 
ally; fiercely; irregularly; licentiously. — Wild^nesB, 
n. — Wild'-fire, n. A composition of inflammable 
materials, which when inflamed is very hard to 
quench; Greek fire. — Wil'der, wTKder, i). i. [-dered 
(-derd),-DERiffG.] To cause to lose the way or track; 
to bewilder. — Wil'^demess, n. A tract of land or re- 
gion uncultivated and uninhabited by human be- 
ings, whetheraforest or a wide, barren plain; a wild; 
waste; desert ; part of a garden, etc., where there is 
unchecked overgrowth or confusing superabun- 
dance. 

Wile, wil, n. A trick or stratagem practiced for in- 
snaring or deception.— Wil''y,wil''T,rt. [-lER: -TEST.] 
Full of, etc.; cunning; artful; tricky; sly. — Wi'lily, 
-iT-lT, adv. In a wily manner; by stratagem.— Wi'- 
liness, n. State or quality of being wily ; guile. 

Wilful. See Willful, under Will. 

Wilk, wilk, n. A species of mollusk. [See Whelk.] 

Will, wil, n. The faculty or power of mind by which 
we decide to do or not to do; power of choosing; fac- 
ulty of preferring or selecting 1 of 2 or more objects; 
choice made; volition; qlioice or determination of one 
who has authority; a decree; command; strong wish 
or inclination ; that which is strongly desired. (Law.) 




The legal declaration of a person's mind, as to the 
manner in which he would nave his property or es- 
tate disposed of after his death; testament; devise. — 
V. t. [imp. WILLED (wild) and WOULD (wd6d); p. p. 
WILLED; WILLING.] This verb has both an irregular 
and a regular form : 1. Irregular. (I will, thou 
wilt, he will ; imp. would ; p. p. wanting.) To wish, 
desire; as an auxiliary, used to denote futurity' de- 
pendent on the subject of the verb: thus, in the 1st 
person, " I ivill" denotes willingness, consent, prom- 
ise, and when " m-i7Z " is emphasized, it denotes de- 
termination or fixed purpose: in the 2d and 3d per- 
sons, the idea of simple future certainty is expressed: 
seeSuALL.— 2. Regular. (I will, thou will€st,heicilL-'; 
imp. & p. p. willed.) To determine by an act of 
choice, ordain, decree; to give or direct the disposal 
of by testament; to bequeath, devise. — v. i. To ex- 
ercise an act of volition; to be inclined or disposed; 
to desire, choose; to decide, determine, decree; to 
order or direct by testament. — Goodwill. Favor; 
kindness; right intention. — Illiv. Enmity; unfriend- 
liness. — Will'ful, -ful, a. Governed by the will 
without yielding to reason; obstinate; perverse; in- 
flexible; stubborn; refractory. — WilKing, a. Free 
to do or grant; having the mind inclined; disposed; 
ready; fain ; received of choice, or without reluc- 
tance; chosen; desired. — Will'lngly, ady. In a will- 
ing manner ; with free will ; witnout reluctance ; 
cheerfully. 

Willow, wiKlo, n. A tree or bush of many species, 
most of which have slender, pliant branches. (Cot- 
ton and Woolen Maniif.) A machine in which iiax, 
wool, or ccJtton is opened and cleansed, — prob. so 
called f r. having been orig. a cylindrical cage made 
of willow rods, or perh. fr. winnow, as denoting the 
winnowine or cleansing action of the machine; a 
willy; a willower. — v. t. To open and cleanse (cot- 
ton or wool) by means of a willow. — To wear the 
vnllow. To lose, or be forsaken by, one's lover. — 
IVeejnngw. See under Weep. —Wil'lowy, -lo-T, a. 
Abounding with willows ; resembling a willow; pli- 
ant ; flexible ; pendent ; drooping. — Wil'ly, -II, n. 
(Cotton and Woolen Manuf.) A willow. 

Wilt. See Will. 

Wilt, wilt, V. i. To lose freshness and become flaccid, 
as a plant when exposed to great heat or drought or 
when separated from its root; to droop, wither. — v. 
t. To make flaccid; to depress or destroy the vigor 
and energy of. 

Wily. See under Wile. 

Wimble. wim''bl, n. An instrument for boring holes, 
turned by a handle; a gimlet. — v. t. [wimbled 
(-bid), -BLING.] To bore or pierce, as with a wimble. 

Wimple, wim-'pl, n. A covering of silk, Unen, etc., 
laid in folds, for the neck, 
chin, and sides of the face, 
formerly worn by women, 
and still retained in the con- 
ventual dress of nuns. — • 
l\ t. [WIMPLED (-pld), 
-PLING.J To draw down, or 
to lay in folds or plaits, as a 
veil; to cover as with a 
veil; to hoodwink ; to cause 
to apjiear as if laid in folds 
or plaits ; to make to ripple. 

— v.t. To ripple, undulate. M' \ 1/ ^ \ 
Win, win. v. t. [won (wan, B \ i/ ^ \ 

oh^.) ; WINNING.] To gain .™. . 

by success in competition or Wimple, 

contest ; to allure to kindness, bring to compliance; 
to gain over to one's side or party, get, obtain, pro- 
cure, earn. — v. i. To gain the victory, be successful. 

— Win'ning, p. a. Attracting ; adapted to gain 
favor; charming. — n. Money, etc., won by success 
in competition, gambling, etc., usually in pi. — 
Win'some, -sum, a. Cheerful ; merry ; gay ; light- 
hearted. 

Wince, wins, v. i. [winced (winst), wincing.] To 
shrink (from a blow, or from pain) ; to flinch, start 
back ; to kick or flounce when unsteady, or impa- 
tient of a rider. 

Winch, winch, n. A lever having a projecting han- 
dle at one end, and the other end fixed to an ax'.e 
of a machine ; a crank-handle; an axle turned by a 




siin, cQbe, full ; moon, idbt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tlien, boifboN, chair, get. 



WIND 



510 



WINK 



erank- handle, for 
raising weights; a 
windlass. 
Wiiid. wind, in poetry 
o^/en wind, ?i. Air in 
jierceptible motion ; 
a current of air (nat- 
u r a 1 or artificial) 
with any detrree of 
velocity; breath 
modulated by the 
respiratory and vocal 
organs, or by an in- 
strument ; power of 
respiration ; breath; 
ras generated in the 




Winch. 



btomach and bowels ; flatulence ; air impregnated 
with an odor or scent; a direction in which the wind 
may blow; a point of the compass ; esp., one of the 
■cardinal points ; anything insignificant or light as 
wind ; mere breath or talk. — v. t. [winded, wind- 
j.vG.] To expose to the wind, winnow, ventilate; to 
l)erceive or follow by the scent ; to nose ; to put (a, 
iiorse,etc.) ontof breath by over-exertion; to allow (a 
horse, etc.) to rest, to recover breath. — Between ivind 
■and xoater. {Naut.') In that part of a ship's side or 
bottom which is frequently brought above water by 
the rolling of the ship, or fluctuation of the water's 
surface. — Down the w. In the direction of, and mov- 
ing with, the wind. — In the w.'s eye. (Naut.) Toward 
the direct pointfrom which the wind blows. — 2'o car- 
r>i the IV. To toss the nose as high as the ears, as a 
horse. — To raise the w. To procur'e money. — To take 
w. or get w. To be divulged, become public. — Wind, 
wind, V. t. [Orig. winded (winded), hxit now wound 
<wownd); winding.] To blow, sound bv blowing; 
•esp.. to sound so that the notes shall be prolonged and 
mutually involved. — Wind'age, wtnd'ei, 7i. (Gun.) 
The difference between the diameter of the bore of a 
^un and that of the shot fired from it.— Wind-bound, 
■a. (Xaut.) Prevented from sailing by a contrary 
wind.— Wind'TaU, -fawl, n. Anything blown down 
or off by the wind, as fruit from a tree, or the tree 
itself; an unexpected legacy, or other gain. — Wind'- 
iesB, a. Having no wind; 
out of breath. "— Wind'- 
mill, n. A mill turned 
by the wind.— Win'dow, 
-do, n. An opening in 
the wall of a building 
for the admission of light 
and air, usually closed 
bj' glazed sashes, capable 
of being opened and shut; 
the door or sash tliat 
■closes the aperture: a lat- 
tice or casement. — Win'- 
■dow-seat.w. A seat in and 
under a window.— Wind'- 
pipe, n. (Anat.) The pas- 
sage for the breath to and 




Windmill. 



from the lungs; the trachea, q. v., in illust. of Lung. 
— Wind'row, win'ro, n. A row or line of hay raked 
together, to be rolled into cocks or heaps. — "Wind''- 
■ward, n. The point or side from which the wind 
blows. — a. Situated toward the point from which 
the wind blows. — adv. Toward the wind; in the di- 
rection from which the wind blows. — To lay an an- 
chor to windward. To adopt previous or anticipato- 
ry measures for success or security. — Wind'y, -T, a. 
[-IER: -lEST.] Consisting of, accompanied or charac- 
terized by, or exposed to, wind; next the wind ; 
windward; tempestuous; boisterous; serving to oc- 
casion wind or gas in the intestines; flatulent; at- 
tended, or caused, by wind or gas in the intestines; 
empty; airy. — Wihd'iness, n. — Wind'-brok'en, 
-broken, a. Diseased in the power of breathing bj^ 
the rupture, dilatation, or running together of some 
of the air-cells, so tliat while the inspiration is by 

one eif ort, the expiration is by two. egg, n. An 

imperfect, unimpregnated, or addled egg. — flow'er, 
n. The anemone, — formerly supnosed to open onlv 
when the wind was blowing. — gall,??. (Far.) A 
soft tumor on the fetlock joints of a horse, — former- 
ly supposed to contain air. gun, n. A gun dis- 




Windlass. 



charged by the force of compresj-ed air; an air gun, 
— hov'er, -huv'er, ?*. A species of hav/k, which hov- 
ers intlie air, while watching for its prey; the kestrel. 

Wind, wind, v. t. [wound (wownd), rarely winded; 
winding.] To turn completely, or with repeated 
turns ; esp., to turn about something fixed ; to coil, 
twine, twist ; to infold, encircle ; to turn and bend 
at one's pleasure, regulate, govern; to introduce by 
insinuation, insinuate ; to cover or surround with 
something coiled about, —v. i. To turn completely 
or repeatedly ; to become coiled about anything; to 
have a circular course or direction ; to go to the one 
side or the other; to meander. — To wind up. To coil 
or wind into a ball or a small compa.ss, as a skein of 
thread; to coil closely or completely; to bring to a 
conclusion orsettlement; to put in astateof renewed 
or continued motion, as a clock, a watch, etc., by 
winding the spring, or that which carries the weight; 
to prepare for continued movement or action; to put 
in order anew. — Wind'er, n. One who, or that which, 
winds; a creeping or winding plant; a reel or swift 
for winding silk, cotton, etc., on; one of the steps of 
a winding staircase. — Wind^ing, n. A turn or turn- 
ing; a bend; flexure; meander; a call by the boat- 
swain's whistle. — Win4''ing-sheet, n. A sheet in 
which a corpse is wound or wrapped. — Wind'lass, 
wtnd'las, n. A hori- 
zontal axle or roller 
set in standards or 
b i 1 1 s, for raising a 
weight or obtaining a 
purchase by means of 
a rope or chain, when 
rotated by handspikes, 
levers, or a crank. 

Windage, Window, 
Windy, etc. See un- 
der Wind, ?i. 

Wine, win, n. The ex- 
pressed iuice of grapes, esp. when fermented; a fer- 
rnented liquor prepared from any fruit by a process 
similar to that forgrape wine; intoxication.— Win'y, 
-Y, a. Having the taste or qualities of wine. — Spirit 
of wine. Alcohol. — Wine'-bib'ber, n. One who 
drinks much wine; a great drinker. — glass, n. A 
small glass in which wine is drank. — meas'ure, n. 
The measure by which wines and other spirits are 
sold, smaller than beer measure. 

Wing, wing, n. One of 2 anterior limbs of a bird, cor- 
responding to the arms of a man, and by most birds 
used forfljang; any similar member or instrument 
used for flying; passage by flying; flight; motive or 
instrument of flight; that which agitates the air as a 
wing does, as a fan or vane for winnowing grain; a 
side-piece, one of 2 corresponding appendages at- 
tached to the sides of anything: or a single appen- 
dage so attached. (A7'ch.) A side projection from 
a building. (Bot.) A membranous expansion of a 
plant. (Fort.) The longer side of crown-works, 
horn-works, etc., connecting them with the main 
work. ( J/iZ.) The right or left division of an army, 
regiment, etc. (Naut.) That part of the hold or 
orlop of a vessel nearest the sides, — in a fleet, one of 
the extremities when the ships are drawn up in 
line, or when forming the 2 sides of a triangle. (The- 
atrical.) One of the sides of the stage. — v. t. [winged 
(wingd), winging.] To furnish with wings: to en- 
able to fly, or to move, with celeritj'; to supply with 
wings or side-pieces; to transport by flight; to cut off 
the wings of, wound in the wiSg, disable a wing of. 
— Oiithewing. Flying; ontheroad; movingfromone 
plnce to another. — On the wingft of the wind. With 
the utmost velocity. — Under the winq, or vnngs of. 
Under the care or protection oi. —Wing-and-iuing. 
(Naut.) Tlie situation of a fore-and-aft vessel when 
she is soing dead before the wind, with her foresail 
hauled over on one side and her mainsail on the oth- 
er. — Winged, p. a. Furnished with wings, or wing- 
like exnansions: swift; rapid; wounded or hurt in 
the wing. — Wing'less, a. Having no wings ; not 
able to fly. — Wing'-shell, n. (Entom.) The case or 
shell which covers the wing of a coleopterous insect, 
as a beetle. 

Wink, wink, v. i. [winked ( wrnkt), winking.] To close 
one or both eyelids with a quick motion; to Blink; to 



5m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd. eve, tSrm 5 Tin, Ice ; Cdd, tone, 6r ; 



WINNER 



511 



WITH 



give a hint bv a motion of the eyelids; to shut the 
eyes purposely for the sake of not seeing anything, 
or as if not seeing; to connive at anything, avoid 
taking notice. — w. Act of closing the eyelids quick- 
ly; a hint given by shutting the eye significantly. 

Winner, Winning, WinBome. See under Win. 

WinnoWj win'no, r. t. [-.nuweo (-nod), -nowixg.] To 
drive off the chaff from by means of wind ; to sift 
falsehood from truth ; to fan. 

Winter, win'ter, n. The cold season of the year; in com- 
mon usage, in the northern hemisphere, the period fr. 
December 1st to March 1st; in astronomical usage, the 
period from the solstice in December (about the 21st , 
day) to the vernal equinox in March (about the 21st 
day); ayear.— f. t. [wintered (-terd),-TERiNG.] To 
pass the winter. — 1\ t. To keep, feed, or manage dur- 
ing the winter.— Win'tery, -ter-t, -try, -trT, a. Suit- 
able to or resembling winter, or what belongs to win- 
ter; cold: stormy; brumal; hyemal; snowy; frosty; 
icy. — Win'ter-green, n. (Bot.) An aromatic, creep- 
ing evergreen, having bright red berries; checker- 
berry; partrid"e-berry. — kill, v. t. [-killed (-kild), 
-KiLLixo.] To liill by the cold or exposure of winter. 
— wheat, n. Wheat sown in autumn, to ripen in 
the following summer. 

Winy. See under Wine. 

Wipe, wip, i\ t. [wiped (wipt), wiping.] To rub with 
something soft for cleaning or drying, clean by rub- 
bing ; to strike oif gently, remove by rubbing, rub 
off, clear, cleanse, efface. — n. Act of rubbine: for the 
purpose of cleaning or drying ; a blow. — Wip''er, )(. 
One who wipes ; something used for wipimx. 

Wire, wir, n. An even or slender rod of drawn metal ; 
///. the telegraph. — I!, t. [wired (wird), wiring.] 
To bind with wire, apply wire to ; to put upon a 
wire ; to snare bv means of a wire or wires ; to send 
(a message) by telegraph. — Wireless, wTr'les, a. 
Having no wire; using no wire; specif. {Elec.) 
dispensing with the use of wires or other conductors 
as transmitters of electricity. -Wire'less teleg''- 
raphy. {Elec.) A system of telegraphy in which 
communication through space is accomplished by 
electric waves without wires or other conductors. 
See Marconi System. — Wir'y, -r, a. Made of, 
like, or drawn out like, wire; capable of endurance; 
tough; sinewy. — Wir'tness, n. — Wire '-bridge, n. A 
bridge suspended on wires or cables made of wires. 
^-draw, V. t. [imp. wire-drew; p. p. -drawn; 
-drawing.] To form (a piece of metai) into wire, 
by drawing it through a hole in a plate of steel; to 
draw by art or violence; to draw or spin out to great 
length or tenuity. — draw'er, n. One who draws 
metal into wire. — edge, -ej, n. The thin, wire-like 
thread of metal sometimes formed on the edge of a 
tool by the stone in sharpening it. — pulKer, n. One 
who pulls the wires, as of a puppet; one who oper- 
ates by secret means; an intriguer. — worm, n. The 
larve of various species of beetles, — so called from 
iti^ slenderness and uncommon hardness. 

Wis, wis, V. t. [imp. kp.p). wist.] To knoWj be aware; 
to think, suppose, imagine. 

Wise, wTz, a. Having knowledge; enlightened; eru- 
dite; learned; making due use of knowledge; dis- 
cerning and judging correctly concerning what is 
true or false, proper or improper; versed in art or 
science; skilled in divination; godly; pious; dictated 
or guided by wisdom; containing wisdom; judicious. 
— Wiae'ling, n. One who pretends to be wise; a 
wiseacre. — Wise'ly, adv. In a wise manner; pru- 
dently; judiciously; di.«creetly; with wisdom. — Wis''- 
dom, wiz'dum, n. Quality of being wise; knowl- 
edge, and the capacity to make due use of it; dis- 
cernment and jud^'ment; discretion; sagacity; sci- 
entific or practical truth; acquired knowledge; eru- 
dition. (Script.) Godliness; piety; religion.— Wis '- 
dom-tooth, n. ; pi. -teeth. A large, back double 
tooth, — appearing comparatively late, as it were af- 
ter the person has arrived at the age of wisdom. 

Wise, wiz, n. Wny of being or acting; manner; mode. 

Wiseacre, wlz'a-ker, n. One who makes undue pre- 
tensions to wisdom; a simpleton; dunce. 

Wish, wish, v. i. [wished (wisht), wishing.] To have 
a desire, long, hanker; to be disposed or inclined; 
to entertain hope or fear in respect to anything. — 
V. t. To desire, long for; to frame or express desires 



. concerning; to invoke in favor of or against any 
one; to imprecate. — n. Desire; longing; expression 
of desire; request; petition; invocation or impreca- 
tion; a thing desired; object of desire. — Wish'ful. 
-fill, a. Having desire, or ardent desire; showing 
desire. — Wisfful, -ful, a. Eagerly attentive: en- 
grossed; with desire or longing; wishful. — Wish'- 
Done.n. The forked bone in front of the breast-bone 
in birds, corresponding to 2 clavicles confluent ^^t 
their lower ends; merry-thought. 

Wishy-washy, wish'T-wosh't, a. Thin and weak; di- 
luted, — said of liquids. Weak; unsubstantial. 

Wisp, wisp, n. A small bundle of straw or other like 
suDstance: a whisk, or small broom. 

Wist. See Wis. 

Wistful, etc. See under Wish. 

Wit, wit, V. i. To know; to be, or become, aware, — 
used chiefly in the infinitive, to v:it, which is em- 
ployed, esp. in legal language, to call attention to a 
particular thing, or to a more particular specification 
of what has preceded, and is equivalent to namehi, 
that is to say. — n. Mind; intellect; understanding; 
sense; a mental faculty or power of the mind: felici- 
• tous association of objects not usually connected, so 
as to produce a pleasant surprise; power of readily 
combining objects in such a manner; a person of em- 
inent sense or knowledge; a man of genius, fancy, 
or humor: one distinguished for bright or amusing 
sayings, for repartee, etc.; ingenuity; humor; satire; 
sarcasm; irony; burlesque. — Wit'ty, -tt, a. [-tier; 
-tiest.] Possessing wit or humor: good at repartee; 
acute; smart; sharp; arch; keen; facetious; satirical; 
ironical; taunting.— Wifticism. -tl-sizm, n. A sen- 
tence or phrase which is affectedly wittj'; an attempt 
at wit; a conceit. — Wiftingly, adv. Knowingly; 
with knowledge. — Wifless, a. Destitute of wit or 
understanding; indiscreet; not under the guidance 
of judgment. — Wifling, n. One who has little wit 
or understanding; a pretender to wit or smartness. — 
Wifness, n. Attestation of a fact or event; testi- 
mony; that which furnishes evidence or proof ; one 
who beholds or has personal knowledge of anything. 
{Laic.) One who gives evidence before a j'udicial 
tribunal; one who sees the execution of an instru- 
ment, and subscribes it for the purpose of confirm- 
ing its authenticity by his testimony; one who gives 
testimony. — I', t. [witnessed (-nest), -nessing.] 
To see or know by personal presence, have direct 
cognizance of; to give testimony to, testify to some- 
thing; to see the execution of (an instrument) and 
subscribe it for the purpose of establishing its au- 
thenticity. — V. i. To bear testimony, give evidence, 
testify.— Wit'nesser, n. One who witnesses.— Wit'- 
tol, n. A man who knows his wife's infidelitj-, and 
submits or consents to it; a cuckold. 

Witch, wich, n. One, esp. a woman, given to necro- 
mancy; one practicing magical arts and claiming 
power to summon spirits from the other world; a 
sorcerer or sorceress; formerly, esp. in Eng. and 
Amer., one accused of obtaining by compact with 
the Devil, power to torment others ; an ugly old 
woman; a hag; a charming person, — said of a wom- 
an or child. — v. t. [witched (wicht), witching.] 
To bewitch, fascinate, enchant.— Witch 'ery, -5r-T, n. 
Sorcery; enchantment: witchcraft; fascination; en- 
trancing influence. — Witch'ing. a. Suited to en- 
chantment or witchcraft.- Wiz'ard. n. One devoted 
to necromancy, a magician; conjurer; sorcerer. — a. 
Enchanting ; charming ; haunted by wizards. — 
Witch'craft, n. Practices of witches; sorcery; en- 
chantments; power mere than natural. 

Witch-elm, wich'elm, n. A kind of elm. 

With, witli, ;jre;9. With denotes or expresses — near- 
ness, proximity, association, connection, partner- 
ship, intercourse; situation or estimation among, 
treatment or regard by; friendship or support, as- 
sistance; countenance;' accompanying cause or oc- 
casion, instrument, means ; correspondence, com- 
parison; close succession, immediate subsecjuence. — 
WithaK, -awK, adv. With the rest; likewise; at the 
same time. — prep. With, — so used when combined 
with a verb, and following the object of the verb. — 
Withdraw', r. t. [imp. -drew ; p. p. -drawn ; 
-DRAWING.] To take away (what has been en- 
joyed); to draw back, cause to go away or retire; 



iirtr, jfnig aor; lo xraiiie or tfxfjrt^.-'^i ut;birt:s I juvuu;; lu uiuw uaut^, t:au&c lu go m 

sun, cube, full ; moon, iCbi ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



WITHE 



512 



WOOD 



to take back, recall, or retract. — r. i. To quit a 
company or place, go away, retire, retreat, recede, 
retrograde, go back. —Withdraw' al^ n. Act of, etc. 
— Withdraw'ing-room, n. A room behind another 
room for retirement; a drawing-room. — Withdraw'- 
ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Withhold'', 
r. t. [imp. -HELD; p. p. -held or -holden; with- 
holding.] To hold back, restrain, keeplrom action; 
to retain, keep back; not to grant.— Within'', pre;;. 
In the inner or interior part of; inside of; in the lim- 
its or compass of; not further in length than; inside 
the limits, reach, or influence of; not beyond, over- 
stepping, exceediujg, etc. — adv. In the inner part; 
inwardly; internally; in the house; in doors. — With- 
out'', prep. On or at the outside of; out of ; out of the 
limits of ; out of reach of ; beyond; not with; other- 
wise than with; in absence of, separation from, or 
destitution of; independently of; exclusively of; un- 
less, except, — introducing a clause, and having the 
force of a conjunction (now rarely used by good 
writers or speakers). — adv. Not on the inside; not 
within; on the outside; out of doors; externally. — 
Without day (L. sine die). Without the appointment 
of a day to appear or assemble again; finally dis- 
missed.— Withstand'', v. t. [-stood, -standing.] To 
oppose, resist, either with physical or moral force. 

Withe, with, n. A flexible, slender twig or branch 
used as a band; a willow twig; withy; a band con- 
sisting of a twig or twigs twisted. (JVaut.) An iron 
instrument fitted on one end of a mast or boom, 
with a ring to it, through which another mast or 
boom is rigged out and secured. — v. t. [withed 
(witht), avithing.] To bind or fasten with withes 
or twigs. — Withy, w'rth''T, to. A large species of wil- 
low; a withe. — a. Made of withes; like a withe; flex- 
ible and tough. 

Wither, wit±i''er, v. i. [-eeed (-erd), -ering.] To lose 
the sap or juice, fade, lose freshness, shrivel, dry; to 
lose or want animal moisture ; to pine away, as ani- 
mal bodies; to languish, perish, pass away. — v. t. To 
cause to fade and become dry; to cause ^to shrink, 
wrinkle, and decay, for want of sap or of animal 
moisture; to cause to languish, perish, or pass awav. 

Withers, with''erz, n. pi. The ridge between the 
shoulder-bones of a horse, at the base of the neck. 
See Horse. — With'er-wrung -rung, a. Injured or 
hurt in the withers, as a horse. 

Withhold, Within, Without, Withstand. See With. 

Withy. See under Withe. 

"Witless, Witness, Witty, Wittol, etc. See under Wit. 

Wive. See under Wife. 

Wiver or Wjrver, wi^'ver, Wi''- or Wy'vem, n. {Her.) 
A kind of heraldic dragon or serpent. 

Wizard. See under Witch. 

Wizen, wiz'n, a. Thin; dried up; weazen. 

Woad, wod, n. A cruciferous plant formerly culti- 
vated for the blue coloring matter derived from its 
fermented leaves; the coloring matter, or color de- 
rived from the plant, now superseded by indigo. 

Woe, Wo, wo, n. Grief; sorrow; misery; heavy calam- 
ity; a curse; malediction.— Wo'- or Woe'ful, a. Full 
of woe; sorrowful; distressed with grief or calamity; 
unhappy; sad; bringing calamity, distress, or afflic- 
tion; wretched, paltry, miserable. — Wo"- o/- Woe''- 
fully, adv. In a woeful manner; sorrowfully ; wretch- 
edly; miserably.— Wo'- or Woe'fulness, ?;.- Woe'- 
begone', a. Overwhelmed with woe; immersed in 
^nef and sorrow. 

Wold, wold, n. A wood ; forest ; a plain, or open 
country; a country without wood, whether hilly or 
not; a down. 

Wolf, wulf , n. A swift, crafty, rapacious carnivorous 
a nimal of several species, 
!i Hied to the dos, and esp. 
destructive to slieep ; any 
person or thing very rav- 
enous, dangerous, or de- 
structive. — Zb keep the 
u-olf from the door. To 
keep away poverty, pre- 
ve n t starvation . — Wolf''- 
ish, a. Like a wolf; hav- 
ing the qualities or form 
of a wolf .— Wolf ''-dog, 
v.. A dog of a large breed, Wolf, 



kept to guard sheep. — fish,?;. A voracious fish of 

the nortxiern seas; the sea-wolf.— Wolf's''-bane, n. A 

poisonous flowering plant; aconite; monks' hood. — 

Wolverine'', 

-e ne '', -ver- 

en'',«. {Zobl.^ 

Acarnivorous 

mammal; the 

glutton. An 

inhabitant of 

Michigan. - 

\_Amer. slang. ^ 

— Wolfram, 

wSK-fram, n. 

{3Iin.) An ore 

of tungsten; a 




Wolverine. 





tungstate of iron, or of iron and manganese. 

Woman, w(J&m'an, n. ; pi. Women, wim^'en. The fe- 
male of the human race, esp. when grown to adult 
years; a female attendant or servant. — Wom''anly, 
a. Becoming a woman; feminine. — adv. In the 
manner of a woman. — Wom^anhood, -hdbd, n. State, 
character, or collective qualities of a woman ; wom- 
en collectively.— Wom'anish, a. Suitable to a wom- 
an; having the qualities of a woman; effeminate; 
not becoming a man. — Wom^'ankind, w. The female 
sex; thej^ace of females of the human kind. 

Womb, woom, n. (^Anat.) The uterus of a female; 
The part where the young of an animal is conceived 
and nourished till its birth. The place where any. 
thing is generated or produced; any cavity contain- 
ing and enveloping anything. 

Wombat, wom''bat, n. A clumsy, burrowing, root-eat- 
ing Australian 
marsupia t e 
mammal. 

Women. See 
Woman. 

Won. ■ See Win. 

Wonder, wun''- . > 
der, ?i. The r — ^ 
emotion excit- ^^^ _. , . 

ed by novelty. Wombat, 

or the presentation to the sight or mind of something 
new, unusual, strange, great, extraordinary, and not 
well understood; surprise; astonishment: cause of 
wonder; that which excites surprise; a prodigy; mir- 
acle.— v. i. [wondered (-derd), -dering.J To be 
affected by surprise or admiration, be struck with 
astonishment, marvel; to feel doubt and curiosity. 
— Won'derful, -ful, a. Adapted to excite wonder or 
admiration; exciting surprise ; marvelous; amazing; 
astonishing; surprising. — Won''derment, n. Sur- 
prise ; astonishment ; wonder. — Won^drouB, -drus, 
a. Such as may excite surprise and astonishment; 
wonderful; strange; prodigious; marvelous; admira- 
ble. — adv. In a wonderful or surprising degree ; 
wondrously. 

Won't, wont. Contr. of will not, ME. wall not. 

Wont, wunt, a. Using or doing customarily; accus- 
tomed; habituated, —n. Custom; habit; use. — v. i. 
Hmp. WONT; p. p. WONT or WONTED; wonting.] To 
be accustomed or habituated; to be used. — Wont^'ed, 
a. Accustomed; customary; used. 

Woo, woo, V. t. [WOOED (wobd_), wooiXG.^ To solicit 
in love, court; to invite with importunity .= 2). t. To 
court, make love. — Woo''er, n. 

Wood, wd6d, TO. A large and thick collection of trees; 
a forest; the hard sub.stance of trees; timber; trees 
cut or sawed for the fire or other uses. (Bat.) The 
material of succulent plants and parts of shrubs not 
hardened and ligneous, as well as of trees. — v. t. 
To_ supply with wood, or get supplies of wood for. — 
V. i. To take in, or supply with, wood. — Wood''ed, a. 
Supplied or covered with trees or wood. — Wood'en, 
wd&d-'n, a. Made, or consisting, of wood ; impas- 
sive; clumsy; awkward. — Wood''y,-T, a. Abound- 
ing with, consisting of, or containing wood or woody 
fiber; ligneous— Wood''iness, to.— Wood''bine, -bin, n. 
A climbing plant having fragrant flowers ; honey- 
suckle ; eglantine. — Wood'chuck, n. A hybema- 
ting Amer. rodent mammal, a species of marmot, 
which burrows in the ground, and is troublesome 
in clover fields, etc. — Wood''-cock, n. A migra 
tory game bird, allied to the snipe, and frequenf- 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare 5 gnd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r ; 



WOOER 



513 



WORLD 




Woodcock. 




tng the thickest under- 
wood, esp. in the au- 
tumn.— Wood'land, n. 
Land covered with 
wood, or land on which 
trees are suffered to 
grow either tor fuel or 
timber. — Wood'man, 
n.; pi. -HEX. In £ng., 
a forest othcer, appoint- 
ed to take care of the 
king's wood. A sports- 
man; hunter; one who 
cuts down trees; a wood-ciitter. — Wood'' nymph, 
-nimf, n. A nymph inhabiting the woods; a fabled 
goddess of the woods: a dryad. 

— Wood 'pecker, n. A scanso- 
rial bird of many species: it has 
a strong bill, and pecks holes in 
the wood or bark of trees in 
pursuit of insects. — Wood'- 
craft, n. Skill and practice in 
shooting and other sports in the 

woods. cut, n. An engraving 

ou wood, or an impression from 
such an engraving. — cut'ter, n. 
One who cuts wood; one who 
makes wood-cuts; an engraver 
on wood. — fret'ter, n. An in- 
sect or worm that eats wood. — 
-bouse, n. A house or shed in 
which wood is deposited and 
sheltered from the weather. — ^ ,. „, , 
-lark, n. A species of lark. — Canadian VV ood- 
-pigeon, -pij'un,_«. The ring- pecker, 

dove. — reeve, -rev, n. The steward or overseer of 
a wood. — screw, n. A screw made of iron, and fur- 
nished with a sharp thread, for insertion in wood.— 
-ward, n. An officer of the forest, who guards the 

woods. work, ti. That part of any structure 

which is wrought of wood. 

Wooer. See under Woo. 

Woof, woof, n. The threads that cross the warp in 

weaving; the weft; texture: cloth. 
Wool, wd61, n. That soft, curled, or crisped species of 

hair which grows on sheep and some other animals; 

short, thick hair, esp. when crisped or curled. — 

WooKen, a. Made of, consisting of, or pert, to, wool. 

— n. Cloth made of wool; woolen cloth. — WooK- 
en-dra'per, n. One who deals in woolen goods. — 
WooKfell, n. A skin with the wool. — WooKly, -IT, 
a. Consisting of, resembling, of the nature of, or 
clothed with, wool. (Bot.) Clothed with a pubes- 
cence resembling wool. — WooKiness, n. — WooK- 
comb'er, -kom'er, n. One whose occupation is to 
comb wool. — gatb'ering, n. Indulgence in idle ex- 
ercise of the imagination; a foolish or useless pur- 
suitordesign; vagary. — growler, n. One who raises 
sheep for the production of wool. — pack, n. A pack 
or bag of wool weighing 240 pounds; anything bulky 

without weight. sack, n. A sack or "bag of wool; 

esp., the seat of the lord chancellor of England in 
the House of Lords, being a large, square bag of 
wool, without back or arms, covered with red cloth. 

stia'pler, n. One who deals in wool; one who sorts 

wool according to its adaptation to diiferent manu- 
facturing purposes. 

Woold, woold, V. t. (Naut.) To wind; esp., to wind 
a rope round (a mast or yard, when made of 2 or 
more pieces, at the place where they have been 
fished or_scarf ed, to confine and support thern). 

Wootz, wools, n. A species of steel fr. the E. Indies, 
valued as material of edge-tools; India steel. 

Word, werd, n. The spoken sign of a conception or 
idea; a single component part of human speech or 
language; a term; vocable; the written or printed 
character, or characters, expressing such a term ; 
talk; discourse; oral expression; account; tidings; 
message; signal; order; command; statement; affir- 
rnation; declaration; promise; verbal contention ; 
dispute; a brief remark or observation; a phrase, 
clause, or short sentence; the Scriptures, considered 
as the revelation of God to man. — v. t. To express 
in words. — By word of mouth. Orally; by speaking. — 
Ghod w. Commendation; favorable account. — In a 



HEART 


E xM B E R 


ABU 


S E 


RES 


I N 


T R E 


N T 


Word-square. 



w. Briefly; to sum up.— 7%e Word. {Theol.) The 
2d person in the Trinity before his manifestation ia 
time by the incarnation: by those who reject a Trin- 
ity of persons, some one or all of the divine attributes 
personified. — To eat one's words. To retract what 
has been said. — H'o/d /or w. In the exact words; 
verbatim; literally; exactly. — Word'- 
ing, 71. The act or manner of ex- 
pressing in words; style of expression. 
— Word'y, -T, a. [-ier; -iest.] Using 
many words ; verbose ; containing 
m a n y words. — Word^iness, n. — 
Word -book, ?t. A collection of words; 
a vocabulary; dictionary; lexicon. — 
-square, n. A series of words arranged 
to De read vertically and horizontally with like re- 
sults. 

Wore. See under Wear. 

Work, werk, v. i. [worked (werkt) or wrought 
(rawt), working.] To exert one's self for a pur- 
pose ; to labor, be engaged in the performance of a 
task, duty, etc. ; to operate, act, perform ; to be ef- 
fective, have effect or influence ; to carry on busi- 
ness, be customarily engaged or employed, toil; to be 
in a state of severe exertion, or as if in such a state; 
to move heavily, strain, labor ; to make one's way 
slowly and with difficulty; to proceed with effort; 
to ferment, as a liquid ; to act or operate on the 
stomach and bowels, as a cathartic. — v. t. To labor 
or operate upon; to prepare for use, or utilize by la- 
bor ; to produce or form bj- labor ; to accomplish, 
effect ; to produce by slow degrees, or as if labori- 
ously ; to influence by acting upon ; to manage, 
lead; to form with a needle and thread or yarn; esp.» 
to embroider ; to set in motion or action ; to direct 
the action of, govern, manage ; to cause to i erment, 
as liquor. — n. Exertion of strength ; effort di- 
rected to an end ; in man, manual lahor; the matter 
on which one is at work ; material for working 
upon ; subject of exertion ; that which is produced, 
as the result of labor; product; performance; fabric; 
manufacture ; act, deed, effect, result, feat ; that 
which is produced by mental labor, a composition^ 
book ; embroidery, pi. Structures in civil, mili- 
tary, or naval engineering, as docks, bridges, em- 
bankments, trenches, etc. ; structures and grounds 
of a manufacturing establishment. {Theol.) Moral 
duties, or external performances, as a ground of 
pardon or justification. — Work'able, a. Capable 
of being worked, as a metal ; worth working. — 
Work'er, n. — Work'ing-day, n. A day on which 
work is performed, — disting. fr. the Sabbath, festi- 
vals, etc.; the portion of a day regularly devoted to 
work. — a. Plodding; hard-working; every-day ; 
pert, to or used on working days. — Work'man, 
n. A man employed in labor ; a worker ; a skill- 
ful artificer or laborer. — Work''man-like, -manly, 
a. Becoming a workman, esp. a skillful one; skill- 
ful; well performed. — Work'manship, n. Skill of 
a workman ; execution or manner of making any- 
thing ; that which is effected, made, or produced ; 
manufacture ; esp., something made by manual la- 
bor. —Work'sbop, n. A shop where any manufac- 
ture is carried on. — Work'wom'an, n. A woman 
who performs work; esp., a woman skilled in needle- 
work. — Work '-bag, -box, n. A bag or box for hold- 
ing instruments or materials for work ; esp., for 

holding needlework. day, n. and a. Same as 

Working-day. — -fellow, n. One engaged in the 
same work with another. — folk, -folks, n. pi. Per- 
sons that labor. bouse, n. A house in which idle 

and vicious persons are confined to labor ; a house 
where the town poor are maintained at public ex- 
pense, and provided with labor; a poor-house. — 
-ta'ble, n. A table for holding work, esp. needle- 
work, and materials and implements for it. 

World, werld, n. The earth and its inhabitants, with, 
their concerns; a division of the globe, or of its inhab- 
itants ; human affairs as seen from a given point of 
view ; state of existence ; scene of life and action; 
the earth and surrounding heavens ; the creation ; 
universe ; any planet or heavenly body, considered 
as inhabited ; customs, practices, and interests of 
men ; general affairs of life ; human society ; indi- 
vidual experience of, or concern with, life ; course 



eita, cube, full ; moon, f(36t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNbou, chair, get. 



WORM 



514 



WRAP 



of life ; the inhabitants of the earth ; the human 
race : mankind ; the earth and its affairs as disting. 
fr. heaven ; worldlj' corruption ; the ungodly or 
■wicked part of mankind; a great multitude'or quan- 
tity ; a large number. — JVorld's end. The end or 
most distant part of the world; the remotest regions. 
— World without end. Eternallv ; everlastingly. — 
World'ly, -ll, a. Relating to tne world ; human ; 
common; pert, to this world or life, disting. from the 
life to come; secular; temporal; devoted tothislife 
and its enjoyments. — adi\ In a worldly manner. — 
World'ly-nunded, a. Devoted to worldly interests. 
— World'Uneas, n. Quality of being worldly ; a 
predominant passion tor obtaining the good things 
of this life. — World-'ling, n. One devoted to this 
world and its enjoyments. 

Worm, werm, n. Orig., any creeping or crawling 
animal; a serpent, caterpillar, snail, etc.; any small 
creeping animal or reptile, either entirely without 
feet, or with very short ones. jil. Animals which 
live and breed in the intestines of other animals. 
Figuratively, something that gnaws or afflicts one's 
conscience ; anything spiral, vermiculated, or re- 
sembling a worm; the thread of a screw, a spiral in- 
strument for drawing cartridges from fire-arms ; a 
small, v7orm-like ligament under a dog's tongue ; a 
spiral metallic pipe through v/^hich vapor passes in 
distillation. {Much.) A snort, revolving screw, the 
threads of which drive a wheel by gearing into its 
teeth. — V. i. [wormed (wermd), woemixg.] To 
work slowly, gradually, and secretly. — v. t. To 
effect, remove, drive, etc., by slow and secret means; 
to draw a wad and cartridge from (a fire-arm) ; to 
cut the ligament, called a iconn, from under the 
tongue of (a dog, etc.), to check a disposition to 
gnaw ; to wind rope, yarn, etc., spirally round ; to 
wind with spun-yarn. — To worm one's self info. To 
enter gradually by arts and insinuations. — Wonn''y, 
-T, a. [-IER; -lEST.] Containing a worm; abound- 
ing with worms j_ like a worm; earthy; groveling. — 
Worm'-eat'en, -et'n, a. Gnawed by worms. — fence, 
n. A zigzag fence, made b}^ placing the ends of the 

rails upon each other. seed, n. A plant whose seed 

has the property of expelling worms from the stom- 
ach, bowels, and intestines. 

Wormwood, werm'^wdtbd, n. A plant of several species 
having a bitter nauseous taste. 

Worn. See Wear. 

Worry, wur'rT, v. t. [worried (-rid), -eying.] To 
harass with importunity, or with care and anxiety; 
to torment, trouble; to harass with labor, fatigue ; 
to harass by pursuit and barking; to tear or mangle, 
with the teeth. — v. i. To feel or express undue so- 
licitude and anxiety. — n. A state of disturbance 
from care and anxiety; vexation; anxiety; trouble. 
— Wor'riment, n. Trouble; anxiety. — Wor'^risome, 
a. In a condition to be troubled; causing worry or 
annoyance. 

Worse, wers, a. Bad, ill, evil, or corrupt, in a higher de- 
gree; in poorer health; more sick, — used both in a 
physical and moral sense. — adv. In a manner more 
evil or bad. — The worse. Loss; disadvantage; some- 
thing less good. — Wors^en, -n, v. t. To make worse, 
deteriorate, impair. — Wors'er, a. Worse. — Worst, 
werst, a. ; superl. of icorse. Bad, evil, or pernicious, 
in the highest degree. — n. That which is most bad 
or evil; the most severe, calamitous, or wicked, state 
or degree. — V. t. To gain advantage over in contest, 
iret the better of, defeat, overthrow 

Worship, etc. See under "Worth, n. 

Worst. See under Worse. 

Worsted, wusfed, n. A kind of yarn, spun of long- 
staple wool which has been combed to lay the fibers 
parallel. 

Wort, wert, «. (Bot.) A plant, herb, — used chiefly 
in compounds ; esp., a plant of the cabbage kind. 
New beer unfermented, or in the act of fermentation. 

Worth, werth, v.i. To be, become, betide, — now used 
only in the phrases, woe worth the day, vroe icwth 
the man, etc., in which the noun is in the dative case. 

Worth, werth, n. That quality of a thins which ren- 
df s it valuable or useful; value; value as expressed 
111 a standard, as money; price; rate; value in re- 
spoct ol moral or personal qualities ; virtue ; emi- 
nence; us>efulness; desert; merit; excellence; com- 



parative importance. — a. Equal in T*iae to: d«' 
serving of ; having wealth or estate tC tbc V^lue of. 
— Worth 'less, a. Destitute of worth; having nc 
value, virtue, excellence, dignity, ete. ; undeserv- 
ing; useless; vile; bare; mean. — Wor'thy, -tfal, a. 
[-THIEE ; -THIEST.] Having worth or excellence ; 
possessing merit; having suitable, adapted, or equiv- 
alent qualities or value; equal in excellence, value, or 
dignity to; entitled to; deserving; pxeritorious; vir- 
tuous; estimable; suitable. — n. A man of eminent 
worth or value; a person of conspicuous desert. — 
Wor'thily, -thI-lT, adv. In a worthy manner ; de- 
servedly; justly; suitably; becomingly. —Wor'thi- 
ness, 7i. — Wor'ship, wer'ship, n. Orig., honor; re- 
spect; a title of honor, used in addresses to certain 
magistrates, etc.; religious reverence and homage; 
adoration paid to God, or to a being viewed as 
God; act of performing devotional services and re- 
ligious exercises in honor of God or of some person 
or thing in the place of God: idolatry of lovers; ado- 
ration ; devotion ; veneration. — r. t. [woeshiped 
(-shipt), -SHIPING.] To respect, honor, revere, rev- 
erence; to pay divine honors to, adore, perform re- 
ligious exercises in honor of; to honor with extrav- 
agant love and extreme submission, as a lover; to 
idolize. — v. i. To perform acts of adoration, or 
religious service. —Wor-'sMper, k. — Wor'shipful, 
-ful, a. Entitled to worship, reverence, or high re- 
spect ; worthy of honor. 

Wot, wot, V. i. To know, be aware. 

Woidd. See Will. 

Wound, woond or wownd. n. A cut, stab, or other 
violent rupture of the skin and flesh of an animal 
or the substance of a plant; injury; hurt; damage; 
detriment. — r. t. To hurt by violence, injure, dam- 
age ; to hurt the feelings of. 

Wound, wownd, imp. Sip. p. of Wind, q. v. 

Wove, Woven. See Weave. 

Wrack, rak, n. A marine plant of several species, esp. 
when cast on shore and used for manure or for 
making kelp; a thin, flying cloud; rack: shipwreck; 
ruin. — Wreak, rek, v. t. [wreaked (rekt), wreak- 
ing.] To execute in vejigeance or passion; to inflict; 
to hurl or drive. — Wreck, rek, n. Destruction ; ruin; 
desolation; the destruction or injury of a vessel by 
being cast on shore, or on rocks, or by being disabled 
or sunk by the force of winds or waves; the ruins of 
a ship stranded or otherwise rendered useless by vio- 
lence and fracture; the remains of anything ruined. 
(Lavj.) Goods, etc., cast upon the land by the sea, 
after a ship-wreck. — v. t. [weecked (rekt), wreck- 
ing.] To destroy, disable, or seriously damage (a 
vessel) by driving against the shore or on rocks, by 
causing to founder, etc.; to bring wreck or ruin upon, 
destroy. — Wreck''age, -ej, n. Act of wrecking; that 
which has been wrecked. — Wreck'ev, «. One who 
causes a wreck, as by false lights, for purposes of 
plunder ; one who searches for the cargoes of 
wrecked vessels, for plunder, or to save property 
for owners or underwriters; a vessel employed by 
wreckers. — Wreck''-mas'ter, n. A person appointed 
by law to take charge of goods, etc., thrown on shore 
after a shipwreck. — Wretch, rech, n. A miserable 
person ; one profoundly unhappy ; one sunk in vice 
or degradation; a base, despicable person ; villain; 
profligate; scoundrel; rascal. — Wretch'ed. a. Very 
miserable ; sunk in deep aflfiiction or distress, from 
want, anxiety, or grief; calamitous; worthless; pal- 
try; very poor or mean. — Wretch'edly, adr. In a 
wretched manner; miserably; unhappily; meanly; 
despicably. — Wretch''edness, n. 

Wraith, rath, n. An apparition of a person in his ex- 
act likeness, seen before death, or a little after; a 
specter; vision; unreal imnge. 

Wrangle, ran 'gl, v. i. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To dis- 
pute angrily, quarrel peevishly and noisily, brawl, 
altercate. — n. An angry dispute ; noisy quarrel ; 
bickering; jar; jangle; contest; controversy; squab- 
ble. — Wran'gler, n. — Senior wrangler. ( Cambridge 
Univ. Eng.) The student who passes the best exam- 
ination in mathematics in the senate-house. 

Wrap, rap, v. t. [wrapped (rapt), wrapping.] To 
wind or fold together; to cover by winding or fold- 
ing, envelop completely, infold; to conceal by envel- 
oping or infolding, hide, involve as an ett'ect or con- 



fim, fame, far, pass or opera, fire ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



WRASSE 



0\i) 



WYVERN 



sequence. — Wrap^per, n. One who, or that which, 
wraps ; that in whicli anything is wrapped or in- 
closed: envelope: covering: esp.. a loose outer gar- 
ment. — Wrap'rascal, n. A coarse upper coat. 
Wrasse, ras, n. A prickly-spined, hard-boned fish of 





Red or Three-spotted Wrasse, 
several species, with vivid colors and thick lips, 
found in the Mediterranean and on the Eng. coasts. 

Wrath, rath, ?i. Violent anger; vehement exaspera- 
tion: indignation; rage; fury; ire; the effects of an- 
ger : the iust punishment of an offense or crime. 
— Wrath'ftil, -ful, a. Full of wrath; very angry; 
greatly incensed ; springing from, or expressing, 
wrath; furious; ireful; raging; indignant; resent- 
ful: passionate. — Wrath'fully, acZr. — Wrath 'less, 
a. Free from anger. —Wrath'y, -T, a. Very angry. 

Wreak. See under Wrack. 

Wreath, reth, n. ; pi. Wreaths, reftiz. Something 
twisted or curled; a garland; chaplet; esp., one giv- 
en to a victor. — Wreathe, reth, v. t. [Wreathed 
(rettid), wreathing.] To twist, convolve, wind one 
about another, entwine ; to surround with any- 
thing twisted or con- 
volved ; to encircle, 
infold ; to twine or 
twist about, encir- 
cle. — i\ i. To be 
interwoven or e n- 
twined.— Wreath'y, 
Tgrii'r, a. Twisted; 
curled : spiral. 

Wreck, Wreckage, etc. 
See under Wrack. 

Wren, ren, n. A small ^ 
insessorial bird, of , 
several species,'^ 
which feeds on in- 
sects, etc., and is 
often very familiar 
with man. Wren 

Wrench, rench, v. t. 
[wrenched (rencht), wrenching.] To wrest, twist, 
or force by violence ; to 
strain, sprain, distort. — n. 
A violent twist, or a pull 
with twisting ; a sprain ; Wrench 

an instrument for exert- wrencn. 

ing a twisting strain, as in turning bolts, nuts, etc. 

Wrest, rest, v. t. To turn, twist; esp., to twist or ex- 
tort by violence ; to pull or force away by violent 
wringing or twisting; to turn from truth, or twist 
from its natural meaning by violence; to wring, per- 
vert, distort. — n. Violent pulling and twisting; dis- 
tortion.— Wrest 'er, n.— Wres'tle, res'l, v. i. [-tled 
(-Id), -tlino.] To contend, as 2 persons, by grap- 
pling together, and each striving to throw the other 
down; to struggle, strive, contend. —w. A struggle 
between 2 to see which will throw the other down; 
a struggle. 

Wretch, Wretched, etc. See under Wrack. 

Wriggle, rig^gl, v. i. [wriggled (-gld), -gling.] To 
move the body to and fro with short writhing mo- 
tions, like a worm; to squirm. — v.t. To put into a 
quick, reciprocating motion; to introduce by twist- 
ing and squirming. 

Wright, rit, n. One whose occupation is some kind 
of mechanical business; an artificer; workman, — 
chiefly used in compounds. 

Wring, ring, v. t. [wrun g, wringing.] To twist and 
compress, pinch, turn and strain with violence; to 
pain, distress, torment; to pervert; to extract or ob- 
tain by twisting and compressing; to extort. {Naut.) 
To bend or strain out of its position. — Wring'-bolt, 
n. A bolt used by shipwrights to bend and secure the 
planks against the timbers till they are fastened by 



bolts, spikes, and tree-nails. — Wring'er, n. One 
who, or that which, wrings ; an extortioner ; an in- 
strument for forcing water out of anything, esp, 
from clothes after they have been washed. 

Wrinkle, rink'l, n. A small ridge, prominence, or 
furrow, formed by the shrinking or contraction of 
anv smooth substance : a crease ; roughness ; un. 
evenness. —i\ /. [wrinkled (-Id), -ling.] To con- 
tract into furrows and prominences ; to corrugate ; 
to make rough or uneven — v. i. To shrink into fur- 
rows and ridges.— Wrink'ly, -IT, a. Full of wrinkles; 
liable to be wrinkled; corrugated. 

Wrinkle, rink''l, n. A notion or fancy : a whim. 

Wrist, risi, n. (Anat.) The ioint by which the hand 
is united to the arm.— Wrist'band, n. That part of 
a shirt sleeve which covers the wrist. 

Write, rit, r. t. \_imp. wrote (rot) ; p. p. writ (obs.) 
or written: writing.] To set down (legible char- 
acters) ; to inscribe on any material by a suitable 
instrument ; to express in legible or intelligible 
characters, inscribe ; to set down in an epistle, com- 
municate by letter ; to compose or produce, as an 
author ; to impress durably : to make known by 
writing, record, copy, transcribe, compose, recite. — 
V. i. To form characters, letters, or figures, as repre- 
sentatives of sounds or ideas ; to be regularly em- 
ployed or occupied in writing, copying, or account- 
ing"; to frame or combine ideas and express them 
in words ; to recite or relate in books, compose. — 
Wrifer, n. One who writes, or has written ; a 
scribe; clerk; an author. — Wrifing, n. Act or art 
of forming letters a./d characters on paper, wood, 
stone, or other material ; anything written or ex- 
pressed in letters ; as, a legal instrument, a pam- 
phlet, book, inscription.— Wrifing-mas'ter. ?«. One 

who teaches the art of penmanship. pa'per. n. 

Paper finished with a smooth surface, sized, and 
fitted for writing upon. — Writ,-wrTt, n. That which 
is written ; writing, — applied esp. to the Scriptures; 
Bible. (Law.) An instrument in writing, under seal, 
in an epistolary form, issued from the proper author- 
ity, commanding the performance or non-perform- 
ance of some act Dy the person to whom it is directed. 

Writhe, ritii, v. t. [imp. & p. p. writhed (writhen, 
obs. or poet.), writhing.] To twist with violence, 
distort, wring; to wrest, pervert. — v. i. To twist the 
body about, be distorted, as in pain. 

Wrong, rong, a. Not fit or suitable to an end or ob- 
ject; not appropriate for use ; not according to rule, 
standard, requirement, or intent; not correct; not 
suitable to the highest and best end; not morally 
right; not according to truth; unjust; faulty; detri- 
mental; erroneous; unfit; improper; mistaken. — n. 
That which is not right ; whatever deviates from 
moral rectitude; any injury done to another; a tres- 
pass; iniquity; jjerversity; injustice; injurv. — adv. 
Not rightly; amiss; morally ill; erroneously. — v.t. 
[wronged (rongd), wronging.] To treat with in- 
justice; to deprive of some right, or to withhold some 
act of justice from; to injure; to impute evil to un- 
justly. — Wrong'-do'er, n. One who injures another, 
or does wrong. — Wrong'er, n. One who wrongs or 
injures another.— Wrong'ful, -ful, a. Full of wrong; 
injurious ; unjust ; unfair. — ' Wrong'headed, a. 
Wrong in opinion or principle ; having a perverse 
understanding; perverse. 

Wrote. See Write. 

Wroth, rawth, a. Full of wrath ; angry ; incensed. 

Wrought. See Work. Wrung. See Wring. 

Wry, ri, a. Turned to one side ; twisted ; distorted ; 
deviating from the right direction. — Wry face. A 
distortion of the countenance indicating impatience, 
disgust, or discomfort; a grimace. — Wry 'neck, n. A 
twisted or distorted neck. {Ornith.) A small bird of 
the eastern continent, allied to the woodpecker, — 
so called from the manner in which, when surprised, 
it turns its head over its shoulder. 

Wych''-elin, w. (Bot.) A variety of the elm, a native 
of Great Britain ; witch-elm, q. v. 

Wye, wT, n.; pi. Wyes, wiz. One of the 2 forked pieces 
or bearings resembling the letter Y in shape, in the 
opening or notch of which rest the ends of the tele- 
scope axis in a theodolite or level, the pivots in a 
transit instrument, etc. [Written also Y; pi. Y's.] 

Wyvem. See Wiver. 



BJin, cube, full ; moon, fd6t j cow, oil ; liQger or igk, tlien, boNboN, chair, get. 



516 



YARD 



X. 



X, eks, the 24th letter of the Eng. alphabet, is bor- 
rowed, as to form, from the Greek X : at the end of 
words, it has the sound of fcs, as in wax : in the mid- 
dle, the sound of fe, or sometimes of gz, as in exam- 
ple: at the beginning of a word, it has the sound 
of 2. 

Xanthic, zan'thik, a. Tending toward a yellow color, 
or to one of those colors, green excepted, in which yel- 
low is a constituent, as scarlet, orange, etc. CChem.) 
Of, or pert, to, an oxide, called also riric oxide, ob- 
tained fr. a rare variety of urinary calculus, and from 
similar concretions; also to a certain heavy, oily, fluid 
acid. — Xan'thine, -thin, n. iChem.) The yellow, 
insoluble coloring matter contained in certain plants 
and the petals of certain flowers. — Xan'thite, -thit, 
n. (Min.) A mineral occurring in rounded grains 
and foliated masses, of .a yeUow color, and translu- 
cent. — Xan'tho, n. A 
small short-tailed crus- 
tacean, of many spe- 
cies, found in most 
seas. — Xan'tho- 
phyll, -tho-fil. n. 
XChem.) Yellow color- 
ing matter contained 
in the leaves of trees in 
autumn. — Xan'thor- 
thite, -thor-thit, n. 
(Jlin.) A mineral of a 
yellowish color, con- 
taining much water. 

Xebec, ze'bek, n. A 
small, 3-masted vessel, „ ,, „ . , 

used in the Mediter- Xantho flondus. 

ranean Sea : it carries 2 large, square sails, or, when 
close hauled, large lateen sails. See cut in next col- 
umn. 

Xenotime, zen''o-tim, n. A native phosphate of yttria, 
having a yellowish-brown color. 

Xerasia, ze-ra'zhT-a, n. (Med.) A disease of the 
hair, in which it becomes dry, ceases to grow, and 




resembles down covered with dust. — Xe'rocollyr'- 
iiun, -kol-lTtr'T-um, n. (Med.) A dry collyrium or 
eye-salve. — Xero'des, -dez, n. (Med.) Any tumor 
attended with dryness. — Xeromy'rum, n. A dry 
ointment. — Xeroph'agy, 
-rof'a-jT, n, Ttie eating of 
dry meats, — a sort of fast 
among the primitive Chris- 
t i a n s. — Xeroph'thalmy, 
-rofthal-niT, n. (Med.) A 
dry, red soreness or itch- 
ing of the eyes, without ' 
swelling or a'discharge of 
humors. 

Xero'tes, -tez, n. {Med.) A 
dry habit or disposition of 
body. 

Xiphoid, zif'oid, a. (Jnat.) i 
Resembling a sword; ensi- 
f orm. — Xiphoid cartilage. 
A cartilage at the lower 
end of the sternum. 

X ray. The Roentgen ray, 
q. V. ; — so called by its discoverer because of its enig- 
matical character, x being an algebraic symbol for 
an unknown quantity. 

Xylite, zi'lit, n. ( Mm.) A mineral of a brown color, 
consisting chiefly of silica, sesquioxide of iron, lime, 
magnesia, and water. (Chem.) A volatile, inflam- 
mable liquid which exists in crude or impure pyrolig- 
neous acid. — Xy'lograph, -lo-graf , n. An engraving 
on wood, or the impression from such an engraving. 
— Xylog''rapher, -ra-fer, n. One who practices xy- 
lography. — Xylograph'ic, -ical, -graf 'ik-al, a. Pert, 
to wood-engraving. — Xylog'raphy, -f T, n. Act or art 
of cutting figures in wood, representing natural ob- 
jects.— Xy''lene,-len,-lole,-lol, n. (Chem.) Ahydro- 
carbon, homologous with benzine, prepared from 
coal naptha.— Xyloph^agouB, -a-gus, a. Eating wood. 

Xyster, zis'tSr, n. A surgeon's instrument for scrap- 
ing bones. 




Xebec. 



Y. 



Y, wi, the 25th letter of the Eng. alphabet, derives its 
form from the Greek Y : at the beginning of words 
or syllables, when followed by a vowel, except when 
used as a prefix, it is a consonant element: in other 
situations it is a vowel, having the same sounds as i. 
[Y is used by ancient writers, esp. Spenser, as a pre- 
fix of the past participle, used or omitted at will, and 
is sometimes employed by modem writers in bur- 
lesque, or in imitation of the antique, — as y-clad, 
clad, clothed; 2/-cZeped, called; y-fed, fed, refreshed.] 

Y, wi, n. ; pi. Y's, wiz. Anything having the shape of 
Y, esp. one of the forked pieces whicli support the 
pivots of a transit instrument, of the telescope of a 
theodolite, etc. ; a wye, — so called from its form. 
(Railroads.) A portion of track consisting of 2 con- 
verging tracks connected by a cross-track. 

Yacht, yot,n. (Nant.) A light sea-going vessel used for 
pleasure trips, racing, etc. — Yachfing, n. Sailing 
on pleasure excursions in a yacht. — Yager, yaw''- 
ggr, n. (Mil.) One belonging to a body of German 
light infantry armed with rifles. 

Yam, yam, n. A large, esculent tuber or root of sev- 
eral species of tropical climbing plants, allied to and 
often confounded with the sweet potato. 

Yankee, yank'e, n. A citizen of N. England, or of 
the Northern States, — applied by foreigners to all 
inhabitants of the U. S. 



Yap, yap, v. i. To bark, yelp. —n. A cry of a dog-. 
Yard, yard, n. A measure of length, 3 feet, or 36 
inches, being the standard of Eng. and Amer. nieaa- 




Yacht. 



«jiu fame, far, pass or opera, fare 5 Snd, eve, tSrm ; tn. Ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; 



YARD 



517 



YESTER 



ure; a rod 3 feet lonff; a yardstick; the male member 
or organ; penis. (Naut.) A lonff, slender piece of 
timber, nearly cylindrical, suspended crosswise upon 
the mast, by wnich a sail is extended : see Ship. 
— Yard'-arm.n. (Xaut.) Eitherhalf of a ship's yard, 
from the center or mast to the end. [Ships are said 
to be yard-arm and yard-arm when so near as to 
touch or interlock their yards.] — stick, -wajid, 7i. A 
stick 3 feet in length, used as a measure of cloth, etc. 

Yard, yard, n. A small, inclosed place in front of or 
around a house or barn. 

Yare, j-ar, a. Ready; dexterous; eager; lively; quick. 

Yarn, yarn, n. A continuous strand of wool, cotton, 
Hux, or other fiber, for use in weaving, knitting, 
thread and cordage making, etc. (Bope-mafdncf.) One 
of the strands of which a rope is composed. A story 
spun out by a sailor for the amusement of his com- 
panions. 

Yarrow, yar'ro, n. A composite plant, having a strong 
oiior and pungent taste; milfoil. 

Yataghan, yafa-gan, n. A long double-curved Turk- 
i-h dagger or saber, without a cross-guard; ataghan. 

Yaulp, yawlp, Yaup, yawp, v. i. To cry out like a 
cliild ; to yelp. — «. A cry of distress, rage, etc. 

Yaw, yaw, v. i. [y.^wed (yawd), yawing.] To rise in 
blisters, breaking in white froth, as cane-juice in the 
sugar-works. 

Yaw, yaw, v. i. {Kaut.) To steer wild, or out of the 
line of her course, as a ship. — n. A movement of a 
vessel by which she temporarily alters her course. 

Yawl, yawl, n. A 

small ship's 
b o a t, usually 
rowed by 4 or 6 
oars. 

Yawn, yawn, v. 

i. [VAWXED 

(yawnd).YAWX- 
iNG.] To open 
the mouth in- 
voluntarily 
through drowsi- 
ness, dullness, 
o r fatigue ; t o 
gape; to gape or 
open wide as if 
to allow the en- 
trance or exit of 
anything; to be eager; to desire to swallow anything. 
— n. A deep and invohmtarj' inspiration, 'with a 
pretty wide opening of the moutli, followed by a pro- 
longed and more or less sonorous expiration ; a gap- 
ins ; an opening wide; agape. 

Yaws, yawz, w. Qled.) A disease of the Antilles and 
of Atrica, characterized by contagious tumors which, 

. in shape and appearance, resemble raspberries. 

Ycleped, T-klept'',/i.p. Called; named. [See under T.] 

Ye, ye, pron. The nominative pi. of the 2d person, — 
sometimes inaccurately used as the objective, now 
used only in sacred or solemn style. — Yoii, yoo, pron. 
[po-sess. YOUR (yoor) or youes, obj. you.] The pro- 
noun of the 2d person, in the nominative or objective 
cnse, indicating the person or persons addressed. 
[ You is properly the pi. of the 2d personal pronoun, 
but is in ordinary discourse used in addressing a sin- 
gle person, yet always properly combined with a 
plural verb: you and your are sometimes used indef- 
initely instead of one, any, a, etc. ; of the two forms 
of the possessive, yotir and yours, the first is used 
when attributive and followed by the noun to 
which it belongs ; the second when attributive, but 
having the noun understood.] — Your, j'oor, posses- 
sive pron. Belonging, pert., or relating to, you ; of 
you, — possessive of yoti. — Yourself'', pron. ; pi. 
-SELVES, -selvz'. Your own person or self, — used 
as the object, direct or indirect, of a reflexive verb, 
in the second person. 

f ea, ya, adv. Yes; ay. [Yea sometimes introduces 
a subject, with the sense of indeed, verily, truly, it 
is so: it is also used substantively to denote an af- 
firmative vote, or the ones who cast such a vote; as, 
the yens have it.] 

Zean, yen, v. t. & i. [yeaned (yend), yeaning.] To 
bring forth young, as a goat or sheep ; to ean. — 
Yean'ling, n. The young of sheep; a lamb. 




Yawl. 



Year, yer, n. Time of the apparent revokition of the 
sun "through the ecliptic; period occupied by the 
earth in making its revolution around the sun:"nlso, 
a period more or less nearly agreeing with this, 
adopted by various nations as a measure of time : 
in common usage, the year consists of 365 days, and 
every fourth year of .SttJ; time in which any planet 
completes a revolution about the sun. jjl.Age, or old 
age. — Year'ling, n. A young animal one year old. — 
a. Being a year old. — Year'ly, a. Happening, ac- 
cruing, or coming every year ; annual ; lasting a 
year; accomplished in a year.— adv. Annually; 
once a year; from year to year. — Year'-book, n. 
A reference book of facts and statistics published 
yearly. {Eng. Law.) A book containing annual re- 
ports of cases adjudged in the courts of England. 

Yearn, v5rn, v. i. [yearned (yernd), yearning.] To 
be filled with longing desire or with emotions of 
affection or tenderness; to long, be eager. 

Yeast, yest, n. The foam or froth or sediment of beer 
or other liquor in fermentation, containing a minute 
fnno;us, or j'east-plant, the multiplication of which 
produces fermentation in any saccharine or farina- 
ceous liquid or moist substance to which the yeast 
is added ; a preparation used for raising dough ; 
barm. — Yeasfy, -\, a. Frothy ; foamy ; spumy, 
like yeast. 

Yelk, yelk, n. The yellow part of an eg^. 

Yell, yel, v. i. [yelled (yeld), yelling!] To cry out 
or scream as with agony or horror. — v. t. To utter 
with a yell. — n. A sharp, loud, hideous outcry. 

Yellow, yeKlo, a. Being of a bright saffron-like color; 
of the color of gold or brass or of the pigment called 
chrome yellow, —n. A bright golden color; one of 
the simple or primitive colors : see Light. — Yelloiv- 
bird. A small seed-eating bird of the finch family, 
with bright-yellow (male) or olive-green (female) 
plumage, common in the U. S. — Y. fever. {Med.) 
A malignant febrile disease of warm climates, often 
attended with yellowness of 
the skin. — Y\ hammer. A 
European singing bird, called 
also yellow-hunting : its prin- 
cipal colors are shades of 
gamboge yellow and brown ; 
a large Amer. species of 
woodpecker. — Y. metal. An 
alloy composed of 2-3ds copper 
and i zinc, for sheathing ves- 
sels. — YeKlowish, a. Some- 
what yellow. — YeFlowish- 
ness, Yel'lowness, n. — YeK- 
lowa, -loz, n. {Far.) A disease 
of the bile in horses, cattle, 
and sheep, causing yellowness 
of eyes; jaundice; a disease of 
peach-trees in the U. S., caus- 
ing them to produce abortive 
yellow sprouts on the trunks 
and limbs. 

Yelp, yelp, v. i. [yelped 
(yelpt), yelping.] To utter 
a sharp, quick cry, as a dog ,. ,, . 
when hurt or in fear; to bark » ellow-hammer 
shrilly, with eagerness, pain, or fear. 

Yeoman, yo'man, n. ; pi. -men. A common man or ple- 
beian, of the first or most respectable class; a free- 
holder; a farmer; man free born; in Eng., an officer 
in the king's household. {Naitt.) An interior officer 
charged with the stowage, account, and distribution 
of the stores. — Yeo'inanry, n. The collective body 
of yeomen or freeholders; a British volunteer cav- 
alry force. 

Yerk, yerk, v. t. To kick or strike suddenly; to jerk 

— V. i. To throw oitt the heels, kick: to move with 
a quick, jerking motion. -^n. A sudden or quick 
thrust or motion. 

Yes, yes, adv. Ay; yea, — a word expressing affirma- 
tion or consent, — opp. to no. 

Yest, yest, n. Yeast; barm; froth; spume; foam. 

Yester, yes'ter, a. Of, or pert, to, yesterday ; last; 
next before the present. — Yes'terday, n. The day 
last past ; the day next before the present. — adv. 
On the day last past; on the day preceding to-day. 

— Yes'tereve', -eve'ning, n. The evening of yes- 




sun, cube, full ; moon, fdbt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



YET 



518 



ZED 



terday; the evening last past. — morn', -mom'ing, 
n. Tne morning of yesterday. — night, n. Last- 
night; the night last past. — adv. On the last night. 
— noon, n. The noon of yesterday. 

Tet, yet, adv. In addition ; further ; besides ; over 
and above; at the same time; still; up to the pres- 
ent time ; thus far ; hitherto ; at or in the present 
time; even; at least; at all. — conj. Nevertheless; 
notwithstanding; however. 

Yew, ydo, n. A low, spreading, evergreen, European 
tree, valued for its 
hard, durable wood 
or timber. — Yew'en, 
a. Made of yew, 

Yex. yeks, v. i. To hic- 
ciiush. 

Yieldryeld, v. t. To 
furnish-, afford, ren- 
der, give forth ; to 
give m return for 
what is expended or 
invested; to give up 
(something claimed 
or demanded); to 
make over to one 
who has a claim or 
right; to admit to be 
true, concede; to per- 
mit, grant, allow, resign, emit, surrender.— v. i. To 
give up the contest, submit; to comply; to give way; 
not to oppose; to give place, as inferior in rank or 
excellence.— 7i. Amount yielded; product,— applied 
esp. to products resulting from growth or cultiva- 
tion. — Yield'^ing, p. a. Inclined to give way or 
comply; obsequious; attentive; flexible; compliant; 
aeconimodatiug. 

Yoke, yOk, n. That which connects or binds; bond of 
connection; the frame of wood by which 2 oxen 
are fastened together for drawing ; a frame worn 
en the neck like an ox-yoke, or shaped like one ; a 
frame of wood fitted to a person's shoulders for car- 
rying a pail, etc., suspended on each side; frame 
worn on the neck (of a cow, pig, goose, etc.), to pre- 
vent passage through a fence; a frame or convex 
piece by which a bell is hung for ringing it. (JV^aut.) 
A frame at right angles to the head of a boat's rud- 
der, ts;pm the end of which are lines by which the 




Yew. 



boat is steered. A mark of servitude; slavery; bond- 
age; service; two animals yoked together; a couple; 
a pair that work together. — v. t. [yoked (yokt), 
YOKiXQ.] To put a yoke on, join in a yoke; to 
couple, join with another ; to enslave, bring into 
bondage, confine. — v. i. To be joined or associated, 
be intimately connected, consort closely. — Yoke'- 
fel'low, Yoke'mate, n. An associate or companion; 
a mate; fellow; esp., a partner in marriage. 

Yolk, yolk or yok, n. The yelk or yellow part of an 
egg; an unctuous secretion from the skin of sheep. 

Yon, yon, a. At a distance within view; yonder. — 
adv. Yonder. — Yon'der, a. Being at a distance 
within view, or conceived of as within view; that or 
those there. — idv. At a distance within view. 

Yore, yor, adv. In time past; in old time; long since. 

You. See under Ye. 

Young, yung, a. [younger (yun'ger), youngest.] 
Not long born; not yet arrived at adolescence, ma- 
turity, or age; not old; juvenile; youthful; having 
the appearance, freshness, or vigor of youth; being 
in the first part of growth; pert, or relating to youth-, 
having little experience; inexperienced; ignorant. 
— n. The offspring of an animal, either single or col- 
lectively. — With young. With child; pregnant. — 
Young'ish, a. Somewhat j'oung. — Yaung'ling, ri. 
A young person; youth ; any animal in the lirtt 
part of life. — Young'ster, n. A young person; a 
lad. — Younk''er, n. A j^oung person; stripling. 

Your, etc. See under Ye. 

Youth, yooth, n. ; x>l. Youths or Youth. State, coiV 
dition, or quality of being young; juvenility; the 
part of life that succeeds to childhood; early part of 
life, from childhood, or sometimes from infancy, to 
manhood ; a young person ; esp., a young man ; 
young persons collectively. — Youth'ful, -ful, a. 
Not yet mature or aged; young; of, or pert, to, the 
early part of life; suitable to the first part of life; 
fresh; vigoroui, as in youth; puerile; juvenile. 

Yttria, iftrT-a, n. {Chem.) A fine white powder or 
earth, without taste or smell and insoluble in water; 
an oxide of yttrium. — Yt'trium, n. A very rare 
metal of a scaly texture and grayish-black color. 

Yule, yool, n. Christmas, or the feast of the nativity 
of our Savior, — applied also, sometimes, to the 
festival of Lammas. 

Ywis. See under Wis. 



Z. 



2, ze, in Ena. zed. The 26th and last letter of the 
Eng. alphabet, and the last letter in the alphabets of 
most modern languages : it is a sibilant consonant, 
and is merely a sonant or vocal 5. 

Zaccho, zak'ko, Zoc'co, -eolo, Zo'cle, -kl, n. {Arch.) 
The lowest part of the pedestal of a column. 

ZafEer, zaffer, n. {Chem.) Impure oxide of cobalt, 
obtained by the calcination of cobalt: it produces 
when fused (as in enameling and porcelain making) 
an intensely blue color. 

Zambo, zam'bo, n. ; pi. -bos, -boz. The child of a 
mulatto and a negro; also, of an Indian and a negro. 

Zanua, za'mt-a, n. A plant of many species, allied to 
the ferns and palms, and bearing strobiles. 

Zanana, Zenana, ze-na'na, n. Tlie part of a house 
appropriated to women in India. 

Zany, za'nT, n. A merry-andrew : a buffoon. — Za'- 
nyism, -izm, n. The state or character of a zany. 

Zarmch, zar'nik, n. Native sulphuret of arsenic ; 
sandarach or realgar; orpiment. 

Zax, zaks, n. A slater's hatchet for cutting, dressing, 
and perforating slate. 

Zeal, zel, n. Passionate ardor in the pursuit of any- 
i^'J^liV^*^^^/ Interest or endeavor in favor of . or m 
opposition to, a person or cause. — ZeaKot, zeKot, 
^'^.ixlf ^'^^ J.^ zealous ; esp., one over-zealous, or 
7«7rf+.^'^''^'.^^v^'^ ^^?ii ^'^ enthusiast; fanatic. - 
zeal otry, -ot-rT, n. The character and behavior 
Of a zealot; excess of zeal: fanatical devotion to a 
cause. -Zeal^ons, -us, a. Filled with zeal; warmly 



engaged or ardent 
in behalf of an ob- 
j e c t ; eager ; ear- 
nest; fervent; 
hearty; strenuous; 
warm; passionate ; 
enthusiastic. 

Zebra, ze'bra, n. A 
wild, intractable, 
gregarious q u a d- 
ruped of S. Africa, 
nearly as large as a 
horse, white, with 
numerous brown- 
ish-black bands of 
greater or less iatensity, 
and lighter down the 
middle of each baud. 

Zebu, ze'bu, n. A small 
ruminant mammal of 
the bovine tribe, having 
long, pendulous ears, 
and a fatty excrescence 
on the shoulders, valued 
for food ; the Indian 
bull, ox, or cow. 

Zechin, ze'kin, n. An It- 
alian gold coin; sequin. 

Zed, zed, n. The letter Z, 
— called also izzard. 




Zebu. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Sdd, tone, or } 



ZEDOARY 



519 



ZOOGRAFHY 



Zedoary, zed'o-a-rl, 7i. (J/ed.) The root-stock of cer- 
tain East Indian plants, having a fragrant smell, 
and a warm, bitter, aromatic taste, used in medicine 
as a stimulant. 

Zemindar, zem-in-dar', n. In India, a feudatory or 
landholder under the government, with the right of 
underletting the land, and certain other privileges. — 
Zem'indary, -da-rT, n. Jurisdiction of a zemindar. 

Zenana. See Zana:\a. 

Zend, zend, n. Prop., the translation into the Huz- 
varesh, or Pehlevi language, of the Avesta, the 
Zoroastrian scriptures ; as commonly used, the lan- 
guage, an ancient Persian dialect, in which the 
Avesta is written. — Zend'aves'ta, -ves'ta, n. The 
Scriptures of the ancient Persian religion, attrib- 
uted to Zoroaster, but of a later date. 

Zenith, ze'nith, n. That point in the heavens which 
is directly overhead ; the point of culmination ; 
greatest height; height of success or prosperity. 

Zeolite, ze'o-Iit, n. (Jlin.) A hydrated double silicate 
of aluminum, calcium, or some other base, found 
esp. in cavities of igneous rocks. 

Zephyr, zef'er, n. The west wind ; any soft, mild, 
gentle breeze. 

Zero, ze'ro, n. A cipher; nothing; naught; the point 
from which the graduation, as of a thermometer, 
commences. 

Zest, zest, n. A piece of orange or lemon peel, used 
to give flavor to liquor, or the fine, thin oil that 
spurts out of it when squeezed; something that gives 
or enhances a pleasant taste, or the taste itself ; an 
appetizer ; keen enjoyment ; relish. — v. t. To cut 
into thin slips (the peel of an orange, lemon, etc.) ; 
to squeeze, as peel over the surface of anything; to 
give a flavor to; to heighten the taste or relish of. 

Zetetic, ze-tefik, a. Proceeding by inquiry. — Zetef- 
iC8, n. sing. (Math.) A brancn of algebra which 
relates to the direct search for unknown quantities. 

Zeugma, zug'ma, n. (Gram.) A figure by which an 
adjective or verb, which agrees with a nearer word, 
is, by way of supplement, referred also to another 
more remote. 

Zibet, zib'et, n. A small carnivorous quadruped of 
India and Africa, somewhat resembling the weasel : 
it secretes an odoriferous civet-like substance and is 
often domesticated. 

Zif, zif, 71. The 2d month of the Jewish sacred, and 
8th of the civil, year, — parts of April and May. 

Zigzag, zig''zag, a. Having short, sharp turns. — n. 
Something that has angles. — v. t. [zigzagged 
(-zagd), -GING.] To form with short turns. 

Zinc, zLnk, n. A metal of a bluish white color, with a 
strong luster ; spelter : it is not brittle, but less 
nialleable than copper, lead, or tin. — v. t. [zincked 
(zinkt), ZIXCKING.] To cover or coat with zinc. 

— ZinciT'erons, zin-sifer-us, Zinkif'^erous, a. Con- 
taining or affording zinc. — Zinc'ite, zink'Tt, ?i. A 
brittle, translucent mineral, of a deep red color, 
and consisting chiefly of oxide of zinc. — Zincog'- 
rapher, n. An engraver on zinc. — Zincograph''ic, 
-ical, a. Of, or pert, to zincography. — Zincog'- 
raphy, n. Engraving on zinc in the style of wood- 
cuts. —Zinc'ouB, -us, Zink'y, -T, a. Of, or pert, to, 
zinc; pert, to the positive pole of a galvanic oattery. 

— Zinc'-white, n. The oxide of zinc, a pigment 
largely used in the place of white lead. 

Zion, zi'on, n. A hill in Jerusalem, the royal resi- 
dence of David and his successors; the theocracy or 
church of God. 

Zircon, zer'kon, n. (Min.) A mineral of Ceylon, etc., 
a silicate of zirconium, occasionally red, and often 
nearly transparent. — Zircc'nia, -nT-a, n. (Chem.) 
An oxide of zirconium: it is, when pure, a white 
powder, soluble in sulphuric acid. — Zirco^niom, n. 
A metal obtained from the minerals zircon and hya- 
cinth : it is commonly obtained in the form of a 
black powder. 

Zocle. See under Zaccho. 

Zodiac, zo'dl-ak, n. (Astron.} An imaginary belt in 
the heavens, in the middle of which is the ecliptic, 
or sun's path : it comprises the 12 constellations, 
which once constituted, and from whicli are named, 
the 12 signs of the zodiac. — Zodi'^acal, a. Of, pert, 
to, or within the zodiac. — Zodiacal lir/ht. (Astron.) 
A luminous track, of an elongated triangular figure. 





Zodiac. 

lying nearly in the ecliptic, its base being on the 
horizon : it is to be seen only in the evening, after 
twilight, and in the morning, before dawn. 

Zoilean, zo-iKe-an, a. Having the characteristics of 
Zoilus, a bitter, envious, unjust critic, who lived 
about 270 years before Christ. 

Zollverein, zoKver-in, n. The customs «nion of the 
German States, for the collection of a uniform rate 
of custom-house duties. 

Zone, zon, n. A girdle. (Geog.) One of the 5 great 
divisions of the earth, with 
respect to latitude and tem- 
perature. {Math.) The por- 
tion of the surface of a 
sphere, included between 
2 parallel planes. {Nat. 
Hist.) A band or stripe 
running round any object. 
A band or area encircling 
anything; circuit; cu-cum- 
ference. — Zoned, zond, a. 
Wearing a zone or zones; 
having zones, or concen- 
tric bands. 

Zobgraphy, zo-og'ra-fr, n. 
A description of animals, their forms and habits. 
— Zoog'rapher, n. One who describes animals, 
their forms, and habits.— Zoograph''ic, -ical, a. Of, 
or pert, to, the description of animals. — Zobl'atry, 
n. Worship of animals. — Zo'olite, -o-lit, n. An an- 
imal substance petrified or fossil. — Zool'ogy, -oKo- 
jT, n. That part of natural history which treats of 
the classification, structure, habits, and distributioE 
of a n i mals. — 
Zoblog'ical, 
-loj'ik-al, a. 
Of, or pert, to, ' 
zoology, or the 
science of ani- 
mals. — Zool- 
ogist, n. One 
versed in, etc. ; 
one who de- 
scribes ani- 
mals. — Zobn'- 
ic, a. Of, or 
pert, to, ani- 
mals; obtained 
from animal 
subs tances. — 
Zoon'^omy, 
-o n 'o-mt, n. 
The laws of Zooph5^e9. 




6iin, cQbe, full ; moon, f(56t ; cow, oil; linger or ink, tiien, boNbox, chair, get. 



ZOUAVE 



520 



ZYTHUM 



animal life, or the science which treats of the phe- 
nomena of animal life, their causes and relations. 

— Zooph's^ous, -of 'a-gus, a. Feeding on animals. 

— Zo'cphyte, -o-fit, n. An animal resembling a 
plant, — a general term, loosely applied to simple or 
compound polyps, corals, sponges, and other phy- 
tOEoa. — Zoopliyt''ie, -ical, -tit'ik-al, a. Of, or pert, 
to, zoophytes. — Zooph'ytoKogy, -ofl-toKo-jI, n. 
The natural history of zoophytes. — Zoot'omy, -ot'- 
o-mT, n. The anatomy of animals ; comparative 
anatomy.— Zobtom' ical, a. Of, or pert, to, zootomj'. 

— Zodt'omist, n. One who dissects the bodies of 
animals; a comparative anatomist. 

Zouave, zwav or z(5o-av'', n. One of an active and 

hardy body of soldiers in the French service, orig. 

Arabs; one of a body of soldiers who adopt the dress 

and drill of the Zouaves. 
Zounds, zowndz, interj. An obsolete exclamation of 

anger or wonder. _ 

ZufEolo, zuf-'fo-lo, Zufolo, zoo'fo-lo, n. (3fus.) A little 

tiute or Mageolet, esp. one used to teach birds. 



Zumology. See Zymology. 

Zumometer. See Zymometer. 

Zygomatic, zig-o-mat'ik, a. Of, or pert, to, the bony 
; arch placed in man upon the side of the head, back 
of the cheeks, and extending from the prominence 
of the cheeks to the ear. 

Zymology zi-moKo-jT, n. A treatise on th€ fermenra- 
tion of liquors, or the doctrine of fermentation. — 
Zjrmolog'ical. -loj'ik-al, a. Of, or pert, to, zvrnol- 
ogy. — ZymoKogist, -o-jist, n. One skilled in z\ mol 
ogy. — Zymom'eter, Zymosim-'eter, n. An instru- 
ment for ascertaining the degree of fermentation 
occasioned by the mixture of different liquids, and 
the degree of heat which they acquire in fermenta- 
tion. — Zymot'ic, a. Of, pert, to, or caused by, fer, 
mentation. — Zymotic disease. Any epidemic, en- 
demic, contagious, or sporadic affe'ction produced 
by some morbific principle acting on the system 
like a ferment. 

Zythum, zi'thum, n. A kind of malt beverage ; £ 
liquor made from malt and wheat. 



&m, iame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tersa ; tn, ice ; Cdd, tone, or ; 



APPENDIX. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

Peonottncing Gazetteer op the World 522 

Abbreviations in Common Use 532 

Foreign Words and Phrases 541 

Weights, Measures, etc 549 

Coins and their Values 553 

Dictionary of Business and Law Terms 556 

English Christian Names 573 

Classical and Mythological Names ... 582 

Famous Names and Familiar Phrases 589 

Punctuation Rules 607 

Use of Capital Letters 608 

Rules for Spelling Derivatives, Plurals, etc 609 

Forms of Address 610 

Parliamentary Order in Public Meetings 612 

National Flowers : Birth Stones : Wedding Anniversaries . . . 614 

Antidotes to Common Poisons 615 

Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States 616 

United States Postal Rates and Regulations 017 

Postage Rates for all Classes of Matter 618 

Holidays in the United States 619 

Standard Time in the U. S. and Canada 619 

Relative Time of Different Cities 619 

Notable Events in American History 620 

Historical and Population Statistics of the United States 6S0 



PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER OF THE WORLD. 



This table gives the most approved spelling, pronunciation, and latest population figures for all cities 
of the United States with 1U,OOU inhabitants, for all foreign cities with 40,000 inhabitants, and for all the 
States of the Union and important foreign countries, together with their areas and capitals. 

c. = city (or town), commune. col. = colony. dist. = district. kdm. = kingdom. 

p. = population. prin. = principality. # = capital. Q = square miles. 

03" Population figures are for nearest thousands ; thus 70 = between 69,501 and 70,500. 



Aa'clieii (-ken), c. Prussia 

Ab'erdeen'', c. Scotland 

Ad'amg, c. Massachusetts 

Ada'na, c. Turkey 

Ad'eiaide, c. S. Australia — 

Aden (a'-), Br. ter. Arabia, 80 
Dp. 44. 

AdTiano^ple, c. Turkey 

Afgh-an^istan' (-gftn'-), coun- 
try, Asia, 215,444 Q P- 5,000, # 
Kabul. 

A'gra, c. India 

A''grain, c. Hungary 

A' gua8ea'lien''tes, state, Mex- 
ico, 2,970 Dp- 102 ; its #. 

Ahmadabad', c. India — .... 

Ajmere' (tij-), c. India 

A'kamagaBe'ki, c. Hondo, 
Japan 

Ak'ron, c. Ohio 

APaba'ma, state, U. S A. 5,250 
D P- 1)829, # Montgomery, 

A'lame'da, c. California 

Alas'ka, ter. U. S. A., 590,884 
D P- 64, # Juneau. 

Al'bany, c. New York 

Albay', c. Luzon, Phil. I 

Alber'ta, dist. Canada, 100,000 
D p. 66. 

AlSp^po, c. Syria 

A- l§Bsan''dria, c . Italy 

Al'ex&n'dria, c. Egypt 

AFexSu'dria, c. Virginia — . 

AlgS'ria, Fr. col. Africa, 308,- 
019 D P- 4,739, # Algiers. 

Algiers', # of Algeria 

Aliean'te, c. Spain 

Arigarh'' C-gilr'), c. India.... 

Al'lahabad', e. India 

Al'legh.e'ny, c. Pa . . 

AKlentown- , c. Pa... 

Al'meri^a, c. Spain 

A'lost, c. Belgium 

AlpS'na, c Michigan 

AVsage'-Lorraine', ter. Ger- 
many, 5,601 D p. 1,717, # 
Strassburg. 

Al'tenburg, c. Germany 

Alston, c. Illinois 

Al'tona, e. Prussia 



81 



1.S8 
61 



16 



127 
71 

320 
15 



97 

50 

70 
172 
130 1 

35 

47 I 

30 

12 



37 

14 

162 



Altoo^na, c. Pennsylvania 39 

Amba'la (urn-), c. India 79 

A'miens' (a'me-aN'), c. Fr. .. 90 

Amoy', e. China 96 

Amrit'sar (Qm-), c. India 163 

Am'sterdam, c. Nethlds 511 

Am'sterdam, c. New York .. 21 
Anani'',kdm.Asia. Anam under 
Fr. 88,780 D P- 6-394, # Hue. 

Aneo'na, c. Italy 57 

An'derson, c. Indiana 20 

An'dijan' (-zhan'), c. Asiatic 

Russia 47 

An'gers' (aN'zha'), c. Fr «3 

An'lialt, duchy, Germany, 886 
D p. 316, # Dessau. 

A nn Ar'bor, c. Michigan 15 

Anoo'nia, c. Connecticut ... 13 

Anfwerp, c. Belgium 278 

Ap'pleton, c. Wisconsin 15 

Ar'ad (Qr'Qd), c. Hungary. ... 56 

Arezzo (a-rSfso), c. Italy 44 

Arga'o, c. Cebu, Phil. 1 34 

Ar'genti''na,rep. S. Am. 1,113,- 

849 D p. 4,794,# Buenos Aires. 

Ar'izo'na, ter. U. S. A., 113,- 

020 n P- 123, # Phoenix. 
Ar'kansas (-sa), 8tate,U.S.A., 
53,850 Q p. i,312, # Little 
Rock. 

Arn'hem, c. Netherlands 57 

Ashe'ville, c. N. C 15 

Asli'land, c. Wisconsin 13 

Asli'tabu'la, c. Ohio 13 

As'siniboi''a, dist. Can. 90,340 
Q p. 67, # Regina. 

As' siouf, c. Egypt ,.. 42 

As'trakhan', c. Russia 113 

Asun'Qlon'', # of Paraguay. . . 45 

Atefison, c. Kansas 16 

Atli^eng, c. Georgia 10 

Ath'eng, # of Greece Ill 

Atlan'ta, # of Georgia 90 

Atlan'tie Cit'y , c. N. J 82 

At'tlebor'o (-bur'o), c. Mas- 
sachusetts 11 

Au'burn, c. Maine 13 

Au'burn, c. New York 30 

Augs'burg (ouks'-), c Bava- 
ria ." ... 89 

Augiis'ta, c. Georgia 39 

Augus'ta, # of Maine 12 



Auro'ra, c. Illinois 

Aus'sig (ous'-), c Bohemia, 
Austria , . . 37 

Aus 'tin, Texas 22 

Austra'lia, British colony, 
2,y72„i73 Dp. 4,117. 

Aus'tria, emp. Europe, 115,- 
834 D p. 26,107, # Vienna. 

Austria-Hun'gary.mon. Eu- 
rope, 241,513 D P- 45,311, # 
Vienna. 

A'vign'on' (-ven'ySif'), c. 
France 46 

Azores', Portuguese isls At- 
lantic ocean, 1,(HI5 n P 256, 
# Ponta Delgada. 



Ba'den, gr. duchy, Germany, 

5,823 D p. 1,867, # Karlsruhe. 

Bagdad', c. Turkey. 145 

Baha'ma I., N. E. of Cuba. 

5,450 D p. 54, # Nassau 
Bahia (ba-e'a), c. Brazil ... .. 200 

Baku', c. Russia m Asia 112 

Bal'tiniore,e. Maryland 509 

Balu'ebistan', country. Asia, 

14i'600 a P- 847, # Khelat. 
Eam'b§rg,c. Bavaria, Ger.... 42 

Ban galore', c. India 159 

Bang k6k', # of Siam fiOO 

Ban'gor, c Maine 22 

Barba'dos, Brit. isl. North 

America, 166 D P- 195 

Bar Qelo'na, c Spain 510 

Baren'ly , c. India 131 

Barfrusli', c, Persia 50 

Ba'ri, c. Italy 77 

Bari'li, c Cebu, Phil. 1 21 

Bar'men, c Prussia 142 

Baro'da, c. India 104 

Bar ranquil'la (-k e I'y a), c. 

Colombia 35 

Bar'row, c. England 58 

Ba'§el, c. Switzerland . .. — 113 

Batan'gas, c. Luzon, P. 1 39 

Bata'via, c. Java IIH 

Bath, c. England .... 50 

Bath, c. Maine 10 

Bat'on Rouge' (ruzh'), # of 

Louisiana 11 

Bat tie CrSek', c. Mich 19 



&m, fame, care, far, pass, all, tinai, end, eve, term, they, recent, In, ice, machine, 

(522) 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. 



523 



Bauan', c. Luzon. Phil I.... 
Bava'ria, kdm. Ger. 2'.i,-91 □ 

p. 6.175, # Munich. 

Bay' Cit y, c. Michigan 

Bayonne', c. New Jersey 

Bea'ver P^llg', c. Pa 

Bei'rut, c. Syria 

Bekes Csaba (ba'kash ch5'- 

bO), C.Hungary 

Bglfast', c. Ireland 

Bgl'gium.kdm. Europe, 11,373 

D P- 6,815, # Brussels. 

B61 grade', # of Servia 

Bella^ry, c. India 

B611e'ville, c. Illinois 

Beloit', c. Wisconsin 

Bena'rg^, c. India.. . 

BengftK, div. India, 151, 1S5 D 

p. 74,745, # Calcutta. 
Blrdi'chev (-dye'chSf), c. 

Russia 

Ber'gen (bar'-), c Norway. . . 

Berke'ley, c. California 

Ber'lin'', # of Prussia, Ger- 
many _ 1 

Bermu'da, isls. At. oc 20 Q P- 

18, # Hamilton. 

Bern, ^ of Switzerland 

Be^an Qon' (-zii n'so s'), c 

France 

Beuthen (boi'ten), c Prussia, 

Germany 

Bev'erly, c. Mass 

Be' ziers' (ba'zya' ). c. Fr 

Bha'galpur(ba'gul-),c India 
Bhaunagar (bo u'n a-g u r), c 

India 

Bhopal', c. India 

Bia'lystok, C.Poland, Russia. 

Bi'da, c. Nigeria, Africa 

Bid'deford, c. Maine 

Bi6'lef§ld (-fSlt ), c Ger 

Blk'angr', c. India 

Bilba'o, c Spain 

Blng'lianiton, c. New York. . 
Birk'enhead, c- England — 

Bir'niingham, c. Ala 

Bir'in Ingham, c. England... 

Blaek-'burn, c England 

Bloom'ington. c. Illinois . . . 

Boch'um (bok'-), c Prus 

Bo'gota'', # of Colombia .... 
Bokha'ra (-ka'-), c. Asia.. . 
Boliv'ia, rep. S. Am. 734.3'JO Q 

p. l,78'.t, # La Paz. 
Bolo'gnac-lon'ya). c. Italy .. 

Bol'ton, c England .. 

B6mbay', pres. Ind. 123,064 

p. 18,560 ; its # p. 776. 
Boo'tle (-t'l), c England. . . . 

Bor deaux' (-do'), c. Fr 

B6|'nia, prov. Eu Turkey, 16,- 

181 n P- L349, # Sarajevo. 

BSs'ton, # of Mass 

Boulogne', c. France 

Bourges (boorzh), c. Fr 

Brad'doek, c. Pa . 

Brad'ford, c. England 

Brad'ford, c. Pa 

Brai'la, c. Roumania 



40 



28 

33 

10 

ll'J 

38 
349 



69 
58 
17 
10 
209 



54 
72 
13 

,888 



65 



56 

77 

64 

90 

16 

63 

53 

53 

40 

111 

38 

522 

129 

23 

fifi 

120 

100 



1.52 

168 



59 
257 



.561 
50 
46 
16 

280 
15 
58 



Brazil', rep South America, 

3,219,003 D P- 21,5tJo, # Kio 

Janeiro. 
Brgm'en, state Germany, 99 

D p. 225. 

Brem'en, c. Germany 

Bre'scia ( shi-), c Italy 

Bres'lau (-lou), c. Prussia, 

Germany 

Brest, c. France 

Brest' Litovsk', c. European 

Russia .... 

Bridge'port, c. Conn 

Bridge'ton, c. New Jersey . . . 

Bright'on, c. England . . 

Brig'bane, # of Queensland.. 

Bris'tol, c. England 

Brit'ish Colum'bia, prov. 

Canada, 383,3(X) Q p. 177, # 

Victoria. 
Brit'ish Em'pire, 11,516,821 

G P- 395,000, # London. 
Brit'ish Gma'na(ge-a'-). ter. 

South America, 95,160 Q p. 

295, # Georgetown. 
Brit'ish North B6r'neo,col- 

ony, Borneo, 31,106 D P- 1''5, 

# Sandakan. 

Brdek'ton, c. Mass 

Brom'bgrg, c. Prus. Ger 

Brook'line, c. Mass 

Bru'ge§, c. Belgium 

Briinn, c. Austria 

Brun^'wiek (duchy), Ger- 
many, 1,418 D p. 464 ; its # p. 
128. 

Briis'sel§. # of Belgium 

Bu'dapgst, # of Hungary 

Budweis(boot'viB), C.Austria. 
Bue'nos Ai'reg (bo'nus a'-), 

# of Argentina 

Buffalo, c. New York 

Bu khargst', #of Roumania. 

Bulga'ria, principality, Euro- 
pean Turkey, 24,512 G p. 3,733, 

# Sofia. 

Burau'en (-rou'-). c Phil I.. 

Bflr'lington, c. Iowa 

Bflr'lington,c Vermont 

B-Qr'ma, country, India, 2.36,- 
738 D p. 10.491. 

Bttrn'ley, c. England 

Btir'ton upon Trent, c. Eng- 
land 

Bur'y (bSr'T), c. England 

But'ler, c. Pennsylvania 

Butte, c. Montana 



163 
71 

423 

82 

47 
71 
14 

123 
119 

329 



562 
732 
39 

836 
3,52 

282 



c. 

Ca'diz, c. Spain 70 

Caen (kiiN), c. France 45 

Cagliari(kal'y&-re), c It 54 

Cagsau'a (-sou'-), c Luzon, 

Philippine Islands 20 

Cai'ro, # of Egypt 570 

Cai'ro, c. Illinois 13 

Calais' (ka-la'), c France — 60 
Calba'yog, c- Samar, Philip- 
pine Islands 30 

Caleut'ta, # of Br. India . . . .1,107 



Cal'ieut, c India 

Cal ifor'nia, state U S. A., 
158,360 D P- 1.485, ^ Sacra- 
mento 

Cal ifor'nia. Lower, pen. 
Mexico, 58,343 Q P- 47 

Cal tanissgt'ta, c. Italy 

Cambo'dia, kdm. Indo China, 
40,530 Q p. 1,500, # Pnum 
Penh 

Cam'bridge, c Mass .. 

Cam'den, c. New Jersey . . . . 

Ca'miling, c. Luzon, Philip- 
pine Islands 

Campe'che, state, Mexico, 18,- 
(f.ll D'p- 84' 

Can'ada,dom.of British North 
America, 3,653,946 D P 5,.370, 

# Ottawa. 

Cant6n',c. China 1 

Can'ton, c. Ohio 

Cape Cdl'ony, S. Africa, 292,- 
211 D P- 2,266, # Cape Town. 

Cape Town, % of Cape Colony 

Cara'cas, # of Venezuela 

Car'bondale, c. Pa 

Car'ear, c- Cebu, Philippine 
Islands 

Car'diff, c. Wales 

Carlisle' (-111), c. Eng 

Car'oline, Ger. isls. North Pa- 
cific, 560 D P- 39. 

Car tagg'na, c. Spain 

Cata'nia, c. Sicily 

Cawn pur', c. India 

Cebu (tha-voo'), c. Cebu, Phil- 
ippine Islands 

Ce'dar Rap ids, c. Iowa 

Cgn'tral Falls, c R.I 

Ceyl6n', Brit. isl. colony, In- 
dian ocean, 25,333 Q p. 3,577, 

# Colomb . 
Chang'ehau'(^-chou'),c . China 

Chang'hua', c Formosa 

Chapra', c. India 

Charleroi { s h a r'l e-r w a'), c. 

Belgium 

Charleg'ton, c. S. C - 

Charleg'ton, c. W. Va 

Char'iatte.c N. C 

CharlSt'tenburg', city of 

Prussia 

Chat'ham (-am), c. Eng 

Chat'tando'ga, c Tenn 

ChSl'sea, c. Massachusetts.. . . 
Chglt'enham (-nam), c. Eng.. 
Chem'nitz (kPm'-), c. Ger — 
Chgr'botirg (sh6r'-), c. Fr..,. 

ChSs'ter, c. England 

ChSs'ter. c. Pennsylvania.... 

Chey 6nne', # of Wyo 

Chia'pas, state, Mexico, 27,229 

D p. 364. 

Chica'go, c. Illinois 1 

Chic'opee, c. Mass 

Cnihua'hua (-wa'wa), state, 

Mexico, 89,998 D P- 327 ; its# 

p. 18. 
Chi'le, rep. S. Am. 290,829 D 

p. 3,410, # Santiago. 



77 



43 



92 
76 

23 



,800 
31 



51 
72 
14 

30 

164 

45 



86 
149 
197 

35 
26 
18 



500 
60 
45 

25 
56 
11 

18 

189 
41 
30 
34 
49 

207 
Hi 
36 
34 
14 



,699 
19 



bir, 6dd, tone, 6r, eon, W9if , BQn, cube, full, r\}de, dm, moon, f(i&t, bank, ttien. 



524 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. 



Chillan(chel-yan'),c Chile. 35 
Ctu-nege'' E la'p ire, Asia, 
4,234,910 n P- 426,417. 

CMriiedth'g, c. Ohio 13 

Chin kiang', c. China 140 

Cho'lon'' (BhS-lSN'), c. Cochin 

China 122 

Christ'ehflreli, c . N. Z 57 

Cr'enfue''gos, c. Cuba 30 

Gin einna-'ti, c. Ohio 326 

Cler'mont'-Per rand'Cklar'- 

m6N''fS-raN''), c. Fr S3 

ClSve'land, c Ohio 382 

Clin'ton, c. Iowa 23 

Clin'ton, c. Mass 14 

Co^burg, c. Germany 20 

Co ehabam'ba, c. Bolivia . .. 25 
Co'chin Chi'^na, Fr. col. Indo 
China, 23,160 Dp. 2,400. 

Cohoeg'', c. New York 24 

Coim'batore', c. India 53 

Coje'des (-ha'das), c. Vene- 
zuela 10 

Coli'ma, state, Mexico, 2,273 

D p. 65 ; its # p. 25. 
Cologne' (-Ion'), c. Prussia .. 372 
Colom'bia, rep. S. Am, 504,773 
D P- 3,879, # Bogota. 

Colom'bo, c. Ceylon 158 

C61'ora'do, statcU. S. A. 103,- 

925 D p. 540, # Denver. 
Colorado Springs, c. Col. ... 21 

ColTim-'bia, c. Pa 12 

Colum'bia, ^ of S. C 21 

Coliim''bus,c. Georgia 18 

Coliiin''bus, # of Ohio 126 

C6m baeo'num, c. India 60 

Conggp'oion (-8hnn),c. Chile. 50 

C6n'eord. # of N. H 20 

Connfiefieut (-n6t''-),state,U. 
S. A. 4,990 D P- y08, # Hart- 
ford. 
Constantine (kSN'stair'ten'), 

c. Algeria 48 

Constan tinS'ple, # of Tur- 
key 1,125 

Co'penha'gen, # of Den- 
mark 378 

Cor'doba (-va),c. Spain, p. 57; 
e. Argentina, p. 66- 

Cork, c. Ireland 76 

Cor'ning, c. New York 11 

Coru'na (-roon'ya), c. Sp 41 

Cds'ta Ki'ea, rep. Cen. Am. 

20,876 n P- 310, # San Jose. 
Coun'Qil BliifFs', e. Iowa.... 

Cov'entry, c. England 

Cov'ington, c. Kentucky .... 

Cra'cow, c. Austria 

Cran'ston, c. Rhode Island . . 
CralS-'va (-yo'-), c. Roum . . . 

Criek^lade, c. England 

Crip-'ple Creek', c. Colo 

Croy'don, c. England 

Cu'ba.isl. rep. 44,000 D P- 1,573, 
# Habana. 

Cud'dalore', c India. . 

CTim'berland, c. Md 17 

Cu'ra^ao' (-so'), isl. Dutch 
West Indies, 210 n P- 30. 



52 



Ciittaek', c India 51 

Cy'prus, isl Med. Sea, 3,584 

Dp- 237, #Niko8ia. 
Czer'nowitz (ch6r'no-vTts),c, 

Austria 70 

Czestoch.owa (chgK-sto-ko'- 

va), c. Eu. Russia 45 

D. 

DSc'ea, c. Bengal, India 91 

Daga'mi, c. Leyte, Phil. 1 25 

Da'lague'te (-ga'), c. Phil, 

Islands 21 

Dal'las, c. Texas 43 

Dal'ny, c. Manchuria 50 

Damas'eus, c. Syria 140 

Dan 'bur y, c. Conn 17 

Dan'ville, c. Illinois 16 

Dan'ville, c. Virginia 17 

Dan'zig (-tsTk), c. Prussia 141 

Darbhangah. (dur-bus'ga), c. 

India 66 

Darm'stadt, c. Germany 72 

Dav'enport, c. Iowa 35 

Day'ton, c. Ohio 85 

De'breezen (-tsSn), c. Hung . 75 

Deea'tur, c. Illinois 21 

Dfel'aware, state.U- S. A. 2,050 

D P- 185, # Dover. 

Dgl'hi (dgl'T), c. India 209 

Den'ison, c. Texas 12 

Den'mark, kdm. Europe, 15,- 

359 D P- 2,465, # Copenliagen. 

Den'ver, # of Colorado 134 

Der'by , c. England 106 

Des Moines' (de moin'),# of 

Iowa 62 

Dgs'sau (-sou), c. Germany. . . 51 

Dgt'mold, c. Germany 12 

Detroit', c. Michigan 286 

Dgv'onport, c. England 70 

Diar'bgkr (-bgk'r), c. Turkey 

in Asia 34 

Di'jon' (de'zh6N'), c. Fr 71 

District of Coliim'bia, ter. 

U.S.A 279 

Dort'mund, c. Prussia 142 

Do'ver, c. England 42 

Do'ver, c. N. H 13 

DrSg'den, c. Germany 395 

Dub'lin, # of Ireland 380 

Dubiique' (-bQk'), c. Iowa. . . 36 

Dud'ley, c England 49 

Duis'burg (des'-), c. Prus — 93 

Duluth', c. Minnesota 53 

Dundee', c. Scotland 161 

Diin'kirk, c. New York 12 

Diin'more', c Pa 13 

Duran'g5, state, Mexico, 42,- 

276 D P- 371 ; its # p. 26. 

Diis'seldorf , c Prussia 214 

Dutch Gruia'na, col. South 

America, 46,060 D P- 66, # 

Paramaribo. 
Dvinsk, c. Russia 70 

B. 

East Liv'erpool, C.Ohio 16 

East'on, c. Pennsylvania 25 

East Or'ange, c. N. J 22 



East Prov'iden^e, c. R. I.... 12 

East St. Iiouis, c. Illinois 30 

Eau Ciaire (5' kiar'), c. Wis- 

consin 18 

Ec uador', rep. S. Am. 118,627 

Dp 1,400, # Quito. 
Ed'inburgh (-bQr-o), # of 

Scotland . 316 

E'gypt, country, Africa, 11,- 

366 n p. 9,821, # Cairo. 
Ekatgri'noslav' (y6-ka-tyS- 

re'na-slaf), c. Russia 121 

El'berfeld'(-f?lt'), c. Prussia. 157 

El'bing, c. Prussia 53 

El'gin, c. Illinois 22 

Eliz'abeth, c. N. J 52 

Elizavetgrad (yg-lye'za-vSt- 

grat'), c. Eu. Russia 62 

Elk'hart, c. Indiana 15 

Elmi'ra, c. New York. 36 

El Pa'so, c Texas 16 

El'^wrood, c. Indiana 13 

England (Tng'gland), kdm. G. 

Br. 50,842 Q p. 30,805, # Lon- 
don. 

Er'furt, c. Saxony, Ger 85 

E'rie,c. Pennsylvania.. 53 

Erze'rum', c. As. Turkey 39 

Es'sen, c. Prussia 119 

Ev'anston, c. Illinois 13 

Ev'angville, c. Indiana 59 

Ev'erett, c. Massachusetts ... 24 
Ex'eter, c. England 47 

F. 
Eachan (ftt'ehan'), c. China. . 400 

Fai' zabad', c. India 75 

Ealk'land Islands (fftk'-), S. 

Atl. oc. 4,839 D P- 2. 

Fall Rtv'er, c- Mass 105 

Fa'roe, Danish isls. Atlantic 

ocean, 512 D P- 15. 
Faruk'habad',c. Br. Ind... . 68 

Fgrra'ra, c. Italy 88 

F6z, ^ of Morocco 140 

Fi'ji, Br. isls. col. S. Pac. oc 

8,045 D p. 118, # Siva. 

Find'lay, c. Ohio 18 

Fin'land, g. duchy Russia, 

144,255 D P- 2,673, # Helsing- 

fors. 

Fitch'burg, c. Mass 32 

Fiu'mfi, c. Hungary 39 

Flint, c. Michigan 13 

FlSr'en^cc. Italy... 206 

FlSr'ida, state, U. S. A. 58,689 

D P- 529, # Tallahassee. 

Foggia(fOd'ja),c. Italy 53 

F6nd du Lac', c. Wis 15 

Forli', c. Italy 44 

Fort' DSdge', c. Iowa 12 

Fort' Se6tt',c. Kansas ... 10 

Fort' Smith', c. Ark 12 

Fort' Wayne', c. Ind 45 

Fort' Worth', c Texas 27 

Fram'ingham, c. Mass 11 

France, rep. Europe, 207,107 D 

p. 38,962, # Paris. 

Frank'furt a. M., c Prus 288 

Frank'furt a. d. O., c. Prus. . . 62 



&m, fSme, c&re, far, pase, all, final, Snd, eve, tSrm, they, recent, In, Ice, machine. 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. 



525 



rree'port, c. niinois 13 

Frgneh Quia'na, col. South 
.America, 30,463 D P- 30, # 
Cayenne. 

FrSs-'no, c. California 12 

Fu'ehau' (-chou'), c. China.. (J50 

Fu'kul, c. Japan 44 

Fu'kuo'ka, c. Kiushu, Jap.... 66 
Fiinf ''kirchen (-k 6 r k e n), c 

Hungary 44 

Furth (fert), c. Bavaria 54 

G. 

CJa'latz (-UtB), c. Roumania . . 63 

Graie'na, c. Kansas 10 

Gfileg^burg, c. Illinois 19 

Gai'veston, c. Texas 38 

Gapan', Luzon, Phil. 1 20 

Gard'ner, c. Massachusetts .. 11 

Gfites'hgad, c. England 110 

Gay^a (gl''a),c. Bengal, India. 71 

Ga'za, c. Syria 21 

Gene'va(j-), c. Switzerland... lOo 

GenS'va, c. New York 10 

G^n'oa, c. Italy 235 

GeSrge'town, c. D. C 15 

George'town, # of British 

Guiana 53 

G^or'gia, state, I'. S. A. 59,475 

D P- 2,21(), # Atlanta. 

Ge'ra (ga'-), e. Germany 46 

GSr'man Em'pire, Europe, 

206,748 D P- •T<i.34.5, # Berlin. 

Ghent (ggnt), c. Belgium 161 

Gibral'tar, Br. c. Spain 27 

Gij6n (he-hon'), c. Spain 43 

Glas'gow (-ko), c. Scotland. . . 760 

Gleiwitz (gll'vlts), c. Ger 52 

Gltog' Fallg', c. New York.. 13 
G16uees'ter (glSs'-), c. Eng- 
land 48 

Gieuees'terjC. Massachusetts 26 

Glov'ergville, c. N. Y 18 

G5'a, Portuguese ter. India, 

1,263 (D p. 495. 
G6'raklipur'(-ruk-), c. British 

India 64 

Gor'Utz (gSr'-), c. Prussia 81 

Goteborg (y 6't6-b8r''y'), c. 

Sweden 131 

Go'tbA (-U), c . Germany 35 

Gov' an, c. Scotland 76 

Grana' da, c. Spain 75 

Grana'da, c. Nicaragua 25 

Grand B,ap'id|, c. Mich 88 

Graz (grats;, c. Austria 138 

Great Falls, c. Montana 15 

Greece, kdm. Europe, 25,014 □ 

p. 2,434, # Athens. 

Green' Bay, c. Wisconsin .... 19 
Green'land, Danish isl. & 

col.; col. 34,015 Dp- U- 

Green'oek, c. Scotland 68 

Greeng'boro, c. N. C 10 

Green 'ville, c. S. C 12 

Green'wteh, c. Conn 12 

Green-'wieh (grtn'Tj). part of 

London, England 96 

Grelz (grits), c. Germany 22 

QrSno'ble, c. France 69 



Grimg'by, c. England tk3 

GrSd'nd, c. Eu. Russia 47 

Gro'ningen (-nTng), c. Neth- 
erlands 67 

Gua dalaja'ra (gwii tba-la'- 

ha'ri), c. Mexico 84 

Guadeloupe' (ga -), Fr. isl. 

"W. Ind. 619 D p. i72. 
Gua najua'to (-hwa'to), state, 
Mexico, 10,951 G P- 1,065; — its 

# p. 59. 

Gua tema'la (ga'-), rep. Cen- 
tral America, 48,2900 p. 1,574 ; 
its # p. 72. 

Guayaquil' (gwI'a-keK), c. 
Ecuador 50 

Guerre'ro (gar-), state, Mex- 
ico, 25,002 D P- 475. 

Gui'noba'tan (ge'-), c. Phil- 
ippine Islands 20 

Gutli-'rie, # of Oklahoma.. .. 10 

Gwa'lidr, c. India - 89 

H. 
Haar 'lem, c. Netherlands .... 64 
Haba'na (-va'-),#of Cuba... 236 

Ha'gergtown, c. Md 14 

Hagonoy' (a'go-noi'), c. Lu- 
zon, Philippine Islands 20 

Hague, The, # of Neth 206 

Hai darabad', native state, 
India, 82,698 Q p. 11,141; its 

# p. 448 ; c. Bind, India, p. 
69. 

Hai'ti, isl. West Indies ; rep. 

on it, 11,072 D p. 1,211, # Port 

au Prince. 

Ha'koda'te, c. Yezo, Jap. 78 

Hal'ifax, c. England 105 

Hal'ifax, # of Nova Scotia .. 41 

Hal'le, c. Prussia 157 

Ham'burg, state, Germany, 

160 D P- 768. 

Hana'burg, c. Germany 706 

Ham'ilton, c. Ohio 24 

Ham'ilton, c. Ont. Can 53 

Ham'mond, c. Indiana 12 

Han '■kau''(-kou'), C.China... 850 

Han'ley , c. England 62 

Han'nibal, c. Missouri 13 

Hanoi', c. Indo China 103 

Hanno'ver, c. Germany 236 

Har'risburg, # of Pa 50 

Har'rison, c. New Jersey 11 

Hart'ford, #of Conn...". ... 80 

Has'tingg, c. England 66 

Ha'verhill (-tl), c. Mass 137 

Havre(ha'v5r),c. France 30 

Hawaii(ha-wl'e), isl. ter. U. S. 

A., 6,449 D P- 154, # Hono- 
lulu 

Ha'zelton, c. Pa 14 

Hei'delbgrg', c. Germany ... 40 

H§l'ena, # of Montana 11 

HSl'singfOrs', # of Finland, 

Russia 89 

Hfin'derson, c. Kentucky ... 10 

HSrat', c. Afghanistan 12 

H^sse, state, Germany, 2,966 Q 

p. 1,120, # Darmstadt. 



Hidal'go, state, Mexico, 8,577 
D P- 603, # Pachuea. 

H'i'lo, c. Hawaiian Islands 20 

H'i'roshi'ma, c. Japan 122 

Ho'boken, c. New Jersey 59 

Hddmezo-Vasarhely (hod'- 
rag-z5-va'shar-h61-y'),c. Hun- 
gary 61 

Hol'yoke, c. Mass 46 

Home'stgad, c. Pa 13 

Hondu'ras, rep. Central 
America, 46,250 Dp- '45, # 
Tegucigalpa. 

H6ng'k6ng', c. China 297 

Ho'nolu'lu, # of Hawaii 39 

Hor'neil, c. N. Y 12 

Hoiis'ton, c. Texas 4.5 

How'rah, c. India 158 

Hu'bli, c. British India 60 

Hii'chou', c. China 60 

Hiid'dergfleld, c. Eng 95 

Hue (-a), c. Anam 50 

Hdll, c. England 240 

Hun'gary, kdm. Europe, 125,- 
608 D P- 19,204, # Budapest. 

Hunt'ington, c. W. Va 12 

Hyde Park, c. Mass 13 



lee'land, Dan. isl. 40,458 D p. 

71, # Reykjavik. 

I'ehang' (e'-), c. China 

I'daho, state, U. S. A. 84,800 D 

p. 162, # Boise, p. 6. 
IlFinois' (-noi'), state, U. S.A. 

56,650 D p.4,822,# Springfield. 
In'dia, country, S. Asia, 1,766,- 

597 D P- 291,361. 
In'dian'a, state, U. S. A. 36,350 

D P- 2,516. 

In'dianap'olis, # of Ind 

In'dian Ter'ritory, became 

part of Oklahoma. 

Indore', c. India 

I'owa, state, U. S. A. 56,025 D 

p. 2,232, # Des Moines. 

Ips'wieh, c. England 

Iqui'que(e-ke'ka), c. Chile.. 
Ire'land, isl. 32,605 D P- 4,457, 

# Dublin. 

Irkutsk', c. As. Russia 

I'ronton (i'urn-), c. Ohio 

Ish'pemlng, c. Mich 

Is'pahan', c. Persia 

It'aly, kdm. Europe, 110.(>hs D 

p. 32.475, # Rome. 

Ith'aca, c. New York 

Iva'n6v6-Voznesensk'( -va z- 

nyg-sySnsk'), c Eu. Russia.. 
Ix'glles' (-61'), c. Belgium .... 



35 



169 



Jab'alpur (jtib'-), c. British 

India...'. 90 

jaek'son, C.Michigan 25 

jack'son, c. Tennessee 15 

jaek'sonville, c. Florida — 28 

jaek'sonville, c. Illinois .... 15 

Jai'pur, c. India 160 

Ja'landhar(-diir), C.India — 68 



Blr, Qdd, tone, 6r, son, wolf, efln, cube, full, rude, tlm, moon, f^t, bank, then. 



526 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. 



7S 



11 



60 



Jalis'co (ha-), state, Mexico, 
33,495 D P- 1,13", # Guadala- 
jara. 
Jamai'ea, Br. isl. W. Ind. 

4,193 D P- "43, # Kingston. 
Jameg'town, c. New York . . . 
Janeg'ville, c. Wisconsin — 
Janiuay ( ha''ne-(5t)-i''),c.Panay 

isl. Philippine Islands 

Japan'', emp. Asia, 161,160 n 

p. 46,451, # Tokyo. 
Jas'sy (yas'-), c. Roumania.. 
Ja'va, Dutch isl. E. Ind. 50,554 

n p. 26,125, # Batavia. 
JSf'fersonville, c. Indiana . . 
Jerez de la Fronte'ra (ha- 

rath'-), c. Spain 

Jer'iey City, c. New Jersey.. 206 

Jhan'si, c. India 56 

Jodh^pur, c. India (iO 

Johng'town, c. New York ... 10 
Jdling'town, c. Pennsylvania 36 

Jo'liSt, c. Illinois 29 

J6p'lin, c. Missouri 26 

Juneau, e. Alaska 2 

K. 

Ka'bul, # of Afghanistan .... 60 
Ka^goshi'ma, c. Kiushu isl. 

Japan 53 

Kaisari'yg, e. Asia Minor — 72 
Kai'Bgrslau''tern C-lou'-), c. 

Bavaria, Germany 48 

Kalu'ga, c. Eu. Russia 50 

Kandahar', c. Afghanistan . . 50 
Kal'amazcjo', c. Michigan — 24 
Ka'naza'wafC. Hondo, Japan 84 

Kan'kakee', c. Illinois 14 

Kan'gas state, U. S. A. 82,080 

Dp. 1,4-0, # Topeka. 

Kan'gas City, c. Kansas 51 

Kan 'gas City, c. Missouri — 164 

Kara'chi, c. India 117 

Karls'rulx'e, c. Germany 97 

Ka' Shan', c. Persia 30 

Kash'mir', state, India, 80,900 

□ p. 2,906, # Srinagar. 
KassaCkCsh'shC), C.Hungary. 40 

Kas'sel, c. Prussia 106 

Kas'tamu'ni, c. A. Turkey. . . 33 

Kazan', c. Russia 132 

Kear'ney, c. New Jersey 11 

Kecskemet (kSch'kS-mat), e. 

Hungary 58 

Keno'sha, c. "Wisconsin 12 

Kfen'sington, part of London. 177 
Kentaek'y, state, U. S. A. 40,- 

40(1 D p. 2,147, # Frankfort. 

KS'okiik, Iowa 15 

KSrman', c. Persia 70 

Key West, c. Florida 17 

Khar'kov, c. Russia 175 

Khar'tum', c. Sudan ,50 

Khgrson'.c. Eu. Russia 69 

Khi'va, c. Turkestan 30 

Kiel, e. Prussia 122 

Kiev (ke'ySf ), c. Russia 247 

Kilmar'noek, c. Scotland 34 

Kingg'ton, e. Canada 18 

Kingg'ton, # of Jamaica 49 



Kingg'ton, c. New York . ... 25 
Kirkeal'dy (-ka' ),c. Scot.... 34 
Kishinev' (-nySf), c. Russia. 109 

Kiu'kiang', c. China tjfl 

Kiu.ng'ehau'(-ehou'),c.China 35 
KnSx'ville (niSks'-), c. Ten- 
nessee 33 

K6'b6, c. Japan 216 

Ko'kan'(ka^-),c.AsiaticRu8sia 82 

Ko'komo, c. Indiana 11 

Kol'hapur, c. India 54 

K51ome'a, c. Austria 34 

Ko'lozsvar (-lozh-var), c. 

Hungary 49 

K6n'go State, Africa, 870,000 

D p. 30,000, # Boma. 
K6'nlg8b§rg(ke'-), C.Prussia 188 
Ko'nigshut'teCke'nlks-hiit'- 

te), c. Prussia, Germany 58 

Korg'a, kdm. Asia, 84,421 □ p. 
8-16,000, # Seoul. 

K6str6ma', c. Eu. Russia 40 

Kozlov (kaz-16f'), c Europe- 
an Russia 40 

Kre'fgld i-f51t), c. Prussia. ... 107 
Kremgnehug' (-ch(3t)k'), c. 

European Russia 59 

Kristia'nia, # of Norway — 226 
Kron'stadt, c. Eu. Russia. ... 60 

Ku'ka, c. Sudan 50 

Ku'mamoto', c. Kiushu isl. 

Japan 61 

Kursk, c. Eu. Russia 53 

Kutai'a, c. As. Turkey 22 

Kyo'to (kyo-),c. Hondo, Japan 353 



Lab'rador, pen. North Amer- 
ica, 530,000 G P- 7. 
La'buan', Br. isl. col. 30 D P- 8. 

La Crosse, c. Wisconsin 29 

La'fayette', c. Indiana 18 

Lahore', c. India 203 

Lai'yang', c. China 50 

Lan'caster, c. England 40 

Lan'easter, c. Pennsylvania. 41 

Lan'sing, # of Michigan 16 

Lan'singburg, c. New York . 13 

La5ag', c. Luzon, Phil. 1 37 

La Paz', # of Bolivia 62 

Lar e'do , c. Texas 13 

Lasalle', c. Illinois 10 

Lau^'sanne' (lo'zan'), c. Swit- 
zerland 47 

Law'renQe, c. Kansas 11 

Law'renQe, c. Massachusetts 63 

Lead'ville, c. Colorado 12 

LSav'en worth, c. Kansas — 21 

Leb'anon, c. Pennsylvania. .. 18 

Leeds, c. England 429 

Lee' ward Islands, West In- 
dies, 701 n p. 127, # St. John. 

Leg'horn, c. Italy 98 

LeiQes'ter (15s'-), c. Ensrland. 212 

Lei'den, c. Holland, Neth .54 

Leip'zig(-stk;,c. Germany... 455 

L6ith, c. Scotland 77 

L§ni'b§rg, c. Austria 160 

Lfeom'inster (ISm'-), c. Mas- 
sachusetts 12 



Leon' (la-5n'), c. Mexico 58 

Lew'iston, c. Maine 24 

Lex'ington, c. Kentucky... . 26 
Libau (le'bou), c. Eu. Russia. 65 
Libe'ria, rep. Af., 32,954 D p. 

2,000, # Monrovia. 
Liege (lt-azh'),c. Belgium... 160 

Ligg'nitz, c. Prussia 55 

Lille del), c. France 211 

Li'ma, c. Ohio 22 

Li'ma, c. Peru 113 

Lim'eriok, c. Ireland 38 

Li'moges' (-mozh'), c. France 84 

Lina'res, c. Spain 35 

Lin'eoln (Itng'kiin), c. Eng. 49 

Lin'eoln. # of Nebraska 40 

Linz (iTnts), c. Austria 59 

Li'pa, c. Luzon, Phil. 1 40 

Lip'pe, princ. Germany, 469 D 
p. 139, # Detmold. 

Lis'bon, # of Portugal 357 

Little Falls, c. New York 10 

Little Rock, # of Arkansas. . 38 

Liv'erpool, c. England 685 

Ldck'port, c. New York 17 

Lodz, c. Poland, Russia 315 

Lo'gangport, c. Indiana 16 

Lon'don, # of England 4,537 

Lon'dondgr'ry, c Ireland. . . 40 

Lorain', c. Ohio 16 

Lor'ea. c. Spain 60 

Los An'geles, c. California.. 102 
Lou'isia'na, state, IT. S. A. 
48i720 D P- 1,382, # Baton 
Rouge. 
Lou'isville, e. Kentucky — 205 
Louvain( loo' vaN'),c. Belgium 42 
Low'ell, c. Massachusetts — 95 

Luba'o, c. Luzon, Phil. 1 21 

I Lu 'beck, c. Germany .s2 

I Lue'ea, c. Italy 75 

! Luck'now^, c. India 264 

j Lud'wigsha'fen(lo6t'vTks-), 

I c. Bavaria, Germany 62 

Lux'eniburg, g. duchy, Eu- 
I rope, 9J»8 D P- 237 ; its # p. 21 . 
Luz6n',isl. Phil. I. 44,235 Qp- 
I 3,727, # Manila. 

I Lynch'burg, c. Virginia 19 

i Lynn, c. Massachusetts 69 

Ly'on, c. France 459 

Lyu'blin, c. Poland, Russia. . 75 

M. 

McKeeg'port, c. Pa .34 

Ma'eon.c. Georgia 23 

Mad'agas'ear, isl. Indian 
ocean, 227,750 C P- 2,445, # 
Tananarive. 
MadSi'ra, Portuguese isl. At- 
lantic ocean, 315 D P- 151, # 
Funchal. 
Mad'ison, # of Wisconsin... 19 
Madras', presidency, India, 
141,726 D p. 32,209 ; its # p. 
509. 

Madrid'. # of Spain 512 

Madu'ra. e . India 106 

Mag'deburg', c. Germany... 230 
Ma'hanoy' City, c. Pa 14 



am, fame, care, far, pass, all, final, Snd, eve, tgrm, they, recent, In, Ice, machine, 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. 



527 



Maine, state, U. S. A- 33,040 D 
p. 694, 4^ Augusta. 

Mainz (mIntB), c. Germany. . 

Mal'aga, c. Spain 

MftKden, c. MasBachusetts 

Malm'o' (-5'), c. Sweden 

MftKta, British isl. col. 117 n 
p. 184. 

Mana'gua (-gwa), # of Nica- 
ragua 

Man'chester, c. Connecticut. 

Man'chester, c. England 

Man'chester, c. N. H 

Man'dalay, c. India 

Mann'a, # of Philippine I. .. 

Ma'nissa, c. Asia Minor 

Man'istSe', c. Michigan 

M&n'ito'ba, prov. Can. r3,'.i.j(j 
□ p. 255, # Winnipeg. 

Man''itow6e'', c. Wieconi-in .. 

Manka'to, c. Minnesota 

Mann'heim, c. Germany 

Mang'fleld, c. Ohio 

Ma'rian'na, c. Brazil 

Ma'rigt'ta, c. Oliio 

Ma'rindu'que (-ka), isl. Phil. 
I., 681 Dp- 48. 

Marinette', c. Wiscongin.... 

Mar-'ion, c. Indiana 

Mar'ion, c. Ohio 

Marl'boro, c. MassachuBcttB. 

Marque'sas (-ka'-); Fr. isl. 
Polynesia, 492 D P- 4. 

Marquette' (-kgt'),c. Mich... 

Marseilleg', c. France 

Mar'Bhalltown, c. Iowa 

Mar'tiuique' (-n e k'), i s 1. 
French West Ind. 381 n P- 
164, # Fort de France. 

Ma'ryland (mSr'i-), state, U. 
S. A. 12,210 D P- hl^, # An- 
napolis. 

Mas^saehu'setts. state, U- S. 
A. 8,315 D P- 2,805, # Boston. 

Mas'sillon, c. Ohio 

Matan'zas, c. Cuba 

Mftul'main', c. L. Burma 

Mauritius (-rlsh'T-us), British 
isl. Indian oc 705 □ p. 370, 

# Port Louis. 
Ma'yagnez' (-gwas''), c. Porto 

Rico 

Mead'ville, c. Pennsylvania . 
Mgch'linCmek'-), c. Belgium 
M6ck''lenburg-Seh.werin'', 

g. duchy Ger. 5,(ViS D P- 608, 

# Schwerin. 
Meek'lenburg-Stre'litz, g. 

duchy, Ger. 1,131 Q p. 1(J3, :)fr 

Neustrelitz. 
Me'dellin' (ma'thgl-yen'), c. 

Colombia 

MSd'ford, c. Massachusetts ., 

MSe'rut, c. India 

Mei'ningen, c. Germany 

MSl'botirne, # of Victoria, 

Australia 

Mel'rose, c. Massachusetts... 

MSm^phis, c. Tennessee 

Men6m'inee, c. Michigan 



84 
126 
34 
61 



30 

11 

544 

57 

1.S4 

2S0 

36 

14 



12 
11 

140 
18 
56 
13 



10 

4!tl 

12 



45 

18 

118 

15 

494 
13 

102 
13 



Mfir'ida, c. Mexico 

Mfir'iden, c. Connecticut 

Merld'ian, c. Mississippi 

Mgr'thyr Tyd'fil (-vil), c. 

Wales 

Mesfhed, c. Persia 

Messi'na, c. Italy 

M§tz, c. Germany 

Mex'ico, rep. C. Am. 767,259 

D p. 13,570 ; its :^ p. .330. 

Mi'aga'o, Panay, Phil. I 

MiQli'lgan, state, U. S. A. 58,- 

015 D p. 2,421, # Lansing. 
Migh^igan Cify, c. Indiana. 
Mieho'aean'' (-kan'), state, 

Mexico, 22,623 □ p. 1)36, # 

MoreUa. 
Mid'dlegbrough (-bur-o), c. 

England 

Mld'dletown, c. N. Y 

Mn'an, c. Italy 

MiKford, c. Massachusetts ... 

Mill'ville, c. New Jersey 

Milwau'kee, c. Wisconsin . . . 
Min'dana'o, isl. Philippine I. 

46,721 D p. 496. 
Mindo'ro, isl. Philippine I. 

4,108 D p. 106. 
Min'nSap '0118,0. Minnesota . 
Min^'neso'ta, state, U. S. A. 

83,365 D p. 1,751, # St. Paul. 

Minsk, c. Eu. Russia 

Mir'za'pur, c. Br. India 

Miskolcz (mis h'k o 1 1 s ), c. 

Hungary 

Mis'sissip'pi, state, U. S. A. 

46,810 n p. 1,551, # Jackson. 
MissQu'rl, state, L'. S. A. 69,- 

415 D P- 3,107,* Jefferson City. 

Mobile', c. Alabama 

Mo'dena, c. Italy. . 

Mogilev (ma-ge-lySf ), c. Eu- 
ropean Russia 

Mo'len'beek'(-laN'bak'),8ub. 

of Brussels, Belgium 

Moline', c Illinois 

Moliie'eag, Dutch isls. 43,864 

D p. 399. 
M6n'aeo, princ. Europe, 8 Q 

p. 15. 

MSnastir', c. As. Turkey 

MSnghyr' (-ger'), c. Bengal, 

India 

Mens (m6NB), c. Belgium 

Monta'na, state, U. S. A. 146,- 

080 D p. 24;^, # Helena. 
Mdnt'elSir', c. New Jersey... 
M6n'tene'gro, princ. Eur. 

3,256 n p. 228, * Cetinje. 

MSn'terey ', c. Mexico 

M6n'tevId'5o, # of Uruguay 
Mdntgom'ery, # of Alaba- 
ma 

Mdnt^re^l', c. Canada 

Morad^abad' (-rfid^-), c. Brit- 
ish India 

More'los, state, Mex. 2,734 D 

p. 162, * Cuernavaca. 
Moroe'co, sultanate, Af. 169,- 

591 D p. 8,000, # Fez. 



37 MSr'ristown, c. New Jersey. 11 
24 , Mds'cow, c. Russia 1 ,(86 

14 M5'8ul', c. As. Turkey 61 

[ Mt. Car'mel,c. Pennsylvania 13 

69 : Mt. Ver'non, c. New York. . . 20 

70 Mo'zanibique' (-bek'), prov. 
150 Port. E. Af. 261,70<J Q p. 1,.500; 

58 its # p. 8. 

Miil'hau'gen (-hou'-), c. Ger- 
many 89 

22 MiiVtan', c. Br. India 87 

Miinchen G-ladbach (miin'- 
ken glat'bik), c. Prussia, 

15 j Germany 58 

I Mun'^ie, c. Indiana 21 

Mu'nicb (-nlk), # of Bavaria, 

I Germany 5flO 

I Miin'stSr, c. Prussia M 

91 I Mur'^ia (-shl-a), c Spain 108 

15 I Mus eatine', c. Iowa 14 

491 ' MuskS'gon, c. Michigan 21 

11 Mut'tra, c. British India 60 

11 Mysore', state, India, 29,444 Q 
285 p. 5,539 ; its # p. 68. 

N. 

Na'gasa'kl, c. Japan 107 

Na'goya, c. Japan 244 

203 Nag''pur', c. India 128 

Nagy Vdrad (nSd'y' va'rOd), 

c. Hungarj' 50 

91 Namangan', c. As. Rub 62 

80 Nan'gy, c. France 103 

Nan'king', c. China 150 

43 Nantes, c. France 133 

Nan'ticoke, c. Pennsylvania. i2 

Na'pleg (-p'lz), c. Italy 5<>4 

Nasli'ua, c. New Hampshire . 24 
Nasli'ville, # of Tennessee . . 81 

38 Natal', Br. col. Af . 29,200 □ p. 
65 930, * Pietermaritzburg. 

Natal', c. Brazil 40 

43 Nateli'ez, c. Mississippi 12 

Nsu'gatuck,c. Connecticut.. 11 

60 Nawanagar (nu-wa'nii-giir'), 

17 c India 54 

Nebras'ka, state, U. S. A. 77,- 
510 D p. 1,0G6, # Lincoln. 

NSg'apatam'. c. Br. Ind 57 

Nepal', kdm. India, .54,459 Q 

50 p. 3,000, # Khatmandu. 

N§tli'erlandg, kdm. Eur 12,- 

36 741 D p. 5,104, # The Hague. 

27 Neustre'litz (noi-), e. Ger... 11 

Neva'da, state, U. S. A. 110,- 

700 D p. 42, # Carson City. 

14 New Al'bany, c. Indiana 21 

New'ark,c. New Jersey 246 

New'ark, c. Ohio 18 

46 New Bgd'ford, e. Mass 

266 New Brit'ain (-'n), c. Conn.. 
New Brung'wiek, prov. Can- 

30 ada, 28,100 Q P- 331, # Fred- 
268 ericton. 

New Brung'wick,c. N. J.... 

75 New'burg^, c. New York .... 

New'buryport^, c. Mass 14 

New'eastle, c. England 215 

New'castle, c. Pa 28 

New'foundland, British isl. 



62 
26 



20 
25 



Bir, 5dd, tone, 8r, apn, wolf, sfin, cabe, full, ryde, flm, moon, fd&t, bank, then. 



528 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. 



X. Am 42,200 Q P- 21", # St. 
John's. 

New Guin'ea, British & Ger- 
man isl. Pac oc 311,023 D P- 
700. 

New Hamp'sMre, state, U 
S. A. 9,305 D P- 412,# Concord 

New Ha'ven, c Connecticut 

New Jer'sey, state, U. S. A. 
7,81.5 □ p. 1,.SS4, # Trenton. 

New Lon^don, c. Conn 

New Mex'^ieo, ter. U. S. A. 
122,580 n p. 195, # Santa Fe. 

New Or''lSan§, c Louisiana . 

New'port, c. England 

New'port, c. Kentucky 

New'port, c. R. I 

New'port Newg', c. Va 

New Roehglle', c. N. Y 

New South Waieg, state. 
Australia, 309,175 D P- 1,360, 
# Sydney. 

New'ton, c. MassachuBctts . . . 

New York', state, U. S. A. 49,- 
170 D P- 7,269, # Albany. 

New York', c. New York 3 

Manhattan, bor .1 

Bronx 

Brook'lyn 1 

Rich'mond . 

Queens 

New Zga'land, Brit. isl. col- 
ony, 104,612 n p. 816, # Wel- 
lington. 

Niag'ara Falls, e New York 

Ni'eara'gua C-gwa), rep. C. 
Am. 47,857 D P- 500, # Mana- 
gua. 

Nige, c. France 

Nikolaev (nye-ka-la'ySf), c. 
European Russia 

Nimes (nem), c. France 

Ning-'po', c. China 

Nome, c. Alaska. ... . 

Nor'folk (-fak), c. Virginia .. 

N6r''ristown, c. Pa 

Norr'koping (-chg-), c Swe- 
den 

North. Ad'am?, c. Mass 

Northamp'ton, c England.. 

Northamp'ton, c. Mass. 

North Car'oli'na, state, U S 
A 52,250 D P- 1.894, # Ra- 
leigh. 

North Dako'ta, state, U S 
A. 70,795 n p. 319, * Bis- 
marck. 

Nor'way, country, Europe, 
125,61.8 n P- 2,231,* Kristiania 

Nor'wieh, c Connecticut . 

Nor-'wich (-rtch), c. England 

NSt'tingham, c. England 

U ova'ra, c Italy 

No'va Seo'tia (-sht-a). prov. 
Canada, 20,.550 D P 460, # 
Halifax. 

Nov'gorodC-rSt), c. European 
Russia 

NS'vochgrkask', c. Euro- 
pean Russia 



412 

108 



18 



287 
67 
28 
22 
20 
15 



34 



,437 
,850 
201 
,167 
67 
153 



19 



105 

92 
81 
255 
12 
47 
22 

41 
24 

87 
19 



17 
112 

240 
45 



Nue'vo Leon', state, Mexico, 

2;i.ite5 D P 327, # Monterey. 
Na'remberg, c Bav. Ger 261 

O. 

Oak'land, c. California , 67 

Odes'sa. c. Russia 405 

Offeiibaeh(-bak),c Germany 51 

Og'den City, c Utah 16 

Og'densburg, c. New York.. 13 
Ohi'o, state, U. S. A. 41,fX)0 Q 

p. 4,158, # Columbus 
Oil City, c. Pennsylvania — 13 
O'kaya'ma, c. Hondo, Japan. 58 
Oklaho'ma, state, U. S. A 70,- 

057 D P- 1.414, # Guthrie 

Oklahoma City, c. Ok 10 

Ol'denbtirg, duchy, Ger 

2,480 D p. 398 ; its # p. 27. 

Old'ham, c, England 137 

O'maha', c Nebraska 103 

Oman', country, Arabia, 82,- 

000 D P- 1.50ft, # Maskat. 
Onta'rio, prov. Can. 219,650 Q 

p. 2,183, # Toronto. 

Op5r 'to, c. Portugal 172 

Oran', c. Algeria 88 

Or'ange (-Snj), c. New Jersey 24 
Orange River Colony, Br. 

col. S. Af 48,326 Q # Bloem- 

fontein. 
Or'egon, state, U. S. A. 96,030 

np 414, # Salem. 
Orel (ar-y51'), c Eu. Russia . 70 

Orenburg', c. Russia 73 

O'saka, c. Japan 821 

Osh'kosh, c Wisconsin 28 

Os'nabriick', c. Prussia 52 

Ostgnd', c Belgmm 40 

Oswe'go, c. New York 22 

O'taru, c Japan 57 

Ot'tawa, # of Canada 60 

Ottum'wa, c. Iowa 18 

Ovte'do, c. Spain 46 

0'wen§boro, c. Kentucky .. 13 
Ox'ford, c. England . 49 



Pad'ua.c Italy. . 82 

Padu'eah, c. Kentucky 19 

Paif'ley, c. Scotland 79 

Pala'wan, isl. Philippine I 

4,726 Dp 50. 

Paler'mo, c. Italy 310 

Pal'ma, c. Spam 63 

Pan'ama', rep. Cen Am 340 

Pan'ama'. * of Panama .... 25 

Para', c. Brazil. . 110 

Pa'raguay'(-gwl').rep. S.Am. 

157,000 n P 630, * Asuncion 

Par'is, * of France 2,714 

Par'kersbnrg. c W Va. ... 12 

Par 'ma, c Italy 49 

Pa'sig, c. Philippine 1 22 

Passa'ic, c. New Jersey 28 

Pat'er8on,c New Jersey 105 

Pat'ia'la (pfif-), c. India 54 

Pat'na, c India 135 

Pawtuek'et, c Rhode Island. 39 
Pea'body, c. Massachusetts . . 12 



Peeks'kill, c New York. . , 10 

Pekin', # of China 1,000 

Penn'sylva'nia, state, U. S. 

A. 45,215 D P- 6,302, # Harris- 
burg 

Pgn'saeo'la, c Florida. 18 

Pen'za, c Eu. Russia 62 

Peo'ria, c. Illinois . . . 56 

Perm, c. European Russia . . 45 

Per'nambu'co, c Brazil 190 

Per'sia (-sha), kdm. Asia, 635,- 

135 D P- 9.000, # Teheran. 

Perth, c. Scotland 33 

Perth, # of W. Australia 36 

Perth Am'boy', c. N. Jersey. 18 
Peru', rep. S. Am. 683,322 Dp- 

4,560, * Lima. 

Peru'gia, c. Italy 61 

Pesha'war, c. Punjab, British 

India 95 

Pg'tergburg, c. Virgmia 22 

Pforzheim (p f 8 r t s'h \ m), c 

Germany 43 

Phii'adgl'phia, c. Pa 1,294 

Phil'ippine Islands, arch. 

Asia, 127,853 Q P- 6,975, # Ma- 
nila. 

Phil'ippdp'olis, c. Bulg 43 

Phil'lipsburg, c. N. Jersey.. 10 
Phyon'yang' (p'hyeng'-), e. 

Korea.. . 40 

Pil'sen, c. Bohemia... 68 

Pine Bluff, c. Arkansas 11 

Piq'ua (ptk'wa), c Ohio 12 

Piraeus (pl-re'-). c. Greece 42 

Pi'sa, c Italy 61 

Pist6'ja(-ya), c. Italy 63 

Pitts'burg, c. Kansas 10 

Pitts'burg, c. Pennsylvania. 322 

Pitts'fleld, c. Mass 22 

Pitts'ton, c. Pennsylvania ... 13 

Plain'fleld, c. New Jersey 15 

Pla'ta, La. c Argentina . . . 70 
Plauen (plou'en), c. Saxony, 

Germany = 74 

Ploegei (pl6-yS8ht'y'),c Rou- 

mania.. 43 

Plym'outh, c England 108 

Plym'outh, c- Mass 10 

Plym'oiith, c Pennsylvania. 14 
Pnum Penh (p'nQm pSn'), c. 

Cambodia, Indo China . ... 50 

Point' de Galle'. c Ceylon.. 37 

Poitiers (pwa'tya'),c. France 40 

Po'la. c Austria 45 

Po'land, gov Russia, 49,159 D 

p. 9,4.56, # Warsaw. 

P61ta'va. c. Eu. Russia 53 

Pon'^e, c Porto Rico. 28 

PSn'diQher'ry, c. Fr Ind... 48 

Poo'na, c. India 153 

P5rt-au-PrinQe (-5-), # of 

Haiti 60 

Port Hii'ron, c Michigan... 19 

Port'land, c. Maine.. ,. .. 50 

Port'land. c Oregon . 90 

Port Lou'is, # of Mauritius . 54 

P5r't6 No'vo, c Dahomey. 50 
Por'to E,i'eo, isl. W Ind 

3.606 D p. 953, # San Juan. 



am, fame, care, far, pass, all, final, gnd, eve, tSrm, they, recent, Ttn, Ice, machine, 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. 



529 



Port Said', c Egypt 42 

Ports'iaoutli, c England.... 1«9 

Ports'mouth, c. N. U 11 

Ports'moutli, c Ohio IS 

Ports'niouth., c Virginia . 17 
Por'tugal, kdm. Eur. M,5SJ Q 
p .5,420, # Lisbon. 

Po'gen, c Prusi^ia 117 

Pots'dain, c. Prussia 60 

Potts'town. c Pennsylvania. 14 
Potts^ville, c. Pennsylvania. 16 
Poughkeep'sie (po-ktp'sT), 

c New York.. 24 

Pozsony (po''zhon-y'),c. Hun- 
gary 66 

Prague, # of Bohemia 2()4 

Prgs'ton, c. England 113 

Prince Ed'-ward I., prov. 
Canada, 2,134 n p. 103. # 
Charlottetown. 
Prov'idenQe, # of R. Island 176 
Prussia (prush'a), kdm. Ger- 
many, 134,597 D p. 34,468. # 
Berlin. 
Przemysl (pshS^mlBhl-y'). c. 

Austria 46 

Pue'bla, state, Mexico. 12,207 
n'p. 1.(124 ; its # p. S'J 

Pueb'lo, c. Colorado 28 

Puer'to Prin'Qipe. c Cuba 25 
Punjab', prov British India, 
97,209 □ p. 20,330, ^ Lahore 

Q. 

Quebec' (kwT-), prov Can. 
228.5)00 n P- 1.649 : its # p. 69. 
Queen§'land. state. Austra- 
lia, (J68,497 n p. 503, ^ Bris- 
bane. 
Quere'taro (ka-ra' ), s t a t e. 
Mexico, 4,493 D P 228 : its # 
p 35, 

Quin'^y, c Illinois 36 

Quin'gy, c Massachusetts... 24 
QuI'to(ke'tS).# of Ecuador. 40 

R. 

Ra?ine'. c. Wisconsin 29 

RaJ'puta'na, region, India, 
127,541 D P y,"23." 

Ea'leigh(-n). #ofN C 14 

Eam'pur, c. India 79 

Rangoon', c. Burma 235 

Rat'isbon. c Bavaria, Ger.- . . 45 

Ravgn'na. c. Italy 64 

Ea'wal Pin'di, c Br. Ind... 88 

RSad'ing, c England 72 

Read'ing, c Pennsylvania ... 79 
Reg'gio di Cala'bria {r6d' 

jo-), c- Italy 44 

Reggio nell' Emi'lia, c. 

Italy 58 

Rgm'scheid (-shit), c Prus- 
sia 58 

Rennes (ren ). c France 75 

Reiin'ion(re-un'yun ),Fr. isl. 
Indian oc. 9(S Q P 173, # St. 
Denis. 

Revgl', c. Russia 65 

Revere', c. Massachusetts 10 



Rhgim? (remz), c. France 108 

Rhode Island (rod'), .«tate, U. 
S A. 1.250 D P- 429, # Provi- 
dence. 
Rhodes frodz ), isl. Turkey, 5C5 

Dp. 29; its#p. 11. 

Rh6nd'da, c. Wales . 114 

Rich'mond, c. Indiana 18 

Rich'mond, # of Virginia. . . 8.5 

Ri'ga, c. Russia 283 

Rio de Janeiro (re'6 da zha- 

na'rS), # of Brazil 150 

Rix'dorf, c. Prussia, Ger 90 

R6an5ke', c. Virginia 21 

Roch'dale, c. England 83 

Roeh'ester, e. England 31 

Rdeh'ester, c. New York . . . 163 

Rock'ford, c. Illinois 31 

Rock Island, c. Illinois 19 

Rome, # of Italy 464 

Rome, c. New York , 15 

Rosa'rid, c. Argentina = 112 

Ros'toek. c Germany 55 

Rostov' (ras-tof), c Russia . 120 

Rdbli'erhctm, c England 54 

R6t'terdam, c. Netherlands . 319 
Rou'baix' (rii ba'), c. Fr.. . 114 
Rou'en'(ru'aN'), c. France.. 116 
Rouma'nia, kdm Europe,50,- 

587 D P 5,913, # Bukharest. 

Ru'dolstadt, c Germany 12 

Russia (rush'a). em Eur. and 

Asia, 8,660,395 G P- 128,932, # 

St. Petersburg 

Riit'land, c. Vermont 12 

Ryazan'(-zan'y'),c European 

Russia , 45 

S. 

Sae'ramgn'to, # of Cal 29 

Sag'inaw, c Michigan .. 42 

Sahar'anpur, c. N W Prov- 
inces, Br. India 66 

Saigon', ^ of Cochin China.. 38 
St. -Denis (sS N'-de-ne'), c. 
France, p 61 ; # of Reunion 
isl. p 33. 
St. Etienne (sSN'ta tygn'), c 

France 147 

Saint-GillesOSN'zhel'), c, 

Belgium 55 

Saint Helg'na, British isl. 47 

Dp. 10. 
St. Hel'eng, c. England .... 84 
St. John, c. N. B., Canada. ... 47 

St. Joseph, c Missouri 103 

St. Lou'is.c Missouri. 575 

St. Paul, # of Minnesota I(i3 

St Pg'ter^burg, # of Rus. . .1,439 
St. Pierre (sSn' pyar'), c. Re- 
union island — . 28 

St Th6m'as, Portuguese isl. 
W Africa, 3.59 Q P 35 

Sa'kai, c Japan 50 

Sa'lem. c British India. 71 

Sa'lem, c. Massachusetts..,. 36 

Saler'no. c Italy 43 

Sal'ford, c. England 221 

Sa'loni'ki, c Turkey 105 

Salt Lake City, % of Utah ... 54 



Sal'vador', rep. C Am. 13,176 
D P- l,lJ<t7, # San Salvador. 

Sama'ra, e. Eu. Russia 

Sa marang', c. Java 

Sam'arkand'(-kant'), c. Asi- 
atic Russia 

Samo'a, Ger. isls. Pac. ocean. 

Sa'mos, isl Asia Minor, 181 
D p. do, # Vathy 

San Anto'nio, c Texas 

San Car'los, c. Luzon, Philip- 
pine Islands 

SanDie'go, c California 

Sandiis'ky, c. Ohio 

San Fernan'do, c. Spain 

San FranQis'eo, c. Cal 

San Jose (ho-sa'), c Cal 

San Jose, # of Costa Rica . . 

San Juan (h(}6-an'), c. Porto 
Rico . 

San Luis' Po'tosi', state, 
Mexico, 24,007 D P- 582 ; its # 
p. 69. 

San Mari'no, rep. Italy, 23 D 
p. 10. 

San Miguel' de Mayu'mo, 
c Luzon, Phil I 

San Salvador'. # of Salva- 
dor , 

San'ta A'na, c Salvador 

San'tandgr', c. Spain , 

San'tia'go, # of Chile 

San'tia'go, c. Cuba 

San'to Domtn'go, rep Haiti, 
18.7.55 D P 417; its # p. 20. 

Sao Paulo (80UX-), c. Brazil... 

Sa'ragds'sa, c. Spain 

Sar'ato'ga Springs, c. New 
York 

Sara'tov (-tof ), c Russia 

Sara'wak, Br ter. Borneo, 50,- 
000 p P- 6()0, # Kuching. 

Saskatch'ewan.dist. Canada, 
107,092 D P- 26, # Battle- 
ford 

Sault' St. Ma'rie (soo'), e. 
Michigan 

Savan'nah, c. Georgia 

Saxe'-Al'tenburg. duchy, 
Germany, 511 G P 195, # Al- 
tenburg. 

Saxe'-Co'burg-GS'tha (ta), 
duchy, Ger 756 G P- 230, # # 
Coburg, Gotha. 

Saxe'-Mein'ingen, duchy, 
Germany, 953 G P- 251, # 
Meiningen 

Saxe'-Wei'jnar (-vi'), g 
duchy, Germany, 1,396 G P- 
3(8, # Weimar. 

Sax'ony. kdm Ger. 5,789 Q 
p 4.2(M), * Dresden 

Sehaerbeek (skar'bak), c. 
Belgium 

Schenec'tady (sk-), c. N. Y .. 

Seho'nebgrg' (8hS'),e. Prus- 
sia, Germany 

Sehwerin' (shva-), c. Ger 

Sc6t'land, div Great Britain, 
29,796 G P 4,472,# Edinburgh- 



92 
69 

55 



53 

24 

18 
20 
29 
34.S 
22 
25 

32 



20 

60 
48 
51 
292 
43 



220 
98 

12 
137 



11 
54 



66 
32 

96 
39 



sir, 5dd, tone, 6r, son, wolf, sfln, cube, full, rude, flm, moon, fd6t, bank, then. 



530 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. 



Seran'ton, c Pennsylvania . . 

Seat'tle (-t'l), c. Washington. 

Sebas'topol , c. Eu. Rus — 

Seda'lia, c Missouri 

Sen'dai'', c. Hondo, Japan . . . 

Sgn'egaK, Fr. col. Af. 51,000 
D P- 250, # St. Louis. 

SeouK, # of Korea 

Seraing (se-rSN''), c Belgium. 

Ser'via, kdm. Europe, 18,650 
D p. 2,494, # Belgrade 

Sfev'ille, c Spain , 

Shali'jahan''pur, c British 
India , 

ShamS'kin. c. Pennsylvania. 

Shang''ha''i, c China 

Sheboy'gan, c Wisconsin, . 

Sheffield, c. England 

Shgnanda'ah, c Pa 

Sher'man, c. Texas 

Sliid'zu''6ka, c. Japan 

Shields, South, c England. . . 

Sha'lapur, c. British India... 

ShrSve^port, c. Louisiana ... 

Sl'alkot, c British India 

Siam'', kdm. Asia, 244,402 d p. 
6,320, # Bangkok. 

Sibong-'a, c. Cebu, Phil. I 

Sier'ra Lgo^'ne, British col. 
Africa, 27,760 Q p.300, # Free- 
town. 

Simbirsk'', c. Eu. Russia , 

Siinfgr6''pol, c Eu. Rus 

Sind, div India, 47,066 D P- 
3,211, # Haidarabad. 

STn'gapore', Br. isl. 206 D P- 
228 ; its # p. 139. 

Sioux City (soo), c. Iowa 

Sioux Falls, c. S, Dakota 

Smolensk (sma-lySnsk'), c 
European Russia 

Smyr''na,c. Turkey 

So'fia, :5^ of Bulgaria 

Som'srville, c. Mass 

Sono'ra, state, Mexico, 76,253 
G P- 135, ^ Hermosillo. 

Southamp'^ton, c. England . . 

South Austra'lia, state, Aus- 
tralia, 903,690 Q p 363, # Ade- 
laide 

South Bend, c. Indiana 

South Bgth'lehem, c. Pa.... 

South'bridge, c. Mass., 

South Car/oli''na, state, U S. 
A 30,570 Dp 1,340, # Colum- 
bia 

South Dako'ta, state, U. S. 
A 77,(»0 n P 402, # Pierre. 

South O'maha', c . Neb 

South'port, c. England 

Spain, kdm. Eur. 194,794 □ p. 
18,078, # Madrid. 

Span'dau (-dou), c Prussia.. 

Spar'tanburg, c. S. C 

Spo'kane'', c. Washington 

Spring'fleld, # of Illinois . . . 

Spring'field, c. Mass. 

Spring'field, c Missouri 

Spring'fleld, c. Ohio 

Srinagar', # of Kashmir 



102 

315 

51 

15 

83 



193 



146 

76 
18 

620 
23 

409 
20 
10 
42 

101 
75 
16 
58 



23 



33 
10 

47 

201 

68 

62 



105 



65 
11 

37 
34 
62 
23 
38 
123 



Stam'Tord, c. Connecticut 16 

Stav'ropol (-p61-y'), c Rus- 
sia 42 

Stgel'ton, c. Pennsylvania. . 12 

StSttin'', c. Prussia 21 1 

Steii'benville, c Ohio 14 

StilKwater, c. Minnesota. . . 12 
StSek'holm, % of Sweden . . 301 

Stdek'port. c. England 79 

Stdek'ton, c. England 51 

StSek'ton, c. California. .... 18 
Straits Settlements. Br. col. 
Asia, 1,543 D p. 572, :^ Singa- 
pore. 
Strass'burg, c. Alsace. Ger- 
many , •. . .. 150 

Strga'tor, c Illinois 14 

Stutt'gart, c Germany 176 

Su'ehau' (-chou'), c. China.. 500 
Sulu' iBls. 380 n P ab. 75 
Suma'tra, Du. isl. Malay 
arch. 162,310 D P- 3,472. 

STin^'derland, c England 146 

Supg''rior,c. Wisconsin. ... 31 

Su'raba''ya, c. Java 125 

Siirat', c. India ..119 

Swan'sea (-st), c. Wales 95 

S^wg-'den, country, Europe, 
173,967 □ p. 5,136, # Stock-' 
holm 
Switz'erland, rep Europe, 

15,964 Dp 3,314, # Bern. 
Syd'ney, # of N S. W Aust.. 488 
Syr^'aeiise', c. New York . . , . . 108 
Szabadka (B5'b5d-k5),c. Hun- 
gary... 82 

Szgg'edin (86g'-), c Hun 103 



Ta'al, e. Luzon, Phil 1 33 

Tabas'eo, state, Mexico, 10,075 
D p. 158, # San Juan Bau- 
tista 

Tabriz', c Persia ISO 

Taeo'ina, c, Washington 38 

Taganrog' (-rSk'), c. Euro- 
pean Russia 52 

Ta'hiti, isl. South Pacific oc. 

600 n p. 11. 

TaKea, c. Chile 41 

Tama'uli'pas, state, Mex. 32.- 
273 Dp- 219, # Ciudad Vic- 
toria. 
TambS'bong, c. Luzon, Phil- 
ippine Islands 2,5 

Tambov' ( b8f), c. European 

Russia 48 

Tain 'pa, c Florida 16 

Tana'nari'vo, # of Madagas- 
car... .... ... 50 

Tana'uan, c. Philippine Isls.. 20 

Tanjore', c. British India 58 

Tan'ta.c Egypt... 57 

Tash'kgnd'. # of Russian 

Turkestan 156 

TagmS'nia, isl. state, Austra- 
lia, 26,215 D P 172, # Hobart. 

Taun'ton, c. Mass 31 

Tegu'Qigal'pa, # of Hondu- 
ras 10 



Teheran', # of Persia 


2,50 


Tgm'esvar (-esh-var),c. Hun- 




gary 


53 


Tgn'nessee', state, U.S.A. 42,- 




050 □ p. 2,021, # Nashville. 




Ter're Haute' (hot'), c. In- 


\ 


diana 


37 


Tex'as, state, U. S. A. 265,780 


np.3,049,# Austin. 


'\ 


Tign'tsin', c. China 


950 i 


Tiffin, c. Ohio 


11 ''; 


Tifiis', c- Russia 


161 : 


Til'biirg, c Netherlands 


41 


Tlaxea'la (tlas-), state, Mex- 




ico, 1,595 D P- 1"2; its # 
p. 3. 
To'go, Ger. ter. Africa, 33,668 






n p 2,000, # Lome. 




Tokat', c . Asia Minor 


48 


To'kushi'ma, c, Shikoku isl. 




Japan 


62 


To'kyo, # of Japan 


440 


Tolg'do, c. Ohio 


132 


T5msk, c. As. Russia 


52 


Ton'kin', French ter. Indo 




China, 46,023 D P- 7,000, # 




Hanoi. 




Topg'ka, # of Kansas 


34 


Tor6n'to, c. Canada 


208 


T6t'tenhain, c. England. .... 


103 


Toulon', c. France 


102 


Tou'louge', c. France 


150 


To'ya'ma, c. Hondo, Japan.. 


60 


Transvaal', Br. col. Africa, 




119,139 n p. 1,043, # Pretoria. 




Tra'pani, c. Italy 


59 


Trgb'izond', c. Asia Minor.. 


35 


Trgn'ton, # of New Jersey . . 


73 


Trieh'inSp'oly, c. India 


105 


Trigs'tg, c. Austria 


179 


Trin'idad', British isl. West 




Indies, 1,754 D P 253, # Port 




of Spain. 




Trip'oli, country, Africa, 350,- 




000 D P- 700 ; its # p. 40. 




Trivan'drum, c. Brit. India . 


58 


Troy, c. New York 


61 


Troyes (trwa), c. France 


53 


Tsari'tsyn, c. Eu. Russia 


56 


Tu'cuman', c. Argentina 


50 


Tu'la, c. Russia 


111 


Tii'iiis, country, Af. 38,456 D 




p. 1,906 ; its # p. 170. 


- 


Tii'rin, c. Italy 


336 


Tur'key, emp. Eur. Asia, Af. 




1,579,982 D p. 40,441, # Con- 




stantinople, 




Tver (tvySr), c. Eu. Russia . . . 


53 


Tyne'mofith, c. England — 


52 



u. 

U'fa, c. European Russia 50 

TJj Pest (d6'y' ptsht), c. Hun- 
gary , 42 

ITlm, c. Germany 43 

U'nion, c. New Jersey 15 

United States of America, 
rep. 3,622,933 D P 76,.303 (inc. 
Phil. I. etc 85,344), # Wash- 
ington. 



am, fame, care, fiir, pass, all, final, 6nd, eve, term, they, recent, In, ice, machine. 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. 



531 



Uruguay', rep. S. Am. 7l',- 
172 D p. HJl, # Montevideo 

U'tah. state, V. S. A. >>4,'J70 D 
p. 2rr, # Salt Lake City. 

TJ'tiea, c New York 5<j 

TJ'trgeht (-trckt), c Neth .... 102 



Valgn'gia (-shT-a), c Spain... 205 

Val ladolid', c. Spain tiSt 

Val parai'so, c. Chile 13tj 

Vancou'ver. c. B. C, Can — 26 
V§n''ezu6''la, rep. S. Am. 5'M,- 
ChM D p. 2,44.5, iji^ Caracas 

Vgn^ige, c. Italy 152 

Ve'racruzC-kroos), state, Mex- 
ico, 29,2{tl n P- Oi;i, # Jalapa ; 
c. Mexico, p. 24. 
Verm6nt', state, U. S A. 9,565 
D P- 3+t. # Montpelier 

Vero'na, c. Italy 74 

Ver viers' (var'vya'), c. Bel- 
gium . 52 

Vicen'za(-ch6nt''8a),c Italy. 45 

Vieks''burg, c. .Miss 15 

Vieto'ria, state, Australia, .S7, 
884 D P- 1,202, # Melbourne ; 
c. Brazil, p. 32 ; c # of Br. 
Col. p. 21 ; c. # of Hongkong, 
China, p. 161. 

Vign'na, # of Austria 1,662 

Vil'no, c. Russia 16fJ 

VinQgnne?', c. Indiana 10 

Virgin'ia. state, U. S. A 42,- 

450 a P l.'Ot, # Richmond. 
Vi'tebsk (-tygpsk), c. Euro- 
pean Russia 66 

Vla'dikavkaE'C-dye-kaf-kas'), 

c. European Russia 44 

Voronezh (va-ro'nygsh), c. 
European Russia 84 

w. 

Wa'eo, c. Texas 21 

Wa'kaya'ma, c. Hondo, 

Japan 64 

Wale§, princ Great Britain, 

7,468 a P 1,211. 
Wal'lawaKla, c. Wash 10 



■Wftl'sall, c. England 

Wfti'thMin, c. Mass 

WaKthamstow', c. England. 

War'rington, c. England 

War'saw, # of Poland, Rus- 
sia 

War'wick, c Rhode Island.. 

Wasti'lngton, state, U. S. A 
6y,l>KJ D p. SIS, # Oly tnpia. 

"Washington, DC. # of U 
SA 

Ws'terbury, c. Connecti- 
cut 

"Wa'terloo', c. Iowa 

"Wa'tertown, c. New York.. . 

Wa'tervligf, c. New Y'ork. . . 

■Wau'sau, c. Wisconsin. .. .. 

■Wei'mar (vi'-), c. Germany , . 

Wei'lington, # of N Z.. . . 

West Bay City, c. Michigan , 

West Broni''wieh (-Teh;, c. 
England 

Western Australia, state, 
Australia, 975,876 a P- 184i # 
Perth. 

Wesffleld, c. Mass 

Wesfhom, c. England , 

West Ho'boken, c. N J 

West Virgln''ia, state, U S. 
A 24,780 D P 95'J, # Charles- 
ton. 

Wey'moiith, c. Mass. 

WTigel'ing, c W Virginia... 

Wieh'ita, c Kansas 

Wiesba'den(ve8-), c. Prussia, 
Germany 

Wig'an, c. England 

Wnkes'barre (rl), c Pa 

Wil^kingburg, c. Pa 

Willes'den, c. England .. , 

Wil'liamgport, c. Pa 

Wil'mington, c. Del 

Wil'mington, c. N. C 

Win-'nipeg, # of Manitoba . . 

Wino'na, c Minnesota 

Win'ston, c. N Carolina. .. 

WiscSn'sin, state, USA 
m,im D P- 2,069, # Madison 

Wo''biirn(woo'' ), c Mass.. . 



12 

267 

23 



14 



Wol'verhamp'ton (wd&l'-), 

c England 94 

W66n's6ck''et, c. R. I 28 

Worces'ter ( wcJOs'tgr), c. 

England '.. 47 

Worces'ter (w66s'-), c. Mas- 
sachusetts 118 

Worms (vorms), C.Germany.. 41 

W^u'chang', c China 4(i<J 

W^u''ehau''(-chou''),c. China. KtO 

Wii'hu', c. China 92 

Wurt'temberg, kdm. Ger- 
many, T,i&) D P- 2,166, # 
Stuttgart. 
Wiirz'burg (vtrta'-), c. Bava- 
ria, Germany... . 75 

Wyd'ming, state, U. S. A. 97,- 
890 n P y^. # Cheyenne 



Yako'ba, c Nigeria, Africa... 50 

Yarkand, c. Turkestan 200 

Yar'mouth, c. England 51 

Ya'rosla'vl (-ra-), c Europe- 
an Russia 71 

Y§zd, c. Persia 55 

Yo'koha'ma, c. Japan 194 

Y6n'kerg, c. New York 48 

York, c. England 78 

York, c. Pennsylvania 34 

Youngg'town, c. Ohio . 45 

Yu'eatan', state, Mexico, 35,- 

213 Dp 312, ^ Merida 

Yiir'gv (-y6f ), c Eu. Russia . 42 



Za'eate'cas (sa-), state, Mexi- 
co, 24,473 D p. 46:3 ; its # p. 40. 
Zam'boan'ga, c Luzon, Phil- 
ippine Islands 21 

Zaneg'ville, c. Ohio 24 

Zan'zibar', isl. Africa, 640 n 

p. 150 ; its # p. 50 
Zhitomir', c. Eu Russia .... 65 
Zu'luland, prov. S. Af 10,450 

D p" 143, :^ Eshowe 
Zu'richC-rtk), c Switzerland. 153 
Zwick'au (tsvtk'ou), c Sax- 
ony, Germany 56 



sir, 5dd, tone, 8r, eon, W9lf , etln, cQbe, full, rude, Qm, moon, f(36t, bank, then. 



ABBREVIATIONS IN COMMON USE. 



A. 

A., America; American. 

a., adjective ; acre ; answer ; ac- 
cepted ; are. 

a., or @ {ad), to or at. 

A- A. G., Assistant Adjutant 
General. 

A- B. {Ariium Baccalaureus), 
Bachelor of Arts ; able-bodied 
(seaman). 

abbr., abbrev., abbreviated ; 
abbreviation. 

A. B. C. F, M., American 
Board of Commissioners for 
Foreign Missions. 

ab init. {ah initio), from the 
beginning. 

abl., ablative. 

Abp., Archbishop. 

abr., abridged, abridgment. 

A- B. S., American Bible So- 
ciety. 

abst., abstr., abstract. 

abt., about. 

ace, accusative. 

acC, acct., account. 

A. D. {anno Domini), in the 
year of our Lord. 

ad., advertisement. 

A. D. C., Aid-de-camp. 

ad fin. {adfinem), at the end. 

ad inf. {ad infinitum), to infin- 
ity. 

ad int. {ad interim), in the in- 
terim or meantime. 

adj., adjective. 

Adj., Adjt., Adjutant. 

ad lib. (ad libitum), at pleasure. 

Adm., Admiral ; Admiralty. 

adm. , admr. , administrator, 
administratrix. 

admrx., admz., administrar- 
trix. 

adv., advocate ; adverb ; ad- 
vent ; {ad valorem), at the 
value. 

adv., advt., advertisement. 

ae., aet., aetat. {aetatis), of 
age ; aged. 

aft., after 

Ag. {argentum), silver. 

agr., agric, agriculture ; ag- 
ricultural. 

agt., agent. 

A. H. M. S-, American Home 
Missionary Society. 

AL, aluminium. 

Al., Ala., Alabama. 

Alas., Alaska. 



Aid., Alderman. 

alg., algebra. 

alt., altitude; alternate; alto. 

A. M. {Ariium Magister), Mas- 
ter of Arts; {ante meridiem), 
before noon. 

Am., Amer., American. 

amt., amount. 

an. {anno), in the year. 

anat., anatomical ; anatomist ; 
anatomy. 

anc, ancient ; anciently, 

Angl. , Anglican. 

anon., anonymous. 

ans., answer. 

ant, antiq., antiquities. 

A. 0. H., Ancient Order of 
Hibernians. 

Ap., April ; Apostle. 

ApL, Apr., April. 

apo., apogee. 

Apoc, Apocalypse ; Apocry- 
pha ; Apocryphal. 

App., Apostles, app., appendix. 

Apr., April. 

ar., argent ; arrival ; arrive. 

A. R. A., Associate of the Royal 
Academy. 

arch., architecture. 

arch., archt., architect. 

archseoL, archaeological; ar- 
chfEology. 

Archd., Archdeacon. 

arith., arithmetic. 

Ariz., Arizona. 

Ark., Arkansas. 

Arm., Armenian. 

arr. , arrived ; arrivals. 

As., arsenic. 

Asst., Assistant. 

A. S. S. U., American Sunday 
School Union. 

astr., astron., astronomer; 
astronomy. 

astrol., astrologer ; astrology. 

at. Wt., atomic weight. 

Att., Atty., Attorney. 

Att. Gen., Attorney General. 

Au., Aur. {aurum), gold. 

A. U. C {ab urbe condita), 
from the building of the city 
{i. e., Rome, 753 b. c). 

Aug., August. 

Aus., Aust., Austr., Austria; 
Austrian. 

Austral., Australasia ; Aus- 
tralia. 

Av., Avenue, av., avoirdupois. 

A. v., Authorized Version. 

avdp., avoirdupois. 



Ave., Avenue. 
avoir., avoirdupois. 

B. 

b., bass {in music) ; bay ; book; 
base ; born. 

Ba., barium. 

B. A., British America; Bache- 
lor of Arts. 

bal., balance. 

Bap., Bapt., Baptist. 

bap., baptized. 

Bar., Barrister. 

Bart., Bt., Baronet. 

bat, batt., battery ; battalion. 

bbl., barrel bbls., barrels. 

B. 0., before Christ ; British 
Columbia. 

B. 0. L., Bachelor of Civil Law- 

B. D., Bachelor of Divinity. 

bdl., bundle. 

bdS-, (bound in) boards. 

B. E., Bill of Exchange. 

Belg., Belgium ; Belgic. 

bet., between. 

Bi., bismuth. 

B. I., British India. 

Bib., Bible ; Biblical. 

biog., biography. 

biol., biology; biological. 

bk., bank ; book. 

bL, barrel ; bale. 

B. L., Bachelor of Laws; Bill 
of Lading. 

bldg., building, 

B. L. E., Brotherhood of Lo- 
comotive Engineers. 

bls., bales. 

B. M., Bachelor of Medicine. 

B. M., B. MUS., Bachelor of 
Music. 

bn., battalion. 

b. 0., buyer's option 

Bor., boron. 

bot. , botanical ; botanist ; bot- 
any ; bought, 

Bp., Bishop. 

b. p., bill of parcels ; bills pay- 
able. 

bque., barque. 

Br., bromine. 

B. rec, bills receivable. 

Brig., Brigade ; Brigadier. 

Brig. Gen., Brigadier General. 

Brit, Britain; British. 

bro., brother, bros., brothers. 

B. S., Bachelor of Surgery; bill 
of sale. 

B. S., B. Sc, Bachelor of Sci- 
ence. 

(532) 



ABBREVIATIONS IN COMMON USE. 



533 



Bt, Baronet. 

B. T. U., British thermal unit ; 

Board of Trade unit. 
t)ll., bus., bushel, bushels. 
bus-, bush., bushel. 
B. V. {Beala Virgo), Blessed 

Virgin. 

B. V- M-, Blessed Virgin Mary. 
bx., box. bXS., boxes. 

C. 

C., Carbon ; Chancellor ; Chan- 
cery ; Consul. 

C., central; cubic; chief; court; 
(caitum), a hundred ; cent ; 
centime ; city ; centigrade ; 
centimeter ; chapter ; {circa, 
circiter, circum,), about. 

ca. {circa), about. 

caet. par., see cet. par. 

Cal., California; Calendar. 

Can., Canada. 

can. , canon ; canto. 

Cant., Canticles. 

Cantab. (Cantahrigiensis), of 
Cambridge. 

cap., capital ; {caput), chapter. 

Gapt, Captain. 

car. , carat ; carpentry. 

Card., Cardinal. 

Casb., Cashier. 

cat., catal., catalogue. 

Cath., Catholic; Cathedral; 
Catherine ; cathode. 

Cb-, columbiura. 

C. B., Companion of the Bath. 
OC {circum), about. 

CO. or c. 0., cubic centimeter. 

C. C {compte eourante), account 
current. 

Ce., cerium. 

C. E., Civil Engineer. 

Cel., Celsius. 

cen., central; century. 

Cen. Am., Central America. 

Cent., Centigrade. 

Cf., cf. {confer), compare. 

C. f. 1., cost, freight, and insur- 
ance. 

eg., centigrams. 

C. G., Consul General. 

C. G. S., Centimeter-gramme- 
second. 

Cb-, Church ; Charles ; Chan- 
cellor. 

Ch., chapter; child; cliildren. 

C. H., Courthouse; Custom- 
house. 

chap., chapter. 

Chem., chemistry. 

Ch. J., Chief Justice. 

Chr., Christian ; Christ. 

Chron, Chronicles; Chronology. 

cir.,Circ.(c?rcM7ft, circa), about. 

cit., citation ; citizen. 

Civ., Civil. 

C. J., Chief Justice. 

CI., chlorine. 



CL, clergyman; clerk; clause; 
cloth {binding). 

cL, centiliter. 

cld., cleared. 

elk., clerk. 

cm., centimeter. 

C M., Common Meter ; Certifi- 
cated Master ; Corresponding 
Member ; {Chirurgiae Magis- 
ler). Master in Surgery. 

cml., commercial. 

Co., cobalt; company; county. 

C. 0., Vo, care of. 

C. 0. D., Cash, or Collect, on 
Delivery. 

cog., cognate. 

Col., Colonel; Colossians ; Col- 
orado. 

col., college ; collegiate ; collo- 
quial ; colloquialism ; colo- 
nial ; color ; colored ; column. 

Coll., College ; Collector; Col- 
league. 

coll., GOlloq[., colloquial. 

COllat., collateral ; collaterally. 

C0ll0Q[., colloquial ; colloquial- 
ism. 

Colo., Colorado. 

Com., Commissioner ; Com- 
mander; Commodore ; Com- 
mittee ; Commerce ; common. 

Comdt., Commandant. 

com. off., commissioned officer. 

COmp-, compare; comparative; 
compound. 

Comr., Commissioner. 

con. {contra), against ; in oppo- 
sition. 

con. cr., contra credit. 

Cong., Congress ; Congres- 
sional ; Congregational. 

con]., conjunction. 

Conn., Connecticut. 

Const., Constable, Constitution. 

cent. , containing ; contents ; 
continued ; contracted ; con- 
traction. 

COntr. , contracted ; contraction. 

Cor., Corinthians; Coroner. 

cor. , comer ; correspondent ; 
corresponding ; correlative. 

Cor. Mem., Corresponding 
Member. 

Com., Cornwall ; Cornish. 

COroL, COrolL, corollary. 

Cor. Sec, Corresponding Sec- 
retary. 

COS., cosine. 

COSeC, cosecant. 

cot., cotangent, 

cp., compare. 

C p. M., Common Particular 
Meter. 

Cr., Credit ; Creditor ; chro- 
mium. 

cres-, cresc, crescendo. 

crlm. con., criminal conversa- 
tion (adultery). 



Cs., Cases; Consul ; caesium. 

C. S., Court of Sessions ; Civil 
Service ; ( Cusio-s Sigilli), 
Keeper of the Seal. 

C. S. A., Confederate States of 
America ; Confederate States 
Army. 

C. S. N., Confed. States Navy. 

Ct., Connecticut; County; 
Court. 

ct. {centum), cent; a hun- 
dred. 

C T., Certificated Teacher. 

C T. A. U., Catholic Total Ab- 
stinence Union. 

Ctl., cental. 

Cts., cents. 

Cu. {cuprum), copper. 

CU., cub., cubic. 

cum div., cum d., with divi- 
dend. 

cur., currency; current. 

cur., curt., current. 

C. v., Common Version. 

C. W. C, cash with order. 
CWt., hundredweight; hundred- 
weights. 

eye, cycle, cyclopaedia. 

D. 

D., Duke; Duchess; Dutch; 

didymium. 
d. , day ; died ; dollar ; dime ; 

daughter ; deputy ; degree ; 

dose ; {denarius, denarii), a 

penny, or pence. 
Da., davyum. 
Dak., Dakota. 
Dan., Danish; Daniel, 
dat., dative. 
dau.> daughter. 
dbk., drawback. 

D. C., District of Columbia ; 
Deputy Consul ; {da capo), 
from the beginning. 

D. C. L., Doctor of Civil {or 
Canon) Law. 

D. D., Doctor of Divinity. 

d. d., days after date. 

D. D. S., Doctor of Dental Sur- 
gery. 

Dea., Deacon. 

Dec., December. 

dec, decl., declination; declen- 
sion. 

decid-, deciduous. 

decim., decimeter. 

def . , definition ; defendant. 

deft, defendant. 

deg., degree ; degrees. 

dekag., dekagram. 

dekal., dekaliter. 

dekam., dekameter. 

Del., Delaware; Delegate. 

del. {delineavit), He, or She, 
drew it. 

Dem., Democrat; Democratic. 

Den., Denmark. 



534 



ABBREVIATIONS IN COMMON USE. 



dent., dental; dentist; den- 
tistry. 

Dep. , Deputy ; Department ; 
Deponent. 

dep., deposed. 

Dept., Department ; Deponent. 

der., deriv., derived ; deriva- 
tive ; derivation. 

Deut., Deuteronomy. 

dft., defendant; draft. 

dg., decigram. 
• D. 6- {Dei gratia), by the grace 
' of God. 

D. H., deadhead. 

Di., didymium. 

dial., dialectic. 

dlam., diameter. 

diet., dictionary. 

dlff., difference ; different. 

dim., dimln., diminutive ; di- 
minuendo. 

dis., disct., discount. 

Dlsp., Dispensatory. 

DlSt., District, dlst., distant. 

Dist. Atty., District Attorney. 

dlv., dividend; division; di- 
vide ; divided ; divisor. 

dl., deciliter. 

D. Lit., Doctor of Literature. 

D. L. 0., Dead Letter Office. 

dm., decimeter. 

D. M-, Doctor of Music. 

do. {ditto), the same. 

dols., dollars. 

Dom., Dominion. 

doz-, dozen. 

Dr., Debtor ; Doctor. 

dr., dram. 

D. S. {dal segno), from the sign; 
days' sight. 

d. S. , days' sight ; days (after) 
sight. 

D. Sc, Doctor of Science". 

d. S. p. {decessit sine prole), died 
without issue. 

D. T. {Doctor Theologiae), Doc- 
tor of Divinity. 

d- t., delirium tremens. 

dtf., daily till forbidden. 

D. V. {Deovolente), God willing. 

D. V. M-, Doctor of Veterinary 
Medicine. 

dwt., pennyweight. 

dwtf., daily [and] weekly till 

forbidden. 
dyn., dynamics. 

E. 
E., East ; Earl ; English ; East- 
ern (Postal District, London), 
e., eagle ; eagles. 
ea., each. 

E. & 0. E., errors and omis- 
sions excepted. 

B. C, Eastern Central (Postal 
District) ; Established Church. 

Eccl., Eccles., Ecclesiastes ; 
ecclesiastical. 



eclec, eclectic. 

Ecua., Ecuador. 

ed., editor ; edition. 

ed., edit., edited; edition. 

Ed., Edin., Edinburgh. 

E. E., Errors excepted; EUs 
English ; Electrical Engineer. 

E. E. & M. P., Envoy Extraor- 
dinary and Minister Plenipo- 
tentiary. 

e. g. {exempli gratia), for ex- 
ample. 

E. I., East Indies; East India. 

elec-, electricity. 

E. Lon., East Longitude. 

E. M., Mining Engineer. 

embryol-, embryology. 

e. m. f., electromotive force. 

Emp. , Emperor ; Empress. 

ency., enoyc, encyclopedia ; 
encyclopedic. 

E. N. E., East-northeast. 

Eng., England; English. 

eng. , engineers ; engraving. 

engin., engineering. 

ent., entom-, entomology. 

Env. Ext., Envoy Extraordi- 
nary. 

eod. , every other day. 

Epil., Ephesians. 

Epis., Episcopal. 

eq. , equal ; equivalent. 

e(iuiv., equivalent. 

Er., erbium. 

Esd., Esdras. 

E. S. E., East-southeast. 

esp., espec, especially. 

Esq., Esqr., Esquire. 

Est., Esther. 

et al. {et alibi), and elsewhere ; 
{et alii, alias, or alia), and 
others. 

etc., &C. {et ceteri, ceterae, or 
cetera), and others ; and so 
forth. 

ethnog. , ethnographical ; eth- 
nography. 

etlmol., ethnological ; ethnol- 
ogy. 

et seq., et sqq. {et sequentes, 
or et sequentia), and the fol- 
lowing. 

etym., etymol., etymological; 
etymology. 

Ex., Exodus, ex., example. 

ex., exc, exception. 

Exc, Excellency. 

Exch., Exchange ; Exchequer. 

Ex. Com., Executive Commit- 
tee. 

ex. cp., without coupon. 

exd., ex div., without the divi- 
dend. 

Exec, Exr., Executor. 

Execx., Executrix. 

Exod., Exodus. 

Exr., Executor. 

ext., extra ; extract. 



Exx., Executrix. 
Ez., Ezr., Ezra. 
Ezek., Ezekiel. 

F. 

F., France; French; Fahren- 
heit ; Fellow ; Friday ; fluo- 
rine. 

f ., feminine ; franc ; florin ; 
farthing ; foot ; folio ; forte. 

F. A. A., free of all average. 

Fahr., Fahrenheit. 

F. A. M., Free and Accepted 
Masons. 

far. , farriery ; farthing. 

F. A. S., FeUow of the Society 
of Arts ; Fellow of toe Anti- 
quarian Society. 

fath., fathom. 

F. B. S., Fellow of the Botani- 
cal Society. 

F. 0., Free Church. 

fcp., foolscap. 

Fe. {ferrum), iron. 

Feb., February. 

fee. {fecit), He, or She, made it. 

fem., feminine. 

ff ., folios ; following ; fortis- 
simo. 

f. g. a., free of general aver- 
age. 

F. G. S., Fellow of the Geo- 
graphical Society. 

F. H. S., Fellow of the Horti- 
cultural Society. 

fig-? figure ; figures ; figura- 
tively. 

Fin., Finland. Finn., Furnish. 

fir., firkin. 

Fl., Flanders: Flemish. ■ 

Fl., Fla., Florida. 

fl., florins ; flourished. 

F. L. S., Fellow of the Lin- 
naean Society. 

F. M., Field Marshal. 

fo., foL, folio. 

F. 0. B., free on board. 

fort., fortification; fortified. 

F. p. A., free of particular aver- 
age. 

Fr., France; French. 

fr., from ; franc. 

fr., freq., frequent ; frequenta- 
tive. 

F. R. A. S., Fellow of the Royal 
Astronomical Society. 

F. R. C p.. Fellow of the Royal 
College of Physicianc. 

F. R. C S., Fellow of the Royal 
College of Surgeons. 

F. R. G. S., Fellow of the Royal 
Geographical Society. 

Fri., Friday. 

p. R. S., Fellow of the Royal 
Society. 

F. S. A., Fellow of the Society 
of Arts ; Fellow of the Society 
of Antiquaries. 



ABBREVIATIONS IN COMMON USE. 



535 



ft., foot, feet ; fort. 


Hag., Haggai. 


Ida., Idaho. 


tth.., fathom. 


H. B. M., His, or Her, Britan- 


i. e. {id est), that is. 


fur., furlong. 


nic Majesty. 


I. H. S- (lesus Hoiniinim Salva- 


fut. , future. 


H. C, House of Commons. 


tor), Jesus Savior ol Men. 


F. W. B., Free Will Baptist. 


E. C M., His, or Her, Catholic 


111., Illinois. 


F. Z. S., Fellow of the Zoiilogi- 


Majesty. 


ill., illUS., illustrated ; illus- 


cal Society. 


hdkf., handkerchief. 


tration. 


G. 


H. E., His Eminence; His Ex- 


Imp., Imperial ; (Imperaior), 


cellency. 


Emperor. 


0-, German. 


Heb., Hebr., Hebrew ; He- 


imp., imperfect; imperative. 


g., guineas; genitive; gram. 


brews. 


In., indium. 


Ga, Georgia; gallium. 


hectol., hectoliter. 


in., inch ; inches. 


Gal., Galatiaus. 


her., heraldic; heraldry. 


inc., incor., incorp., incorpo- 


gal., gallon ; gallons. 


hf.-hd., half-bound. 


rated. 


G- A. R., Grand Army of the 


Hg. {hydrargyrum), mercury. 


incl., including. 


Republic. 


hg., hektogram. 


incog, {incognito), unknown. 


Gaz., Gazette; Gazetteer. 


H. G., Horse Guards. 


incor., incorp., incorporated. 


G. B., Great Britain. 


H. H., His {or Her) Highness ; 


Ind., Indiana. 


G. C-, Grand Chapter. 


His Holiness (the Pope). 


ind., indicative. 


G. C B., Grand Cross of the 


hhd., hogshead. 


indef., indefinite. 


Bath. 


H. I., Hawaiian Islands. 


Ind. T., Ind. Ter., Indian Ter- 


g. C d., greatest common divi- 


H. I. H., His, or Her, Imperial 


ritory. 


sor. 


Highness. 


inf. , infinitive ; infantry. 


g. C m., greatest common meas- 


Hind., Hindu ; Hindustan ; 


in lOC. {in loco), in its place. 


ure. 


Hindustanee. 


in loc cit. {in loco citato), in the 


G. G. M- G., Grand Cross of St. 


hist., history. 


place cited. 


Michael and St. George. 


h. J. (hicjacet), here lies. 


I. N. R. I. {lesus Nazarenus, 


G. C S. I., Grand Commander 


hi., hektoliter. 


Rex ludatorum), Jesus of 


of the Star of India. 


H. L., House of Lords. 


Nazareth, King of the Jews. 


G. D., Grand Dnke ; Gi-and 


hm., hektometer. 


ins., insur., insurance. 


Duchess. 


H. M., His, or Her, Majesty. 


inst. , instant ; institute. 


Gen., General ; Genesis, gen., 


H. M. S., His, or Her, Majesty's 


int., interest. 


genitive ; generally ; genus. 


Steamer, Ship, or Service. 


interj., int., interjection. 


Gent., Gentleman. 


Hon., Honorable. 


intr., intrans., intransitive. 


geog. , geographer ; geographi- 


hor., horizon ; horology. 


in trans, {in transitu), on the 


cal ; geography. 


hort., horticulture. 


passage. 


geol., geological ; geologist ; 


Hos., Hosea. 


inv., invoice. 


geology. 


H. P., Horse Power ; Half Pay ; 


lo., Iowa. 


geom., geometry; geometrical. 


High Priest. 


Ion., Ionic. 


Ger., Germ., German. 


hr., hour. 


I. 0. 0. F., Independent Order 


ger., gerund. 


H. R., House of Representa- 


of Odd Fellows. 


Gl., glucinum. 


tives. 


1 U . , I owe you ; — an acknowl- 


G. L., Grand Lodge. 


H. R. E., Holy Roman Empire, 


edgment for money. 


gm., gram. 


or Emperor. 


i. q. {idem quod), the same 


G. M., Grand Master. 


H. R. H., His, or Her, Royal 


as. 


G. 0., General Order. 


Highness. 


Ir. , Irish ; Ireland ; iridium. 


G. 0. p., Grand Old Party 


H. S. S. {Historiae Societatis 


Ire., Ireland. 


(Republican). 


Socius), Fellow of the Histori- 


irreg. , irregular ; irregularly. 


Gov. , Governor. 


cal Society. 


Is., Isa., Isaiah. 


G. p. {Gloria Patri), Glory to 


ht., height. 


Isl., isL, island. 


the Father. 


Hun., Hung., Hungarian ; Hun- 


I. T-, Indian Territory. 


G. p. 0., General Post Office. 


gary. 


It., Ital., ItWian; Italic. 


Gr., Great; Greek. 


hund., hundred. 


itin., itinerary. 


G. R., Grand Recorder. 


hyd., hydros., hydrostatics. 


J. 


gr., grain; grains; grammar; 


hyd., hydrauL, hydraulics. 


great; gross. 


hypoth., hypothesis; hypothet- 


J., Judge; Justice; Julius; 


gS., guineas. 


ical. 


Junius; Jupiter. 


G. S., Grand Secretary ; Grand 


I. 


J. A., Judge Advocate. 


Scribe. 


J. A. G., Judge Advocate Gen- 


G. T., Good Templars. 


I., Islands; Idaho ; iodine; {Im- 


eral. 


gtt. {guitae), drops. 


peraior), Emperor. 


Jam., Jamaica. 


H. 


la., Iowa. 


Jan., January. 


ih., ibid, (ibidem), in the same 


Jap., Japan ; Japanese. 


H., hydrogen. 


place. 


Jas., James. 


h., high ; height; harbor; hus- 


I. 0. {lesus Christus), Jesus 


Jav., Javanese. 


band. 


Christ. 


J. C., Jesus Christ; Justice 


ha., hectare. 


Id., Idaho, id. {idem), the 


Clerk ; Julius Caesar ; Juris- 


fiab., Habakkuk. 


same. 


consult. 



536 



ABBREVIATIONS IN COMMON USE. 



J. C D. {Juris Civilis Doctor), 
Doctor of Civil Law. 

J. D. {Juruin Doctor), Doctor 
of Laws. 

Jer., Jeremiah. 

J. G. W., Junior Grand War- 
den. 

J. H. S. = I. H. S. 

Jno-, Jolm. 

Jo., JoeL 

Josh., Joshua. 

jour., journeyman ; journaL 

J. p., Justice of the Peace. 

jr., jimior. 

Jud-, Judith. 

Judg., Judges. 

Jun., June ; Junius. 

jun., junr., junior. 

Jus. p., Justice of the Peace. 

Just. , Justice ; Justinian. 

J. W., Junior Warden. 

K. 

K., King ; Kings ; Knight ; {ka- 

lium), potassium. 
Kal., Kalends. 
Kan., Eans., Kas., Kansas. 
K. B., Knight of the Bath ; 

King's Bench. 
K. C., King's Counsel. 
K. 0. B., Knight Commander 

of the Bath. 
K. C S. I., Knight Commander 

of the Star of India. 
Ken., Ky., Kentucky. 
kg., kilogram. 

K. G., Knight of the Garter. 
K. G. C, Knight of the Grand 

J* "POSH 

K. G. C. B., Knight of the 
Grand Cross of the Bath. 

Ki., Kin., Kings. 

kilo., kilometer. 

kilo., kilog., kilogram. 

kl., kiloliter. 

km., kilometer. 

K. M., Knight of Malta. 

Knt., Kt., Knight. 

kr., kreutzer. 

Es., Kansas. 

Kt., Knight. 

K. T., Knight Templar ; Knight 
of the Thistle. 

Ky., Kentucky. 



L., Ijady; Latin; Lord; Low; 

Law ; lithium. 
1., lake ; latitude ; league ; line; 

liter; long; {libra), a 

pound. 
La., Louisiana ; lanthanum. 
Lam., Lamentations. 
Lat., Latin. 
lat., latitude. 

lb. {libra), a pound (in weight). 
L. C, Lord Chancellor ; Lord 

Chamberlain. 



1. c., lower case ; {loco citato), 
in the place cited. 

L. C. J., Lord Chief Justice. 

1. C m., least common multiple. 

Ld., Lord. 

lea., league. 

Legi, Legis., Legislature. 

Lev., Leviticus. 

lex., lexicon. 

1. h. , left hand. 

L. H. D- {Literarum Humano- 
rum, Doctor), Doctor of Hu- 
manities. 

L. I., Long Island ; Light In- 
fantry. 

Li., L., lithium. 

lib. {liber), book ; library ; 
{libra), pound. 

Lieut., Lt., Lieutenant. 

lin. , lineal ; linear. 

Linn., Linnaeus ; Linngean. 

liq., liquor. 

lit., liter; literally. 

Lit. D., Litt. D., Doctor of 
Literature. 

Lith., Lithuanian. 

liv., livre. 

LL. B. {Legum Baccalaureus), 
Bachelor of Laws. 

LL. D. {Legum Doctor), Doctor 
of Laws. 

L. M., Long Meter. 

loo. cit. {loco citato), in the 
place cited. 

log., logarithm. 

Ion., long., longitude. 

loq. {loquitur), he speaks. 

L. p. M., Long Particular 
Meter. 

L. S., Linnsean Society ; {Locus 
Sigilli), Place of the Seal. 

1. s. d. {libra, solidi, denarii), 
pounds, shillings, pence. 

Lt., Lieut., Lieutenant. 

1. t., long ton. 

Ltd., Limited. 

Iv., livres. 

M. 

M., Marquis; Monday; Mon- 
sieur ; {Meridies), Meridian ; 
Noon ; {Mille), thousand. 

m., masculine ; married ; moon; 
month ; months ; minute ; 
minutes ; minim ; morning ; 
mile, miles ; meter ; {mille), 
thousand ; mill, mills. 

M. A., Master of Arts ; Military 
Academy. 

Mac, Macc-, Maccabees. 

Maced., Macedonia. 

Mach., Machinery. 

Mad., Madm., Madam. 

mag., magazine. 

Maj., Major. 

Maj. Gen., Major General. 

Mal., Malachi. 

man., manege; manual. 



manuf., manufacturing. 

Mar., March ; Maritime. 

March., Marchioness. 

Marq., Marquis. 

mas., masc., masculine. 

Mass., Massachusetts. 

math., mathematics. 

Matt., Matthew. 

M. B. {Medicinae Baccalau- 
reus), Bachelor of Medicine ; 
{Musicae Baccalaureus), 
Bachelor of Music. 

M. C, Member of Congress. 

Moh., March. 

Md. , Maryland. 

M. D. {Medicinae Doctor), Doc- 
tor of Medicine. 

m. d., months after date. 

Mdlle., Mile., Mademoiselle. 

Mdm., Madam. 

mdse., merchandise. 

Me., Maine. 

M- E., Methodist Episcopal ; 
Military, Mining, or Mechan- 
ical, Engineer. 

mech., mechanical ; mechanics. 

med. , medical ; medicine ; me- 
dieval. 

mem., memorandum. 

M. E. S-, Methodist Episcopal 
South. 

Messrs., MM. {Messieurs), 
Gentlemen ; Sirs. 

Inet., metaph., metaphysics ; 
metaphysical. 

Met., Metrop., Metropolitan. 

metal., metall., metallurgy. 

meteor. , meteorological ; me- 
teorology. 

Meth., Methodist. 

Mex., Mexican ; Mexico. 

mf. {mezzo forte), moderately 
loud. 

mfd., manufactured. 

mfg., manufacturing. 

mfrs., manufacturers. 

mfs., manufactures. 

m. ft. {mistura fiat), let a mix- 
ture be made. 

Mg., magnesium. 

mg., miligram. 

Mgr., Monseigneur ; Moiisi- 
gnore. 

Mi., Mississippi, ml., mile. 

MiC, Micah. 

Mich., Michigan. 

Mid., Midshipman. 

mil., military. 

min., minute ; minutes. 

min., mineral., mineralogy. 

Minn., Minnesota. 

Min. Plen., Minister Plenipo- 
tentiary. 

misc., miscellaneous ; miscel- 
lany. 

Miss., Mississippi. 

ml., milliliter. 

Mile., Mdlle., Mademoiselle. . 



ABBREVIATIONS IN COMMON UtJE. 



537 



OEM., Their Majesties; {Mes- 
sieurs), Gentlemeu. 

nun., milliuieter. 

Mme., Madame. 

Mn., manganese. 

M. N. A. S. Member of the Na- 
tional Academy of Sciences. 

Mo., Missouri; Monday; mo- 
lylidenum. 

mo. {nioderato), moderately; 
month. 

mod., modern. 

mol. Wt., molecular weight. 

Mon.. Mond., Mouday. 

mon. monetary. 

Mens., Monsieur (Sir). 

Mont., Montana. 

mos-, months. 

M. P-, Member of Parliament ; 
Member of Police ; Municipal 
Police. 

Mr., Master; Mister. 

M. R., Master of the Rolls. 

M. R. A. S., Member of the 
Royal Academy of Sciences ; 
Member of the Royal Asiatic 
Society. 

M. R. C. S., Member of the 
Royal College of Surgeons. 

M. R. I., Member of the Royal 
Institution. 

Mrs., Mistress ; Missis. 

MS., ms., manuscript. 

M. S., Master of Sciences ; Mas- 
ter of Surgery. 

m. S., months after sight. 

m. S. 1., mean sea level 

MSS., mss., manuscripts. 

Mt., Moimt ; Mountain. 

MUS- B., Bachelor of Music. 

Mus. D., Mus. Doc, Mus- 
Doct-, Doctor of Music. 

M. W., Most Worthy. 

M. W. G. M., Most Worshipful 
Grand Master. 

M. W. p.. Most Worthy Patri- 
arch. 

myg., myriagram. 

myl., myrialiter. 

mym., myriameter. 

myth., mythology. 

N. 
N., Noon ; Nortli ; nitrogen ; 

Northern (Postal District). 
n., noun; note; name; new; 

number ; neuter ; nominative. 
Na. {natrium), sodium. 
N. A-, North America. 
N. A. D., National Academy of 

Design. 
N. A. S., National Academy of 

Sciences. 
Nat., National. 
nat., natural. 
Naut., Nautical. 
nav., naval. 
Nb., niobium. 



N. B., New Brunswick; {Ao/u 
bene). Note well ; Take notice. 

N. C, North Gai-olina. 

n. d., no date. 

N. Dak., N. D., North Dakota. 

N. E., Northeast ; Northeast- 
ern (Postal District) ; New 
England. 

Neb., Nebraska. 

Neh., Nehemiah. 

nem. con. {nemine coniradi- 
cenle), uo one contradicting ; 
unanimously. 

nem. diss, {netnine dissenti- 
ente), no one dissenting. 

Neth., Netherlands. 

neut-, neuter. 

Nev., Nevada. 

New M., New Mexico. 

N. F., Newfoundland. 

Ng-, norwegium. 

N. G., Noble Grand ; no good. 

N. H., New Hampsliire. 

Ni., nickel. 

N. J., New Jersey. 

n. 1. (non liquet), it appears not ; 
the case is not clear ; {non 
licet), it is not permitted. 

N. Lat., North Latitude. 

N. M., ISTew Mexico. 

N. N. E., North-northeast. 

N. N. W., North-northwest. 

no. {nuiuero), number. 

nol. pros, {nolle prosequi), to 
be unwilling to prosecute. 

nom-, nominative. 

Non-com., Noncommissioned. 

non con. , uoncontent ; i. e. dis- 
sentient. 

non obst. {non obstante), not- 
withstanding. 

nan pros, {non prosequitur), he 
does not prosecute. 

non seq. {non sequitur), it does 

• not follow. 

Norw., Norway. 

nos., numbers. 

Nov., November. 

N. p.. New Providence ; Notary 
Public ; nisi prius. 

N. p. D., North Polar Distance. 

N. R., North River. 

N. S., Nova Scotia ; New Style 
(since 1752). 

N. S. W., New South Wales. 

N. T., New Testament. 

Num., Numb., Numbers. 

nux VOm., nux vomica. 

N. W. , Northwest ; Northwest- 
ern (Postal District). 

N. W. p.. Northwest Province. 

N. W. T., Northwest Territory. 

N. Y., New York. 

N. Z., New Zealand. 

O. 

O.,0hio; Oxygen; October; old. 
Ob. {obiit), died. 



obdt., obt., obedient. 
Obj., objective; objection. 
Obl., oblique ; oblong. 
ObS., observatory ; obsolete, 
obsoles., obsolescent. 
Oct., October. 
oft., otBcial. 

0. K., All Correct. 
Okla., Oklahoma. 

01. {oleum), oil. 

op., opposite ; opus ; opera. 

opp., opposed; opposite. 

opt., optics ; optative. 

Or., Oregon; Oriental. 

ord., ordinance; ordinary. 

Ore., Oreg., Oregon. 

orig., originally. 

ornith., ornithology; ornitho- 
logical. 

Os., osmium. 

0. S., Old Style (before 1752) ; 
Ordinary Seaman ; Old Series. 

0. T., Old Testament. 

Oxf., Oxford. 

Oxon. {Oxoniensis), Oxonian, 
or uf Oxford. 

OZ-, oimce, ounces. 

P. 

p., phosphorus. 

p., page ; part ; participle ; past; 

penny ; pint ; {piano), soft. 
Pa., Pennsylvania. 
p. a., participial adjective. 
pal., paleontology; paleonto- 

logical. 
pam., pamph., pamphlet. 
Pan., Panama. 
par., paragraph. 
Pari., Parliament. 
part., participle. 
pass., passive. 
path., pathol., pathology. 
paym't, pay't, payment. 
Pb- {plumbum), lead. 
p. B. {Philosophiae Baccalau- 

reus). Bachelor of Philosophy. 
p. C., Privy Councilor; Past 

Commander. 
p. G. p., Past Chief Patriarch. 
Pd., palladium, pd., paid. 
p. E., Protestant Episcopal; 

Presiding Elder. 
p. E. I., Prince Edward Island, 
pen., peninsula. 
Penn., Pennsylvania. 
Pent., Pentecost. 
Per., Persia; Persian. 
per an. {per annum), by the 

year. 
per cent., per ct. {per centum), 

by the hulidred. 
per!., perfect. 
perh., perhaps. 

pers., person, personal ; per- 
sonally. 
Pers., Persia ; Persian. 
pert., pertaining. 



1 



538 



ABBREVIATIONS IN COMMON USE. 



Pet., Peter. 

petrol., petrology. 

pf., perfect; preferred. 

p. G., Past Grand; Post Grad- 
uate. 

Pg., Portuguese. 

phai., pharm., pharmaceutical; 
pharmacopoeia ; pharmacy. 

Ph. B., Bachelor of Philosophy. 

Ph. D. {Philosophiae Doctor), 
Doctor of Philosophy. 

Phll.,Philippians ; Philosophy; 
Philemon. 

PMla., Philadelphia. 

pMloL, philological; philolo- 
gist ; philology. 

phon., phonetics. 

phot., phOtOg., photographic; 
photography. 

plnX-, pxt. {pinxit), He, o?She, 
painted it. 

p. J., Police Justice ; Presiding 
Justice ; Probate Judge. 

pk., peck. 

pkg., package. 

pL, plural. 

plf., pl«., pltf., pltff., plaintiff. 

plu., plur., plural. 

plup., plupf., pluperfect. 

pm., premium. 

p. M., Postmaster ; Past Mas- 
ter ; Pa^t Midshipman ; {Post 
Meridiem), afternoon 

p. M. G., Postmaster General. 

P. 0., Post-Office. 

p. 0. D., Po.st-Office Depart- 
ment ; Pay on Delivery. 

Pol., Poland ; Polish. 

pol.,pollt., political ; politics. 

P. 0. 0., Post-Office Order. 

pop., population. 

Port., Portuguese. 

POS., poss., possessive. 

pp., pages. 

VVi PPP-) PPPP-) pianissimo. 

p. p., past participle. 

p. p. C. {Pour prendre conge). 
To take leave. 

p. pr., present participle. 

p. Q., Province of Quebec. 

Pr., Priest ; Prince ; Printer ; 
Provencal ; praseodymium. 

pr., pair ; price ; pronoun ; 
proper; present; (pe?-), by the. 

p. R., Porto Rico. 

prec, preceding. 

prel., prefix. 

prep., preposition. 

Pres., President. 

Presh., Presbyterian. 

pret., preterit. 

prlv., private ; privative. 

prob., problem ; probably. 

Prof., Professor. 

prom., promontory. 

pron., pronoun ; pronounced ; 
pronunciation. 

prop., properly ; proposition. 



Prot., Protestant. 

pro tern, {pro tempore), for the 
time being. 

Prov. , Proverbs , Provost; 
Province. 

prox. {proximo), next. 

pr., prs., pair; pairs. 

Ps., Psalm; Psalms. 

p. S., Privy Seal; {Post scrip- 
turn), postscript. 

pseud., pseudonym. 

psych., psychic; psychical. 

psychol., psychology. 

Pt., Point; Port; platinum. 

pt., pint; part; payment. 

p. T. 0., Please turn over. 

Pub., Public; Publisher. 

puh., pubn., publication. 

Pub. Doc, Public Documents. 

pwt., pennyweight. 

pxt. {pinxit), He, or She, painted 
it. 

Q. 

Q., Quintus ; Quebec. 

q., question; {quadrans), a 
farthing. 

Q., Qu., Query; Question; 
Queen. 

Q. B., Queen's Bench. 

Q. 0., Queen's Counsel. 

q. d. {quasi dicat), as if he should 
say. 

q. e. {quod est), which is. 

q. ©. d. {quod erat demonstran- 
dum), which was to be dem- 
onstrated. 

ql., quintal. 

q. 1. {quantum libet), as much 
as you please. 

Q. M., Quartermaster. 

Q. M. G., Quartermaster Gen- 
eral. 

q. pi. {quantum placet), as much 
as seems good. 

qr., quarter ; quire. 

q. s. {quantum sufficit), a suf- 
ficient quantity. 

qt., quart ; quantity. 

ques., question. 

q. V. {quod vide), which see ; 
pi. qq. v. ; {quantum, vis), as 
much as you will. 

qy-, QU., query. 

R. 

R. {Rex), King; {Be gin a). 
Queen ; Reaumur ; rhodium. 

r., railway; recipe; river; 
rod ; rupee. 

R. A., Royal Academy, or Aca- 
demician ; Rear Admiral; 
Right Ascension ; Royal Ar- 
tillery ; Royal Arch. 

R. A. C., Royal Arch Chapter. 

rad. {radix), root ; radical. 

rail, {rallentando), gradually 
slower. 



R. A. M., Royal Academy of 
Music. 

Rb., rubidium. 

R. 0., Roman Catholic. 

r. C., right center. 

R. E., Right Excellent. 

Reaum., Reaumur. 

Rec., R., Recipe. 

reed., received. 

Rec. Sec, Recording Secre- 
tary. 

Reot., Rector. 

rec't., rect., receipt. 

Ref., Reformed ; Reformer ; 
Reformation ; Reference. 

ref., reference ; referred. 

Ref. Oh., Reformed Church. 

Reg. , Register ; Registrar. 

reg., regular. 

Regt., Regiment. 

rel. , relative ; relatively ; reli- 
gion ; religious ; {reliquae), 
remains, relics. 

rem., remark. 

Rep., Representative; Repub- 
lic. 

retd., returned. 

Rev. , Revelation ; Revolution ; 
Review; Revenue ; Reverend ; 
Revise. 

Rev. Ver., Revised Version. 

R. F. D., Rural Free Delivery. 

Rh., rhodium. 

R. H. S., Royal Historical So- 
ciety ; Royal Horticultural 
Society ; Royal Humane So- 
ciety. 

R. I., Rhode Island. 

R. I. p. {Requiescat in pace). 
May he, or she, rest in 
, peace. 

rlt., rltard- {ritardando), grad- 
ually slower. 

rlv., river. 

rm., ream. 

R. M. S., Royal Mail Steamer. 

R. N., RoyalNavy. 

rc, rood. 

Rom. , Roman ; Romans. 

Rom. Cath., Roman Catholic. 

R. R., Railroad. 

Rs., Rupees. 

R. S., Recording Secretary. 

R. S. D., Royal Society of Dub- 
lin. 

R. S. E., Royal Society of Edin- 
burgh. 

R. S. V. p. {Repondez, sHl 
vous plait), Reply, if you 
please. 

Rt. Hon., Right Honorable. 

Rt. Rev. , Right Reverend. 

Ru., Runic; ruthenium. 

RUS-, Russ., Russia; Russian. 

R. v.. Revised Version. 

R. W., Right Worshipful; 
Right Worthy. 

Rw., Ry., Railway. 



ABBREVIATIONS IN COMMON USE. 



539 



S. 

S., Sunday; Sabbath; Saturday; 
Signer ; Saiut; Sign; South; 
Sun ; Scribe ; sulphur. 

S., second ; section ; shilling ; 
substantive. 

S. A., South America; South 
Africa. 

Sam., Saml., Samuel. 

S. Am., South America ; South 
American. 

Sans., Skr., Sanskrit, 

Sar., Sardinia ; Sardinian. 

Sat., Saturday. 

Sb. {stibium), antimony. 

Sc, Scotch; scandium. 

SC, scene; (scilicet), to wit. 

SC, sculp, (sculpsit), He, or 
She, eugraved it. 

S. C, South Carolina ; Supreme 
Court. 

S. caps., S. C, small capitals. 

SCh., SChr., schooner. 

SCl., science ; scientific. 

sell, {scilicet), to wit ; namely. 

Scot., Scotch; Scotland; Scot- 
tish. 

SCr., scruple. 

Script., Scripture. 

sculp., SC. {sculpsit), He, or She, 
engraved it. 

S. d., sine die. 

S. Dak., S. D., South Dakota. 

Sc, selenium. 

S. E., Southeast; Southeastern 
(Postal District). 

Sec, Secretary. 

sec, second ; section ; secant. 

Sec Leg., Secretary of Lega- 
tion. 

sect., section. 

Sen. , Senate ; Senator ; Senior. 

Sep., separate. 

Sep. , Sept. , September ; Sep- 
tuagint. 

Seq., seq. {Sequentes or sequen- 
tia), The following. 

ser., series. 

Serg., SerJ., Sergeant. 

serv., servt., servant. 

S- G., Solicitor General. 

S. g., specific gravity. 

Sh., shilling. 

Shak., Shaks., Shakespeare. 

S. H. S- {Societntis Historiae 
Socius), Fellow of tlie Histor- 
ical Society. 

S. I., Sandwich Islands ; Staten 
Island. 

Sib., Siberia; Siberian. 

Sic, Sicilian ; Sicily. 

sin., sine. 

sin., sing., singular. 

S- J., Society of Jesus. 

Skr., Sanskrit. 

S. L., Solicitor at Law. 

S- Lat., South Latitude. 



Slav., Slavic; Slavonian. 

sld-, sailed. 

Sm., samarium. 

S. M-, Short Meter; Sergeant 
Major. 

sm. C. , small capitals. 

S. M. E. {Sancta Mater Eccle- 
sia), Holy Mother Church. 

S. M. M. {Sancta Mater Maria), 
Holy Mother Mary. 

Sn. {stannum), tin. 

Sc, South. 

S. 0., seller's option. 

See, Society. 

S. of Sol., Song of Solomon. 

S. of T., Sons of Temperance. 

Sol., Solution. 

Sov., Sovereign. 

Sp., Span., Spanish. 

sp., spelling. 

S. p. {sine prole), without 
issue. 

sp. gr., specific gravity. 

S- p. Q> R. {Senatus Populus- 
que Romani), Senate and Peo- 
ple of Rome. 

spt., seaport. 

sq., square ; the following. 

sq. ft. , square feet. 

SQ[. in., square inches. 

sq. m., square miles. 

sqq., the following (plural). 

Sr., Sir ; strontium. 

sr., senior. 

SS. {scilicet), namely. 

S. S., Sunday School ; Steam- 
ship. 

SS. D. {Sanctissimus Dominus), 
Most Holy Lord; — title of 
Pope. 

S. S. E-, South-southeast. 

S. S. W., South-southwest. 

St., Saint; Street; Strait; 
{Stet), Let it stand. 

Stat, Statute ; Statuary. 

S. T. D {Sacrae Theologiae 
Doctor), Doctor of Divinity. 

Ster., Stg., sterling. 

Str., steamer. 

SUbj., subjunctive. 

SUbst. , substantive ; substitute. 

SUf., SUff., suffix. 

Sun., Sund., Sunday. 

sup., supine ; supra ; supple- 
ment. 

Sup., Supr., Supreme. 

Sup. C. or Ct., Superior Court; 
Supreme Court. 

SUpp., supplement. 

Supt., Superintendent. 

SUrg., surgeon ; surgery. 

SUrv., surveying ; surveyor. 

S. V. {Sanctitas Vestra), Your 
Holiness ; {Sancta Virgo), 
Holy Virgin. 

S. V. {sub voce or sub verba), 
\mder the word or title. 

Sw. , Sweden ; Swedish. 



S. W., Southwest; Southwest- 
ern (Postal District) ; Senior 
Warden. 

Swit., Switz., Switzerland. 

Syn., synonym. 

Syr., Syriac. 

T. 

T., Territory ; Tuesday. 

t. , tenor ; town ; township ; 
ton ; tome ; transitive ; {tutti), 
all together ; {tempore), in 
time. 

Ta., tantalum. 

tan., tangent. 

Tb., terbium. 

Te., tellurium. 

tech., technical ; technically. 

tech., technol., technology. 

Tenn., Tennessee. 

Ter., Terr., Territory. 

Text. Rec {Textus Receptus), 
Received Text. 

tf., tiU forbidden. 

Th., Thursday ; thorium. 

Th., Thu., ThuT., Thurs., 
Thursday. 

theoL, theological; theology. 

tbeor., theorem. 

Thess., Thessalonians. 

Ti., titanium. 

tier., tierce. 

Tim., Timothy. 

Tit., Titus. 

Tl., thallium. 

T. 0., Turn over. 

Tob., Tobit. 

torn., tome, or volume. 

tonn., tonnage. 

topog., topography ; topograph- 
ical. 

tp., township. 

Tr., Treas., Treasurer. 

tr. , transpose ; trill. 

tr., trans., transitive ; trans- 
lated; translation; translator; 
transactions. 

Tu., thulium. 

Tu., Tues., Tuesday. 

twp., township. 

typ., type, typog., typogra- 
pher ; typography. 

U. 

U., uranium. 

U. K., United Kingdom. 

Ult. {ultimo), last {or of) the 
last month. 

Univ., University. 

U. P., United Presbyterian. 

Uru., Uruguay. 

U. S., United States. 

U. S. A., United States of 
America ; United States Army. 

U. S. M., United States Mail; 
United States Marine. 

U. S. M. A., United States Mil- 
itary Academy. 



640 



ABBREVIATIONS IN COMMON USE. 



U. S. N., United States Navy. 


viz. {videlicet), namely ; to wit. 


W. M., Worshipful Master. 


U. S. N. A., United States 


V n., verb neuter. 


W. N. W., West-northwest. 


Naval Academy. 


VOC., vocative. 


Wp., Worship. 


U. S. p., United States Phar- 


vocab., vocabulary. 


W. S., Writer to the Signet. 


macopoeia. 


vol., volume. 


W. S. W., West-southwest. 


U. S. S., United States Sliip or 


V. p., Vice President. 


Wt. , weight. ^ 


Steamer. 


V. "A. { Victoria Begina), Queen 


W. Va., West Virginia. ^ 


USU., usual; usually. 


Victoria. 


Wy., Wyo., Wyoming. '*" 


U. S. v., United States Volun- 


V. Rev., Very Reverends 


X. 


teers. 


VS. {versus), against ; inopp. to. 


Ut., Utah. 


V. S-, Veterinary Surgeon. 


X., Xt., Christ. 


Ut diet, {ut dictum), as directed. 


Vt., Vermont. 


xcp. , without coupon. 


UX. (uxor), wife. 


V. t., verb transitive. 


Xd., Xdiv., without dividend. 


XT 


Vul., Vulgate. 


Xm., Xmas., Christmas. 


V. 


W. 


Xn., Xtian., Christian. 


v., Victoria; Viscount; Vener- 


Xnty. Xty., Christianity. 


able ; vanadium. 


W., Wednesday ; Welsh ; West- 


Y. 


v., vector ; verb ; verse ; voca- 


ern (Postal District) ; {wol- 


tive ; volume ; volt ; {vide). 


framium), tungsten. 


Y., yttrium; year. 


see ; {versus), against. 


W., week ; warden; watt; wife. 


y., yard. 


Va., Virginia. 


W. A., West Australia; West 


Yb-, ytterbium. 


V. A., Vicar Apostolic. 


Africa. 


Y. B., Yr. B., Yearbook. 


V. a., verb active. 


Wash., Washington. 


yd., yard. 


var., variety, variant. 


W. C, Western Central (Postal 


Y M. C A., Young Men's Chris- 


Vat., Vatican. 


District). 


tian Association. 


Vb. n., verbal noun. 


W. C., water closet. 


Y. P. S. C. E., Young People's 


V. C, Vice Chancellor; Vic- 


W. C. T. U., Women's Chris- 


Society of Christian Endeav- 


toria Cross. 


tian Temperance Union. 


or. 


V. D. L., Van Diemen's Land. 


Wed., Wednesday. 


yr., your ; year. 


Ven., Venerable. 


Westm., Westminster. 


yrs., yours; years. 


Venez., Venezuela. 


W. f., wrong font. 


Yt., yttrium. 


ves., vessel. 


W. G. C, Worthy Grand Chap- 


Y. W. C A., Young Women's 


vet., veter., veterinary. 


lain. 


Christian Association. 


V. G., Vicar General ; Vice 


W. G. M., Worthy Grand Mas- 


Z. 


Grand. 


ter. 


V. g. {verbi gratia), for exam- 


Whf., wharf. 


Zach.; Zachary. 


ple. 


W. I., West Indies. 


Zech., Zechariah. 


V. i., verb intransitive. 


Wis., Wisconsin. 


Zeph., Zephaniah. 


Vice Pres., Vice President. 


wk., week. 


Zn., zinc. 


Vid. {vide), see. 


W. Lon., West Longitude. 


ZOOl., zoology. 


Vis., Vise, Viscount. 


Wm., William. 


Zr., zirconium. 



FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. 



Note. Some 
The abbreviations 



very common words and phrases from foreign languages will be found in the Vocabulary 
ns used here are L. Latin ; F- French ; G German ; It. Italian ; Sp Spanish ; Gr. Greek 



A. 

al) extra [L.]» from without. 

ab initio [L.], from the begin- 
ning. 

al) intra [L.], from within. 

^ ton marche [F.], at a good 
bargain ; cheap. 

absit invidia [L.], let there 
be no ill will. 

SLb uno disce omnes [L.], from 
one learia all. 

ab urbe condita [L.], from 
the founding of the city (of 
Rome ; reckoned as 753 b. c. ) 

ad astra [L.], to the stars, or 
to an exalted state 

ad astra per aspera [L.], to 
the stars through difficulties. 

ad finem [L.J, to the end. 

ad hominem [L.], to the man ; 
i. e. , to his interests and pas- 
sions. 

ad infinitum [L.], to infinity. 

ad interim [L.], in the mean- 
while. 

ad libitum [L.], at pleasure. 

ad nauseam [L.], to disgust. 

ad rem [L.], to the point ; to 
the purpose. 

ad unguem [L.], to the touch 

of the nail ; to a fine finish ; 
exactly. 

ad valorem [L.], according to 
the value. 

aequo animo [L.], with an 
equable mind'; with equanim- 
ity. 

aere perenniUS [L.], more en- 
during than brass. 

affaire d' amour [F.], a love 
affair. 

affaire d'honneur [F.], an af- 
fair of honor. 

affaire du coeur [F.], an affair 
of the heart. 

a fin de [F.], to the end that. 

a fortiori [L.], with stronger 
reason. 

agenda [L.], things to be done. 

age quod agis [L.], attend to 
what you do. 

Agnus Dei [L.], Lamb of God. 

a la bonne heure [F.], in good 
time ; timely. 



a la Francaise [F.], after the 

French mode or fashion. 
a la mode [F.], in fashion. 
alis volat propriis [L.], she 

flies with her own wings ; — 

the motto of Oregon. 
aliens [F.], let us go ; come. 

alma mater [L.], fostering 

mother. 

alter ego [L.], another self. 

alter idem [L.], another pre- 
cisely similar. 

amantium irae [L.], lovers' 

quarrels. 
amende honorable [F.], satis- 

factorj^ apology; reparation. 
a mensa et tboro [L.], from 

bed and board. 
amicus usque ad aras [L.], 

a friend even to the altar. 

amor patriae [F.], love of one's 

own country ; patriotism. 

amour propre [F.], self-love; 

vanity. 
ancien regime [F.], ancient 

order of things. 

animis opibusque parati 

[L.], prepared in mind and 

resources ; ready to give life 

and property ; — a motto of 

South Carolina. 
anno aetatis suae [L.], in the 

year of his, or her, age. 
Anno Domini [L.], in the year 

of our Lord. 
anno mundi [L.], in the year 

of the world. 
anno urbis conditae [L.], in 

the year the city (Rome) was 

built (b. c. 753). 
ante bellum [L.], before the 

war. 
ante meridiem [L.], before 

noon. 

a outrance [F.], to the ut- 
most. 

a pen pres [F.], nearly. 

^ pied [F.], on foot. 

a plomb [F.], perpendicularly. 

a posteriori [L.], from the ef- 
fect to the cause. 

appui [F.], point of support; 
rallying point. 

a priori [L.], from the cause to 
the effect. 



k propos de rien [F.], apropos 

of nothing. 

aqua vitae [L.], water of life ; 
brandy ; spirit ; alcohol. 

argumentum ad bominem 
[L.], an argument deriving 
its force from the situation of 
the person to whom it is ad- 
dressed. 

arriere pensee [F.], a mental 
reservation. 

ars est celare artem [L.], 
(true) art is to conceal art. 

ars longa vita brevis [L.], art 

is long and life short. 
a toute outrance [F.], to the 
utmost. 

au bon droit [F.], to the just 

riglit. 

au COntraire [F.J, on the con- 
trary. 

au COUrant [F.],to the pres- 
ent time. 

au fait [F.], well instructed; 
expert. 

au fond [F.], at the bottom ; 
in the main. 

auf wiedersehen [G.], till we 
meet again ; au revoir. 

au pis aller [F.], at the worst. 

au reste [F.], as for the rest. 

au revoir [F.], adieu until we 
meet again ; auf wiedersehen. 

aut Caesar, aut nullus [L.], 
either Caesar or nobody. 

avant-COUreur [F.], forerun- 
ner. 

aviso la fin [F.], consider the 
end. 

B. 

beau monde [F.], the fashion- 
able world. 
beaux esprits [F.], gay spirits; 

men of wit. 
beaux yeux [F.], handsome 

eyes; /. e., attractive looks. 
bel esprit [F.], a brilliant 

mind ; a, wit. 
bellum internecinum [L.], a 

war of extermination. 
ben trovato [It.], well found; 

a happy invention. 
bete noir [F.], a black beast; 

a bugbear. 

(541) 



542 



FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. 



bienvenue [F.], welcome. 
bis dat qui cito dat [L.], he 

gives twice who gives 

promptly. 
bona fide [L. ] , in good faith. 
bon ami [F.], good friend. 
bon gre, mal gre [F.], willing 

or unwilling. 

bonbomie [F.], good-nature ; 
simplicity. 

bon jour [F.], good day ; good 
morning. 

bonne boucbe [F.], a delicate 
morsel. 

bonne fol [F.], good faith; 
bona fides. 

bon SOir [F.], good evening. 

bouleversement [F.], over- 
turning ; subversion. 

C. 

Cantatrlce [it.], a female pro- 
fessional singer. 

capitulum [L.], head; section. 

carpe diem [L.], enjoy the 
present day. 

casus belli [L.], that which 
involves or justifies war. 

catalogue raisonne [F.], a 
catalogue of books arranged 
according to their subjects. 

cave canem [L.], beware of the 
dog ; — often worked in mo- 
saic at the outer entrance of 
Roman houses. 

certiorari [L.], to be certified, 
— a writ calling up the records 
of an inferior court. 

c'est-a-dire [F.], that is to 

say. 
c'est fait de lui [F.], it is all 

over with him. 
c'est une autre chose [F.], 

that is a different thing. 

ceteris paribus [L.], other 

things being equal. 

chacun a son gout [F.], every 

one to his taste. 

Champs Elysees [F.], Elysian 
Fields. 

chanson [F.], a song. 

Chapeau bras [F.],a military 
cocked hat. 

Chateaux en Espagne [F.], 
castles in Spain, the land 
of romance ; castles in the 
air. 

chef d'oeuvre [F.], a master- 
piece. 

chemln de fer [F.], iron road ; 
i. e., railroad. 

chore amie [F.], a dear friend ; 
a mistress. 

circa, or circiter [L.], about. 

Citoyen [F.], a citizen ; a burgh- 
er. 

Coena Domini [L.], the Lord's 
Supper. 



cogito, ergo sum [L.], I think, 
therefore I exist. 

comitas inter gentes [L.], po- 
liteness between nations. 

comme il faut [F.] , as it should 
be., 

commune bonum [L.], the 

common good. 

compagnon de voyage [F.], 

traveling companion. 
compos mentis [L.], of a sound 

mind. 
compte rendu [F.], account 

rendered ; report. 
con amore [It.], with love; 

earnestly. 
COncOUrs [F.], competition, 
con dolore [It.], with grief. 
conseil d'etat [F.], council of 

state. 
contretemps [F.], an awkward 

mishap or accident. 
conversazione [it.], a meeting 

of company for conversation. 

corps diplomatique [F.], a dip- 
lomatic body. 

corpus delicti [L.], the sub- 
stance or foundation of the 
offense. 

corrigenda [L.], errors to be 
coiTected. 

cor unum, via una [L.], one 
heart, one way. 

couleur de rose [F.], rose 
color ; an aspect of attractive- 
ness. 

coup de grace [F.], a stroke of 
mercy ; finishing stroke. 

coup de main [F.], a sudden 
enterprise or effort. 

coup de maitre [F.], a master- 
stroke. 

coup de SOleil [F.], sunstroke. 

coup d'essai [F.], a first at- 
tempt. 

coup d'etat [F.], stroke of poli- 
cy ; decisive action in public 
affairs 

coup d'ceil [F.], glance of the 
eye. 

coute qu'il coute [F.], cost 

what it may. 

crescite, et multiplicamini 

[L.], grow, or increase, and 
multiply ; — the motto of 
Maryland. 

crescit eundO [L.], it increases 
by going ; — the territorial 
motto of New Mexico. 

CUi bono ? [L.], for whose bene- 
fit ? colloquially, of what use ? 

cuisine [F.], a kitchen ; cook- 
ery. 

cum grano salis [L.], with a 
grain of salt ; with some al- 
lowance. 

currente calamo [L.], with a 
running, or rapid, pen. 



CUStOS morum [L.], the guard- 
ian of morals. 

CUStOS rotulorum [L.], keeper 
of the rolls. 

D. 

d' accord [F.], agreed ; in tune, 
dal segno [it.], repeat from the 

sign, 

de auctoritate mihi commissa 

[L.] , by the authority given to 

me. 
de facto [L.], in fact ; actually ; 

reaUy. 
de gustibus non est disputan- 

dum [L.], there is no disput- 
ing about tastes. 
dehors [F.], without; out of; 

foreign ; irrelevant. 
Dei gratia [L.], by the grace of 

God. 
de jure [L.], by virtue of law ; 

by right. 
delenda est Carthago [L.], 

Carthage must be destroyed ; 

i. e., there must be no half- 
way measures. 
de mal en pis [F.], from bad to 

worse. 
demi-jOUT [F.], partial light. 
de mortuis nil nisi bonum [L.], 

(say) nothing but good of the 

dead. 
de nihilo nihil fit [L.], from 

nothing, nothing comes. 
de novo [L.], anew. 

Deo gratias [L.], thanks to 
God. 

Deo volente [L.], God will- 
ing. 

de profundis [L.], out of the 

depths. 

dernier ressort [F.], a last re- 
source. 

de trop [F.], too much, or too 
many ; not wanted. 

deus ex machina [L.], a god 
from the machine, i. e., from 
a theatrical contrivance for 
making gods appear in the air; 
hence, an unexpected and for- 
tunate occurrence. 

Deus vobisGum [L.], God be 
with you. 

dies irae [L.], day of wrath. 

dies non [L.j, a day on which 
court is not held. 

Dieu avec nous [F.], God with 
us 

Dieu defend le droit [F.], God 
defends the right. 

Dieu et men droit [F.], God 
and my right. 

Dieu vous garde [F.], God pro- 
tect you. 

dii penates [L.J, houaehold 
gods. 

diner [F.], dinner. 



FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. 



543 



dlrlgO [L.], I direct, or guide ; 
— the motto of Maiue. 

distlngu6 [F.], distinguished : 
eminent. 

distrait [F.], absent in thought. 

docendo discimus [L.], we 
learn by teaching. 

dolce [It.], soft ; — used in mu- 
sic. 

dolce far niente [It.], sweet do- 
ing nothing ; sweet idleness. 

double entente [F.], double 
meaning ; a play on words ; — 
often incorrectly written 
double entendre. 

douceur [F.], sweetness; a 
bribe. 

dramatis personae [L.], char- 
acters in a play. 

dulce et decorum est pro patria 
mori [L.], it is sweet and 
honorable to die for one's 
country. 

dum spiro, spero [L.], while I 

breathe, I hope ; — a motto of 
South Carolina 

dum vivlmus, vlvamus [L.], 
while we live, let us live. 

E. 

eau de Cologne [F.], cologne. 

eau de vie [F.], aqua vitge; 
brandy. 

ecce homo [L.], behold the 
man ; — applied specifically to 
any picture representing the 
Savior given up to the people 
by Pilate, and wearing the 
crown of thorns. 

8 contrario [L.], on the contra- 
ry- 
edition de luxe [F.], a splendid 
edition. 

egalite [F.], equality. 

eieve [F.], a pupil; a foster 
child. 

eloge [F.], a funeral oration. 

empressement [F.], ardor; 
zeal. 

en arrlere [F.], in the rear. 

en attendant [F.], in the mean- 
time. 

en avant! [F.], forward ! 

en deshabille [F.], in undress. 

en famine [F.], with the fami- 
ly ; at home. 

enfant gate [F.], a spoiled child. 

enfants perdus [F.], lost chil- 
dren ; forlorn hope. 

enfant terrible [F.], terrible 
child ; one that annoys by ill- 
timed remarks. 

en fin [F.], at last ; finally. 

en grande tenue [F.], in full 

dress. 
en masse [F.], in a body. 
en passant [F.], in passing. 
en plein Jour [F.], in broad day. 



en rapport [F.], in a condition 
or relation of sj'mpathy. 

en regie [F,], in order ; accord- 
ing to rules. 

en route [F.], on the way. 

ense petit placidam sub llber- 
tate quietem [L.], with the 
sword she seeks quiet peace 
under liberty ; — the motto of 
Massachusetts. 

en suite [F.], in company. 

entente cordiale [F.], an under- 
standing of good will and jus- 
tice towards each other, be- 
tween the chief persons of two 
states. 

entourage [F.], surroundings. 

entremets [F.], side dishes at 
table. 

entre nous [F.], between our- 
selves ; confidentially. 

en V^rite [F.], in truth ; verily. 

e plurlbus unum [L.], one out 
of many ; one composed of 
many ; — the motto of the 
United States. 

eripuit caelo fulmen, scep- 
trumque tyrannis [L.], he 
snatched the thunderbolt from 
heaven, and the scepter from 
tyrants ; — said of Franklin. 

errare humanum est [L.], to 

err is human. 

espieglerie [F.], sportive tricks. 

esprit de corps [F.], animating 
spirit of a collective body. 

esse quam viderl [L.], to be 
rather than to seem. 

est modus in rebus [L.], there 
is a medium in (all) things. 

esto perpetua [L.], let it be per- 
petual ; — the motto of Idaho. 

et cum spiritu tuo [L.], and 

with thy spirit. 

et id genus omne [L.], and 

everything of the sort. 
et tu, Brute! [L.], and thou also, 

Brutus ! — implying betrayal 

by a friend. 
eureka [Gr. eupTj/caj, I have 

found it ; — the motto of Cal- 
ifornia. 
Ewigkeit [G.], eternity. 
ex abrupto [L.], abruptly; 

suddenly. 
ex capite [L-.], from the head. 
ex cathedra [L.], from the 

official chair (originally of 

the Pope) ; hence, with high 

authority. 
excelsior [L.], higher; more 

elevated ; — the motto of New 

York. 
exceptlo probat regulam [L.], 

the exception proves the rule. 
exceptis excipiendis [L.], the 

necessary exceptions being 

made. 



excerpta [L.], extracts. 

ex curia [L.], out of court. 

ex delicto [L.], from an of- 
fense ; from a wrong not in- 
volving a breach of contract. 

exempli gratia [L.], by way of 

example. 

exeunt omnes [L.], all go out. 

exltus acta probat [L.], the 
event justifies the deed ; — 
Washington's motto. 

ex more [L.], according to cus- 
tom. 

ex nihUo nihil fit [L.], from 

nothing, nothing comes. 

ex officio [L.], by virtue of his 
office. 

ex parte [L.], on one side only. 

ex pede Herculem [L.], we 
recognize a Hercules by the 
foot ; that is, we judge of the 
whole from a part. 

expose [F.], an exposition. 

ex post facto [L.], after the 
deed is done. 

ex tempore [L.], without pre- 
meditation. 

ex uno disce omnes [L.], from 
one judge of all. 

ex vi termini [L.], by the 
meaning, or force, of the ex- 
pression. 

F. 

facile prlnceps [L.], easily 
preeminent ; the admitted 
chief. 

facilis est descensus Aveml 

[L.], easy is the descent to 
Avernus [Hades] ; i. e., it is 
easy to get into difficulty. 

faire sans dire [F.], act and 
say nothing. 

faire son devoir [F.], to do his 
duty. 

fait accompli [F.], a thing al- 
ready done. 

falsi crimen [L.], forgery. 

Fata Obstant [L.], the Fates 
oppose. 

fatti maschil; parole femine 
[It.], lit., deeds are males ; 
words, females ; i. e., when 
deeds are needed words will 
not suffice ; — a motto of 
Maryland. 

faubourg [F.], a suburb. 

fauteuil [F.], an easy chair. 

faux pas [F.], a false step; 
mistake. 

femme COUVerte [F.], a mar- 
ried woman ; a woman hav- 
ing a husband. 

femme de chambre [F.], a 
chambermaid. 

ferae naturae [L.], of a wild 
nature. 

fermete [F.], firmness. 



544 



FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. 



lestina lente [L.], make haste 
slowly. 

fgte champetre [F.], a rural 
festival. 

feu de jOie [F.], a firing of 
guns in token of joy ; a bon- 
fire. 

feuilleton [F,], bottom part of 
a French newspaper, sepa- 
rated from the rest, and de- 
voted to light literature, crit- 
icism, etc. 

fiacre [F.], a kind of hackney 
coach. 

fiat justitia, ruat caelum [L.], 
let justice be done though the 
heavens fall. 

fiat lux [L.], let there be light. 

fidei defensor [L.], defender 
of the faith. 

fideliter[L.], faithfully. 

fides Punica [L.], Punic faith ; 
treachery. 

fidus Achates [L.], faithful 

Achates ; i. e., a, true friend. 

filiUS nulliUS [L.], a son of no- 
body ; — a legal term for a 
bastard. 

fille de Chambre [F.], a cham- 
bermaid. 

fille de joie [F.], a prostitute. 

fille d'honneur [F.], a maid 

of honor. 
finem respice [L.], look to the 

end. 
finis coronat opus [L.], the end 

crowns the work. 

flagrante beUo [L,], during 

hostilities. 
flagrante delicto [L.], in the 

commission of the offense. 
fortiter in re [L.], resolute in 

deed. 
furor loquendi [L.], a rage for 

speaking. 
furor scribendi [L.], a rage 

for writing. 

G. 

Gallice [L.], in French, 
garpon [F.], a boy, or waiter. 
garde du corps [F.], a body 

guard. 
gardez bien [F.], take good 

care. 
gardez la foi [F.], keep the 

faith. 
gaudeamus igitur [L.], so let 

us be joyful. 
genius loci [L.], the genius of 

the place. 
gens d'armes [F.], armed 

police. 
gitano [It.], a gypsy. 
gloria in excelsis [L.], glory 

(to God) in the highest. 
Gloria Patri [L.], glory be to 

the Father. 



yvojOi aeavTov {fpiothi seauton) 

[Gr.], know thyself. 
gOUtte a gOUtte [F.], drop by 

drop. 

grace a Dieu [F.], thanks be 

to God. 
grande parure [F.], full dress. 
gravamen [L.], the ground or 

essence of a complaint or 

action. 

guerre a mort [F.], war to the 

death. 
guerre a entrance [F.], war to 

the uttermost. 

H. 

haec olim meminisse juvabit 

[L.], it will be pleasant to re- 
member these things some 
day. 

hie et ubique [L.], here and 
everywhere. 

hie jacet [L.], here lies. 

hinc illae lacrymae [L.], hence 
these tears. 

hoi polloi [Gr. 01 TToAAoi], the 
many ; the rabble. 

hominis est errare [L.], it is 
common for man to err. 

homme d'affaires [F.], a man 
of affairs ; a b'lsiness man. 

homme d' esprit [F.], a man of 

talent. 

honi soit quimaly pense [F.], 
may he be shamed who thinks 
evil of it ; — the motto of the 
Order of the Garter. 

hors de combat [F.], out of con- 
dition to fight. 

hors de la loi [F.], in the con- 
dition of an outlaw. 

hors de saison [F.], out of sea- 
son. 

hors d'oBuvre [F.], out of 
course. 

hotel de ville [F.], town hall. 

humanum est errare [L.], to 
err is human. 

I. 

ich dien [G.],I serve. 

id est [L.], that is. 

id genus omne [L.], all of that 

sort. 

ignorantia legis neminem ex- 
CUSat [L.], ignorance of the 
law excuses no one. 

ignotum per ignotius [L.] , that 
which is unknown by some- 
thing .still more unknown. 

imperium in imperio [L.], a 
government within a govern- 
ment. 

imprimatur [L.], let it be print- 
ed ; — a license to print a 
book, etc. 

in aeternum [L.], forever. 

in armis [L.], under arms. 



in articulo mortis [L.], at the 

point of death ; in the last 

struggle. 
in caelo quies [L.], there is 

rest in heaven. 
in Capite [L.], in chief; i. e., 

immediately from the king. 
in curia [L.], in the court. 
index expurgatorius [L.], a 

list of prohibited books. 
in esse [L.], in being. 
in extenso [L.], at full length. 
in extremis [L.], at the point 

of death 
in flagrante delicto [L.], 

(taken) in the commission of 

the offense. 

in forma pauperis [L.], as a 

poor man. 

infra dignitatem [L.], below 
one's dignity. 

in future [L.], in future; hence- 
forth. 

in hoc signo vinces [L.], in 
this sign, or under this stand- 
ard, thou shalt conquer. 

in loco [L.], in the proper place 
or circumstances ; opportune- 

ly- 

in loco parentis [L.], in the 
place of a parent. 

in medias res [L.], in the 
midst of things or affairs. 

in medio tutissimus ibis [L.], 
you will go most safely in the 
middle. 

in memoriam [L.], in memory. 

in omnia paratus [L.], pre- 
pared for everything. 

in perpetuum [L.], forever. 

in petto [It.], in the breast^ 

in posse [L. ] , in possible exist- 
ence. 

in propria persona [L.], in per- 
son ; himself or herself. 

in puris naturalibus [L.], 
quite naked. 

in re [L.], in the matter of. 

in rem [L.], against the thing. 

in rerum natura [L.], in the 
nature of things. 

in saecula saeculorum [L.], 
for ages on ages. 

insculpsit [L.], he engraved it. 

in situ [L.], in its original situ- 
ation. 

insouciance [F.], carelessness ; 
indifference. 

in Statu quo [L.], in the former 
state. 

in te, Domine, speravi [L.], 
in thee, Lord, have I put my 
trust. 

inter alia [L.], among other 
things. 

inter arma silent leges [L.], in 
the midst of arms the laws are 
silent. 



I 



FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. 



545 



inter nos [L.], between our- 
selves. 

inter se [L.], among them- 
selves. 

in totO [L.], in the whole ; en- 
tirely. 

in transitu [L.], on the passage. 

in utramque f ortunam paratus 
[L.], prepared for either 
event. 

in utroque lidelis [L.] , faithful 

in botli. 

in vacuo [L]< in empty space. 

in verba magistri jurare [L.], 
to swear to, or by, the words 
of another ; to adopt opinions 
on the authority of another. 

in vino Veritas [L.], there is 

truth in wine ; i. e., a drunk- 
en person speaks the truth. 

invita Minerva [L.], without 
genius. 

ipse dixit [L.], he himself said 
it. 

ipsisslma verba [L.], the very 
words. 

ipso facto [L.], in the fact it- 
self. 

ipso Jure [L.], by the law itself. 



januis clausis [L.], with closed 
doors. 

)e ne sais quel [F.], I know not 
what. 

Jeu de mots [F.], a play on 
words ; a pun. 

Jeu d'esprit [F.], a witticism. 

jubilate Deo [L.], rejoice in the 
Lord. 

Judicium Dei [L.], the judg- 
ment of God. 

Jupiter tonans [L.], Jupiter 
the thunderer. 

Jus civile [L.], civil law. 

jus divinum [L.], divine law. 

Jus et norma loquendi [L.], 
the law and rule of speech. 

Jus gentium [L.], law of na- 
tions ; international law. 

Juste milieu [F.], the golden 
mean. 



labor omnia vincit [L.], labor 

conquers everything. 

laissez faire [F.], let alone. 

lapsus calami [L.], a slip of 
the pen. 

lapsus linguae [L.], a slip of 
the tongue. 

lares et penates [L.], house- 
hold gods. 

latet anguis in herba [L.], a 
snake lies hid in the grass. 

laudator temporis acti [L.], a 

praiser of time past. 
laus Deo [L.], praise to God. 



lebeaumonde [F.], the fash- 

ionr,ble world. 
legerete [F.], lightness ; levity. 
le roi le veut [L.], tiie king 

wills it; — signifying the royal 

assent to a bilL 
lese majeste [F.], high treason. 
les larmes aux yeux [F.] , tears 

in one's e^es. 

les plus sages ne le sent pas 
tOUJOUrs [F.], the wisest are 
not always so 

r^toiledunord [F.], the star of 
the north ; — motto of Mmue- 
sota. 

lettre de cachet [F.], a sealed 
letter ; a royal warrant. 

lettre de marque [F.], a letter 
of marque or of reprisal. 

lex loci [L.], the law of the 
place. 

lex non SCripta [L.], the un- 
written, or common, law. 

lexscripta [L.], statute law. 

lextalionis [L.], law of retali- 
ation. 

lex terrae [L.], the law of the 
land. 

I'inconnu [F.], the unknown. 

lit de Justice [F.], the king's 
throne in the parliament of 
Paris. 

litera scripta manet [L.], the 

written letter remains. 

loco citato [L.], in the place 
citsd. 

locum tenens [L.], a deputy or 
substitute ; a proxy. 

locus in quo [L.], the place in 
which. 

lucus a non lucendo [L.], a 
phrase expressing a fanciful 
derivation of the word lucus, 
a dark wood or grove, from 
the verb lucere, to shine, a 
7ion lucetido, from its not be- 
ing light; and hence used in 
ridicule to characterize any- 
thing as plainly illogical or 
absurd. 

lusus naturae [L.], a sport or 
freak of nature. 

M. 
ma chere [F.], my dear. 
ma foi [F.], upon my faith. 
magna est Veritas, et prevale- 

bit [L.], truth is mighty, and 
it will prevail. 
magnum opus [L.], a great 
work. 

maison de ville [F.], the town 

hall. 

maitre d'hotel [F.], a house 
steward. 

maladie du pays [F.], home- 
sickness. 

mal a propos [F.], ill-timed. 



mal de dents [F.], toothache. 
mal de mer LF.], seasickness. 
mal de tete [F.], headache. 
mal entendre "[F.], mistake; 

misunderstanding. 
malgre nous [F.], in spite of 

us. 
malum in se [L.], bad or wrong 

in itself. 
malum prohibitum [L.], an 

evil prohibited ; evil because 

prohibited. 
mania a potU [L.], madness 

from drink. 

mare clausum [L.], a closed 
sea ; i. e., a sea or bay with- 
in the jurisdiction of a nation, 
and not a part of the high seas. 

mariage de convenance [F.], 
a marriage of convenience. 

mauvaise honte [F.], false 
modesty. 

mauvais gout [F.], bad taste. 

memento mori [L.], remember 
death. 

mens sana in corpore sano 
[L.], a sound mind in a sound 
body. 

meo vote [L.], by my desire. 

mesalliance [F.], improper as- 
sociation ; marriage with one 
of lower station. 

meumettuum [L.], mine and 
thine. 

mirabile dictu [L.], wonderful 
to relate. 

mirabile visu [L.], wonderful 
to see. 

mise en scene [F.], the putting 
in preparation for the stage. 

modus operandi [L.], manner 
of operation. 

men ami [F.], my friend. 

mon Cher [F.], my dear (fel- 
low). 

montani semper liberi [L.], 
mountaineers are always free- 
men ; — the motto of West 
Virginia. 

monumentum aere perennius 
[L.], a monument more dur- 
able than brass. 

more majorum [L.], after the 
manner of our ancestors. 

mors omnibus communis [L.], 
death is common to all. 

multum in parvo [L.], much 
in little. 

mutatis mutandis [L.], the 
necessary changes being 
made. 

mutatO nomine [L.], the name 
being changed. 

N. 

necessitas non habet legem 

[L.], necessity has no law. 
nee [F.], born ; as, Madame de 



546 



FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. 



Stael, nee (that is, whose 

maiden name was) Necker. 
nemine contradicente [L.], no 

one speaking in opposition. 
nemine dissentiente [L.], no 

one dissenting. 
nemo me impune lacesslt 

[L.], no one wounds me with 

impimity ; — the motto of 

Scotland. 

nemo repente f uit turpissimus 

[L,], no one ever became a 

villain all at once. 
nemo solus sapit [L.], no one 

is the only wise one. 
ne plus ultra [L.], nothing 

further. 
nil admirarl [L.], to wonder 

at nothing. 

nil desperandum [L.], never 
despair. 

nil sine numine [L.], nothing 
without God ; — the motto of 
Colorado. 

n'importe [F.], it matters not. 

noblesse oblige [F.], rank im- 
poses obligation ; much is 
rightly expected of one of 
high birth or station. 

nolens volens [L.], whether he 
will or not. 

noli me tangere [L.], don't 

touch me. 
nolle prosequi [L.], to be rm- 
willing to proceed. 

nom de guerre [F.], a war 

name '; a traveling title ; a 
pseudonym. 

nom de plume [F.], a pen 

name ; an assumed title. 

non compos mentis [L.], not 
of sound mind. 

non est inventus [L.], he has 
not been found. 

non libet [L.], it does not 
please me. 

non liquet [L.], it is not clear. 

non obstante [L.], notwith- 
standing. 

non omnia possumus omnes 
[L.], we cannot, all of us, do 
all things. 

non omnis moriar [L.], I shall 
not wholly die. 

non quo, sed quomodo [L], 
not by whom, but how. 

non sequitur [L.], it does not 
follow ; an unwarranted con- 
clusion. 

nosce te ipsum [L.], know 

thyself. 
nota bene [L.], mark well. 
nous verrons [F.], we shall 

see* 
novUS homo [L.], a new man. 
nuance [F.], shade; tint. 
nudum pactum [L.], a naked 

contract ; i. e., one made 



without any consideration, 
and hence void. 

nulla dies sine linea [L.], no 

day without a line ; i. e., 

no day without something 

done. 
nullius fllius [L.], nobody's 

son ; ^■. e., a bastard. 
nunc aut nunquam [L.], now 

or never. 

o. 

Obiit [L.], He, or She, died. 

obiter dictum [L.], a thing said 
[by a judge] by the way, or 
in passing, i. e., on a point not 
materia] to the case. 

oeil de boeuf [F.], a bull's eye. 

oi TToAAot, see hoi polloi. 

omne ignotum pro magnifico 

[L.], whatever is unknown is 

thought to be magnificent. 
omnia vincit amor [L.], love 

conquers all things. 
omnia vincit labor [L.], labor 

overcomes all things. 

omnis amans, amens [L.], 

every lover is demented. 
on dit [F.], they say ; hence, a 

flying rumor. 
onus proband! [L.], the burden 

of proving. 
ora pro nobis [L.], pray for 

us. 
ore rotundo [L.], with round, 

full voice. 
tempera! mores! [L.], 

O the times ! O the manners ! 
Otiosa sedulitas [L.], idle in- 
dustry ; trifling laboriousness. 

otium cum dignitate [L.], ease 

with dignity ; dignified lei- 
sure. 

oubliette [F.], dungeon of a 
castle. 

OUi-dire [F.], hearsay. 



pacta COnventa [L.], the con- 
ditions agreed upon. 

pallida mors [L.], pale death. 

palmam qui meruit ferat [L.], 
let him who has won it bear 
the palm. 

par excellence [F.], by way 

of eminence. 
pari passu [L.], with equal 
pace. 

parole d'honneur [F.], word 

of honor. 

particeps criminls [L.], an ac- 
complice. 

pate de foie gras [F.], goose- 
liver pie. 

paterfamilias pj.], the father 
of a family. 

pater noster [L.], our Father; 
the Lord's prayer. 



pater patriae [L.], father of 

his country. 

patres conscriptl [L.], con- 
script fathers ; the Roman 
senatoi's. 

penetralia [L.], inmost parts; 
privacy ; sanctuary. 

pensee [F.], thought. 

per annum [L.], by the year. 

per aspera ad astra [L.], 
through trials to the stars, 
i. e., glory. 

per capita [L.], by the head. 

per centum [L.], by the hun- 
dred. 

per contra [L.], contrariwise. 

per curiam [L.j, by the court. 

per diem [L.], by the day. 

perdu [F.], lost. 

per se [L.], by itself considered. 

per Viam [L.], by the way of. 

petitio principii [L.J, a beg- 
ging of the question. 

peu-a-peu [F.], little by little. 

pen de chose [F.], a trifle. 

piece de resistance [F.], chief 
meat dish of a dinner. 

pinxit [L.J, He, or She, painted 
it. 

pis aller [F.], the last shift. 

piU [It. J, more. 

pleno jure [L.], with full au- 
thority. 

POCO a POCO [It.], little by 
little. 

poeta nascitur, non fit [L.], the 
poet is born, not made. 

point d'appui [F.], point of 
support ; prop. 

pons asinorum [L.], asses' 
bridge ; — a phrase applied : 
(a) to a certain problem in 
geometry ; (6) to a key to, or 
translation of, a Latin or 
Greek book. 

possunt quia posse videntur 
[L.], they can because they 
think they can. 

poste restante [F.],to remain 
until called for. 

post Obitum [L.], after death. 

potage au gras [F.], meat soup. 

pour acquit [F.], paid. 

pour faire visite [F.], to pay a 

visit. 

pour passer le temps [F.], to 

pass away the time. 
pour prendre conge [F.], to 

take leave. 
preux chevalier [F ], a brave 

knight. 
prima facie [L.], on the first 
view. 

primus inter pares [L.], first 

among equals. 
probatum est [L.J, it is proved, 
pro bono publico [L.], for the 

public good. 



MM 



FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. 



547 



proems verbal [F.], a written 
statement. 

pro confesso [L.], as if con- 
ceded. 

procul, procttl este, profanl ! 
[L.], far, far hence, ye pro- 
fane ! 

pro et con [L.], for and against. 

profanum vulgus [L.], the un- 
lioly or uninitiated rabble. 

pro forma [L.], for the sake of 
form. 

pro patria [L.] , for our country. 

pro rata [L.], in proportion. 

pro re nata [L.], for a special 
emergency. 

pro tempore [L.], for the time 
being. 

Punlca fides [L.J, Punic faith; 
treachery. 

Q. 

quaere [L.], query ; inquiry. 
CLUantum llbet [L.], as much as 

you please. 
quantum meruit [L.], as much 

as he has deserved. 
quantum mutatus ab lllo! 

[L.], how changed from what 

he was 1 
quantum sufflclt [L.], as much 

as suffices. 
quantum vis [L.], as much as 

you will. 
quelque chose [F.], a trifle; 

something ; anything. 
quid faciendum ? [L.], what is 

to be done ? 
quid nunc? [L], what now? 
qui docet, disclt [L.], he who 

teaches, learns. 
quid pro quo [L.], one thing for 

another ; an equivalent. 
qulen sabe ? [Sp.], who knows ? 
qui f acit per allum f acit per se 

[L.], he who does a thing by 

the agency of another does it 

himself. 
qui pense ? [F.]. who thinks ? 
qui transtullt, sustinet [L.], 

he who transplanted still sus- 
tains ; — the motto of Con- 
necticut. 
qui va Ik? [F.] , who goes there? 
qui Vive ? [F.], who goes there? 

— on the qui vive, on the 

alert. 
quoad hoc [L.], to this extent. 
quo animo? [L.], with what 

mind or intent ? 

quod avertat Deus ! [L.], which 
may God avert ! 

quod erat demonstrandum 
[L.], which was to be demon- 
strated. 

quod erat faciendum [L.], 
which was to be done. 

quod vide [L.], which see. 



quo jure ? [L.], by what right ? 
quos Deus vult perdere, prius 

dementat [L.], those whom 

God wishes to destroy, he 

first makes mad. 
quot homines, tot sententiae 

[L.], many men, many minds. 

R. 

raison d'etat [F.], a reason of 
state. 

raison d'etre [F.], a reason for 
being. 

rara avis [L.], a rare bird. 

rechauffe [F.], warmed over, 
as food ; hence, stale ; old ; 
insipid. 

reductio ad absurdum [L.], a 
reducing a position to an ab- 
surdity. 

reglna [L.], queen. 

regnant populi [L.], the people 
rule ; — the motto of Arkan- 
sas (properly, regnat populus). 

r enommee [ F . ] , renown ; fame . 

requiescat in pace [L.], may 
he rest in peace. 

res angusta domi [L.], narrow 
circumstances at home ; pov- 
erty. 

res gestae [L.], things done , 
transaction ; subject matter. 

respice finem [L.], look to the 

end. 

respublica [L-], the common- 
wealth. 

resurgam [L.], i shall rise 
again. 

revenons a nos moutons [F.], 
let us return to our sheep ; let 
us return to our subject. 

robe de chambre [F.], a dress- 
ing-gowu. 

rouleau [F.l, a little roll. 

ruat caelum [L.], let the heav- 
ens fall. 

ruit mole sua [L.], it falls of 
its own weight. 

ruse de guerre [F.], a strata- 
gem of war. 

rus in urbe [L.], the country in 
town. 



sal Attlcum [L.], Attic salt ; 

wit. 
salle [F.], a hall. 
salus populi suprema est lex 

[L.], the welfare of th§ people 
is the supreme law ; — motto 
of Missouri, 
salve I [L.], hail!— motto of 
Idaho when a territory. 

sanctum sanctorum [L.], holy 

of holies. 
sans ceremonie [F.], without 

ceremony. 
sansparell [F.], without equal. 



sans peur et sans reproche 
[F.], without fear and with- 
out reproach. 

sans SOUCl [F.], free from care. 

sartor resartus [L.], the tailor 
retailored. 

satis verborum [L.], enough 
of words. 

savolr faire, or le savolr faire 
[F.], the knowing how to do ; 
ability. 

scire facias [L.], cause it to be 
known. 

SCripsit [L.], He, or She, wrote 
it. 

SCUlpsit [L.], He, or She, 
sculptured it. 

scuto bonae voluntatis tuae co- 
ronastl nos [L.], with the 
shield of thy good will thou 
hast encompassed us ; — a 
motto of Maryland. 

secundum ordinem [L.], in or- 
der. 

semel et simul [L.], once and 
together. 

semper fidelis [L.], always 
faithful. • 

semper idem [L.], always the 

same. 

semper paratus [L.], always 

ready. 

senatus consultum [L.], a de- 
cree of the Senate. 

se non b vero, e ben trovato 
[It.], if not true, it is well 
feigned. 

sesquipedallaverba[L.], words 
a foot and a lialf long. 

sic passim [L.], so every where. 

sic semper tyrannis [L.], ever 
so to tyrants ; — motto of Vir- 
ginia. 

sic transit gloria mundi [L.], 
.so passes away eartlily glory. 

SiCUtante [L.], as before. 

sicut patribus, sit Deus nobis 
[L.], as God was with our 
fathers, so may he be with 
us. 

silent leges inter arma [L.], 
the laws are silent in time of 
war. 

slmllia similibus curantur 
[L.], like things are cured by 
like. 

sine CUra[L.], without charge 
or care. 

sine die [L], without a da}' ap- 
pointed. 

sine qua non [L.], an indispen- 
sable condition. 

si quaeris peninsulam amoe- 
nam, circumspice [L.], if 
thou seekest a beautiful pen- 
insula, look about you ; — 
the motto of Michigan. 

si Vis pacem, parabellum [L.] , 



648 



FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. 



if you wish peace, prepare for 
war. 

sponte sua [L.], of one's own 
accord. 

statu quo ante bellum [L.], in 
the state which was before 
the war. 

Status quo [L.], the state in 
which. 

Stet [L.], let it stand. 

Sturm und Drang [G.], storm 
and stress. 

suaviter in modo, f ortiter in re 
[L.], gentle in manners, reso- 
lute in deed. 

sub judice [L.], under consid- 
eration. 

SUbrosa [L.], under the rose; 
privately. 

sub specie [L.], under the ap- 
pearance of. 

sub voce [L.], under the voice. 

SUggestio falsi [L.], suggestion 
of falsehood. 

sui generis [L.], of its own 
kind. 

sui juris [L.], of one's own 
right; i. e., not under the 
power of another, ate are 
slaves, minors, etc. 

summum bonum [L.], the 
chief good. 

SUUm CUiCtue [L.] , let each have 
his own. 

T. 

tabula rasa [L.], a smooth or 
blank tablet. 

tant mieux [F.], so much the 
better. 

tant pis [F.], so much the worse. 

tapis [F.], a carpet; also, the 
c V e r of a council table ; 
hence, to be on the tapis, to 
be under consideration. 

tel maltre, tel valet [F.], like 
master, like man. 

tempus edax rerum [L.], time 
the devourer of all things. 

tempus fugit [L.], time flies. 

terraefilius [L.], a son of the 
earth ; i. e., a human being. 

terra firma [L.], solid earth; 
a safe footing. 

terra incognita [L.], an un- 
known country. 

tertium quid [L.], a third some- 
thing; a nondescript. 

tiers-etat [F.], the third estate; 
commons or commoualtj'. 

timeo Danaos et dona ferentes 
[L.], I fear the Greeks even 
when bringing gifts. 



toga Virilis [L.], the toga worn 

by men. 
totidem verbis [L.], in just so 

many words. 

toties quoties [L.], as often 
as. 

tour de force [F.], a feat of 
-might or skill. 

tons frais faites [F.], all ex- 
pense defrayed. 

tout-a-fait [F.], entirely. 

tout-a-l'heure [F.l, instantly. 

tout au contraire [F.], on the 
contrary. 

tout a VOUS [F.], wholly yours. 

tout de meme [F.], precisely 
the same. 

toutde suite [F.], immediately. 

tout ensemble [F.], the whole 
taken together. 

tu quoque, Brute ! [L.], and 
thou too, Brutus ! — imply- 
ing betrayal by a friend. 

U. 

Ubi supra [L.], where above 
mentioned. 

ultima Thule [L.], utmost 
limit. 

un fait accompli [F.], an ac- 
complished factr 

uno animo [L. ] , with one mind; 
unanimously. 

usque ad aras [L.], to the 
very altars. 

usus loquendi [L.], usage of 
speech. 

ut infra [L.], as below. 

Ut supra [L.], as above. 

V. 

vade in pace [L.], go in peace. 

vade mecum [L.], go with me ; 
a constant companion. 

vae Victis [L.], woe to the van- 
quished. 

vale [L.], farewell. 

valet de Chambre [F.], an at- 
tendant ; a footman. 

variae lectiones [L.], various 

readings. 
veni, vidi, vici [L.], I came, 
I saw, I conquered. 

verbatim et literatim [L], 

word for word and letter for 

letter. 
verbum sat sapienti [L.], a 

word is enough for a wise 

man.« 
Veritas praevalebit [L.], truth 

will prevail. 

verite sans peur [F.], truth 
without fear. 



vestigia nulla retrorsum [L.], 

no footsteps backward. 
vexata quaestio [L.], a dis- 
puted question. 
via [L.], by tlie way of. 
via media [L.], a middle 

course. 
Via trita, via tuta [L.], the 

beaten path is the safe path. 
vice [L.], in the place of. 
Vice versa [L.], the terms be- i 

ing exchanged. 
Videtur [L.], it appears. 
Vide ut supra [L.], see as . 

stated above. 
Vi et armis [L.], by force and 

arms ; by main force. 
vincit amor patriae [L.], love 

of country prevails. 
vincit omnia Veritas [L.], 

truth conquers all things. 

vinculum matrimonii [L.], the 

bond of marriage. 

vis a vis [F.], opposite ; fac- 
ing. 

vis inertiae [L.], the power of 
inertia ; resistance of a body 
at rest. 

vis viva [L.], living force ; the 
force of a moving body. 

vita brevis, ars longa [L.], 

life is short, and art long. 
vivat rex [L.], long live the 

king. 
viva voce [L.], by the living 

voice ; by oral testimony. 

Vive la bagatelle [F.], success 

to trifling. 

Vive la republique [F.], long 

live the republic. 
Vive le roi [F.], long live the 

king. 
VOila [F.], behold; there is, or 

there are. 
volens et potens [L.], willing 

and p.ble. 

volente Deo [L.], God will- 
ing. 

vox popull, vox Dei [L.], the 
voice of the people is the 
voice of God. 

vraisemblance [F.], verisimil- 
itude. 



Zeitgeist [G.], the spirit of the 

times. 
zonam perdidit [L.], he has 

lost his purse (belt). 

zonam solvere [L-],to loose the 

[virgin] zone or girdle : — a 
part of the Roman marriage 
ceremony. 



WEIGHTS, MEASURES, ETC. 



WEIGHTS IN COMMON USE. 
AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 



27^ grains =r 1 dram, dr. 

16 dr. = 437.5 gr = 1 ounce, oz. 

16 oz. ^ 7000 gr r= 1 pound, lb. 

1-4 lbs ^1 stone. 

25 lbs. (U. S. A.) =1 quarter, qr. 

28 lbs. (Gt. Br.) = 1 quarter, qr. 



100 lbs. (U. S. A.) . 
112 lbs. (Gt. Br.):. 

20 cvvt 

2000 lbs. (U. S. A.). 
2240 lbs. (Gt. Br.). 
175 lbs. troy 



TROY WEIGHT. 

3.2 grains = 1 carat. I 20 dwt 

24 grains, gr = 1 pennyweight, dwt. \ 12 oz. = 5760 gr. 

Gold, silver, and jewels are weighed by this weight. 

APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT. 

20 grains = 1 scruple, B- I 8 3= 480 gr. . 

3 3 =:ldram, 3. | 12 3 = 5760 gr. 



1 hundredweight, cwt. 

1 hundredweight, cwt. 

1 ton. 

1 short ton. 

1 long ton. 

144 lbs. av. 



= 1 oimce, oz. 
=r 1 pound, lb. 



= 1 ounce, 3 • 
= 1 pound, lb. 



MEASURES IN COMMON USE. 
LONG MEASURE. 



72 points =: 1 inch, in. 

3 barleycorns zr 1 inch. 

12 lines =1 inch. 

3 inches ^1 palm. 

4 inches =: 1 hand. 

9 inches =1 span. 

12 inches ^1 foot, ft. 

18 inches =1 cubit. 

3 ft. = 36 in =1 yard, yd. 

6 feet ^ 1 fathom. 

5iVard8 } = ' '"^^ P«^«^' ^' P«l«- 

CLOTH 
2J in = 1 nail, na. 

4 na. =: 9 inches =1 quarter, qr. 

4 qr. = 36 inches =1 yard, yd. 

3 qr. = 27 inches = 1 ell Flemish. 



66 feet 



4 poles — 

100 links 

10 chains , 

8 fur 

1760 yds 

5280 ft 

6080.27 ft 

3 miles 

60 geog m 

69] statute m. 



MEASURE. 

5 qr ^45 inches. 

6 qr. ^ 54 inches . 
37.2 in 



144 sq. inches . . . = 1 square foot. 

9 sq. feet rr 1 sq. yard. 

30^ sq. yards or ( =: 1 square rod, 

272i sq. ft. ) pole. 

16 sq. rods ^ 1 sq. chain. 



1 chain. 

1 chain. 

1 furlong, /ur. 

1 mile, m. 

1 mile. 

1 mile. 

1 geog. or naut. mile. 

1 league, lea. 

1 degree. 

1 equatorial deg. 



= 1 ell English. 
= 1 ell French. 
= 1 ell Scotch. 



SQUARE MEASURE. 

40 sq. rods 

4 roods or 160 sq rods 
perch, or or 10 sq. chains. 

640 acres 



1728 cu. in 

27 cu. ft 

40 ft. of round 
hewn timber 



or 50 ft. of 



CUBIC 

ft. 

yd. 

1 ton or load. 



:= 1 cu, 
^ i cu 



MEASURE 

16 cu. ft 

8 cord ft. or 128 cu. ft. 



1 rood. 

1 acre (43,560 sq. 
ft.). 
1 sq. mile. 



=: 1 cord foot. 
= 1 cord. 



LIQUID MEASURE. 



4 gills =1 pint, pt. 

2 pints =1 quart, qt. 

4 quarts =1 gallon, gal. 

42 gallons = 1 tierce. 

The barrel is usually taken to be 31^ gallons 



jK)ntain8 231 cubic inches ; but the imperial gallon, 277.274 cubic inches. 



63 gallons =1 hogshead, hhd. 

84 gallons = 1 puncheon. 

126 gallons ^1 pipe . 

252 gallons = 1 tun. 

in some States, 32 gallons. The gallon {U. S.) 



(549) 



550 



WEIGHTS, MEASURES, ETC. 



APOTHECARIES' MEASURE. 
60 minims (or drops), m =: 1 fluid dram, f 3 . 

8 fluid drams = 1 fluid ounce, f 3 • 

16 fluid ounces •, = 1 pint {octarius), O. 

8 pints ; = 1 gallon {congius). 

DRY MEASURE. 



4 bushels (in England) rz 1 coom. 

2 cooms (iu England) =r 1 quarter. 

5 quarters (in England) = 1 wey. 

2 weys (in England) =1 last. 



2 pints = 1 quart, qt. 

4 quarts ==1 gallon, gal. 

2 gallons = 1 peck, pk. 

4 pecks ^1 bushel, bu. 

36 bushels ^ 1 chaldron, ch. 

A gallon, dry measure, contains 268| cubic inches. 

1 U. S. (or Winchester) bushel = 2150.42 cubic inches. 

...,,,, ( = 2218.192 cubic inches. 

1 imperial bushel { = 1.0315157 U. S. bu. 

= 8 imperial bushels. 
= 8i U. S. bu. (nearly). 



1 English quarter . 



'=^ 17745.54 cubic inches. 
I = 10.2694 cubic feet. 

The weight of a bushel of wheat, as flxed by law, is 60 lbs. avdp. ; of rye, 56 lbs. ; and of Indian 
corn, 56 lbs. A bushel of oats varies in weight from 30 to 36 lbs., and of barley from 32 to 50 lbs. 
The customary legal weight of a bushel of potatoes is 60 lbs. , but in Ohio it is 58 lbs. , and in Wash- 
ington 50 lbs. 

SHIPPING ADMEASUREMENT. 

Register Ton. — For Register Tonnage, or for measurement of the entire internal capacity of a 
vessel : jOq cubic feet ^ 1 register ton. 

This number is arbitrarily assumed to facilitate computation. 
Shipping Ton. — For the measurement of cargo : — 

40 cubic feet 



f = 1 shipping ton. 



31.16 imperial bushels. 

I = 32.143 bushels. 

f = 1 British shipping ton. 
42 cubic feet -{ = 32.719 imperial bushels. 

I = 33.75 bushels. 
350 cubic feet = 1 keel. 

A ton of wheat occupies about 40 cubic feet, and is often taken as a standard alike for the vol- 
ume and weight of cargoes. 



TIME. 



4 weeks r= 1 month. 

13 



12 calendar months := 1 year. 



60 seconds -. =i 1 miniite. 

60 minutes ^1 hour. 

24 hours ^1 day. 

7 days =1 week. 

2 weeks ^1 fortnight. 

The length of the astronomical year is about 365J days, or 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 46 sec- 
onds. As the common year is 365 days, it becomes necessary once in every four years to add a 
day to the year, making the leap year of 366 days. 

Every year whose number is divisible by 4 without a remainder is a leap year, excepting the full 
centuries, which to be leap years must be divisible by 400 without a remainder ; 1900, therefore, 
was not a leap year. 

January, March, May, July, August, October, and December contain 31 days. 

April, June, September, and November contain 30 days. February contains 28 days, except in 
leap years, when it contains 29 days. 

ANGULAR MEASURE, 



60 seconds or 60'' ^1 prime minute. 

60 minutes or 60' r= 1 degree, °. 



30 degrees. . , =1 sign, s. 

12 signs, or 360 degrees =1 great circle. 



NUMBERS. 

12 units = 1 dozen. I 12 gross =1 great gross. 

12 dozen rr 1 gross. | 20 units = 1 score. 



PAPER. 

24 sheets = 1 quire. I 20 quires . 

10^ quiree = 1 token. 



z=. 1 ream. 



THE METRIC SYSTEM. 



10 milligrams. . 
10 centigrams . 
10 decigrams . . 

10 grams 

10 decagrams . 

10 hectograms 
10 kilograms . . 
10 myriagrams . 

10 quintals . . . 



WEIGHTS. 

1 milUgram = 0^.000001 

1 centigram = 0^.00001 . 

1 decigram = Qi'.OOOl . . 

1 gram = 0^.001 . . . 

1 decagram ^ Oi^.Ol 

•'-to^r.. =0.1 | = S,fof.^v:- 

I =z 15432.3488 gr. 

• ( = 2.204621 lbs. av. 

. . . =: 22.04621 lbs. av. 
1 quintal = 100^. . ' = 220.4621 lbs. av. 



= 0.0154323 gr. 

= 0.1543235 gr. 

— 1.5432349 gr. 

= 15.4323488 gr. 
I = 154.323488 gr. 
I = 0.3527 oz. av. 



1 kilogram . . . 
1 myriagram. 



= Ik. . 
= 10k. 



1 miUier or tonneau. 



= 1000k. 



= 1.9684 cwt. of 112 lbs. 

= 2204.621 lbs. av. 

=: 0.9842 long ton of 2240 lbs. 

= 1.102320 short tons of 2000 lbs. 



64.798950 milligrams =: 1 grain troy. 
453.592651 grams .... ^1 pound av. 
1016.04754 kilograms. . = 1 long ton, or 2240 lbs. av. 
907.18530 kilograms.. = 1 short ton, or 2000 lbs. av. 



The kilogram is designed to be the exact 
weight in a vacuum of a cubic decimeter 
of distilled water at the temperature of 
4^"* of the centigrade thermometer (39.2° 
Fahrenheit). 



MEASURES OF LENGTH. 



1 millimeter. 

10 millimeters :=z 1 centimeter 

10 centimeters ^1 decimeter . 



10 decimeters 



^ 1 meter 



Om.OOl 
Om.Ol . 
Om.l .. 

:1m.... 1 = 



10 meters ^1 decameter r^ 10m 

10 decameters = 1 hectometer ^ 100m. . . 

I 
10 hectometers r= 1 kilometer =: 1000m. ■{ 



1 myriameter = 10000m . =: 



10 kilometers 

25.398 millimeters 

1.0159 decimeters 

3.0479 decimeters 

9.1438 decimeters 

100.58 decimeters 

20.116 meters 

1.6093 kilometers 

The meter is designed to be the ten-millionth part of the quadrant of 



0.0393708 inch. 
0.393708 inch. 
3.93708 inches. 
39.3708 inches. 
9.8427 hands. 
3.280899 feet. 
32.80899 feet. 
328.0899 feet. 
3280.899 feet. 
= 1093.633 yards. 
49.7106 chains. 
0.621382 mile. 
6.21382 miles. 
1 inch. 
= 1 hand (4 inches). 
=. 1 foot (3 hands). 
^ 1 yard (9 hands). 
=: 1 half-chain (99 hands). 
= 1 chain. 
■=^ 1 mile (80 chains). 

the Earth's meridian. 



MEASURES OF SURFACE. 
Ordinary Measures. — The squares of the measures of length. 



LAND MEASURES 



100 centares . 
100 ares 



( ^ 1076.4 square feet. 
I = 119.60 square yards. 



1 are ^100 square meters 

1 hectare = 2.471 acres 

(551) 



552 WEIGHTS, MEASURES, ETC. 

MEASURES OF VOLUME. 

Ordinary Measures. — The cube of the measures of length. 

: 61025.2 cubic inches. 
1 cubic meter ^ =r 35.316 cubic feet. 



= 1.3079 cubic yards. 



MEASURES FOR WOOD. 



1 centistere = 0.01 stere = =r .353 cubic feet. 

1 decistere ^0.1 stere = = 3.53 cubic feet. 

latere = 1 cubic meter { = ''i^gg^^S.'"'' 

1 decastere =: 10 steres =: 13.079 cubic yards. \ 



DRY AND LIQUID MEASURES. 

1 milliliter = 01.001 | = ^•;?9106qu^rt' "<!• "leas. 

( = 0.2* fluid dram. 

10 miUiliters = 1 centiliter = O^.Ol { = o^f Lld^Jz.' ""^^ "'^*'" 

10 centiliters = 1 deciliter = OU ............{ = oisS^ Ji""^'^' ""^^ "'^*'" 

I == 1 cubic decimeter. 

10 deciliters =: 1 liter ^ 1' < ^ 1.0567 quarts, liq. meas. 

( z=i 0.908 quart, dry meas. 

10 liters =1 decaliter =10' • • I "^ q-S!? ^''l^'^T 

I ^ 9.08 quarts, dry meas. 

10 decaliters = 1 hectoliter = 1001 { = 26^41? gaiS ^''^'* 

10 hectoliters = 1 kiloliter =1000' { = 2m7^gallons" 



COINS AND THEIR VALUES. 



The value given for coins of " silver standard " countries is based upon the market price of 
the pure silver they contain, and fluctuates with tlie price of silver. For this table tlie price 
of an ounce of pure silver was taken as $0.58313. For " gold standard " countries the value of 
even the silver coins is reckoned as tlie given proportionate part of the gold unit. 







Denominations Coined. 




a^ 


Name of Coin. 


Country and Standard. 
g. = gold. 
B. = silver. 






Equivalent Value in 
Other Native Coins. 


<U O 












Gold 


Silver. 






alexander 


Bulgaria, g. & s.* 


1 





20 levs 


13.859 


alphonse 


Cuba, g. 


1 




25 pesetas 


4.823 


anna 


India, g. 


— 


4; 2 


4 pice 


0.02 


argentine 


Argentina, g. 


1; h 


— 


5 pesos 


4.824 


bani 


Roumania, g.* 


— 


50 


.01 lei 


0.002 


bolivar 


Venezuela, g.* 


100; 50; 
20; 10; 5 


5; 2; 1; 
frac. 


20 centavos 


0.193 


boliviano 


Bolivia, s. 


— 


1; i; etc. 


100 centavos 


0.422 


cash 


China, s. 


— 




.001 tael 


0.007 


cent 


Canada, g. 


— 


50; 25; 10;5 


.01 dollar 


0.01 


cent 


Newfoundland, g. 


— 


50;20; 10; 5 


.01 dollar 


0.01 


cent 


United States, g. 


— 


50; 25; 10 


.01 dollar 


0.01 


centavo 


Argentina, g. 


— 


5; 10; 20;50 


.01 peso 


0.009 


centavo 


Bolivia, s. 


— 


5; 10; 20;50 


.01 bolivar 


0.005 


centavo 


Chile, g. 


— 


20, 10; 5 


.01 peso 


0.004 


centavo 


Mexico, s. 


— 


50;20;10;5 


.01 peso 


0.004 


centavo 


Venezuela, g.* 


— 


10; 4 


^0 bolivar 


.01 


centesimo 


Italy, g. & s.* 


— 


50; 20 


.01 lira 


0.002 


centesimo 


Uruguay, g. 


— 


50; 20; 10 


.01 peso 


0.01 


centime 


L. U.,* g. & 8. 


— 


50; 20 


.01 franc 


0.002 


centime 


Costa Rica, g. 


— 


50;25;10;5 


.01 colon 


0.005 


centime 


Cuba, g. 


— 


— 


.01 peso 


0.009 


centime 


Spain, g.* 


— 


50; 20 


.01 peseta 


0.002 


colon 


Costa Rica, g. 


20; 10; 5; 2 


i; etc. 


100 centimes 


0.465 


condor 


Chile, g. 


1;^ 




10 pesos 


7.30 


condor 


Colombia, s. 


2; 1 


— 


20 pesos 


9.647 


copeck 


Russia, g. 




50; 25; 20; 
15; 10; 5 


.01 ruble 


0.005 


crown 


Austria-H., g. 


10; 20 


1;5 


100 heller 


0.203 


crown 


Denmark, g. 


20; 10; 5 


2;l;^;etc. 


100 ore 


0.268 


crown 


Germany, g. 


2;1. 


— 


10 marks 


2.38 


crown 


Great Brit., g. 




i;i 


5 shillings 


1.216 


crown 


Norway, g. 


20; 10; 5 


2; 1; frac. 


100 ore 


0.268 


crown 


Portugal, g. 


1; h 1-5; 
1-10 


— 


10 milreis 


10.805 


crown 


Sweden, g. 


20:10; 5 


2; 1; frac. 


100 ore 


0.268 


decime 


Colombia, s. 


— 


2;i;^ 


r<j peso 


0.05 


dime 


United States, g. 


— 


1 


lO cents 


0.10 


dinar 


Servia, g. & s.* 


20; 10 


5; 2; 1;^ 


100 paras 


0.193 


dollar 


Canada, g. 


— 


2 ; i ; etc. 


100 cents 


1.00 


dollar 


Mexico. See Peso. 










dollar 


Newfoundland, g. 


2 


— 


100 cents 


1.014 


dollar 


United States, g. 


20 ; 10 ; 5 ; 
2^ 


1; *; \ 

1-10 


100 cents 


1.00 



* See footnote, p. 555. 



(553) 



554 



COINS AND THEIR VALUES. 







Denominations Coined. 




P>. 


Name of Coin. 


Country and Standard, 
g. = gold. 
8. = silver 






Equivalent Value m 
Other Native Coins. 














Gold. 


Silver. 




?- 


doubloon 


Chile, g. 


1 


_ 


10 pesos 


$3.65 


doubloon isabella 


Cuba, g. & s. 


1 


— 


— 


5.017 


doubloon 


See Onza. 




2 






drachma 


Greece, g. & s.*- 


100 ; 50 ; 
20; 10; 5 


5; 2; 1 


100 lepta 


0.193 


ducat 


Austria-H., g. 


1; 4 





— 


2.287 i 


eagle 


United States, g. 


9 . 1 . 1.1 





10 dollars 


10.00 •! 


escudo 


Chile, g. 


1 





5 pesos 


1.825 


florin 


Austria, g. 


— 


1; 2; i 


100 kreutzers 


0.482 


florin 


Great Brit., g. 


— 


1 


2 shillings 


0.487 


florin 


Netherlands, g. 


10 


2J;l;frac. 


100 cents 


0.402 


franc 


i Belgium, g. & s.* 

< France 

( Switzerland 


100; 50 
20; 10; 5 


5; 2; 1 

i; 1-5 


100 centimes [ 


0.193 


gourde 


Hayti, g. 


10;5;2;1 


1 ; frac- 
tions 


100 centimes 


0.965 


guilder 


Netherlands. See 
Florin. 










imperial 


Russia, g. 


1; \ 


— 


15 rubles 


7.718 


kran 


Persia, s. 







i^(j toman 


0.078 


kreutzer 


Austria, g. 





20; 10 


.01 florin 


0.005 


lei 


Roumania, g.* 


20; 10 


5; 2; 1 


100 bani 


0.193 


lepton 


Greece, g. & s.* 





50; 20 


.01 drachma 


0.002 


lev 


Bulgaria, g. & s.* 


20 


5; 2; 1; \ 


100 stotinki 


0.193 


liang 


Korea, s. 


— 


1 


— 


0.10 


libra 


Peru, g. & s. 


1; \ 


— 


10 soles 


4.8665 


lira 


Italy, g. & s.* 


100 ; 50 , 
20; 10; 5 


5; 2; 1; 
fractions 


100 centesimi 


0.193 


lira 


Turkey, g. 


5; 2i; 1; 
20; 10 


— 


.01 lira 


4.396 , 


mark 


Finland, g.* 


2 ; 1 ; frac. 


100 penni 


0.193 


mark 


Germany, g. 


20; 10 


5; 2; 1; 
fractions 


100 pfennigs 


0.238 


milreis 


Brazil, g. 


50; 10; 5 


2 ; 1 ; i 


1000 reis 


0.546 


milreis 


Portugal, g. 


10;5; 2;1 


1 ; frac. 


1000 reis 


1.08 


onza 


Guatemala, s. 


1; i 


— 


— 


15.739 


onza 


Honduras, s. 


1; i 


— 


— 


15.739 


onza 


Nicaragua, s. 


1; 4 


— 


— 


15.739 


onza 


Salvador, s. 


1; \ 


— 


— 


15.739 


ore 


Denmark, g. 




50 ; 40 ; 
25 ; 10 


.01 crown 


0.003 


ore 


Norway, g. 


— 


50 ; 40 ; 
25; 10 


.01 crown 


0.003 


ore 


Sweden, g. 


— 


50 ; 40 ; 
25; 10 


.01 crown 


0.003 

■ 


para 


Servia, g. & s.* 


— 


50 


.01 dinar 


0.002 : 


para 


Turkey, g. 


— 


20 


5^0 piaster 


0.001 


penni 


Finland, g.* 


— 


50; 25 


.01 mark 


0.002 


penny 


Great Britain, g. 


— 


G: 4; 3; 

2; 1 

1 


4 farthings 


0.02 


peseta 


Ecuador, g. 





20 centavos 


0.097 


peseta 


Spain, g.* 


100 ; 50 ; 
25; 20; 
10; 5 


5; 2; 1; 
fractions 


100 centimos 


0.193 


peso 


Argentina, g. 


— 


1; i;l-10; 
1-20 


100 centavos 


0.965 


peso 


Chile, g. 


— 


1; 1-5; etc. 


100 centavos 


0.365 


peso 


Colombia, s 





1; 1-5; etc. 


10 decimos 


0.487 


peso 


Cuba, g. 


— 


1 


100 centimos 


0.910 


peso 


Guatemala, s. 


20; 10; 5; 

2; 1 

ee footnote, p. 


1; frac. 


100 centimos 


0.422 


»S 


555. 









COINS AND THEIE 


, VALUES. 


555 


Name of Coin. 


Country and Standard, 
g. = pold. 
6. = silver. 


Dcnoniinati 


ons Coined. 


Equivalent Value in 
Other Native Coins. 


II 






Gold. 


Silver. 




>- 


peso 


Honduras, s. 


20; 10; 5; 

2; 1 
20; 10; 5; 1 


1; frac. 


100 centimos 


gO.422 


peso 


Mexico, s. 


1; frac. 


100 ceutavos 


gO.98 












sO.46 


peso 


Nicaragua, s. 


20;10;5;2;1 


1; frac. 


100 centimos 


0.122 


peso 


Salvador, s. 


20;10;5;2;1 


1; frac. 


100 centimos 


0.422 


peso 


Uruguay, g. 


1 


1; h 1-5; 

1-10 


100 centesimos 


\.{iU 


peso 


Venezuela. See 
Venezolano. 










pfennig 


Germany, g. 


— 


50 


.01 mark 


0.002 


piaster 


Egypt, g. 


50 


20;10;5;2; 1 


.01 pound 


0.05 


piaster 


Turkey, g. 


50; 25 


20;10;5;2; 
frac. 


.01 lira 


0.044 


pound 


Egypt, g. 


1;^ 


100 piasters 


4.943 


pound 


Great Brit., g. 


5;2;1;^ 


— 


20 shillings 


4.8665 


real 


Ecuador, g. 




1 


10 centavos 


0.05 


real 


Portugal, g. 


— 


500; 200; 
100; 50 


.001 milreis 


0.001 


rixdaler 


Netherlands, g. 


— 


1 


21 florins 


1.005 


ruble 


Russia, g. 


15; 10; 7J;5 


1; frac. 


100 copecks 


0.515 


rupee 


India, g. 


— 


1; 21 ?' 8 


16 annas 


0.324 


sen 


Japan, g. 


— 


50; 20; 10 


.01 yen 


0.005 


shilling 


Great Brit., g. 


— 


5;2i 


12 pence 


0.243 


sol 


Peru, g. & s. 


— 


1; frac. 


100 centavos 


0.487 


sovereign 


Great Britain. See 
Pound. 










stotinki 


Bulgaria, g. & s.* 


— 


— 


.01 lev 


0.002 


Sucre 


Ecuador, g. 


10 


1; frac. 


100 centavos 


0.487 


tael (haikwan) 


China, s. 


not coined 




1000 cash 


0.703 


thaler 


Germany, g. 


— 


1 


3 marks 


0.714 


toman 


Persia, s. 


2; 1 


— 


10 krans 


1.704 


venezplano 


Venezuela, g.* 


20;10;4;2;1 


— 


100 centavos 


0.965 


yen 


Japan, g. 


20; 10; 5 


~ 


100 sen 


0.498 



* The Latin Monetary Union (Belgium, France. Greece, Italy, Switzerland) has nominally a double 
standard with the ratio of ?old to silver fixed at 1 to 15J, but virtually it has the single gold standard because 
of the limiting of the silver coinage in 1S73. All of these countries have coins of the same weight and fine- 
ness, but the "franc" and "centime" are called respectively "lira" and "centesimo" in Italy and 
" drachma " and " lepton " in Greece. This monetary system has also been adopted in whole or in part by 
Bulgaria, Finland, Koumania, Servia, Spain, Venezuela, etc. 



DICTIONAKY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



When a word in this vocabulary is printed in small capitals, whether preceded by " See" or *' Cf." 
(compare) or not, it means a reference to the word so printed 



A, Letter used in abbreviations: as, A/C, 

account current ; A/c, account ; @ for to or 
at, usually in connection with prices, as 12 c. 
@ 14 c. (12 to 14 cents) ; 100 lbs. @ 10 c. (100 
lbs. at 10 cents). A, alone, may signify Ac- 
cepted or Audited. 

A 1. At Lloyd's Register of Shipping = first- 
class ; A 2, second class, etc. In the U. S. the 
scale runs fractionally, — A 1, A 1 1-4, etc., 
A 2, etc. Loosely, A 1 is used in trade simply 
for " first-rate " of its kind. 

abandonment. Giving up of insured damaged 
property to insurers, with claim for total loss. 

abatement- Deduction from a bill or invoice ; 
diminution of a nuisance. 

abeyance. Suspension ; temporary suppression. 

abrasion. Loss of weight, as in coins, from 
handling. 

abstract. A summary or epitome, as of a title, 
a will. 

acceptance. Agreement to terms or conditions; 
engagement of a drawee of a bill or draft to 
pay it ; reception of a thing bought as that 
agreed upon. 

acceptor. One who signs in acceptance. 

accession. Adding property through growth 
or by labor. 

accessory. A subordinate aid to another's act 
(usually in crime). 

accident insurance. Agreement to pay a speci- 
fied sum in case of injury or death by accident. 

accommodation paper. Promi.ssory notes made 
only for borrowing, not standing for real 
transactions. 

accord and satisfaction. Discharge of a con- 
tract as performed when something else is 
given or done and accepted therefor. 

account. Registry of pecuniary transactions ; 
statement of debits and credits. 

accountant. One skilled in commercial and 
financial affairs and their accountings; pro- 
fessional keeper or examiner of books of ac- 
count. 

account current. Statement of transactions 
between two parties, showing the condition of 
the account to date. 

account, profit and loss. Statement of own 
transactions for own information, showing 
expenses and losses as against gains, for a 
specified time. 

account sales. Statement of an agent or broker 
to a principal, showing dates, quantities of 
goods sold, rates, prices, expenses, and com- 
missions, with balance due principal. 



account stated. An account rendered, and 

agreed to by both parties. 
accrue. To increase ; to come as profit, 
acknowledgment. Admission, as of payment 

made or of facts alleged ; sworn admission of 

one's own signature. 
h compte. Fr. On account ; a part payment, 
acquittance. Written release from liability, 
act. A thing done, or a formal statement of 

action taken ; as, an act of Congress. 
action. Law. Civil proceeding commenced as 

may be prescribed by rules of court, 
actionnaire. -Fr. A shareholder, 
active partner. One who takes active share in 

managing a business in which he is part owner, 
act of bankruptcy. Act which renders the doer 

liable to be declared bankrupt, 
act of God. Damage arising from natural causes, 

not to be foreseen or prevented ; — used com- 
monly in BILLS OP LADING. 

actuary. Company officer skilled in mortality 
tables, annuities, life probabilities, life insur- 
ance values, etc. 

adjustment. Settlement of losses in marine and 
fire insurance ; agreement upon disputed ac- 
counts. 

administer. To manage or conduct; Law, to 
settle, as an estate. 

administrator. See executor. 

admiralty court. One having jurisdiction in 
maritime cases. 

ad referendum. Lat. To be further considered ; 
used in some contracts leaving minor matters 
for further agreement. 

ad valorem. Lat. According to value ; as, an 
ad valorem customs duty, reckoned by a per- 
centage of value, not by weight, quantity, etc., 
dist. from specific duty. 

advance. To increase in value ; to make a pre- 
payment. — n., the increase, or the prepay- 
ment. 

adventure. A speculative shipment of goods on 
shipper's own risk, with no liability to vessel. 

adverse possession- Occupation of real estate 
in opposition to others' claims. 

advice, letter of. Letter informing of things 
done or to be done, as bills or drafts made, 
consignments of goods, payment of accounts, 
etc. 

affiant. One who makes an affidavit. 

affidavit. Written declaration made and signed 
under oath before an authorized officer. 

affreight. To hire, as a ship, for transporta- 
tion of freight. 

after date. After the date of the bill, draft, or 
note in question. 

(556) 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



557 



after sight. After presentation to and accept- 
ance by the drawee of a bill or draft. 

agenda. Lat. Things to be done. 

agent. One employed to act for another. 

aggravation. Law. Whatever increases crim- 
inality, or makes an injury heavier. 

agio. Premium or discount on the face value, 
as on one sort of money exchanged for an- 
other. 

agiotage. Exchange business; also specula- 
tions in values of stocks and bonds. 

agrarian. Pertaining to fields or lands. 

agreement. Concurrence in something to be 
done or omitted ; mutual contract. 

alias. Another, or an assumed, name. 

alien. One of foreign birth, or of foreign 
allegiance. 

alimony. Allowance made to a wife by a 
husband during or after a suit for separation 
or divorce. 

aliquot part. That part of a number which 
divides it without a remainder. 

aliunde. Lat. Law. From another source ; 
obtained elsewhere. 

allegation. Formal assertion or averment. 

allegiance. Duty owed to one's government, 
king, or country. 

allocate. To allot or distribute, commonly shares 
in a company. — allocation. Act of allotment. 

allocatur. Lat. Laic. It is allowed ; express- 
ing the allowance of a proceeding, writ, 
order, costs, etc., by a court or judicial 
officer. 

allotment. Act of allocating or distributing, 
as company shares. 

allow. To grant, give, or yield ; to make an 
abatement. " 

allowance. That which is granted as sufficient 
for any purpose, as by a court or a negotiator ; 
a limited or stated quantity of anything, as 
food or drink ; rations. 

alloy. Any mixture of metals ; esp., a baser 
metal mixed with a finer, as in coinage. 

all rights reserved, a claim of copyright, 

commonly placed on the back of a book's 
title-page, to announce reservation of drama- 
tization, etc. 

amortize. Laic To convey lands to a cor- 
poration. Finance. To extinguish, as a debt, 
usually by a sinking fund. 

ancestor. Law. One from whom an estate 
has descended. 

ancient writings. Phrase denoting docu- 
ments, as deeds, 30 years old, not requiring 
proof of execution. 

annexation. The union of property with a 
freehold, so as to become a fixture. 

annuitant. Recipient of an annuity. 

annuity. Sum of money payable yearly for a 
certain period or for life 

answer. To respond or reply ; to become 
responsible or liable for. 

antedate. To date (as a document, check, 
note) before the day of writing. 

appeal. To apply for the removal of a cause 
to a higher court. — 11., The application. 

appellate. Denoting a court that takes cog- 
nizance of appeals from lower courts. 



apply. To use for a particular purpose or in 
a particular case. 

appraise. To set a value or price upon. 

appraiser. One employed to put a value upon 
property; specif., a customs officer who values 
dutiable imports. 

appreciate. To increase in value. 

apprentice- One bound by indenture to a 
master to learn a trade. 

apprize. Variant of appraise. 

appropriate. To set apart for a particular 
use or person ; specif., to vote money for a 
purpose, as by Congress. 

appurtenance. An adjunct or appendage to 
sometliing else, as right of way over land. 

arbitration. Settlement of a dispute by one 
or more disinterested parties, legally ap- 
pointed or by consent of parties concerned. 

arbitration of exchange. Calculating money 
values between two covmtries through inter- 
mediate places, to see whether direct or in- 
direct remittances are the more advantageous. 

archives, important public records or docu- 
ments ; place where these are kept. 

arrears. Payable accounts standing unpaid. 

article. A particular commodity or thing ; a 
distinct part of any writing containing two or 
more divisions, as a clause in a contract; pi., 
set of regulations, as articles of partnership, 
of army and navy, of war. 

assault. Law. A violent attempt to beat 
another, but without touching him ; if a blow 
takes effect it is a battery. 

assay. To test an ore or an alloy for learn- 
ing its metallic contents, esp., to test for gold 
or silver. 

assess. To tax ; to value for taxation ; to 
fix the amount or share of a common ex- 
pense to be paid by each. 

assessment. Tax ; tax valuation ; specific 
sum levied or assessed. 

assets. Entire property of a person, associa- 
tion, or estate, applicable to paying indebted- 
ness; opposed to LIABILITIES. 

assign. To make over money, goods, or other 
property to another by deed ; esp., to vest in 
assignees for benefit of creditors. 

assignat. One of the money notes issued by 
the French revolutionary government (179(>- 
1796), " secured " by confiscated property, but 
never made good. 

assignee. One to whom property is trans- 
ferred. 

assignment. Written transfer of any right or 
property, either temporarily, as in trust for 
creditors or for adjustment, or permanently, 
as by a seller to a buyer ; document of trans- 
fer. 

assignor. One who transfers property by 
written instrument to others. 

assize. Session of a court for trial of cases; 
]>l.^ periodical sessions of English superior 
courts ; time or place of liolding an assize. 

association. Union of persons, as a society 
or stock company, for some special purpose. 

assortment. Collection of classified goods of 
various sorts. 

assumpsit. Laiv. An imdertaking for a con- 



558 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



sideration ; a suit to recover damages for 
breach of contract. 

assurance. Contract to pay a sum of money 
on occasion of a certain event, as death. Re- 
cent English usage refers assurance to life, 
and INSURANCE to property, contingencies. 

at sight. On demand. 

attachment. Seizure of property by legal 
process ; writ by which seizure is made. 

attest. To bear witness to ; to sign as witness. 

attorn. To agi-ee to become tenant to one for a 
tenement previously owned by another. 

attorney. A legally appointed agent ; a attor- 
ney in fact, a substitute for transaction of busi- 
ness ; b attorney at law, one legally qualified 
to act for another iu legal proceedings. 

attorney, power of. Vested authority to act 
for another in specified ways. 

auction. Selling of property by competitive bid- 
ding. 

auctioneer. A licensed conductor of auctions. 

audit. Verification of accounts by examination 
of records, vouchers, etc. 

auditor. One who audits. 

authenticate. To give authority to, by legal at- 
testation. 

authority. Law. Legal sanction ; a precedent ; 
previous decision of a court. 

aver. To declare positively ; to affirm. 

average. A mean proportion ; medial sum or 
quantity. 

average, general. Proportionate distribution 
of marine loss among underwriters or owners. 

average, particular. Partial loss by damage to 
ship or a part of cargo, to be borne by owner 
or insurer, not averaged upon all. 

average of payments. Equitable adjustment 
of a single date for settling payments due at 
several times. 

averaging. Stock Exchange. Increasing specu- 
lative transactions according to price fluctua- 
tions, so as to maintain profitable margin. 

avoid. Laiv. ' To defeat or evade, as a plea; to 
become void or vacant. 

avulsion. Removal of land from one estate to 
another, as by flood. 

award. Finding or decision of an arbitration. 



back bond. Scots Law. An instrument which, 
with another making absolute disposition, 
constitutes a trust. 

backwardation. Stock Exchange. Seller's 
postponement of delivery on payment of pre- 
mium to buyer ; also, the premium. 

bail. One who becomes surety for appearance 
of another in court ; amount pledged as secur- 
ity ; act of freeing from custody by bail. Also 
to deliver, as goods in trust, upon a contract. 

bailee. One to whom goods are bailed. 

bailiff. Agent or overseer for another ; a legal 
ofiicer {Eng.), a sheriff's deputy. 

bailment. Act of billing a person or goods. 

bailor. One who bails money or goods to an- 
other. 

balance. Scales for weighing ; equality of two 
sides of an account; also, difference between 
the two required to make them equal. 



balance of trade. Difference between imports 
and exports of a country for a specified time. 

balance sheet. A paper giving a summary and 
balance of accounts. 

bale. A corded bundle of heavy goods. 

ballast. Heavy material in a vessel's hold to 
steady it ; in ballast, loaded with ballast, 
without cargo. 

banc A bench or court ; in banc, a court sit- 
ting with full judicial authority. 

banco. European term, — difference between 
bank money and depreciated currency. 

bank. Establishment for custody, loan, ex- 
change, and issue of money. 

bankable. Receivable at a bank. 

bank bill. In U. S., a bank's promissory note, 
payable on demand, used as currency ; in 
Eng., a bank's bill of exchange, payable to 
order, usually at a specified time. 

bank book. Depositor's pass book, showing the 
state of his account. 

banker. One who does a banking business. 

bank note. See bank bill. 

bank rate. Eng. Rate at which the Bank of 
England declares (weekly) it will grant loans 
or discount bills. 

bankrupt. Colloquially, one unable to meet his 
liabilities ; legally, one so adjudicated by au- 
thority. 

bar. The legal profession ; a special plea in 
court sufficiently answering plaintiff's action. 

bargain. An agreement, esp., for purchase and 
sale ; an advantageous purchase. 

bargain and sale. A contract to transfer real 
estate for a consideration, 

barratry. Marine Insurance. Willful wrong- 
doing by shipmaster or crew damaging vessel 
or cargo. Common Law. Encouraging or in- 
citing litigation. 

barrister. Brit. Lawyer admitted to plead at 
English and Irish bars ; in Scotland called ad- 
rocnte. Dist. from solicitor. 

barter. Exchange of goods for goods. 

battery. Law. Unlawful beating or touching 
another's person or clothes. 

bazaar, in the Orient, a market place, or a 
shop ; in U. S., usually a fair. 

beacon. A signal mark or light on shore to 
guide marinsrs. 

beadle. A messenger or crier of a court. 

bear. Stock Exchange. One who sells what he 
does not possess, for future delivery, expecting 
a fall in price. Opposed to bull. 

bearer. One who holds and presents a check, 
note, draft, or other order for payment of 
money to hearer. 

below par. Market price of stocks, etc., when 
lower than their nominal value. 

bench warrant. Process issued by judge or 
court against one accused or indicted. 

berth. A ship's station when at anchor or 
wliarf. 

bid. Offer of a price for an article on sale, as 
at auction ; offer to take a price as for work 
to be done or goods to be furnished under con- 
tract. 

bill. Laiv. A written declaration of wrong suf- 
fered or done. Com. Eng. A written prom- 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



559 



ise to pay a certain aura at specified time, — 
in U. S. usually termed a note ; also, a written 
statement of account, as of goods bought or 
work done, witli prices. 

bill book- Book recording all bills, notes, 
drafts, etc., payable and receivable by any 
business concern. 

bill of credit. Letter requesting for a bearer 
credit for goods or money on account of the 
writer. 

bill of entry. Account of goods for export or 
import entered at the Custom House. 

bill of exchange. Written order for payment 
of money to another on account of the writer. 

bill of lading. Written receipt for goods 
shipped. 

bill of particulars. Laiu. Detailed statement 
of the items of plaintill's demands or defend- 
ant's set-off or counterclaim. 

bill of sale. Formal instrument for transfer of 
goods and chattels. 

biU of sight. Custom house entry permitting 
landing of goods for examination before ac- 
ceptance. 

bill of store. Custom house license permitting 
carriage of ship's stores necessary for a voy- 
age customs free. 

bills payable. Outstanding notes or bills, to 
be paid. 

bills receivable. Outstanding notes or bills, to 
be received. 

bimetallism- Legalized use of two metals, as 
gold and silver, in a currency at a relative 
fixed value. 

blackmail- Extorting money by threats, as of 
injury to one's reputation. 

bona fide. Lat. In good faith. 

bond. A sealed writing binding signer or his 
legal representatives to pay money or perform 
contract vmder pecuniary penalty for failure ; 
also, an instrument made by a governineiit or 
a corporation for borrowing money upon stated 
security. 

bonded warehouse. A building for storing im- 
ported goods liable for customs duty, not to 
be chargeable with duties until taken out for 
domestic use, and exempted from duty if re- 
exported. Such goods are said to be in bond, 
the owners having signed bonds securing the 
conditions. 

bondsman. One who becomes under bond se- 
curity for another's fidelity, honesty, or per- 
formance. 

bonus- Lat. good. Extra money paid, or stock 
given, or profits divided, beyond stated re- 
quirements. 

book accounts. Accounts entered in the books. 

bookkeeping. Act or process of recording 
business transactions : as, by single entry, 
carrying each transaction to the debit or credit 
of a single account ; or by double entry, carry- 
ing each transaction to the debit of one and 
the credit of another account, one balancing 
the other. 

book value. The worth of a concern, as a bank, 
as shown by its books, which, owing to good- 
will or prospective business, may be surpassed 
by its market value. 



bottom. A freight-carrying vessel. 

bottomry bond. A bond pledging the bottom or 
whole vessel ; as security for necessary stores. 

bought notes, and sale notes- Contract mem- 
oranda exciianged between merchants, bro- 
kers, etc., specifying commodities bought or 
sold, with price.s, terms, etc. 

bounty. A premium paid by government to 
entourage production and exportation. 

bourse. Fr. An exchange; specif., the Paris 
Stock Exchange. 

brand. Orig., a trade-mark made with a hot 
iron on a packing case for identification of 
maker or quality ; colloquially, the special 
kind of a class of goods ; as, a certain brand of 
cigars. 

breach. A breaking or violation of any obliga- 
tion ; as, a breach of trust, of contract. 

breadstuffs. Grain, flour, or meal. 

breakage. Allowance made for goods broken 
in transit. 

break. Law. To separate with violence and 
felonious intent any part (of a house or its fas- 
tenings). 

break bulk. To begin unloading ; to transfer 
(freight) in detail, as from boat to cars. 

brief. A summary of a case or of points of a 
law argument ; a court writ. 

broker. An agent ; a buyer or seller for others, 
on commission, — the chief lines of their em- 
ployment are in bills (negotiable paper), 
money exchange, insurance, produce, ship- 
ping (getting ships for freight and freight for 
ships), stocks and bonds (securities of all 
kinds). 

bucket shop. A place outside the exchanges, 
where small sums can be bet on prices of 
stocks, produce, oil, etc. Slang. 

bull. Stock Exchange. One who buys in expec- 
tation of or for producing a rise in prices. 

Opposed to BEAR. 

bullion. Gold or silver uncoined, or reckoned 
by weight. 

burden. Carrying capacity of a vessel ; as, a 
ship of 600 tons burden. 

burden of proof. Laiv. Obligation of proving a 
position or assertion in court. 

burglary. Breaking and entering another's 
dwelling house by night with felonious intent. 

buy the refusal. To pay a sum for the privi- 
lege of buying at a future time at a fixed price. 

by-law. A private minor regulation made by a 
society, company, corporation, etc. 

c. 

C- Letter used in sundry abbreviations : as, 
C/A, capital account ; C/B, cashbook ; C. F. 
I., cost, freight, and insurance ; Cg., centi- 
gram ; Cr., credit or creditor ; etc. 

cable. A ship's rope or chain for anchor or 
mooring ; a metallic wire rope surrounded by 
insulating material to serve as a submai-ine 
telegraph line ; a message sent by submarine 
cable. 

cablegram. A telegram by submarine cable. 

calculate. To reckon by mathematical process; 
to forecast. 

call- Privilege to demand delivery of stock or 



560 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



other security at a fixed price withiu a fixed 
time, — see option ; also, summons to pay an 
installment due on company shares. 

call loan. A loan at fixed interest, repayable 
on demand. 

cancel. To annul, as a paid check ; to revoke, 
as an order to buy or sell. 

canon. A law or rule, esp., ecclesiastical. 

capias. Lat. A writ commanding legal officer 
to arrest or seize. 

capital. Money, propertj', or stock employed 
in business ; sum invested or lent, as dist. from 
income or interest. 

capital offense. Crime liable to the death pen- 
alty. 

capital stock. Total amount of money or prop- 
erty in any corporation, as represented by its 
shares of stock at par value. 

capitation. Poll tax. 

caption. Laiu. The part of a legal instrument 
showing where, when, and by what authority 
it was taken, found, or executed. 

carat. The unit of weight (13^ grains) by which 
precious stones are weighed ; a twenty-fourth 
part, term used in denoting the fineness 
of gold (12 carats being half gold, 24 carats 
pure gold, etc.). 

cargo. Load of a vessel ; freight. 

carriage. Conveyance; the sum charged for it. 

carrier, common. One that undertakes for hire 
the carriage of persons or goods from place to 
place for any who choose to hire. Persons or 
corporations owning means of conveyance, as 
railroads, ships, etc., are included. 

cartage. Charge for carting goods. 

carte blanche. Fr. blank paper. Unlimited 
authority. 

case. A mercantile box and its contents. Law. 
A suit or action, or the matters involved. 

case of need- Sometimes indorsed on a bill of 
exchange : In case of need, apply to A. B. d: 
Co. : designating a party who will guarantee 
payment if not made at maturity. 

cash. Ready money. 

cash hook. Record of money received and paid 
out. 

cash credit. A credit granted on security or 
confidence. 

cashier. One who has charge of receipts and 
disbursements. 

cassation. Act of annulling. Court of Cassa- 
tion, the highest French court of appeal, hav- 
ing power to quash or to reverse lower de- 
cisions. 

casting vote. Vote by chairman of a meeting, 
when ayes and noes are equal. 

caveat. Law. Notice not to do a certain act 
until after a hearing in opposition. 

Caveat emptor- Lat. Let the buyer beware ; 
i. e., examine goods and judge for himself. 

cellarage. Charge for storage in a cellar. 

certificate. A written, authorized declaration 
of some fact, as a certificate of deposit in a 
bank ; a certificate of stock in a company. 

cent. One btuidred, or one hundredth ; — used 
to designate a ratio, as ten per cent., ten in a 
hundred ; also name of sundry coins, as the 
U. S. cent, the one hundredth part of a dollar. 



certified check. One certified as good by the 
bank on which it is drawn. 

cestui que trust. One who has the beneficial 
interest in a property the legal interest in 
which vests in a trustee. 

chamber of commerce- A voluntary associa- 
tion of merchants for the promotion of trade 
interests. 

charter. A state grant to a municipality or a 
corporation to transact its own affairs ; the 
letting or hiring of a vessel by special contract. 

charter party. A contract letting all or part 
of a vessel. 

charts. Maps ; esp., those showing a projection 
of water, and usually features of a coast-line, 
as rocks, shoals, lights, etc., and the depths 
of soundings within a given range. 

chattels, items of property, except real estate; 
as : c. per.sonal, movable goods, money, etc. 
c. real, rights in real estate less than owner- 
ship ; leases, mortgages, etc. 

cheap money. Money plentiful, for loans at 
low rates. 

check. A written order on a bank or banker to 
pay money on account of the drawer. 

check book- A book of printed blank checks. 

check to bearer. One payable on demand to 
whoever jjresents it. 

check to order- One payable to the order of 
the person named, his signature to be in- 
dorsed upon it before payment. 

chose in action. Laiv. A right enforceable by 
legal process, as a debt, warrant, mortgage, 
note, etc. 

cipher. A private alphabet or system of secret 
writing. 

circular notes. A form of letter of credit 
for convenience of travelers. 

circulating medium. A current medium of 
exchange, whether coin, government notes, or 
bank notes. 

clear. To enter a vessel at the custom house, 
fulfill conditions, pay dues, and receive per- 
mission to sail. Of goods, for export, the 
same. Of banks, to settle mutual accounts. 

clearance. Certificate that a vessel has cleared 
at the custom house. 

clearing house. Establishment where banks 
settle daily mutual accounts by exchange of 
checks^ bills, etc. 

client. One who employs a legal adviser. The 
term has been extended to customers of 
bankers, brokers, and any professional agents. 

coasting trade. That carried on between sea- 
ports of the same country. 

C- 0. D- Collect on delivery. 

collateral- Persons descended from the same 
stock, but not from the same parents. 

collateral security. A secondary or indirect 
security, as of stocks or bonds, for a loan, 
should the principal fail to perform contract. 

collector- One who collects or receives money 
for another ; an officer commissioned to re- 
ceive customs, duties, taxes, or toll. 

combine, or combination. A union of manu- 
facturers or merchants to protect their com- 
mon interest, regulate prices among them- 
selves, etc. Sometimes applied to trusts, 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



561 



COnunerCd. Traffic on a large scale. 

conunlsslon- Allowance to an agent for trans- 
acting business. 

conunissloner of deeds. An officer authorized 
to take affidavits, acknowledgments of deeds, 
depositions, etc., for use in the State appoint- 
ing him. 

commitment. Act of sending to custody or to 
prison. 

commodity. Any movable article bought and 
sold (except animals). 

common carrier. See carrier. 

common law. The unwTitten law ; the law 
arising from immemorial usage and universal 
reception ; dist. from statdtobt law, as 
enacted by legislation. 

common stock- Ordinary capital stock, with- 
out privileges of preferred stock. 

commute. Law. To diminish, as a penalty, as 
death to life imprisonment. Com. To sub- 
stitute a smaller pajTnent for a greater ; or 
one form of payment for another, as a larger 
immediate sum for many smaller fares, as on 
a railroad. 

company. A business association of joint stock- 
holders ; partners in a firm but not named in 
its title. 

composition. Adjustment of liabilities by mu- 
tual agreement, as by payment of a part in- 
stead of the whole ; also, the amount of com- 
pensation agreed upon in the adjustment. 

compound Interest. Interest on the principal 
and on unpaid interest. 

compromise. Adjustment of differences by 
mutual concessions. 

concession. Grant of privileges by foreign 
governments to mining companies, railroads, 
etc. 

consideration. Compensation ; value received. 

consign. To send to a party in another place, 
as goods for sale. 

consignee. Party to whom goods are consigned. 

consignment. Goods sent to another party for 
sale ; the sending by a consignor. 

consols. Securities in the consolidated debt of 
the English government (now more than half 
the national debt). In 1903 the rate of inter- 
est paid was set at 2J per cent until 1923. 

consul. Official commissioned to reside abroad 
to look after the commerce and seamen of his 
own country. 

consulage. Fees paid to a consul for services. 

consular Invoice. Invoice of exports made and 
declared before the foreign consul of the 
country of import. 

contingent. Denoting events that may or may 
not occur ; as, a contingent liability, as of an 
indorser of a bill of exchange. 

contraband. Prohibited by law or treaty, as 
smuggled goods. 

contraband of war. Goods that international 
law forbids a neutral to furnish to a belliger- 
ent. 

contract. An agreement between two or more 
persons to do or not do certain things. 

contractor. One who undertakes to perform 
work or furnish commodities at a fixed price, 
— usually for corporations or municipalities. 



convertible. Easily sold or converted into 
money ; as, convertible paper currency, securi- 
ties, etc. 

conveyance. Transfer of propetty ; document 
or deed expressing it ; transportation of per- 
sons or goods. 

cooperation. Association of a number of per- 
sons for their common benefit, as cooperative 
societies buying for and selling to their mem- 
bers. 

copyright. Exclusive right to print and sell a 
literary, musical, dramatic, or art work. 

corner. Control of the price of stocks or prod- 
uce by buying nearly all supplies. Colloq. 

corporation. An association of persons in one 
body, endowed by law with the rights and lia- 
bilities of an individual, as to transact busi- 
ness, sue and be sued, etc. 

coupon. Interest certificate, attached to a bond 
or stock certificate, to be cut off and presented 
for payment when due. 

credit. Trust given or received in expectation 
of future payment ; good mercantile reputa- 
tion ; in Bookkeeping, record of values re- 
ceived from the party named in the account. 

creditor. One to whom money is due. 

credit sales. Sales to be paid for in future. 

cum. Lai. With. 

cum dividend. With the dividend that is due 
or accruing ; in sales of stock so named the 
buyer takes the next dividend. 

cumulative preferred stock. Stock upon which 
if the guaranteed dividend cannot be paid in 
any year or years, the dividend accumulates 
till it can be paid, taking precedence of later 
dividends. 

curbstone broker. A broker not a member of 
the stock exchange. Slang. 

currency. Circulating money of a country ; 
time between the written and the due date of 
a bill or rate. 

current. Now moving, running, active ; as, a 
current account. 

custom. Law. Long-established practice con- 
sidered as unwritten law, authorized by long 
universal consent. 

customary. Holding or held by custom ; as, 
customary tenants, customary practice. 

customer. A regular purchaser. 

custom house. Establishment where customs 
or duties are levied and paid, where vessels 
are entered and cleared. 

customs. Duties or tolls on goods imported or 
exported. 

customs entry. Presentation of a ship's papers, 
etc., to the custom house for clearing. 

D. 

D. Letter used in abbreviations : as, D/B, day- 
book ; d/d, day's date; Dft., draft; Dis., 
discount; Div., dividend; dr., debtor; d/s, 
days' sight. 

damage, injury; pi., Law. Money reparation 
for injury sustained. 

date. Statement of time (month, day, and year) 
when a paper was executed, or is to mature. 

day book. Daily record book of transactions. 

days of grace. Days (usually three, except 



562 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



where abolished in the U. S., as in New York) 

allowed for payment of notes or bills after ex- 
piration of written due date. 
dead. Law. Legally deprived of rights of a 

citizen. 
dead freigllt. Money paid by shipper who fails 

to use load-space contracted for. 
dead band. One who cannot alienate or convey 

property, as one civUly dead. See moetmain. 
dead letter. A letter that fails to reach the 

person addressed ; a letter or a law that has 

lost its force by lapse of time. 
dead light, iron slmtter of a ship's porthole. 
dead reckoning. Determining ship's position 

by compass and log-line, showing courses and 

distances. 
dead weight. The part of a cargo paying by 

weight, not measurement. 
dear money. Money scarce, not to be borrowed 

but at high rates. 
debase. To lower in value, as adulterated 

coinage. 
debenture. Written acknowledgment of debt; 
. custom house certificate entitling an exporter 

of imported goods to a drawback ; in England, 

municipal and other bonds for money loaned. 
debit. To charge with debt ; to enter on books 

as debtor ; — ?i., a book-charge of debt ; opp. 

of CHEDIT. 

debt. That which is due. 

debtor. One who owes ; opp. of creditor. 

decimal system. That in which weights, meas- 
ures, money, etc., are reckoned by decimal 
division — by tenths, as most coinages except 
of England, and most European weights and 
measures. 

decline. To lessen in value or price. 

deed. Written contract, signed, sealed, and de- 
livered ; usually conveying real estate. 

default. Neglect or failure to fulfill obligations, 
as to pay debts, or, specif. , to account duly 
for entrusted funds or property. 

default, to suffer a. Law. To fail to answer 
an action when called. 

defendant. Law. One required to make an- 
swer in an action. 

deferred bonds. Bonds bearing increasing in- 
terest to a certain rate, and then exchanged 
for active bonds at a fixed rate. 

deferred stock. Stock not entitled to dividends 
UTitil prior stock shall have been satisfied. 

deficit. A falling short, esp., of income ; as a 
deficit in revenue. 

del credire. Ital. Additional premium paid 
agent who guarantees customer's solvency. 

deliver. To give over ; yield possession of. 

demand. To claim. 

demand draft or note. One payable on pres- 
entation. 

demurrage. Charge for detention of a vessel 
beyond time allowed in charter-party. 

demurrer. Law. Stop or pause in an action, 
for judgment as to whether the opposing al- 
legations, if true, are sufficient to sustain ac- 
tion or defense. 

deposit. Bailed goods ; money paid in advance 
on contract ; money placed with a bank sub- 
ject to order. 



depot. A j)lace of deposit or storage ; a military 
station ; Colloq., a railroad station. 

depreciation. A lessening of value or price. 

derelict. A vessel or goods abandoned at sea. 

deviation. Marine Ins. Divergence of a vessel 
from the specified course of the voyage. 

devise. To give real estate by will. 

devisee. One receiving real estate by will. 

dies non. Law. A day on which courts are not 
held. 

director. One of the managers of a corpora- 
tion. 

discbarge. To unload, as a ship ; to pay, as a 
debt ; to set free, as from arrest ; to absolve 
from liabilitj', as a bankrupt. 

disclaimer. Law. Renunciation of rights or 
interest. 

discount. To deduct, as from a bill of charges; 
to lend money upon (a note) after deducting 
the interest. 

disembark. To unload or land, as from a ship. 

dissolution. Breaking up of a partnership. 

distrain. To seize goods as security, esp., for 
rent. 

ditto. The same ; the aforesaid ; usually in- 
dicated by do, or ". 

dividend. Money to be divided, whether from 
business profits or from a bankrupt Estate ; 
one person's share therein. 

dockage, dock dues. Charges for use of a dock. 

docket. A bill or label attached to goods; 
Law., abridged entry of a judgment or pro- 
ceedings ; U. S., a calendar of cases ready 
for hearing. 

document. An original or official paper. 

dollar. Silver U. S. coin ; the value of a dol- 
lar ; the gold dollar, unit of money reckoning 
in TJ. S., is no longer coined. See coins, etc., 
p. 553. 

domicile. One's place of residence, with in- 
tention of permanency. 

double entry. See bookkeepinq. 

draft. A money order ; deduction from gross 
weight of goods ; first sketch of a writing or 
document ; depth of water needed to float a 
ship. 

draw. To make a draft, in any sense. 

drawback. Money repaid by government to 
one who exports goods on which import duties 
have been paid. 

drawee. One on whom a money draft is drawn. 

drawer. One who makes a draft. 

drayage. Charges for cartage. 

drug in the market. Unsalable commodity. 

drummer. A commercial traveler. 

dry dock. Inclosed dock, from which the 
water can be dra\vn, used for repairing ves- 
sels. 

dry goods. Com. Name for textile fabrics. 

due. Owed ; payable. 

due bill. Brief written acknowledgment of 
debt, not payable to order. 

dun. To urge payment. 

dunnage. Loose stuff for stowing and protect- 
ing cargo and the vessel's hold. 

duplicate. An exact copy ; an original docu- 
ment repeated and valid ; a second article like 
a first. 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



563 



duress. Constraint ; compulsion to commit an 
action. 

duties. Taxes levied by a government on im- 
portation, exportation, or consumption of 
goods. 

E. 

E. Letter used in abbreviations : as, E. E. writ- 
ten on accounts. Errors Excepted ; E. & O. E., 
Errors and Omissions Excepted ; e. g., for ex- 
ample ; Ex. d., ex dividend; Ex. cp., ex cou- 
pon ; Ex. int., ex interest. 

effects. Goods ; movables ; possessions. 

ejectmeut. Expulsion of a tenant ; legal action 
for recovery of real estate, damages, etc. 

emliaTgO. Government prohibition of trading- 
ships to leave home ports. 

embark. To board a vessel ; to put on ship- 
board. 

employers' liability. Legal enactments as to 
employers' pecuniary liability for injuries to 
their workmen on duty. 

emporium. A place of trade ; esp., a city of 
large commerce. 

endorse, endorsement. See indorse, etc. 

endowment. A permanent fund ; also, Life 
Ins., a fixed sum payable a certain number of 
years in the future. 

engrosser. One who raises prices by purchas- 
ing the whole or large quantities of a com- 
modity ; a forestaller ; also a large-hand copy- 
ist, as of legal documents. 

Entered at Stationers' Hall. English form of 
copyright notice. 

entrepot, in France, a bonded wahehouse ; 
Colloq., a commercial center through which 
pass many goods. 

entry. Registry of a vessel or goods at a cus- 
tom house ; Bookkeeping, a record made ; 
Lau\ taking possession of real estate by en- 
tering ; putting upon record. 

eiiulty. A system of jurisprudence supplemental 
to law properly so called, and complemental 
of it. 

equity of redemption. Lmv. Advantage al- 
lowed to a mortgagor to redeem property 
after legal forfeiture. 

estate. Aggregate of possessions or interests of 
any one. 

estimate. Rough calculation, as of the cost of 
a building to be erected, value of an estate, 
etc. 

estoppel. Law. A bar to one's alleging or deny- 
ing a fact contrary to his own previous action 
or statement. 

ez. Lai. Without ; by virtue of. 

ezchange. Settling accounts at a distance by 
orders or bills of exchange to correspondents ; 
differences in value between national cur- 
rencies ; {^cap.l a place where merchants 
meet for mutual business, as stock exchange, 
produce exchange. 

exchange, par of. Fixed value of coin or stand- 
ard of one country expressed in that of an- 
other (as, £1 = ^.86), fluctuation of mar- 
ket value being a matter of demand and 
supply. 

fZOhequer' Eng. The government treasury; 



hence, Colloq. , pecuniary possessions ; as, my 

exchequer is low. 
excise. An inland duty or impost levied upon 

the manufacture, sale, or consumption of 

commodities within the country. 
ex coupon. Without the interest coupon. 
ex dividend. Without the dividend next due. 
execute. Law. To complete, as a document, 

by siguiug, etc. 
executor. One appointed to administer or carry 

out t}ie provisions of a will, executrlx, fem- 
inine. 
executory. Law. To take effect in the future, 
exequatur. Recognition of a consul by the 
I government to which lie is accredited. 
exhibit. Law. Document or article used for 

evidence in court. 
ex officio. By virtue of office ; officially. 
export. To send goods to foreign lands in com- 
merce. 
express. To send quickly ; express company, 

a company for transmitting goods rapidly from 

place to place. 
extension- Writing in the details of an account; 

extra time allowed a debtor for settling. 
extra. Beyond what is due, usual, expected or 

necessary. 

F. 
F. Letter used in abbreviations : as, F. A. S., 

free alongside ship ; F. O. B., free on board 

(vessel or cars) ; f., franc or francs. 
face. Amount for which a note, check, etc., is 

drawn. 
face value. Nominal par value on the face of 

bonds, notes, stock certificates, etc. 
facsimile. An exact copy. 
factor. Agent who buys or sells for another, 

but may do it in his own name. 
factorage. A factor's commission. 
facture. Invoice or bill of parcels, 
failure. Being insolvent ; inability to pay debts. 
fair. Of good average quality, — below excel- 

leni. 
fair trade. Eng. Admitting imports from other 

nations on the same terms they give to British 

goods. 
fall. Lowering of prices, 
false pretenses- Untrue statements made with 

intent to defraud. 
fancy goods. Fabrics of various colors, patterns, 

etc. 
fare. Price of personal conveyance. 
favor, or favour. Term used in correspondence 

denoting a letter received. 
fee. Payment for services rendered or to be 

rendered. 
fee simple. Law. An estate of inheritance 

without condition or limits. 
flat. Lat. Let it be done ; a command or decree. 
fiat money. Irredeemable paper currency, de- 
creed by government. 
fiduciary. Holding or held intrust ; a trustee. 
fiduciary loan. Loan without collateral se- 
curity. 
finance. Public money ; resources ; science of 

public revenue. 
finances. Available funds, public or private. 



564 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



financier. One skilled in financial affaire. 

fire insurance- Security against loss by fire. 

firm. A business partnership of two or more 
persons ; name of the same ; the partners col- 
lectively. 

first-hand. Goods from maker, importer, or 
wholesale dealer. 

fixed capital. Money invested in land, build- 
ings, machinery, etc., expected to return an 
income. 

fixtures. Permanent appendages to real estate, 
so as to constitute a part of it. 

flat. Depressed, dull ; as, a flat stock market. 

flat value. Stock Exchange. Value without ac- 
crued interest. 

floating capital. Money at command for in- 
vestments or enterprises. 

floating policy. Policy of insurance on goods 
in various places. 

flotsam. Floating goods lost by shipwreck. 

folio. A sheet of paper once folded ; Bookkeep- 
ing, a page in an account book ; Law writing, 
in England, 7'2 words, in U. S., 100 words. 

footing. Sum of a column of figures. 

foreclosure. Seizure and sale of property under 
an overdue mortgage. 

forestall the market. To buy up goods with 
intent to raise prices. 

forgery. Fraudulently making or altering a 
writing or signature purporting to be made by 
another. 

forwarder. One who transmits goods. 

fractional currency. Small coin or paper notes 
in circulation, of less value than the monetary 
unit (as in U. S., less than a dollar). 

franking. Privilege of sending mail matter 
free of postage. 

fraud. Law. Intentional untruth for obtain- 
ing some valuable thing or promise from 
another. 

free goods- Goods not liable to customs duties. 

freehold estate- Real estate held in absolute 

ownership with power of transmission- 
free port- A port where no duties are exacted. 

free trade. Trade carried on without interfer- 
ence of a customs tariff. 

freight. Price paid for transportation of goods ; 
also goods transported. 

funded. Government loans not payable at fixed 
times, but consolidated into general interest- 
bearing securities. See CONSOLS. 

funds- Government debts paying interest ; gov- 
ernment stock and public securities ; asvail- 
able money. 

futures- Speculation in the future values of 
merchandise, produce, stocks, etc. 

G. 

G. Letter used in abbreviations : as G. A. or 
g. a., general average. 

garnishee- One in whose hands property or 
money of another is attached. 

garnishment- Legal warning to one holding 
another's goods or money, not to deliver to 
owner but to appear in court with informa- 
tion. 

gauge. Instrument for measuring capacity of 
a cask, barrel, etc. ; a standard measure. 



gilt-edged securities. Such as are considered 
absolutely safe. 

goods. Wares, commodities, personal property. 

good will. Habit of customers to resort to an 
established concern, a valuable asset in busi- 
ness. 

grain. The smallest weight measure in Gr. 
Britain and the U. S. ; the edible seed of any 
cereal. 

gross. Twelve dozen ; also, full weight of goods 
without deduction for package, opp. to net. 

groundage. Fees paid by a ship for space oc- 
cupied in port. 

ground rent. Rent paid a landlord for right to 
build upon his ground. 

guarantee. Warrant or surety for some act, as 
payment of a debt, by another person ; also, 
the one to whom the guarantee is made. 

guarantor. Person guaranteeing another. 

guaranty. Variant of GUARANTEE. 

guinea. A former British gold coin, worth 21 
shillings. It is still usual to reckon profes- 
sional fees in guineas, although the coin has 
not been minted since 1817. 

gunny-bags. Coarse sacks used for coffee, 
nuts, etc. 

H. 

H. Letter used in abbreviations : as, Hhd., 
hogshead; H. P., horse-power; H- P. N., 
horse power nominal, etc. 

habendum. Lat. That must be had. The 
part of a deed determining extent of interest 
or property granted. 

hand. Measure equal to hand's breadth, about 
4 in. , used for horses' height. 

handsel. Earnest money ; hand money, to bind 
bargain. 

harbor. Safe shelter for vessels. 

harbor dues. Fees for use of a harbor. 

harbor master. Official in charge of a harbor. 

haulage. Charges for hauling. 

haven. Same as harbor. 

high seas. The open sea, beyond the three- 
mile coast limit. 

hire. Wages for service ; price for temporary 
use. 

hold. A vessel's below-decks, for cargo. 

holder- The payee, ovraer, or possessor of a 
bill of exchange, note, etc. 

home- One's own dwelling place. 

home, adj. Of or relating to one's dwelling or 
country ; as home comforts ; the home (not 
foreign) market ; hom,e consumption, domes- 
tic use. 

hong- Chinese name for European business 
house or factory in China. 

honor. To accept and pay when due. 

husbandage. Commission or compensation to 
ship's husband. 

hypothecate. To pledge or mortgage as secukitt. 



I- Letter used in abbreviations: as, lb., ibidem, 
, the same, in the same place ; Id., idem, the 

same ; Inst., instant — of the present month; 

Int., interest ; Inv., invoice. 
immovables. Real estate and its appurtenances. 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



565 



ImmiUlity. Freedom or exemption, as from 
duty, charge, penalty, etc. 

import. To bring foreign goods into a country. 

imports. Imported goods. 

impost. A tax ; esp., government duty on im- 
ports. 

income. Profit from labor or capital ; annual 
receipts. 

income tax. Government tax upon incomes. 

inconvertible paper currency. Paper money 
not good for cash at its face value. 

indemnification. Securing against or making 
good a loss. 

indemnity. Exemption from or compensation 
for loss ; immunity from penalty. 

indenture. Mutual written agreement; pi., 
contract binding master and apprentice. 

index. Alphabetical list of names or accounts. 

indict. To formally charge with crime on pre- 
sentment of grand jury. 

indictment, bill of. Charge of crime passed 
on by grand jury as a true bill or not. 

indorse. To write one's name on the back of a 
bill, note, or draft, for collecting, assigning, 
or guaranteeing it ; to guarantee or certify. 

ingot. A cast bar of gold, silver, steel, or other 
malleable metal. 

inheritance tax. A tax imposed on estates re- 
ceived bj' inheritance. 

in]unction. Court writ enjoining one to do or 
refrain from doing a certain thing. 

inland bill. Money order drawn upon a party 
in the same jurisdiction. 

insolvent. Law. One the aggregate of whose 
property at a fair valuation is not sufficient 
in amount to pay his debts. 

installment. System of debt payment by parts 
at different times, usually specified. 

instant. Of the current month ; as, the sixth 
instant. 

insurable interest. A pecuniary interest. 

insurance or assurance. Contract whereby 
one party (the insurer) agrees for a stipulated 
consideration (the premium) to indemnify or 
guarantee another (the insured) against loss by 
certain specified risks (as fire, sea peril), or to 
pay a sum of money on the death of the in- 
sured or at a specified time. (See assurance, 

ENDOWMENT.) 

Insurance policy. Contract for insurance ex- 
ecuted in form. 

interest. Money paid for the use of money, 
usually reckoned by percentage ; share in 
profit and responsibility. 

Internal revenue. Annual yield from domestic 
taxation. 

international law. Rules regulating mutual 
intercour.se of nations. 

interpleader. Laiv. Process by which one of 
whom the .same debt or thing is claimed by 
two parties may compel them to settle it be- 
tween themselves before suing him. 

Intestate. Dying without making a will ; not 
disposed of by will. 

in transitu. Lat. On the way ; during passage. 

inventory. A list or catalogue, as of goods. 

investment. Purchase of property ; money so 
used, in expectation of profit. 



invoice. Written detailed account of goods 
sent to a purchaser, with prices, etc. 

invoice book. Book for recording invoices sent 
or received. 

involved. Entangled ; embarrassed by debts. 

I. 0. U. I owe you ; a due bill, acknowledging 
debt, without promise to pay. 

J. 

jetsam. Goods jettisoned ; often specif., when 
washed on shore. 

jettison. The throwing overboard of cargo or 
tackle to lighten a ^vessel in distress ; goods 
so treated. 

jobber. One who buys from importers or pro- 
ducers and sells again ; a middleman. 

job lot. A mixed assortment, usually as sold at 
a price for the whole. 

joint account. Account of business transacted 
by two or more parties with common interest 
in gams or losses. 

joint stock. Stock or capital held in com- 
pany. 

joint stock company. A form of partnership 
representing interest by transferable shares, 
the management limited to persons especially 
authorized. 

joint tenancy. Tenure of estate by two or more, 
in which the survivor takes the whole. 

journal- A book of account containing condensed 
and grouped statements of daily transactions, 
with references to ledger entries. 

judgment. Law. Act of decision by a court ; 
court's decision or decree. 

judgment debtor. Debtor against whom judg- 
ment for money may be enforced. 

judgment note. Promissory note authorizing 
holder to enter judgment and take execution 
on default : forbidden by law in some States. 

jurisdiction. Sphere and extent of authority 
of a government or a court. 

jury. A body of men chosen and sworn to de- 
clare the truth of matter in evidence before 
them; grand j., not less than 12 nor more 
than 23, to examine accusations and present 
indictments for crime, and to act in other 
matters, as to public nuisances, etc. ; coro- 
ner's j., to make inquest into the cause of 
sudden or violent death ; petit or petty j., 12 
men to try, and finally decide upon, facts in 
civil or criminal cases before the courts. 

K. 

kiting. Borrowing money by exchanging checks 
for a day, or accommodation notes. 



L. Letter used in abbreviations : as, L. c. let- 
ter of credit ; Led., ledger ; L. S., loctis sigilli, 
place for seal (often written, within a circle, 
on documents instead of placing a seal) ; Ltd., 
limited. 

lac, or lakb. Anglo-Ind. One hundred thou- 
sand ; Colloq., a great i\umber ; specif., 100,000 
rupees. 

lading. See bill of ladhto. 

land. To put cargo ashore ; to disembark. 

landlord. One who leases real estate to another. 



566 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



larboard. The left side of a vessel to one fac- 
ing forward ; now usually called port. 

lascar. A native Hindu sailor. 

law. Rule of conduct prescribed by govern- 
mental authority ; the body of such rules ap- 
plying to special interests ; as, commercial 
law, insurance law ; the whole body of such 
rules as generally applicable. See common 

LAW, STATUTE LAW. 

lay days. Days allowed by charter party for 
loading or unloading vessel. 

lazaretto Public pest hospital ; house or ves- 
sel for QUARANTINE detention and fumigation. 

leakage- Allowance for loss by leaking. 

lease. Contract conveying the use of land or 
tenement upon consideration for a fixed period 
or for life. 

ledger. Final double entry record of a concern's 
transactions, containing every debit and credit, 
summarized from all the other books of ac- 
count. 

leeward. The direction toward which the 
wind blows ; opposed to windward. 

legal tender. An offer to do or pay in perform- 
ance of a contract according to its terms 
under the law ; money which a government 
prescribes as obligatory to be offered or re- 
ceived in payment of debt. 

lessee. A tenant under a lease. 

lessor. One who leases. 

letter book. Book containing copies of letters 
sent. 

letter of advice. See advice, letter of. 

letter of credit. A banker's money order on 
his agent or correspondent in a distant place 
(or several of them) in favor of a third party, 
— not negotiable. 

letter of license. One by which creditors ex- 
tend a debtor's time for payment. 

letter of mar^tue. Governmental commission 
to a privateer vessel to prey on an enemy's 
commerce. 

letters of administration. Authorization to 
administer the estate of an intestate or one 
having no proper executor. 

letters patent. Eng. Law. Government au- 
thorization to a person to do some act or en- 
joy some right. See patent. 

letters testamentary. Law. Authorization to 
an appointed executor to act as such. 

liabilities. Obligations under contract, includ- 
ing debts. 

license. Authorization to do acts or carry on 
business which without it would be illegal. 

lien. Legal claim or charge upon property for 
satisfaction of debt or duty. 

life. For life ; until death ; as a life, annuity, a 
life estate, a life interest. 

life insurance. See assurance, insurance. 

lighterage. Charges for loading or unloading 
ships by lighters or open barges. 

limited liability. Corporation laio. The liabil- 
ity of a company in which each shareholder 
is liable only to the amount of his shares, or 
to an amount fixed by guarantee. The word 
" Limited " (or Ltd.) is by law to be the last 
word in such a company's name (unless not 
organized for gain). 



line. A supply of goods ; as, a ^me of shirtings; 
a fleet of regular trading vessels. 

liQLUidation. Adjustment (of debts or damages), 
payment or settlement of debts ; winding up 
of a business. 

Lloyd's. An English marine insurance society, 
founded by Edward Lloyd, 1688, which regis- 
ters and publishes specific information as to 
all British and foreign shipping, grading each 
vessel by its qualities. See Al. Similar asso- 
ciations are the Austrian Lloyd in Trieste, and 
the North German Lloyd in Bremen. 

loan. That which is lent or borrowed to be re- 
turned, as money on interest. 

lock out. Withholding employment from one's 
employees, for compelling acceptance of 
terms. Correlative of strike. 

locum tenens. One who acts as agent or sub- 
stitute for another. 

locus sigilli. See L. (abbr. L. S.). 

log book. Record of daily events on a voyage 
— courses, distances, weather, incidents, etc., 
kept by ship's master. 

long. Exchanges. Having goods or securities 
in anticipation of rising price. 

long dozen. Thirteen for twelve. 

longshoreman. Laborer who loads and unloads 
vessels. 

lot. A separate portion, as of goods for sale. 

M. 

M. Letter used in abbreviations : as, M, 1,000; 
MS. , manuscript ; MSS. , manuscripts ; M/s, 
month's sight. 

mala fide. Lat. in bad faith. 

mandamus. Court writ, or statutory proceed- 
ing, directing the doing of some public duty. 

manifest. List of ship's passengers and cargo, 
specifying marks and contents of each pack- 
age, etc., for exhibition at custom house. 

manufactures. Things made from raw ma- 
terial by hand, machinery, or art. 

margin. Exchanges. Deposit of money or se- 
curities with broker to assure him against loss 
in speculative operation for customer. 

marine. Pertaining to the sea or to ships, as 
marine insurance. 

maritime. Connected with the sea, navigation, 
commerce, etc.; as, maritime law. 

mark. A character, device, label, letter, etc., 
put on an article to identify maker, quality, 
etc. Cf. trade-mark. 

market. A public sales place ; the course of 
commercial activitj', as, a dull m,arket. 

maturity. Being due ; end of period a note or 
other obligation has to run. 

mercantile. Commercial. 

mercantile agency. Establishment furnishing 
subscribers information as to resources and 
credit of business concerns. 

mercantile paper. Negotiable notes, etc. , given 
by merchants in business. 

merchant. A trader, usually on a large scale. 

merchant service. Collective term for vessels 
engaged in freight or passenger trade. 

merger. Law. Absorption of one estate or in- 
terest in another, or of a minor offense in a 
greater. As to corporations, the vesting of 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



567 



control of several in a single one, by issuing 
stock of the controlling one in place of a 
majority of stock of the others. 

metric system. See. Tables of Weights and 
3Ieasnri's. 

middleman. Intenuediate buyer and seller be- 
tween producers and consumers. 

mileage. Allowance for travel expenses at a 
given rate per mile. 

minimum. Least quantity ; lowest price. 

mint. Place wliere money is coined. 

misfeasance. Doing of a lawful act in an un- 
lawful manner. 

mixed fabric. A textile fabric made of two or 
more kinds of fiber, as poplin. 

mixed policy. Marine Ins. Combination of a 
voyage and a time policy. 

money. Anything customarily used as a medium 
of exchange or measure of value, as wampum, 
etc., but usually gold, silver, and copper coin, 
or their paper representatives. 

money market. Combined agencies of supply 
and demand that fix the rate of interest upon 
loans ; dealings in money. 

money order. Commonly an order for money 
deposited at one post-office and payable at an- 
other ; any order to pay money. 

monometallism. Legalized use of currency 
based on one metal, as gold, or as silver ; also, 
the theory or belief in this practice. Dist. 

from BIMETALLISM. 

monopoly. Exclusive right or power of selling 
or buying a certain commodity in a given 
market, usually giving control of price. 

mortgage. Conveyance of property as security 
for debt, conditioned on release when debt is 
paid, otherwise, to stand. 

mortmain. Lai. dead hand ; the holding (of 
real estate) by any corporation likely to be 
perpetual, as ecclesiastical. 

mutual life insurance company. One with no 
shareholders, whose profits are supposed to be- 
long to the insured , divid ed by pay ments, reduc- 
tion of premiums, or enlargement of policies. 

movables. Personal belongings, not fixtubes. 

muster. A sample or collection of samples. To 
pass muster means bulk equal to sample. 

N. 

N. Letter used in abbreviations : as, N. B.,take 
notice ; N/e, no effects ; N/f, no funds ; N. G., 
not good ; No. , number. 

national bank. U. S. A bank under national 
control, which, besides ordinary banking, may 
issue circulating notes to amount of U. S. 
bonds it deposits in U. S. Treasury. 

necessaries. Laiv. Such things, as to infants, 
lunatics, married women, or other dependents, 
as are needful for suitable support. 

negotiable paper. Bills, notes, drafts, and 
checks transferable or assignable in business, 
' — bonds and some forms of stock sometimes 
included. 

negotiation. A treating with another for com- 
ing to common terms. 

net. Clear, pure, as net wine ; without deduc- 
tion, as net price ; after deductions, as net 
profit, net proceeds. 



net weight. Weight of goods without package, 

etc. 
no funds. Sometimes indorsed on checks by 

bankers when drawer lacks money to meet 

them. See N. abbr. 
nominal- in name only ; non-existent or very 

slight ; as, nominal consideration, price, 

capital. 
non-feasance. Law. Omission of what should 

have been done. 
non-joinder. Laiv. Omission of some necessary 

party or cause of action. 
notary public. One authorized to take ac- 
knowledgments, affidavits, protests, etc., and 

to attest deeds or other legal documents. 
note of hand. A promissory note for payment 

of money. 
not good. Similar to no funds. See N. {^abbr. 

N/f). 
nudum pactum. Lat. A contract without 

consideration of value. 

O. 

0. Letter used in abbreviations: as, 0/a, on 

account ; 0/d, on demand ; %, per cent ; 

%(j, per mille. 
obligation. Duty imposed by law, promise, or 

contract ; a bond with condition and penalty 

for nonfulfillment. 
octroi. Fr. Tax on goods brought into a French 

city. 
on demand. Payable on presentation. 
on sale. Placed with another to be sold. 
open account. One that is current, or not 

settled. 
open policy. 3Iarine Ins. One insuring goods 

not yet fixed in valuation. 
option. Choice ; Stock Exchange, privilege of 

fulfilling a contract of purchase or of sale at a 

fixed price on a fixed day. Option to buy is 

termed a call ; to sell, a put. 
order. A direction, as to buy or to sell ; the 

direction by which the paj'ee of negotiable 

paper prescribes to whom payment shall be 

made, — as. Pay to the order of . 

ordinary. A ship out of commission 16 said to 

be in ordinary. 
output. Quantity of goods produced, or sales, 

within a given time. 
outstanding. Undischarged ; uncollected ; un- 
paid. 
over-capitalized. Having a nominal capital so 

large that the income does not pay interest on 

it. 
overdraw. To make drafts in excess of credit. 
overdue. Delayed (as a ship) or unpaid (as a 

note) beyond the proper time. 
overt. Public ; apparent ; manifest. 



P, p. Letter used in abbreviations : as, P/A, 
power of attorney ; P. C, price current ; P. c, 
per cent. ; P. M. or p. m., afternoon ; P. O., 
postal order; p/c, postal card; Prox., proximo; 
P. S., postscript. 

package. A parcel ; a bale, case, etc., in which 
goods are packed. 

paction. A contract. 



568 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



paid up. Paid in full, as a debt, capital stock, 
etc. 

panic Sudden public alarm in monetary af- 
fairs ; great fall in prices. 

paper. Negotiable evidences of debt. 

paper currency. Paper documents circulating 
as money. 

par. Nominal value. 

par of exchange See exchange, par of. 

partner. One of two or more associates in busi- 
ness for joint profit. See active partnee, 

SILENT PARTNER. 

partnership. Contract of tviro or more persons 
to join capital, labor, or skill in business for 
their joint profit. 

part owner. One of several owners in common. 

pass book. Books passing between a trader or 
bank and a customer, in which credit pur- 
chases or deposits and withdrawals are entered. 

passport. Official permission to enter, traverse, 
and leave a foreign country. 

patent. An official writing, securing to an in- 
ventor exclusive right to make, use, and sell 
his invention, for seventeen years {England, 
fourteen years). 

pawn. To deposit as security for money lent. 

pawnbroker. One who, as a business, lends 
money at interest on security of personal 
property pledged in his keeping. 

payable. That should or can be paid ; due. 

payee. One to whom a note, bill, or check is 
made payable. 

per annum. By the year. 

per cent, per centum. Lnt. By the hundred. 

percentage. Rate or allowance per cent, as 
interest, discount, commission. 

per contra. Lat. On the other side ; as offset. 

per diem. Lat. By the day. 

per mille. Lat. By the thousand ; a broker's 
charge on foreign drafts, — abbr. %o. 

permit. Custom house. Written permission to 
land or remove dutiable or excisable goods. 

personal property, personalty. Things tem- 
porary or movable ; chattels. 

petty cash book. Record of small expenses and 
receipts. 

plaintiff. Laiv. Bringer of an action for remedy 
against wrong suffered. 

plant. Real estate, machinery, apparatus, etc., 
used in a trade, manufacturing or industrial 
business. 

plea. Laiv. An allegation in support of a 
cause ; a defendant's answer. 

policy. Certificate of insurance. 

port. Place for arrival and departure of ships ; 
the left side ox a ship (facing forward), for- 
merly called LARBOARD. 

port of entry. Revenue Law. A place, w^hether 
nautical or not, where foreign goods may be 
entered for import, — as Springfield, Mass. 

post. Bookkeeping. To transfer from day-book 
or journal to ledger. 

postdate. To date after the real time, as a 
check. 

poste restante. Fr. Phrase written on letters 
to be left in p^st-office till called for. 

post meridian. After mid-day; afternoon. 
Written P. M., or p. m. 



post obit bond. A bond to secure a loan, pay- 
able after the death of some person, from ai: 
estate in reversion expected by the maker. 

power of attorney. Written authority to act 
for another. See attorney. 

precis. Fr. An abstract ; summary. 

preferred- Having prior right, — as, preferred 
stock, which receives dividends of profits or 
final assets before common stock ; preferred 
creditor, one by law or by debtor's choice 
having advantage in payment. 

premium. Bounty ; bonus beyond interest, for 
a loan ; consideration paid for insurance. 

presentment. Law. Finding of grand jury as 
to a true bill of indictment ; statement made 
by grand jury of unlawful facts, without in- 
dictment. Com. Presentation at the proper 
time and place of a document requiring ac- 
ceptance or payment. 

price current. List of prevailing prices for 
commodities, etc., issued periodically by deal- 
ers to customers. 

prime. Of first or highest quality. 

prime cost. Original cost. 

principal. Chief person in a concern ; em- 
ployer of an agent ; money bearing interest. 

probate. Official proof of genuineness of a will, 
establishing correctness of form and testator's 
capacity, but not validity of provisions. 

proceeds. Actual sum realized, less all ex- 
penses. 

produce. Yield ; product of labor ; specif. , agri- 
cultural products. 

profit. Excess of returns or income over ex- 
penditures or investment. 

profit and loss. See account, profit and loss. 

pro forma. As a matter of form. 

promissory note. Written promise to pay at 
a fixed time a certain sum of money to, or 
to the order of, a specified person or to 
bearer. 

promoter. One who does preliminary work in 
establishing a business enterprise, company, 
etc. 

proof in bankruptcy. Law. Evidence of the 
existence of debt or liability exacted from 
every creditor before admission of his claim. 

pro rata. Lat. in proportion ; according to 
share, interest, or liability of each. 

protective tariff. Customs duties for protect- 
ing domestic producers against foreign compe- 
tition. 

protest. Attettation by a notary public of fail- 
ure to pay a note or bill of exchange, notified 
to indorsers to confirm claim upon them. 

proviso. A provision or condition in a contract. 

proximo. The next month. 

proxy. Authority to act for another ; one so 
authorized. 

put. Stock Exchange. The right to sell at a 
given price, at or within a fixed time, specified 
securities or commodities. See option. 

Q. 

quarantine. The time (orig. forty days) during 
which a ship suspected of infectious disease is 
restraired from shore intercourse; the re- 
straint itself ; the place where enforced ; in 



DICTIONARY OF BUt5lNKSS AND LAW TERMS. 



569 



general, forced stoppage of intercourse by j 
land or sea on account of such disease. 

Quarter. The fourth part of a year, three 
months. 

qoarter day. Day on which quarterly install- 
ments of rent are due. 

QLuash. Law. To make void; as, to quash an 
indictment. 

quid pro lUO. Lat. Something for something ; 
one thing in place of, or compensation for, 
another; a mutual concession. 

quittance. Discharge or release from obliga- 
tion. 

quorum. The number of members of an as- 
sembly that are legally competent to transact 
business. 

quotation. Statement of the current price or 
prices of commodities, securities, etc. ; the 
prices named. 

R. 

R. Letter used in abbreviations : as, Reg. , reg- 
istered ; Rev. A/c, revenue account ; R. R., 
railroad ; Ry., railway. 

rack rent. A rent of the full value of a tene- 
ment", or near it ; excessive rent. 

rate of exchange- Amount in currency of one 
country offered for that of anothar on a given 
date, varying, under conditions of supply and 
demand, from tlie par of exchange. 

real estate. Property in house or land. 

rebate. An allowance or discount, esp. in money 
already paid. 

receipt. Written acknowledgment of goods or 
money received. A receipt is merely pre- 
sumptive evidence and may be disputed. 

receiver. Lau\ One appointed, usually by a 
court, to receive, hold, and administer in trust 
property in litigation or that of a bankrupt or 
concern in dissolution. 

recourse. Resort (to a person) for the meeting 
of another's obligation. 

recoup. To reimburse ; make good one's losses. 

rectify. To purify or refine (distilled liquors), 
esp. by redistillation. 

referee. Law. One (usually an attorney at 
law) appointed by a court to take evidence 
and decide on an issue referred to him, with 
or without consent of the parties concerned. 
Reference is dist. from arbitration. 

register. An official record ; customs certificate 
describing a vessel, its name, ownership, ton- 
nage, etc. 

reinsure. To insure again, by an insurer as 
against loss by orig. insurance. 

release. Discharge from obligation; relinquish- 
ment of a right or claim. 

re-lease. To grant a new lease of. 

remittance. Transmittal of money or its repre- 
sentative to a distant person. 

renewal. Giving or accepting a new note in 
place of one unpaid when due. 

rent. Payment for holding and use of real es- 
tate. 

rente. Fr. Annual income ; specif., interest on 
government consolidated debt, — used also in 
other European countries. 

replevin. Return to or recovery by one of his 



goods wrongfully detained, on security of giv- 
ing them back if defeated in court. 

reprisal. Intemat. Law. Forceful redress of 
giievances, as by seizing property, embargo, or 
any retaliatory acts short of war. 

retail- To sell in small quantities. 

retainer. Law. Act of engaging the services of 
a lawyer ; fee for the same. 

returnable. Law. Required tobe returned, de- 
livered, or rendered, on a certain day, as a writ 
of court. 

returns. Proceeds ; results. 

revenue. Income, esp. of a state from duties 
and taxes. 

reversion. Right of succession or future pos- 
session. 



S. Letter used in abbreviations : as, S, dollars ; 
sc. or scil-, scilicet; S. S., steamship ; Stg., 
sterling ; Stk., stock. 

sagging. Drooping ; as, a sagging market. 

salary. Fixed regular periodical pay for serv- 
ices, as monthly, quarterly, yearly. Cf. 
wages. 

sale. Transfer of ownership for a considera- 
tion. 

salvage. Saving of ship or cargo from wreck, 
or house or goods from fire ; articles saved ; 
compensation to rescuers. 

sample. A portion taken as evidence of quality 
of the whole ; a specimen. 

sans recourse. Without recourse. 

schedule. A list or inventory. 

scilicet. Lat. To wit ; namely. 

scrip. Preliminary certificate ; esp., of stock 
after allotment and before complete payment 
and registered issue. 

sea-letter. A neutral ship's passport in time of 
war. 

search warrant. Law. Legal authorization 
to search for stolen goods, or other things 
held in violation of law, as gambling imple- 
ments, smuggled goods, etc. 

seaworthy. Fit, whether in condition or outfit, 
to take a voyage ; — said of a vessel. 

secured creditor. One holding security cover- 
ing his claims. 

security. Something given or pledged to in- 
sure the performance of a contract, payment 
of debt, etc. PL, Evidences of debt or of 
property, as bonds, stock certificates, etc. 

seisin, or seizin- Occupation or possession of 
real estate by its owner. 

sell. To dispose of property for a considera- 
tion. 

sequestration. Law. Placing of disputed prop- 
erty in the hands of a third party until ques- 
tion is settled. Internal. Law. Seizing pri- 
vate property for the State. 

set-off. Offset against a debt of a claim in 
favor of the debtor. 

settlement- Adjustment, as of accounts ; pay- 
ment, as of debts. 

share. Any of the equal interests into which 
a property or the capital of a company is 
divided. 

ship. Nautically, a square-rigged vessel with a 



570 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



bowsprit and three masts ^ colloquially,, any 
large seagoing vessel. 

shipment. Act of dispatching goods by a ves- 
sel or other conveyance ; also, the goods 
shipped. 

shipper. One who places goods in shipment. 

shipping. Vessels generally ; tonnage. 

shipping articles. Articles of agreement be- 
tween shipmaster and seamen. 

ship's hushand- An agent on land, represent- 
ing the owners of a ship, who manages its 
expenses and receipts. 

ship's papers. A ship's certificate of registry, 
manifest, muster-roll of cargo, charter-party, 
bills of lading, biU of health, and log-book. 

ship' S stores. Necessary provisions of all kinds 
for a voyage. 

short. Exchanges. Not owning what one has 
sold for future deliverj', but hoping to buy 
it cheaper before it is due. Opposite of 

LONG. 

short hills. Bills of exchange payable in less 
than ten days. 

short shipment. Outgoing cargo lacking some 
articles cleared but relauded, delayed, etc. 

sight. Demand or presentation (of a bill or 
draft payable at sight). 

signature. One's own name written with one's 
own hand. 

silent partner. One interested by investment 
but without power in management. Also 
called dormant or sleeping partner. If his 
name appears he is liable with the rest ; if 
not, not, except as to his investment. Cf. 

ACTIVE PARTNER. 

simple interest, interest paid only on the prin- 
cipal lent. Cf. COMPOUND interest. 

sinking fund. Sums set apart and invested, 
usually at fixed intervals, for extinguishment 
of a debt by accumulation of interest. 

smuggling. Importing or exporting goods 
without paying legal duties. 

solicitor. Brit. An attornej'-at-law, without 
the right to plead in court. Cf. barrister. 

solvency. Ability to meet all obligations. 

specie. Coin, usually of gold and silver. 

specification. A written description of partic- 
ulars. 

specific duty. A certain impost on a given ar- 
ticle or quantity of a given kind of article im- 
ported, without reference to value. 

speculation. Irregular dealing for profit from 
probable fluctuations in price, as in securities, 
real estate, etc. 

stamp duty. A tax collected by stamps re- 
quired to be bought and aifixed to specified 
articles, documents, etc. 

standard. A fixed legal measure of quantity, 
weight, extent, value or quality, esp. the orig. 
specimen sanctioned by government, — as the 
standard pound, gallon, yard, meter, etc. 

staple. Principal production of a place, or com- 
modity of traffic in a market. 

starboard. The right hand side of a ship, look- 
ing forward. 

statement of account. Periodical rendering of 
general accounts, with dates and amounts of 
transactions. 



statute law. The law as expressed in statute*; 
dist. from common law. 

statute of limitations. Law. Statute fixing a 
period after which a claimant may not en- 
force his claims by suit ; — in real estate, 20 
years ; in personal property, 6 years ; in tort, 
2 years. 

sterling. Lawful British money. 

stock. Shares in a company or corporation 
capital; unsold goods. 

stock broksr. One who deals in securities on 
commission. 

stock exchange. Institution for the purchase 
and sale of stocks and other securities. 

stockholder. One who owns shares of stock. 

stock taking. Periodical inventory and valua- 
tion of goods on hand. 

stop a check. To notify the bank on which it 
is drawn not to pay it till further notice. 

stoppage in transitu. Law. The arresting of 
sold goods after shipment by the seller if 
buyer i.s insolvent. 

storage- storing goods ; charges therefor. 

stowage. Loading a ship ; charges therefor. 

strike. Quitting work by a body of workmen 
to enforce demands upon their employer. Cf . 

LOCK OUT. 

SUbpcena. A writ commanding attendance in 
court, under penalty for failure. 

subpoena ad testificandum. A writ command- 
ing attendance in court as a witness. 

subpoena duces tecum. A writ commanding 
attendance in court, bringing certain specified 
documents. 

subrogation. Law. Substituting one person 
for another as creditor, the second paying the 
debt and assuming the claim, 

suit. Law. Legal application to a court for 
justice. 

sundries. Miscellaneous things. 

supercargo. One superintending the sale of 
cargo abroad, procuring other freight for re- 
turn voyage, etc. 

surety. One bonded as answerable for the 
debt or obligation of another. 

surrender value. Life Ins. The amount a 
company will pay the insured for surrender- 
ing his policy and claim. 

surveyor of customs. Officer in superintend- 
ence at a custom house station. 

suspense account. A temporary record of un- 
certain debits or credits pending decision of 
their proper entry. 

suspension. Stoppage of payments of debts or 
obligations. 

SUttle weight. Light ; weight after deduction 
of tare. 

sympathetic strike. A strike by a body of 
workmen, to aid another strike in which they 
are not directly interested. 



tale. Reckoning goods by number, not by 
weight. 

tale quale (tale kwa'le). Lat. Such as [it is]. 
Phrase used in contracts for goods " to ar- 
rive," the buyer taking the risk of their be- 
ing equal to sample. 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



571 



tally. To check off an account. 

tare. Allowance for weight of box, cask, or 
packing, tare and tret, allowance for case 
and for waste ; see tret. 

tariff. A table of fixed charges ; also, a govern- 
ment schedule of duties on goods imported. 
(Great Britain and United States have no ex- 
port duties.) 

teller. A bank oflBcer, usually one for receiving 
deposits and one for paying money on 
checks. 

tenant. Lmc. One who holds real estate by 
any title ; covimofUy, one who occupies the 
real estate of another by lease. 

tender. A sufficient otter of money, service, 
etc., in pursuance of an obligation; as, the 
tender of rent due. 

tenor. Law. An exact copy of a document. 

tenement. Land or other real property held 
by one person of another ; also, a dwelling 
house. 

tenure. Act, right, or manner of holding real 
property. 

term. Time for which a paper or contract is 
drawn, as a note. 

testament. Written document directing dis- 
posal of one's property after death. 

testator. One who makes a will. 

testimony. Lmv. Declaration under oath in 
affirmation of some fact. 

time bargain. Contract to buy or sell at a cer- 
tain time, at a price to be then fixed. 

toll. A tax on privilege, as for crossing a 
bridge ; charge for service, as canal tolls. 

ton. Weight measure = 20 cwts. — in Eng., 
2,240 lbs. ; in U. S. and Canada, 2,000 lbs. ; 
unit of cubical capacity for ships =: 100 cubic 
feet ; unit of displacement of ships (esp. war- 
ships), 35 cubic feet of water. 

tonnage. Weight of goods carried in a ship ; 
cubical content of a ship in tons (100 cu. ft.) ; 
tax on vessels, or toll on canal-borne goods, 
per ton ; total shipping of a place or nation 
estimated by tons. 

tontine. Life Ins. An annuity shared among a 
number, the survivors taking benefit of the 
accumulations, the last taking balance. 

tort. Imiv. a civil wrong (not breach of con- 
tract) liable for damages. 

trade. Buying and selling ; commerce ; one's 
business ; a mechanical occupation, as car- 
penter's trade ; those in the same business, 
as the book trade. 

trade discount. Deduction to traders in the 
same line. 

trade mark. A mark or device of identification 
which the producer has exclusive legal right 
to use on goods. 

trade name. Name used by traders for any 
article. 

trade sale. Periodical auction for dealers, as 
book trade sale. 

trade -union or trades -union. Association of 
working people in any trade to further their 
own interests. 

traffic Trade, esp. if large ; specif., that of 
transportation of psuisengera and goods, as of 
a railroad. 



transit duty. Customs tax on goods passing 
througli a country. 

transportation. Carriage, removal, conveyance, 
esp. of goods. 

transshipment. Transferring from one convey- 
ance to another. 

traveler. One who travels taking orders, etc., 
for a commercial house. 

treasury note. Currency bill issued by the U. S. 
Treasury, receivable for taxes. 

tret. Allowance to purchaser, for waste of 4 lbs. 
in 104 lbs. of suttle weight. 

trust. Credit given ; committal of property to 
one for the benefit of another ; a combination 
of producers or dealers (if of corporations, by 
putting control of their affairs into the hands 
of trustees, hence the name) for economical 
production and lessening of competition. 

trustee. One to whom property is committed 
for another's benefit ; also, a garnishee. 

trustee process. See garnishment. 

u. 

XJ. Letter used in abbreviations : as, U/a, un- 
derwriting accoimt (i^/a7•me Ins.); Ult. orult., 
of last month; U. S., United States (or U. S. A. 
— of America) , U/w, underwriter. 

ullage. Amount a cask lacks of being full ; de- 
ficiency. 

ultlmatXim. A final proposition. 

ultimo. Of the last previous month. 

umpire. One called to settle disagreement be- 
tween arbitrators. 

under protest. Condition of paying money de- 
manded illegallj' or in excess. 

underwriter. An insurer, — sometimes of loans 
or enterprises, commonly of marine risks. 

undervaluation. Custom House. Giving in- 
voice price below the truth. 

unseaworthy. Unfit for voyage, whether as to 
condition or outfit. 

upset price. Lowest fixed price which seller 
will take, or allow in starting an auction. 

usage. Long-continued practice ; custom. 

usance. Custom ; practice ; customary time 
allowed for payment of a foreign bill of ex- 
change, — as New York upon Europe, 60 days ; 
on East Indies, 4 months, etc. 

usufruct. Right of using the property of an- 
other without impairing the substance 

usury. Interest in excess of legal rate. 



V. Letter used in abbreviations: as, V. or v., 
meaning versus, against ; via, by the way of ; 
videlicet, namely. 

valid. Law. Legally sufficient ; strong ; bind 
ing. 

valuation. Estimate or statement of worth or 
price. 

value. Proper price. 

value received. Phrase used in promissory 
notes, bills, etc., denoting valuable considera- 
tion. 

vendee. A purchaser. 

vendor. A seller. 

vendue. An auction. 

venture. Goods shipped for trade. 



572 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



verdict. Law. Decision of a jury on facts sub- 
mitted in evidence. 

verify. To confirm the truth or authenticity of, 
as a signature. 

via. Lat. By the way of ; as, via New York. 

visa (ve'za), or vise (ve-za'). Examination 
and approval, as of a passport by authority, or 
of any document requiring superior approval. 

void. Law. Of no force or effect ; null. 

voucher. A document in proof of correctness 
of account, as a receipt, canceled check, etc. 

voyage. Journey by water to a distant place or 
country, — time of beginning and ending, as 
for insurance, depending on agreement. 

W. 
W. Letter used in abbreviations : as, W. B., 

way bill ; W. b., water ballast ; Wt., weight ; 

W/W., warehouse warrant, 
warehouse. Place for storing goods for pay. 

See BONDED WAREHOUSE. 

warehouse warrant. Receipt for goods on 

storage. 
wages. Pay for (usually mechanical or manual) 

work, commonly by the day or week ; thus 

dist. from salary. 
warrant. An authorization, — as, a warrant on 

a city treasurer to pay money ; a court ivar- 

rant for arrest. 
warranty. A guarantee of something, — as of 

performance of a contract by another, or of 

title in goods sold. 
wastage. Loss by use, decay, leakage, hand- 
ling, etc. 
waste. Rubbish ; refuse ; wastage. 
watering of stock. Colloquial. Issuing com- 



pany stock without corresponding value re- 
ceived or representing available capital. 

waybill. Written description of goods trans- 
ported by a common carrier on land. 

wet goods. Liquids in bottles or casks. 

wharfage. Charges for use of a wharf. 

wholesale. Trade by large quantity ; selling 
to jobbers or retail dealers. 

wind up. To end ; to close up, as the affairs of 
a business concern. 

windward. Direction from which the wind 

blows, — Opp. of LEEWARD. 

without recourse. Phrase sometimes added to 
indorsement of negotiable paper, protecting 
indorser from liability to the indorsee and 
subsequent holders. See recouesb. 

wreckage. Goods afloat or washed ashore 
from a wreck. 

writ. An order of court commanding the do- 
ing or not doing of a certain act, under pen- 
alty. 



X. Letter used in abbreviations : as, X. c, ex 
COUPON ; X. d., ex dividend ; X. in., ex inter- 
est. 

Y. 
year's purchase, indicating that real estate is 
worth so many times its annual rental. 



ZoUverein. Former toll or customs union of 
German states for duty collected on a com- 
mon frontier ; superseded by government of 
the Empire. 



ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES, 

WITH 

DERIVATION, SIGNIFICATION, AND DIMINUTIVES OR 

NICKNAMES. 



NAMES OF MEN. 



The Bounds of the letteTS in the pronunciation are as indicated at the foot of each page in the Dictionary. 



Aar'on(Sr'on). [Heb.] Lofty; 
inspired. Arab. Harun, or 
Haroun (ha'roon'). 

AVdi-el (5b'dl-gl). [Heb.] 
The 8er\'ant of God. 

Aa)el(a'bgl). [Heb.] Breath; 
transitorinees ; vanity. 

A-b i'a-t h a r (a-bi'a-thar). 

[Heb.] Father of plenty. 

A-bl'el (a-bi'gl). [Heb.] Fa- 
ther of strength. 

A'W-e'zer (a'bt-e'zer). [Heb.] 
Father of help. 

A-bi'jah (a-bi'ja). [Heb.] To 
whom Jehovah is a father. 

Ab'ner (ab'uer). [Heb.] Fa- 
ther of light. 

AHbra-ham (a'bra-hSm). [Heb.] 
Arab. Ibrahim (e'bra-hem'). 

— Dim. Abe (ab). 
A'bram (a^bram). [Heb.] Fa- 
ther of elevation. — Dim. Abe 
(ab). 

Ab'sa-lom (5b'sa-lom). [Heb.] 
Father of peace. 

Ad'am (Sd'am). [Heb.] Man; 
earth man ; red earth. Scot. 
Edie (6d'T). 

A'dl-el (a'di-el) [Heb.] Or- 
nament of God. 

A'dln (a'din), 1 [Heb.] Ten- 

A-dl'no (a-dl'no). ) der ; deli- 
cate ; soft. 

A-doIph' (a-dSlf), 

A-doI'phus (a-d51'fus) 
Noble wolf; i. e., noble hero. 

— Dim,. D51'phu8. 

A d'O-n I'r a m (5d'6-ni'ram). 

[Heb.] Lord of height. 
Al'an. ) (51'an). Variously ex- 
Al'lan [ pfained as a hound 
Al'Ien) [Slav.], harmony 

[Gelt.], and a corruption of 

Hilary, or of ^Hanus. 
Al'a-ric (Sl'4-rTk). [OG.] All 

rich ; or, noble ruler. 



[OG.] 



Aia)ert (51'bert). [OG.] No- 
bly bright ; illustrious. 

Ain)l-on(a:i'bT-on). See Albion, 
in the. Dictionary. 

Al'ex-an'der (al'eks-Sn'der). 
[Gr.] A defender of men. — 
Dim. Al'6ck, El'lTck, SSnMer, 
San'd^, Saw'nie. 

Al'fred (Sl'frSd). [OG.] Elfin 
council ; /. e. , good counselor. 
L. Al-fre'dus, Aaii-re'dus ; F. 
Alfred (al'frad') ; It. Sp., Pg. 
Alfredo(al-fra'do).-Z>i»i.Alf. 

Al'ger-non (al'jer-non). [F.] 
With whiskers. 

Al'Ian (Sllan), ) The same as 

Al'len (Sl'lin). ) Alan. 



[Heb.] 
[OG.] 



A I'm on (a I'm on). 

Hidden. 
A-Ion'ZO (a-15n'zo). 

Same as Alphonso. 
Al'phe-US (Sl'fe-us; prop. Sl- 

fe'us). [Heb.] Exchange. 
Al-phon'so (Sl-fon'so). [OG.] 

All ready ; willing. 
Al'vah (ai'va) ) [Heb.] Iniq- 
Al'van (Sl'van). ( uity. 
AI'vin (al'vTn), \ [OHG.] Be- 
Al'win (Sl'wTn). ) loved by 

all. 
Am'a-rl'ahCam'a-rl'a). [Heb.] 

Whom Jehovah promised. 
Am'a-sa (5m'a-sa). [Heb.] 

A burden. 
Am1)rose (Sm'broz). [Gr.] 

Immortal ; divine. 
Am'ml (Sm'mT). [Heb.] My 

people. 
A'mos (a'mus). [Heb.] Strong; 

courageous ; or, burden. 
An'drew (Sn'dru). [Gr.] 

Strong; manly. — Dim. 

An'dy. 
An'dro-nl'CUS (Sn'drS-nl'kus). 

[Gr.] A conqueror of men. 
An'selm (Sn'selm), ) [OHG.] 
An'sel (Sn'sel). j Protec- 
tion of God. 



An'tho-ny (Sn'to-nj^), ) r ^ t 
An'tO-ny (5n't6-ny). ] L^J 

Priceless ; praiseworthy. — 

Dim. To'ny. — Fern,. Anto- 

nia. 
A-pol'10S(a-p51'15s). [Gr.] Of 

Apollo. 
A r'C ll e-1 a'U S (ar'ke-la'us) 

[Gr.] Ruler of the people. 
Ar'Clll-l)ald(ar'chi-bald-). [G.] 

Extremely bold; or, holy 

prince. — Dim. Archy (ar'- 

chy). 
A'ri-el(a'rT-el). [Heb.] Lion 

of God ; valiant for God. 
Ar'is-tar'chus (Sr'Is-tar'kQs). 

[Gr.] Good prince. 
Ar'nold (ar'nold). [OHG.] 

Strong as an eagle. 
Ar'te-mas (ar'te-mas). [Gr.] 

Gift of Artemis, or Diana. 
Ar'thur (ar'thur). [Celt.] 

High ; noble. 
A'sa (a'sa). [Heb.] Healer; 

physician. 
A'sa-hel (a'sa-hel). [Heb]. 

Made of God. 
A'saph (a'saf). [Heb.] A col- 
lector. L. As'A-phus. 
As'a-re'lah (Ss'a-re'la). [Heb.] 

Upright to God. 
Aslia)el (Ssh'bel). [Heb.] Fire 

of Bel. 
Ash'er (Ssh^r). [Heb.] 

Happy ; fortunate. 
Ash'ur(5sh'ur). [Heb.] 

Black ; blackness. 
Ath'a-na'sl-us (ath'a-na'zhl- 

us). [Gr.] Immortal. 
Ath'el-stan(Sth'gl-st5n). [AS.] 

Noble stone. 
Alin)rey (a'brj^). [OHG.] 

Ruler of spirits. 
An-gUS'tln (a-gus'tln), \ 
Au-gUS'tlne (a-giis'tin), \ [L.] 
Aus'tin (as'tln). ) 

Belonging to Augustus. 
Au-gUS'tUS (a-gus'tiis). [L.] 
(573) 



574 



ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN. 



Exalted ; imperial. — Diin. 

Glis, Giis'tus. 
Au-re'li-US (a-re'lT-Qs). [L.] 

Golden. 
Aus'tin (as'tin). See Augustin. 
Az'a-ri'ah (az'a-ri'a). [Heb.] 

Helped of the Lord. 



Bald'win (bald'wTn). [OG.] 
Bold, courageous friend. 

Bap'tist (bap'tist). [Gr.] A 
baptizer ; a purifier. 

Bar'dolph (bar'dolf), ) [OG.] 

Bar'dulph (barMulf). I Distin- 
guished helper. 

B a r'n a-b a S (bar'na-bas), ) 

Bar'na-by (bar'na-by). ) 

[Heb.] Son of exhortation 
or consolation. 

Bar-thol'0-mew (bar-thol'6- 
mu). [Heb.] Warlike son. 

— Dim. Bart, Bat. 
Bar-zil'lai (bar-zTl'la or -la-i). 

[Heb.] Iron of the Lord ; 

firm ; true. 
Bas'il(baz'il). [Gr.] Kingly; 

royal. 
Ben'e-diCt (ben'e-dikt). [L.] 

Blessed. 
Ben'ja-min (ben'ja-min). 

[Heb.] Son of the right hand. 

— Dim. Ben, Ben'n^. 
Ben-O'ni (ben-o'ni). [Heb.] 

Son of grief or trouble. 
Be-ri'ah (be-rl'a). [Heb.] In 

calamity. 
Ber'naid (ber'nard), ) [OG.] 
Bar'nard (bar'nard). ( Bold as 

a bear. — Dim. Bar'ney. 
Ber'tram (ber'tram). [OG.] 

Bright raven. — Dim,. Bert. 
Be-thu'el (be-thu'el). [Heb.] 

Man of God. 
Be-zal^e-el (be-zal'e-el or bez'- 

a-lel). [Heb.] In the shadow 

(protection) of God. 
Bon'i-face (bon'i-fas). [L.] 

Benefactor. 
Bri'an (bri'an). [Celt.] 

Strong. 
Bru'no (bru'nS). [OG.] 

Brown. 

C. 

Oad-wal'la-der (k5d-woiaa- 

der). [W.] Battle arranger. 
Cae'sar (se'zar). [L.] Hairy ; 

or, blue-eyed. 
Ca'lel) (ka'leb). [Heb.] A 

dog. 
Cal'vln (kSl'vTn). [L.] Bald. 
Ce'Cil (se'sTl, sTs'Tl, or ses'il). 

[L.] Dim-sighted. 
Ce'phas (se'fas). [Aram.] A 

stone. 
Charles (charlz). [OG.] 

strong ; manly ; noble-spir- 



ited. — Dim. Char'lTe, or 
Char'ley. 

Chris'tian (krTs'chan). [L.] 
Belonging to Christ ; a be- 
liever in Christ. — Dim. 
■ehris'tie. 

Ohris'to-plier (kris't6-fer). 
[Gr.] Bearing Christ. — 
Dim. Kes'ter, Kit, Chris. 

Clar'ence (klar'ens). [L.] Il- 
lustrious. 

Clau'di-US (kla'dT-us), ) rj -, 

Claude (klad).' | ^^-^ 

Lame. 

Clem'ent (klgm'ent). [L.] 
Mild-tempered ; merciful. 

Con'rad (kon'rad). [OHG.] 
Bold in counsel ; resolute. 

Con'Stant (kon'stant). [L.] 
Firm ; faithful. 

Con'Stan-tine (kon'stan-tin). 
[L.] Resolute ; firm. 

Cyp'ri-an (sip'rt-an). [Gr.] 
Of Cyprus. 

Cyr'il (sTr'il). [Gr.] Lordly. 

Cy'rus (si'rus). [Per.] The 



sun. 



D. 



Dan (dan). [Heb.] Judge. 
Dan'i-el (dan'T-el or dau'yel). 

[Heb.] Divine judge. — Dim. 

Dan. 
Da-ri^US (da-ri'iis). [Per.] 

PrGssrvGr 
Da'vid (da'vTd). [Heb.] Be- 
loved. — Dim. Da'vy, Dave 

(dav). 
De-me'trl-US (de-me'trT-us). 

[Gr.] Belonging to Demeter 

or Ceres. 
Den'is(den'Ts), 1 The French 
Den'ius(deu'nis). ) form of 

DlONYSIUS. 

Der'rick (der'rTk). A corrup- 
tion of Theodoeic. 

Dex'ter (deks'ter). [L.] The 
right hand ; fortunate. 

Di/Q-nys'l-US (di/o-msh'i-us). 
[Gr.] Belonging to Diony- 
sos, or Bacchus, the god of 
wine. 

Don'ald (don'ald). [Celt.] 
Proud chief. 

Dun'can (dunk'an). [Celt.] 
Brown chief. 

E. 
Eb'en (eb'en). [Heb.] Stone. 
Eb'en-e'zer (eVen-e'zer). 

[Heb.] Stone of help. 
Ed'gar (ed'gar). [AS.] Javelin 

(or protector) of property. 
Ed'mund (ed'mund). [AS.] 

Defender of property. — Dim. 

Ed, Ned. 
Ed'ward (ed'ward), [AS.] 

Guardian of property. — Dim. 



Ed, Ed'dj^, Ngd, Ngd'dy, Tgd, 
Tgd'dy. 
Ed'win (ed'win). [AS.] Gainer 
of property. — Dim. Ed, Ed'- 

Eg'bert(gg'bert). [OG.] The 
sword's brightness ; famous 
with the sword. 

El'bert (gl'bert). The same as 

A T "RPRT 

El'dred (gl'dred). [AS.] Ter- 
rible. 

E'le-a'zer (e'le-a'zer). [Heb.] 
To whom God is a help. 

E'li(e'li). [Heb.] A foster son. 

E-li'ab (e-li'ab). [Heb.] God 
is his father. 

E-li'a-killl(e-lI'a-kim). [Heb.] 
Whom God sets up. 

E-li'as (e-li'as). The same as 
Elijah. 

E-li'hu (e-ll'hu). [Heb.] God 
the Lord. 

E-li'iah (e-li'ja). [Heb.] Je- 
hovah is my God. 

E-1 i p b'a-l e t (e-l T f'a-1 e t). 
[Heb.] God of salvation. 

E-li'sha (e-ll'sha). [Heb.] God 
my salvation. 

E-li'Zlir(e-li'zur). [Heb.] God 
is my rock. 

El'lis (el'lTs). A variation of 
Elisha. 

El'mer (gl'mer). Probably a 
contraction of AS. Ethelmer 
or Ethelmar, "noble great- 
ness." 

El'na-than. [Heb.] God gave. 

Em'e-ry (gm'e-ry), ) 

Em'me-ry (ern'me-rj^), > [AS.] 

Em'O-ry (gm'o-ry^. ) 

Powerful; rich. L. Al'me-ri'- 
cus ; It. Amerigo (a-ma-re'- 
go), whence the name Amer- 
ica. 

Eni-nian'"u-el (gm-mSn'u-ei). 
[Gr. fr. Heb.] God with 
us. 

E-n e'a S (e-n e'a s). [G r.] 
Praised. 

E'noch (e'ngk). [Heb.] Con- 
secrated. 

E'nos (e'nos). [Heb.] 

E'pbra-im" (e'f ra-Tm) . 
Very fruitful. 

E-ras'mUS (e-rSz'mus). 
Lovely ; lovable. 

E-ras'tUS (e-r5s'tus). 
Lovely ; amiable. 

E'ric (e'rik). [AS.] 
brave ; powerful. 

Er'nest (er'ngst), 

Er-nes'tUS (er-ngs'tus). 
Earnest. 

E'sau (e'sa). [Heb.] Covered 
with hair. 

E'than (e'than). [Heb.] Firm- 
ness ; strength. 



Man. 
[Heb.] 

[Gr.] 

[Gr.] 

Rich ; 

tus).} t^-l 



ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN. 



575 



Eu'gene (u'jen or u-jeii')- 

[Gr.] Well-born; noble. 
Eus'tace (us'tus). [Gr.] 

Healthy ; standing firm. 
Ev'an (gv'an). [W.] Young 

warrior. 
Ev'er-ard (gv^r-ard). [OHG.] 

Strong as a wild boar. 
E-ze'ki-el (e-ze'kT-el or -kil). 

[Heb.] Strength of God. 

— Dim. Zeke (zek). 
Ez'ra (Sz'ra). [Heb.] Help. 

P. 

Fe'lix (fe'lTks). [L.] Happy; 
prosperous. 

Fer'di-nand (ferMT-nand). 

[OHG.] Brave ; valiant. 

Fer-nan'dO (fer-u5u'd6). Span- 
ish form of FERDraAND. 

Fes'tUS (fes'tus). [L.] Joyful ; 
glad. 

Fran'cis (fran'sTs). [F.] Fiee. 

— Dim. Frank. 

Frank (frSnk)T Same as Fran- 
cis. 
Fred'er-lc (fred'er-Tk), ) 
F r e d'e r-i c k (f r6d'er-Tk). j 
[OHG.] Abounding in peace ; 
or, peaceful ruler. — Dim. 
Frgd, Fred'dy. 

G. 

Ga'brl-el (ga'brT-gl). [Heb.] 
Man of God. — Dim. Gabe 
(gab). 

Ga'ius(ga'yus). [L.] Rejoiced. 

Ga-ma'll-el (ga-ma'lT-gl or ga- 
mal'yel). [Heb.] Recom- 
pense of God. 

Gar'ret (gSr'rgt). 
form of Gerald. 

Geoffrey (jgf'fry). 
Godfrey. 

George (j8rj). [Gr.] 

holder; husbandman 

Georgie (j6r'ji), 

(jSr'dT). 
Ger'ald (jSr'ald), ) 
Ger'ard (jer'ard). j 

witli tlie spear. 
Ger'man (jer'man), ) 
Ger'maine (jer'man). ) 

German. 
Ger'shom (ger'shom). [Heb.] 

E.xile. 
Gid'e-on (gid'e-on). [Heb-] 

Destroyer. 
Gil'l)ert(gTl'bert). [OHG.] Yel- 
low-bright ; famous. — Dim. 

Gil (gii). 

Giles (jilz). [Gr.] A kid. 
God'dard (g5d'dard). [OG.] 

Pious ; virtuous. 
God'frey (gSd'fry). [OHG.] 

At peace with God. 
God'win (gSd'win). [AS.] 

Good in war. 



Another 

Same as 

Land- 
— Dim. 
Geordie 

[OG.] 
Strong 



[L.] 



Greg'0-ry (greg'6-ry). [G.] 
Watchful. 

Griffith (grif'fTth). [W.] Rud- 
dy CO- 

Gus-ta'VUS (gus-ta'vtis). [Sw.] 
A warrior ; hero. 

Guy (gi). [F.] A leader. 

H. 

Han'ni-bal (hSn'nY-bal). [Pu- 
nic] Grace of Baal. 

Har'old (hSr'old). [AS.] A 
champion ; general of an 
army. 

He'man (he'man). [Heb.] 
Faithful. 

Hen'ry (hgn'ry). [OHG.] The 
head or chief of a house. — 
Dim,. HSr'ry (by assimilation 
of consonant sound), H51, 
Hgn (Haw'kin, obs.). 

Hern)ert (her'bert). [AS.] 
Glory of the army. — Dim. 
Bert. 

Her'CU-les (her'ku-lez). [Gr.] 
Lordly fame. 

Her'man (her'man). [OG.] A 
warrior. 

H e 2'e-k i'a h (h g z'e-k i'a). 
[Heb.] Strength of the Lord. 

Hil'a-ry (hll'a-ry). [L.] Cheer- 
ful ; merry. 

Hil'lel (hil'lel). [Heb.] Praise. 

Hi'ram (hi'ram). [Heb.] Most 
noble. 

Ho'mer (ho'mer). [Gr.] A 
pledge ; security. 

Hor'ace (hor'as). French form 
of Horatio. 

Ho-ra'ti-0 (hS-ra'shT-o or -sho). 
[L.] {Uncertain.) 

Ho-se'a (h6-ze'a). [Heb.] Sal- 
vation. 

How'ell(how'el). [W.] Sound; 
whole. 

Hu'bert (hH'bert). [OHG.] 
Bright in spirit ; soul-bright. 

Hugh (hu), ) [D.] Mind ; 

Hu'gO (hu'go). I spirit ; soul. 

Humph'rey (hum'fry), ) [AS.] 

Humph'ry (hiim'fry). ) Pro- 
tector of the home. — Dim. 
Humph. 



Ich'a-bOd (Tk'a-bod). [Heb.] 

The glory has departed. 
Ig-na'ti-US (Tg-na'shT-us or 

-shQs). [Gr.] Ardent ; fiery. 
Im-man'U-el (Tm-man'u-el). 

[Heb.] See Emmanuel. 
In'crease (Tn^kres). [E.] i. e., 

Growth [of faith]. 
In'gram (Tn'gram). [Teut.] 

Raven. 
In'i-gO (Tnl-go). Spanish form 

of Ignatius. 
Fra (i'ra). [Heb.] Watchful. 



Fsaac (I'zak). [Heb.] Laugh- 
ter. —y^///K Ik (ik), Ike (Ik). 

I-sai'ah (I-za'ya). [Heb.] Sal- 
vation of the Lord. 

Is'ra-el (Tz'ra-gl). [Heb.] A 
soldier of God. 

Ith'i-el (ithT-gl). [Heb.] God 
is with me. 

I-van' (e-van' or e'van). Rus- 
sian form of John. 

Fvo-ry (I'vS-rj^). [E.] 



Ja'bez (ja'bgz). [Heb.] He 

will cause pain. 
Ja'COl)(ja'kob). [Heb.] A sup- 

planter. — Dim. Jake (jakj. 

See James. 
Ja'i-rus (ja'I-rus). [Heb.] He 

will enlighten. L. id. 
James (jamz). Same as Jacob. 

— Dim. Jeames (jemz), Jgm, 
JTm, Jem'my, Jim'm^. 

Ja'pheth (ja'fgth ; colloq. ja'- 
fgt). [Heb.] Enlargement. 

Ja'red (ja'rgd). [Heb.] De- 
scent. 

Ja'SOn (ja'son). [Gr.] A 
healer. 

Jas'per (jSs'per). [Per.] ( Un- 
certain. ) 

Ja'van (ja'van). [Heb.] Clay ; 
supple. 

Jed'e-di'ah (jgd'e-di'a). [Heb.] 
Beloved of the Lord. 

Jeffrey (jgf'fry). Same as 
Godfrey. 

Jer'e-mi'ah (j e r'e-m i'a), 

J e r'e-m i'a s (j g r'e-m i'a s), 

Jer'e-my (jgr'e-my). 

[Heb.] Exalted of the Lord. 

— Dim. Jerry. 

Jer'ome (jer'om in Enr/land, 
but in America usually je- 
rom'). [Gr.] Holy name. 

Jes'se (jes'se). [Heb.] Wealth. 

Jo'al) (jo'ab). [Heb.] Jeho- 
vah is his father. 

Job (job). [Heb.] Afflicted; 

Jo'el(jo'el).' [Heb.] The Lord 

is God. 
John (jon). [Heb.] The gra- 
cious gift of God. — Dim. 

Johu'ny, JSck, Jock. — Fern,. 

Joanna, Jane. See Joan. 
Jo'nah (jo'na), ( [Heb.] A 
Jo'nas (jo'nas). ) dove. 
Jon'a-than (j on'a-than). 

[Heb.] Gift of Jehovah. 
Jo'seph (jo'sef). [Heb.] He 

shall add. — Dim. Joe (jo). 
Josh'U-a . (josh'ii-a). [Heb.] 

God of salvation. — Dim. 

Josh. 
Jo-si'ah (jo-sl'a), KHeb.] 
Jo-Si'as (jo-si'as). j Given 

of the Lord. 



576 



ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN. 



Jo'tham (jo'tham). [Heb.] The 
Lord is upright. 

Ju'dah (juMa). [Heb.] Praised. 

Ju'll-an (ju'li-an). [L.] Sprung 
from, or belonging to, Julius. 
— Divi. Jule (Jul). 

Ju'll-US (ju'lT-us). [Gr.] Soft- 
haired. — Dim. Jule (Jul). 

Jus'tln (jiis'tTn). [L.] Just. 

JttS'tUS (jus'tus), [L.] Just. 

K. 
Ken'elm (kgn'elm). [AS.] A 

defender of his kindred. 
Ken'neth (ken'ngth). [Gael.] 

A leader ; commander. 

L. 

La'ban (la^ban). [Heb.] White. 

Lamtert (ISm'bert). [OHG.] 

lUiistrious with landed pos- 

86S810I1S 

Lan'ce-lot (ISn'se-lot), 1 [It.] A 
Laun'oe-lot (lan'-). ) little 

angel; or, a little lance or 

warrior, or, a servant. 
L a u'r e n c e (la'rens), ) r-r -, 
L a w'r e n c e (la'rgns). ) ^ •-■ 

Crowned with laurel. — Dim. 

U&v'v^ (Lar'kin, obs.), (Law'- 

rle, Lau'rYe, Scot., LSr'rj^, 

Ir.). 
Laz'a-rus (ISz'a-rus). [Heb.] 

God will help. 
Le-an'der (le-5n'der). [Gr.] 

Lion man. 
Leb-be'US (Igb-be'iis ; colloq. 

ISb'be-us). [Heb.] Praise. 
Lem'U-el (lem'u-gl). [Heb.] 

Created by God. 
Leon'ard (ign'ard). [G.] 

Strong or brave as a lion. 
Le-on'i-das (le-on'I-das). [Gr.] 

Lionlike. 
Le'O-pold (le'o-pold, formerly 

Igp'old). [OHG.] Bold for 

the people. 
Le'Vl(le'vI). [Heb.] Adhesion. 
Lewis (loo'Ts). [OHG.] Bold 

warrior. — Dim. Lewie (loo'- 

T), Louie (loot), Lew (loo), 

Lou. 
Ll'nus (li'niis). [Gr.] Flax- 
en-haired. 
Ll'O-nel(li'o-ngl). [L.] Young 

lion. 
Llew-el'lyn (lu-gi'iTn). [Celt.] 

Lightning. 
Lo-am'ml (lo-Sm'ml). [Heb.] 

Not my people. 
Lo'do-WlC (lo'do-wTk). Same 

as Lewis. 
Lo-ren'ZO (Ift-rgn'zo). Same as 

Laurence. 
Lot (15t). [Heb.] A veil; 

covering. 
Lou'ls (166'Ts). French form 

of Lewis. 



Lu'bin (lu'bTn). [AS.] Be- 
loved friend. 

Lu'cas (lu'kas). See Luke. 

Lu'ci-an (lu'shi-an, lu'shan), ) 

Lu'ci-US (lu'shT-Qs, lu'shQs). ) 
[L.] Born at daybreak. 

Lu'dO-vic (lu'do-vTk). Same as 
Lewis. 

Luketluk). [Gr.] Light. 

Luth'er (lu'ther). [G.] Illus- 
trious warrior. 

Ly-CUr'gUS (li-kfir'gus). [Gr.] 
Wolf driver. 

M. 

Ma'dOC (ma'dok). [W.] Good ; 

beneficent. 
Mal'a-CM (mal'a-ki). [Heb.] 

Messenger of the Lord. 
Ma-nas'seh (ma-uas'se). 

[Heb.] Forgetfulness. 
Mar-cel'lUS(mar-sel'ms). [L.] 

Dim. of Marcus. 
M a r' C i- U S (mar'shi-Qs or 

-shus). Same as Marcus. 
Mar'CUS (mar'kus), ) [L.] A 
Mark (mark). ) h a m- 

mer ; otherwise, a male, or, 

sprung from Mars. 
Mar'ma-duke (mar'ma-duk). 

[AS.] A mighty noble. 
Mar'tln (mar'tTn). [L.] Of 

Mars ; warlike. 
Matthew ) (mSth'yu). [Heb.] 
Matthias J (ma-thi'as) Gift of 

Jehovah. — Z>m. Mat. 
Mau'rice (ma'rTs). [L.] Moor- 
ish ; dark-colored. 

Max'i-mil'i-an (maks'i-mil'T- 

an). [L.] The greatest .^mili- 

anus. 
M e r' e- d i t h (mer'e-dTth). 

[Celt.] Sea protector. 
Mi'cah (mi'ka). [Heb.] Who 

is like Jehovah ? 
Ml'cha-el (mi^ia-gl or miHtgl). 

[Heb.] Who is like God ? — 

Dim. Mike (mik). 
Miles (milz). [L.] A soldier. 
Mor'gan (mSr'gan). [W.] A 

seaman ; a dweller on the sea. 
Mo'ses (mo'zgz). [Egypt.] 

Drawn out of the water. — 

Dim. Mose (moz). 



N. 



[Heb.] 



Na'a-man (na'a-man). 

Pleasantness. 
Na'hum (na'hum). [Heb.] 

Consolation. 
Na-po'le-On (nS-po'le-on). [Gr.] 

Lion of the forest dell. 
Na'than (na'than). [Heb.] 

Given ; a gift. 
Na-than'a-el (na-than'a-el), \ 
Na-than'i-el (na-thSn'T-el). ) 

[Heb.] Gift of ^God. F. 

Nathaniel {na.'tWnPa,V). 



Neal (nel), ) [L.] Dark ; swar- 
Neil (nel). I thy ; otherwise 

[Celt.], chief. 
N 6' he- mi' ah (ne'he-ml'a). 

[Heb.] Comfort of Jehovah. 
Nich'0-las (nlk'o-las), ) [Gr.] 
NiC'0-laS (nik'o-las). j Vic- 
tory of the people. — Dim. 

Nick. 
No'ah (no'a). [Heb.] Rest; 

comfort. 
No'el (no'el). [L.] Christmas; 

born on Christmas Day. 
Nor'man (nSr'man). [G.] A 

Northman ; a native of Nor- 
mandy. 

O. 
O'ba-di'ah (o'ba-di'4). [Heb.] 

Servant of the Lord. L. O'ba- 

di'as or Ob'a-dl'as. 
O'bed (o'bgd). [Heb.] Serv- 
ing God. 
Oc-ta'vi-US (ok-ta'vi-us), ) [L.] 
Oc-ta'VUS(ok-ta'vus). ) The 

eighth born. 
Ol'i-ver (ol'i-ver). [L.] An 

olive tree. 
0-res'tes (o-rgs'tez). [Gr.] A 

mountaineer. 
Or-lan'dO (8r-lan'do). Italian 

form of Roland. 
Os'car (os'kar). [Celt.] 

Bounding warrior. 
Os'mond (oz'mond), ) [OG.] 
Os'mund (oz'mund). j P r o- 

tection of God. 
Os'wald (oz'wald), ) [OG.] 
Os'WOld (oz'wold). j Power of 

God. 
Ow'en (o'gn). [Celt.] Lamb; 

or, young warrior. 

P. . 
Pat'rick (pSt'rTk). [L.] Noble ; 
a patrician. — Dim, P S t, 
Pad'd^. 

Paul (pal), ) rj--, 

Pau'lUS (pa'lus), [ Tittii 

Pau-li'nus (pa-li'nus). ) ^*'^"®- 
Pe'leg (pe'lgg). [Heb.] Di- 
vision. 
Per'e-grine (per'e-grin). [L.] 

Stranger. 
Pe'ter (pe'ter). [Gr.] Rock. 

— Dim. Pete (pet), Pe'ter- 

kin. 
Phi-lan'der(fi-lSnMer). [Gr.] 

Lover of men. 
Phi-le'mon (fi-le'mon). [Gr.] 

Loving ; friendly. 
Phil'ip (fil'ip). [Gr.] Lover 

of horses. — Dim. Phil, PTp. 
Phin'e-as (fTn'e-as). [Heb.] 

Mouth of brass. 
Pi'US (pi'us). [L.] Pious; 

dutiful ; filial. 
Pol'y-carp (pol'T-karp). [Gr.] 

Much fruit. 



ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN. 



577 



Q. 

Quln'tln(kwTn't!n). [L.] Fifth. 
Scot. QuSn'tTn. 

R. 
Ralph (rSlf ; in England often 
jnonounced raf). Same as 

RODOLPHTJS. 

Ran'dal (rSn'dal). [AS.] House 

wolf. 
Raph'a-el (rSfa-gl). [Heb.] 

Healing of God. 
Ray'mcnd (ra'mond), ) [OG.] 
Ray'mund (ra'mund). ( Wise 

protection. 
Reg'i-nald (rej'I-nald). [OG.] 

Strong ruler. 
Reu'ben (ru'bSn). [Heb.] 

Behold, a sou ! 
Reu'eKru'gl). [Heb.] Friend 

of God. 
Reyn'old (ren'old). Same as 

Reginald. 
Rich'ard (rlch'ard). [OHG.] 

Strong like a ruler ; powerful. 
R b ' e r t (rSb'ert). [OHG.] 

Bright in fame. 
Rod'er-iC (r5d^r-Tk), l [OG.] 
Rod'er-lck (r5d^r-ik). J Rich 

in fame. 
Ro'dolph (ro'dSlf), ) 

R 0-d I'p h U S (ro-dol'f lis). ) 

[OHG.] Famous wolf, or 

hero. 
Rog'er (roj^r). [OHG.] Fa- 
mous with the spear. 
Rowland (ro'land). Fr. form of 

Rowland. 
Rowland (roland). [OG.] 

Fame of the land. 
Ru'dolph (ru'd51f), I v. 

Ru-dol'phUS (ru-dol'fus). ( ^^" 

riations of Ro^olph, 

( RODOLPHUS. 

Ru'fUS (ru'fus). [L.] Red ; 

red-haired. 
Ru'pert (ru'pert). Same as 

ROBEKT. 



Se1)a(6e'ba). [Heb.] Eminent. 
IS'tian (se-bas'chan). 



[L.] 
Calm ; 



S. 
(sSl'mgn). 



[Heb.] 



Sal'mon 

Shady. 

Sam'son (sSm'son), I [Heb.] 

Samp'SOn (sSmp'son). I Splen- 
did sun ; i. e., great joy. 

Sam'n-el (sSm'G-Sl). [Heb.] 
Heard of God ; asked for of 
God. —Dim. SSm, SSm'mj^. 

Saol (si^l). [Heb.] Asked for. 



} [Heb.] 



Se-ba 

[Gr.l Venerable 

Se-re'no (se-re'no), 

Se-re'nus (se-re'nufl). 
peaceful. 

Seth(8gth). [Heb.] Appointed. 

Sha'drach (sha'drak). [Heb.] 
Rejoicing in the way. 

Sig'is-mund (sTj'Ts-mund). 
[OHG.] Conquering pro- 
tection. 

Si'las (si'las), 1 [L.] 

Sil-va'nus (sTl-va'niis). J Liv- 
ing in a wood. 

Sll-ves'ter (sTl-vgs'ter). [L.] 
Coimtry bred ; rustic. — Dij7i, 
Ves'ter, Vest, 

Slm'e-on (sTm'e-on), 

Si'mon (si'mon). 
Hearing with acceptance. — 
Dim. Sim. 

Sol'0-mon (sol'o-mou). [Heb.] 
Peaceable. F. Salomon (sa'- 
16'm8N'). — Di7n. Sol. 

Ste^phen (ste'v'n). [Gr.] A 
crown. — Di7n. Steve (stev), 
Ste'vTe. 

Swith'in (swtth'in). [AS.] 
Strong friend. 

Syl'van (sTl'van), ) ^ 

Syl-va'nus (sTl-va'nus). ^°^^- 

VANUS. 

Syl-ves'ter (sTl-ves'ter). Sil- 
vester. 



T ll a d' d e- U S (th5d'de-us). 

[Syr.] The wise. 
The'0-bald (the'o-bald). [OG.] 

Bold for the people. 
The'0-dore (the'o-dor). [Gr.] 

Gift of God. — Z>iw. The, 

Dory, Ted, Teddy. 
The-Od'O-riC (the-5d'o-rTk). 

[AS.] Powerful among the 

people. 
The-oph'1-lus (the-of'T-lus). 

[Gr.] Lover of God. 
The'ron (the'ron). [Gr.] 

Hunter. 
Thom'as (tom'as). [Heb.] A 

twin. — Dim,. Tom, Tom'my 

(tom'kin, obs.). 
Tlm'0-thy (tTm'o-thy). [Gr.] 

Fearing God. — Di7n. Tim. 
To-bi'ah (tS-bi'a), \ [H e b.] 
To-bi'as (to-bl'as). I D i 8 tin- 

guished of Jehovah. — Dim. 

To'by 



Tris'tam (trTs'tam), I [L.] 
Tris'tram (trls'tram). ) Grave; 
melancholy ; sad. 

U. 

U-lys'ses (ii-lTs'sez). [Gr.] A 

Ur'ban'(Gr'ban). [L.] Of the 

town ; courteous. 
U-rl'ah(u-ri'a). [Heb.] Light 

of Jehovah. 
U'ri-an (u'rl-an). [Dan.] A 

husbandman. 
U'ri-el(u'rT-gl). [Heb.] Light 

of God. 

V. 
Val'en-tlno (vSi'gn-tin). [L.] 

Strong ; healthy, 

Victor (vik'tor). IL.] Con- 
queror. 

Vin'cent (vTn'sgnt). [L.] Con- 
quering. 

Viv'i-an (vTv'T-an). [L.j Lively. 

W. 

Wal'ter (wal'ter). [OHG.] 
Ruling the host. — Dim. 
Wat. 

Wil'iiam (wTl'yam). [OHG.] 
Resolute helmet, or, helmet 
of resolution ; protector. — 
Dim. Will, Wil'ly, Bill, BTK- 

ly- 
Win'fred (wTn'frgd), [AS.] 
Win-peace. 



Zab'dl-el (zab'di-el). [Heb.] 

Gift of God. 
Zac-che'US (zSk-ke'us ; colloq. 

zak'ke-iis). [Heb.] Inno- 
cent ; pure. 
Zach'a-ri'ah (zSk'a-ri'a), 
Zach'a-ry (z5k'a-ry). 

[Heb.] Remembered of Je- 

liovah. — Dim,. Zach (z5k). 
Za'dok (za'dok). [Heb.] Just. 
Zeb'a-di'ah (zgVa-di'a), ) 
Zeb'e-dee (zgb'e-de). j 

[Heb. J Gift of Jehovah. 
Z e h' a- r i' a h (zgk'a-rl'a). 

[Heb.] Same as Zachariah. 
Z e d' e- k 1' a h (zgd'e-ki'a). 

[Heb.] Justice of the Lord. 
Ze-lO'tes (ze-lo'tez). [Gr.] 

Zealot. 
Ze'nas(ze'nas). [Gr.] Gift of 

Jupiter. 
Z e p h'a- n 1' a h (zgf'a-ni'a). 

[Heb.] Hid of Jehovah. 



NAMES OF WOMEN. 



The Bounds of the letters in the pronunciation are as indicated at the foot of each page in the Dictionary. 



Al)'i-gail(ab'T-gal). [Heb.] My 
father's joy. — Dim. Ab'by, 
Nab'by. 

Ach'sa (ak'sa). [Heb.] Anklet. 

A'da (a'da). Same as Edith. 

Ad'a-line (ad'a-lln), ) 

Ad'e-la (ad'e-la), [ 

Ad'e-laide (ad'e-iad). ) 
The same as Adeline. 

Ad'e-li'na (ad'e-li'iia), 1 [OG.] 

Ad'e-line (ad'e-lln) f Of 
noble birth ; a princess. — 
Dim. Ad'dy. 

Ag'a-tha (ag'a-tha). [Gr.] 
Good ; kind. 

Ag'nes (ag'nes). [Gr.] Chaste; 
pure. 

Al-ber'ta (al-ber'ta). Feminine 
of Albert. 

Al'e-the'a (al'e-the'a). [Gr.] 
Truth. 

Al'ex-an'dra(al'eks-an'dra), ) 

Al'ex-an-dri'na (-an-dri'ua). j 
[Gr.] Fern, of Alexander. 

AFice (al'Ts), ) The 

A-lic'i-a (a-lish'T-a). | same as 
Adeline. — Dim. Al'ly, or 
Al'lTe, El'sTe. 

Al'ma (al'ma). [L.] Nourish- 
ing ; cherishing. 

Al-mi'ra (al-mi'ra). [Ar.] Lof- 
ty ; a princess. 

Al-the'a (al-the'a). [Gr.] A 
healer. 

Anr'a-bel (am'a-bel). [L.] Lov- 
able. 

A-man'da (a-man'da). [L.] 
Worthy to be loved. — Dim. 
ManMy. 

A-me'li-a (a-me'li-a or a-mel'- 
ya). [OG.] Busy ; ener- 
getic. — Cf. Emeline. 

A'my (a'my). [L ] Beloved. 

An-gel'i-ca (an-jel'T-ka), ( 

An'ge-li'na (an'je-li'ua). j 
[Gr.] Lovely ; angelic. 

Ann (an), HHeb.] Grace; 

An'na (an'na), V — the same 

Anne (an). ) as Hannah. 
— DiTYi. An'nie, Nan'ny, 
NSn'gy, Nan, Nina (ne'na). 

An-nette' (an-nef). French 
form of Anna. 

A n't i-n e 1 1 e' (an'toi-nef). 
French dim. of Antonia. — 
Dim. Net, Net't^. 



An-to'ni-a (an-to'uT-a), ( [L.] 

An'to-ni'na (an'to-ui'na). j In- 
estimable. 

Ar'a-bel'la (ar'a-bel'la). [L.] 
A fair altar ; or an Arabian 
woman. — Dim. Bel'la, Bel. 

A'ri-an'a (a'ri-an'a). [Gr.] 
Corruption of Ariadne. 

Au-gUS'ta (a-gus'ta). [L.] 
Fem. of Augustus. 

Au-re'li-a (a-re'lT-a or a-rel'- 
ya). [L.] Fem. of Aurelius. 

Au-ro'ra (a-ro'ra). [L.] Morn- 
ing redness ; freshness. 

B. 
Bar'ba-ra (bar'ba-ra). [Gr.] 

Foreign ; strange. — Dim. 

Bab. 
Be'a-trice (be'a-trTs), ) [L.] 
Be'a-trix (be'a-triks). ) Mak- 
ing happy. 
Belinda (be-lin'da). [Unceri.) 
Belle (bel). [F.] Beautiful. 
Ben'e-dict'a (ben'e-dTk'ta). 

[L.] Fem. of Benedict. 
Ber'tha (ber'tha). [OG.] 

Briglit ; beautiful. — Dim. 

Ber'ty. 
Bessie (bes'sT), ) Dim. of Eliz- 
Betsey (bet'sy). 1 abeth. 
Blanch (blanch), ) [Teut.] 
Blanche (blanch). ( White. 
Bridg'et (brTj'et). [Celt.] 

Strength. — Dim. Bid'dy. 

C. 

Ca-mil'la (ka-mil'la). [L.] At- 
tendant at a sacrifice. 
Car'0-line (kar'6-lin). French 
fem. of Carolus, Latin of 
Charles. — Dim. Car'rie, 
Cad'die. 
Cas-san'dra (kSs-san'dra). 
[Gr.] She who inflames with 
love. 
Cath-a-ri'na (kath-a-rl'na), 
Cath'a-rine (kath'a-rTn), 
Cath'er-ine (kath'er-Tn). 

[Gr.] Pure. — Dim. -Ca'sy, 
Kate (kat), Katrine (kat'rin). 
Kit, KTt'ty. 
Ce-cil'i-a (se-sii'i-a), ) [L.] 
Cec'i-ly (ses'T-ly). (Fem. 

of Cecil. — Dim. Sisely (sTs'- 
ly), Sis, CTs. 
Ce-les'tine (se-les'tin). [L.] 
Heavenly. 



Ce'li-a (se'lT-a or sel'ya). [L.] 

Heavenly. 
Char'i-ty (char'i-ty). [E.] 
Charlotte (shar'lot). Fem. of 

Charles. — Dim. Lottie. 
Chlo'e (klo'e). [Gr.] Green 

lierh ; blooming. 
Chris'ti-an'a (krTs'ti-an'a), ) 
Chris-ti'na (krTs-te'nA). ) 

[Gr.] Fem. of Christian. — 

Dim. -GhrTs'sTe, Xina(ze'na). 
Cic'e-ly (sTs'e-ly). Corruption 

of Cecilia." 
Clar'a (klar'a). [L.] Bright; 

illustrious. — Dim. Clare 

(klSr). 
Clar'i-hel (klar'i-bel). [L.] 

Brightly fair. 
Clar'ice (klar'Ts), \ [L.] 

Cla-ris'sa (kla-i-Ts'sa). ) De- 
rivatives of Clara. 
Clau'di-a (kla'dl-a). [L.] Fe;n. 

of Claudius. 
Clem'en-ti'na (klem'en-te'na), 
Clem'en-tine (klem'en-ten tr 

-tin). [L.] Mild ; gentle. 
Con'stance (kon'stans). [L.] 

Firm ; constant. 
Co'ra (ko'ra). [Gr.] Maiden. 
Cor-de'li-a (k8r-de'li-a or -del'- 

ya). [L.] Warm-hearted. 
Corihna (ko-rin'na), 1 [Gr.] 
Gorinne (ko'ren'). | Maiden. 
Cor-ne'li-a (kSr-ne'lY -a or -nel'- 

ya). [L.] Fem. of Coenelius. 

— Dim. Nellie. 
Cyn'thi-a (sTn'thi-a). [Gr.] 

Of or from Mt. Cynthus. 

D. 

Deh'O-rah (deb'S-ra). [Heb.] 
A bee. — Dim. Deb, Deb'b]^. 

De'li-a(de'lT-a or del'ya). [Gr.] 
Of Delos. 

Di-an'a (dt-an'a). [L.] God- 
dess. — Dim. Di, Die. 

Di-an'tha (di-an'tha). [Gr.] 
Flower of Jove ; a pink. 

Di'nah(di'na). [Heb.] Judged. 

Do'ra (do'ra). Dim. of Doro- 
thea, EuDORA, Theodora. 

Dor'cas (dSr'kas). [Gr.] A 
gazelle. 

Do-rin'da (d6-rTn'da). Same 
as Dorothea. 

D r'O-t h e'a (dor'o-the'a), ) 

D r'O-t h y (dor'6-thy). | 
[Gr.] Gift of God.— Z>i?n. 

(578) 



ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN. 



579 



DSl, DW\f {l and r being al- 
lied sounds). 

E. 

E'dlth (e'dTtb). [AS.] Happi- 
ness ; rich gift. 

Ed'na (Sd'na). [Heb.] Pleas- 
ure. 

Ere-a-nor (61'e-a-nSr, glt- 
n6r), El'l-nor (el'T-n6i). 
Light ; — the same as Helen. 
— Dim. El'la, Ngll, Nel'lTe, 
No'rA. 

E-lis'a-beth (e-liz'a-beth), 

E-liz'a-'betli (e-lTz'a-b5tii), 

E-li'za (e-li'za). 

[Heb.] Worshiper of God ; 

consecrated to God. — Dim. 

BSss, Bes'sy, Beth, B6t'sey, 

Bgt't^, El'sTe, Liz, LTz'z^, 

LTVbj^, Li's a. 
El'la (el'la)r El'len (el'len). 

Dims, of Eleanor. 
El-Vi'ra (Sl-vT'ra). [L.] White. 
Em'e-line (gm'e-lTn). | [OG.] 
Em'me-line (-me-lin), 1 Ener- 
Em'l-ly (gm'T-ly), f getic ; 
Em'ma (em'ma). J indus- 

trious. — Dim. Emm, Em'- 

mie. 
Er'nes-tlne (er'ngs-ten). Fem. 

and dim. of Ernest. 
Bs'ther (gs'ter). [Per.] A 

star ; good fortune. — Dim. 

Es'sTe. 
Eth'el (eth'el). [AS. Cf. Ade- 

LiNA.] Noble. 
Eth'e-lind (6th'e-lTnd), ) 
Eth'e-lln'da (-iTn'da). ) 

[Teut.] Noble snake. 
Eu-dO'ra (u-do'ra). [Gr.] Good 

gift. 
Eu-ge'nl-a (u-je'nT-a). Fern, of 

Eugene. — Di)ii. Genie (je'nT). 
Eu-ge'nie (u-je'nT). French 

form of Eugenia. 
Eu-la'U-a (u-la'lT-a). [Gr.] 

Fair speech. 
Eu'nice (n'nTs). [Gr.] Hap- 
py victory. 
Eu-phe'mi-a (u-f e'mT-a) . [Gr. ] 

Of good report. — Dim. Ef- 

fie, Phemie. 

E-van'ge-Une (e-vSn'je-lln or 
-lln). [Gr.] Bringing glad 
news. 

Ev'e-11'na (gv'e-ii'na), Ev'e- 
Une (gv'e-iin), Ev'e-lyn (ev'- 
e-lTn). It. dim. of Eva. 

F. 
Faith (fath). [E.] 
Faus-ti'na (fas-tl'na). [L.] 

Lucky. 
Fe-Uc'i-a (fe-lTsh'T-a or fe- 

llsh'&). [L.] Happiness. 



Fl-de^-a (fl-de'lT-a or fi-del'- 

ya). [L.] Faithful. 
FlO'ra (flo'ra). [L.] Flower, 
Flor'ence (fl5r'gns). [L.] i 

Blooming ; flourishing. i 

Fran'ces (fran'sgs). Fem. of 

Francis. — Dijn. F S u'n f, 

FrSuk. 
Fred'er-i'ca (f r g d'e r-i'k a). 

Fem. of Frederic. — Dim. 

Frgd'dTe. 

G. 

Geor'gi-an'a (j6r/jT-an'4), ) 
Geor-gl'na (j6r-je'na). ) 

Fem. of George. 
Ger'al-dlne (jer'al-din). Fem. 

of Gerald. 
Ger'trude (ger'trud). [OHG.] 

Spear maiden. — Dim. Ger'- 

tie, Tru'dy. 

Grace (gi-as), ) [L.] 

Gra'ti-a (gra'shl-a). ) Grace ; 

favor. 
Gri-sel'da(grT-sgl'da). [Teut.] 

Stone heroine. — Dim. GrTs'- 

sgl. 

H. 

Han'nah (hSn'na). [Heb.] 

Same as Anna. 
Har'ri-et (hSr'rT-gt), ) English 
Har'ri-Ot (hSr'rT-St). ( fem. 

dim. of Henry. — Dim. HSt'- 

ty- 

Hel'en (hgl'en), ) [Gr.] 
Hel'e-na (hgl'e-na). ( Light. 

— Dim. Ngll, Ngl'lj^. 
Hen'ri-et'ta (hgiVrT-gt'ta). 

French fem. dim. of Henry. 

— Dim. Et'ta, Hgft]^, Net'- 
tie. 

Hepll'zi-lJah(hgf'zT-ba). [Heb.] 
My delight is in her. 

Hes'ter (hes'ter), Hes'ther. 
Same as Esther. 

HMa'ri-a (hi-la'r i-a). [L.] 
Fem. of Hilary. 

Ho-no'ra (ho-no'ra), 1 [L.] 

Ho-no'ri-a (ho-no'ri-a). ( Hon- 
orable. Dim. No'rah, No'ra. 

Hope (hop). [E.] 

Hor-ten'sl-a (hSr-ten'sliT-a or 
-sha). [L.] A lady gar- 
dener. 

Hul'dah (hSl'da). [Heb.] A 
weasel. 



I 

I'da (i'da). [OGJ 

I'nez (I'nez) 
Agnes. 

I-rene' (I-ren' or i-re'ne) 
Peaceful. 

Is'a-Tjel (Tz'a-bel), ) Same as 

Is'a-bel'la (-bel'la). ( Eliza- 
beth. — Divi. Bgl, Bel'la, 
Belle. 



Godlike. 
Pg. form of 

[Gr.] 



J. 

James-i'lia(jamz-e'na). Femi- 
nine of James. 
Jane (jau). Fem. of John. 

Same as Joan. 
Ja-net' (jS-ngf or jSn'et ; in 

Eng. jSn'gt). Dim. of Jane. 
Jaq'ue-line (jak'we-iTu). 

French fem. of James. 
Jean (jen'), Jeanne (jeu), Jean- 

nette' (je-ngf). Fr. forms 

of Jane or Joan. 
Je-mi'ma (je-mi'ma). [Heb.] 

A dove. 
Je-ru'sha (je-ru'sha). [Heb. J 

Possessed ; married. 
Jes'sie (jgs'sT). [Scotch.] — 

Dirn. Jess. 
Jo-an' (jo-Sn'), \ [Heb.] 

Jo-an'na (j6-Sn'na), > Fem. of 
Jo-han'na (-han'na). ) John. 
Jo-se'pha (j6-se'fa), ) Fem. 
Jo'seph-ine (jo'zgf-Tn). ) of 

Joseph. — Dim. Jo, Jo'zy, 

Plie'ny. 
Joyce (jois). [L.] Sportive. 
Ju'dith (ju'dith)_. [Heb.] 

Praised. — Dim. Ju'dy. 
Ju'li-a (ju'li-a or jul'ya). [L.] 

Fem. of Julius. 
Juai-an'a (jS'lT-Sn'a). [L.] 

Fem. of Julian. 
Ju'li-et (ju'lT-et). Dim. of 

Julia. 
J U S- 1 i' n a (jiis-ti'na). [L.] 

Fem. of Justin. 

K. 
Kate (kat). Dim. of Catharine. 
Kath'a-rine (kSth'a-rin), ( r^, 
Kath'er-ine (kath'er-Tn). ) ^"® 

same as Catharine. 
Ke-tU'rah (ke-tn'ra). [Heb.] 

Incense. 
Ee-Zi'ah (ke-zl'a). [Heb.] 

Cassia. 

L. 
L au'ra (l a'ra) . [L . ] A laurel . 
Lau-rin'da (la-rTn'da). [L.] 

Variation of Laura. 
La-vin'i-a (la-vTn'T-a). [L.] 

Of Latium. 
Le'na (le'na). Dim. of Helena 

or Magdalene. 
Le-0-no'ra (le-o-no'ra). The 

same as Eleanor. 
Le-ti'ti-a (le-tTsh'T-a or le- 

tish'a). [L.] Happiness. 
Let'tice (let'tTs). A corruption 

of Letitia. 

f'-u}"^n-^,nl''?"-°^' ! [L-] Lily- 
Lil'ly (lil'ly). f '- -^ ^ 

Lo'is (lo'Ts). [Gr.] Good ; de- 
sirable. 

Lo-rln'da (l6-rTn'da). A vari- 
ation of Laurinda. 



580 



ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES OP WOMEN. 



Lou-i'sa (loo-e'za), ) Fem. o f 
Lou-lse' (loo-ez'). ) Louis. 

— Dim. Lou, Loute. 
Lu'ci-a(lu'shi-a). [L.] Italian 

form of Lucy. 
Lu-Cin'da (lu-sin'da). [L.] The 

same as Lucy. 
Lu'crece (lu'kres), j [L.] 
Lu-cre'ti-a (lu-kre'- > Gain ; 

shT-a or -sha). ) or, light. 
Lu'cy (lu'sy). Feminine of 

Lucius. 
Lyd'l-a (ITd'T-a). [Gr.] A 

native of Lydia. 

M. 

Ma'bel (ma'bgl). [L.] Aeon- 
traction of Amabel. 

Mad'e-line (mSd'e-lIn). Fr. 
form of Magdalene. 

Mag'da-lene (mag'da-len, pr-op. 
mag'da-le'ne). [Heb.] Be- 
longing to Magdala. — Dim. 
Maud. 

Maf-cel'la (mar-sgl'la). [L.] 
Fem. of Maecellus. 

Mar'ci-a (mar'shT-a or -sha). 
[L.] Fem. of Maecius. 

Mai'ga-ret (mar'ga-ret or mar'- 
gret). [Gr.] A pearl. — 
Dim. Mar'gie, Mar'ger-y, 
Madge, MSg, Mag'gy, Meg, 
Meg'gy, Peg, Peg'gy, Me'ta, 
Grit'ty. 

Ma-ri'a (ma-ri'a). Latin form 
of Maey. 

Ma'ri-anne' (ma/ri-an'). A 
compound of Maey and Anne. 

Mar'i-on (mar'i-on). A French 
form of Maey. 

Mar'tha (mar'tha). [Heb.] 
The ruler of the house ; or, 
sorrowful ; melancholy. Dim. 
M5t, Mat'tj^. 

Ma'ry (ma'r^). [Heb.] Bit- 
ter ; or, their rebellion, or 
star of the sea. — Dim. May, 
Moll, Mol'13^, Pol, PSl'ly. 

M a- 1 h i 1' d a (ma^tTl'da), \ 

Ma- til' da (ma-tTl'da). J 
[OHG.] Mighty battle maid ; 
heroine. — Dim. Mat, Mat'ty, 
Maud, Pat'ty, Til'da. 

Maiid (mad). Contr. of Matil- 
da or Magdalene. 

May (ma). The month of May, 
or a dim. of Maey. 

Me-het'a-bel (me-hgt'a-bel), ) 

Me-Mra-ble (me-hTt'a-bl'). ) 
[Heb.] Benefited of God. 

Mel'i-cent (mel'T-sent). [L.] 
Sweet singer; or [Teut.], 
work ; strength. 

Me-lis'sa (me-lTs's&). [Gr.] 
A bee. 

Mer'cy (mer's^). [E.] 

Mil'dred (mllMred). [G.] Mild 
threatener. 



Mil'i-cent (mTl'I-seut). See 

Melicent. 
Mi-ner'va(mT-ner'va). (Rom. 

Myth.) Goddess of wisdom. 
Min'nie (min'nT). [Cf. G. 

Minna.] Remembi-ance ; love. 

Frequently used as a nick- 
name for Maey. 
Mi-ran'da (mi-ranMa). [L.] 

Admirable. 
Mir'i-am (mir'T-am). [Heb.] 

The same as Maey. 
My'ra(mi'ra). [Gr.] She who 

weeps or laments. 

N. 

Nan'cy (nan'sy). A familiar 

form of Anne. — Dim. Nan, 

NSnge, Nina (ne'na). 
Nel'lie (nel'lT). Dim. of Ellen, 

Helen, or Eleanoe. 
No'ra (no'ra), I A contraction 
No'rah (no'ra). ) of Honoea, 

Leonoea, and Eleanoe. 

o. 

Oc-ta'vi-a (ok-ta'vY-a). [L.] 

Fem. of OcTAVius. — Dim. 

Ta'vy, Tave. 
Ol'ive (ol'iv), I [L.] An 

0-liv'i-a (6-lTv'T-a). ) olive. 
O-lym'pi-a (6-lTm'pT-a). [Gr.] 

Heavenly. 
0-phe'li-a (o-f e'lT-a or o-f el'ya). 

[Gr.] Serpent. 



Pa'tience (pa'shens). [E.] 

Pau'la (pa'la). [L.] Fem. of 
Paulus, or Paul. 

Pau-li'na (pa-ll'na), > [L.] 

Pau-line' (pa-len'). ) Fem. 
of Paulinus. 

Pe-nel'O-pe (pe-nel'o-pe). [Gr.] 
A weaver. 

Per'Sis(per'sis). [Gr.] A Per- 
sian woman. 

Phete (fe'be). The same as 
Phcebe. 

Phi-lip'pa (fi-lip'pa) Femi- 
nine of Philip. 

Phil'lis (fil'lis). The same as 
Phyt t m 

Phoe'be (fg'be). [Gr.] Shining. 

Phyl'lis (fil'lTs). [Gr.] A 
green bough. 

Pol'ly (pol'lj^). [E.] A dim. 
of Maey. 

PrlS-cil'la (prYs-sTl'la). [L.] 
Somewhat old. 

Pru'dence (pru'dens). [E.] 
Dim. Prue, Pru'dy. 

R. 
Ra'chel (ra'chel). [Heb.] A 

ewe. 
Re-toec'ca (re-bSk'ka), \ [Heb.] 
Re-'bek'all (re-bek'a). j Of en- 



chant i n g beauty. — Dim. 

Beck'y. 
Rho'da (ro'da). [Gr.] A rose. 
Ro'sa (ro'za). [L.] A rose. 
Ros'a-bel (roz'a-bel), ) [L.] A 
Ros'a-bel'la (-bel'la) . | fair 

rose. 
Ro-sa'li-a (ro-za'li-a), ) [It. & 
Ros'a-lie (roz'a-le). j F.,fr. 
,L.] Little and blooming 

rose. 
Ros'a-lind (roz'a-llnd). [L.] 

Beautiful as a rose. 
R S'a-m O n d (roz'a-mond). 

[Teut.] Horse protection, or 

famous protection. 
Rox-an'a (roks-Sn'a). [Per.] 

Dawn of day. F. Roxane 

(rok'san'). — Dim^. Rox'y. 
Ruth (ruth). [Heb.] Beauty. 

S. 

Sa-bi'na (sa-bl'na). [L.] A 
Sabine woman. 

Sa-'bri'na(sa-bri'na). [L.] The 
River Severn. 

Sa-lome' (sa-lom', properly sa- 
lo'me). [Heb.] Peaceful. 

Sal'va (sSl'va). [L.] Safe. L. 
id. 

Sa'ra (sa'ra), )[Heb.] A 

Sa'rah (sa'ra). 1 princess. — 
Dim. Sal, Sal'ly (Saw'kTn, 
obs.). 

Se-li'na (se-li'na). [Gr,] Pars- 
ley ; or, moon. 

Se-re'na(se-re'ua). [L.] Fem. 
of Seeenus or Seeeno. 

Sib'yl (sTb'Il), ) [Gr.] A 

Si-byl'la (sT-bil'Ia). ) prophet- 
ess. 

So-pM'a (so-fl'a). [Gr.] Wis- 
dom. — Dim. So'phy. 

So-phro'ni-a(so-fro'nT-a). [Gr.] 
Of a sound mind. 

Stel'la (ptgl'la). [L.] A star. 

Steph'a-na (stef'a-na). [Gr.] 
Feminine of Stephen. 

Sus'an (su'zan), ^ rg , -, 

Sus-an'na (su-zan'na), \ L ,{;'J 

Sus-an'nah (-zan'na). ) ^"*y- 
— Dim. Sne, Siike, SuHi^, 
Su'sTe, Su'sy. 

Syl'vi-a (sil'vT-a). [L.] Femi- 
nine of Sylvanus. 



Tab'i-tha (tab'T-tha). [Syr.] 

A gazelle. 
Tem'per-ance (tgm'per-ans). 

[E.] 
The'O-do'ra (the'o-do'ra). [Gr.] 

Fem. of Theodoee. — Dim. 

Do'ra. 
The'0-do'si-a (the'o-do'zhi-a or 

-sha). [Gr.] The gift of 

God. 
The-re'sa (the-re'sa). [Gr.] 



ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN. 



581 



Carrying ears of corn. — Dim. 

Tgr'rj^, Tra'QJ^. 
Thom'a-sa (tSm'a-sa), ) p, 
Thom'a-slne (-sen). j '®™- 

of Thomas. — Dim. Tam'zine 

(tSm'zen). 
Try-phe'na (tri-fe'na). [Gr.] 

Delicate ; luxurious. 
Try-pho'sa (trl-fo'sa). [Gr.] 

Luxurious ; dainty. 

U. 
Ul'rl-ca(ul'rT-ka). [OG.] Rich. 

F. Ulrique_(iil/rek'). 
U-ra'nl-a (u-ra'nl-a). [Gr.] 

Heavenly ; the name of one 

of the Muses. 



Ur'SU-la(lir'8u-la). 
bear. 



[L.] She- 



[L.] 



Va-le'rl-a (va-le'rT-a), 
Feminine of Valerius. 

ViC-tO'ri-a (vIk-to'rT-a). [L.] 
Victory. Feminine of Vic- 
tor. 

Vi'da (ve'da). [Erse.] Fem- 
inine of David. 

Vl'o-la (vi'S-la). [L.] A vio- 
let. 

Vir-gina-a (vTr-jTn'T-a). [L.] 
Virgin ; pure. 

Vlv'l-an (vIv'T-an). [L.] 
Lively. 



W. 

Wil'hel-ml'na (wTFhel-me'na). 
[OHG.] Feminine of Wil- 
helm, German of William. — 
Dim. WTl'mett, WTl'mSt, 
Mi'na (rae'na), MT-nel'la. 

Win'l-fred (w I n'l-f r 6 d). 
[Teut.] A lover of peace. — 
Dim. WTn'nie. 



Ze-noHll-a (ze-no'bT-i). [Gr.] 
Having life from Jupiter. 
L. id. ; F. Z^nobie (za'no'- 
be'). 

Zo'd (zo'e). [Gr.] Life. 




CLASSICAL AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. 



When a name is printed in small capitals, a reference to it ■will give further information. The soundB 
of vowels in the pronunciation are as indicated at the foot of each page in the main dictionary. 



Abderos (ab-de'ros). [Gr.] Armor-bearer of 
Herciiles. 

Achates (a-ka'tez). [L.] Faithful companion 
of iEneas in Vergil's JEneid ; hence, a faith- 
ful friend. 

Acheron (ak'e-ron). [Gr.] River of Sorrow ; 
one of the five rivers of the infernal regions. 

Achilles (a-kll'lez). [Gr.] Hero of Homer's 
Iliad. He killed Hector of Troy, and vras 
slain by Paris, who wounded him in his right 
heel, by which his mother had held him when 
she dipped him into the river Styx to render 
him invulnerable. 

Adonis (a-do'nis). [Gr.] A beautiful youth 
loved by Venus. He was slain by a wild boar, 
and from his blood sprang the flower Adoni- 
um. 

.Sneas (e-ne'as). [L.] Hero of Vergil's 
.^neid, called the Pious (dutiful) because he 
bore his father, Anchises, king of Troy, from 
the burning city. He wandered far, settled 
in Latium, Italy, and founded the colony orig- 
inating Rome. 

iEneld (e-ne'Td). [L.] Vergil's epic poem re- 
lating the adventures of ^neas. 

iBoluS (e'o-lus). Roman god of the winds. 

.SiSChylus (es'ki-lus). The greatest Greek 
tragic poet. 

iEsculapius (es'ku-la'pT-us). Greek god of 
medicine and healing. 

£sop (e'siip). A deformed Phrygian slave, 
writer of fables. 

Agamemnon (ag-a-mem'non). King of Argos, 
and leader of the Greeks in the siege of Troy. 

A]ax (a'jaks). Son of Telamon, one of the 
Greek heroes at the siege of Troy ; valiant 
but dull, he killed himself from envy of Achil- 
les. 

Alhlon the Giant. The son of NEPrcrNE and 
brother of Hercules, conqueror of the island 
of Britain, which was named Albion after 
him. 

Alcestis (al-ses'tis). [Gr.] Wife of Admetus, 
who offered herself to be killed as substitute 
for her husband, but was rescued by Hercules. 
Heroine of Euripides' tragedy bearing her 
name. 

amhrosia (am-bro'zha). The food of the gods, 
making them immortal. 

Am'mon. The Libyan Jupiter. 

Amphitrite (am'f e-tri'te). [Gr.] Wife of Posei- 
don, and goddess of the sea. 

Anacieon (5n-ak're-on). A Greek poet, who 
wrote chiefly in praise of love and wine. 

Andromache (an-drom'a-ke). Wife of Hector 
of Troy, in Homer's Iliad : a lovely woman. 



Andromeda (an-drom'e-da). Daughter of Cas- 
siopeia, queen of Ethiopia, who, claiming ri- 
valry in beauty with the Nereids, was chained 
to a rock to be eaten by a sea-monster, but 
was rescued by Perseus. 

Antigone (an-tlg'o-ne). Heroine of Sophocles' 
tragedy so named, who, disobeying Creon, the 
tyrant of Thebes, buried the body of her 
brother Polynices, was immured in a vault, 
and killed herself. 

Aphrodite (af-ro-dl'te). The Greek name for 
the goddess of love, the Venus of the Romans. 

Apollo (a-pol'lo). Son of Jupiter and Latona, 
god of music, poetry, art, eloquence, and med- 
icine. 

Arachne (a-rak'ne). A maiden changed to a 
spider by Minerva for contending with her in 
weaving and embroidery. 

Ares (a'rez). Greek god of war; the Roman 
Mars. 

Argo (ar'go). The galley of Jason and the Ar- 
gonauts on the search for the Golden Fleece. 

Argus (ar'giis). The hundred-eyed son of 
Arestor, killed by Mercury because set by Juno 
to watch lo. Then Juno put his eyes on the 
peacock's tail. 

Ariadne (S-rl-Sd'ne). [Gr.] Daughter of 
Minos, King of Crete, who, loving Theseus, 
gave him a clew of thread for guiding him out 
of the labyrinth when he should have slain 
the monster, Minotaur. He married but 
deserted her, and she became the wife of 
Bacchus. 

Arion (a-ri'un). A Greek musician, who, when 
robbed and thrown overboard by seamen, was 
rescued by a dolphin that had followed the 
music of his lyre. 

Aristides (a-rTs-ti'dez). A Greek statesman 
named The Just ; banished because the people 
tired of hearing him so called. 

Artemis (ar'te-mTs). Greek goddess of chas- 
tity and hunting : same as Diana of the Ro- 
mans. 

Atalanta (at-a-lan't^). A Greek princess who 
promised to marry whoever should outrun 
her, and was defeated and married by Hippo- 
menes. 

Ate (S'te). Goddess of vengeance and mischief. 

Athene (a-the'ne). See Minerva, Pallas. 

Atlas (at'las). King of Mauretania, Africa, 
fabled to support the world on his shoulders. 
Hence, an A Has, with maps of the world, so 
first called by Mercator. 

Atropos (at'ro-pos). See Clotho. 

Augean stables (8-je'an). Stables of Augeus, 
King of Elis, Greece, where 3000 oxen had 

(682) 



CLASSICAL AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. 



583 



been kept for 30 years. To cleanse them Her- 
cules turned two rivers through them. 
Aurora (6-ro'ra). Goddess of morning. 

Bacchus (bSk'kus). Son of Jupiter and Se- 
me'le, the Roman god of wine, identified with 
the Greek Dionysus. 

Belloua (bSl-lo'ua). Roman goddess of war, 
sister (sometimes called wife) of Mars. 

Bcreas (bo're-us). The North Wind, son of 
Astrseus, a Titan, and Eos or Aurora, the 
morning. 

Busiris (bu-si'rls). A king of Egypt who used 
to slay all strangers, but was killed by Her- 
cules. 

Cadmus (kSd'miis). Son of Agenor, King of 
Pheuicia, reputed to have founded Thebes in 
Boeotia and to have invented letters of the 
Greek alphabet. 

Calliope (kal-ll'o-pe). [Gr.] One of the nine 
muses, — muse of epic or heroic poetry, rep- 
resented with a tablet and stylus. 

Calypso (kS-lip'so). In Homer's Odyssey, a 
sea-nymph who detained Ulysses seven years 
on her island, Ogygia (o-ge-gi'a). 

Camilla (kS-mtl'la). In Vergil's ^neid, a vir- 
gin warrior, queen of the Volsci, who fought 
jEneas when he landed in Italy, and was 
slain. 

Cassandra (kas-san'dra). Daughter of Priam, 
King of Troy, gifted with prophecy by Apol- 
lo, who, becoming offended with her, decreed 
that her prophecies should not be believed. 

Castor (kSs'tiir). Son of Jupiter and Leda. He 
and his twin brother, Pollux, were worshiped 
as divinities, especially by the Dorians and the 
Romans, who regarded them as patrons of 
games and horsemanship. They were called 
Dioscuri — sons of the god ; and, as Gemini., 
the twins, are represented in the constellation 
so-named. 

Centaurs (sen'tSrz). A Thessalian people of 
monsters, half man, half horse, wild hunts- 
men, savage and lustful. 

Cerberus (sQr'be-riis). Pluto's three-headed 
dog, that kept the entrance to the infernal re- 
gions. 

Ceres (se'rez). Roman name for Mother-Earth, 
protectress of agriculture and all fruits. 

Charon (kS'ron). Ferryman of spirits of the 
dead across the rivers Styx and Acheron to 
the under-world. 

Charyhdis (kS-rTb'dTs). A sea-monster changed 
by Jupiter into a fierce whirlpool in the 
Straits of Messina, Sicily, faced on the other 
side of the Strait by the dangerous rock, 
Scylla. 

€hiron (ki'rSn). The Centauk who taught 
Achilles music and hunting, and medicine to 
iEsculapius ; represented by the constellation 
Sagittarius, the Archer. 

Circe (sur'se). A sorceress, daughter of 
Helios, who turned the companions of 
Ulysses into swine. 

Clio (kli'o). One of the nine Muses, — the muse 
of History ; represented sitting and holding a 
roll of i)apyrus. 



Clotho (klo'tho). One of the three Fates. She 
presided over birth, and spun the thread of 
life from her distaff ; Lachesis (15k'e-sTs) 
spun the fate of life ; Atropos (3t'ro-pos), pre- 
siding over death, cut the thread at the ap- 
pointed time. 

Clirtemnestra (kll-tSm-ngs'trd). Unfaithful 
wife of Agamemnon, whom she and Jigisthus 
her lover murdered on his return from Troy, 
for which she was slain by her son Orestes; 
treated in iEschylus's tragedy of " Agamem- 
non." 

Gomus (ko'mus). God of revelry ; represented 
as a winged youth. 

Croesus (kre'sQs). King of Lydia, a powerful 
conqueror and immensely wealthy, vanquished 
by Cyius and the Persians. 

Cupid (ku'pTd). Roman name (desire) for the 
son of Mars and Venus, god of love and lov- 
ers ; represented as a boy, with bow and ar- 
rows. The Greeks called him Ekos. 

Cyclops (sl'kl5ps). A group of giants, each 
having but one eye, in the middle of the fore- 
head, who forged iron for Vulcan. 

Daedalus (ded'a-lus). Builder of the Cretan 
labyrinth, and inventor of many tools and ap- 
pliances ; said to have invented for himself 
wings, — probably the use of sails. 

Damon and Pythias (da'mon, pTth'T-as). Two 
devoted friends. Pythias, condemned to death, 
was given time to see his family, Damon of- 
fering to die in his stead should he not re- 
tvu'n. He did return, and both were pardoned. 

Danaides (da-na'T-dez). The 50 daughters of 
Danaus, King of Argos, all but one of whom 
killed their husbands in one night, and were 
condemned in Hades to draw water in sieves 
eternally. 

Daphne (daf'ne). A nymph who fled from the 
embraces of Apollo and was changed into a 
laurel or bay tree. 

Daphnis (dSf'nTs). A Sicilian shepherd, inven- 
tor of pastoral poetry. 

Dejanira (de-jan-i'ra). The wife of Hercules, 
who killed herself because she had given him 
the shirt of Nessus, believing it would secure 
his undying love. To escape the agony of 
its poison he burnt himself to death on a fu- 
neral pile. 

Delphi (del'fl). A town of Phocis, famous for 
its temple and oracle of Apollo. 

Demeter (de-me'tiir). Greek goddess, identical 
with Roman Ceres. 

Deucalion (du-cal'yun) and Pyrrha (pTr'ra). 
The only luiman pair who survived the great 
deluge. Obeying the oracle, they threw stones 
behind them, which sprang up into men and 
women. 

Diana (dl-an'na). See Artemis. 

Dido (di'do). Queen of Carthage, who (in Ver- 
gil's iEneid) fell in love with jEneas, storm- 
driven upon her shores. When after a while 
he pursued his voyage, she Tjurut herself to 
death on a funeral pile. 

Diomedes (dl-o-me'dez). King of jEtolia, one 
of the most famous of the Grecian heroes at 
the siege of Troy. 



584 



CLASSICAL AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. 



Dionysus (di-o-nl'sus). See Bacchus. 
Dioscuri (di-os-cu're). See Castor. 
Dryad (dri'Sd). A nymph who dwelt among 
and presided over woods and trees. 

Echo (Sk'ko). A nymph, daughter of Tellus 

(the earth) and Aer (the air), who pined away 

through unreturned love for Narcissus, until 

only her voice remained. 
Electra (e-lek'tra). Daughter of Agamemnon 

and Clytemnestra, who incited her brother 

Orestes to slay their mother for murdering 

their father. 
Elysium (e-lTz'T-um). The Greek Paradise or 

Happy Land of the virtuous dead ; placed by 

Homer on the western edge of the earth. 
Endymion (en-dlm'T-on). A beautiful shepherd 

boy whom Diana (the moon) kissed as he lay 

asleep on Mount Latmos. Treated of in Keats' 

poem, " Endymion." 
Epeus (e-pe'us). A Greek artificer in Homer's 

Iliad, who invented weapons and made the 

Trojan horse. 
Erato (Sr'a-to). One of the nine Muses, — the 

muse of lyric and amatory poetry, represented 

with a lyre. 
Erebus (er'e-bus). Darkness, son of Chaos. In 

Homer's Odyssey, Erebus is the dark and 

cheerless abode of all the dead. 
Erinyes (S-rTn'I-ez). See Furies. 
Eros (e'r5s)^ Greek name for Cupid. 
Euripides (u-rTp'T-dez). Greek tragic poet. 
Eurydice (u-rTd'i-se). Wife of Orpheus. 
Euterpe (u-tQr'pe). One of the nine Muses, — 

the muse of pastoral music, represented as 

flower-crowned, holding a flute or surrounded 

by simple musical instruments. 

Pates. See Clotho. 

Faun. A god of fields and shepherds, much re- 
sembling a satyr, represented as a man above 
and a goat below the waist, merry and lascivi- 
ous. 

Flora (flo'ra). The Roman goddess of flowers 
and spring. 

Furies (fu'rez). Three relentless female divini- 
ties, pvmishers of wrong-doing, represented 
as fierce old women : Aleoto the implacable, 
Megaerathe jealous,and Tisiphonethe avenger. 
The Romans adopted them from the Greeks, 
who called them Erinyes, or Eumenides. 

Ganymede (gSn'i-med). A beautiful shepherd 
boy of Phrygia, who was carried off to Olym- 
pus by an eagle, to be cup-bearer to Jupiter. 

Golden Fleece. The golden skin of the winged 
ram Chrysomallus^ on which Phryxos and his 
sister Helle (hel'le) escaped from the perse- 
cution of Ino, their stepmother, second wife 
of Ath'amas, king of Thessaly. Helle fell 
into the sea, but Phryxos was welcomed in 
Colchis, where he sacrificed his ram to Zeus, 
and the fieece was hung upon an oak-tree in 
the garden of Ares (Mars), and later won by 
Jason, the Argonaut. 

Gordian knot (gor'dT-un). Gordius was a 
Phrygian peasant, whom the Lydians made 
their king because he came riding in an ox- 



cart, as the oracle had foretold. The yoke 
and cart, kept in a temple, were united by a 
knot so intricate that whoever untied it (said 
the oracle) should be master of Asia. Alex- 
ander the Great cut it with his sword. 

Gorgons (gor'giinz). Three hideous daughters 
of Pliorcys and Ceto, named Stheno, Euryale, 
and Medusa, with scaly bodies, serpents for 
hair, and the power of changing to stone who- 
ever looked at them. See Perseus. 

Graces (gra'sTz). Tbree lovely sisters, — Agloea 
(ag-le'a), Thalia (thal'i-a), and Euphrosyne 
(u-fros'T-ne), daughters of Hera by Zeus ; for 
the Greeks they personified grace and beauty. 

Gyges (gi'gez). King of Lydia, who, entering 
a cavern, found a brazen horse, in whose belly 
was a brazen ring that rendered the wearer 
invisible. 

Hades (ha'dez). The place of departed spirits, 
including the Elysian Fields for the blessed 
and the realms of darkness for the wicked. 
Also sometimes Pluto, the lord of the lower 
world. 

Harpies (har'pez). [Gr.] Three loathsome 
winged monsters with the heads and breasts 
of women, bodies of vultures, and claws for 
hands, personifying whirlwinds to carry off 
evil-doers to divine retribution. 

Harpocrates (har-pok'ra-tez). Egyptian god 
of the morning sun. 

Hector (hek'tur). Son of Priam, king of Troy, 
and his wife Hecuba, chief hero of the Tro- 
jans in Homer's Iliad, slain by Achilles, who 
dragged his body behind the chariot thrice 
around the walls of Troy. 

Hecuba (hek'fi-ba). Wife of Priam, king of 
Troy, in Homer's Iliad. Her calamities as 
his widow are portrayed in Euripides' tragedy 
bearing her name. 

Hekate (hek'a-te). [Gr.] A goddess of the in- 
fernal regions who presided over all sorceries 
and witchcraft. 

Helen (hel'en). Wife of Menelaus the Greek, 
whose elopement with Paris of Troy brought 
on the Trojan war. 

Helenus (hel'S-nus). A r.on of Priam, king of 
Troy, gifted with prophetic powers. 

Helios (he'lT-os). [Gr. ] The sun-god. 

Helle (hSl'le). Daughter of Ath'amas and 
Neph'ele. She was drowned in the Pontic 
Sea, thereafter called Hellespont (Sea of 
Helle). See Golden Fleece. 

Hera (he'ra). Greek name for Juno. 

Hercules (hfir'cu-lez). A Greek divinity, adopted 
also by the Romans, personifying personal 
strength and indomitable valor. Son of Zeus 
(Jupiter) and Alcmene (Slk-me'ne), he per- 
formed many mighty deeds, especially " the 
twelve labors," or achievements, winning him 
immortality. See Dejanira. 

Hermes (hflr'mez). Greek name for Mercury. 

Hermione (her-ml'o-ne). Daughter of Mene- 
laus, the Greek, and Helen. 

Hero (he'ro). The beautiful priestess of Aph- 
ro-di'te (Venus) at Sestos in Thrace, on the 
Hellespont. See Leander, 

Hesiod (he'sT-iid) . A famous Greek poet, whose 



CLASSICAL AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. 



585 



'• Tlieogony " is the source of much knowledge 
coucerniiig Greek mythology uuii cosmogony. 

Hesione (he-si'o-ne). See Laomedon. 

Hesperides (hes-per'T-dez). [Gr] Four ntaiden 
daugliters of Hesperus, — .digle (e'gle), Are- 
tliusa (ai-e-thu'.^a), Erytheia (er-T-thi'a), and 
Hesperia (hes-pe'iT-a} — who guarded the 
golden apples growu as a wedding gift to 
Hera (Jdno). 

Hesperus (hSs'pe-rfls). Son of Astraeus and 
Eos (dawn), tlie evening star. See Phosphorus. 

Horace. Quintus Horatius Flaccus, a bi illiaiit 
lyric and satiric Roman poet ((j5 b. c.-8 a. d.). 

Hyaclnthus (hi-a-.-itn'thijs). A beautiful Laco- 
ni.m i)rince, killed in jealousy by Apollo, who 
then from his blood caused the flower kya- 
ciitth to spring up. 

Hydra (lu'dra). A nine-headed monster killed 
by Hercules ; when he cut off one head two 
sprang up instead ; hence, hydra-headed mob, 
that grows more furious as it is resisted. 

Hygieia (hi-gT-i'a), or Hygeia (hl-ge'a). Greek 
goddess of health. 

Hylas (hi'las). A beautiful boy, beloved by 
Hercules, who was drawn into the depths by 
the Naiads when he was getting water at a 
fountain. 

Hymen (hl'mSn). Greek god of marriage, rep- 
resented as a youth, usually with a torch, but 
older than Eros (Cupid). 

H/perboreans (hi-ijer-bo're-ans). [Gr.] The 
most northern people (beyond Boreas, the 
north wind), also the most virtuous and happy, 
living a thousand years in a fruitful land. 

Hyperion (hi-pe'ri-on). [Gr.] A Titan, father 
of Helios, the sun-god : later identified with 
Apollo. 

Iliad (il'T-ad). The epic poem by Homer, treat- 
ing of the siege of Ilium, or Troy, by an army 
of Greeks, to avenge the carrying off of Helen, 
wife of Menelaus, by Paris, sou of Priam, 
king of Troy. 

lo (i'o). [Gr.] Beautiful daughter of Inar-hus, 
king of Argus, whom the jealousy of Hera 
(Juno) transformed to a white heifer, to be 
watched by Argus ; when Argus was killed 
she was tormented by a gadfly sent by Hera. 
The heifer's horns represented the crescent 
moon, and Argus the many-eyed stars. 

Iphigenia (Tf-T-ge-ni'a). Daughter of Agamem- 
non and Clytemnestra, offered by her father 
as a sacrifice to Artemis, but saved by the god- 
dess and carried to Tauris as her priestess. 
Euripides' tragedy, " Iphigenia in Aulis," re- 
lates her story. 

Iris (T'rTs). Maiden messenger of the gods, per- 
sonifying the rainbow. 

Ixion (Tks-i'on). King of the Lapithse, and 
father of the Centaurs, bound in Tartarus to 
an endlessly revolving wheel for aspiring to 
the love of Hera and boasting of his supposed 
success. 

Janus (ja'nus). [L.] Doorkeeper of heaven, 
god of doors and gates, watchman of sunrise 
and sunset, in the latter capacity having two 
faces — to east and to west. His temple at 



Rome was closed only in time of peace, and 
thus was usually open. 

Jason (ja'suu). [Gr.] Leader of the Argo 
nautic expedition, and winner of the Golden 
Fleece by the aid of Medea. 

Jove (jov). Another name for Jupiter. 

Juno (ju'no). [L.] Sister and wife ot Jupiter, 
tlie queen of lieaven, who with her beautiful 
''ox-eyes" watched overall women, the es- 
pecial protectress of marriage and childbirth , 
identical with the Greek Hera. 

Jupiter (joo'pi-ter). [Lilt. Jovi.s pater. Father 
Jove.] Son of Saturn and Ops, the supreme 
deity of gods and men : identical with the 
Greek Zeus. He wa,s wor.shiped in many 
phases, — as the god of heaven, of light, of at- 
mospheric changes, of the vintage, of battle, 
etc., and represented as .sitting, in majestic 
form, his hand armed with thunderbolts, and 
his bird, the eaole, in attendance. 

Juvenal (ju've-nal). A famous Roman satiri- 
cal poet. 

Lab3rrinth. A maze of passageways ; — orig. 
constructed by D^dalus for Minos, King of 
Crete, in which to keep the Minotaur mon- 
ster, slam afterwards by Theseus. 

Laocoon (la-ok'6-on). Son of Priam of Troy, a 
priest of Apollo, who having offended the god 
was with his two sons strangled by serpents, 
A famous ancient sculpture, in the Vatican 
at Rome, presents the dreadful struggle. 

Laomedon (la-om'e-dou). King of Troy, father 
ot Priam, killed by Hercules for refusing to 
give him two magical horses promised as re- 
ward for rescuing Laomedon's daughter, He- 
sione, frobi a sea-monster. 

Lares (la'rez). Roman divinities, protectors of 
family and state. Domestic Lares were rep- 
resentee' by little images set near the en- 
trance o the home ; Public Lares were wor- 
shiped in temples, and highly honored. 

Latona (la-to'ua). Motlier of Apollo and 
Diana. 

Leander (le-an'der). A youth of Aby'dos, who 
swam nightly across the Hellespont to visit 
Hero, his lady-love. On^ night he was 
drowned, and Hero threw herself into the 
Hellespont also. 

Leda (le'da). Wife of the Grecian Tyndarus, 
mother of Clytemnestra, and (Zeus being 
father) of Helen and of Castor and Pollux. 

Lucian (lu'shun). A famous Greek critic, poet, 
and satirist. 

Lucifer (lu'cT-fer). [L.] The light-bringer, 
tlie morning star, son of Jupiter and Aurora. 

Lupercalia (lu'per-ka'lT-d). An ancient annual 
Roman festival, perhaps in honor of the wolf 
{lupus) that suckled Romulus and Remus. 
Priests and noble youths ran around the city 
striking with leathern thongs those they met, 
and women they struck were believed to be 
redeemed from sterility. See Shakespeare's 
play of " Julius Caesar." 

Maecenas (me-se'nas). Cains Cilnius M., Ro- 
man !»tatesman, writer, and a friend and patron 
of literary men, esp., of Horace and Vergil. 



o 



86 



CLASSICAL AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. 



Marsyas. A Phrygian god who with his flute 

rivaled Apollo's lyre, which so enraged Apollo 
tliat he flayed Marsyas alive. 

Medea (me-de'a). A celebrated sorceress, 
daughter of iEetes (e-e'tez) king of Colchis. 
Falling in love with Jason, who came to steal 
the Golden Fleece, she helped him with 
magic arts, fled with him to Greece, and pre- 
vented her pursuing father from overtaking 
them by strewing the sea with the limbs of 
her brother. 

Medusa (me-dil'sa). See Gorgon. 

Meleager (mel-e-a'ger). One of the Argonauts, 
a famous hero, who killed the savage Caly- 
donian boar, sent by Artemis to punish the 
king of that country for neglecting her sacri- 
fice. 

Melpomene (mel-pom'e-ne). One of the nine 
Muses, the muse of tragedy. 

MenelaiiS (men-e-la'us). King of Sparta, broth- 
er of Agamemnon and husband of Helen. 

Mentor (men't8r). The tutor left by Ulysses, 
when he went to the Trojan war, to guide his 
son Telemachus ; name now synonymous with 
uise and faithful counselor. 

Mercury (mer'ku-rT). A Latin god of com- 
merce and gain, son of Jupiter and Mala, re- 
garded as identical with the Greek god Hermes, 
messenger of the gods, conductor of spirits of 
the dead, god of eloquence, of medicine, and 
of travelers ; represented with a winged hat, 
winged feet, and bearing the Caduceus (kS- 
du'se-iis), or ofl&cial wand, winged at the top 
and entwined with two serpents, emblematic 
of wisdom. 

Minerva (mi-ner'va). Latin goddess of vdsdom, 
having sprung full-formed and fully armed 
from the brow of her father, Jupiter or Jovk. 
Identical with the Greek Athene. 

Minotaur (mln'o-tSr). A monster half man, 
half bull, in the Cretan labyrinth, slain by 
Theseus. 

Mnemosyne (ne-mos'i-ne). [Gr.] Goddess of 
memory, mother of the Muses by Zeus. 

Morpheus (mor'fe-us). [L.] The god of dreams. 

Naiad (na'ad). One of a class of water-nymphs, 
presiding over lakes, streams, and foun- 
tains. 

Nemesis (nem'e-sis). The goddess of retribu- 
tion or divine justice. 

nepenthe (ne-pen'the). A drug used by the 
ancients to relieve pain and give f orgetfulness 
of sorrow. 

Neptune (ngp'tun). Roman god of the waters, 
especially the sea, bearing a trident (three- 
pronged fish-spear) as emblem of his sovereign- 
ty. Same as Poseidon of the Greeks. 

Nestor (nes'tfir). A wise, aged Greek warrior 
and counselor at the Trojan war, celebrated 
in Homer's Iliad. 

Nlobe (ni'o-be). Daughter of Tantalus and 
wife of Amphion, who, vaunting her twelve 
children as compared with Latona's two, 
saw them all die at the hands of Apollo and 
Diana, wept herself to death (" Like Niobe, all 
tears," Hamlet), and was turned to stone, 
from which ran water. 



Odyssey (od'Ts-st). The poem by Homer, 
relating the adventures of Odysseus (o'dTs'- 
us), or, as he is usually called, Ulysses, during 
his absence at the Trojan war and his later 
wanderings and return. 

Orpheus (8r'fe-us). A Thracian poet, son of the 
muse Calliope, and husband of Eurydice, 
whom he followed to Hades when she died. 
Pluto released her, if Orpheus would not look 
back till he reached earth ; but he did, and 
she returned td the shades. Orpheus' skill 
with the lyre charmed all animate and inani- 
mate things. 

Pallas (pal'las). Pallas Athene, the Grecian 
goddess of wisdom, identified with Roman 
Minerva. 

Pan. [Gr.] God of shepherds, guardian of 
bees, and patron of fishing and hunting ; rep- 
resented as half man, half goat, holding the 
musical wind instrument called Pandean 
pipes. He personified divine wisdom govern- 
ing all things (Gr. pan, everything). 

Pandora (pSn-do'ra). A beautiful woman whom 
Jupiter caused Vulcan to make from clay to 
punish mankind, because Prometheus had 
stolen fire from heaven to animate a statue he 
had made. Jupiter gave her a box containing 
all the ills of man, which flew out when she 
opened the box, Hope only remaining. 

Paris (par'is). Son of Priam, king of Troy. 
Visiting Greece, he was hospitably received 
by Menelaijs, whose wife, Helen, eloped with 
Paris to Troy, thus occasioning the Trojan war, 
recounted by Homer in his Iliad. 

Pegasus (peg'a-sus). A winged hor.se, noted for 
causing, with a blow of his hoof, Hippocrene 
(hip'po-kren), the inspiring fountain of the 
Muses, to spring from Mount Helicon. He is 
thus associated with ideas of poetic inspira- 
tion. 

Penelope (pe-nel'o-pe). Wife of Ulysses 
(Greek, Odysseus), hero of Homer's Odys- 
sey. She was faithful to him during his 
twenty years' absence at and after the Trojan 
war, although importuned by many suitors, 
promising to choose one as soon as she finished 
weaving a certain garment, which she wove by 
day and raveled out by night. 

Perseus (,per'se-us or per'sus). [Gr.] Son of 
Jupiter and Danae, the hero who slew the 
Gorgon, Medusa. Whoever looked upon her 
face was turned to stone ; but Perseus, being 
invisible in the helmet of Hades, looked at her 
in the reflection from his polished shield, 
seized her snaky locks, and cut off her head. 
A bronze statue of this, by Benvenuto Cellini, 
stands in the Loggia facing the great square in 
Florence, Italy. 

Philomela (fTl-o-me'ld). Daughter of Pandion, 
King of Athens, who, after suffering violation 
from Tereus, was changed to a nightingale, 
with her mournful song, tereu. 

Phosphorus (fos'fur-Jis). Light-bringer ; the 
morning star. 

Pluto (plu'to). Son of Saturn and Ops, brother 
of Jupiter and Neptune, gloomy god of Hades. 

PlutUS (plu'tus). God of wealth.; represented 



CLASSICAL AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. 



587 



with a cornucopia, and blind, since his gifts 
were poorly bestowed. 

Pomona (po-mo'nd). Latin goddess of fruits 
and fruit-trees. 

Poseidon (p5-8i'd5n). See Neptune. 

Priam (pri'&m). King of Troy, in Homer's 
Iliad. When tlie Greeks had gained en- 
trance by means of the wooden horse, the city 
was burned, and the aged Priam slain by 
Pyrrhos, the son of Achilles, who had been 
slain by Priam's sou Paris. 

Procrustes (pro-krus'tez). A famous highway- 
man of Attica, who bound his victims to an 
iron bed, either stretching them or cutting o& 
their legs to make them fit it. He was slain 
by Theseus. 

Prometheus (pro-me'the-us). Son of Japetus, a 
Titan, who stole fire from heaven and be- 
stowed it upon mankind. Jupitek, angered, 
had him chained to a rock on Mt. Caucasus, 
where a vulture eternally preyed upon his 
liver. Hercules killed the vulture and re- 
leased him. 

Fsyclie (si'ke). A beautiful maiden, beloved by 
Cupid, and whom she loved without know- 
ing his identity. Her curiosity resulted in 
his leaving her, and her ill-treatment by Ve- 
nus, his mother. But at last he married her 
and she was made immortal. Psyche is re- 
garded as personifying the soul, immortalized 
by love. 

Re'mus. Elder brother of Romulus, and slain 
by him for leaping scornfully over the walls 
of their new city, Rome. 

Rhad^a-man'thus- One of the three judges of 
the infernal regions, famed for his strict jus- 
tice. 

Romulus (r5m'u-lus). Son of Mars and Ilia, 
saved from drowTiing with his twin brother, 
Remus ; they were suckled by a she-wolf, and 
became founders, and Romulus first king, of 
Rome. 

rostrum (r5s'triim). A pulpit, esp. a public 
pulpit or platform in the Roman Forum, which 
was decorated with the rostra (beaks) of war 
galleys captured in battle. 

Salve (sSl've). Latin " Hail ! " a word of wel- 
come often set in mosaic at the entrance of a 
home. 

sardonic smile. A laugh (caused, it is sup- 
posed, by a plant of Sardinia) which was not 
only painful but fatal, and the grin or contor- 
tion of the face was like a snarl of contempt ; 
so used by Homer. 

Sarpedon (s^r-pe'don). A favorite of the gods, 
who aided the Trojans when Troy was besieged 
by the Greeks. He made great havoc in bat- 
tle, but was slain by Patroclus. 

Saturn (sSt'um). Latin name for the Greek 
Kronos (Time), who devoured all his children 
but Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto. Jupiter 
means air, Neptune water, and Pluto the grave, 
which Time cannot consume. 

Sisyphus (sIs'T-fiis). A crafty, greedy king of 
Corinth, who was killed by Theseus, and was 
condemned in the other world to roll a huge 



stone to the top of a hill, whence it instantly 
rolled back again, making his task endless. 

Socrates. Most original Grecian sage and philo- 
sophic teacher of conversation (4G9-399 B. c), 
whose ideas survive in the writings of his 
pupils, Plato and Xenophon. 

Somnus- Son of Erebus (darkness) and Noz 
(night), the god of sleep. 

Stentor (stgn'tGr). A Greek herald in the Tro- 
jan war, whose voice was as loud as those of 
fifty men combined ; hence the phrase stento- 
rian (very loud) voice. 

Sybarite (sTb'd-rit). One of the inhabitants of 
the city of Sybaris, famed for luxury and self- 
indulgence. 

Tantalus (tSn'td-lus). A Phrygian king, pun- 
ished in Hades by being placed in a lake whose 
water reached his chin but receded when he 
tried to drink, while overhead hung fruit- 
laden branches which also evaded his reach. 

Tartarus (tar'ta-rus). The part of the infernal 
regions where the wicked were punished. 

Telemachus (tel-em'a-kiis). In Homer's Odys- 
sey, the son of Ulysses and Penelope. He 
went in search of his father, found him not, 
but returned in time to help him slay the 
suitors who had been annoying his mother. 

Terpsichore (terp-sTk'o-re). One of the nine 
Muses, — the muse of dancing. . 

Theseus (the'se-us). Son of iEgeus, king of 
Athens, a hero who rid Attica of tlie robber 
Procrustes and other evil-doers ; slew the 
Minotaur in the Cretan labjrrinth ; ran off 
with Ariadne, daughter of King Minos ; con- 
quered the Amazons and married their queen, 
Hippolyta, and was variously celebrated. 

Titans (ti'tanz). Gigantic sons of Coelus (heav- 
en) and Terra (earth), who, instigated by their 
mother, depo.sed their father and liberated 
from Tartarus the hundred-handed giants 
and the Cyclops. 

Triton (ti'i'ton). Son of Neptune, represented 
as a man with a fish termination, upright in 
the water, blowing a conch shell for a horn 
as Neptune's trampeter. 

Ulysses (u-lTs'sez). Latin name for Greek Odys- 
seus, King of Ithaca, a small rocky island of 
Greece. In Homer's Iliad he is repre- 
sented as the shrewdest and craftiest strate- 
gist among the Greeks besieging Troj'. After 
that war he had many strange adventures, 
wandering about the world, and was absent 
from his home twenty years, returning at last 
to his faithful wife, Penelope. See Telema- 
chus, Mentor. 

Uranus (u'ra-nus). [Gr.] The sky ; son or 
husband of Gaia (the earth), and father of 
Saturn or Kronos (time) and the Titans ; 
dethroned by Saturn. 

Venus (ve'niis). The Latin goddess of love and 
beauty, identical with Aphrodite of the 
Greeks. Daughter of Jove, wife of Vulcan, 
mother of Cupid, she was one of the most 
powerful and popular of the classic gods, and 
was represented by the poets as intimately 



588 



CLASSICAL AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. 



interested in tlie fortunes of men and women, 

especially as to their love attairs, while she 

had a good many of her own. 
Vergil, or Virgil. Publius Vergilius Maro, a 

world-famous epic and idyllic Roman poet (70- 

19 B. c). 
Vesta (ves'ta). [L.] The virgin goddess of the 

home hearth, the fire upon it, and tlie family 

aroimd it ; identical with the Greek Hestia ; 

widely and fervently worshiped. 
Vulcan (vul'kan). The Roman god of fire, who 

presided over the working of metals and forged 

the weapons of the gods. 

Wooden Horse. In Homer's Iliad, the co- 
lossal hollow figure of a horse, in which hid a 
number of Greeks. The Greek army and fleet 



then withdrew as if raising the siege, and the 
Trojans brouglit into their city the abandoned 
horse, — the Greeks issuing at niglit, opening 
the gates, and admitting their destroying 
army. 

Xanthippe (zan-thip'e). Shrewish wife of Soc- 
rates. 

Xanthos (zan'thos) Achilles' horse in the Tro- 
jan war, that foretold liis master's death. 

Xenophon (zen'o-fon). Athenian general, pu- 
pil of Socrates, and author (445 ?-355 ? b. c). 

Zeus (zus). Gr. The chief of tlie Olympian 
gods, father of gods and men, ruler of the sky 
and upper world ; identical with the Roman 
Jove or Jupiter. 



11 



I 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



When a name is printed in small capitals, a reference to it will {rive further information Th< 
ounds of vowels in the pionuuciatiuD are as indicated at the toot of each page of tlie maiu Dictionary. 



Aaron. Brother of Moses, first high-priest of 

Israel. 
Ahaddon. The destroyer; the depth of hell. 

MIllOH. 

Abdul-Hamid 11. Sultan of Turkey from 1876 
to 1909, wheu he \va.s deposed. 

Abelard. Famous French theologian and lover 
of Heloise (1079-11-12). 

Abraham's bosom. Heavenly resting-place of 
the good. 

Academy, The. Plato's school of philosophy at 
Alliens. 

Academy, French. A society of 40 members, 
called " the Immortals," founded by Richelieu 
(1G3.5) for improving the national language. 
They elect a famous author to replace each 
deceased member, and " crown " literary 
works they deem worthy. 

Acadia. Early name of Nova Scotia. 

Adam's apple. Projection in the male throat, 
jocosely referred to a piece of the forbidden 
fruit. 

Admirable Crichton, The. James Crichton 
(15G0-1583), a remarkably accomplished Scot- 
tish scholar and adventurer. 

Agnes, Saint. A Roman virgin and martyr, 
beheaded during Diocletian's reign. 

Aidenn- Anglicized form for Arabic name of 
Eden, Paradise. 

Alabama. Confederate privateer of English 
origin, commanded by Raphael Senimes, which 
preyed on American shipping during the Civil 
war, and was sunk by the Kearsnrge, June 19, 
1864. 

Aladdin's window. A window in Aladdin's 
magic palace ("Arabian Niffhts") left un- 
finished, which the Sultan's treasury could 
not complete ; any great work left incomplete 
and hard to finish by a le.sser genius. 

Albany Regency. A group of Democratic 
politicians in Albany, N. Y., who controlled 
the party (1 820-1 S.->4). 

Albert Memorial- Colossal bmh/p statue under 
stone canopy, erected in London by Queen 
Victoria in memory of the Prince Consort. 

Aldine Press. Printing office established by 
Aldus Manutius in Venice about 1490, source 
of fine editions of the classics. 

Alexandria. Famous seaport of Egypt, founded 
by Alexander, seat of Greek learning, cele- 
brated for its vast library, which was destroyed 
B. c. 47 by fire. 

Alhambra. Moorish citadel and palace (13th 
cent.) near Granada, Spain. 



Allah. Arabic. God. Allah akbar, God is 

great, a Moslem war cry. 
AlIan-a-Dale. One of Kobin Hood's men. 
All Saints' Day. Ecd. Nov. l. Day kept in 

liouor of all saints. 
All Souls' Day. Ecd. Nov. 2. Day of prayer 

for all souls in Purgatory. 
Almack's. A uaming-club in London, 18th cent, 
almighty dollar. Supposed object of American 

idolatry. W. Irviny. 
Alph. Sacred underground river, in Coleridge's 

" Kubla Klian." 
Alsatia. Whitefriars district in London, long 

a sanctuary for insolvent debtors and law- 
breakers. 
altO-Dlievo (al'to-re-lya'vo). High relief; 

sculpture in which figures stand out high from 

a background. 
Amazons. A legendary race of women warriors, 

who cut off their right bi'east for freedom with 

spear and bow. 
amuck {Malayan, furious). A murderous frenzy 

common to the Malays, who run amuck, at- 
tacking all they meet. 
ampersand. The character &. 
Anabasis. Xenophon's account of the Greek 

expedition with Cyrus the Younger against 

the Persians, and the retreat of the 10,000 

Greeks. 
Anacreantic Poems in praise of love and wine, 

like those of Anacreon, Greek poet. 
ancient regime. {Fr. ancim regime, the old 

order.) The political and social system in 

France before the Revolution. 
Angelic Doctor, The- Thomas Aquinas (1225- 

1274), great Italian theologian. 
AngelO, Saint, Castle of. A mausoleum in 

Rome, built by Emperor Hadrian, remodeled 

in the Middle Ages for a citadel. 
Angelus, The. A prayer to the Virgin, morn- 
ing, noon and niijht, at the sound of a bell. 

Annunciation, Feast of the. Also called Lady's 
Day. Ercl. Commemorating the ang»-lic an- 
nouncement to the Virgin of the coming birth 
of Jesus. 

Annus MirabiliS (Wonderful Year). Poem 
by Dryd(-n on English victories in the Dutch 
war, nnd the London fire, in 1C66. 

anthology (flower gathering). A collection of 
l)oems. 

Anthony, St. An Egyptian alibot (2-51-356) who 
perorined miracles, esp. in healing an epi- 
demic of erysipelas, called St. A»f./imiy's\fire. 

Antonines, Age of the. Peaceful and prosper- 
ous reigns of Antoninus Pius and Marcus Au- 
relius at Rome. 

(589) 



590 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



Antoninus, Wall of. Roman bulwark across 
Britain from Frith of Forth to Frith of Clyde, 
built in time of Autouinus Pius. 

Apelles. Famous Grreek painter. 

Apollo Belvide're. Beautiful Greek statue of 
Apollo in the Vatican, Rome. 

Appian Way. Paved highway from Rome to 
Brundusium, begun by Appius Claudius^ 312 
B. c. 

Apples of Sodom. Fruit beautiful without but 
dust and ashes within. 

arabeSQLUe. Decorative designs of Arabian or 
Moorish origin. 

Arabian Nights' Entertainments. Collection 
of ancient Oriental tales. See Scheherazade. 

Arcadia. An ideal laud of simple delights, as 
of shepherds and shepherdesses ; name given 
to divers poems and romances. 

Arc de Triomphe de L'Etoile {Fr., Arch of Tri- 
umph of the Star). A splendid monument at 
head of the Champs Elysees, Paris, where a 
number of avenues meet and cross. 

Areop'agUS. An Athenian court for trial of 
high crimes, on Mars' Hill. 

argot (ar'go). Thieves' slang. 

Arians. Theol. Followers of Arius (4th cent.) 
who held that the divine Son was similar to 
(not the same as) the Father, and subordinate. 

Arlington House. Former home of Custis 
family, and residence of G-en. Robert E. Lee, 
on the hills across Potomac from Wasliington. 

Armada, The Spanish. Great fleet sent by 
Philip II. of Spain agt. England (1588), de- 
feated and dispersed. 

Arnold von Winkelried. Swiss patriot, who at 
battle of Sempach (1386) made way for his 
charging comrades by gathering many spears 
into his own body. 

Augustan Age. Reign of Augustus, first Ro- 
man emperor after his uncle Julius Caesar, 
under whom peace ruled and Latin literature 
reached its highest point. 

Auld Reekie (Old Smoky). Edinburgh. 

Austerlitz, Sun of. The sun that scattered the 
fog before Napoleon's army, the morning of 
the battle of Austerlitz. 

Avalon. The Celtic " Land of the Blessed," 
whither hei'oes were borne after death. 

Ayrshire Bard, The. Robert Burns. 

Azrael. Hebrew and Mohammedan angel of 
death, who awaits the departing soul. 



Baalheo. City of Baal or the Sun-god, in Syria, 
the extensive ruins of whose splendid temples 
are famous. 

Babylon, The Modern. London. 

Bacon, Delia. American authoress, who in 
1857 originated discussion of the theory that 
Lord Bacon wrote Shakespeare's plays. 

Bad Lands. Desert tracts in northwestern U. S. 

Balaklava. Crimean seaport, near which sev- 
eral engagements were fought in Crimean 
war, esp. the charge of the Heavy Brigade, 
and the charge of the Light Brigade, of cav- 
alry. See Six Hundred. 

Balmor'al Castle. A British royal residence 
in Scotland. 



Bank of England. Chief British bank and gov- 
ernment financial agent, in London. 

Bard of Avon. Shakespeare, born at Stratford- 
on-Avon. 

Barleycorn, John. Whiskey. 

Barmecide Feast. A pleasing illusion ; in 
" Arabian Nights " a rich Barmecide feasts a 
beggar on imaginary dishes ; drinking the 
imaginary wine, the beggar feigns drunken- 
ness, and is rewarded. 

basilisk look. Fatal gaze of a fabled lizard ; a 
look of hatred. 

basso-relievo (bas'so-re-lya'vo) or bas-relief 
(ba're-lef). Low relief. Sculpture in which 
figures stand out but slightly from a back- 
ground. 

Bastille. Famous French state prison, destroyed 
in Revolution July 14, 1789. 

Battery, The. Park at the S. end of Manhattan 
Island, N. Y., orig. site of a fortification. 

Battle above the Clouds. Fight at Lookout 
Mountain, Tenn., Nov. 24, 1863. 

Battle of Dorking. Fanciful description of a 
conquest of England, by Sir G. T. Chesney, 
1871. 

Battle of the Books. Prose Satire by Dryden 
on comparative merits of ancient and modern 
writings. 

Beacon Street. Boston's aristocratic avenue 
along the Charles River. 

Bear Flag Battalion. Company of rangers 
raised by Fremont in the fight for California. 

Beauty and the Beast. Old fairy tale of lovely 
girl promising to marry an ugly beast to save 
her father, when beast changes to noble prince. 

Bedlam. Corrupt pron. of the (Hospital of) 
Bethlehem, Eng., for the insane. 

Beefeaters. British royal Yeomen of the 
Guard ; also, one of the warders of the Tower 
of London. 

Beefsteak Club. Title of several successive 
London clubs, for wit and dining. 

Beel'zebub. Contemptuous Hebrew nickname. 
"Lord of fiies," for Canaanitish Baal, " Lord 
of the High House." 

beg the question, to. To take for granted what 
is to be proved. 

Belgravia. Aristocratic quarter in London. 

Belisa'rius. Great Byzantine general (505- 
565) who in old age was imprisoned, but not a 
blind beggar as has been told. 

Belle Alliance (al-lT-aNs'). A farm near "Wa- 
terloo, where fiercest fight was made in that 
battle. 

Belle France, La. Beautiful Prance, poetic 
name. 

Belle Jardiniere. Famous painting of Virgin, 
Child, and infant St. John, by Raphael, in the 
Louvre. 

Bell-the-Cat. Archibald Douglas (d. 1514) who 
dared to act for removal of an obnoxious royal 
favorite ; — in allusion to fabled fear of mice 
to put proposed bell on the cat to tell of her 
approach. 

bell, the passing. Formerly tolled while one 
was dying. 

Beloved Disciple. St. John. 

Benedick. A confirmed bachelor about to 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



591 



marry, froui a character in Shakespeare's 
" Much Ado about Nothing." 

Benicia Boy- John C. Heeuau, a pugilist born 
ill Benicia, Cal. 

Beranger (ba-rox-zha'). Celebrated French 
lyric |)oet (1780-18.37). 

Berenga'ria. Wife of Richard Coeur de Lion, 
ill Scott's " Talisman." 

Bess, Good Queen- Queen Elizabeth. 

Bettina- Elizabeth von Arnim, a correspond- 
ent of Goethe. 

Billingsgate- A London fishmarket ; famed 
for the foul language of the fishwives. 

Black Bess. Famous mare of Dick Turpin, 
tlie liighwayman. 

l)lack death. Tlie plague which ravaged Asia 
and Europe in 14th century. 

Blackfriars Theater. Where Sliakespeare and 
his contemiJorary players acted. 

Black Friday. Sept. 2(3, ISO'J, day of financial 
panic ill New York. 

Black Hole of Calcutta. Indian dungeon 18 ft. 
square where 14G British prisoners were con- 
fined over night, all but -'3 dead from suffoca- 
tion in the morning. 

Black Prince. Edward Prince of Wales, son 
of Edward III., — from his black armor. 

Black Republicans- Name given by Demo- 
crats to anti-slavery Republicans, before and 
during the Civil war. 

Blavatsky, Madame. Russian traveler, and 
resident in India, founder of Theosophist So- 
ciety, theosophical writer (1831-1891). 

Blarney Stone. Stone in Blarney Castle, Ire- 
hind, said to give power of smooth talk to 
whoever kis.ses it. 

Bloody Mary. Mary, Queen of England (1553- 
.38), a cruel persecutor of Protestants. 

Bluebeard- A fictitious killer of seven wives, 
for their curiosity. 

Blue Grotto. A beautiful cave in the rocky 
shore of Capri. 

Blue Laws. Early rigorous Puritanical laws 
of Connecticut. 

Blue Peter. A blue flag with white square in 
center, ship's signal for sailing. 

Blue Stocking. Nickname of a feminine literary 
society in London (1750) ; a pedantic woman. 

Boadice'a. A British warrior queen (62 a. d.) 
who headed revolt against the Romans. 

Boer War. That waged by Great Britain against 
the Transvaal Republic (1899-1902) in South 
Africa, resulting in the annexation of the 
Transvaal by Great Britain. 

Bohemian. An unconventional free liver, artis- 
tic or literary. 

Bois de Boulogne (bwa de bu-lon'). Celebrated 
park in Paris. 

Bond Street. Former fashionable promenade 
in London, now fashionable shopping-place. 

Book of Hours. Collection of prayers to be 
said at stated times. 

Book of Mormon. The sacred book or bible of 
the Mormons or " Latter Day Saints." 

Book of the Dead. Egyptian funeral ritual and 
collection of prayers, etc., for the soul's final 
safety. 

Border States. Former northern tier of slave 



States — Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Ken- 
tucky, and Missouri. 

Boston (St. Botolphs town). An English sea- 
port, after which Boston, Mass., was named. 

Bourbon. Former French royal family, who 
clung to old-time usage ; a dull conservative. 

Bourgeois (boor'zhwii'). Fr. One of the mid- 
dle or shop-keeping class, as between gentle- 
men and peasants. 

Boulevard (bobl'var). In Paris, abroad avenue, 
orig. along the line of old ramparts or bulwarks. 

Bourse, in Paris, the Stock Exchange. 

Bow bells. Chimes of the Churcli of St. Mary 
le Bow, Cheapside, London, within whose 
sound all Cockneys are born. 

Bowery, The. A former shady road, now a 
street of cheap, largely foreign, shops in New 
York. 

boycott. To refuse to deal with, — from Capt. 
Boycott, an Irish land-agent, shunned by his 
neighbors. 

Breeches Bible- A version (1500) in which 
Adam and Eve " made themselves breeches " 
of fig leaves {Gen. in. 7). 

Bride of the Sea. Venice. 

Bridge of Sighs- High covered passageway be- 
tween Ducal Palace in Venice (where courts 
were held) and tlie state prisons ; similar 
bridge between criminal court building and 
city pri.son, New York. 

British Museum. Great library and museum 
in London. 

Broadway. New York's chief business street. 

Brobdingnag- Country in Swiffs " Gulliver's 
Travels," where everything was on a gigantic 
scale. 

Brook Farm. An unsuccessful communistic ex- 
periment at West Roxbiiry, Mass., original of 
Hawthorne's " Blithedale Romance-" 

Brother Jonathan. The United States, humor- 
ously personified. 

Buckingham Palace- The royal residence in 
London. 

buncombe, bunkum- Empty talk, for effect, — 
from a Congressman who insisted on making 
a useless speech, not for Congress but "for 
Buncombe," his North Carolina county. 

Bunker Hill Monument- A granite shaft in 
Charle-stown, Mass., commemorating the fight 
bet- Americans and British, June 17, 1775. 

buskin, to wear the. To act in tragedy, as 
wearing the half-boot typical of it, worn by 
tragic actors of Greece and Rome. Cf. sock. 

buzzard dollar. Nickname for U. S. silver dol- 
lar, with an eagle on it. 



cache (cash). Fr. A hidden store of provisions, 
etc., left by explorers for their return needs. 

cachet (cash-a'), lettres de- {Fr., Sealed let- 
ters.) Warrants for imprisonment, usually in 
the Bastille, bearing the royal seal of France, 
but left blank as to name of prisoner — used 
for private revenges. 

Ca ira (sa e-rji') (It will go). French revolu- 
tionary song. 

Camelot. Legendary site of King Arthur's 
court and his famous BOtmD table. 



592 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



Gaiupagna (kam-pan'ya). A plain surrounding 
Rome, once inliabited, now empty and mala- 
rious. 

Campanile (kam-pan-e'le). A bell-tower : a A 
beautiful one built by Giotto (1334) in Flor- 
ence, b A stately one in Venice (16th cent.), 
which collapsed in 19U2, but was rebuilt. 

Carbonari. Secret Italian republican political 
societies (about 1810-1820). 

Carmagnole (kar-man-yol'). French revolu- 
tionary song and dance, rivaling (^"a ira. 

Carnival. Time of merrymaking before Lent ; 
any gay fe.stival. 

Cartoons of Raphael. Designs for tapestry, now 
in Soutli Kensington Museum, London. 

Casa Guidi(lia-sagwe'de). House in Florence, 
wliere Mrs. Browning lived when writing her 
poem " Casa Guidi Windows." 

Castle Garden. An old circular fort at the Bat- 
TEKY, New York, later used as an opera-house, 
then as an immigrant station, and now as an 
aquarium. 

Catacombs. Undergrouud cemeteries, with 
passages and chapels, used for burial and for 
refuge by early Christians. 

Caudle's Curtain Lectures, Mrs. Humorous 
take-otts of lectures from wife to husband, 
after the bed-curtains are drawn, by Douglas 
Jerrold. 

Cecilia, Saint. A Roman Christian martyr, of 
great musical gifts, held as patroness of sacred 
music. 

Cenci, Beatrice (ba-a-tre'che chen'che). Daugh- 
ter of a vile patrician of Rome whose cruelties ' 
and vices incited his wife and children to have ' 
him killed. Beatrice and others were hanged, i 
Shelley's "The Cenci " treats of the tragedy. ' 
There is a portrait of Beatrice formerly at- I 
tributed to Guido Reni. I 

Central Park. Chief park in New York : length 
2^ miles ; area 840 acres. 

Champ de Mars (chax de mar) (Field of Mars). 
Great plain in Paris for military maneu- 
vers. 

Champs filysees (chaN-za-le-za') (Elysian 
Fields). Splendid avenue in Paris from Place 
de la Concorde to the Arc de Triomphe. 

Charing Cross- A stone cross in London, one 
of 13 erected by Edward I. (1291) in memory 
of Queen Eleanor along the funeral route from 
where she died in Lincolnshire to Westmin- 
stf'r ; now in yards of S. E. Railway Co., who 
restored it. 

Charter Oak. Formerly stood in Hartford, 
C( nn., said to be where tlie Conn, charter 
was liidden when Gov. Andros demanded it 
for recall (1688). 

Chauvinism. Vainglorious patriotism ; — from 
Chauviii, an absurd devotee of Napoleon. 

Gheapside. A famous trading street of old 
London, still a busy thoroughfare. 

Ohevy Chase. Stirring old ballad, recounting 
a battle resulting from a hunting by English 
among the Scottish Cheviot Hills. 

Chiltern Hundreds. A nominal office which a 
Member of Parliament "accepts," enabling 
him, as an office-holder, to resign his seat — 
not otherwise permitted. 



Cid, The. Don Ruy Diaz de Bivar ; great Span- 
ish hero in Moorish wars (1040-1099). 

Cimmerian darkness. Gloom of a foggy region 
described by Homer. 

Cincinnati, Society of the. Benevolent order 
of Am. Revolutionary officers (1783) who. like 
Cincinnatus of Rome, left civil for military 
life. It still survives in several branches of 
descendants. 

Citizen King, The., Louis Philippe. 

City of Brotherly Love. Philadelphia. 

City of Churches. Brooklyn, N. Y. 

City of Magnificent Distances. Washington, 
D. C, 

Cockaigne, Land of. imaginary land of idle 
luxury, with houses of cake and rivers of wine. 

Cockney. One born in London City (East end, 
"within sound of Bow bells"), showing its 
habits, dialect, etc., ignorant of all outside it. 

Colonne Vendome (von'dom'). Column erected 
by Napoleon in Place VendSme, Paris, deco- 
rated with spiral bronze military scenes, made 
from captured cannon, pulled down by the 
communists (1871) but reerected. 

Colossus of Rhodes. An image 105 ft. high, 
which stood at the entrance to the harbor of 
Rhodes (about 280 b. c). 

Commune. French Revolutionary government 
(1792-94) ; also, French insurrectionary gov- 
ernment at Paris after German war (1871) 

Copernican System. Theory of Copernicus 
(Prussia, 1473-1543) that the daily revolutions 
of the earth accounted for the apparent mo- 
tions of sun and stars, and that earth and 
planets circle the sun ; superseding the Ptol- 
emaic SYSTEM. 

Copperheads. Northern politicians with South- 
ern sympathies during the Civil war. 

Corn-law Rhymer. Ebenezer Elliott (1781- 
1849). 

Com Laws. English customs duties on im- 
ported grain, making food dear for the poor. 
Repealed after violent agitation. 

Corso Principal thoroughfare of Rome, the 
conrsp for carnival processions and races. 

Covent Garden. A famous London locality, in 
the 13th cent, the garden of a convent, but for 
hundreds of years built around with coffee 
houses, taverns, market, theater, and other 
popular resorts. 

Coventry, To send to. To shun, refuse to 
associate witli, cut socially ; origin not known. 

Crapaud (kra-po'), Johnny (Johnny Frog). 
Nickname for the French. 

crocodile tears. Hypocritical weeping, — from 
the fable of the crocodile's weeping as he 
eats. 

curfew (cover fire). In the Middle Ages, 
ringing of a bell at 8 o'clock for fires to be 
covered and people to stay in doors. 

Cynic One of the Greek philosophers who 
held self-control the essence of virtue, and 
pleasure an evil ; a misanthrope. 

D. 

Dago. Prob. corruption of Diego (d'ya'go) a 
common Spanish name, popularly applied also 
to Italians and Portuguese. 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



593 



Damocles, Sword of. Anxiety. Dionysius I., 
kiug of Syracuse, envied by tlie courtier Dam- 
ocles, invited liiiu to a feast, but over the 
guest's place hung a sword suspended by a 
single hair. 

Dandle Dlnmont. A jolly farmer in Scott's 
" Guy Manuering," whose two terriers, Mus- 
tard and Pepper, began the stock bearing 
their master "s name. 

Darby and Joan. An old and happy married 
pair. 

Dark and Bloody Ground Early name for 
Indian-haunted Kentucky. 

Dartmoor. A vast rocky moor in Devonshire, 
Eng., containing a military prison. 

Darwinism. Theory of the origin and perpet- 
uation of ditt'ereut species of plants and ani- 
mals from one or a few common ancestors, by 
natural selection and accumulation of slight 
differences — evolution instead of creation 
of species — as propounded by Charles R. 
Darwin (185H). 

Davy Jones. To go to Davy Joneses locker is 
sailor pi i rase for drowning. 

De prolundis {'■^ Out of the depths have I cried 
unto tliee'"), beginning of lliOth Psalm. 

Debatable Land. Border-land between England 
and Scotland, formerly claiuied by both, and 
well " debated " with the sword. 

Defender of the Faith. Title conferred upon 
Henry VIII. of Engl:uid (1521) by Pope Leo X. 
for a religions treatise. 

Delphln Classics. A fine edition of Latin works 
made "in usum Delphini," /or the use of the 
Dauphin, or eldest son of Louis XIV. of 
France. 

Dies Ir» (Day of wrath). Beginning of a fa- 
mous Latin hjTun on the Last Judgment, by 
Tliomas de Celano. 

Directory, The The five men who ruled revo- 
lutionary France (the First Republic) from 
1795 to ITtt'J. 

Dixie's Land. Ong., the place of an indulgent 
New York slaveholder named Dixie ; later, tlie 
slave States, south of Mason and Dixon's 
LINE, — praised in negro songs, one of which 
became identified with the Confederate cause 
in the Civil war. 

Dizzy. Nickname for Benjamin Disraeli, Earl 
of Beaconsfield. 

doctrinaire. An unpractical theorist; name 
applie<l hy extreme French royalists and re- 
j)»iblicans to limited monarchists. 

Doe, John. Fictitious plaintiff in ejectment 
suits; John Do&rersiis Richard Roe. 

Domesday, or Doomsday, Book. Record of 
English landed estates under William the 
Conqueror (1080). 

Don Juan. A legendary Spanish libertine, killed 
for his crimes. Hero of Mozart's opera " Don 
Giovanni," and of divers poems, plays, and 
romances. 

Don Quixote (d5n ke-ho'te). Romance by the 
Spanish author Cervantes, named from its 
hero, Don Quixote de la Mancha, a half- 
crazed but noble-spirited knight, who seeks 
chivalrous adventure but meets comical mis- 
adventure. 



Donnybrook Fair. An annual Irish fair famous 
for figlitiug and loose conduct ; abolished 
18r>o. 

Douay Bible. English version from Latin Vul- 
gate for Roman Catholics. The New Testa- 
ment was published at Rheims, 1582, the Old, 
at Douai, France, lUO'J-lU. 

Downing Street. A London street containing the 
government offices — treasury, foreign, colo- 
nial, etc.; hence, popularly, tlie Administra- 
tion. 

Drury Lane. One of the chief London theaters, 
from 1GG3. 

Dulclnea del Toboso. Milkmaid, chosen as his 
Jady-love by Don Quixote ; hence, Dulcinea, 
a sweetheart. 

Dunciad. Pope's satirical poem on dunces. 

Dying Gladiator or Gaul. Fine antique marble 
statue in Capitoline Museum, Rome. 

E. 

East, The. Countries E. and S. E. of Europe, 
as Asiatic Turkey, Egypt, Persia, India ; the 
Far East, China and Japan. 

Ecce Homo. "Behold the Man," Pilate's 
words, title of painting of the tliorn-crowned 
Clirist. 

ficole des Beaux Arts (bo-zar'). School of the 
Fine Arts, in Paris, — great training school 
for painters, sculjitors, arcliitects, etc. 

fccole Polytechnique. Polj^teclmic or Engi- 
neering School in Paris, civil and military. 

El Dorado (The gilded). An imaginary land 
of medieval fancy, abounding in gold. 

Elevation of the Cross. Famous painting of the 
Crucifixion by Rubens in Antwerp cathedral. 

Elgin Marbles. Fragments of Greek statuary, 
chiefly from the frieze and pediment of the 
Parthenon, Athens, brought to England by 
Lord Elgin (1801-3), now in British Museum. 

Elzevir. A family of famous Dutch printers 
who published fine editions of Latin and 
French authors (1580-1712). 

Escorial. Great Spanish structure near Madrid 
— palace, monastery, church, and royal mau- 
soleum. 

Eternal City. The. Rome. 

Ettrick Shepherd. James Hogg, Scottish poet. 

Eureka (I have found it). Triumph at a dis- 
covery ; attributed to Archimedes, when he 
learned how to test the gold in King Hiero's 
crown. 

Excalibur. The sword of King Arthur. 

Expounder of the Constitution. Daniel Webster. 

extreme unction. R. C. Ch. Sacrament of 
anointing with consecrated oil at point of 
death, in token of remission of sins 



Fabian policy. That of delay, as practiced by 
Qiiintus Fabius, Roman general, who avoided 
battles and tired his enemy out in skirmishes. 

Faerie Quecne. Allegorical poem of knighthood 
by EdmuiKl Spenser (1590-9G). 

Falrmount Park. In Pliiladelphia, with about 
2,800 acres. Centennial Exposition of 187G 
held there. 

Faneull Hall A Boston market-house, with 



594 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



public assembly hall, famous for patriotic 
meetings during the Revolution. 

Farmer George. King George ill. of England, 
— from his favorite pursuit. 

Famese (f ar-ua'sd) Bull. Great marble antique 
group, of Dirce (diir'se) being boimd to a 
bull's horns by sons of An-ti'o-pe, in Nat. Mu- 
seum, Naples. 

Fata Morgana. A mirage, esp. one noticed in 
the Strait of Messina. 

Father. An originator, protector, or distin- 
guished exemplar ; as, Father of Angling, Isaak 
Walton ; of English Poetry, Chaucer ; of His- 
tory, Herodotus ; of his Country, George 
Washington ; of Lies, Satan ; of Waters, the 
Mississippi, etc. 

Fathers of the Church. Eccl. Early Christian 
writers, accepted as authoritative sources of 
history and doctrine. 

Fauhourg. Orig. a suburb, novr a city district^ 
as, in Paris, Faubourg St. Antoine, the work- 
ingman's region ; Faubourg St. Germain, the 
aristocratic residence region. 

Fenian Brotherhood. Association of Irishmen 
(N. Y., 1857, but widespread) for freeing 
Ireland. 

Field of the Cloth of Gold. A plain in France 
where Henry VIII. of England and Francis I. 
of France met, with splendid ceremonial. 

Fifth Avenue. Famous New York residential 
street, 6i miles long, the lower half gradu- 
ally opening to fine stores. 

Fifth-Monarchy Men. Fanatical English sect, 
during the Commonwealth, who would forci- 
bly bring in the fifth monarchy, as foretold by 
prophet Daniel. 

Fighting Bob. Nickname of Adm. Robley D. 
Evans. 

Fighting Joe. Nickname of Gen. Joseph 
Hooker. 

Five Nations {The). Indian Iroquois confed- 
eracy m New York State (IGth, 17th, and 18th 
centuries), — Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, 
Cayugas, and Senecas, afterwards including 
Tuscaroras. 

Five Points. A New York City locality once 
criminal and dangerous, now given to whole- 
sale trade. 

Flagellants. Fanatics of 13th and 14th centu- 
ries who scourged themselves bloodily to ap- 
pease divine wrath. 

Fleet Prison {The). A former state prison and 
later debtors' prison in London, demolished 
1846, nearly 800 years old. 

Fleet Street. A busy London thoroughfare con- 
tinuing the Strand. 

Flora Temple. An American trotting mare 
(1845) long holding the world's record of 
2.19|. 

Flowery Kingdom ( The). China, so self -named, 
as being the most civilized nation. 

Flying Dutchman. A fabled Dutch mariner or 
his specter ship, doomed to sail stormy seas 
till judgment-day. 

Fornarina (The bakeressor baker's daughter). A 
painting by Raphael, supposed to be portrait 
of his mistress. 

Fortunatus. Hero of a medieval tale, who re- 



ceives a purse never emptied and a cap of in- 
visibility. 

Forum. An ancient market-place and center of 
popular gatherings in Rome. There were four, 
the largest and most famous being the Forum 
Romanum. 

Fourierism. Cooperative socialism, as proposed 
by Charles Fovu-ier (1772-1837), to live in pha- 
lanxes of about 2,000, having all things in 
common, mutual personal attraction forming 
the family groups. 

Francis of Assisi, St. A pious Italian monk, 
preacher, and founder of the Franciscan Order 
(1210). 

Francis Xavier, St. A great Spanish Jesuit 
(1506-1552) of high culture, missionary to the 
East Indies, where he died. 

Froissart (frwa'sar), Jean. A French historian, 
who wrote the " Chronicles of Frahce, Eng- 
land, Scotland, and Spain," from 1332 to 1400. 
He died 1410. 

Funk, Peter One hired to bid at auctions ; a 
mock auction. 

Fusi-yama, or Fugi-san. A conical mountain 
peak, extinct volcano, 12,365 ft. high, 75 miles 
from Tokio, Japan, often pictured in Japanese 

art. 

^ ■ 

G. 

Gabriel. Name of an archangel represented as 
ministering to man, — interpreting Daniel's 
visions, announcing to Mary the birth of Je- 
sus, dictating the Koran to Mohammed, etc. 

Gadshill. A hill near Rochester, Eng., where 
Falstaff met the "men in buckram," and 
where Charles Dickens lived and died. 

Galen. Great Greek physician and philosopher, 
abt. 130 A. D. 

Galignani's Messenger. A journal in English 
published many years in Paris. 

genre (zhaNr') painting. Depiction of scenes 
from every-day life. 

George, St. A Roman military officer and 
Christian martyr (303 a. d.) of whose brave ex- 
ploits there were many tales, esp. of his slaying 
a fierce dragon. In the 14th century he was 
chosen as patron saint of England. 

gerrymander. To divide a region into election 
or other districts so as to profit one party 
and damage the other ; — named after Gov. 
Gerry of Mass., where the trick was first per- 
formed. 

Ghetto. Quarter of a town, esp. in Italy, where 
the Jews were segregated. 

Ghibelline. Medieval upholders of the German 
Empire in Italy. See Gtjelph. 

Ginx's Baby. A notable story by Edward Jen- 
kins (1870) depicting the evil effects of pau- 
perism. 

Girondists- Moderate republicans in the French 
Revolutionary legislative assembly, 1791. 

Globe Theater. A summer open-air theater in 
London, wliere Shakespeare acted and for 
which (and Blackfriars) he wrote his plays. 

Gobelin tapestry. Made at the Gobelin est. in 
Paris, founded as a dyehouse (1575) and made 
a government manufactory by Louis XIV. 
(1662). 



FA^IOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



595 



Godlva, Lady. CountCBS of Chester, whose lius- 
baud ottered to remove heavy tax if she would 
ride naked through Coventry, which she did, 
the people staying indoors — except *' Peep- 
ing Tom," who was stricken blind for it. 

Qog and Magog. Two colossal wooden statues 
in the Guildhall, Loudon. 

Qolden Gate. Entrance to San Francisco har- 
bor, so named by John C. Frt^mont. 

Golden Horn- A branch of the Bosporus, di- 
viding Constantinople into its Turkish and 
European quarters, and forming the harbor. 

Golden House. Palace of Nero in ancient 
Ronae. 

Gordon Riots. Anti-popery mob-risiug (1780) 
in London ; Lord George Gordon was charged 
with inciting it. See Dickens' " Barnaby 
Rudge." 

Gotham. Nickname for New York. 

Gracchi, The. Tiberius and Caius Gracchus, 
whose mother Cornelia showed them when 
boys as her " jew^els," and who rose to great 
political distinction 

Grand Old Man. Popular name for Wm, E. 
Gladstone, the famous English statesman. 

Grand Prix (pre). Race for three-year-olds at 
Longchamps, France ; prize 20,000 francs. 

Grand Prix de Rome- Annual prize in the 
ficoLE DEs Beaux Arts, giving the winner four 
years of study in Rome. 

Great Commoner (The). William Pitt, before 
he was Earl of Chatham. 

Great Eastern- Known for many years as the 
largest steamship ever built, 680 ft. long, ton- 
nage 10,000 ; launched 1858, broken up 1886. 
But the Lusitania and Mnuretnnia (Cimard 
line) of 1006 are 790 ft. long, with tonnage 
32,;j00. 

Great Pyramid, The. Near Ghizeh, Egypt, 
of Cheops, about 3,000 b. c.,. orig. 482 ft. high, 
estimated to contain 2,300,000 stone blocks 
averaging 40 cu. ft. each. It occupies about 
13 acres. See Pyramid. 

greenbacks. U. S. Treasury notes, backs 
printed in green ink. 

Green Isle, The. Ireland. 

Green Vault. A museum in the Dresden royal 
palace, orig. decorated in green. 

Greenwich- A town 5 miles S. E. St. Paul's, 
London, famed for its Royal Observatory 
(from which longitude — " E. or W. from 
Greenwich " — is measured by English-speak- 
ing countries), its Hospital, and its Naval 
School- 
Greenwood Cemetery, in Brooklyn, N. Y., 400 
acres in beautiful maintenance. 

Gregorian calendar. The one now in general 
use, a.s reformed by Pope Gregory XIII. (1582). 

Gretna Green. A hamlet m Scotland, near the 
English border, formerly known for runaw^ay 
marriages, which in 1856 were made legally 
invalid unless one party was a Scottish resi- 
dent. 

Grub Street. A London street once inhabited 
by petty, needy writers. 

GuelphS- From 12th to 15th cent, the Church 
party in Italy, opposed to the rule of the Ger- 
man Emperor. See Ghibblline. 



Guildhall. The great city hall of London, 
built 1411, restored after lire of 1666. 

Gunpowder Plot, The. A plot to blow up 
Kuig, Lords, and Commons in Parliament 
house, Loudon, Nov. 5, 1605. Guy Fawkes 
was arrested as he was about to fire the 
train. 

H. 

habeas corpus (that you have the body). Any 
of several writs directing the production of 
an imprisoned person before a court, for in- 
quiry into the cause of arrest and otlier pur- 
poses, thus enforcing the law of personal lib- 
erty. 

Hail Columbia ! An mipoetic but patriotic 
American song, written by Joseph Hopkinson, 
1798. 

Halcyon. Peaceful. The halcyon (kingfisher) 
was anciently fabled to brood its eggs in a 
floating nest at sea, and during that time to 
calm the waves. 

Half Moon. The Dutch ship in which Henry 
Hudson crossed the Atlantic and discovered 
the Hudson river (1609). 

handicap. An artificial disadvantage imposed 
upon a superior contestant to make the con- 
test more even, — as weight on a faster horse, 
discounted score to a better billiard player, 
etc. 

Hanseatic League. A confederation of free 
German cities, called Hanse toinis, reaching 
its highest power in 14th and 15th cents., and 
having affiliations in other lands, for protec- 
tion of trade and mutual defense against ag- 
gression. 

Harlequin. The clown in pantomime, who is 
depicted as dressed in parti-colored tights, 
with a sword of lath, and is active and full of 
amusing tricks. 

harvest moon. The moon near the full in 
autumn, about the equinox, when it rises only 
a few minutes later each night. 

Heathen Chinee. A shrewd Chinese, in Bret 
Harte's poem, " Plain Language from Truth- 
ful James." 

Hedda Gabler. A selfish, remorseless woman, 
whose name gives title to one of Henrik Ib- 
sen's noted plays. 

Hegi'ra. FUglit of Mohammed from Mecca, 
622 A. D. ; any sudden departure. 

Helicon. A mountain supposed by the Greeks 
to be the abode of Apollo and the Muses. 

hell- As used in the Apostles' Creed (" He 
[Christ] descended into hell"), it means the 
unseen world, place of departed spirits. 

hempen collar. The hangman's rope. 

Heme the Hunter- A wild huntsman famed 
in the traditions of Windsor Forest. 

High Bridge. A viaduct and aqueduct at 175th 
St., New York, bringing Croton water across 
Harlem river. 

Highland Mary. Name applied to two Scottish 
sweetliearts of Robert Burns. 

high places. In the Old Testament, natural 
or artificial mounds on which idolatrous wor- 
ship was ottered. 

hob-nob. To drink cozily together, near the hob 



596 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



(for heating) with the nob (little round table) 
between ; to be friendly or confidential. 

Hobson's choice. Tliis or none ; from an inn- 
keeper who kept many liorses for hire, but al- 
ways made a customer take the one nearest 
the stable door. 

hocus POCUS. Mock Latin words used by con- 
jurers ; hence, trickery. 

hoi poUoi. Greek words, meaning the many, 
the multitude, the common people. 

Hold the fort. Famous phrase signaled by Gen. 
Sherman to Gen. Corse from Keuesaw Moun- 
tain in 1864 : " Hold the fort ; I am coming." 

Holy Alliance. League of 1 81G between Russia, 
Prussia, and Austria. 

Holy Land, The. For Christians, Palestine ; 
Mohammedans, Mecca ; Buddhists, India ; An- 
cient Greeks, Elis. 

Holy Week. The last seven days of Lent ; Pas- 
sion Week, beginning with Palm Sunday. 

Honi soit (jui mal y pense (o'ne swa ke mal e 
paNs). Motto of the Order of the Garter, — 
" Shame to him who thinks shame." At a 
court ball of Edward III. the Countess of 
Salisbury's blue ribbon garter slipped oil:', but 
the king bound it around his own knee, with 
the above exclamation, and founded the Order 
as the highest English honor. 

honors of war. Permission to a force surren- 
dering after a brave fight to keep their arms. 

horn-hook. A child's primer, being a sheet of 
paper printed with the alphabet, the Lord's 
Prayer, and the digits, mounted on a thin board 
(about 6 X 9 in., with handle) and kept clean 
by a sheet of thin transparent horn. 

Host, The. Roia. Cath. Ch. The consecrated 
wafer of the Eucharist, — Host meaning vic- 
tim. 

hot cross huns. Orig., the round bun in an- 
cient Rome, made by the priests, stood for 
Diana the moon, and the cross, its four quar- 
ters ; in England the buns are made for Good 
Friday and the cross is the Christian sym- 
bol. 

Hotel des Invalldes (o-tel' daz aN-va-led'). Re- 
treat for infirm and disabled soldiers in Paris. 
Architecturally fine, with interesting museum, 
and crypt containing Napoleon's tomb. 

Hotel de Ville (o-teF de vel). Town or city hall, 
in France and Belgium. 

houris. Beautiful-eyed nymphs of the Moham- 
medan paradise — 72 to each true believer. 

hue and cry. Orig., shouting in piu'suit of a 
thief ; any outcry of alarm. 

Hundred Days, The. March 20, 1815, when 
Napoleon reached Paris from Elba, to June 28, 
date of his abdication. 

hunter's moon. The moon following the har- 
vest MOON. 



Ihsenlsm. The dramatic purpose in plays of 
the Swedish Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906), who 
satirizes the hypocrisies of society. 

icon, ikon. Eastern Ch. An image, statue, or 
picture of Christ, Virgin, or saint. 

Iconoclasts. Image-breakers ; eccl. reformers 
in the 8th and 9th centuries who opposed the 



worship of icons or ikons, and in the 16th and 
17th centuries who destroyed images and pic- 
tures in the churches. 

Immaculate Conception. Rom. Cath. Ch. The 
dogma (1854) that the Virgin Mary was con- 
ceived without original sin. 

Immortals. See Academy, The French. 

improvisators. Persons (orig. in Italy) who 
utter verses impromptu. 

Index, The. Rom. Cath. Ch. Index librorum 
prohibitorum, list of books, and index expur- 
gatorius, list of passages in books, that Cath- 
olics are forbidden to read. 

India proof. Proof impression of an engraving 
on India paper — fine, absorbent Chinese or 
Japanese paper. 

Indian file. One by one, like N. Am. Indians. 

infallibility. Of the {Rom. Cath.) Church, 
correctness of its doctrine ; of the Pope (1870), 
correctness of his decisions in faith and morals. 

Inns of Court. Four London law societies, hav- 
ing exclusive right to admit to the bar ; also 
their buildings, orig. for their students, now for 
law offices (the Inner Temple, the Middle Tem- 
ple, Gray's Inn, and Lincoln's Inn). 

Inquisition. R. C. Ch. A tribunal for discov- 
ering and punishing heretics, chiefly active 
(16th and 17th cents.) in Spain, Portugal, and 
parts of Italy. Official title. The Holy Office. 

Interpreter, The. Personification of the Holy 
Spirit, in Bunyan's " Pilgrim's Progress." 

iota- The smallest Greek letter — i; a very 
little ; the least possible. 

Iron Duke. The inflexible Duke of Wellington 
(1769-1852). 

Iron Maiden. A torture-box in Nuremberg, 
studded with iron spikes within, that clasped 
the victim. 

Iron Mask, Man in the. Unknown prisoner in 
the Bastille, who wore a black velvet mask 
(d. 1703). 

Iseult or Isolde. Legendary wife of King Mark 
of Cornwall, who loved Tristram or Tristan, 
heroine of romance and of Wagner's opera 
" Tristan und Isolde." 

Ithuriel's spear. Lance of the angel Ithuriel, 
a touch of which exposed deceit. 



Jack. Nickname for John ; also, any of vari- 
ous doers of small jobs ; as : J.-at-a-pinch, a 
helper at need ; J. Ketch, the hangman ; J. 
Tar, a sailor ; J. at-all-Trades, Master-of- 
None, a general tinker ; etc. 

Jack. A small flag, in many countries the part 
of the national standard containing the can- 
ton : as, American, the blue ground and white 
stars ; British, the St. George's and St. An- 
drew's crosses of the United Kingdom. 

Jack and Jill. A lover and his lass. 

Jacobins- A society of radical democrats in 
France (1789). 

Jacobite. An adherent of James (Jacobus) II, 
of England after his abdication, or of his de- 
scendants, the Stuarts, after the revolution 
(1689). 

Jacquerie. Bloody insurrections of French 
peasants (1358) who were told they would be 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



597 



led by Jacques Bonhoinme {Johnny Goodman 
— Fr. slang for no one). 

Janizaries. A body of Turkish iufautry (14th 
to I'Jth cent.). 

Jaxdin des Plantes (zhSr-dSN de plant). Pa- 
ri.si in botanitiil and zoological gardens. 

Jekyll, Dr., and Mr. Hyde. Tale by R. L. 
Stevenson, showing the good and the evil ten- 
dencies in each person. 

Jerusalem Delivered. An epic poem of the 

Crusades, by Torquato Tasso (1544-95). 

Jessamy Bride ( The). Mary Homeck, beloved 
by Oliver Goldsmitli, married to W. Gwynu. 

Jew, The Wandering Legendary servant of 
Pilate, who striuk Jesus to hasten him on the 
way to Calvary, and to whom Jesus said, " I go 
quickly, but tarry thou till I come again." He 
was supposed to be rejuvenated every 100 
years, at the age of 30, and to wander wearily 
about the world. 

jingoism. The spirit of war-brag ; originating 
in a popular song, when Beaconsfield sent a 
fleet to Turkish waters to oppose Russia (1878). 

Jinn, or D]in. Arabic name for a kind of de- 
mon, good and evil. 

Joan, Pope. A fictitious female pope, between 
Leo IV. .ind Benedict III. (about 855). 

Jol). Personification of patience and poverty. 

Job's Comforter. A pretended sympathizer, 
wlio yet declares trouble to be the fault of the 
sufferer. 

John Bull. Nickname for England, or the typ- 
ic il Englishman. 

Johnny Reb. Civil War nickname for the 
Southerners. 

Jonathan. Nickname for Americans. See 
Brother Jonathan. 

Jordan. Poetical term for death, that sepa- 
rates Christians from the " Promised Land." 

Jubilee. Hebrew. Every 50th year among the 
Jews, when land was restored to those who 
had lost it, debts were canceled, Hebrew slaves 
liberated, etc. : the 50th anniversary of any 
event ; R. C. Ch., every 25th year, when re- 
mission of penalty for sin is granted. 

Junius. Anonymous writer of a series of severe 
political Letters against the British ministry 

(i7;;8-72). 

Jury mast. Perh. a corruption of joury = a 
mast for a day , a temporary mast. 

K. 

Ea me, ka thee. You help me and I '11 help 
yon. 

Ka'aba, or Ca'aba. The holiest of Mohamme- 
dan shrines, at Mecca, containing the sacred 
black stone said to have fallen from heaven. 

Eail-yard School. Cabbage- or Kitchen-gar- 
den School, a group of writers depicting low- 
ly Scottish life, with much dialect ; as, Ian 
Maclarin and J. M. Barrie. 

kamsin, or khamsin. A hot simoom from the 
Sahara. 

Kansas, Bleeding. Named from the bloody 
war between its pro-slavery and free-state 
settlers. 

Karma. Buddhistic fate, or inevitable conse- 
quence of every act. 



Kendal green. Cloth for foresters, made in 
Kendal, England, such as Robin Hood's men 
wore. 

Kensington. A suburb of London, containing 
the famous K. Gardens, the K. Palace, and 
Holland House, once a great social center. 

Khorassan, The Veiled Prophet of. An Ara- 
bic pruphet-chief , who, being deformed, veiled 
his face to shade his followers from the daz- 
zling splendor of his face ; title of poem by 
Thomas Moore. 

Kilkenny cats. W ho fought till only their tails 
were left. 

King Cotton. Cotton, being chief staple of the 
South and chief manufacture of England, was 
deemed, before the Civil War, to dominate 
the situation. 

King Log. A quiet king, whom his people [tlie 
frogs] thought stupid ; and King Stork, a 
strenuous king, whom they found to be a ty- 
rant. 

King-maker, The. Earl of Warwick (1420-71) 
who was chief influence in deposing Henry VI., 
crowning Edward IV., and restoring Henry 
again. 

King of Yvetot (ev'to). The ruler of Yvetot, a 
small French seigniory, was called "King," 
but spent his worthless time in pleasure ; 
hence, a little man of large pretensions. 

King's evil. Scrofula, thought to be curable 
by royal touch. 

kiss the gimner's daughter. To be tied to a 

cannon aboard ship, and flogged. 
Kit-Cat Club. A famous London club of wits 

and politicians (1703-33). 
Knickerbocker, Diedrich. Imaginary author 

of Irving's "History of New York " in the 

Dutch resfime ; hence, families descended 

from the New York Dutch. 
Kobold- German. A friendly house-spirit ; 

same as Eng. Robin Good fellow, Scotch 

Brownie, etc. 
Kohinoor (Mountain of Light). A famous dia- 
mond from India, belonging to the British 

crown. 
Koran. The sacred book of Mohammed, revealed 

to him from heaven, the religious basis of all 

his followers. 
kraal (kral). A South African village. 
Kremlin. The citadel of Moscow, a fortified 

inclosure, containing palaces, cathedrals, 

churches, convents, an arsenal, the treasury, 

and incalculable riches. 
Kirrie eleison {Or.; Lord have mercy upon 

us) : the first words of a brief petition used 

variously in the Eastern, Roman, and Anglican 

churches 



Laconic Brief and pithy, as the Laconian 
(Spartan) speech was said to be. 

LaiS- A beautiful Greek courtesan. 

Lake School. A group of English poets — chief- 
ly Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey — who 
lived in tlie Lake district. 

Lalla Rookh. Beautiful Oriental heroine of 
Mooie's poem of that name. 

Land of Beulah. In Bunyan's " Pilgrim's Prog- 



598 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



ress," the laud of peaceful rest, this side the 
river of death, where Christiaus await their 
summons to the Celestial City. 

Land of Cakes- Scotland, with its oatmeal. 

lang syne. Hcotch. Long since ; in days gone 

by. 

Laodiceans. Certain early Christians, censured 
as lukewarm in their religion. 

Last of the Mohicans. The young Indiarw;hief, 
Uncas, in Cooper's novel of the above title. 

Last Judgment. Frequent theme of painters, 
esp. the frescoes of Michael Angelo (1475- 
1564) in the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican, at 
Rome. 

Last Supper. Frequent theme of painters, esp. 
the fresco of Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) in 
the Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie, in 
Milan. 

Lateran, The. Ancient palace of the Popes in 
Rome, now a museum. 

Latin Quarter. Region in Paris, S. of the Seine, 
near the Sorbonne, for centuries the dwelling- 
place of students and artists. 

Laughing Philosopher. Democritus of Abdera, 
who satirized folly. 

Laureate. A poet appointed by the British 
sovereign, as superexcellent in his art, to 
compose odes, hymns, etc. , on national occa- 
sions. 

Leaning Tower. There are several, the most 
famous is at Pisa, Italy, which leans about 14 
ft. in 178 ft. of height. 

leap year. Every year divisible by four, occur- 
ring every fourth year, in which another day 
(29th) is added to February. 

Learned Blacksmith. Elihu Burritt, an Ameri- 
cato linguist (1811-79). 

Legion of Honor. A French order of military 
and civil merit, founded by Napoleon (1802). 

Lent. Saxon name for spring, because the days 
lengthen ; Ecel. the great spring fast of 40 
days preceding the joy of Easter. 

lex talionis. Law of retaliation ; tit for tat. 

Lihby Prison. An old tobacco warehouse in 
Richmond, Va., in the Civil War a military 
prison. 

Lilliput. The country of the pygmies, in Swift's 
"Gulliver's Travels." 

Limbo. A medieval notion of a place near Hell 
where good heathens, unbaptized infants, and 
others of neutral moral condition were kept ; 
a waste-basket. 

Lingua Franca. A hybrid dialect used by Latin 
nations with Greeks, Orientals, etc. 

Lion and Unicorn. Heraldic supports {lion, 
England, unicorn, Scotland) of the royal arms 
since 1603, when the kingdoms were united. 

lion's share. Nearly all, ~ referring to ^sop's 
fable of the beasts' hunting party, when the 
lion claimed three quarters of the game and 
offered to dispute the other with any. 

Little Corporal, The. Affectionate sokliers' 
nickname for Bonaparte (he was about 5 ft. 
2 in.). 

Little Englanders. Those who object to British 
imperial extension. 

Little Giant, The. Stephen A Douglas. 

Little Peddllngton. The village of cant, quack- 



ery, and egotism, 
Poole. 



from a satire by John 



Little Phil. Soldiers' nickname for Gen. Philip 
H. Slieridan. 

loaves and fishes. Material gain ; political 
spoil, — from those that followed Jesus for 
what they could get. 

Lombard Street. The financial center of Lon- 
don, corresponding to Wall St. , N. Y. 

Lone Star State. Texas, with one star in its 
flag. 

Long Parliament. The English Parliament 
that convened in 1640, and, with " purging " 
and changes, continued the war against the 
king and was dissolved by Cromwell in 1653. 

Lorelei. A dangerous rock on the Rhine, fabled 
to be haunted by a siren who lured sailors to 
destruction. 

Lothario. A gay libertine. 

Lotus-eaters. In Greek legend, people who 
ate the fruit of the lotus-tree and forgot home 
and country in dreamy content. 

Louvre, in Paris, an ancient castle, enlarged 
and beautified as a palace in successive centu- 
ries, now the most famous museum of art in 
the world, also containing public ofllces. 

loving cup. A cup of wine, passed from hand 
to hand for friendly comradeship in drinking, 

— a very ancient custom, Hebraic, Christian, 
Medieval, barbarian, ecclesiastical, modern ; 
a cup fitted for such custom, with two or more 
handles, now usually presented as a token of 
regard. 

low mass. R. C. Ch. A mass without sing- 
ing. 

Loyal Legion. - 3filitary Order of the L. L. of 
the United States, an order the Companions of 
which served as commissioned officers in the 
Federal armies during the Civil War ; their 
eldest sons are now also admitted. 

Lusiad. Poem by Camoens (1572) relating the 
conquests of the Lusians or Portuguese in the 
Indies and elsewhere. 

lustrum. A period of 5 years, from the period- 
ical sacrificial purification of the Romans at, 
such intervals. 

lynch law. Mob-law, — variotis origins given. 

lynx-eyed Having acute sight. 

M. 

Mab, Queen. The fairies' mid-wife, who deliv- 
ers the human fancy of its dreams, — queen 
mf^aning not ruler, but woman. Sometimes 
called unstress Mab. 

macadamize. To build a road of broken stone, 

— introduced by Sir John L. Macadam, 
macaronic verse. Made by a jumble of Latin, 

mock-Latin, and a modern language. 

Maccabees, The. A family of Jewish patriots, 
named Asmonseus, who led a revolt against the 
Syrians (175-164 b. c), one of whom, Judas, 
was called Maccabeus, the Hammer, and the 
name clung to the family. 

Machiavellism . Dipl omatic chicanery, — from 
Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) a famous 
Italian statesman, whose wily political maxims 
in his treatise, " The Prince," have identified 
him with such policies. 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



599 



Madman, The. Oj Macedonia, Alexander the 
Great ; of the Sortli, Charles XII. of Sweden. 

Madonna {hal. ; My lady). Term used in 
Italian, as in other languages, for social cour- 
tesy, but also esp. applied to the Virgin Mary, 
— in this sense, the theme of countless paint- 
ings, the most admired of which are those by 
Raphael. 

Maelstrom. A great whirlpool on the coast of 
Ndvu.iy. 

Magna Charta. The Great Charter of the 
Liberties of England, extorted from King 
John ( i'JlO) at Ruunymede. 

Magniiicat. Hymn of the Virgin Mary (" My 
soul duth magnify the Lord," Luke i. 46). 

Magog. See Gog. 

MaEatma. Buddhist adept, who \>y asceticism 
has gained knowledge and powers of a higher 
order than those of other men. 

MaMi. Arab. "The well-guided." An ex- 
pected Mohammedan prophet-leader for 
world-conquering ; title sometimes assumed 
by fanatical pretenders. 

Maiden Queen. Elizabeth of England. 

Maid Marian. Robin Hood's sweetheart. 

Maid of Orleans Joan of Arc. 

Maid of Saragossa. Augustina, distinguished 
for bravery in defense of Saragossa, Spain 

Maine law. Prohibitory liquor legislation, be- 
gun in Maine. 

Malthus. An English economist (1766-1834) 
wJio held that, since population grows faster 
than means of subsistence, it must be checked 
by restraint or will be by poverty and suffer- 
ing. 

Mammon. Gr. Riches ; hence, the god of cu- 
pidity. 

Mammoth Cave. The largest known, near 
Green River, Ky. 

Mansard roof. One invented by Mansard, a 
French architect, which, instead of bringing 
rafters to a sharp angle, breaks them with an 
obtuse elbow, giving more height to attics. 

Man, The. Special or generic term ; as : M. in 
the street, the average person ; M. in Hie moon , 
fanciful human figure in full moon, said to be 
he who gathered sticks on the Sabbath {Xum. 
XV : 3'2-36), and Dante says it is Cain ; M. of 
blood and iron, Bismarck, who gave blood and 
iron (/. e. war) as solution of problems of his 
time; ^f of Pecemlter, Louis Napoleon, whose 
presidential election, coup d'etat, and corona- 
tion all came in that month ; iV. of Destiny, 
Napoleon Bonaparte, who called himself so ; 
3f. of Sorroirs, Jesus ; m. of straw, a make- 
believe, or deceptive appearance ; etc. 

March ilSXeiMad as a). March is the hare's 
rutting time, when he is wild. 

marigold. Yellow flower named for the Vir- 
gin. 

mariner's compass- The fleur-de-lis on the 
compass card was designed by Charles, King 
of Sicily, in the 14th cent. 

Marseillaise {The). A French patriotic song, 
written and compo.sed by Capt. Rouget de 
Lisle for the army at Strasbourg, but popular- 
ized in Marseilles and sung by the Marseillaise 



volunteers who marched to Paris and helped 
storm the Tuileries, Aug. 10, IT'J'J. Now the 
French national hymn. 

martinet. A strict disciplinarian, — from Col. 
the Marquis of Martinet, time of Louis XIV. 

Mason and Dixon's line. Boundary run by C. 
Masou and J. Dixon (1TG3-G7) between Penn- 
sylvania on the N. and Maryland and Virginia 
on the S., dividing the then free and slave 
States. 

Mass. B. C. Ch. The celebration or service 
of the Holy Communion, the Euchari.st. Mu- 
sic for the different prayers and hymns sung 
in Higlt Mass has been written by many emi- 
nent composers. 

Matterhorn. A magnificent Swiss Alpine peak, 
rising 3,000 ft. above a glacier line 11,000 ft. 
high. 

Mausoleum. Orig., the splendid sepulcher 
built by Artemisia to her husband Mausolus, 
King of Caria (353 b. c). one of the " seven 
wonders of the world ;" later, any great se- 
pulchral monument. See Angelo, St. 

Mayf air. A fashionable London quarter. 

Mayflower {The). The little ship (ISO tons) 
bringing the 102 Pilgrims from Plymouth, 
Eng., to Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts (1620). 

meander. To wander, — from a winding river 
so named, in Phrygia. 

Medieval. Relating to the Middle Ages, begin- 
ning with the 6th and ending with the revival 
of letters in the 15th cent. 

meerschaum {Ger. ; sea-froth). A white, clay- 
like mineral, orig. thought to be petrified sea- 
foam, used to make tobacco pipes, etc 

Meg Merrilies. A half-crazed gypsy woman in 
Scott's " Guy Mannering." 

Merlin. A great legendary medieval enchanter 
and prophet, who was spellbound in a wood 
by a charm he had revealed to his mistress 
Vivian, as related in Tennyson's " Idylls of 
the King." 

mermaid. A fabled sea-nymph, woman above, 
fish below ; also, a famous tavern of Shake- 
speare's time. 

merry andrew. A clown or buftoon, — perh. 
from Andrew Borde, Henry VIII. 's eccentric 
physician. 

Merry England. So called in the early sense 
of merry — active, famous, gallant. 

Merry Monarch {The). Charles II. of England. 

mesmerism. Hypnotism, — from Dr. Anton 
Mesnier, who brought it to Paris (1778). 

Messalina. Lascivious wife of Emperor Clau- 
dius of Rome. 

mezzanine (met'za-nen). A low middle story 
between two high ones, esp. just above the 
ground floor. 

mezzo-relievo (mgt'zo-re-lya'vo). Middle re- 
lief, sculptured figures standing out from 
background moderately — between alto-ee- 
LiEvo and basso-relievo. 

mlching malecho. Secret mischief, a phrase in 
Shakespeare's " Hamlet," iii : 2. 

Middle Ages. See Medieval. 

Midlothian {The Heart of). The Edinburgh 
county prison, in Scott's tale of that name. 

mlUen'nium. A thousand years ; the m., the 



600 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



1,000 ^Ts. when Satan will be bound and Christ 
reign on earth. Rev. xx : 2, 4. 

Minnesingers. Ger. Love-singers and poets, 
who went about in the 12th to 14th cent. 

Miserere (miz-e-re're). Lat. Have mercy. 
First word of the 50th Psalm ; most famous 
musical setting, by AUegri (abt. 1635) sung in 
Holy Week in Sistine Chapel. 

Mississippi Bubble. French speculative 
scheme orig. by John Law (1671-1729) based 
on Louisiana land grants, became immensely 
popular but collapsed with widespread ruin. 
Cf. South Sea Bubble. 

Missouri Compromise. Act admitting Missou- 
ri as a slave state (1820), provided that there 
should be no more slave states north of lat. 
36^ 30'. Its repeal in Kansas-Nebraska bill 
(1854) was one inciting cause of the Civil War. 

Mistress of the Seas. England. 

Mistress of the World. Ancient Rome. 

mollycoddle. A timid man. 

Molly Maguires. A terrorizing society in Ire- 
land ; a similar criminal and murderous or- 
ganization in Pennsylvania mining districts. 
A number of the members were executed and 
the society broken up in 1877. 

Monroe Doctrine ( The) . Declaration issued by 
Sec. of State John Adams under Pres. Mon- 
roe (1823) that European aggression or exten- 
sion on either American continent would be 
regarded by the U. S. as unfriendly. 

Mont de Pi^te {Fr. ; Mount of Pity). A pawn- 
broker's shop, orig. for helping the poor, in 
Italy, later in other European countries. 

Monumental City. Baltimore, Md. 

morganatic marriage. The marriage of a wom- 
an of inferior position by a man of rank, whose 
title and place are not taken by her or her 
children. 

Mother Carey's chickens. Stormy petrels. 

Mother Goose. Orig. , a collection of fairy tales, 
published in France (1697) ; later, a book of 
" Melodies " or rimes for children, published 
by Thomas Fleet in Boston, Mass. (1719), 

Mother of Presidents. Virginia. 

Mother Shipton. A reputed English prophet- 
ess, who foretold the death of Cardinal Wol- 
sey and others. Several books of her ' ' proph- 
ecies " have been issued. 

Mount Vernon. Washington's home on the 
Potomac, in Virginia. 

Mugwump {Algonquin; a chief). One who 
thinks and acts independent of party in poli- 
tics. U. S. slang. 

muscular Christianity. That which holds a 
sound body to be a help in sound religion. 

music of the spheres. Ethereal harmony, held 
by Pythagoras and others to be produced by 
planetary motions. 

mystery. Orig. , secret rites known only to the 
initiated ; in general, any incomprehensible 
thing, esp. in religion. 

N. 

nabob. An East Indian Mogul provincial gov- 
ernor ; as they all became vastly wealthy, 
now any man of great wealth. 

naked truth. After bathing together, False- 



hood took Truth's garments; Truth, unwilling 
to wear those of Falsehood, went without. 

Nantes. Edict of. Decree of Henri IV. of France 
(1598) securing religious freedom to Protes- 
tants ; repealed by Louis XIV. (1685). 

Nation of Shopkeepers. England, so called by 

Napoleon. 

Nativity {The). Christmas, celebrated as the 
birthday of Jesus Christ. 

Natty Bumpo. The character Leather-Stocking, 
who appears also imder divers other names in 
Cooper's Indian novels — Deer-Slayer, Path- 
finder., Hawk-eye., and the Trapper. 

Natural Bridge {The). A natural stone arch 
over Cedar Creek, Va., 200 ft. high. 

Necklace, The Diamond. Sent (1785) by 
Cardinal de Rohan to Marie Antoinette 
through the Countess de Lamotte, who sold it 
and kept the money. The cardinal refused 
to pay the jewelers, who sent their bill to the 
unwitting queen, causing gieat scandal and a 
9-months' lawsuit. 

Newgate. An ancient gate-tower of London, 
later used as a prison, the site containing one 
now. 

NibelungS- {Ger.) A fabled race of demonic 
dwarfs, possessors of the Rhine gold and 
famous ring that brought dissension among 
the gods. N ibelungenlied (-led), the old epic 
relating the tale. 

Nicene Creed. Summary of Christian doctrine 
adopted by the first Ecumenical (general) 
Council of the Church, at Nice or Nicsea in 
Asia Minor (325 A. D.). 

noblesse oblige (o-blezh'). Noble birth is an 
obligation to high-minded conduct. 

Noctes Ambrosianse (am-bro-zhT-a'ne). {Lat.) 
Ambrosian nights, — a record of supposed con- 
versations between wits at Ambrose's tavern, 
by John Wilson, under the pen-name Chris- 
topher North (1822-35). 

Noel. Christmas Day. 

Nonconformist. Orig., one who did not con- 
form to the Church of England, a dissenter ; 
now, one of any other Protestant denomi- 
nation. 

Northeast Passage. A ship way from the 

Atlantic around the northern coasts of Europe 
and Asia to tlie Pacific, — found by Swedish 
Nordenskjold (1878-79). 

Northwest Passage. A ship way from Atlantic 
to Pacific ocean along the northern coast of 
America, — the accomplishment claimed by 
several. 

Notre Dame (notr' dam'). Our Lady ; the 
Virgin. Name given to many churches, esp. 
the famous cathedral in Paris (early 13th 
cent.). 

Novum Organum. Lord Bacon's great philo- 
sophical work, presenting a new method of 
investigating nature. 

o. 

Oberon. King of the fairies, Titania being his 

queen. 
Odin. Chief god of the Scandinavians. 
O^res. A fabled race of cannibal giants, 
oil on troubled waters. Soothing words to quiet 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



601 



anger, as oil on stormy water films and de- 
presses wave formation. 

Old Abe. Affectionate nickname for Lincoln. 

Old Dominion- Virginia. 

Old Qoard. Napoleon's favorite body of in- 
fantry — the Imperial Guard ; it met a glori- 
ous end at Waterloo. 

Old Hickory. Andrew Jackson. 

Old Man Eloquent. The Greek orator Isoc- 
rates, so called by Milton. 

Old North State. North Carolina. 

Old Probabilities. The U. S. Weather Bureau. 

Old Public Functionary. James Buchanan, 
from an allusion of his own as to himself. 

Old Reliable. Gen. George H. Thomas. 

Old Soutb. A Congregational church in Boston, 
famed for patriotic meetings during the Revo- 
lution. 

Orangeman. An Irish Protestant, esp. of those 
who in the 17th cent, supported the cause of 
King William III (Prince of Orange). The 
Catholics were Jacobites. 

orgies. Orig., riotous feasts in honor of 
Bacchus. 

Oriflamme. The ancient French red silk ban- 
ner, of several flamelike points fluttering 
from a lance ; now, any national flag. 

original sin. The evil nature that all sons of 
Adam are said to inherit. 

Ormazd. The Zoroastrian supreme being, prin- 
ciple of good, foe of Ahrimau the principle of 
evil. 

Ostend Manifesto. Declaration (18;')7)by U. S. 
ministers to England, France, and Spain, that 
" Cuba must belong to the United States." 

ostracism. Greek banishment of dangerous 
men by popular vote, with ballots of potsherds 
or tiles. 

Owen Mereditll. Pen-name of Robert Buiwer 
Lytton. 

P. 
paean. A triumphal song of praise, orig., to 

Apollo. 
pagan. Orig., a villager, continuing idolatry, 

while the Christian churches were all in the 

cities : thus pngnn came to mean heathen. 
palimpsest. Parchment manuscripts with the 

first writing erased and written over. 
palindrome. A word or line reading the same, 

forward or backward. 
Pall Mall (pSl m61). A fine London street, 

center of club life. 
Palladium. Orig. a statue of Pallas Athena, 

on which depended the safety of Troy; hence, 

any safeguard. 
Pantheon. An ancient circular temple at Rome, 

now Church of Sta. Maria Rotonda ; also, a 

great church in Paris, where distinguished 

dead are buried. 
Paradise Lost; P. Regained. Milton's two 

grfat poems. 
Parthenon. Famous Doric temple to Athena 

on the Acropolis at Athens. See Elgin 

Marbles. 
Partington, Mrs. B. P. Shillaber's imaginary 

old lady, famous for comical misuse of words; 

also an old woman in Devonshire, Eng., who 



tried to keep storm waves out of her shore 
house with a mop. 

pasha. A Turkish officer of rank, dist. by one, 
two, or (the highest) three horse-tails on his 
standard. 

pasquinade. A political lampoon ; orig., one 
affixed to a ruined statue near the sliop of 
Pasqiiino, a Roman tailor with a caustic wit. 

peeler. A policeman, orig., from Sir Robert 
Peel, who reconstructed the constabulary. 
Bobby is another nickname of the same. 

Peeping Tom. See Godiva. 

Peninsular War. The war (1808-13) by Brit- 
isli, Spanish, and Portuguese against the 
French in Spain and Portugal (Iberian Penin- 
sula). 

pen-name. A name assumed by an author, 
sometimes called nom de plume, or 7ioin de 
guerre (false name, such as French knights 
assumed for war). 

People's William. William Ewart Gladstone. 

Pere la Chaise. The great Parisian cemetery. 

peri (pe'rT). {Persian.) A gentle, fairylike, be- 
nevolent spirit. 

Phidias. The most famous of Greek sculptors 
(about 500-430 b. c). 

philippic An invective discourse, — from De- 
mosthenes' orations agt. Philip of Macedon. 

Philistine. A material-minded, commonplace 
person. 

philosopher's stone. Substance which alche- 
mists thought would turn baser metals to 
gold. In its search were discovered Dresden 
porcelain, gunpowder, certain powerful acids, 
properties of gases, and other valuable mat- 
ters. 

phylactery. Slip of parchment containing writ- 
ten Scripture passages, worn by Jews in 
leathern cases on wrist or forehead. 

Piccadilly. A famous London street from the 
Haymarket to Hyde Park Corner, about 1 m. 

Pied Piper. Whose music drew all living 
things. Promised reward for ridding Hamelin 
of rats and mice, and being refused the pay 
when he had done it, he drew all the children 
away into the mountain. 

Piers Plowman. Title of a famous allegorical 
English poem (1362), author not certain, sat- 
irizing religious and social evils. 

Pittl Palace. An impressive stone palace in 
Florence, Italy, now a famous art gallery. 

Plato. The greatest Greek philosopher, pupil 
and reporter of Socrates. 

Plon-plon. Nickname for Prince Napoleon Jo- 
seph Charles Bonaparte. 

Poets' Corner. In Westminster Abbey, where 
are memorials of Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, 
Chaucer, Spenser, Milton, and other English 
poets (also Longfellow), some of whom are 
there buried. 

pons asinorum. The asses' bridge. The fifth 
proposition of Book I. of Euclid's Geometry, 
difficult for the dull. 

Poor Richard. Benjamin Franklin, who for 
years published " Poor Richard's Almanac." 

Portland Vase. A beautiful antique cinerary 
urn of blue glass covered with white glass, 
cameo cut. Found near Rome (1630), it was 



602 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



long owned by the Duke of Portland ; now in 
the British Museum. 

Praxiteles. A famous Greek sculptor (end of 
5th cent b. c.) 

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. A society of 
prominent English artists and writers (Hunt, 
Millais, Rossetti, and others) for encouraging 
fidelity to nature, delicacy of finish, and other 
alleged traits of artists before Raphael. 

Ptolemaic System. Theory of Ptolemy (Alex- 
andria 130 A. D.) that the earth is the center 
about which the sun and stars revolve, super- 
seded by the Copernican System. 

Pyramids. Enormous stone structures (chiefly 
in Egypt) with four sides, mounting to a point, 
containing passages and sepulchral chambers 
for the kings. See Great Pyramid. 

Q 

Quaker City. Philadelphia, founded by the 
Quaker, William Penn. 

Quaker Poet {The). John G. Whittier. 

Quakers. A religious sect founded by George 
Fox, in England (1650), orig. called Quakers 
in derision because Fox's preaching made 
them tremble. 

Queen of the Antilles. Cuba. 

Queer Street. Business slang: to live on Q. 
St. is to be in doubtful credit. 

Quietism. Religious mysticism, quiet contem- 
plation of God, esp. as practiced by the fol- 
lowers of Molinos, a Spanish priest in Rome 
(17th cent.). 

B. 

Rabelais (Francois). Famous French monk, 
pastor, physician, and writer of humorous 
novels (1495-1553). 

Ragnarok. (Iceland.) Twilight of the gods 
(same as Ger. Gdtterd'dramerung, title of one 
of Wagner's mythologic music-dramas), the 
final battle between gods and demons in 
which all are destroyed, and the universe re- 
created. 

Railway King. George Hudson, wealthy Eng- 
lish speculator. 

rank and file. The private soldiers, who stand- 
ing abreast make a rank, one behind another 
^file. 

■ ranz des vaches (raNz'-da-vash') (Song of the 
cows). Swiss melodies played on the alpen- 
horn to lead the cattle to and from pasture. 

Rebellion {The), in America, the secession of 
Southern States from the Union, seizure of 
government property (forts, arms, etc.) and 
the Civil War that followed (1861-65). 

red-letter day. A lucky or happy day, to be 
marked, like holidays or saints' days in calen- 
dars, with red. 

red tape. Official formality and delay, — from 
the red tape tying official documents together. 

Reign of Terror. Period of anarchy and blood- 
slied during French Revolution, from spring 
of 1793 to July 27, 1794, when Robespierre 
fell. 

Revolution. A government overthrow and sub- 
stitution ; as, the English R., William of Or- 
ange and Mary replacing James as sovereign 



(1688-89) ; the American R., the American 
Colonies becoming the United States (1775- 
83) ; the French R., overthrowing the Bour- 
bon and setting up a republic (1789-1804) ; etc. 

Reynard the Fox. Hero of the great Medieval 
beast-epic thus entitled. 

Rialto. Marble bridge over the Grand Canal, 
Venice, lined with shops, the old commercial 
exchange. 

Rights {Declaration of). Enumeration of Eng- 
lish constitutional rights (as, trial by jury, 
right of petition, free elections, taxes and ar- 
mies parliameutal not royal, etc.) accepted by 
William and Mary with their sovereignty after 
the Revolution (1689). 

Rip van Winkle. The Dutchman of Irving's 
legend so named, who slept 20 years in the 
mountains and returned unknown to his home 
on the Hudson ; character famed by Joseph 
Jefferson's dramatic portrayal. 

Robert le Diable (R. the Devil). The bold and 
cruel 1st Duke of Normandy (1028-35). 

Robin GoodfellOW. A domestic fairy of kindly 
service but mischievous fun. See Kobold. 

Robin Hood. Famous English legendary out- 
law, brave and generous, subject of many bal- 
lads. 

Rob Roy. The Robin Hood of Scotland, de- 
picted in Scott's novel so named. 

rodomontade. Vainglorious talk, — from Ro- 
domont, a braggart knight of Medieval ro- 
mance. 

Roland {A) for an Oliver. Blow for blow, tit 

for tat, — from a drawn combat between i2. 
and O.,two paladins of Charlemagne. 

Roland's horn {The blast of). Blown at the 
dreadful fight in the pass of Roncesvalles, to 
call the king to aid his little rear guard over- 
borne by the whole Saracen army. 

Rosamond {Fair). Beloved by Kmg Henry II. 
of England, and poisoned by his queen (1177). 

RosciUS. Famous Roman actor. David Gar- 
rick was called The British R. 

Rosetta Stone. Basalt tablet found in Egypt, 
with an inscription in three languages — hier- 
oglyphic, demotic, and Greek, thus giving the 
first key to the Egyptian hieroglyphics ; now 
in Brit. Museum. 

Rosinante (-nan'te). Don Quixote's sorry nag ; 
hence, any poor horse. 

rouge et noir (ruzh a nwar). Fr. Red and 
black. Card game of chance, on .a board 
marked with red and black diamonds. 

Rough and Ready. Gen. Zachary Taylor. 

Roundheads. The Puritans, who cropped their 
hair. 

roundrobin. Protest or petition, signed in a 
circle, none leading. 

Round Table {The). Circular marble table 
around which sat King Arthur and his knights ; 
also, Arthur's knights, collectively. 

Royal Martyr (The). King Charles I. of Eng- 
land. 

royal road to learning. Euclid, asked by King 
Ptolemy for a brief explanation of his mathe- 
matics, replied, "There is no r. r. to 1." 

Royal Society. An English society (inc. 1662) 
for advancement of science. 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



603 



Rubicon {To pass the). To take an irrevocable 

step, as when C*sar with his army crossed the 

R. river, advancing upon Rome. 
rubric- Printed in red, as liturgical directions 

for eccl. service ; hence, an established rule. 
Rule Britannia. First words of a patriotic 

song (1740) by James Thomaou, author of 

" The Seasons." 
Rump Parliament. Remnant of 60 after 160 

members of the Long Parliament had been 

cleared out by Cromwell for not condemning 

the king (1G48). 



Sabbath. Rest-day. Ancient Chaldean and 
Hebraic day of rest from ordinary occupations 
and of religious service. 

Sabbath day's journey. In the Hebrew re- 
strictions upon secular activity, travel was al- 
lowed tor something less than a mile. 

Sacrament. Ecd. a sacred mystery. R. C. 
Ch. , seven — Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, 
Penance, Orders, Matrimony, Extreme Unc- 
tion ; Protestant Cfis., tico — Baptism, Lord's 
Supper (Eucharist), the others being dropped 
(15i62) as having " not any visible sign or cere- 
mony ordained of God." 

sagas. Scandinavian legends. 

Sailor King. William IV of England, in the 
navy, 17T>t-18'J7 ; crowned 1830. 

St. Bartholomew {Massacre of). Killing of 
Frencli Huguenots in Paris and elsewhere on 
67. B.'s Day, Aug. 24-25, 1572. 

St. Cloud (sSn klu). Famous royal palace near 
Paris, destroyed in 1870. 

St. James {Court of). Court of Gt. Britain — 
from .S7. J.''s Palace in London. 

St. Mark's {Cathedral). Splendid Venetian 
church. 

St. Paul's {Cathedral). In London, designed 
by Sir Christopher Wren. 

St. Peter's. Vast metropolitan church of Rome, 
designed by Bramante and Michael Angelo 
(erecting, 1506-90). 

St. Sophia. Greek metropolitan church at Con- 
stantinople,8ince 1453 a Mohammedan mosque. 

St. Stephen's. British Houses of Parliament, 

— the Commons formerly met in St. .S'.'« 
Chapel. 

Sakuntala. Hindu drama by Kalidasa. 

salamander. Fabled lizard that could live in 
fire. 

Sancho Panza. The sensible rustic page of 
Don Quixote. 

Sangreal or Holy Orail. The lo.st cup from 
which the Savior drank at the Last Supper, 
the quest for which was the great source of 
adventure for the Knights of the RoundTable, 

— strikingly employed in Wagner's "Parsi- 
fal." 

sans culottes (/^r./ without breeches). Satiric 
name for French revolutionists, who scorned 
aristocratic breeches and wore trousers. 

Santa Croce (kro'cha). Church of the Holy 
Cross, Florence, Italy, burial place of many 
great men. 

Satanic School. Name for Byron and his irre- 
ligious imitators. 



Saturnalia. Ancient Roman 7-day .s' festival to 
Saturn, a time of licensed fun and disorder. 

scallop shell. Used by Holy Land pilgrims for 
cup, spoon, and dish, and worn in the hat as 
hadire of pilgrimage. 

Scheherazade (sha-ha'ra-za'de). Sultana of the 
Indian sultan who strangled a new wife every 
morning, but this one so amused him with the 
l,i»01 Arabian Nights tales that he spared her. 

Schoolmen. Medieval theologians, who lectured 
in Charlemagne's cathedral schools. 

Scotland Yard. Headquarters of the London 
police. 

Scourge of God. Attila, the Hun. 

Selah. Ileb. Word of unknown meaning often 
used in the Psalms, prob. a nuisical direction. 

September Massacres. Slaughter of 8,000 roy- 
alist prisoners in French Revolution (Sept. 2, 
3, 4, 1792) by order of Danton. 

septuagint. Greek version of the Old Testa- 
ment made in Alexandria (270-130 b. c), so 
called either because made by 70 (really 72) 
scholars, or as authorized by the Sanhedrim of 
70 members. 

serenade. Music performed in the serene or 
open air. 

Seven-hilled City. Rome. 

Seven Wonders of the World. Pyramids; 
Pharos (lighthouse) of Alexandria ; walls and 
hanging gardens of Babylon ; Diana's tem- 
ple at Ephesus ; statue of Zeus by Phidias; 
Mausoleum of Artemisia ; Colossus of 
Rhodes. 

Seven Years' War. Betw. Frederick the Great 
(Prussia) and Maria Theresa (Austria) for 
Silesia (1756-G3). 

Shakers. A religious celibate sect, orig. in 
England (1747), coming to America (1774), 
named from their dancing worship. 

Shamrock. A three-leaved plant, national Irish 
symbol because said to have been used by St. 
Patrick to explain the Trinitj'. 

Shibboleth- A test-word, — from its use by the 
Gileadites to discover the fugitive Ephraim- 
ites, who called \t Sibboleth {Judges xii :1-1G). 

Sick Man(r//.''). Name given by Czar Nicholas 
of Russia to Turkish Empire. 

Sir Charles Grandison. Gentlemanly hero of 
Samuel Richardson's novel of that title (1753). 

Sir Roger de Goverley. Imaginary just, be- 
nevolent country gentleman portrayed in 
Jo.seph Addison's '"Spectator." 

Six Hundred, Charge of the. Brave but mis- 
taken charge of 670 British Light Cavalry on 
Russians at Balaklava. 

Sleeping Beauty ( The). Slept for 100 years in 
an enchanted castle nnd was kissed awake by 
an adventurous prince, who married her. 

Sleepy HollOV^r. Scene of Irving's tale of the 
Headless Horseman, legend of the Hudson. 

snood. Scotch maiden's hair ribbon ; when 
married she put on a coif. 

sock. Low shoe worn by actors of comedy in 
ancient Greece and Rome ; 'symbol of comedy. 
Sock and btiskin, comedy and tragedy. Cf. 
buskin. 

Sorbonne. Great university in Paris, founded 
1252, 



604 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



SOrtes. Choice or prophecy by lots ; as s. Ver- 
gilianae, telling fortune by random selection 
of any passage of Vergil's ^neid ; s. Biblicse, 
the same, substituting the Bible. 

South Sea Bubble. English stock-jobbing 
scheme based on monopoly of South Sea trad- 
ing, for buying up the national debt with 
guaranteed interest. £ 100 shares rose to 
£, 1000, but the bubble burst with widespread 
ruin (1710-20). Cf. Mississippi Bubble. 

spa. Medicinal springs, — from such springs at 
Spa, Belgium. 

Spanish Main. Northern coast of South America 
and Caribbean Islands. 

Sphiuz. A fabled monster with lion's body and 
human head, often shown in ancient sculp- 
ture ; The S., the vast one near the Great 
Pyramid in Egypt. 

Stabat Mater {Dolorosa) ("Stood the Mother 
sorrowful "). First words of an old Latin 
hymn on the Crucifixion. 

Star Chamber. An English civil and criminal 
court, sitting without jury ; aboUshed by the 
Long Parliament (1641). 

Sterling, standard of fixieness of British coin : 
silver, .925 ; gold, .916. 

Strasburg Cathedral- Erecting from iith to 
15th cent., with famous open-work tower and 
spire 468 ft. high. 

Swedish Nightingale. Jenny Lind (Madame 
Goldschmidt) (1820-87). 

S3miposium. Orig., a drinking party or ban- 
quet, with conversation; now, a discussion by 
several. 

T. 

tabard. A sleeveless jacket ; the T. Inn, a Lon- 
don tavern, from which Chaucer started his 
Canterbury Pilgrims. 

taboo. Polynesian word. Forbidden (by chief 
or priest) ; Colloq. Eng., forbidden by custom 
or social taste. 

Tammany Hall. Headquarters of the Tam- 
many Society, the New York Democratic 
party-organization ; also, the Society, foiuided 
1789, often used politically for pecuniary bene- 
fit of its managers. 

Te Deum. First words of a great church liymn 
— " We praise thee, God," attributed to 
St. Ambrose, but probably much earlier. 

Temple Bar. A famous stone gateway, formerly 
marking boundary between London city and 
Westminster ; removed (1878) to Hertford- 
shire. 

tester. A sixpence, — from the head on it. 

Theosophy. Hindu philosophic doctrine of 
direct communication with divine and spirit- 
ual nature through psychic powers in man 
developed by physical processes, learned and 
practiced by adepts. 

Thirty Years' War. Between German Catholics 
and Protestants, from 1618 to 1648. 

thistle. Scottish national emblem. 

Thomas ^ Kempis. An Augustinian friar of 
Kempen, Germany, to whom is attributed the 
great religious classic, "The Imitation of 
Christ." 

Thor- Scandinavian god of war. 



Thoth. Egyptian god of arts, sciences, music, 
eloquence, and astronomy, similar to Hermes 
of the Greeks. 

Three Estates {of the Realm). Nobility, Clergy, 
and Commonalty. Burke called the Press " the 
fourth estate, more powerful than you all." 

Thugs. A member of Hindu reUgious frater- 
nity of stranglers, suppressed by the British 
between 1830 and 1840. 

Thunderer {The). The Loudon " Times." 

Tombs, The. Former city prison. New York, 
built in style of Egyptian sepulchral monu- 
ments. 

Tommy Atkins. The British private soldier. 

Tory. English conservative political party. 

Tower of London. An ancient palace and cita- 
del on the Thames, famous in English history, 
now a national museum. 

towers of silence. Stone structures in Persia 
and India where the dead are laid, the vul- 
tures picking clean the bones. 

Transfiguration. The transformed appearance 
of Jesus on the Mount, — theme of Raphael's 
most famous painting, now in the Vatican. 

tricolor. Three-colored flags or ribbons used as 
national symbols ; as, France, blue, white, red 
(horizontally) ; Belgium, black, yellow, red 
(horizontally) ; Holland, red, white, blue (ver- 
tically) ; Italy, green, white, red (horizontal- 
ly) ; U^iited States, red stripes on white 
ground, white stars on blue ground. 

Trinity. A threefold deity, such as has been 
held by almost every systematic mythology or 
theology, including the Christian. 

Trinity Church. An early Episcopalian church 
in New York, its present building (1846) being 
a notable Gothic monument on Broadway at 
the head of Wall St. 

Triple Alliance. Several successive European 
combinations, the latest being Germany, Aus- 
tria-Hungary, and Italy (1883). 

trolls. Mischievous underground dwarfs of 
Northern mythology. 

troubadours- Amatory minstrels (llth-13th 
cents.) in Southern France and Northern 
Italy. 

trouveres. Minstrels of warlike narrative (11th 
-13th cents.) in Northern France. 

Tuileries. Frencli royal palace in Paris, con- 
nected by wings with the Louvre. Burned by 
the Commune in 1871. 

tulip mania {The). A craze for speculating in 
Holland tulip-bulbs, that spread over Europe, 
esp. in 1634-37. 

Tyburn. A brook running through London, on 
which, near the present Marble Arch, was a 
public gallows, until 1783. The region is now 
a fashionable quarter, called Tyburnia. 

U. 

Uffizl. One of the two famous art galleries of 
Florence, connected by a covered gallery with 
the other, the Pitti, across the river Arno. 

Ultramontanes. Beyond the mountains. French 
name for Catholics who were identified with 
the Italian or High-Church party ; used also 
in Germany for the party opposing anti-papal 
legislation. 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



605 



Underground Railroad- Secret ways of helping 
fugitive slaves to escape from the South, before 
the Civil War. 

Undine (-den). A water nymph in German ro- 
mance, born without a soul, which she gained 
by loving a mortal. 

Unknown, The Great. Sir Walter Scott, whose 
authorship of the Waverley Novels was long 
anonymous. 

Unter den Linden. A beautiful street in Berlin, 
lined with linden or lime trees. 

upas tree. A Javanese tree yielding a poison- 
ous juice used for arrow-points, formerly fa- 
bled to destroy any living thing coming near it. 

Upper Ten Thousaiid, or Upper Ten. Phrase 
used of the New York fashionables by N. P. 
Willis. 

Utopia. {Gr.) Nowhere. An imaginary island 
described by Sir Thomas Moore, where all is 
perfect • hence Utopian, visionary. 

V. 

Valentine, Saint. Patron of sweethearts and 
lovers. 

Valhalla. The Scandinavian paradise of slain 
heroes. 

Valkyries. Handmaids of Odin, choosers of the 
slain, who point out in battle the heroes to die. 

vampire. Superstition of a blood-sucking ghost 
who drains the veins of sleepers ; hence, an 
extortioner. 

Vanessa. Miss Esther Vanhomrigh, a loving 
friend of Dean Swift, who so called her. 

Vanity Fair. In Bunyan's " Pilgrim's Prog- 
ress," a fair in the town of Vanity, tempting 
buyers with the foolisli pleasures of life. 

Vatican. The Papal palace at Rome, a gather- 
ing of buildings, with art galleries, library, 
chapels, museums, etc. Term often used for 
the Papacy. 

Vedas. The four sacred books of the Hindus. 

Venus de Medici- A beautiful undraped antique 
Greek statue, in the Ufflzi Gallery, Florence. 

Venus de Blelos, or MilO. A splendid antique 
Greek statue in the Louvre, Paiis. The arms 
are missing and the lower limbs draped ; its 
effect is majestic. 

Veronica, Saint (Handkerchief of ). A relic in 
St. Peter's at Rome, siid to be the kerchief 
the maiden offered to Jesus to wipe his brow, 
on the way to Calvary, now bearing the im- 
press of his feature.s. 

Versailles. Town near Paris, with a splendid 
palace, famous in French hi.story, now a na- 
tional museum. 

Vespers, Sicilian. A massicre of French op- 
pressors in Sicily (March 30, 1282), at the sig- 
nal of the vesper bell. 

Via Dolorosa. The Sorrowful Way. Christian 
name for road of Jesus from Mount of Olives 
to Golgotha. 

Virgin Queen {The) Elizabeth of England. 

W. 
Wacht am Rhein {Oer.; The Watch on the 
Rhine). A song that had great popularity dur- 
ing the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71, and 
was adopted as national by the Germans. 



Wahnfried- {Ger.) Ideal peace. Richard Wag- 
ner's villa at Bayreuth. 

Wall Street- Financial center. New York ; 
term used for the money market in general. 

Walpurgis Night. May-day eve, when witches 
hold revel on broomsticks and goats. 

Walton, Isaak. Englisii author (1593-1683), 
esp. of " The Complete Angler." 

Ward, Artemus. Pen-name of Charles F. 
Browne, humorous American author (liS34-67). 

War of the Roses- A 30-year civil war in Eng- 
land (1455-85) between the royal houses of 
York (badge, a white rose) and Lancaster (red 
rose). 

wassail {Saz. Wses hseil. Be thou well). "Your 
good health " — a salutation in drinking ; 
hence a carouse. 

Ways and Means {Committee of). Parliamen- 
tary and Congressional committee for revenue 
legislation. 

welsher. One who does not pay lost bets on 
races. 

werewolf. Ger. superstition of a man in wolf- 
form and nature. 

Westminster Abbey. In London, the most fa- 
mous English church, chiefly built in 13th 
cent., of esp. historical interest as the burial 
place of many great men. 

Whig. In England formerly the political party 
of progress (now called Liberal) as opp. to 
loRY ; in America, a former political party 
favoring a protective tariff (now called Re- 
publican). 

whistle, too dear for the. Proverb, from Frank- 
lin's story of the boy who paid four times its 
worth for a whistle that he soon tired of. 

White Elephant. Something requiring much 
expense with little profit, a burdensome pos- 
session. 

white feather (to show the). To betray cow- 
ardice, no true game-cock having white feath- 
ers. 

Whitehall. A former palace in London, stand- 
ing to the north of Westminster Abbey, dating 
from 13th cent., scene of many historic events; 
in front of its banqueting hall (all that re- 
mains) Charles I. was beheaded. 

White House. The U. S. presidential residence 
at Washington. 

White's. A well-known gaming club in Lon- 
don, established 1698. 

wide-awake hats. Said to be so called because 
fell lias no nap. 

willow pattern. A blue and white decorative 
design in Chinese table ware, brought to Eng- 
land 1775. 

windmills, to fight. To fight imaginary evils, 
as Don Quixote attacked the windmills for 
giants. 

Windsor Castle. Chief royal residence, near 
London, castle, palace, and park, of great ex- 
tent and magnificence. 

witchcraft. Supposed supernatural power 
gained by compact with the Devil ; a supersti- 
tion costing innumerable lives of innocent ac- 
cused persons, not only in the European Dark 
Ages but in the 17th cent, in American Mas- 
sachusetts. 



606 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



Woolsack, The. Seat of the Lord Chancellor 
of England hi the House of Lords, a square, 
red-covered cushion of wool. 

Worms, Diet of A famous Council at Worms, 
Germany (1521), the object of which was to 
check the Reformation, and which condemned 
Luther as a heretic. 

X. 

Xavier, Saint Francis. A great Spanish Jesuit 
missionary (150G-52) who labored and died in 
the East Indies. 

Ximenes, Francisco. Famous Spanish cardi- 
nal, statesman, and scholar (1436-1517). 

Y. 

Yahoo. In Swift's " Gulliver's Travels," vi- 
cious brutes in t'le form of men, contrasted 
with Houyhnhnms or horses gifted with rea- 
son ; hence, a brutal rowdy. 

Yankee. in general, an American (Indian 
corruption of English) ; specif, a New Eng- 
lander. 



Yankee Doodle. A comical popular American 
song, arising during the Revolution. 

Yellow Jack. Yellow fever ; the yellow quar- 
antine flag. 

Yorkshire pudding. A batter pudding baked 
under meat. 

Yosemite Valley (yo-sSm'T-ta). A famous cleft 
in Sierra Nevada mountains, in Mariposa Co., 
Cal., 6 m. long, from hm. to 2 m. wide, with 
walls 3,000 to 5,000 ft. high. 

Ysolde. See IsEULT. 

Yule. Christmas ; Yule log, the great log 
backing the Christmas hearth-fire. 



Zadkiel. Pen-name of Lieut. R. J. Morrison in 
his astrological prophetic almanac (from 1830). 
He died 1874. 

Zend Avesta. Sacred writings of the Zoroas- 
trian (Persian) religion. 

Zodiac Imaginary belt in the heavens divided 
into 12 parts, each with its constellation sign, 
6 north and 6 south of the equator. 



PUNCTUATION KULES. 



Punctuation should be used as an aid to clearness, and not directly for rhetorical purposes. 
Practical rules cannot be luade so specific as to meet every matter of detail, and the application 
of many rules is properly subject to variation according to personal opinion as to differences in 
tlie subject-matter punctuated. Most of those here given, however, are generally accepted as in- 
violable. 

COMMA. 

General Principle. A comma marks the sliglitest interruptions in grammatical construction 
that demand punctuation, and should not be used when no such interruption is present unless by 
its use added clearness can be secured. 

Rule I. Insert a comma after the first of two words, phrases, or short clauses when they are in 
the same construction and not connected by a conjunction. 

We are feurf ally, uonder/idli/ made. 

Rule n. Insert a comma after each except the last of two or more words, phrases, or clauses in 
the same construction but with no conjunction except before the last member of the series. 

The world, the Jle-sh, and the devil. 

It is neither good, bad, nor indiji'erent. 

Rule ni. A comma is needed before and after a word or a group of words which is inserted in- 
dependently, or so that the rest of the sentence would be grammatically complete without them, 
but which is not sufficieutly independent to require the use of marks of parenthesis. 

Punctuation, like other matters, should he governed by common sense. 

Commas, therefore, should not be used ivithout rea.w7i. 

A uthors, not printers, should punctuate their writing. 

All printers, hou-ever, should knoiv hoic to punctuate. 

The most vigorous thinkers and icriters are, in fact, self-taught 

Rule IV. A connna is needed before a conjunction introducing an antithesis, or a clause in op- 
position to one preceding, or introducing an opposite assertion 

False delicacy is affectation, not politeness. 

Though learned and methodical, the teacher was not a pedant. 

Rule V. A word or group of words standing independently at the beginning or end of a sentence 
should be separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma. 

A wkward in his person, James was ill qualified to command respect. 

Ant'mio, light my lamp. 

Referring to your note of the \Oth inst., I would say, etc. 

He was a scoundrelly rascal, urith all due respect to his learning. 

Rule VI. A comma precedes a relative clause that adds an explanation, but not a clause that re- 
stricts the application of an antecedent. 

Behold the emblem of thy state in flowers, irhich. bloom and die. 

Every teacher must like a boy who is attentive and docile. 

SEMICOLON. 

Rule I. Each clause, or part of a sentence, that is itself divisible into parts marked off by com- 
mas sliould have a semicolon after it ; also each clause in a sentence that contains any such part 
with commas. 

Our .fchoolboohi used to tell us that at the period ice should stop long enough to count four ; at the 
colon, three : at the semicolon, two ; at the comma, one. 

Stones grow ; vegetables grou- and live ; animals grow, live, and feel. 

Rule n. Two or more clauses in a series in tlie same construction, when the conjunction is 
omitted, should be separated by semicolons. Occasionally commas are .sufficient in such cases. 
See Comma, Rule I.) 

Philosophers assert that Nature is unlimited in her operations ; thai she has inerhau-itible 
treasxires in reserve; that knowledge tvill always be progre.<isive ; and that all fidure generations 
will continue to make discoveries of which we have not the slightest idea. 

COLON. 

Rule. A colon should be used after a word or clause introductory to a speech, a letter, a state- 
ment of particulars, or a quotation of along sentence or a number of sentences, and before a short 
quotation if that is made a separate paragraph. 

The colon is very little used as a mark of punctuation within the sentence, but may be so used 
as intermediate between the semicolon and the period. 

(GOT) 



608 USE O^ CAPITAL LETTERS. 

PERIOD. 

Rule I. Every sentence that is not interrogatory or exclamatory is ended with a period. 

Rule II. An abbreviation, as distinguished from a contraction or a mere short form, has a period 
after it. 

Wm./or William is an abbreviation ; depH for department is a contraction ; Will for William 
is a shoit form. 

Rule in. A decimal number is written with a period before it. 

INTERROGATION AND EXCLAMATION. 

Rule. A question should always end with an interrogation point, and a mere exclamation, or a 
strongly exclamatory sentence, vvitli an exclamation mark. 

PARENTHESES AND BRACKETS. 

Rule. Parenthesis marks and brackets (often called square brackets) inclose words that are not 
necessary parts of the sentences in which they are used. Brackets are commonly restricted to the 
inclosing of corrections, notes, directions, editor's comment, etc. 

DASH. 

Rule. The dash is used to denote a sudden change in the construction, a suspension of the sense, 
an unexpected transition in the sentiment, a sudden interruption, or hesitation in speaking. 
Dashes are sometimes used instead of parentheses. 

APOSTROPHE. 

Rule I. When letters are omitted from within a word, use an apostrophe in place of them, also 
at beginning or end of a word when the omission is to be shown. 

Rule n. In the possessive case singular (as w?«w'a), and in that of irregular plurals (as men^s), 
use an apostrophe and s ; in regular plural possessives (as boys''), use the apostrophe alone. 

Rule III. The plural of a single letter or figure is formed by adding apostrophe and s (as o'*, 
d^s, 3'5, etc.), but the apostrophe is not needed with figures (as 85, 95, etc.). 

QUOTATION MARKS. 

Rule. Quotations are marked by two inverted commas at the beginning and two apostrophes at 
the end. A quotation within a quot ;tion has single marks. In British usage the use of the single 
inverted comma and single apostrophe for full quotations is more usual, with double maiks em- 
ployed within. 



USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS. 

Rule I. Begin every sentence with a capital. 

Rule II. Begin every line of poetry with a capital. 

Rule 111. Begin every proper name, as of a person or a place, with a capital. 

Rule IV. Begin with a capital the name of a day, month, historical period, etc. 

Rule V. Use a capital in words made from the name of a person or a place, except in the few 
common words like china, boycott, etc., and names of substances, forces, etc., in the sciences, as 
gado/hiite, galvanism, etc. 

Rule VI. Appellatives of God should always have capitals. 

Rule Vn. Use a capital in every official title put before a person's name or in place of his 
name. 

Rule VIII. Begin the name of a political party, a religious sect or denomination, etc., with a 
capital. 

Rule IX. Begin with a capital the name of a point of the compass ; and adjectives derived 
from them when referring to conventionally recognized divisions or sections of the United States, 
or other countries or parts of the world , as, the North, the South, the East, the West, Northern, 
Southern, etc. 

Rule X. Capitalize each word in the title of a book, except the articles, prepositions, and con- 
junctions. 

Rule XI. The pronoun / and the interjection O are always capit^als. 



RULES FOR SPELLING DERIVATIVES, PLURALS, 

ETC. 

Rule 1. (a) The final consonant of a primitive word is doubled in derivatives formed by 
adding a termination beginning with a vowel to monosyllables and words accented on the last syl- 
lable when these words end in a single consonant (except/* and x) preceded by a single vowel. 
Examples: clan, dunnish ; infer, in J'erred ; squat, squalter, squatting. Exceptions: derivatives 
of gas {exce[>t giisxitig, gassi/) ; cabal, cabalism ; prejer, preference ; refer, reference ; defer, def- 
erence, and other words in which the accent of the derivative varies from that of the primitive. 

(b) The final consonant is not doubled in derivatives formed by addition of a termination 
beginning with a vowel when the final consonant of the primitive is preceded by a diphthong, a 
vowel digraph (as in brier) or by another consonant, or if the accent of the primitive falls on any 
syllable except the last. Examples: act, acting; ebb, ebbing ; daub, daubed ; need, needy ; travel, 
traveler. Exceptions: humbug, humbugged ; periwig, periwigged, where a final hard gr before 
e or i is doubled to prevent its being pronounced as J. 

Variations of Usage Some authors double the final consonant in derivatives of the following 
words, although tliey are not preferably so written : apparel, barrel, bevel, bias, bowel, cancel, car- 
buret and similar words ending in uret, cavil, carol, channel, chisel, counsel, cudgel, dial, dishevel, 
dowel, drivel, duel, empanel, enamel, equal, funnel, gambol, gravel, grovel, handsel, hatchel, im- 
peril, jewel, kennel, kidnap, label, laurel, level, libel, marshal, marvel, medal, metal, model, panel, 
parallel, parcel, pencil, peril, pistol, pommel, quarrel, ravel, revel, rival, rowel, shovel, shrivel, 
swivel, tassel, tinsel, trammel, travel, tunnel, uni'avel, vial, victual, tvorship. 

Rule 2. (a) Final silent "e " of primitives is generally retained in derivatives formed by 
adding a termination beginning with a consonant. Examples : pale,pale7iess ; hate, hateful. Ex- 
ceptions : where the final e is preceded by some vowel other than e, it is often dropped from the 
derivative : as, woe, woful (or woeful) ; due, duly ; true, ti-uly. Also wholly, nursling, ivisdom, 
abridgment, acknoniedgment, lodgment, judgment. 

(b) Final silent " e " of primitives is omitted in derivatives formed by adding a termination 
beginning with a vowel. Examples: bride, bridal ; plume, plumage, etc. Exceptions: hoeing, 
shoeing, toeing, dyeing, singeing, springeing, sivingeing, tingeing, mileage, peaceable, noticeable, 
manageable, changeable, advantageous, outrageous, mortgageor. 

Rule 3. (a) Final "y" preceded by a consanant of primitives becomes "i" in deriv- 
atives formed by adding any termination except one beginning with /. Examples : icy, iciest, 
icily; mercy, merciless; modify, modijies ; pity, pitiful. Exceptions . monosyllabic adjectives 
usuallj' retain the y ; as, shy, shyer, shyness ; sly, slyest ; dry, dryly (but drier, drie.it), etc. De- 
rivatives ending in -ship, -like, and those formed from baby and lady retain the y. The y is also 
retained in the possessive case of nouns formed by adding 's. 

(b) Final "y" preceded by a vowel of primitives is retained unchanged in deriva- 
tives. Examples : guy, guyety, gayly (sometimes gaiety, gaily) ; play, ])l(Vjer, plays ; joy. joyful, 
etc. Exceptions : daily, laid, paid, said, saith, slain, staid, and their compounds ; deiviness. 
Derivatives from words ending in -tiy, as colloquies, are not exceptions, as the u may be regarded 
as a consonant. 

Rule 4. (a) Plurals of notms are regularly formed by adding " s." For Exceptions, see 
b and Rule 5 below and the individual word in the Vocabulary. 

(b) Plurals are formed by adding "-es" where the singular form ends with such a sound 
(as that of ch in much, sh,j, s,jr, or z) tliat the .sound of s cannot unite with it in pronuncia- 
tion but must form a separate syllal)le. If one of these letters is followed by silent e, s only 
is added, but the silent e with the added s forms a separate syllable. 

Rule 5. Plurals of nouns ending in "y " preceded by a consonant are formed by adding 
-es and changing y to i: as, mercy, mercies ; lady, ladies ; colloquy, colloquies {u here, being pro- 
nounced as u', is considered a consonant); Mary, Maries {oitew Marys). iS only is added if the 
singular ends in y preceded by a vowel ; as, d^y, days ; money, moneys ; guy, guys. 

(GOJ) 



FORMS OF ADDRESS. 



Aml)assadors or Ministers of the United 
States in Foreign Coimtries. 

Address. His Excellency, Honorable -: — , Am- 
bassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary [En- 
voy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary] 
at the Court of [French Capital]. 

Begin. Your Excellency ; o?- Sir. 
Ambassadors or Ministers from Foreign 
Countries. 

Address. His Excellency, His Britannic Maj- 
esty's [The German Emperor's] [The French] 

[The Spanish] Ambassador [Minister] at ; 

or His Excellency, The Honorable , Envoy 

Extraordinary from . 

Begin. Personal title, Your, Excellency; or 
Sir. 
Archbishop. 

(Eng.) Address,' His Grace the Lord Arch- 
bishop of . 

Begin. My Lord Archbishop. 

(U. S.) Address. The Most Reverend the 

Archbishop of . 

Army Officers. 

Address. The Commander in Chief, Army of 

the United States ; or Lieutenant General , 

Commanding Officer Army of the United States. 

[Colonel , U. S. A.] [Mr. , 

Lieutenant, U. S. A.] 

Begin. Sir. i^^ Use highest rank. In case 
of retired officers, omit U. S. A. 
Assistant Secretaries, i. e.. Assistants to 

Cabinet Officers. See Honorable. 
Attorney General. See Cabinet Officers. 
Auditor of Treasury. See Honorable. 
Baron. 

Address. The Right Honorable Lord [or The 
Baron] . 

Begin. My Lord. 
Baronet. 

A ddress. Sir John , Bart. [Lady ] . 

Begin. Sir [Madam]. 
Bishop. 

(Eng.) Address. The Right Reverend the 
Lord Bishop of \_or The Lord Bishop of ] ■ 

Begin. My Lord Bishop. 

(U^ S- A.) Address. The Right Reverend 

Bishop of ; [or The Right Reverend John 

, Bishop of ]. 

Begin. Riglit Reverend Sir; or Right Rever- 
end and Dear Sir. 

(Meth) Address. The Reverend . 

Begin. Dear Sir. 
Cabinet Officers. 

A ddress. The Honorable the Secretary of ; 

The Honorable the Postmaster General ; etc. [^or 
The Honorable , Secretary of State]. 

Begin. Sir. 
Cardinal. 

Address. His Eminence Cardinal ; [or 

His Eminence John, Cardinal H ]. 

Begin. Eminence [Most Eminent] [Most Enai- 
nent and Most Reverend Sir] . 



Clergymen. 

Address. The Reverend John [Rev. and 

Mrs. J. ]. 

Clerk ol Senate or House. See Honorable. 
Commissioners of Bureaus ; as, U. S. Com- 
missioner of Education. See Honorable. 
Common Forms. 

(Male.) Mister. Address. Mr. A C . 

Begin. Dear Sir ; My dear Mr. C ; Dear 

Mr. C ; etc., according to intimacy. 

PL Address. Messrs. A B. C , and 

D D. F . 

Beg 171. Dear Sirs : or Gentlemen. 

(Female.) Mistress. Address. Mrs. Albert 
B. Clark. 

Begin . Dear Madam ; My dear Mrs. Clark ; etc. 

PI. Address. Mins. A B. C and D 

E. F . 

Begin. Mesdames. 

Miss. Address. Miss Clark (eldest daughter). 

Begin. Dear Madam ; My dear Miss Clark ; 
etc. 

Address. Miss Anne Clark (younger daugh- 
ter). 

Begin. Dear Madam: My dear Miss Anne; etc. 

PI. The Misses Clark. 
Comptroller of Treasury. See Honorable. 
Congressman. See Honorable. 
Countess. See Earl. 
Dean. 

Address. The Very Reverend the Dean of 

Begin. Very Reverend Sir. 
Doctor of Laws, Medicine. Divinity, etc. 

Address. A B , Ph. D. [LL. D.] [M. D.] 

[D. D.] ; o?Dr. A B . Rev. A B , 

D. D. : or Rev. Dr. B [Dr. and Mrs. B ]. 

Begin. Dear Sir. 
Duke. 

Address. (1.) His \or Her] Grace the Duke 
[Duchess] of . 

Begin. My Lord Duke [Madam]. 

(2.) See Prince. 
Duke's daughter. 

Address. The Right Honorable Lady [Chris- 
tian name and surname : if married use her hus- 
band's surname]. 

Begin. Madam. 
Duke's eldest son. Use father's second title. 
Duke's or Marquis's younger sons. 

A ddress. The Right Honorable Lord John ; 

or The Lord John . 

Begin. My Lord. 
Duke — Wives of younger sons. 

Address. The Riglit Honorable Lady John ; 

or The Lady John . 

Begin. Madam. 
Earl or Countess. 

Address. The Right Honorable the Earl 
[Countess] of . 

Begin. My Lord [Madam]. 
Earl's daughter. Like Duke's daughter. 
Earl's eldest son. Use father's second title. 
(610) 



FORMS OF ADDRESS. 



611 



Earl's younger sons, or Viscount's <ind Baron's 
sons. 

Address The Honorable George H . 

Begin. Dear Sir. 
Earl — Wives of sons. 

Address. The Honorable Mrs. . 

h'ei/in. Madam. 

Earl's younger daughters. 

Addrejss. The Houorable Mary . 

Begin. Madam. 
Governors. 

Address. (In Mass. and by courtesy in some 
other States) His Excellency, The Governor of 

; otherwi.se Tlie Governor of ; or Hon. 

John , Governor of . 

Biiiin. Sir; (yr Dear Sir. 
Governor, Lieutenant. 

Address. Tlie Honorable , Lieutenant 

Governor of . 

Beijiii. Sir ; ar Dear Sir. 
Honorable. U.sed with Christian name and sur- 
name of various Officials in the United States, 
Senators, Representatives, Assistants to Cab- 
inet Officers, Conimi.s.sioners of Bureaus, 
Members of StateLegislatures, Heads of State 
Departments, Judges, Mayors of Cities, thus: 

Address. Honorable , United States 

Commissioner of Education [Hon. and Mrs. 

Begin. Sir : or Dear Sir. 
Junior. Added to a son's name to distinguish 
him from his father with the same name, 

, Jr. ; or , Jr., Ph. D. 

King or Queen. 

A ddress. The King's [or Queen's] Most Ex- 
cellent [^or Gracious] Majesty. 

Begin. Sire [o/- Madam] ; or May it please 
your Majesty. 
Knight. 

Address. Sir John B [initials of his or- 
der, if any, as K. C. B.] [Lady B ]. 

Begin. Sir [Madam]. 
Lawyers. 

Address. , Esq. 

Lieutenant Governor See Governor, Lieu- 
tenant. 
Marquis. 

Address. The Most Honorable {_or Noble] 
The Marquis [Marchioness] of . 

Begin. My Lord Marquis [_fem. simply 
Madam], 

Marquis's children. Like Duke's children. 
Mayors. See Honorable. 
Mister. See Common Forms. 
Monsignor. 

Adilress. The Right Reverend Monsignor . 

Begin. Riglit Reverend Sir. 
Navy Officers. 

Address. The Admiral of the Navy of the 

United States; or Admiral , Commanding 

United States Navy; Captain , U. S. N. 

Begin. Sir. (In the Navy the name, title, 
and place are at the end of the letter.) 
Pope. 

Addre.Hs. His Holiness, the Pope; or Our 
Most Holy Father, Pope. . 

Begin. Most Holy Father. 



Postmaster General. See Cabinet Officers. 
President. 

Address. The President, White House ; or 
The President of the United States, White House; 
or His Excellency, The President of the United 
States. 

Begin. Mr. President ; or Sir. 
President of State Senate. 

Address. The Honorable , President 

of the Senate of . 

Begin. Sir. 
Prince or Royal Duke. 

Address. His Roj'al Highness Prince Charles 
[or the Duke of ]. 

Begin. Sir. 
Princess or Royal Duchess. 

Address. Her Royal Higluiess the Princess 
(Christian name) [o?- the Duchess of ]. 

Begin. Madam. 
Professor. 

Address. Prof. [D. D., LL. D.]. 

Begin. Sir ; Dear Sir ; Dear Prof. . 

Queen. See King. 
Representatives. See Honorable. 
Secretary of Agriculture, State, War, etc. See 

Cabinet Officers. 
Senate, Officers of. See Honorable. 
Senate, President of. 

Address. The Honorable, The President 
of the Senate of the United States ; or The 
Honorable , President of the Sen- 
ate. 

Begin. Sir. 
Senator, Federal or State. See Honorable. 
Speaker of the House. 

Address. The Honorable, The Speaker of the 
House of Representatives. 

Begin. Sir ; or Mr. Speaker. 
Supreme Court : Chief Justice. 

Address. The Chief Justice of the United 

States ; or The Honorable , Chief 

Justice of the Supreme Court of the United 
States. 

Begin. Mr. Chief Justice; o/'Sir; o?- May it 
Please Your Honor. 
Supreme Court : Associate Justices. 

Address. Honorable , Associate Jus- 
tice of the Supreme Court. 

Begin. Mr. Justice ; or Sir ; or Your Honor. 
Vice President. 

Address. The Vice President ; or The Honor- 
able, The Vice President of the United States ; 

or The Hon. , Vice President of the 

United States. 

Begin. Mr. Vice President ; or Sir. 
Viceroys. 

Address. His Excellency, The Lord Lieuten- 
ant of Ireland [The Viceroy of India] [The Gov- 
ernor General of Canada]. 
Viscount. 

Address. The Right Honorable the Lord Vis- 
count ; or The Lord Viscount . 

Begin. My Lord. 
Viscountess. 

Address The Right Honorable the Viscount- 
ess ; or The Viscountess . 

Begin. Madam. 



PARLIAMENTARY ORDER IN PUBLIC 

MEETINGS. 

Evert assembly, whether casual and temporary or under formal organization, is gathered to 
agree upon some action. Evidently, then, to get at " the sense of the meeting," it is necessary 
that fair reason, good nature, and above all good order sliould prevail. The British Parliament 
first reduced the application of tliese principles to rules, and, although their practice has been 
freely modified to fit other conditions, the system of rules and precedents by which deliberative 
bodies govern tlieir procedure is c&Wed parli amentary . 

A brief sketch like the present will not be looked to for detailed rules governing regular as- 
semblies, such as conventions and legislatures, wliich, besides the general, have also tlieir own 
special rules ; but, for tlie occasional meeting, whether large or small, an order of procedure is 
as necessary as tracks for a railway, if any practical result is to be arrived at. 

Organization. In the case of regular bodies, each one decides upon its own members, accord- 
ing to the law of its creation ; but members of a public meeting are those who have responded to 
its call. The first necessity of life being organization of forces, a meeting must be opened by 
"being requested to " Come to order," by some one of those who have issued the call, or one recog- 
nized as identified with the occasion. He then nominates, or asks the meeting to nominate, a 
candidate or candidates for presiding officer, and puts to vote the names in order of their naming, 
unless the first one is chosen. The presiding officer is usually called the Chairman; in religious 
assemblies, the Moderator ; and in permanent societies, the Prexideni. 

Being chosen, the Chairman takes the chair, with brief thanks for the lionor, and guides a 
similar election of a Secretary (or Clerk, or Scribe), and of a Treasurer, if needed. He then 
calls on the Secretary or some one familiar with the matter to read the call or state tlie object of 
the meeting, and asks, " In view of this, what is your pleasure ? " This usually results in the 
offering and seconding of a resolution or motion expressive of action desired by one or more, and 
the matter is open for discussion. 

Chairman. It is the Chairman''s duty to preside, and conduct the meeting ; if it is an adjourned 
or a successive meeting, first to have the Secretary read the minutes of tlie previous meeting for 
approval or amendment ; to keep order ; to recognize, and if practicable name, ea<'h member who 
addre ses the chair [as, "Mr. Chairman," " Mr. Jones"] ; to receive, pres^^nt, and lieep clearly 
in mind and in view of the meeting every motion and each amendment, not allowing debite to 
wander from the question ; to decide points of order ; to accept and put to vote appeals fn-m his 
own decisions ; while he has the right, not often to exercise it, of joining in debate, asking some 
member meanwhile to take the chair ; to treat every member as his o\vn equal, and to do all with 
quiet, kindly, courteous, but firm decioion. He must sign any issued expression of the assembly's 
action, and throughout, conduct liiuiself as the chief agent in learning and formulating the will 
of the meeting. While in the chair he may not join in debate, except to give information, decide 
points of order, etc. He may vote when voting is by ballot, but the only other vote allowed him 
is in case of a tie vote, when he may by a "casting vote" give his judgment and decide the 
question. The Chair should always be spoken of in the third person, whether by himself or by 
any other person ; as, " The Chair has decided," etc., never " / (or yov) have decided," etc. ; nor 
should one say, "Mr. Chairman, I move yori that," etc., but simply, "Mr. Chairman, I move 
that," etc. Any motion which concerns the Chairman personally must be put to vote by the 
Secretary. 

Secretary. It is the Secretary'^s duty to keep a temporary record of the meeting for current 
information ; to read aloud whatever tlie meeting or the Chairman requests ; to reduce to writing 
and read aloud any motion or amendment so demanded ; if committees are appointed, to notify 
tlie Chairman of tlieir members, and to supply them with whatever documents the meeting has 
committed to their consideration ; to make final records of every action nr vote taken by the 
meetiiif , and either before final adjournment or at a succeeding meeting read it aloud for approval 
or amendment ; and to keep safely all papers that have been a part of the proceedings. The 
Secretary may join in discussion or vote, but not to the detriment of his duties as Secretary. 

(612) 



PARLIAMENTARY ORDER IN PUBLIC MEETINGS. 613 

Business. To bring any matter before a meeting, a member must address the Chair by title : 
" Mr. Cliairman ? " and the Chairman responds with the member's name : "Mr. Jones." Every 
proposition for action must be in form of a motion, as above expressed : even a resolution ; as, 
" I inot^e the following Resolution." Every motion must be seconded by another member, before 
it can be laid before the meeting. Then the Chairman may say, " It is moved and seconded that," 
etc. : " Are there any remarks? " or, " The question is on the adoption of the resolution ; what is 
your pleasure?" etc. Thereupon "the question," as it has now become, is open for debate, 
amendment, and vote. 

Motions. Every motion, and every amendment, except the very simplest, should be written. 
Amendments to a motion before the meeting may be by striking out words, or inserting words, 
or both ; every amendment is debatable if the original motion is ; and an amendment to an 
amendment is allowable, — but no further amendments. These connected motions must of course 
be acted on in reverse order, since each one changes the form of the one preceding. An amend- 
ment may be accepted by the mover of the motion, with consent of the meeting, but not without. 
If no objection is offered, consent may be assumed. 

There are .some motions, not directly concerned with the merits of a question but with indirect 
v/ays of checking or defeating it, which are privileged to intervene in its discussion. In naming 
them, these letterings will signify: a, amendable; d, debatable; na, non-amendable; nd, non- 
debatable. In their order of rank, they are : 1. Shall this question be considered ? na, nd ; — a 
motion which must be put, if at all, before debate, but which is rarely known in public meetings, 
since they are usually called to consider the very question at issue. 2. To lay on the table, na, 
nd ; a way of putting the question aside until called up by a majority vote. 3. To commit to a 
cotn/iiiltee, a, d ; sometimes advisable when a meeting feels the need of more cr^eful inquiry be- 
fore action. 4 To postpone to a specified time, d, a. 5. To postpone indefiuitely, d, na ; which 
is practical defeat. G. To demand the previous question, nd, na ; an awkward expression, mean- 
ing to stop debate and call for a vote. It is serviceable when discussion has gone far enough or 
too far; but in public meetings is rarelj' heard in form, being practically put and voted by calls 
of "Question I Question ! " when the debaters, seeing the feeling of many, subside, and the Chair 
puts the question — be it an amendment to an amendment, an amendment, or an original motion. 
7. To amend, d, a ; the motion most frequently offered, but which may be shut off by any of the 
foregoing. 

There are also some motions privileged before any of these, stich as concern the assembly rather 
than any qtiestion. These may intervene at anytime : 1. To adjourn, nd. na ; 2. To fix the time 
to which adjournment shall be, d, a ; 3. To take a recess, d, a ; 4. Questions of privilege : {a) as 
to the meeting, (b) as to the mover ; take priority of all others (except as to adjournment) until 
acted upon. As such a question may even interrupt a member's speech, it is the Chairman's 
duty, after its statement, to decide (subject to appeal) whether the matter is one of privilege, or 
not. 

Reconsideration. A motion to reconsider a vote taken can be made only by one who voted with 
the majority in the matter ; its motive should be, either correction of error or willingness to fur- 
ther consider by reason of new light. But it is not allowable after action has been taken inider 
the vote in question, as by commitment to a committee, or when involving an affirmative vote to 
adjourn, to lay on the table, or any such radical action. It is debatable when the question to be 
reconsidered was so. 

Rescinding. When it is too late for reconsideration, a motion may be made to rescind a for- 
mer action, d, a ; a motion which stands as a new proposition, even though it open up afresh the 
original matter. 

Discussion. When a motion is debatable any member may arise, address the Chair, and on be- 
ing recognized address the meeting through the Chair. If several arise at once it is the Chair- 
man's duty to recognize one, and maintain order. If any member violate the rules of courtesy, 
or if any undue procedure is in progress, any one may address the Chair : " Mr. Chairman, I arise 
to a point of order " ; and it will be the Chairman's duty to interrupt the proceedings, hear and 
deci'le upon the point of order, and, if his decision is appealed from, put it to vote to the meeting. 
Ordinarily, no member should speak more than twice, unless called upon or to give some detail of 
information, and in the absence of rules the length of speeches is likely to- be regulated by the 
temper of tlie audience. 

Voting. All questions are decided, affirmatively or negatively, by a majority vote, except the 
following, — of which, however, only the last three are likely to arise in any ordinary public meet- 



614 



WEDDING ANNIVERSARIES. 



ing : To amend or suspend the rules ; to make a special order ; to take up a question out of its 
proper order ; to object to the consideration of a question ; to extend the limits of debate ; to close 
or limit debate ; the previous question. All of these require a two-thirds vote for adoption, since 
they impose limitation upon the meeting itself, which a mere majority should not be able to do. 

Voting may be either by the Chairman's putting the question, as, " All in favor of this will say 
Aye ; all those opposed will say No,'''' and deciding by the sound ; or, if the result be doubtful, 
any member may demand or the Chair may call for a rising vote, those rising on each side in turn 
to be counted ; or, in a regular organization, with a roll of members, the roll may be called by the 
Secretary, and the individual Ayes and Noes be thus ascertained. In either case, the Chairman 
decides (unless tellers have been appointed for counting) and announces, " The motion is carried," 
or "lost." 

Gonclusicn. Finally, all concerned should bear in mind that, mutual consideration and good 
sense will go far to insure harmony in ascertaining the will of an assembly. Those who have a 
point to carry can best do it by courtesy and reasonableness : the old proverb contrasting honey 
and vinegar in catching flies is nowhere more applicable than in a public debate. People can 
be led where they refuse to be driven. Light is a better guide than heat. And let those who 
love discussion remember that " brevity is the soul of wit." 



NATIONAL FLOWERS. 



England Rose 

France Fleur-de-lis 

Germany Cornflower 

India Lotus 

Italy Lily 

Ireland Shamrock 



Japan Chrysanthemum 

Mexico Cactus 

Scotland Thistle 

Spain Pomegranate 

United States Goldenrod* 

Wales Leek 



* Though not formally adopted a growing sentiment exists in favor of this flower. 



BIRTH STONES. 



January Garnet 

February Amethyst 

March Bloodstone 

April Diamond 

May Emerald 

June Pearl 



July Ruby 

August . . : Sardonyx 

September Sapphire 

October Opal 

November Topaz 

December Turquoise 



WEDDING ANNIVERSARIES. 



1st, paper; 2d, straw; 3d, candy; 4th, leather; 5th, ivooden ; 7th, floral; 10th, tin; 12th, 
linen; 1.5th, crystal; 20th, china; 25th, silver; 30th, pearl; 35th, coral; 40th, emerald; 45th, 
ruby ; 50th, gold ; 75th, sometimes 60th, diamond. Those in italics are the ones most frequently 
celebrated. 



ANTIDOTES TO COMMON POISONS. 

Call physician at once. Give the antidote in good quantity. Except in case of corrosive acids 
or alkalies, cause vomiting by tickling throat or by an emetic. Good emetics are : mustard (2 to 
4 teaspoonfuls in cup of warm water) ; salt (2 or more teaspoonfuls in cup of water) ; tepid wa- 
ter freely ; zinc sulphate (JO to 30 grains in a little water), demulcents : olive oil, gelatin, glyc- 
erin, honey, starch, white of egg. 

Acids, Corrosive (as, hydrochloric or muriatic, nitric, sulphuric or oil of vitriol, etc., when 

strong). Magnesia, white of egg, soap ; demulcents ; stimulants. 
Alcohol. Heat extremities ; cool head ; artificial respiration. 
Alkalies (as ammonia, caustic potash, lye, lime, etc.). Dilute acids (lemon juice, vinegar), milk, 

oil ; stinmlants. 
Antimony compounds. Tannin ; demulcents. 

Arsenic compounds (e. g., Paris green). Dialyzed iron (drug store) ; demulcents ; stimulants. 
Carbolic acid (phenol) and creosote. Epsom salts ; demulcents ; stimulants. Do not give fats 

or oils. 
Copper compounds. Artificial heat ; demulcents ; stimulants. Do not give fatS or oils. 
Corrosive sublimate. Artificial heat ; white of egg ; stimulants. Do not give salt. 
Cyanides. Same as for Prussic Acid. 

Food (fish, muslirooms, etc.). Tannin acid ; castor oil ; stimulants; artificial heat. 
Gas. Ether, Chloral, Chloroform. Fresh air ; artificial respiration ; stimulants. 
Lead compounds. Same as for Carbolic Acid. 
Opium (morphine, laudanum) Tannin ; stimulants ; coffee ; artificial respiration ; keep patient 

awake. 
Oxalic acid. Lime, magnesia ; demulcents ; stimulants. 

Phosphorus (matches). Gum arable mucilage ; Epsom salts. Do nOt give f atS or oilS. 
Prussic acid, or Hydrocyanic acid. Cold douches; ammonia inhaled; artificial respiration; 

stimulants. 
Rat poison usually contains arsenic or phosphorus. 
Strychnine, Nicotine, Bruclne, etc. Tannin, charcoal, white of egg ; watch circulation and 

respiration. 
Tin compounds. Tannin, white of egg, soap, mucilage, milk. 
Unknown poisons. Chalk and water, eggs beaten with milk, whisky. 



(615) 



PRESIDENTS AND VICE PRESIDENTS OF THE 

UNITED STATES. 



1 


President. 

Vice Presi(le7it. 


Born. 


Died. 


Residence. 


Adminis- 
tration. 


Party. 


George Washington 


1732 


1799 


Virginia 


1789-1797 


Fed. 




John Adams 


1735 


1826 


Massachusetts 


1789-1797 


Fed. 


2 


John A lams 


1735 


1826 


l^assachusetts 


1797-1801 


Fed. 




Thomas Jefferson 


1743 


ISiO 


I 'iryin ia 


1797-1801 


Rep* 


3 


Thomas Jefferson 


1743 


1826 


Virginia 


1801-1809 


Rep.* 




1 Aaron Burr 


1756 


1836 


JS ew York 


1801-1805 


Rep* 




2 George Clinton 


1739 


1812 


New York 


1805-1813 


Rep* 


4 


James Maaijon 


1751 


1836 


Virgiiiia 


1809-1817 


Rep.* 




1 George Ciir'tonX 


1739 


1812 


Nexv York 


1805 


Rep* 




2 Elbridge GerryX 


1744 


1814 


Massachusetts 


1813 


Rep* 


5 


James Monroe 


1758 


1831 


Virginia 


1817-1825 


Rep* 


• 


Daniel 1). Tompkins 


1774 


18i-'5 


A'etc York 


1817-1825 


Rep* 


G 


John Q. Adams 


1767 


1848 


Massachusetts 


1825-1829 


Rep* 




John C Calhoun 


1782 


1850 


South Carolina 


1825-1833 


Rep.* 


7 


Andrew Jackson 


1767 


1845 


Tennessee 


1829-1837 


Dem. 


. 


1 Jo]rn C. Culh.onn 


1782 


1850 


South Carolina 


1825-1833 


Dem. 




2 Martin Van Bnren 


1782 


1862 


New York 


1833-1837 


Dem. 


8 


Martin Van Buren 


1782 


18b2 


New York 


1837-1841 


Dem. 




Richard M. Johnson 


1780 


1850 


Kentucky 


1837-1841 


Dem. 


9 


William H. Harrisont 


1773 


1841 


Ohio 


1841 


Whig 




John Tyler 


1790 


1862 


Virginia 


1841 


Whig 


10 


John Tyler 


1790 


1862 


Virginia 


1841-1845 


Whig 


11 


James K. Polk 


1795 


1849 


Tennessee 


1845-1849 


Dem. 


• 


George M. Dallas 


1792 


1864 


Pennsylvania 


1845-1849 


Dem. 


12 


Zachary TaylorJ 


1784 


1850 


Louisiana 


1849-1850 


Whig 


' 


Millard Fillmore 


1800 


1874 


Neu^ York 


1849-1850 


Whvi 


13 


Millard Fillmore 


1800 


1874 


New York 


1850-1853 


Whii? 


i 14 


Franklin Pierce 


1804 


1869 


New Hampshire 


1853-1857 


Dem. 


1 


William R. KingW 


1786 


1853- 


Alabama 


1853 


Dem . 


' 15 


James Buchanan 


1791 


1868 


Pennsylvania 


1857-1861 


Dem. 




John C. Breckinridge 


1821 


1875 


ICeoitucky 


1857-1861 


Dem . 


16 


Abraham Lincoln§ 


1809 


1865 


Illinois 


1861-1865 


Rep., 




1 Hannibal Hamlin 


1809 


1891 


Maine 


1861-1865 


Rep. 




2 Andrew Johnson 


1808 


1875 


Tennessee 


1865 


Rep.'i 


17 


Andrew Johnson 


1808 


1875 


Tennessee 


1865-1869 


Rep.l 


18 


Ulysses S. Grant 


1822 


1885 


Illinois 


1869-1877 


Rep. 




1 Schuyler Colfax 


1823 


1885 


Indiana 


1869-1873 


Rep. 




2 Henry WilsonX 


1812 


1875 


Massachusetts 


1873 


Rep. 


19 


Rutherford B. Hayes 


1822 


1893 


0!!io 


1877-1881 


Rep. 




William A. Wheeler 


1819 


1887 


New York 


1877-1881 


Rep. 


20 


James A. Girfiel'^§ 


1831 


1881 


Ohio 


1881 


Rep. 




Chesfer A. Arthur 


1830 


1886 


' eic York 


1881 


Rep. 


21 


Ches'ier A. Arthur 


1830 


1886 


New York 


1881-1885 


Rep. 


22 


Grover Cleveland 


1837 


1908 


New York 


1885-1889 


Dem. 




Thomas A. HcndricksX 


1819 


1885 


Indiana 


1885 


Dem. 


23 


Benjamin Harrison 


1833 


1901 


Indiana 


1889-1893 


Fep. 




Leri P. Morton. 


1824 


— 


Neu- York 


1889-1893 


Rep. 


24 


Grover Clevelnnl 


1837 


1908 


New York 


1893-1897 


Dem. 




Adlai E. Stevenson 


1835 


— 


Illinois 


1893-1897 


Dem. 


25 


William McKiiley§ 


1843 


1901 


Ohio 


1897-1901 


Rep. 




1 Garrett A. HobartX 


1844 


1899 


New Jersey 


1897-1899 


Rep. 




2 Theodore Rooserelt 


18.58 


— 


Nfiv York 


1901 


Rep. 


26 


Theodore Roosevelt 


1858 


— 


New York 


1901-1909 


Rep. 




Charles W. Fairbanks 


1852 


— 


Indiana 


1905-1909 


Rep. 


27 


William H. Taft 


18-7 


— 


Ohio 


1909 


Rep. 




James S. Sherman 


1855 


— 


New York 


1909 


Rep. 



* Previous to 1S2S, the term " Republican " was appbed to a party which arose in opposition to the Fed- 
eralists, and which was the p osenitor ot the present Democratic party. 

+ Althong:h elected by the Reimhlican party, and a strong- supporter of the Union, Mr. Johnson was pri- 
marily a Democrat and was m ISGS a prominent candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination. 

X Died while in office. 

§ Assassinated while in office. 

11 Took oath of office at Havana, but never served as \'ice President. (616) 



# 



UNITED STATES POSTAL RATES AND 

REGULATIONS. 



DOMESTIC POSTAGE. 



Including Alaska, Haivaii, Porto Rico, the Philippines, Guam, Tutuila, the Canal Zone, and 

Shanghai, China. 

5^^ See Notes at foot of page. 

First-class Matter. 1. First-class proper : Written matter, sealed or unsealed,! 2 and all matter 
sealed or otherwise closed against inspection.^ 2 cents an ounce or fraction thereof . Must have 
at least '1 cents prepaid, except letters from U. S. soldiers, sailors, or marines. Weight limit, 4 
pounds unless fully prepaid. 2. Postal cards, 1 cent each. 3. Drop letters, where there is no 
free delivery, 1 cent an ounce or fraction thereof. 

Second-class Matter. Newspapers and other periodicals, conforming to certain regulations: for 
publishers and news agents only, 1 cent a pound ; for the general public, 1 cent for 4 ounces or 
fraction tliereof. Weight limit, 4 pounds. Postage must he fully prepaid. 

Third- class Matter. Printed matter not included in second class, wrapped to permit inspec- 
tion.' - * Includes books, circulars, music, engravings, etc., 1 cent for each 2 ounces or 'fraction 
thereof. Postage must he fully prepaid. Weight limit, except for single books, 4 pounds. 

Fourtll-class Matter (merchandise). All mailable matter not included in above classes,^ * 
wrapped to permit inspection.^ Includes blank books, playing cards, electrotypes, flowers, gen- 
eral merchandise, etc. 1 cent an ounce or fraction thereof. Postage must be fully prepaid. 
Weight limit. 4 pounds. 

Unmailable. Poisons, explosives, inflammables, live animals (except bees), substances that are 
ill-smelling or liable to injure postal employes, immoral matter, and all matter not complying 
with above regulations as to weight, prepayment, etc., or insuflSciently addressed. 

Immediate delivery (within certain hours and distances) is secured for any piece of mail mat- 
ter at anj' office by attaching a special 10-cent stamp or ten cents' worth of ordinary stamps, with 
the words " Special Delivery " written on the envelope in addition to regular postage. 

Registration of any letter or package costs 8 cents in addition to regular postage. 

Forwarding. First-class matter is forwarded and returned without extra charge ; on that of 
other classes postage must be paid for each journey. 

Withdrawing Mail. Matter once mailed can be withdrawn if sender can prove identity. 

Mixed Classes- Matter of different classes in the same package goes at the highest rate 
charjjeable for any portion. 

Permissihle Additions to Original Matter. The words " personal " or " to be called for," and 
other directions as to delivery, and requests for forwarding or return upon prepayment of new 
postage, are permissible as part of the address on second, third, or fourth-class matter. 

Books of Postage Stamps- One and two cent postage stamps bound in book form are on sale at 
po.st-offices at an advance of 1 cent per book over the postage value. 

International Reply-Coupons are sold at 6 cents each, for use in sending abroad for return 
postage. Reply-coupons issued by other countries are redeemable at United States post-oflBces 
in postage stamps to the value of 5 cents for each reply-coupon. 

Postal Money Orders- Money can be sent without danger of loss at low rates to all parts of the 
United States and its possessions as well as to foreign countries by means of Postal Money Orders- 

1 Writins such as name and address of sender, simple dedication in a book, etc-, is allowed on third and 
fourth-clans matter. 

2 MS. accompanied by printed proof may be sent third-class, but ordinary typewritten matter, and also 
that printed on a mimoonrraph, hektofrraph. etc- (unlcss20or more copies are sent), belong to first-class. 

3 Certain proprietary articles, as pills, tobacco, etc., are allowed to go sealed in fo'urth-class. 

* Pbotograpbs, ntid seeds, bulbs, roots, etc., may be sent at third-class rates, but printed material other 
than paper and pads, etc., on which blank space exceeds printed matter, must go fourth-class. 

(617) 



618 



POSTAGE RATES FOR ALL CLASSES OF MATTER. 



FOREIGN POSTAGE. 
Canada, Cuba, Mexico, Panama, letters lor England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and New- 
foundland, and letters for Germany by steamers sailing for Germany direct. Same as do- 
mestic, except: 

1. Sealed packages evidently not letters are immailable. 

2. Letters to Cuba not prepaid will be transmitted and deficiency collected of addressee. 

3. For Canada and Mexico, commercial papers and trade samples take Postal Union rates (see 
below). 

4. Merchandise not classed as samples may be sent to Mexico by parcel post. 

5. Seeds and plants for Canada must pay 1 cent an ounce. 

Other Countries. Postal Union rates hold, with unimportant exceptions, and even in these 
cases the mail will be transmitted and any additional charge collected. 
Postal Union Rates- 

1. Letters, 5 cents for the first ounce or fraction thereof. 3 cents for each additional ounce 
or fraction thereof. 

2. Post cards, 2 cents each. 

3. Printed matter (including periodicals), 1 cent for each 2 ounces or fraction thereof. 

4. Commercial or business papers, l cent for each 2 ounces or fraction thereof, with a mini- 
mum charge of 5 cents. 

5- Samples of merchandise, 1 cent for each 2 ounces or fraction thereof , with a minimum of 2 cents. 

Unmailable. Same as domestic, and also, to certain countries, such articles as coins, jewelry, 
tobacco, etc., about which the local postmaster should be consulted. Articles liable to duty will 
generally be transmitted and charges collected at destination. 

Registration costs 8 cents additional, as for domestic mail. 

Prepayment. Ordinary letters for any foreign country (except Canada, Mexico, or the City of 
Shanghai, China) will be forwarded even if no postage is paid. All other matter must be pre- 
paid at least partially. 

Parcel post, in operation with the principal countries of Europe, most of the Central and 
South American Republics, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, and Japan. Inquire of post- 
master. Postage must he fully prepaid. Rate, 12 cents a pound or fraction thereof. 



POSTAGE RATES FOR ALL 

MATTER. 

Domestic first-class, including Canada, Cuba, Mexico, 
and Panama, also letters for England, Ireland, Scotland, 
Wales, and Newfoundland, and letters for Germany by 
steamers sailing for Germany direct 

Letters for other foreign countries. See also Domestic 

FIRST-CLASS .. . 

Domestic fourth -class and " drop letters " not delivered 
Domestic third-class and foreign printed matter 



CLASSES OF 



Foreign merchandise samples, including Canada and 
Mexico, not Cuba 



Foreign commercial papers, including Canada and Mexico, 
not Cuba 



Domestic second-class, for general public 

Publishers' (second-class), not shown above. 



first ounce 
2 cents 



first ounce 
5 cents 

first ounce 
1 cent 

first 2 ounces 

1 cent 

first 4 ounces 

2 cents 



each additional 
ounce 2 cents 



each additional 
ounce 3 cents 

each additional 
ounce 1 cent 

each additional 
•2 ounces 1 cent 

each additional 
2 ounces 1 cent 



Weight limit 12 ounces 



first 10 ounces 
5 cents 

first 4 ounces 
1 cent 



each additional 
2 ounces 1 cent 

each additional 
4 ounces 1 cent 



1 cent per pound 



HOLIDAYS IN THE UNITED STATES. 

Jan. 1. New Year's Day. —All but Mass., Miss., N. H. 

Jan. 8- Anuiv. of Battle of New Orleans. — La. 

Jan. 19. Lee's Birthday. —Ala., Fla., Ga., N. C, S. C, Va. 

Mardi Gras (Shrove Tuesday). —Ala., La. (in New Orleans). 

Feb. 12. Lincoln's Birthday. —Conn., Del., 111., Minn., N. J., N. Y., N. D., Pa., Wash., Wyo. 

Feb. (-'M Tuesday). State election. — Pa. 

Feb. 22- Washington's Birthday. — All but Miss., N. M. 

March 2. Anuiv. of Texan Independence. — Tex. 

March 4 ('"■ 5). Inauguration Day. — Dist. of Colum. 

Good Friday. — Ala., Del., La., Md., Pa., Tenn., Conn. 

April 19. Patriots' Day (auniv. of Battle of Lexington). — Mass. 

April 21. Anuiv. of Battle of San Jacinto. — Tex. 

April 26. Confederate Memorial Day. — Ala., Fla., Ga., Miss. 

May 10. " " " -N. c, s. C. 

May (2d Friday). Confederate Day. —Tenn. 

May 20. Anniv. of Mecklenburg Dec'n of Independence. — N. C. 

May 30. Decoration, or Memorial, Day.— All but Ala., Fla., Ga., Ida., La., Miss., N. C, S. C, 

Tex. 
June (1st Mon., even years). State Election Day. — Ore. 
Jane 3. Jefferson Davis' Birthday. — Ala., Fla., Ga., La. 
July 4. Independence Day. — All. 
July 24. Pioneers' Day. — Utah. 
Aug- (1st Thurs.) State Election Day. —Tenn. 
Aug. 16. Bennington Battle Day. — Vt. 
Sept. (1st Monday). Labor Day. — All but Ariz., Miss., Nev., N. D., La. It is observed in New 

Orleans. 
Sept. 9. Admission Day. — Calif. 
Sept. 12. Defender's Day. — Md. 
Nov. 1. All Saints' Day. —La. 
Nov. (1st Tues. after 1st Mon.). General Election Day. —All but Ala., Ark., Conn., D. C, Fla., 

Ga., 111., Me., Mass , Mich., Miss., Neb., N. C, Utah, Vt., Va. ; when election is general over 

State (in Ore., only at Presidential elections; see June). 
Nov. (usually 4th Thursday). Thanksgiving Day. — All. 
Dec. 25. Christmas Day. — All. 



STANDARD TIME. 



In 1883 the railroads of the United States and Canada adopted the present system of standard 
time. It comprises five standards : Intercolonial, or Brown ; Eastern, or Red ; Central, or Blue; 
Mountain, or Green ; and Pacific, or Yellow. These are, respectively, the mean times of the 60th, 
75th, 90th, 105th, and 120th meridians west of Greenwich, and consequently differ by intervals of 
exactly one hour. Changes from one standard to another are made at prominent stations, as at 
Detroit, Pittsburg, Wheeling, and Augussta, from eastern to central time and vice versa. Intercolo- 
nial time is used by Halifax and a few adjacent cities, but the railroads have found it more con- 
venient to extend the eastern standard to that region, leaving only four kinds of railroad time. 



RELATIVE TIME OF DIFFERENT CITIES. 

When it is noon at Washington, D. C, it is, by solar time, 12.12 p. m. at New York ; 12.24 p. m. 
at Boston ; 12.54 P. M. at Halifax ; 4.31 p. m. at Lisbon ; 5.08 p. m. at London ; 5.17 p. m. at Paris ; 
5.58 p. M. at Rome ; 6.02 p. m. at Berlin ; 7.13 p m. at Cairo ; 10.00 p. m. at Bombay ; 11.01 p. m. at 
Calcutta; 12.41 a. m. at Canton ; 12.46 A. m. at Hongkong; 1.12 a. m. at Manila; 2.26 A. m. at 
Yokohama ; 2.48 a. m. at Melbourne ; 6.37 a. m. at Honolulu ; 8.58 a. m. at San Francisco ; 9.40 
a. m. at Salt Lake City ; 10.08 A. m. at Denver ; 10.44 a. m. at Omaha ; 11.07 A. m. at St. Louis ; 
11.17 A. M. at Chicago ; 1 1.30 A. M. at Cincinnati ; 11.38 A. M. at Havana ; 11.41 A. m. at Cleveland ; 
11.50 A. M. at Panama ; 11.52 A. m. at Buffalo. 

(619) 



NOTABLE EVENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 



1492. Aug. 3. Columbus sailed on first voyage. 
Oct. 12. Columbus landed on San Salvador. 

1493. Columbus made second voyage. 
1497. June 24. Cabots discovered Labrador. 
1498- Columbus made third voyage. 
1499. Vespucci reached American continent. 
1502. Columbus made fourth voyage. 

1506. May 20. Columbus died, Valladolid, 
Spain. 

1511. Spaniards conquered Cuba. 

1512. Ponce de Leon discovered Florida. 
1521. Cortes took Mexico. 

1541. De Soto discovered the Mississippi. 

1565- St. Augustine, Fla., founded (first per- 
manent European settlement). 

1602. May. Gosnold landed on and named Cape 
Cod. 

1607. Jamestown, Va., founded (first perma- 
nent English settlement). 

1608. Champlain planted colony at Quebec 
(first permanent French settlement). 

1609. Henry Hudson discovered Hudson River. 

1614. Capt. John Smith explored New England 
coast. 

Dutch settled New Amsterdam (New York). 

1615. Tobacco first planted in Virginia. 

1619. July 30. First colonial assembly in 
America ; at Jamestown, Va. 

Dutch vessel brought 20 negroes to Virginia ; 
sold as slaves. 

1620. Dec. 21. Plymouthcolony (Mass.) found- 
ed by English Pilgrims, coming in the 3fay- 
flower (first English settlement in New Eng.). 

1630. First house buil* in Boston. 

1633. Maryland granted to Lord Baltimore. 
1633-36. Connecticut settled at Windsor, 

Hartford, and Wethersfield. 

1634. Maryland settled by English Roman 
Catholics. 

1636. Harvard College foimded. 
Providence Plantation (R. I.) founded. 

1638. New Haven Colony (Conn.) founded. 
Swedes settled in Delaware. 

1643. May 29. Union of New England colo- 
nies. 

1663. Carolina granted to Clarendon, Monk, 
and others. 

Albemarle colony (N. C.) settled. 

1664. New Netherland conquered by English, 
and named New York. 

1675. King Philip's war. 

1676. Bacon's rebellion ; Jamestown, Va., 
burned. 

1680. Charleston, S. C, founded. 

1681. Pennsylvania granted to William Penn. 
1683. Philadelphia fonnded. 

1689. King William's war with France begun. 
1692. Salem witchcraft. 

1697. Peace of Ryswick, King William's war 
ended. 



1701. Yale College founded. 

1703. Independent legislature in Del. 
Queen Anne's war began. 

1704. April 24. Boston "News Letter" estab- 
lished (first regular journal in the U. S.). 

1710. Port Royal, N. S., captured by English; 

named Annapolis. 

Parliament ordered Colonial post office. 
1713. Ajiril 11. Queen Anne's war ended. 
1733. Feb. 12. Savannah settled by English. 

1754. June. Colonial Congress met at Albany. 

1755. June-Nov. French expelled from Acadia. 
July 9. Braddock defeated and killed at Mo- 
nongahela. 

Sept. 8. British victory at Lake George. 

1756. May 17. England declared war against 
France. 

1759. Sept. 13. Defeat of French at Battle of 
the Plains of Abraham, above Quebec; Mont- 
calm and Wolfe killed. 

1760. Sept. 8. Montreal surrendered to Eng- 



lish. 
1763. 
1765. 

Oct. 
1766. 
1767. 

per 



Feb. 10. Peace of Paris signed. 
March 8. Stamp Act passed. 
7. Colonial Congress met in New York. 
March 18. Stamp Act repealed. 
June 29. Tax imposed on tea, glass, pa- 
etc. 



1770. March 5. Boston Massacre by British 
troops. 
April 12. All duties repealed except on tea. 

1773. Dec. 16. Cargo of tea destroyed at Bos- 
ton. 

1774. Sept. 5. First " Continental Congress," 
at Philadelphia. 

1775. April 19. British repulsed at Lexington 
and Concord. 

June 17. Battle of Bunker Hill. 

July 3. Washington took command of army. 

1776. March 17. Boston evacuated by British. 
July 4. Declaration of Independence. 

Aug. 27. Battle of Long Island (British vict.). 
Sept. 15. British troops entered New York. 
Nov.-Dec. Washington retreated through 
New Jersey. 

Dec. 26. Battle of Trenton (American vict.) 

" ) 



Jan. 3. Battle of Princeton ( 

7^. Battle of Bennington (" " ) 
. 11. Battle of Brandywine (British vict.) 
. 19. Battle (1st) of Saratoga (indecisive) 
. 26. Philadelphia taken by Howe. 

7. Battle (2d) of Saratoga (American 



1777. 

Aug. 
Sept. 
Sept 
Sept 
Oct. 
vict.) 
Oct. 17. 
Saratoga 

Nov. 15. Articles of Confederation of the 
TJ. S. adopted by Congress. 
1778. Feb. 6. Independence of the U. S. recog- 
nized by France ; treaty of alliance. 
June 18. Philadelphia evacuated by British. 
(620) 



Burgoyne surrendered to Gates at 



NOTABLE EVENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 



621 



1778. June 28. Battle of Monmouth (American 
vict.). 

July 3. Indian massacre at Wyoming. 
July 10. France declared war on England. 

1779. Sept. 23. John Paul Jones's naval vic- 
tory. 

1780 May 19. The " Dark Day" in New Eng- 
land. 

Oct. 2. Major Andr6 executed. 
Oct. 7. Battle of King's Mountain (Am. vict.). 

1781. Jan. 17. Battle of the Cowpens (Am. 
vict.). 

Jan.-Feb. Greene's masterly retreat. 
Oct. 19. Cornwallis surrendered to Washing- 
ton. 

1782. Nov. 30. Preliminaries of peace signed 
at Paris. 

1783. Sept. 3. Treaty of peace signed at Paris. 
.i^Vbi'. 2'). British evacuated New York. 

1785. June 1. John Adams, first U. S. ambas- 
sador to England, received by George III. 

1786-87. Shays' Rebellion in Mass. 

1787. Sept. 17. Constitution of the United States 
adopted in convention. 

Congress prohibited slavery in the Northwest- 
ern Territory. 

1789. March 4. First Congress met at New 
York. 

1790. June 1. First U. S. census ; population, 
:^.M7,872. 

1791. Jan. 7. National debt, $75,-163,476. 
1794. Whisky Insurrection in Penn. 
1796. Sept. Washuigton's Farewell Address. 

1800. .June 1. Second U. S. census ; population, 
5,305,952. 

Sept. 30. Treaty with France. 
Capital established at Washington. 

1801. ,fune 10. U. S. declared war on Tripoli. 

1803. April 30. Louisiana bought from France 
for S15,000,000. 

1804. Feb. 15. Lieut. Decatur destroyed frigate 
Phihidelphia in Tripoli harbor. 

Juhi 11. Hamilton killed by Burr in duel. 

1805. June 3. Treaty of peace with Tripoli. 

1806. Aaron Burr's treason. 

1807. Sept. 14. Fulton ascended the Hudson 
by steam. 

Dec. 'J2. Embargo on American ships. 

1809. Sept. First railroad in America in Dela- 
ware Co., Pa. 

1810. June 1. Third U. S. census ; population, 
7,J3'J,814. 

1811. Nov. 7. Harrison defeated Tecumseh at 
Tippecanoe. 

1812. Jane 19. United States declared war 
against England. 

July 12. Canada invaded. 
Aug. 19. The British frigate Guerriere cap- 
tured by U. S. frigate Constitution. 

1813. June 1. U. S. frigate Chesapeake cap- 
tured by British ship Shannon. 

Sept. 10. Perry's (Am.) victory on Lake Erie. 

1814. July 25. Battle of Limdy's Lane (Am. 
vict.). 

Aug. 24. City of Washington captured and 
burned by British. 

Dec. 24. Treaty of peace between Great Bri- 
tain and the U. S. signed at Ghent. 



1815. Jan. 8. Battle of New Orleans (Am. vie). 
War with Algiers. 

1816. Jan. 1. National debt $127,334,933 (larg- 
est amount before 18G2). 

1819. Feb. 22. Florida ceded to U. S. by Spain. 

1820. March 3. Missouri Compromise passed 
by Congress. 

June 1. Fourth U. S. census ; population, 
9,638,131. 

In 1820 Immigration for the year, 8,385. 
1825. Oct. 0. Erie Canal completed. 

1828. July 4. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad be- 
gun. 

Noah Webster published his " American Dic- 
tionary of the English Language." 

1829. First locomotive in America imported 
from England. 

1830. June 1. Fifth U. S. census ; population, 
12,866,920. 

'■ Book of Mormon " published. 
1832. Black Hawk war. 

Nor. 19. Nullification in South Carolina. 
1835. Jan. 1. National debt, S37,513 (lowest 

point to which it was ever reduced). 

Dec. 16, 17. Great fire in New York, with 

loss of §20,000,000. 

Dec. 28. S. Colt patented revolving firearms. 

1837. S. F. B. Morse filed caveat for patent of 
electro-magnetic telegraph. 

1838. Great Western and Sirius cross Atlantic, 
using steam power alone. 

1840. June 1. Sixth U. S. census ; popula- 
tion, 17,063,353. 

1841. March 4. Wm. Henry Harrison inaugu- 
rated President. 

April 4. Harrison died ; John Tyler became 
President. 

1842. Aug. 9. Maine boundary settled. 

1844. 3fay 24. Magnetic telegrapli used be- 
tween Baltimore and Washington. 

Horace Wells first employed nitrous oxide 
gas in dentistry. 

Jirne 15. Goodyear patented process for vul- 
canizing India rubber. 

1845. June 4. Mexico declared war on U. S. 

1846. May 8. Battle of Palo Alto ; Taylor de- 
feated Mexicans. 

3Tay 11. Congress declared war against Mexi- 
co. 

Aug. 23. Santa F6 taken ; New Mexico an- 
nexed to U. S. 
Sept. 10. Howe patented sewing machine. 

1847. Feb. 22, 23. Battle of Buena Vista (Am. 
victory). 

July 24. Salt Lake City founded by Mormons. 
Sept. 14. City of Mexico taken by Scott. 

1848. Jan. Gold discovered in California. 
Feb. 2. Treaty of peace with Mexico. 

May 19. Cession of California and New Mex- 
ico ratified between Mexico and U. S. 

1849- Gold seekers rush to California. 
March 5. Zachary Taylor inaugurated Presi- 
dent. 

1850. June 1. Seventh U. S. census ; popula- 
tion, 23,191,876. 

July 9. Taylor died'; Fillmore became Presi- 
dent. 
In 1850. Immigration, 369,980. 



622 



NOTABLE EVENTS IN -AMERICAN HISTORY. 



185 !■ Aug. 22. Schooner yacht Ajuerica won 
£500 English prize cup in race off Isle of 
Wiglit, beating 18 competitors by 7 miles 
Cup given N. Y. Yacht Club for international 
competition. 

1854. March, Commodore Perry's treaty with 
Japan. 

May 31 . Kansas-Nebraska bill passed. 
In 1854. Immigration, 427,833 (greatest be- 
fore 1873). 

1857. Aug. 24. Great financial panic (5,123 
bankruptcies in the U. S. and Canada, liabili- 
ties $299,800,000). 

1858. A ug. 20. First message by Atlantic ca- 
ble, from Queen Victoria to President Bu- 
chanan ; cable ceased to work Sept. 1. 

1859. Oct. 16. John Brown's raid on Harper's 
Ferry. 

First oil well sunk on Oil Creek, Pa. 
Silver found in Nevada. 

1860. June 1. Eighth U. S. census; popula- 
tion, 31,279,835. 

Nov. Abraham Lincoln elected President, 

Hannibal Hamlin Vice President. 

Dec. 20. South Carolina seceded from Union. 

1861. Jan. Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, 
Georgia, and Louisiana seceded (Texas in Feb- 
ruary). 

Feb. 4. Southern Confederacy formed at 
Montgomery. 

3Iarch 4. Abraham Lincoln inaugurated Pres- 
ident. 

April 13. Ft. Sumter surrendered by Maj. 
Anderson. 

April 15. Pres. Lincoln called for 75,000 vol- 
unteers. 

June 15. Confederate States recognized as 
belligerents by Gt. Britain and France. 
July 20. Confed. Congress met at Richmond. 
July 21. Battle of Bull Run (Confed. vict.). 
Nov. 8. Mason and Slidell seized on steamer 
Trent. 

Nov. 30. Jefferson Davis elected President 
of Confederate States ; A. H. Stephens Vice 
President. 
Dec. 31. Suspension of specie payment by U. S. 

1862. March 9. Battle of Monitor and Merri- 
mac. 

April 6. Battle of Pittsburg Landing or Shiloh 
(Confed. vict.). 

April 7. Battle of Shiloh renewed (Union 
vict.). 

April 28. New Orleans captured (Union vict.). 
June 3. Gen. R. E. Lee took command of Con- 
fed. armies. 

Jirne 25- July 1. Seven Days' battles (Mechan- 
icsville, Gaines's Mill, Savage's Station, 
Frazier's Farm. Confed. advantages). 
July 1. Battle of Malvern Hill ; end of Seven 
Days' retreat (Confed. check). 
National debt, $524,176,412. 
July 29. The Alabama sailed from Liverpool. 
Aug. 29. Second battle of Bull Run (Confed. 
vict.). 

Sept. 14. Battle of South Mountain (Union 
vict.). 

Sept. 17. Battle of Antietam (Union vict.). 
Sept. 24. Habeas corpus suspended. 



Dec. 13. Battle of Fredericksburg (Confed. 

vict.). 

In 1862. Gold : lowest price, 100 ; highest, 

137. 

1863. Jan. 1. Emancipation proclaimed by 
Lincoln. 

May 2, 3. Battle of Chancellorsville (Confed. 

vict.). 

July 1. National debt, $1,119,772,138. 

July 1-3. Battle of Gettysburg (Union vict.). 

July 4. Vicksburg surrendered. ( " " ). 

July 13-16. Draft riots in New York. 

Sept. 19, 20. Battle of Chickamauga (Confed. 

vict.). 

Nov. 24, 25. Battle at Lookout Mountain and 

Missionary Ridge (Union vict.). 

In 1863. Gold: lowest, 122^ ; highest, 172^. 

1864. June 19. Kearsarge sank the Alabama 
(Union vict.). 

July 1 National debt, $1,815,784,370. 
July 20, 22, 28. Battles before Atlanta (Union ' 
vict.). 

July 30. Chambersburg, Pa., burned by Con- 
federates. 

Aug. 5. Farragut entered Mobile Bay (Union 
success). 

Sept. 2. Atlanta taken (Union vict.). 
Nov. 16. Sherman left Atlanta on "March ^ 
to the Sea." 

In 1864.' Go\d: lowest, 151^; highest, 285 
(highest ever). 

1865. Feb. 1. Sherman marched northward 
from Savannah. 

April 3. Capture of Petersburg and Rich- 
mond. 

April 9. Lee's army surrendered. 
April 14. President Lincoln assassinated at 
Washington. 

April 26. Johnston's army surrendered. 
May 11. Jefferson Davis captured. 
May. Proclamation of amnesty. 
.July 1. National debt, $2,080,647,869. 
Dec. 18. Xlllth amendment to Constitution 
(abolishing slavery) adopted. 
In 1865. Immigration, 247,453. 
In 1865. Gold : lowest, 1281 ; highest, 234*. 

1866. July 1. National debt, $2,773,236,173 
(highest point reached). 

1867- March 30. Alaska bought from Russia ; 
$7,200,000. 

French withdrew from Mexico at demand of 
U. S. Maximilian executed by Mexicans. 

1868- June 24. Representatives admitted to 
Congress from Ark., Ala., Fla., Ga., La., 
N. C, and S. C. 

July 28. XlVth amendment to Constitution 
(equal civil rights) adopted. 

1869. May 7. Pacific railroad completed. 

1870. March 30. XVth amendment to Consti- 
tution (extending right of suffrage) adopted. 
June 1. Ninth U. S. census ; population, 38,- 
558,371. 

July 1. National debt, $2,480,672,427. 
In 1870. Immigration, 387,203. 
1870-1872. Overthrow of " Tweed Ring " in 
Npw York. 

1871. Oct. 8-10. Great fire in Chicago (loss 
$200,000,000). 



NOTABLE EVENTS IN AMERICAN .HISTORY. 



623 



1872. Sept. 14. Alabama arbitration award 
(giving U. S. 5^15,5tX),U00). 

Sor. .'/, 10. Great tire iu Boston (loss 
870,000,000). 

1873. Sept. IS. Jay Cooke & Co., Phila., failed ; 
fiuancial panic. 

In 1873. Immigration, 459,803 (greatest be- 
fore ISSl). 

1876. Muy-Nov. Centennial Exhibition at Phil. 

1877- Telephone invented by A. Graham Bell 
and Elisha Gray. 

1878. Feb. ~J. Congress remonetized silver. 
Dec. 17. Gold at par in New York (first time 
since January, ISG'2). 

1879. J<i7i. 1. Resiiuiptiou of specie payments. 

1880. June 1. Tenth \J. S. census ; population, 
50,155,783. 

Juli/ 1. National debt, ^2,128,791,055. 
In 1880. Immigration, 457,257. 

1881. March 4. James A. Garfield inaugurated 
President. 

July 2. Pres. Garfield assassinated. 

Sept. 19. Garfield died ; Chester A. Arthur 

became President. 

1882. March 22. Congress prohibited polyga- 
my in Utah. 

/// 1882. Immigration, 788,992. 

1883. Feb. 20. First civil service commission, 
appointed by President Arthur. 

3Iay 24. Brooklyn Bridge opened. 

Sept. 8. Northern Pacific R. R. opened for 

traffic. 

1884. Ju7ie 2. Newspaper postage reduced to 
1 c. for 4 oz. 

1885. March 4. Letter postage reduced to 2 
cents per oz. 

Grover Cleveland inaugurated President. 

1886. Jan. 19. Act determining succession of 
Cabinet officers to duties of presidential office, 
on death or disability of President and Vice 
President. 

May 4. Anarchist riots in Chicago : 7 police- 
men killed, 83 persons hurt. 
Aug. 20. Seven Chicago anarchists convicted 
of murder. 
Aug. :U. Severe earthquake along Atlantic 

SG SL YtGSLVU 

Oct. 28. Bartholdi's statue of " Liberty En- 
lightening the World," gift of the French 
people, unveiled in N. Y. harbor. 

1887. Ja7i. 21. Interstate commerce act (regu- 
lating railroad charges, etc.). 

1888. Sept. 7. Congress jjrohibited Chinese im- 
migration. 

In 1SS8. Immigration, 54G,889 (10,271,373 
since 1855). 

1889. March 4. Benjamin Harrison inaugu- 
rated 23d President. 

May 31. A broken dam flooded Johnstown, 

Pa., and destroyed 2,295 lives. 

Oct. 2. Congress of North, Central, and South 

American states at Washington. 

Ni)v. Nortli and South Dakota, Montana, and 

Washington Territories became States. 

1890. Jiine 1. Eleventh U. S. census ; popula- 
tion, G2,6'22,250 (gain of 12,4G6,4G7 since 1880). 
July. Idaho and Wyoming Territories became 
States. 



Aug. I). First execution by electricity, at 
Auburn, N. Y. 

Oct. 1 . McKinley Tariff Bill approved. 
Oct. 8. New Orleans cliief-of- police murdered 
by Italians. 

Dec. 1. National debt, Si ,549,200,126. 
In 1890. Immigration, 455,302. Imports, 
$789,222,228. Exports, f 857, 824,834. 
1891. Feb. IS. International Copyright bill 
passed. 

June 30 Immigrants into the U. S. , from 1820 
to 1890, numbered 15,641,088, coming chiefly 
from 

Germany 4,551.719 

Ireland 3,501,(J83 

Enjrland 2,46(».034 

British N. America .... l,02'.i,0s:i 

Norway and Sweden 943,3.30 

Austria-Hungary 4(!4,4.35 

Italy 414..M3 

Russia and Poland . . • . 3!li;.3o3 

France .... 370, 1G2 

Scotland . . f 32iM9i' 

China 2'.i2,578 

Switzerland 174,3;33 

Denmark 140,237 

July 1. International Copyright law went into 

Dec. 1. National debt, $1,546,961,695 (reduc- 
tion of $1,226,274,579 since 1866). 

1893. Feb. 1. U. S. protectorate declared over 
Hawaii : ended April 13. 

March 4. Grover Cleveland inaugurated 24th 

President. 

May 1. World's Columbian Exposition opened 

at Chicago, continued till October 30. Total 

attendance, 27,539,041. 

Aug. 24. Cyclone along Atlantic coast : 1,000 

lives lost about Charleston and Savannah. 

Oct. 7-13. American yacht Vigilant defeated 

English Valkyrie in races for America'' s cup. 

1894. Jan. 1. World's Fair opened at San 
Francisco, Cal. 

June 25. Boycott of Pullman Palace Car Co. 
by Am. Railway Union resulted in strike stop- 
ping traffic in much of the West, affecting 
50,000 miles of railroads. Government troops 
called out. Strike ended practically July 14, 
officially Aug. 3. 

Aug. 7. Gold reserve reached $52,189,500, low- 
est since resumption of specie payments Jan. 
1, 1879. 

Aug. 8. Hawaiian Republic officially recog- 
nized by the U. S. 

Aug. 27. Senate Tariff Bill including Income 
Tax became a law without President Cleve- 
land's signature, which he refused. 

1895. March 5. Steamship Allianga fired on 
by Spanish cruiser. Satisfaction demanded 
by the U. S. and given by Spain. 

May 20. Income Tax declared unconstitu- 
tional by U. S. Supreme Court : vote, 5 to 4. 
Sept. 7-13. Defender- Valkyrie III. yacht 
races for Americans cup. Defender (Am.) 
won. 

Dec. 17. President sent Congress a message 
concerning application of Monroe Doctrine to 
Venezuela and Great Britain boundary dis- 
pute. 



624 



NOTABLE EVENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 



1896. Jan. 1. President named commission of 
5 on Venezuelan boundary. 

Jan. 4. Utah Ter. became State. 
April 22. International Arbitration Congress 
met at Washington. 

May 6. Civil Service extended by President 
Cleveland to 30,000 additional government po- 
sitions ; places on Classified Lists 85,000. 
May 27. Cyclone wrecked part of St. Louis, 
Mo., and East St. Louis, killing 500 persons, 
and destroying $25,000,000 property.' 
July 30. President issued proclamation warn- 
ing against violation of U. S. neutrality laws, 
with respect to Cuban insurrection. 
Aug. 4-15. Very hot weather in Eastern 
States. 650 persons died from sunstroke. 
Oct. 20-22. 150th anniversary of College of 
New Jersey. Name changed to Princeton 
University. 

Nov. 12. Venezuelan Boundary Treaty signed 
by U. S. and Great Britain. 

1897. Jan. 11. General Arbitration Treaty be- 
tween Great Britain and the U. S. submitted 
to Senate ; rejected May 5, 1897. 

March 4. William McKinley inaugurated 25th 
President. 

May 5. Greater New York charter signed by 
governor, to go into effect Jan. 1 , 1898, incor- 
porating into one municipality population of 
3,400,000 and area of 360 square miles. 
May 20. Senate recognized Cuban belliger- 
ency. 

June 16. Treaty for annexation of Hawaii 
signed. 

July 17. Arrival at Seattle of $2,000,000 from 
Klondike gold fields made public discovery of 
rich mines. 

July 19-24. Dingley Tariff Bill passed. 
Nov. 2. First city election in Greater New 
York. Robert A. Van Wyck (Democrat) 
elected mayor over Seth Low (Citizens' Union) 
and Benjamin F. Tracy (Republican). 

1898. Feb. 15. U. S. battleship Maine blown 
up in Havana harbor ; over 250 lives lost. 
March 10. Congress empowered President to 
spend $50,000,000 for national defense. 
March 28. Court of Inquiry reported on Maine 
disaster, attributing it to submarine mine. 
April 19. Congress resolved that the U. S. in- 
tervene to enforce independence of Cuba. 
April 20. Spanish minister left Washington. 
April 21. Spanish government dismissed U. S. 
Minister Woodford. 

Adm. Sampson's fleet sailed to blockade Cuban 
ports. 

April 23. Pres't called for 125,000 volunteers. 
May 1. Commodore Dewey, with Pacific fleet, 
destroyed Spanish fleet of ten at Manila, losing 
only a few wounded. 

May 25. Pres't called for 75,000 more volun- 
teers. Com. Schley's fleet blockaded Santiago, 
preventing exit of Adm. Cervera's fleet. 2,500 
soldiers sent from San Francisco to support 
Com. Dewey at Manila. 

June 10. Invasion of Cuba by the Americans. 
June 22. Fifth Army Corps, 16,000 men, under 
Brig. -Gen. Shafter debarked at Daiquiri and 
Siboney, near Santiago. 



July 1-2. Outer defenses of Santiago carried 
by Shafter ; loss in killed, wounded, and miss- 
ing, 1,593. 

July 3. Cervera's fleet of six, escaping from 
Santiago, was destroyed by American fleet 
under Sampson and Schley. Spanish loss, be- 
side ships, 350 men killed, 165 wounded, and 
1,700 prisoners. 

Gen. Shafter demanded surrender of Santiago. 
Island of Guam, one of the Ladrones, seized 
by American warship Charleston. 
July 7. Joint resolution for annexation of Ha- 
waii signed by President. 
July 8. Congress adjourned : total appropri- 
ation for war till Jan. 1, 1899, $361,788,- 
095. 

July 17. Spanish General Toral, in command 
of Santiago, capitulated, surrendering 20,000 
troops and the eastern portion of Cuba. 
July 23. Spain inquired through M. Cambon, 
French ambassador to the U. S., on what 
terms the U. S. would cease hostilities. 
July 25. Gen. Nelson A. MUes landed with an 
army at Guanica, Porto Rico. 
July 30. Pres't McKinley gave terms for 
peace. 

Aug. 12. Protocol, signed at Washington by 
the Am. Sec. of State for the U. S., and the 
French Ambassador for Spain, suspended hos- 
tilities. 

Aug. 13. Manila surrendered to Gen. Merritt 
and Adm. Dewey after combined attack. 
Joint High Commission on differences be- 
tween the U. S. and Canada met at Quebec. 
Oct. 18. U. S. flag raised over Porto Rico. 
Nov. 1. National debt $1,964,837,130, an in- 
crease of $156,059,487 within the year. 

1899. Feb. 4. Filipino army tried to capture 
Manila ; repulsed with heavy loss. 

Feb. 10. Pres't signed treaty of Paris between 
the U. S. and Spain, latter relinquishing sov- 
ereignty over Cuba, and ceding to the U. S., 
Porto Rico, Guam, and Philippine Islands, 
receiving from the U. S. $20,000,000. 
Aug. 8. Hurricane in Porto Rico ; 2,000 killed, 
$75,000,000 lost. 

Oct. 3-20. Am. Yacht Columbia defeated 
Shamrock in races for America'' s cup. 
In 1899. Philippine warfare against U. S. 
forces continued, largely desultory and in 
favor of the Americans. 

1900. Jan. 12. Chicago drainage canal opened. 
Jan. 16. Samoan treaty with Germany rati- 
fied, the U. S. securing Tutuila and its harbor 
Pago-Pago. 

Jan. 25. Brigham H. Roberts, representative 
from Utah, excluded from Hovise, as polyga- 
mist. 

Feb. 5. Hague Treaty providing International 
Board of Arbitration ratified by Senate. 
March 14. Gold Standard Bill making the gold 
dollar the standard unit of value in the U. S. 
signed by President. 

June. Philippine Civil Commission reached 
Manila, to aid in establishing civil govern- 
ment. 

June 1. Twelfth U. S. census ; population, 
76,303,387 (gain of 13,681,137 since 1890). 



NOTABLE EVENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 



625 



1900. June 18. Troops ordered from Ma- 
nila to China to protect U. S. citizens. 

June :i(). Fire at Hoboken, N. J., destroyed 
three steamships, piers, 'JOO lives and ^,000- 
000 in property. 

Aug. 2. North Carolina constitutional amend- 
ment, limiting suttrage by educational quali- 
fication. 

Sept. S. Galveston and many Gulf towns dam- 
aged by hurricane and tiood. 6,000 lives, 
S30,000,000 destroyed. 

Oct. 2i). Names chosen for the " Hall of Fame 
for Great Americans," N. Y. University. 
Other names to be added at intervals up to 
150 in the year '2000. 

Those cliosen are Washington, Lincoln, Daniel 
Webster. Franklin. Grant, John Marshall, Jeffer- 
son, K. W. Emerson, Longfellow, Fulton, Irving, 
Edwards, .Morse, Farragiit, Clav, Hawthorne, Pea- 
body, R. F. Lee, Peter Cooper. £li Whitney, Audu- 
bon, -Maim, Beecher. James Kent, Story, John 
Adams, Channing, Gilbert Stuart, Asa Gray. 

Nov. 1. National debt, S_',lo2,373,031, increase 
of S39,G8T,007 within the year. 
Nov. a. In Presidential elections, William 
McKinley as President and Theodore Roose- 
velt as Vice President chosen by very large 
majorities. 

In 19()<). Condition of Cuba quiet. Sept. 15, 
delegates to Constitutional Convention elected. 
Trial by jury inaugurated Oct. 9. 
In lUllO. Immigration, 448,572. Total immi- 
gration from 1820 to H)00, i;i,7G5,155. 

1901. Jan. If). Reapportionment bill approved, 
increasing Representatives from 357 to 386. 
I^flj. 25. United States Steel Corporation 
("billion dollar trust") organized; capital 
81,100,000,000. 

March 4. .oOth Congress adjourned. Appropri- 
ations, -SI ,440,062,545.95 ("billion dollar Con- 
gress"). 

William McKinley inaugurated for sec- 
ond term. Theodore Roosevelt, Vice Presi- 
dent. 

^f(ty 1-Nov. 2. Pan-American Exposition at 
Buffalo. Attendance, 8.350,000. 
May '.). Great panic in Wall Street over North- 
ern Pacific Railroad stock which touched 1,000. 
July ,'>. Jacob Rogers bequeathed 85,000,000 
to N. Y. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 
July 2'}. Free trade with Porto Rico pro- 
claimed. 

Aug. Ifi. Wireless telegram rec'datNantucket, 
from steam.ship Lucanin. 

Sept. <i. President McKinley shot by an anar- 
chist, at Biiftalo. He died September 14 ; Theo- 
dore Roosevelt became President. 
Sept. 28 J M. 3, Oct. 4. Am. Columbia defeated 
Shamrock- II in races for A mcrico^s cup. 
Nov. 5. Seth Low, anti-Tammany, elected 
Mayor of New York : 30.000 plurality. 
Dec. 14. Receipt at St. John's, Newfound- 
land, of wireless signals from Cornwall, Eng., 
1,700 miles. 

Dec. If). Isthmian canal treaty with England 
providing that the U. S. shall have exclusive 
right to make and regulate the canal, 
In lfM)l. In I/airaii, first Territorial legisla- 
ture met February 20. 



/// l!/fJl. In Philippines, civil government 
established in many provinces, and forces 
reduced from about 70,000 to less than 50,- 
000. 

Special attention was paid to education, several 
hundred teacliers being taken tioni the United 
States. Civil government established in Manila. 
May .'i. July 4, W. 11. Tait inaugurated civil gov- 
ernor. 

1902. Jan. 4. Carnegie Institution incorpo- 
rated with D. C. Gilman as first president ; en- 
dowment, 810,000,000 contributed by Andrew 
Carnegie. 

3Iarch 7. Permanent Census Bureau act. 
March 14. Hague Peace Conference treaty, as 
to usage in war, ratified by Senate. 
April 2IJ. Chinese exclusion bill approved, re- 
enacting former law. 
3/ai/ 12. Coal strike. See below. 
May 31. Army reduced from 77.287 to 06,497. 
June 9-11. Centennial of West Point Military 
Academy. 
Jioie 1 7. Irrigation bill approved by the Pres't. 

It provided that in certain AVestern States funds 
from sale of public land in excess of money de- 
voted to education should be reserved for irriga- 
tion. 

June 28. Isthmian canal bill approved, giving 
President duty of determining route, and au- 
thorizing purcha.se of Panama Canal Co.'s 
works and rights for $40,0UU,(IU0. 
July 1. Sealing dispute with Russia decided 
in favor of the U. S. by Dr. Asser of the Neth- 
erlands Comicil of State. 
In July. New treaty with Spain. 
Oct. 1. International Mercantile Marine Co., 
"the shipping combine," formed. Capital 
$120,000,000; controlled 114 steamers with 
tonnage of 840,000. 

Oct. 14. Hague Arbitration Court gave first 
decision in the case of the U. S. (for tlie R. C. 
Archbishop of California^ against Mexico. 

Mexico to pay *l,420.»ls2.f;7 back annuities and 
henceforth annually •'<4."3,0.iy.99. 
Nov. 29. Hague tribunal awarded the U. S. 
damages for Russia's seizure of Am. sealers. 
Dec. 21. First complete wireless telegraph 
message sent from Cornwall, Eng., to Nova 
Scotia. 

In 1902. May 12. Strike of 145.000 anthra- 
cite coal miners on refusal of mining and rail- 
road companies to grant liigher wages, shorter 
hours, and better conditions. 

Coal famine resulted. State troops ordered to 
Shenandoah and to Lackawanna Co. Sept. ?M, coal 
sold at -T=L'.5 a ton. in Xew York, and wood at ^Ifl a 
cord. After conferences, on Oct. 1.3, a proposition 
was made by operators to refer troubles to a com- 
mission, strikers to work pending decision : ac- 
cepted by miners. Oct. 21. Coal scarcitj' and high 
jjriees continued through the winter. 
In 191)2. In Porto Rico, school children in- 
creased from 22,000 to 44.000. 
In 19f)2. In Philippines,^ aside from some 
outbreaks, the year comparatively quiet mak- 
ing civil progress. 

1903. Jan. 1. Hawaiian cable completed. 
Jan. 14. Cf)al duties suspended for one year. 
Jan. 20. Wireless telegrams between the Pres- 
ident and King Edward VII. 

Jan. 22. Panama canal treaty signed, but re- 
jected by Colombia, Nov. 3. 



626 



NOTABLE EVENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 



1903. Jan. 24. Treaty for commission on Alas- 
kan boundary. 

Feb. 14. Dep't. of Commerce and Labor est'd. 
G. B. Cortelyou first Secretary. 
March 14. Anthracite Coal Commission re- 
port. 
It provided a 9-hour day to miners and 8 hours 
to engineers ; 10 o/q increase in wages with addi- 
tional 1 07q for each 5 cents added to price of coal in 
New York ; no limit to output ; no discrimination 
because of " union " membership or reverse ; a 
permanent board of conciliation, three members to 
be appointed by mine workers, three by operators, 
to settle disputes, but no suspension of work pend- 
ing settlement ; agreement to last till March 31, 
19U6. 

March 19. Cuban reciprocity treaty ratified. 
March 20. Missouri Supreme Court fined 
meat-packing houses for violation of the anti- 
trust law. 

July 4. First message to Philippines over Pa- 
cific cable. Message around the world took 
12 minutes. 

Aug. 15. General Staff of the Army organized. 
Aug. 22, 25, Sept. 3. Am. Reliance defeated 
Shamrock III in races for America'' s cup. 
Aug. 26. Samuel J. Parks, walking delegate 
of Housesmith's Union, N. Y., convicted of 
extortion and sentenced to Sing Sing, Nov. 6, 
for two years. 

Sept. 28. 100th anniversary of founding of 
Chicago. 

Depression in stocks reached lowest 
point. Quotations on 200 railroad and indus- 
trial shares show average decrease of 33(%| from 
1902. ' 

Oct. 8. Commercial treaty with China signed ; 
ratified, Dec. 18. 

Oct. 20. Tribunal on Alaskan boundary gave 
decision. Canada debarred from access to sea 
north of Portland Channel. 
Dec. 30. Fire and panic in Iroquois Theater, 
Chicago, kills nearly 600 persons. 
Immigration, 857,046. Imports, $1,025,719,- 
237. Exports, $1,420,141,679. 
In 1903. Serious labor troubles occurred in 
N. Y. building trades, and general cessation 
of building. Employers united in refusing ex- 
treme demands of labor unions. 
In 1903. In the Philippines, new currency 
went into circulation July 20. 

1904. Jan. 4. U. S. Supreme Court decided 
Porto Ricans not aliens. 

Jan. 9. Commercial treaty between China 
and U. S. ratified by Chinese Emperor. 
Jan. 18. U. S. Supreme Court decided ne- 
groes not debarred from grand juries in cases 
involving negro criminals. 
Feb. 7-8. Fire in Baltimore destroyed $80,- 
000,000. 

Feb. 8. The U. S. invited England, Germany, 
and France to suggest to Russia and Japan 
restriction of ho^ilities in their war to a small 
area, and neutralization of China. 
April 15. Andrew Carnegie created fund of 
?i6,000,000, income to be used " for the dependents 
of those losing their lives in heroic efforts to save 
their fellow men, or for the heroes themselves if 
they are merely injured." 

April 30. Louisiana Purchase Exposition 
opened at St. Louis. 



June 15.' Steamer General Slocum burned in 
East River. More than 1,000 lives lost. 
July 12. 50,000 meat packing employees of 
Middle West struck. Sept. 8, strike ended. 
July 25. Greatest textile strike began in Fall 
River, Mass. It involved 26,000 men and 70 
mills, causing weekly loss of $150,000. Caused 
by 12i % wage reduction after previous cut of 
10%. Manufacturers refused to arbitrate, 
Dec. 30. 

Oct. 27. Part of New York rapid transit sub- 
way opened to the public. 
Nov. 8. Theodore Roosevelt elected President 
and Chas. W. Fairbanks Vice President : a ma- 
jority in electoral college 196 ; popular plural- 
ity, 2,542,062. 

Nov. 19. Statue of Frederick the Great, pre- 
sented to U. S. by Emperor William of Ger- 
many, unveiled at Washington. 
In 1904. Serious labor troubles in Colorado 
mining districts through the year, aggravated 
by explosion of infernal machine at Cripple 
Creek, June 6, and subsequent action of au- 
thorities. 

In 1904. In the Philippines, further progress. 
1905. Jan. 18. Fall River strike ended. 
Jan. 19. Assurance received from Russia and 
Japan that they would not extend territorial 
possessions in China at end of war. 
Feb. 17. Parcels post treaty with Great Brit- 
ain. 

March 4. Messrs. Roosevelt and Fairbanks in- 
augurated President and Vice President. 
March 29. All members of Panama Canal Com- 
mission resigned. April 3, new Commission ap- 
pointed. Nov. IS, consulting engineers voted for 
sea-level canal. Year devoted to improving health 
conditions and ordering supplies and machinery. 
April 12. American Board of Foreign Missions 
accepted Rockefeller gift of $100,000. 
April 27. Andrew Carnegie gave $10,000,000 
as pension fund for college professors in U. S. , 
Canada, and Newfoundland. 
June 8. President Roosevelt took first step in 
bringing about Portsmouth Conference, re- 
sulting, Sept. 5, in treaty of peace between 
Russia and Japan. 

June 30. John D. Rockefeller gave $10,000,- 
000 to promote higher education in U. S. 
July 19. Elihu Root of N. Y. became Sec. of 
State, succeeding the late John Hay. 
July 22. Yellow fever in New Orleans ; lasted 
into October ; more than 3,000 cases and about 
400 deaths. 

Aug. 7. $2,000,000 fire at D. L. & W. terminal, 
Hoboken, N. J. 

Oct. 9. James Russell Lowell, John Greenleaf 
Whittier, and William Tecumseh Sherman 
chosen for Hall of Fame. (See October 29, 
1900.) 

Nov. 1. National debt, $2,293,846,382.34. 
A'^ov. 7. Fall elections indicating general re- 
volt against bossism. Especially noticeable in 
Ohio and Penn. In N. Y., William Travers Je- 
rome reelected district attorney, and George B. 
McClellan, mayor. 

Dec. 4. First session of 59th Congress. 
Di 1905. Following the Equitable Life Assur- 
ance Co., N. Y., investigation, begun in April, 



"Vli_ 



NOTABLE EVENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 



627 



came that of otlier large companies, notably 
the Mutual and New York Life. 
EWdence showed exorbitant salaries and commis- 
Bions, loose financial management tor tlie benetit of 
managers, political contributions, and vast expen- 
ditures preguiiial)ly for legislative iavors. Public 
opinion forced resignation of presidents and lead- 
ing directors, mostly of national prominence. 
In 1905. Marked by reaction against political 
corruption, financial dislionestj-, and prevent- 
able warfare. The year was one of great na- 
tional prosperity. 

In 1905. In the Philippines the year was 
comparatively quiet. March 16, Sec. Taft de- 
clared the administration policy to be indef- 
inite retention, with independence in abey- 
ance. 

In 1905. Chinese boycott of American goods 
because of Ain. exclusion of Chinese labor- 
ers. 
1906. Jan. 2. Strike of Typographical Union 
against many printers, for an 8-hour day ; con- 
tinued through the year. 
Jan. 25. House passed bill admitting Okla- 
homa and Indian Territory jointly and Ari- 
zona and New Mexico jointly to statehood. 
Feb. 19. U. S. Supreme Court decided that a 
common carrier cannot sell the commodities 
that it carries, as coal from its own mines. 
(See May 3, 1909.) 

President recommended a lock canal to be 
constructed at Panama. 

March 11. Andrew Carnegie donated Sl5,000 
a year to aid propaganda of simplified spelling. 
April 2. United Mine Workers of America 
ordered suspension of work by about 200,000 
men in anthracite and bituminous coal mines. 
April 16. Supreme Court decided divorce not 
valid outside State where obtained miless court 
had jurisdiction over both parties. 
April 18. Severe earthquake shocks in cen- 
tral coast region of California. 

Shocks and resulting fire destroyed three quarters 
of San Francisco, the Dusiness section and all pub- 
lic buildings except the Mint. 425 lives lost ; direct 
financial loss about *.>,j(i.iKJ(),l)(HJ ; insurance. ^2.:!.5,- 
0()<l.iHN). Towns north and south much damaged, 
esp. San Jose and Santa Rosa. Buildings of Stan- 
ford I'niv. partly destroyed. Congress appro- 
priated ♦2..ii<(t),(H» for relief." Vast sums contributed 
generally. 

May a. United Mine Workers came to 
agreement with anthracite operators ; 160,000 
miners returned to work, award of 1902 com- 
mission to rule until March .31, 1909. Esti- 
mated strike loss in wages, S10,000,000. 
June 21. Senate voted for lock canal at Pana- 
ma. House so voted on 27th. 
Jnne 23-29. Railroad Rate Act, giving Inter- 
state Commerce Commission power to fix 
rates. 

June 20. Cable opened to Japan via Guam. 
June 29. Pure Food Act as to harmful adulter- 
ations and compulsory descriptive labels. 
Also, Meat inspection Act. 
July 13, Strike of bituminous coal miners 
ended ; 40,000 men resumed at former wages. 
Aug. 24. President Roosevelt accepted spelling 
of 300 words recommended by Simplified Spell- 
ing Board, and ordered their use in his official 
documents. (See Dec. 13.) 



Sept. 19. President issued order extending 8- 
hour labor law to government work. 
Oct. 17. N. Y. Central and Hudson River R. R. 
fined $100,000 for giving rebates. 
Oct. 25. Japanese Ambassador Aoki protested 
against exclusion of Japanese from San Fran- 
cisco public schools. 

Aov. 2. Lieut. Commander Robert E. Peary 
reported reaching "Farthest North " at 87-' 
6', —203 miles from the Pole. 
A'ov. (>. Arizona voted against accepting state- 
hood jointly with New Mexico. 
President dismissed from the army " without 
honor " three companies of 25th (negro) regi- 
ment, some of whose members were accused 
of making a murderous night attack upon 
Brownsville, Texas, Aug. 12. 
Nov. 11. Mrs. E. S. Damon, last pensioner on 
account of Revolutionary War, died. 
Dec. 10. Nobel peace prize of about $40,- 
000 awarded by Norwegian Storthing to 
Pres. Roosevelt lor services in ending 
of Russo-Japanese war. President founded 
with it a permanent Industrial Peace 
Commission at Washington to deal with labor 
troubles. 

Dec. 13. Because of opposition in Congress, 
the President withdrew his " simplified spell- 
ing " order. 

In 1906. The year was one of unequaled gen- 
eral prosperity. A marked feature was un- 
covering many abuses by corporations. New 
laws. Federal and State, passed compelling 
better methods on the part of insurance com- 
panies, railroads, meat-packers, &nd others. 
Many indictments secured, and some convic- 
tions against powerful companies. 
In 1906. In the Philippines mostly unevent- 
ful. Islands continued to suffer from un- 
settled conditions, but ladronism was almost 
extinguished, and school attendance increased 
greatly. 
1907. Jan. 24. Salaries of Senators and Repre- 
sentatives increased to $7,500, and of Vice 
President, Speaker of House, and members of 
Cabinet to $12,000. 

The U. S. entered suits in San Francisco to 
test right of California authorities to exclude 
Japanese from public schools. 
Feb. 7. John D. Rockefeller gave $32,000,000 
to General Education Board. 
Feb 26. Army Engineer Corps put in charge 
of Panama canal construction. Major G. W. 
Goethals, chief engineer. 

March 4. 17,400,000 acres in Northwestern 
States added to national forest reserves. 
March 12. Mrs. Russell Sage endowed " Sage 
Foundation " for investigation of distress 
among poor with $10,000,000. 
March 16. Commission appointed to examine 
plans for extending and improving internal 
commercial waterways. 

March 22. Census shows wealth of U. S. ex- 
ceeds $107,000,000,000. 

April 14. First national Arbitration and 
Peace Congress, in New York. 
April 26. Jamestowrn Exposition opened. 
May 22. New York Legislature established 



628 



NOTABLE EVENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 



Public Utilities Commission to control public 
service corporations. 

1907. June- July- Aug. Sharp conflict between 
Federal and State courts and authorities in 
North Carolina arising out of State legislation 
on railroad rates. Yielding by railroads pre- 
vented decision. 

Aug. 3. Judge K. M. Landis, in the U. S. Dis- 
trict Court, Chicago, fined Standard Oil Co. of 
Indiana $29,240,000 on its conviction of accept- 
ing rebates on 1,463 counts. See July 22, '08. 
Aug. 9. Strike of telegraph operators; ex- 
tended to many large cities. 
Oct. 18. Directors of Mercantile National 
Bank, New York, resigned on account of scan- 
dals connecting some of them with a copper 
brokerage company. 

Investigations of other banks and trust compa- 
nies precipitated a run on several, and a financial 
panic followed. Oct. 19 the Knickerbocker Trust 
Company and many small banks suspended. 
Prices of stocks and bonds fell low, and severe 
general money stringency followed. 
Oct. 20. End of telegraph operators' strike. 
Nov. 17. New union railroad station in Wash- 
ington, D. C, costing more than $4,000,000, 
opened to traffic. 

Dec. 16. Fleet of 16 first-class battleships, 
Rear-Adm. R. D. Evans commanding, sailed 
from Hampton Roads for Pacific coast on prac- 
tice cruise. 

In 1907 . Immigration 1,285,349 , imports 
$1,434,421,425 ; exports $1,880,851,078. 
In 1907. The year was one of general pros- 
perity for first 9 months, although securities 
declined. The October (see Oct. 18) New York 
panic was reflected throughout the country. 
The basic prosperity, however, aided in restor- 
ing confidence. Several States passed radical 
rate legislation 

In 1907. The year in the Philippines marked 
chiefly by the first Filipino Assembly. 

1908. Jan. 4. Subway tunnel under the East 
River from Manhattan to Brooklyn opened to 
traffic. 

Jan. 15. Joint resolution, to remit to China 
about $13,000,000 of indemnity for Boxer out- 
rages. 

Feb. 3. Supreme Court declared a trade-union 
boycott against a manufacturer doing an inter- 
state business to be an illegal combination in 
restraint of trade. 

Feb. 10 Arbitration treaty with France 
signed. 

Feb. 25. First tunnel under the Hudson River, 
between Hoboken and New York, opened. 
April 11. Treaty with Great Britain con- 
cerning Canadian boundary and one for fur- 
ther regulation of fisheries on the Great 
Lakes signed at Washington. 
.4 pril 25. Centenary celebration of Catholic 
Church in New York began. 
June 8. National Commission appointed to in- 
quire into conservation of national resources, 
especially forests and water power. 
Jv.ne 11. Bill making public betting at race 
tracks a misdemeanor passed N. Y. legislature. 
June 23. Bill making' gambling at race tracks 
illegal passed Louisiana legislature 



June 24. Grover Cleveland, ex-President of 
the United States, died at Princeton, N. J, 
July 6. Commander Robert E. Peary saileci 
from New York for the North Pole. 
July 9. Diplomatic relations with Venezuela^ 
broken off. 

The Lusitania crossed the Atlantic at aver- 
age speed of 25.01 knots, best day's run being 
643 miles. 

July 22. U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals a| 
Chicago reversed conviction of Standard Oil 
Co. of Indiana. (See Aug. 3, '07.) 
Aug. 9. Pres't appointed commission toinves^ 
tigate social conditions of farming classes. 
Aug. 14 & 15. Race riots in Springfield, Illi- 
nois. 

Sept. 5. Forest fires in Minn., Wis., and Mich., 
throughout Sept. and Oct. did enormous dam-, 
age. Several small towns destroyed. 
Sept. 7. Miss Annie S. Peck, American, 
reached summit of Mt. Huascaran, Peruvian 
Andes, height estimated about 24,000 ft. 
Sept. 10 & 12. Orville Wright broke all rec- 
ords for heavier-than-air flying machines, re- 
maining in air 1 h. 14 min. Sept. 17 the ma- 
chine fell in flight, killing Lieut. Thomas E. 
Selfridge and breaking Wright's leg. 
Oct. 1. Two-cent letter postage between the 
U. S. and Great Britain went into effect. 
Oct. 2. Battleship fleet, continuing voyage, 
arrived at Manila, & Oct. 17, Yokohama, Japan; 
official and popular reception extraordinary. 
Nov. 3. William H. Taft elected President and 
James S. Sherman Vice President, with 321 
votes in the Electoral College to 162 for Wil- 
liam J. Bryan, of Nebraska. 
Popular vote : Taft, Rep. 7,6.37,676 ; Bryan. Dem. 
(;,3',)3,1.S2 ; Debs, Soc. 448,453 ; Chafin, Pro. 241,252 ; 
Hisgen, Ind. 8.%183 ; Watson, Pop. 3.3,871 ; Gillhaus, 
Soc. Lab. 15,421. Taft's plurality over Bryan, 
1,233,494. Taft's majority, 411,314. 
Nov. 4. Resignation of Charles W. Eliot as 
President of Harvard University. 
Nov. 22. Chinese gov't expressed thanks for 
return of part of indemnity paid for Boxer 
outrages in 1900. 

Nov. 30. Mutual declaration of policies of the 
U. S. and Japan in the Far East proclaimed 
in Washington and Tokyo. 
Dec. 23. Samuel Gompers, Pres't Am. Feder- 
ation of Labor, John Mitchell, a Vice Pres't, 
and Frank Morrison, Sec, sentenced in Su- 
preme Court, District of Columbia, to im- 
prisonment for 1 year, 9 months, and 6 months, 
respectively, for contempt in violating injunc- 
tion against boycott of a stove company. No- 
tice of appeal. 

In 1908. The year in the Philippines, one of 
steady progress. Railway building pushed. 
An Agricultural Bank founded. 
1909. Jan. 1. Two-cent letter postage between 
the U. S. and Germany went into effect upon 
letters sent by sea direct. 
Jan. 4. Congress appropriated $800,000 for 
relief of earthquake sufferers in Italy & 
Sicily. 

Jan. 8. House of Reps, passed resolutions lay- 
ing on the table passages in Pres. Roosevelt's 
message relating to action of Congress in lim- 



NOTABLE EVENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 



629 



iting employment of secret service men. The 
resolutions declared statements in these pas- 1 
sages insulting to the Congress and without 
justification in fact. 
1909. Jan. 13. Abbott Lawrence Lowell chosen 
to succeed Charles W. Eliot as President of 
Harvard University. 

Feb. 4. California Assembly passed bill bar- 
ring Japanese children from public schools ; 
President Roosevelt protested to Governor. 
March 4. William H. Taft inaugurated Presi- 
dent and James S. Sherman Vice President of 
the United States. 

March 10. Standard Oil Co. of Indiana ac- 
quitted in Federal Court, and fine of S'29,240,- 
000 imposed by Judge Landis (Aug 3, '07) re- 
mitted. 

March 15. Congress met in extra session as 
called by Pres. Taft, chiefly to revise tariff 
law. 

March 23. Pres. Taft appointed committee of 
cabinet oflScers to examine estimates for Gov- 



ernment expenses in the several departments, 
to harmonize budget. 

April U. House of Representatives passed 
Pa>Tie tariff bill. 

Ajiril 10. Senate passed bill for Census 1910. 
April 28. Pres. Taft recognized new Sultan 
of Turkey, Mehmed V., following Revolution 
of Young Turkey. 

April 29. Agreement between anthracite oper- 
ators and mine-workers continuing present 
terms for three years, to March 31, 1912. 
3Iay 3. U. S. Supreme Court decided that 
common carrier may own stock in a produc- 
ing company and transport the company's 
product (See Feb. 19, '06.) 
May 10. James H. Boyle, for kidnaping 
Willie Whitla, Sharon, 0., sentenced to peni- 
tentiary, for life ; his wife also, for 25 years. 
June. William Darrah, automobile chauffeur, 
sentenced to not less than 7 nor more than 20 
years' imprisonment, fbr fatally running over 
a boy and then absconding. 



HISTORICAL AND POPULATION STATISTICS OP THE STATES, 



O.O 

'-' '5 

a) to 



1 

2 
3 
4 
5 

6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 



States. 



Delaware 

Pennsylvania 

New Jersey 

Georgia 

Connecticut 

Massachusetts 

Maryland 

South Carolina 

New Hampshire . . . 

Virginia 

New York 

North Carolina 

Rhode Island ...... 

Vermont 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

Ohio 

Louisiana 

Indiana 

Mississippi ... 

Illinois 

Alabama 

Maine 

Missouri 

Arkansas 

Michigan 

Florida 

Texas 

Iowa 

Wisconsin 

California 

Minnesota 

Oregon 

Kansas 

West Virginia 

Nevada 

Nebraska 

Colorado 

II North Dakota. .. . 

II South Dakota 

II Montana 

II Washington 

II Idaho 

II Wyoming 

1[ Utah 

**Oklahoma 

District of Columbia 



«a 

CO 



1638 
1683 
1664 
1733 
1633 
1620 
1634 
1670 
1623 
1607 
1614 
1663 
1636 
1724 
1774 
1768 
1788 
1718 
1702 
1699 
1693 
1702 
1625 
1715 
1685 
1701 
1565 
1685 
1833 
1745 
1769 
1838 
1811 
1854 

1848 

1858 
1859 

1809 
1845 
1842 
1867 
1847 
1889 



By whom 
Settled. 



Swedes 
English ... 
English . . . 
English . . . 
English ... 
English . . . 
English ... 
English ... 
English ... 
English . . . 

Dutch 

English ... 
English ... 
English ... 
English ... 
English . . . 
Americans 
French . . . 
French . . . 
French . . . 
French .... 
French .... 
English ... 
French .... 
French. . . . 

French 

Spaniards . 
Spaniards . 

French 

French. . . . 
Spaniards . 
Americans. 
Americans . 
Americans. 
Americans. 
Mormons . . 
Americans 
Americans. 
Americans . 
Americans. 
Americans . 
Americans. 

French 

Americans . 
Mormons . . 
Americans. 
English . . . 



Capitals. 



Dover 

Harrisburg .... 

Trenton 

Atlanta 

Hartford 

Boston 

Annapolis 

Columbia 

Concord , 

Richmond 

Albany 

Raleigh ." 

Providence 

Montpelier .... 

Frankfort 

Nashville 

Columbus 

Baton Rouge . . 
Indianapolis. . . . 

Jackson 

Springfield .... 
Montgomery. . . 

Augusta 

Jefferson City . 
Little Rock. .. . 

Lansing 

Tallahassee 

Austin 

Des Moines 

Madison , 

Sacramento 

St. Paul 

Salem , 

Topeka 

Charleston 

Carson City 

Lincoln 

Denver 

Bismarck 

Pierre 

Helena 

Olympia 

Bois6 City 

Cheyenne 

Salt Lake City. 

Guthrie . . . . 

Washington . . . . 



■^ o 



°.2tD 

^ P r^ 

Q S5 



CO 



J" 

1791 
1792 
1796 
1802 
1812 
1816 
1817 
1818 
1819 
1820 
1821 
1836 
1837 
1845 
1845 
1846 
1848 
1850 
1858 
1859 
1861 
1863 
1864 
1867 
1876 



1890 
1890 
1896 
1907 
1800 





Totals 




Territories and 
Possessions. 








Organ- 
ized. 




New Mexico 


1582 

1783 
1820 
1509 
1565 


Spaniards 

Spaniards 

Russians 

Americans 

Spaniards ....... 

Spaniards 


Santa F6 

Phcenbt ....... 

Juneau 

Honolulu 

San Juan 


1850 




Arizona 

Alaska 

Hawaiian Islands 

Porto Rico 


1863 

tt 

1900 




Philippine Islands . . . 


Manila 






Totals 



Totals in the United States 



* States admitted before 1800 ranked on census of 1790. 

II Four States — N. and S. Dakota, Montana, and Wash 
stated above — being in excess of the United States census 

** Oklahoma proclaimed a State, Nov. Ki, iy07, compris 
is that of both Territories combined. 

+t Territorial delegates have no vote in Congress and 

a The Census of 1900 enumerates also 91.219 persons in 
total population of the United States and her possessions in 



All others, by census preceding admission, ex- 
ington — were admitted by Act of Congress cp- 

of IS.SO— -was determined by special census or 
ing the Territory of Oklahoma and Indian Terri- 
tt' Alaska, purchased from Russia in l.'^Hr. is not 
have been counted only in the totals followed 
the!'. S. service, stationed abroad. Including 

19UU was 85,344,291. 

(630) 



TERRITORIES, AND POSSESSIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



-. « 


ilation 

lien 

litted. 


-si 




ease in 
ilation, 
bo 1900. 


les of 
Iroad, 

too. 


States. 


Rai 

Popi 

adni 






|-^i.- 




'^^'^ 




15 


59,008 


184,7.35 


1 


10,242 


347 


Delaware. 


3 


434,373 


G,302,115 


32 


1,044,101 


10,330 


Pennsylvania. 


9 


184.139 


1,883,GG9 


10 


438,736 


2,257 


New Jeisej-. 


12 


S-2/AS 


2,21G,.331 


11 


378,978 


5,0.52 


Georgia. 


8 


237, 94G 


908,420 


5 


162,162 


1,024 


Connecticut. 


2 


47.3,327 


2,805,346 


14 


560,403 


2,119 


Massachusetts. 


G 


319,728 


1,188,044 


6 


145,054 


1,370 


Maryland. 


7 


249,073 


1,340,316 


7 


189,167 


2,818 


South Carolina. 


10 


141,885 


411,588 


2 


35,058 


1,239 


New Hampshire. 


1 


748,308 


1.854,184 


10 


198,204 


3,779 


Virginia. 


5 


340,120 


7,2G8,S94 


37 


1,271,041 


8,121 


New Yoik. 


4 


3:«,75l 


1,893,810 


10 


275,863 


3,831 


North Carolina. 


14 


r.;),iio 


428,550 


2 


83,050 


212 


Rhode Island. 


U 


85,41G 


343,041 


2 


11,219 


1,012 


Vermont. 


13 


73,077 


2,147.174 


11 


288,539 


3,000 


Kentucky. 


IG 


30,791 


2,020,616 


10 


253,098 


3,137 


Tennessee. 


17 


45,:}(w 


4,157,545 


21 


485,229 


^ 8,807 


Ohio. 


17 


70,550 


1,381,025 


7 


263,038 


2,824 


Louisiana. 


20 


147,178 


2,510,462 


13 


324,058 


6,470 


Indiana. 


19 


75,448 


1,551,270 


8 


261,670 


2,920 


Mississippi. 


22 


55,211 


4,821,550 


25 


995,199 


11,003 


Illinois. 


lot 


127,901 


1,828,097 


9 


315,680 


4,226 


Alabama. 


12 


298,335 


694,406 


4 


33,380 


1,915 


Maine. 


23 


G6,.586 


3,100.605 ■ 


16 


427,481 


6,875 


Missouri. 


27 


97,,574 


1,311,504 


7 


183,385 


3,360 


Arkansas. 


26 


212,267 


2,420,982 


12 


327,093 


8,195 


Michigan. 


27 


87,445 


528,542 


3 


137,120 


3,299" 


Florida. 


25i 


212,592 


3,048,710 


16 


813,187 


9,886 


Texas. 


28 


192,214 


2,231,853 


11 


319,957 


9,185 


Iowa. 


29 


305,. 391 


2,009,042 


11 


382,102 


6,531 


Wisconsin. 


29 


92,.597 


1 ,485,053 


8 


276,923 


5,751 


California. 


30 


172,793 


1,751,394 


9 


449,-568 


6,943 


Minnesota. 


32 


52,.5GG 


413,536 


2 


99,769 


1,724 


Oregon. 


33§ 


107,20r, 


1,470,495 


8 


43,399 


8,719 


Kansas. 


27 


37G,GS8 


958,800 


5 


196,006 


2,228 


West Virginia. 


37 


42,491 


42,335 


1 


dec. 3,426 


909 


Nevada. 


36 


122,993 


1,006.300 


6 


7,390 


5,685 


Nebraska. 


38 


39,804 


539,700 


3 


127,502 


4,587 


Colorado. 




415,010 


319,146 


2 


136,427 


2,731 


North Dakota. 


.. 


5GS.477 


401,570 


2 


72,702 


2,850 


South Dakota. 




175,000 


243,329 


1 


111,170 


3,010 


Montana. 




143,GG9 


518,103 


3 


168,713 


2,914 


Washington. 




113,777 


101,772 


1 


77,387 


1,261 


Idaho. 


, , 


100,f»00 


92,.531 


1 


31,826 


1,229 


Wyoming. 


40 


207,905 


276,749 


1 


68,844 


1,547 


Utah. 


29 


1,414,042 


790,391 


5 


548,375 


2,151 


Oklahoma. 


18 


14,093 


278,718 





48,326 


32 


Dist. of Columbia. 




75,67(),.334 


391 


13,087,115 


190,081 












Pop. when 










Territories and 




organized. 










Possessions. 




61,547 


195,310 


1 tt 


41,717 


1,753 


New Mexico. 




9,058 


122,931 


lit 


63,311 


1,512 

22 


Arizona. 


i ■ 


29,097 


63,592 


* *■ T 


31,540 


Alaska. 




1.54,001 


' 154,001 


"i 1 1 


64,011 
in Totals] 
in Totals] 


71 


Hawaiian Isls. 




[953,243 Not 
[8,000,000 Not 

535,834 

76,212,1GS« 


included 




Porto Rico. 






included 




Philippine Isls. 










3tt 
394 + J 


200,579 


3,358 












13,287,094 


193,439 





cept as noted. + Bv pcnsus of 1820. + By census of 18,50 ^ By census of l^ro. 

proved Fel)niary 22, IHS'J ; "Idaho .July 4, and W^'ominjr July 10, IS'.IO. The " popuhitiou wlien admitted," as 

official estimate'. *! I'tah proclaimed a State, Ian. 4, ISIKI. 

lory. The " population when admitted " is tliat determined by a special census The " population in HJOO " 

organized as a territory. 

by this sign. 

.these, and also Porto Rico, the Philippines, Guam (pop. 8,G6I), Tutuila (4,000), Sulu Islands (75,000), the 



. (631) 



t 



METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 



10.764 



OOSQIDECIMETERIS 




a j0 



Scale, -^-^ of the Exact Size. 

N. B. The edges of this cube are each 1 Meter, or 10 Decimeters, or 100 
Centimeters, in length. 



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Liquid 
Milliliter. 



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In the Metric System, the Meter is the base of 
all the weights and measures employed. 

The Meter was intended to be, and is very near- 
ly, one ten millionth part of the distance meas- 
ured on a meridian of the earth from the 
equator to the pole, and is about 39.37 inches. 

The Meter is the primary imit of length. 



Upon the Meter are based the follovidng primary 
units : the Square Meter, the Are, the Cubic 
Meter or Stere, the Liter, and the Gram. 

The Square Meter is the unit of measure for 
small surfaces ; as the surface of a floor, table, 
etc. 

The Are is the unit of land measure } tlus ia a 



1 



METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 



633 



square whose side is 10 meters in length, and 
which contains 100 square meters. 

The Cubic Meter, or Stere, is the unit of volume ; 
this is a cube whose edge is 1 meter in length. 

The Liter is the unit of capacity ; this is the ca- 
pacity of a cube whose edge is 1-lOth of a 
meter in length. 



The Gram is the unit of weight ; this is the 
weight of distilled water contained in a cube 
whose edge is the 100th part of a meter in 
length. 

From these primary units the liigher and lower 
orders of units are derived decimally. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OF THE METRIC SYSTEM. 



Ratios. 


Lengths. 


1,000,000 




100,000 


- 


10,000 


Myriameter. 


1,000 


Kilometer. 


100 


Hectometer. 


10 


Dekameter. 


1 


Meter. 


.1 


Decimeter. 


.01 


Centimeter. 


.001 


Millimeter. 



Surfaces. 


Volumes. 


- 


Kiloliter. 


Hectare. 


Hectoliter. 


. 


Dekaliter. 


Are. 


Liter. 


. 


Deciliter. 


Centare. 


Centiliter. 


- 


Milliliter. 



Weights. 



MiUier, or Tonneau. 

Quintal. 

Myriagram. 

KUogram, or Kilo. 

Hectogram. 

Dekagram. 

Gram. 

Decigram, 

Centigram. 

Milligram. 



[Note. From the first column of this table it appears that 10 millimeters = 1 centimeter ; 10 
centimeters ^ 1 decimeter^ etc.] 



MEASCTRES OF LENGTH. 



Metric Denominations and Values. 


Equivalents in Denominations in Use. 


Myriameter 10,000 meters. 

Kilometer . . 1,000 meters. 

Hectometer 100 meters, 

Dekameter 10 meters. 

Meter 1 meter. 




. 6.2137 miles. 
. . 0.62137 mile, or 3280 feet and 10 inches. 
328 feet and 1 inch. 
393.7 inches. 
. 39.37 inches. 


Decimeter 1 meter. 

Centimeter 01 meter. 

Millimeter 001 meter. 


. 3.937 inches. 
. 0.3937 inch. 
. 0.0394 inch. 



MEASURES OF SURFACE. 



Hectare 10,000 square meters. 

Are 100 square meters, 

Centare 1 square meter. 



2.471 acres. 
.119.6 square yards. 
1,550 square inches. 



634 



METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 



MEASURES OF CAPACITY. 



Names. 


No. of 
Uters. 


Cubic Measure. 


Dry Measure. 


Liquid or Wine 
Measure. 


Kiloliter,or Stere 
Hectoliter . . . 
DekaUter . . . 
Liter .... 
Deciliter . . . 
Centiliter . . . 
jVIUliliter = . . 


1,000 
100 
10 
1 
.1 
.01 
.001 


1 cubic met^r . . . 

.1 of a cubic meter . 

10 cubic decimeters . 

1 cubic decimeter. . 

.1 of a cubic decimeter 

10 cubic centimeters . 

1 cubic centimeter 


1.308 cubic yards . . . 
2 bushels and 3.35 pecks 
9.08 quarts ..... 

0.908 quart 

6.1022 cubic inches . . 
0.6102 cubic inch . . . 
0.061 cubic inch . . . 


264.17 gallons. 
26.417 gallons. 
2.6417 gaUons. 
1.0567 quarts. 
0.845 gills. 
0.338 fluid oz. 
0.27 fluid drachm. 



WEIGHTS. 



Names. 


Number of 
Grams. 


Weight of what Quantity of 
Water at Maximum Density. 


Avoirdupois Weight. 


MiUier, or Tonneau . 
Quintal 




1,000,000 
100,000 
10,000 
1,000 
100 
10 
1 
.1 
.01 
.001 


1 cubic meter. 

1 hectoliter. 
10 Uters. 

1 Uter. 

1 deciliter. 
10 cubic centimeters. 

1 cubic centimeter. 

.1 cubic centimeter. 
10 cubic millimeters. 

1 cubic miUimeter. 


2204.6 pounds. 
220.46 pounds. 


MjT-iagram . 
Kilogram, or E 
Hectogram . 
Dekagram . 
Gram . 


:ilo 


22.046 pounds. 

2.2046 pounds. 

3.5274 ounces. 
.3527 ounces. 
15.432 grains. 


Decigram . 
Centigram . 
MiUigram . 




1.5432 grains. 
.1543 grains. 
.0154 grains. 



COMMON MEASURES AND WEIGHTS, WITH THEIR METRIC EQUIVALENTS. 

The following are the principal measures in common use, with their equivalents in the metric 
system : — 



Common Measures. 



An inch 
A foot 
A yard 
A rod . 
A mile 
A square inch 
A square foot 
A square yard 
A square rod 
An acre . . 
A square mile 
A cubic inch 
A cubic foot 



Equivalents. 



2.54 centimeters. 
.3048 meter. 
.9144 meter. 
5.029 meters. 
1.6093 kilometers. 
6.452 sq. centimeters. 
.0929 sq. meter. 
.8361 sq. meter. 
25.29 sq. meters. 
.4047 hectare. 
259 hectares. 
16.39 cu. centimeters. 
.02832 cu. meter. 



CoMMOx Measures. 



A cubic yard 

A cord . . 

A liquid quart 

A gallon . . 

A dry quart . 

A peck . . 

A bushel . . 

An ounce avoirdupois 

A pound avoirdupois 

A ton 

A grain Troy . . 
An ounce Troy . . 
A pound Troy . . 



Equivalents. 



.7646 cu. meter. 
3.624 steres. 
.9465 Uter. 
3.786 Uters. 
1.101 Uters. 
8.811 Uters. 
35.24 Uters. 
28.35 grams. 
.4536 kilogram. 
.9072 tonneau. 
.0648 gram. 
31.104 grams. 
.3732 kilogram. 



i 25 mo 



One copy del. to Cat. Div. 



'<^jv a.ii j.^i# 



